AD_ Socioeconomic Environmental Studies Series
ArHIL 1973
Cost Analysis of
Water Pollution Control:
An Annotated Bibliography
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Ageni
Washington, D.C. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five broad
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1- Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the SOCIOECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES series. This series
describes research on the socioeconomic impact of
environmental problems. This covers recycling and
other recovery operations with emphasis on
monetary incentives. The non-scientific realms of
legal systems, cultural values, and business
systems are also involved. Because of their
interdisciplinary scope, system evaluations and
environmental management reports are included in
this series.
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EPA-R5-73-017
April 1973
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dennis P. Tihansky
Economic Analysis Branch
Implementation Research Division
1901 North Fort Myer Drive, Room 1115
Arlington, Virginia 22209
Project Ol-AAB-01
Program Element H11094
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20i02
Price $3.95 domestic postpaid or $3.50 GPO Bookstore
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ABSTRACT
This bibliography is a compilation of the literature on watet
pollution control costs. It contains nearly 2,000 publications,
unpublished papers, and theses focusing on the time period
from 1960 to 1972, although earlier material is added if it
seems particularly relevant. The references are chosen to
satisfy the needs and interests of several types of researchers.
For the economist, there are books and articles on economic
theory and incentive systems in water quality management.
For the engineer, there is information on unit treatment processes
and cost implications of their design and operation. For the
operations research analyst, optimization techniques, mathematical
modeling, and statistical methods are referenced as they apply
to wastewater control. For the policy maker, cost function
literature identifies the primary determinants of cost and
their quantitative effects. Political and socio-economic issues
are also related to water pollution control.
iii
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CONTENTS
Section Page
I Introduction 1
II Reference List 5
III Subject Index Guide 269
IV Acknowledgments 393
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INTRODUCTION
Comprehensive programs for reducing, preventing, or eliminating
the pollution of natural water bodies and ground waters should
include an evaluation of the costs of regulation and alternative
solutions. The economic feasibility of such programs should be
demonstrated before they are initiated, continued, or expanded.
To attain national goals of water quality enhancement in the
coming years, Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972 recognize the need for cost analyses.
This bibliography is designed to aid researchers in retrieving
information on the costs of water pollution control strategies.
All references are identified by a sequential numbering system.
Each bibliographic entry includes a title and a publisher or
journal name. If not written anonymously, it also has an author
section. Finally, an abstract is appended if available from
published sources. Some abstracts are modified to emphasize
cost information. At the end of many abstracts is a code in
parentheses. This code indicates a secondary source distribution
of the entry. For example, a code beginning with 'El' pertains
to Engineering Index abstracts; 'W* to Selected Water Resources
Abstracts; and 'GPO' to U.S. Government Printing Office publica-
tions. Other beginning letters pertain to purchase order numbers
from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia.
This bibliography contains almost 2,000 references. Originally,
it contained more than 4,000, but most of these were eliminated
for several reasons. Sometimes the same article was published
under different names. Frequently similar versions of a research
topic were published. To avoid duplication, either the best
known or the most comprehensive report was selected. In some
cases, reference were discarded because their titles were
misleading or they did not contain relevant cost information.
Following the Reference List is a Subject Index Guide. Key words
pertain to the main concepts of cost analysis. Below each key
word are listed bibliographic entries and their identification
numbers.
The following sources of information provided most of the
references and abstracts:
1. A Bibliqgjrajghy of Periodical Articles Concerning the
Management and Economics of Water Resources, L.G. Brander
and B.M. Graham, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia, 1971.
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2. American Book Publishing Record, R.R. Bowker Co.,
New York, N.Y.
3. Applied Science & Technology Index, The H.W. Wilson Co.,
New York, N.Y.
4. Bibliography of Water Resources Research, National Advisory
Committee on Water Resources Research, Environment,Canada,
Ottawa, Canada, 1972.
5. Bibliography on Socio-Economic Aspects of Water Resources,
H.R. Hamilton, et al, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, Ohio, 1966.
6. Books in Print, R.R. Bowker C^o. , New York, N.Y.
7* Business Periodicals Index, The H.W. Wilson Co., New York,
N.Y.
8. Cumulative Book Index, The H.W. Wilson Co., New York, N.Y.
9. Dissertation Abstracts (International), University
Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich.
10. Environment: A Draft Bibliography of Social Science
Literature, D.E. Morrison, et al, Agricultural Experiment
Station, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.,
1972..
11. Environment Information Access, Environment Information
Center, Inc., New York, N.Y.
12. Environment Reporter^ The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.,
Washington, D.C,
13. Government Reports Index, National Technical Information
Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
14. Hydata, American Water Resources Association, Urbana, 111.
15. Instances, If Any, Where Cost/Benefit Analysis Has Been
Applied to Environmental Problems—United States,
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
Paris, France, 1972.
16. Library of Congress, Card Catalogue, Washington, D.C.
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17. National Technical Information Service, Literature
Search, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
18. Oceanic Index, Pollution Abstracts, Inc., La Jolla, Calif.
19. Pollution Abstracts, Pollution Abstracts, Inc., La Jolla,
Calif.
20. Selected Rand Abstracts, The Rand Corporation, Santa
Monica, Calif.
21. Selected Water Resources Abstracts, Water Resources
Scientific Information Center, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Washington, D.C.
22. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc.,
Literature Search, Washington, D.C.
23. Subject Guide to Forthcoming Books, R.R. Bowker Co.,
New York, N.Y.
24. The Engineering Index, Engineering Index, Inc., New York,
N.Y.
25. U.S. Department of the Interior Library, Card Catalogue,
Washington, D.C.
26. Water Pollution Abstracts, Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, London, England.
27. Water Quality Library, Card Catalogue, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
28. Water Resources Scientific Information Center, Literature
Search, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
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REFERENCE LIST
00001. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
LIEBMAN, J.C.; LYNN, W.R.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2(3), 581-591, 1966.
A DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING MODEL THAT MINIMIZES THE
COST OF PROVIDING WASTE TREATMENT TO MEET
SPECIFIED DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION STAN-
DARDS IN A STREAM IS DEVELOPED. THE MODEL IS
SOLVED FOR A SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE BASED ON DATA
FROM THE WILLAMETTE RIVER. IMPLICATIONS OF THE
MODEL ON POLICY FORMULATION ARE DISCUSSED. (W69-
02530).
00002. ASYMMETRY BETWEEN BRIBES AND
CHARGES.
KAMIEN, M.I.; SCHWARTZ, N.L.; DOLBEAR, F.T.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 2(1), 147-157, 1966.
A CLASSIC AND INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF
THE TECHNOLOGICAL EXTERNALITIES PROBLEM IS THAT
OF A FIRM DISCHARGING WASTE INTO A STREAM,
THEREBY INFLICTING DAMAGES ON DOWNSTREAM USERS
OF THE WATER. AS LONG AS THERE IS NO ECONOMIC OR
LEGAL INCENTIVE TO DO OTHERWISE, THE FIRM WILL
IGNORE THE EFFECTS OF THIS ACTION ON OTHERS. IT HAS
BEEN ARGUED THAT, ASYMMETRIES IN INCOME DISTRIBU-
TION AND ADMINISTRATION ASIDE, THE LEVYING OF A
CHARGE AND THE PAYMENT OF A BRIBE ARE SYMMETRIC
MEANS OF INTERNALIZING TO THE FIRM THE EXTERNALI-
TY RESULTING FROM ITS DISCHARGE OF WASTE INTO THE
STREAM. IT IS SHOWN THAT THIS SYMMETRY BETWEEN
BRIBES AND CHARGES DOES NOT HOLD WHEN THE COST
AND REVENUE FUNCTIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE, UN-
LESS THESE FUNCTIONS ARK KNOWN BY THE AFFECTED
PARTIES. FURTHERMORE, A BRIBE WILL NOT ONLY CAUSE
THE FIRM TO PRODUCE AT LEAST AS MUCH WASTE
MATTER AS UNDER A CHARGE ALTERNATIVE OF THE
SAME COST BUT MAY EVEN INDUCE THE FIRM TO
PRODUCE MORE WASTE MATTER THAN IN THE ABSENCE
OF A BRIBE. THE ANALYSIS DEALS WITH WATER POLLU-
TION FOR THE SAKE OF EXPOSITION; THE ANALYSIS CAN
BE EXTENDED READILY TO OTHER SITUATIONS GIVING
RISE TO EXTERNALITIES. (W69-02564).
00003. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL.
KERRI, K.D.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 38(12), 1833-
1897, 1966.
AN ANALYTICAL MODEL WAS DEVELOPED WHICH DETER-
MINED THE DEGREE OF TREATMENT REQUIRED BY EACH
WASTE DISCHARGER ALONG THE WILLAMETTE RIVER
SYSTEM IN OREGON, IN ORDER TO MEET EFFLUENT OR
SYSTEM STANDARDS. A DO COST MATRIX CONTAINED THE
AMOUNT OF OXYGEN-COMSUMINCi WASTES PASSING
THROUGH A CRITICAL REACH FROM EACH WATER
DISCHARGER, THE AMOUNT OF WASTE REMOVED BY DIF-
FERENT DEGREES OF TREATMENT. AND THE COS]' OF
EACH DEGREE OF TREATMENT FOR EACH DISCHARGER.
THE DECISION VARIABLE WAS THE PERCENT OF WASTE
REMOVED AT EACH POINT OF DISCHARGE. THE MINIMUM
COST SOLUTION WAS OBTAINED FROM THE MATRIX BY
NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES, AND THIS
SOLUTION WAS INSERTED IN THE STREETER-PHELPS OX-
YGEN SAG EQUATION TO OBTAIN THE DO PROFILE FOR
THE RIVER. SEVERAL EXAMPLES FOR VARIOUS EFFLUENT
AND STREAM STANDARDS WERE COMPUTED AND GIVEN.
IT WAS FOUND THAT COST OF MAINTAINING EFFLUENT
STANDARDS WAS MUCH HIGHER THAN THE COST OF
MAINTAINING VARIOUS STREAM STANDARDS. THE MODEL
MADE POSSIBLE THE ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF ALTER-
NATIVE MANAGEMENT POLICIES, AND MIGHT JUSTIFY
LARGER STREAM SAMPLING PROGRAMS. (W69-02614).
00004. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: AN ECONOMIST'S VIEW.
TYBOUT, R.A.
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WATER QUALITY IN THE
GREAT LAKES, PROC 3RD ANNU SYMP WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH, P 117-126, OHIO STATE
UNIVERSITY, SEPT 1967.
THREE APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMALLY AT-
TAINING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS IN A HYPOTHETI-
CAL LAKE ILLUSTRATED THE INTERDEPENDENCY OF
ECONOMICS AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND THE PROBLEM
OF PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH IN SETTING AND AD-
MINISTERING OF THOSE STANDARDS. SYSTEM I CALLED
FOR THE SOLUTION OF A SIMPLE LINEAR MODEL, WHERE
THE COSTS OF POLLUTION REMOVAL FOR ALL USERS OF A
LAKE WERE EQUATED TO THE COSTS OF ALL POLLUTION
IMPOSED ON THE LAKE BY POLLUTERS. THE QUALITY
STANDARD FOR THE LAKE WAS ASSUMED GIVEN. SYSTEM
2 MAXIMIZED THE UTILITIES TO ALL INDIVIDUALS FROM
POLLUTANT AND NON-POLLUTANT GENERATING
PRODUCTS, SUBJECT TO THEIR BUDGET CONSTRAINTS.
SYSTEM 3 MAXIMIZED THE BENEFIT-COST RATIOS OF
VARIOUS PRODUCTS, SUBJECT TO BUDGET CONSTRAINTS,
ASSUMING BENEFITS AND COSTS WERE QUANTIFIABLE.
THE PROBLEMS AND MERITS OF EACH APPROACH AND
THEIR COMBINATION WERE DISCUSSED. (W69-02614).
OOOOS. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
KERRI, K.D.
7 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 33(5), 772-
786, 1967.
FROM THE CONCLUSION OF AN EARLIER PAPER THAT THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF STREAM QUALITY STANDARDS OB-
TAINED BY NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
RESULTED IN LOWER TREATMENT COSTS THAN THE EN-
FORCEMENT OF EFFLUENT STANDARDS, A PRESENTATION
WAS MADE FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF RIVER BASIN
WASTE TREATMENT ASSOCIATIONS. COST CURVES
SHOWED THEM IF ALL PLANTS IN THE ASSOCIATION WERE
BUILT AS FIXED OUTPUT CONVENTIONAL PLANTS, EXCEPT
FOR ONE PIVOTAL PLANT WHICH COULD BE OPERATED
OVER A WIDE RANGE, LARGE ECONOMIES COULD RESULT.
THE PIVOTAL PLANT WOULD PREFERABLY HAVE A LOW
MARGINAL TREATMENT COST, A LARGE DISCHARGE, AND
WOULD BE LOCATED JUST ABOVE THE CRITICAL REACH.
THE SELECTION AND SIZE OF THE TREATMENT FACILITIES
WOULD BE CHOSEN BY COMPUTER ON THE BASIS OF THE
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MARGINAL AND AVERAGE COST CURVES FOR THE
PLANTS. CAPACITY OF THE SYSTEM WOULD BE SIZED ON
THE 10 TO 20 YEAR LOW FLOW USING REAL OR SIMU-
LATED HYDROLOG1C DATA. THE DYNAMIC CONDITIONS
OF THE ASSOCIATION (EXPANSION OF MUNICIPALITIES
AND FIRMS AND CHANGING STANDARDS) WERE
DISCUSSED, AND THE RESULTS OF NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
FOR NEW FIRMS ENTERING THE ASSOCIATION WERE TA-
BLED. (W69-02615).
00006. POLLUTING SOLUTION-A
SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
TOWNSHIP
MATTAZ, R.C.
ILLINOIS BAR JOURNAL, 52(10), 864-869, 1964.
THE AUTHOR CONTENDS THAT TOWNSHIP SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS ARE THE MOST PRACTICAL METHOD OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL IN ILLINOIS. SUCH SYSTEMS CAN BE
FINANCED BY BOND ISSUUES, FEDERAL FUNDS FOR UP TO
30 PERCENT OF CONTRUCTION COSTS, AND CONNECTION
FEES TO THE SEWER USERS FOR THE PRIVILEGE OF CON-
NECTING TO THE SYSTEM. THE ONLY LEGAL
PREREQUISITE IS THE ADOPTION BY THE BOARD OF TOWN
AUDITORS OF AN ORDINANCE DESCRIBING THE PROJECT
AND THE PROPOSED BOND ISSUE. ADDITIONAL OR-
DINANCES SHOULD BE PASSED TO REGULATE MATERIAL
AND METHODS USED IN THE ACTUAL CONNECTION AND
TO PROVIDE FOR TOWNSHIP INSPECTION. CONNECTION TO
THE SYSTEM MAY BE ENCOURAGED BY DISCOUNTING
CONNECTION FEES IN THE FIRST YEARS OF OPERATION.
EASEMENT PROBLEMS MAY BE LARGELY OVERCOME BY
PROVISIONS IN THE SEWER USER CONTRACTS GRANTING
BLANKET EASEMENTS TO THE TOWNSHIP. ADDITIONAL
EASEMENTS MUST BE OBTAINED BY INDIVIDUAL
NEGOTIATION. AFTER ALL EASEMENTS ARE OBTAINED
ORDINANCES SHOULD BE PASSED MAKING CONNECTION
MANDATORY AND DEFINING AS NUISANCES ANY STRUC-
TURES NOT CONNECTED. SUCH ORDINANCES SEEM TO BE
ENFORCEABLE UNDER EXISTING CASES, BUT THE AUTHOR
RECOMMENDS THAT THE STATE LEGISLATURE EXPRESSLY
GRANT THIS POWER. (W68-00 142).
00007. EFFLUENT CHARGES; A METHOD OF EN-
FORCING STREAM STANDARDS.
DELOGU, O.E.
MAINE LAW REVIEW, 19(1), 29-47. 1967.
WATER QUALITY AND NOT QUANTITY IS OUR MOST
PRESSING RESOURCES PROBLEM. FEDERAL AND STATE
GOVERNMENTS ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY AWARE OF
THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES IN POLLUTION CONTROL AND
ABATEMENT. THF, MAINE LEGISLATURE HAS CREATED
POTENTIALLY EFFECTIVE POLLUTION CONTROL MACHIN-
ERY, BUT THIS HAS NOT BEEN FULLY IMPLEMENTED,
CAUSING CONTINUED DETERIORATION OF THF. STATE'S
WATERS. THE FINANCIAL AND POLITICAL COMMITMENT
NECESSARY TO ATTAIN WATER QUALITY STANDARDS HAS
BEEN SO LARGE THAT STATES HAVE BHEN UNWILLING OR
UNABLE TO MEET IT. A MODIFIED CONCEFP OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES WOULD SHIFT THE COST OF THE PRESENT
METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL (DUMPING WASTES INTO
THE STATE'S WATERS) FROM THE STATE AND
DOWNSTREAM WATER USERS TO THE ECONOMIC UNIT
ACUTALLY CREATING AND DISPOSING OF THE WASTE.
THE PRESENT METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL ALLOWS
PRODUCERS OF WASTE PRODUCTS TO SHIFT PART OF
THEIR PRODUCTION COSTS TO THE STATE AND
DOWNSTREAM USERS, WHO MUST TREAT THE WATER OR
FOREGO ITS USE. USING EFFLUENT CHARGES, THE TOTAL
AMOUNT COLLECTED BY CHARGES WOULD BE EQUAL TO
THE COST OF BUILDING AND MAINTAINING TREATMENT
FACILITIES TO KEEP WATER QUALITY AT STANDARDS
ESTABLISHED FOR THE WATER. THE CHARGE TO EACH
ECONOMIC UNIT WOULD BE PROPORTIONAL TO ITS PRO
RATA SHARE OF POLLUTION. SEVERAL BENEFITS ARE
LISTED. (W68-00115).
00008. THE LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO AIR AND
WATER QUALITY.
EDWARDS, M.N.
NATURAL RESOURCES LAWYER, 1(1), 58-69, 1968.
THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT IS THE
BASIC AUTHORITY FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERI-
OR IN THE FIELD OF PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND ABATE-
MENT OF WATER POLLUTION. THIS LAW CONTINUES THE
BASIC RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONTROLLING POLLUTION IN
THE STATES COUPLED WITH PROVISIONS FOR RESEARCH,
MUNICIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL, AND FINANCING. THIS ACT
WAS AMENDED IN 1961 BY THE WATER QUALITY ACT AND
BY THE CLEAN WATER RESTORATION ACT OF 1966. THE
WATER QUALITY ACT IS UNIQUE IN ESTABLISHING QUALI-
TY STANDARDS FOR INTERSTATE WATERS TO BE
PREPARED FIRST BY THE STATES. UPON FAILURE TO
ESTABLISH STANDARDS OR UPON REJECTION BY THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF THE PROPOSED STANDARDS,
THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR IS AUTHORIZED TO IM-
POSE STANDARDS. THE CLEAN WATER RESTORATION ACT
IS DESIGNED TO PROMOTE COMPREHENSIVE RIVER BASIN
PLANNING AND IS COUPLED WITH MORE LIBERALIZED
FUNDING PROVISION FOR PREVIOUS PROGRAMS. FEDERAL
STATUTES PROVIDE TWO METHODS FOR ENFORCEMENT
OF THEIR PROVISIONS. THE FIRST PROVIDES FOR LENGTHY
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES, WHICH, IF SUCCESSFUL,
MAY BE FOLLOWED BY COURT ACTION. THE SECOND PRO-
VIDES FOR ABATEMENT ACTIONS TO BE BROUGHT BY
FEDERAL ATTORNEYS AFTER NOTICE IF DISCHARGE
CAUSES WATER TO FALL BELOW WATER QUALITY STAN-
DARDS. (W68-00105).
00009. COSTS DIVE AS WEIRTON RE-USES MILL
ROLL COOLANT.
STEEL, 162(24), 78, 80, 1968.
DESCRIBED IS NATIONAL STEEL'S WEIRTON STEEL DIVI-
SION PLANT, WEST VIRGINIA. IT USES POTABLE WATER TO
COOL MILL ROLLS AND IS SAVING MONEY AND WATER
WHILE MAINTAINING QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS. A
REC1RCULATING SYSTEM WITH VACCUUM FILTER
REPLACES THE OLD COOLANT SYSTEM OF WATER AND
OIL DIRECTLY APPLIED TO THE ROLLS. THE OLD SYSTEM
WITH CONTINUOUS DISPOSAL OF FINES AND OXIDES AND
OTHER CONTAMINANTS IS REPLACED BY 8 FILTERS. EACH
PAIR OF FILTERS HANDLES 3,000 GPM, BUT IN EMERGEN-
CIES ONE FILTER CAN HANDLE THE FLOW. BECAUSE A
CONSTANT FLOW OF FRESH UNIFORM COOLANT CAN NOW
BE DELIVERED, THF. NEED FOR LARGE STORAGE TANKS IS
ELIMINATED. FORMERLY, THE PLANT CONSUMED 30 MOD
OF RIVER WATER. LOSSES OF OIL AND NECESSARY CHEMI-
CAL WATER TREATMENT COST $1 MILLION A YR. VARIA-
TIONS IN RIVER WATER TEMPERATURE CAUSED
PROBLEMS IN QUALITY CONTROL OF PRODUCT. ONLY
50,000 GPD ARE USED WITH THE NEW SYSTEM AND FLUID
LOSSES OCCUR ONLY THROUGH EVAPORATION AND
LEAKAGE. COSTS HAVE BEEN CUT TO $1.50 PER HOUR PER
ROLLING MILL FOR EACH SET OF 4 FILTERS. (W68-00032).
00010. A SAMPLE DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION ON
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REFERENCE LIST
WATER-BASED
TURKS.
RECREATION EXPENDI-
LONG, W. H.
WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN, 4(3), 19-26, 1968.
A SAMPLE DESIGN IS PRESENTED FOR SELECTING
STREAMS IN AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATION
BETWEEN WATER POLLUTION AND WATER BASED
RECREATION EXPENDITURES. THE DESIGN IS A PROPOR-
TIONAL SAMPLE OF CLUSTERS OF STREAMS STRATIFIED IN
A TWO-WAY SCHEME. THE CLUSTERING IS ^ACHIEVED BY
SAMPLING 7 1/2 MINUTE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS, AND THE
STRATIFICATION BY USING MEASURES CONNECTED WITH
WATER POLLUTION TO CLASSIFY THE CLUSTERS. THE
DESIGN IS BASED ON CONSIDERATION OF ECONOMY IN
DATA COLLECTION AND COMPUTATIONAL EFFICIENCY. A
DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF THE DESIGN IS THAT DATA COL-
LECTED ARE TO BE USED IN A REGRESSION ANALYSIS.
THUS, THE SAMPLE SIZE IS DETERMINED BY TRYING TO
ACHIEVE A GIVEN DEGREE OF PRECISION FOR THE
REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS. (W69-02357).
00011. MODERN SEWER-SERVICE CHARGES, PART 1~
WHY CITIES NEED THEM.
HEARINGS-SUBCOMMITTEE ON AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION-COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS U S
SENATE- 90TH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION, 67-
71, 1968.
THE REASON FOR THE USE OF SEWER SERVICE CHARGES
IS THAT THEY AVOID TAXES. THE PRINCIPLE BENEFIT IS
THAT THE PUBLIC DOES NOT LIKE TAXES BUT WILL AC-
CEPT A CHARGE THAT PAYS FOR A SERVICE THAT IT COM-
PREHENDS. SHIFTING THE FINANCIAL BURDEN OF
SEWERAGE WORKS FROM AD VALOREM TAXES TO SEWER-
SERVICE RESULTS IN A WIDER ARRAY OF CONTRIBUTORS.
CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL UNITS
WHICH DO NOT PAY PROPERTY TAXES IMMEDIATELY
BECOME PAYING CUSTOMERS. ADDITIONALLY, THE
HOMEOWNER PAYS MORE NEARLY IN PROPORTION TO
USE AND COMMERCIAL USERS PAY LIKEWISE RATHER
THAN BEING TAXED ON ASSESSED VALUATION. THE SER-
VICE RATES OF CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE, ARE
PRESENTED. (W69-02065).
00012. STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS.
LYNN, W.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 36(6), 1964.
A DYNAMIC MODEL WAS PRESENTED TO DETERMINE THE
TIMING AND FINANCING OF SANITARY FACILITIES IN
RESPONSE TO A GROWING POPULATION. THE MODEL IN-
CORPORATED A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOW OF
FUNDS AT THE TIMES OF ACTUAL OCCURRENCE. A
LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO DETER-
MINE THE TIMING OF CONSTRUCTION, THE FUNDS BOR-
ROWED, LOAN REPAYMENT SCHEDULES, FUNDS IN-
VESTED, AND THE SERVICE CHARGE. ILLUSTRATIVE
PROBLEMS WERE SOLVED USING EXISTING COST DATA. IT
WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE MODEL IS APPLICABLE IN
PLANNING AND EVALUATING THE FINANCING AND ITS
TIMING OF SANITARY ENGINEERING CONTRUCTION PRO-
JECTS. (W68-00385).
00013. DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZATION MODELS
FOR CARBON BED DESIGN.
DOSTAL, K.A.; HARRINGTON, R. M; CLARK, R.M.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
58(9) 1170-1186, 1966.
ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS WERE INCOR-
PORATED INTO TWO LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS TO
DETERMINE THE LEAST COST PRELIMINARY DESIGN FOR
THE GRANULAR-ACTIVATED CARBON UNIT PROCESS.
ONLY CONTINUOUS REACTIVATION WAS CONSIDERED.
THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO MINIMIZE THE PRESENT VALUES
OF THE TOTAL COST. ACTUAL DATA WERE USED AND EX-
AMPLE PROBLEMS WERE SOLVED. EACH MODEL WAS
SOLVED TO DETERMINE THE FILTER SIZE, FURNACE
CAPACITY, AND THE RATE OF REACTIVIAT1ON, THE
SECOND MODEL ALSO SPECIFIED THE LEVEL OF OFF-LINE
STORAGE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT: (1) LOSSES OF CAR-
BON STRONGLY AFFECT PRESENT VALUE; (2) CHANGES IN
THE ECONOMIC TIME HORIZON AND THE UNIT COST OF
REACTIVATING CARBON HAVE AN INFLUENCE ON
PRESENT VALUE; (3) THE MODELS CAN BE USED FOR
PRELIMINARY DESIGN; AND (4) DURING SEASONAL DE-
MAND PATTERNS, IT MAY BE MORE ECONOMICAL TO
OPERATE THE FURNACE ON AN INTERMITTENT BASIS.
(W68-00390).
00014. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
LYNN, W.R.; LOGAN. J.A.; CHARNES, A.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 34(6), 565-
581, 1962.
A SEQUENCE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT PROCESSES
WERE EXAMINED TO DETERMINE THE MINIMUM COST
COMBINATION OF PROCESSES NECESSARY TO SATISFY THE
EFFLUENT REQUIREMENTS. A CONSTANT INPUT LEVEL OF
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND WAS ASSUMED. THE EF-
FICIENCIES OF THE UNIT PROCESSES WERE CONSIDERED
AS CONSTANT. AN EXAMPLE PROBLEM WAS SOLVED,
USING EXISTING DATA, TO ELUCIDATE THE MATHEMATICS
OF NETWORK ANALYSIS. THE NETWORK FORMULATtON
WAS TRANSFORMED INTO A DYADIC MODEL. AN EFFI-
CIENT PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE LEAST COST
SOLUTION WAS PRESENTED. THIS WAS ONE OF THE FIRST
PAPERS WHICH INTRODUCED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AS A
TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING AN ECONOMICAL COM-
BINATION OF UNIT PROCESSES NECESSARY TO REMOVE A
SPECIFIC QUANTITY OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND.
(W68-00384).
00015. USING WASTE HEAT FOR FISH FARMING.
MARTINO, P.A.; MARCHELLO, J.M.
OCEAN IND, 3(4) 36-39, 1968.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION IS MADE OF THE POSSIBILITY
OF UTILIZING INDUSTRIAL WASTE HEAT, SUCH AS FROM A
SEA COAST NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, FOR CONVECT1VELY
PUMPING UP NUTRIENT-RICH DEEP WATER FOR FISH
FARMING. THERMO-NUTRIENT PUMPING CONDITIONS ARE
DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED; DESIGN CRITERIA ARE
OUTLINED FOR VARIOUS OPERATING SCHEDULES. CURVES
SHOW DIFFERENT EQUATIONS FOR PIPE DIAMETERS AND
FLOW RATES. COST ESTIMATES ARE GIVEN. FOR EXAM-
PLE, A 1-METER DIAMETER VERTICAL PIPE WITH DELTA T
EQUALLING 5 DEC C CAN DELIVER 300 KG/SEC OF
NUTRIENT-RICH WATER WHEN 60 KG-SEC OF HEAT
EXCHANGER WATER IS INJECTED AT THE BOTTOM; THIS
CAN PRODUCE ABOUT 3,000 KG OF EDIBLE FISH. PIPE
DIAMETER WOULD HAVE TO BE MULTIPLIED IN AC-
CORDANCE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS,
AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE HEAT, AND COST-BENEFIT RATIO.
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
A SUGGESTION IS MADE FOR A JOINT SCHEME BETWEEN A
COASTAL NUCLEAR AND DESALINATION PLANT AND
OFFSHORE OIL FIELDS AND A FISH FARMING PROJECT. A
PLANT PRODUCING 100 MGD OF FRESH WATER WOULD
RETURN 10,000 KG/SEC OF HEAT EXCHANGE WATER TO
THE OCEAN. (W68-00338).
00016. A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
SHERWOOD, R.J.
J OF CIV ENG, AM SOC CIV ENG, 32-35, 1968.
THE PHOSPHORUS IN SEWAGE HAS BEEN HELD RESPONSI-
BLE FOR THE EXCESSIVE ALGAL GROWTH IN LAKES INTO
WHICH DOMESTIC SEWAGE IS DISCHARGED, BUT THE EX-
TENT TO WHICH IT MUST BE ELIMINATED IS NOT KNOWN.
THE DESIGN FACTORS IN A PHOSPHATE-REMOVAL PLANT
ARE: THE RATIO OF SOLUBLE TO TOTAL PHOSPHATE;
WAFER ALKALINITY AND HARDNESS; BOD REMOVAL
REQUIRED; PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL REQUIRED; AND THE
RATIO OF SOLUBLE BOD TO TOTAL BOD. THE BIOCHEMI-
CAL REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM WASTES BY THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE METHOD IS EFFECTIVE IN CERTAIN
RATIOS OF INFLUENT BOD TO PHOSPHORUS. THE
REMOVAL RATE IS HIGH WHEN THE SLUDGE AGE IS 0.5-1
DAY, BUT IS GREATLY REDUCED WHEN THE AGE IS 15-25
DAYS. ALGAE CAN HELP IN SEWAGE STABILIZATION IN
THIS CYCLE: ALGAE PRODUCE OXYGEN WHICH COMBINES
WITH ORGANIC MATTER; THIS, BY BACTERIAL ACTION
RELEASES CARBON DIOXIDE, AMMONIA, PHOSPHATE, AND
WATER, WHICH ARE THEN USED BY ALGAE TO PRODUCE
MORE OXYGEN. TERTIARY TREATMENT BY THE ADDITION
OF CHEMICALS IS EFFECTIVE, BUT ITS EXPENSE IN-
CREASES GREATLY AFTER THE INITIAL PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL BY THE FIRST APPLIED DOSES. LIME IS A LESS
EXPENSIVE ADDITIVE THAN ALUM OR AN IRON SALT AND
IS ALSO EFFECTIVE IN PRIMARY PHOSPHATE COAGULA-
TION. (W6X-U02M)).
00017. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY HIGH-DENSITY,
SOLIDS-CONTACT TERTIARY TREATMENT.
GARLAND, C.F.
WORKSHOP ON PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, CHICAGO, IL-
LINOIS, 1968.
THE DENSATOR UNIT WAS DEVELOPED (FULLER CO OF
TUCSON. ARIX.) TO SUPPLEMENT PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
PROCESSES OF SEWAGE SEPARATION. STRONG DOSAGES
OF LIME. IRON, ALUM, OR COMBINATIONS OF THEM, ARE
KNOWN TO HI: EFFECTIVE IN REMOVING PHOSPHORUS;
LIME IS I1II-: MOST EFFECTIVE OF THESE ADDITIVES. THE
UNIT PROVIDES HIGH-DENSITY, SOLIDS CONTACT TREAT-
MENl' IN 3 PHASES; [I) VIGOROUS MIXING OF WASTE-
WATER. LIME, AND A CONTROLLED VOLUME OF RECIRCU
l.ATED DENSE SOLIDS; (2) FLOCCUl.ATION; AND (3) SOLIDS
SEPARATION, IHFSI UF.ING RECIRCULATED TO (I). TESTS
OF 10 PILOT PLAN IS INDICATE THAI' THE ADDITION OF
LIME IS INCREASINGLY EFFECTIVE IN PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL AS PH INCREASES. HIT THAI THE EXCESSIVE
PH OF I.IME-TREATI:!) EFFLUENT MAY REQUIRE RF.CAR-
UONAT10N BEFORE DISCHARGE. THE UNIT PERMITS SPLIT
TREATMENT AND IMPROVED AUTOMATIC CONTROLS FOR
LIME AS ADJUSTED TO THE RATIO OF ALKALINITY AND
CALCIUM HARDNESS OF THE INFLUENT WASTFWATER.
FILTRATION FURTHER REDUCES PHOSPHORUS CONTENT
AS WELL AS BOD AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS. THIS UNIT
COMBINED WITH THE BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF SOLUBLE
ORGAN1CS IS EFFECTIVE THE OPERATING COST OF THE 2
STAGE UNIT IS SOMEWHAT H1GHF.R. BUT THE INITIAL
COST IS LOWER THAN THE USUAL I-STAGE SYSTEM. THE
HIGH-QUALITY WATER PRODUCED BY THIS UNIT NOW
COSTS ABOUT 40 CENTS/1 (XX) GAL. (W68-OO254).
00018. FWPCA PROPOSES...A 20TH CENTURY PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
NALESNIK, R.P
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 5(2), 59-62,
FEB. 1968.
THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. ADMINISTRA-
TION RECEIVED A MANDATE FROM CONGRESS IN THE
CLEAN WATER RESTORATION ACT OF 1966, TO ASSESS
THE NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND RELATED COSTS FOR
TREATING MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND OTHER EF-
FLUENTS. 'THE UNITED STATES HAS THE TECHNICAL
POWER TO MANAGE THE COMPLEX WATER POLLUTION
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY INCREASED URBANIZATION AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION, IF FINANCING CAN BE PROVIDED.
THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION IS
NOW WORKING TO IDENTIFY POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND
DETERMINE THE COST OF ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS. THE
ADVVANTAGF.S AND DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC
DATA PROCESSING AND INCREASED COMPUTER USE ARE
UNDER STUDY. REGIONAL OFFICES ARE FOCUSING ON THE
POTENTIAL BENEFIT OF POLLUTION CONTROL AND
ABATEMENT ACTION PROGRAMS UNDER TWENTY MAJOR
RIVER BASIN MANAGERS. FEDERAL ASSISTANCE IS BEING
PROVIDED TO STATE WATER QUALITY CONTROL AGEN-
CIES, AND IN THE MONITORING OF STATE WATER STAN-
DARDS. CHARTS SHOWING MUNICIPAL. INDUSTRIAL, AND
AGRICULTURAL WATER USE, 1900-1980. ARE INCLUDED.
TABLES SHOWING SUFFICIENCY OF FUTURE URBAN
WATER SUPPLIES, AND ALTERNATE MEANS OF MEETING
FUTURE DEMANDS ARE PROVIDED. A PROGRAMMED AP-
PROACH TO DETERMINING AN INDUSTRIAL WASTE
PROFILE IS CilVEN. < W68-002I4).
00019. OPTIMIZATION OF THE HYDRAULIC REGIME
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
ERICKSON, L.E.; FAN, L.T.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(3), 1968.
THE DESIGN OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE TANKS COMPOSED OF
SEVERAL COMPLETELY-MIXED AERATION TANKS CON-
NECTED IN SERIES WERE OPTIMIZED AND COMPARED
WITH THE RESULTS OF A SINGLE COMPLETELY-MIXED
AERATION TANK. THE OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS WERE DEPEN
DENT ON THE FLOW INTO THE SYSTEM. THE RECYCLE
FLOW, AND THE MIXING WITHIN THE SYSTEM. THE CON-
CENTRATION OF ORGANIC MATTER, THE ORGANISM CON-
CENTRATION, AND THE VOLUME OF EACH AERATION
TANK WERE THE UNKNOWN VARIABLES. A DIRECT
SEARCH OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE WAS USED TO SYSTE-
MATICALLY FIND THE OPTIMUM. THE RESULTS OF THE
ANALYSIS INDICATED: ( 1 ) THE TWO-AERATION-TANK AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM REQUIRED A SMA1 I ER
THEORETICAL VOLUME THAN THE SINGLE TYPE AERA-
TION-TANK SYSTEM AND (2) THE ORGANIC NUTRIENT
CONCENTRATION IS A VERY IMPORTANT VARIABTE IN
DESIGN. HAS 22 REFERENCES. (W68-003X3).
00020. A MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL.
REVELLE, C.S.; LOUCKS,, D.P.; LYNN, W.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED 19(7) 1164
1183, 1967.
A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL WAS PRESENTED TO
ELUCIDATE THE MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AS APPLIF.D TO THE PROBLEM OF
DETERMINING 'THE MINIMUM COST COMBINATION OF
-------
REFERENCE LIST
PLANT EFFICIENCIES NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN LEVELS
OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A STREAM. THE CONSTRAINTS
OF THE PROBLEM WERE FORMED FROM : (1) THE DEFINI-
TION OF PLANT EFFICIENCIES; (2) INVENTORY EQUATIONS
ON BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN; AND (3) QUALITY CONSTRAINTS ON DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN. A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE WAS SOLVED USING AR-
TIFICIAL DATA. THE PROCEDURE ILLUSTRATED A MATHE-
MATICAL PROGRAMMING FORMULATION THAT: (1) WAS
NOT AN APPROXIMATION TO THE OXYGEN SAG EQUA-
TION; (2) EASILY HANDLED TRIBUTARIES; (3) SPECIFIED
MAXIMUM VIOLATIONS OF THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN
STANDARDS; AND (4) WAS SOLVED BY LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING TECHNIQUES. AN APPENDIX ON THE SPACING
OF QUALITY CONSTRAINTS WAS INCLUDED. THERE ARE 15
REFERENCES. (W68-00391).
00021. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
LOGAN, J.A.; HATFIELD, W.A.; RUSSELL, G.S.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 34(9), 860-
882, 1962.
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS FOR WASTE
TREATMENT PLANTS WERE OBTAINED FROM EXISTING
PLANTS BY MEANS OF SITE VISITS, AND FROM SERIES OF
PLANTS DESIGNED FOR A SPECIFIC AREA. TOTAL COSTS
WERE OBTAINED FOR PRIMARY, HIGH-RATE FILTER, STAN-
DARD-RATE FILTER, AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS.
UNIT COSTS AND EFFICIENCY ASPECTS WERE DETER-
MINED FOR USE IN FUTURE STUDIES WHICH WILL BE
ORIENTED TOWARDS FINDING THE MINIMUM COST
DESIGN. SOME OF THE DIFFICULTIES IN ANALYZING DATA
FROM EXISTING PLANTS WERE: (1) VARIATIONS IN QUALI-
TY AND QUANTITY INPUTS, (2) VARIATION IN DESIGN
CRITERIA; (3) VARIATIONS IN THE DEFINITIONS OF EACH
UNIT PROCESS; AND (4) LOCAL DIFFERENCES IN LABOR,
TOPOGRAPHIC, AND GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS. (W68-
00392).
00022. OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICAL
FILTER DESIGN.
CALLER, W.S.; GOTAAS, H.B.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 92(SA1), PAPER
4684, 163-182, FEB 1966.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING WAS USED IN THE DESIGN OF
BIOLOGICAL FILTERS. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO MINIMIZE
THE COSTS OF OPERATION AND CONSTRUCTION. G1VF-N A
WASTE FLOW AND A BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND,
THE ANALYSIS SELECTED THE RADIUS, DEPTH, AND
RECIRCULATION RATIO OF EACH FILTER. THREE TEM-
PERATURES, SIX BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDS, AND
FLOW RATES FROM ONE TO TWENTY MILLION GALLONS
PER DAY WERE USED AS INPUT DATA. AN EXAMPLE
PROBLEM WAS SOLVED. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED
THAT: (1) VARIATIONS IN DESIGN ARE RELATED TO INPUT
CONDITIONS; (2) VARIATIONS IN COST PARAMETERS
WITHIN REASONABLE LIMITS DO NOT AFFECT DESIGN
VARIABLES; AND (3) THE MODELS CAN BE USED FOR
DETERMINING MORE EFFECTIVE DESIGNS. (W68-00393).
00023. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WASTE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
DEININGER, R.A.
PROC. SECOND ANNUAL AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES CONFERENCE, CHICAGO, ILL. 247-
258, NOV. 1966.
A SUMMARY OF THREE RESEARCH TOPICS CONCERNED
WITH THE FEASIBILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF THE DESIGN
OF WASTE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS BY
DIGITAL COMPUTERS WAS PRESENTED. THE RESULTS OF
THE THREE RESEARCH TOPICS WERE: (1) THE MINIMUM
COST OF EXCAVATION AND PIPE FOR A SEWER APPROACH
TO THE DESIGN OF WASTE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
SYSTEMS WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF MINIMIZING THE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT COSTS WAS PRESENTED. AN
ITERATIVE PROCEDURE USING LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS
OF THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION WAS USED TO SOLVE THE
PROBLEM; AND (3) AUTOMATIC PLOTTING EQUIPMENT
WAS EXAMINED FOR THE GENERATION OF CONSTRUC-
TION PLANS FOR A TREATMENT PLANT. THE CONCEPTS OF
TIME-SHARING COMPUTER SYSTEMS WERE USED FOR
PLOTTING. (W68-00395).
00024. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
REVELLE, C.S.; LOUCKS, D.P.; LYNN, W.R.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 40(1), 1-9, 1968.
A LINEAR PROGRAMMING FORMULATION TO MINIMIZE
THE COST OF WASTE TREATMENT IN THE WILLAMETTE
RIVER BASIN SUBJECT TO MAINTAINING A MINIMUM CON-
CENTRATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN WAS PRESENTED.
ACTUAL DATA FROM THE WILLAMETTE RIVER BASIN WAS
USED. A COMPARISON WAS MADE TO A DYNAMIC PRO-
GRAMMING SOLUTION. BOTH TECHNIQUES YIELDED ES-
SENTIALLY THE SAME RESULTS. OPPORTUNITIES FOR
COST REDUCTION WERE EXAMINED BY STUDYING THE
DUAL VARIABLES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT SUCH INFOR-
MATION COULD BE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO THOSE
RESPONSIBLE FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT. (W68-
03397).
00025. ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FORECASTING.
THOMANN, R.V.; SOBEL, M.J.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 90(SA5), PAPER
4116,9-36,1964.
TIME SERIES AND MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING
TECHNIQUES WERE USED FOR FORECASTING DISSOLVED
OXYGEN AND FORMULATING THE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
AND CONSTRAINTS FOR THE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF
WASTE INPUTS. DISSOLVED OXYGEN DATA FROM THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY WERE USED. ILLUSTRATIVE
PROBLEMS WERE STRUCTURED TO SHOW THE MANAGERI-
AL PROBLEMS THAT CAN BE SOLVED. THE EXTENT OF
THE FORECASTING SCHEME DEPENDS UPON THE
KNOWLEDGE OF THE PARAMETERS USED IN THE
TRANSFER FUNCTION, AND THE WASTE INPUT DATA. DIF-
FICULTIES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ATTEMPTS TO
CONTROL TRANSIENT FLUCTUATIONS OF QUALITY WERE
EXAMINED. SALINITY INTRUSION PROFILES WERE USED TO
ILLUSTRATE THE TRANSIENT CONTROL PROBLEMS. (W68-
00398).
00026. PROGRESS TOWARDS OPTIMUM DESIGN OF
DIATOMTTE FILTER PLANTS.
BAUMANN, E.R.; CLEASBY, J.L.; REGUNATHAN, P.
5TH ANNUAL SANITARY AND WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, VANDERBILT
UNIVERSITY, 124-154, JUNE 2-3 1966.
AN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DEVELOP A RA-
TIONAL MINIMUM COST DESIGN TECHNIQUE FOR
D1ATOMITE FILTERS. A COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS
DEVELOPED FOR USE IN DETERMINING THE MINIMUM
TOTAL COST BY ENUMERATING DIFFERENT COMBINA-
TIONS OF DESIGN VARIABLES. THE DESIGN VARIABLES
WERE FLOW RATE, BODY FEED CONCENTRATION, AND
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TERMINAL HEAD LOSS. THE EFFECT OF PLANT SIZE WAS
ALSO EVALUATED. THE CONCLUSIONS WERE: (1) THE
COMPUTER PROGRAM CAN BE USED IN OPTIMIZATION
STUDIES; (2) THE USE OF ONE DESIGN FILTRATION RATE
FOR ALL TYPES OF WATER SHOULD BE AVOIDED; (3)
PLANT SIZE HAS A SIGNIFICANCE ON TOTAL COST; AND
(4) FILTERAB1LITY OF WATER IS VERY IMPORTANT. (W68-
00399).
00027. THE APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES TO TEXTILES MILL WASTE
TREATMENT.
DEBRUHL, H.M.; SMALLWOOD, C.
FIFTEENTH SOUTHERN WATER RESOURCES AND
POLLUTION CONTROL CONFERENCE, NORTH
CAROLINA STATE AT RALEIGH, APRIL 7, 1966.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING WAS USED IN MAXIMIZING
PROFITS FOR A TEXTILE MILL OPERATION BY DETERMIN-
ING THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION LEVEL. THE CON-
STRAINTS OF THE PROBLEM WERE FORMED FROM THE
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM PRODUCTION LEVELS, THE
MAXIMUM DISCHARGE OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DE-
MAND, AND THE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION. DATA WAS OB-
TAINED FROM THE LITERATURE. AN EXAMPLE PROBLEM
WAS SOLVED ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF THE SIMPLEX
TABLEAU. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED: (1) THE USE OF
A MODEL TO DETERMINE PRODUCTION LEVELS; AND (2)
THE VALUE OF IN-PLANT HOUSEKEEPING. (W68-00400).
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES.
MUHICH,A.J/
THESIS, HARVARD U., CAMBRIDGE, MASS, APRIL
1966.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE MINIMUM CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANTS WERE
PRESENTED TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL AND TIMING OF A
CONSTRUCTION. THE OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS WERE RE-
LATED TO THE INTEREST RATE, THE RATE OF GROWTH IN
DEMAND, AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE INHERENT IN
TREATMENT PLANT CONSTRUCTION. LINEAR AND
GEOMETRIC GROWTH RATES WERE USED. CALCULUS
TECHNIQUES WERE USED FOR THE EQUAL TIME INTERVAL
CONSTRUCTION MODELS. A COMBINATION OF SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES AND A GRADIENT NON-LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING TECHNIQUE WAS USED FOR THE UNEQUAL
CONSTRUCTION TIME INTERVALS. ALLOWING UNEQUAL
CONSTRUCTION INTERVALS MADE LITTLE DIFFERENCE IN
THE RESULTS. EXISTING CONSTRUCTION COST DATA
WERE USED. INTRODUCTION OF UNCERTAINTY HAD LIT-
TLE EFFECT ON THE DECISION PROCESS. IT WAS CON-
CLUDED THAT EXISTING RULES OF THUMB USED FOR
DESIGN INTERVALS CAUSED A COST INCREASE OF THREE
TO FIVE PERCENT ABOVE THE OPTIMAL DESIGN. (W68-
00401).
00029. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUGMEN-
TATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS REPORT.
PYATT, E.E.
A PROGRESS REPORT TO FWPCA CONCERNING
RESEARCH GRANT WP-01050-02, ENGINEERING
AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, 31 MAY 196S. 43 P
THE 'LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION PROJECT'. DESIGNATED
WP-01050-02, HAS AS ITS OBJECTIVE THE DEVELOPMENT
OF A GENERALIZED MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A TYPI-
CAL RIVER BASIN, WHICH IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO MANIPULA-
TION SUCH THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO ASSESS FUNCTIONAL
RESPONSES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT LEVELS AND FLOW
AUGMENTATATION CONJUNCTIVELY UTILIZED TO
ACHIEVE SPECIFIED LEVELS OF STREAM WATER QUALITY.
TO THIS END, THE PROJECT HAS BEEN SUBDIVIDED INTO
SIX AVENUES OF INQUIRY. THE FIRST AVENUE HAS TO DO
WITH THE FORMULATION OF PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR
'ROUTING' ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY INTO, THROUGH AND
OUT OF RESERVOIRS. THIS FORMULATION, IN A SENSE, IS
TO BE A STOCHASTIC VERSION-STOCHASTIC IN TERMS OF
BOTH RUNOFF AND TEMPERATURE-OF EXTANT EQUA-
TIONS, SUCH AS THOSE OF DOBBINS. THE SECOND PHASE
WAS INITIATED IN EARLY SPRING 1967, WHEN MR. R. D. G.
PYNE UNDERTOOK A STUDY OF 'COST CURVES OF
SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION. '
THE RESULTS WERE PUBLISHED AS A THESIS WHICH WAS
SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVER-
SITY OF FLORIDA IN AUGUST 1967. AS A COUNTERPART TO
SEWAGE TREATMENT COSTS, GENERALIZED COST CURVES
FOR IMPOUNDING WATER FOR FLOW AUGMENTATION
ARE ESSENTIAL. MR A. PEREX, A CANDIDATE FOR THE M.
S. E. DEGREE AND A GRADUATE RESEARCH ASSISTANT ON
THE LOW FLOW PROJECT, IS UNDERTAKING A SMALL-
SCALE SIMULATION WHICH WILL YIELD THE DESIRED IN-
FORMATION. THE LAST THREE PHASES ARE CURRENTLY
BEING PURSUED. (W68-00502).
00030. CONSERVATION OF POWER AND WATER
RESOURCES: GRANTS FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
FEDERAL REGISTER, 31(94) 7114-7128, MAY 14,
1966.
RULES AND REGULATIONS DEALING WITH GRANTS FOR
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, MADE PURSUANT TO THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT, ARE SET
FORTH IN PART 601. INCLUDED WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE
GRANTS ARE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS FOR THE CON-
TROL OF DISCHARGES FROM STORMWATER OR COMBINED
SEWER SYSTEMS, CONSTRUCTION OF TREATMENT WORKS,
RESEARCH, TRAINING, AND AWARDS FOR RESEARCH FEL-
LOWSHIPS. DETAILED RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR
EACH OF THESE AREAS ARE GIVEN, INCLUDING FORMU-
LAS FOR ALLOTMENTS TO STATES AND INTERSTATE
WATER POLLUTION AGENCIES. PART 606 PRESENTS RULES
AND REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEARINGS HELD UNDER
THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION ACT, COVERING AREAS
FROM PUBLICATION OF NOTICE TO PARTIES TO EVIDENCE.
(W68-00640).
00031. REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-
A PILOT STUDY.
DAY, H.J.; DOLBEAR, F.T. JR.; KAMIEN, M.
PROC FIRST ANNU MEETING AMER WATER
RESOURCES ASS, UNIV OF CHICAGO, 283-309
DEC. 1965.
A STUDY OF THE MINIMUM COST ATTAINMENT OF WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS IN THE GREAT MIAMI RIVER BASIN
IN OHIO WAS PRESENTED. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
HYDROLOGIC AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE BASIN
WERE GIVEN. A MODIFIED STREETER-PHELPS OXYGEN
SAG MODEL WAS USED IN CONSTRUCTING A LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEM FOR MINIMIZING COSTS OF ACHIEV-
ING QUALITY STANDARDS, GIVEN THE EXISTING TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES. THE MODEL USED '0-1' PROGRAMMING
TO ACCOUNT FOR THE FIXED CHARGE ASPECTS OF IN-
STALLING TREATMENT CAPACITIES, AND INTEGER PRO-
GRAMMING TO ACCOUNT FOR LIMITED LEVELS OF AL-
LOWABLE TREATMENT. RESULTS FROM THIS PROBLEM, IN-
CORPORATING DATA FROM THE MA1M1, WERE PRESENTED
•\ND DISCUSSED. LONG RUN PRICING PROBLEMS WERE
10
-------
REFERENCE LIST
OUTLINED AND POTENTIAL BASIN-WIDE TREATMENT
TECHNIQUES WERE LISTED AND DISCUSSED. (W68-00870).
00032. THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
SCHAUMBURG, JR., G.W.
WATER POLLVT CONTR IN THE DELAWARE ESTUA-
RY, HARVARD WATER PROGRAM, CHAPT IV, 74-
150, MAY 1967.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS WERE PRESENTED
MINIMIZING THE COST OF SEVERAL TYPES OF WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL SCHEMES FOR THE DELAWARE ESTUA-
RY. THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT
SCHEMES WERE COMPARED: (I) REQUIRED TREATMENT
(SECONDARY); (2) UNIFORM TREATMENT; (3) THE LEAST
COST METHOD; (4) ZONED UNIFORM TREATMENT; (5)
UNIFORM TREATMENT TAKING PAST REMOVALS INTO AC-
COUNTS; AND (6) THE EFFLUENT CHARGE SYSTEM.
METHODS (2), (3), (4), AND (6) WERE DIRECTLY COM-
PARED FOR SEVERAL LEVELS OF ESTUARY QUALITY (DO
LEVEL). THE EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS OF ALL THE
SCHEMES WERE DISCUSSED, AND TABLED FOR COM-
PARISON. (W68-00877).
00033. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL STUDIES.
GOODMAN, A.S.; DOBBINS, W.E.
AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PROC, 92(5/46) 1-19, DEC.
1966.
A METHODOLOGY WAS PRESENTED FOR STUDYING THE
PHYSICAL, ECONOMIC, AND ADMINISTRATIVE INTERRELA-
TIONSHIPS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS.
IT FEATURED A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR A
HYPOTHETICAL STRETCH OF RIVER. THE 'COMMUNITY
AND RIVER MODEL' WAS CALLED CARM-1. A COMPUTER
PROGRAM, WRITTEN IN FORTRAN II, CONTAINED EQUA-
TIONS FOR RIVER CHARACTERISTICS (E. G. FLOW, TIME,
BOD, DO) COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS (E. G. SUPPLIES,
DEMANDS, COSTS, BENEFITS, DISCHARGES, BOD, DO,
COLIFORMS). THE PROGRAM WAS COMPRISED OF THREE
COMPONENTS; (i) STATEMENTS TO CONTROL DATA
PROCESSING; (2) EQUATIONS FOR CARM; AND (3) STATE-
.MENTS FOR AN 'OPTIMIZING ROUTINE'. THE INPUT SETS
ASSUMED VARIOUS LEVELS OF TREATMENT AT 10 PER-
CENT INCREMENTS OF BOD REMOVED FOR THE VARIOUS
PLANTS. RESULTS WERE GRAPHED FOR THE NINE SEC-
TIONS OF RIVER STUDIED. THE OPTIMIZING ROUTINE,
BASED ON THE 'PATH OF STEEPEST ACCENT, HAD SOME
LIMITATIONS. MODIFICATIONS, SUCH AS ASSUMING PRIMA-
RY TREATMENT AT ALL PLANTS, WERE RECOMMENDED.
IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT BASIN COSTS CAN BE LOWERED
IF UNIFORM TREATMENT IS NOT REQUIRED AT ALL
PLANTS. (W68-0088I ).
00034. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN
THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
LOF, G.O.G.; KNEESE, A.V
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, JOHNS HOPKINS
PRESS, BALTIMORE, 1968.
A SINGLE AVERAGE PLANT OF THB 58 PLANTS IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY PRODUCES GROSS WASTES
EQUIVALENT TO RAW DOMESTIC SEWAGE FROM A POPU-
LATION OF 270,000. THE ELIMINATION OF REMAINING
WASTE FROM THE INDUSTRY WASTEWATER COULD BE
ACCOMPLISHED AT A COST OF $5.000,000 ANNUALLY BY
RECIRCULATION OF PROCESS WATER AND ITS ATTEN-
DANT TREATMENT, PULP DRYING, MODERN METHODS OF
PROCESSING 'STEPHENS WASTE" AND RE-USE OF
'CONDENSER WATER' AS WELL AS BY SPECIFIC WASTE
TREATMENT PROCESSES. HOWEVER, THE INCREMENTAL
COSTS OF REMOVING POLLUTION WOULD GRADUALLY IN-
CREASE FROM $1 TO $90 PER UNIT REMOVED. THE
AUTHORS MAKE THREE MAIN POINTS: (A) FURTHER
RESEARCH IS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE IMPROVED BIOLOG-
IC TREATMENT OF BEET SUGAR PLANT WASTES, (B) PRO-
JECTIONS OF WATER AND WASTE LOADS WHICH ARE
MADE BY APPLYING COEFFICIENTS BASED UPON PRESENT
TECHNOLOGY TO PROJECTED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
ARE NOT RELIABLE, AND (C) ECONOMIC INCENTIVES OF-
FERED INDUSTRIAL FIRMS TO TREAT THEIR WASTES (AS
BY TAX ABATEMENT) MAY LEAD TO GROSSLY INEFFI-
CIENT RESOURCE UTILIZATION, SINCE PROCESS CHANGE
MAY BE A BETTER WAY OF HANDLING THE PROBLEM. THE
LATTER TWO POINTS ARE OF GENERAL APPLICATION IN
THE FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT. (W68-
00883).
00035. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
STEPP, J.M.
COMPLETION REPORT, OWRR PROJECT NO. A-002-
SC, AUGUST 1968.
THERE WERE FOUR SEPARABLE PARTS OF THIS RESEARCH
PROJECT: (I) COMPILATION OF DATA ON WATER SUPPLY
AND UTILIZATION, AMOUNT AND STRENGTH OF EF-
FLUENT, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AND TREATMENT, EM-
PLOYMENT, AND LOCAL TAXES PAID TO 135 WET-PROCESS
SOUTH CAROLINA MANUFACTURING PLANTS. (2) STUDY
OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT COSTS IN
SOUTH CAROLINA BY APPLYING HYDROLOGICAL, EN-
GINEERING AND ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES TO READILY-
AVAILABLE DATA. (3) AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC ANAL-
YSIS OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS AND COSTS OF DISPOS-
ING OF PEACH CANNING WASTES. (4) A MAIL SURVEY OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT BY SOUTH CAROLINA
MUNICIPALITIES. IN TERMS OF TOTAL VOLUME OF WASTE-
WATER, BOD AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS, THE TEXTILE IN-
DUSTRY IS THE GREATEST INDUSTRIAL POLLUTOR OF
SOUTH CAROLINA'S WATERS, BUT THE PAPER INDUSTRY
HAS A HIGHER LEVEL OF POLLUTION PER WORKER EM-
PLOYED AND PER DOLLAR OF LOCAL TAXES PAID. THE
STUDY OF PEACH CANNERIES INDICATED THAT THE
LEAST-COST SYSTEM OF WASTE DISPOSAL UNDER MOST
OF THE CONDITIONS ANALYZED WAS SPRAY IRRIGATION
OF VEGETATION-COVERED LAND. (W68-00895).
00036. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
JOHNSON, E.L.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 3(2) 291-305,
SECOND QUARTER 1967.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES WERE USED TO
COMPARE FOUR METHODS OF ALLOCATING WASTE
REDUCTIONS AMONG DISCHARGERS REDUCTION WAS
REQUIRED TO ATTAIN VARIOUS DO STANDARDS FOR THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY. THE FOUR METHODS COMPARED
WERE: (1) UNIFORM TREATMENT (UT) FOR ALL .DISCHAR-
GERS; (2) LEAST COST (LC) BASED ON MARGINAL COSTS
OF TREATING; (3) SINGLE EFFLUENT CHARGE (SECH) TO
ALL DISCHARGERS IN THE ESTUARY; AND (4) ZONE EF-
FLUENT CHARGE (ZECH) VARYING WITH GEOGRAPHIC LO-
CATION. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE EFFLUENT
CHARGE SCHEMES WERE CAPABLE OF ACHIEVING IM-
PROVEMENTS AT A COST APPROACHING THAT OF THE
LEAST COST PLAN. THE IMPACT ON THE REGIONAL
ECONOMY WAS NOT EXPECTED TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIF-
FERENT UNDER ANY OF THE SCHEMES STUDIED. HOW-
11
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
EVER, THE EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE EFFLUENT CHARGE TECHNIQUES APPEARED SU-
PERIOR TO THOSE OF MORE CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES.
IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT ADDITIONAL STUDIES IN THE
APPLICATION OF EFFLUENT CHARGES WERE NEEDED, TO
COPE WITH DIFFERENTIAL CHARGES RELATING TO
DYNAMIC WASTE DISCHARGE SITUATIONS, TO DESCRIBE
DISCHARGER RESPONSE MORE FULLY, AND TO DEFINE
ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS AND COSTS. (W68-01165).
00037. FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ACID MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT.
HOLLAND, C.T.; CORSARO, J.L.; LADISH, D.J.
REPRINTS OF PAP 2D SYMP ON COAL MINE
DRAINAGE RES, MELLON INST, 274-290 MAY
1968,
A PILOT PLANT WAS DESIGNED, BUILT AND OPERATED TO
ESTIMATE THE COST OF TREATIG ACID MINE DRAINAGE
TO MEET STANDARDS OF THE WEST VIRGINIA STATE
WATER BOARD. FACTORS INVESTIGATED IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE ARE INTRODUCTION OF
THE FEED WATER TO THE PLANT, NEUTRALIZATION, OX-
IDATION, SLUDGE SETTLING, SLUDGE HANDLING AND
DISPOSAL, LAND REQUIREMENTS, AND COSTS. A FLOW
SHEET ILLUSTRATES PLANT LAYOUT AND THE STAGE AT
WHICH VARIOUS OPERATIONS ARE CARRIED OUT.
OPERATING EXPENSES OF A PLANT DESIGNED TO TREAT
8,100,000 GPD OF HI'IHLY ACID MINE WATER ARE ESTI-
MATED TO BE 47.5 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS, AND FOR
WEAKLY ACID WATER, 18.90 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS.
(W69-00234).
00038. WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
ASPECTS OF URBANIZATION.
BRYAN, E.H.
LAW AND CONTEMP PROB, 30(1), 176-192, WINTER
1965.
THE, NEED TO DEVELOP NEW TECHNICAL APPROACHES
AND SUITABLE LEGAL AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES FOR
THE CONTROL OF POLLUTION ON A REGIONAL BASIS ARE
DISCUSSED FROM A CIVIL ENGINEERING VIEWPOINT.
WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION* ARE PROPERLY AP-
PROACHED AS ASPECTS OF A SINGLE PROBLEM. WATER
RESOURCES IN TERMS OF QUANTITY ARE EXHAUSTIBLE
PROVIDED THE QUALITY OF WASTEWATER IS SUFFI-
CIENTLY IMPROVED PRIOR TO ITS RETURN TO LAKES AND
STREAMS THUS KEEPING WATERWAYS IN SATISFACTORY
CONDITION AND ENABLING DOWNSTREAM USERS TO
WITHDRAW WATER OF USABLE QUALITY. WATER AS A
TRANSPORT MEDIUM FOR WASTES IS AN IMPORTANT
FUNCTION IN COMMUNITY SYSTEMS. WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH STILL IS BUT 'A DROP IN THE BUCKET' COSTS
ARE THE GREATEST OBSTACLE TO EFFECTIVE POLLUTION
CONTROL. URBANIZED AMERICA MUST HAVE TECHNI-
CALLY SOUND WATER MANAGEMENT. INCLUDED TABLES
ILLUSTRATE THE EXTENT OF INDUSTRIAL WATER CON-
SUMPTION AND THE SHlPf OF POPULATION IN FLORIDA
FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS. (W69-00290).
00039. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION.
BIN1EK, J.P.; TAYLOR, G.C.
FLORIDA UNIV., INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND AGRI
SCI, WATER RESEARCH NEEDS: AN ECONOMIC
APPRAISAL, PUBLICATION NO. 3, 57-70, DEC 1967.
WATER QUALITY IS A SUBSET OF THE LARGER FIELD OF
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. THERE IS A DIRECT INTER-
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTED AIR, SOIL, AND
WATER. WATER IS AN ECONOMIC PROBLEM SINCE IT IS
CHARACTERIZED BY DIMENSIONS OF DEMAND, SUPPLY,
LOCATION, TIME, AND QUALITY. WATER POLLUTION IS
DEFINED AS AN UNDESIRABLE CHANGE IN THE RELEVANT
CHARACTERISTICS OF A WATER SUPPLY. A CLASSIFICA-
TION OF THE ORIGIN OF POLLUTANTS WAS LISTED. THE
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF WATER POLLUTION ARE IN-
FLICTED BY ONE DECISION MAKING UNIT AND BORNE BY
ANOTHER WITHOUT ANY PRICE SIGNALS BEING RE-
GISTERED IN THE NORMAL MARKET PRICE STRUCTURE.
HENCE, DISADVANTAGED PARTIES RESULT AND THEY
TRY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM POLITICALLY. THE
WEIGHING OF BENEFITS AND COSTS TO AFFECTED
PARTIES AND THE DESIGN OF OPTIMIZING SOLUTIONS
THROUGH VARIOUS PROGRAMS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE,
ARE THE ECONOMIC CONTENT OF THE POLITICAL
PROBLEM OF WATER POLLUTION. FOUR MAJOR KINDS OF
ECONOMIC RESEARCH APPEAR TO BE NEEDED IN THE
WATER POLLUTION AREA. THESE INCLUDE ECONOMIC
SURVEYS, ANALYSES OF CRITICAL PROBLEMS, STUplES OF
INSTITUTIONS, AND RESEARCH TO IMPROVE THE
ANALYTICAL ABILITIES OF RESEARCHERS. A PARTIAL LIST
OF SOURCES OF RESEARCH DATA WAS GIVEN. (W69-00172).
00040. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGMENT: WATER POLLU-
TION AND RESOURCES ALLOCATION BY
PRIVATE MARKETS.
KNEESE, A.V.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, 38-53, 1964.
MOST ECONOMISTS CONSIDER THE MARKET SYSTEM AS
AN EFFICIENT DEVICE FOR ALLOCATING RESOURCES PUR-
SUANT TO CONSUMER WANTS. WATER POLLUTION IS A
CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF TECHNOGOLICAL EXTERNAL DIS-
ECONOMY. ONE KEY TO THE POLLUTION PROBLEM IS THE
FAILURE OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISCHARGERS TO CONSIDER THAT SUBSEQUENT WATER
USES MAY BE MADE MORE EXPENSIVE OR FORECLOSED
ENTIRELY BY THE DISCHARGE. THE RESULTS ARE HIGHER
COSTS OF TREATMENT AND INCREASING WASTES. THERE
IS A CLOSE RELATION BETWEEN THE NATURE OF PROPER-
TY RIGHTS AND THE OCCURENCE OF EXTERNAL DIS-
ECONOMIES. PROPERTY RIGHTS SHOULD BE STRUCTURED
SUCH THAT UPSTREAM POLLUTERS WILL TAKE INTO AC-
COUNT DOWNSTREAM COSTS. LEGAL REMEDIES ARE IN-
ADEQUATE IN SEVERAL RESPECTS. THE POSSIBILITY OF IN-
TERNALIZING THE EXTERNALITIES INTO A PRIVATE DECI-
SION MAKING UNIT OVER AN ENTIRE BASIN IS DISCUSSED.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF UPSTREAM DISCHARGES AND
DOWNSTREAM DAMAGES IS ALSO DISCUSSED.
DOWNSTREAM COSTS MUST BE MEASURED AGAINST UP-
STREAM REDUCTION. CONSIDERATION OF WATER
SHORTAGES INVOLVE THE SAME PRINCIPLES. THE MAR-
KET PLACE AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM DO NOT AUTOMATI-
CALLY RESULT IN REALIZATION OF DOWNSTREAM
DAMAGES. (W69-00286).
00041. TODAY'S PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
NEBOLSINE, R.
NATURAL RESOURCES LAWYER, 1(1), 39-57 1968.
THE ARTICLE DEALS WITH THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
PROBLEMS IN RELATION TO POLLUTION PROBLEMS FROM
OTHER SOURCES. REMEDIES AND METHODS OF ACHIEVING
THEM ARE OUTLINED. THE AUTHOR CONSIDERS WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS, THE COSTS OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT TO INDUSTRIES, A PROGRAM FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT, AND THE MEANS FOR ENCOURAGING INDUS-
TRIES TO COMPLY. HE ATTEMPTS TO PREDICT WHAT FU-
TURE DEVELOPMENTS WILL CONCERN THE AREA.
THROUGH THE COMBINED EFFORTS OF INDUSTRY AND
GOVERNMENT THE PROBLEMS CAN BE LARGLY SOLVED
WITHIN THE NEXT FEW YEARS. (W69-00328).
12
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00042. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE ECONOMICS.
MCBEATH, B.C.; ELIASSEN, R.
ASCE PROCEEDINGS, 92(5/12), 147-167, 1966.
THE SENSITIVITY OF COSTS OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT SYSTEM TO SOME OF THE PARAMETERS USED
IN ITS DESIGN WAS TESTED. THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS WAS DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF THE EFFECTS OF
WASTE CHARACTER TREATMENT RATES AND CONSTRUC-
TION AND OPERATIONAL COSTS. THE SENSITIVITY ANALY-
SIS WAS PERFORMED ON A COMPUTER USING FIRST A SUB-
STITUTION OF VALUES METHOD AND THEN A GRAPHIC
DISPLAY OF COST RESPONSE TO PARAMETER CHANGES
FOR PARAMETERS IDENTIFIED AS CRITICAL. IT WAS CON-
CLUDED THAT THE PROCEDURE OFFERED A MEANS OF
PARAMETRIC STUDY FOR THE PURPOSE OF DESCRIBING
SOME OPTIMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM, AS
WELL AS SOME MEANS OF IDENTIFYING THOSE CHARAC-
TERISTICS. HOWEVER, IT WAS STATED THAT THE
PROCEDURE GAVE OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS ONLY WHEN THE
APPROPRIATE PARAMETERS WERE EXAMINED WITHIN THE
PROPER LIMITS. (W69-00352).
00043. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL.
BAXTER, S.S.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 37(10), 1363-
1369, 1965.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL EXPENDITURES SHOULD BE
JUSTIFIED ON THE BASIS OF A FAVORABLE BENEFIT-COST
RATIO. THE AUTHOR CONSIDERS THE FOLLOWING FOUR
TOPICS WITH RESPECT TO POLLUTION-CONTROL EXPENDI-
TURES: (1) THE PURPOSES AND USES EXPECTED OF
RECEIVING STREAMS. (2) THE ACTUAL BENEFITS AND IM-
PROVEMENTS DERIVED FROM THE STREAM IF A HIGHER
DEGREE OF TREATMENT IS USED. (3) THE RELATION
BETWEEN THE COSTS AND BENEFITS FROM DIFFERENT
DEGREES OF TREATMENT. (4) THE RELATION OF THE
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF POLLUTION CONTROL TO THE
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF OTHER CIVIC PROGRAMS. (W69-
03613).
00044. A LEAST COST EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS FOR LOW LEVEL LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
SPOFFORD, W.O.; THOMAS, JR., H.A.
OPER RES DISPOSAL LIQUID RADIOACTIVE
WASTES IN STREAM, HARVARD WATER
RESOURCES GROUP, PART 2 DEC. 1967.
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS WERE USED IN THE ANALYSIS
OF A SIMPL1ED WASTE HANDLING AND TREATMENT
SCHEME ON STREAM. DETERMINING STEADY STATE
STREAM FLOWS WERE ASSUMED. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO
MINIMIZE THE SUM OF THE COSTS AT AN UPSTREAM
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT AND A DOWNSTREAM WATER
TREATMENT PLANT. THE WATER QUALITY PRODUCED BY
WATER TREATMENT PLANT WAS CONSTRAINED TO BE
GREATER THAN SOME VALUE. THE DECISION VARIABLES
WERE THE VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF EFFICIENCY FOR
EACH OF THE PLANTS, AND THE STATE VARIABLES WERE
THE PHYSICAL AND HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS. TWO EX-
AMPLES WITH AND WITHOUT ASSUMED RESERVOIR
STORAGE, ILLUSTRATED THE USE OF THE MODEL. IMPOR-
TANT CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS SUCH AS :( I) OP-
TIMAL ECONOMIC DESIGN; (2) PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION;
(3) ERROR ANALYSIS; AND (4) OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF
FUNDS FOR FUTURE DATA COLLECTION WERE ILLUS-
TRATED AND DISCUSSED. ONE OF FIVE CHAPTERS IN
'OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN DISPOSAL OF LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN STREAMS. ' (W69-O0356).
00045. PLANNING A WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM: THE CASE OF THE POTOMAC
ESTUARY.
DAVIS, R.K.
WATER RESEARCH, 99-121, JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS,
BALTIMORE, 1966.
THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES A STUDY OF THE COST OF AL-
TERNATIVE SYSTEMS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN MANAGE-
MENT IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY BEING CONDUCTED BY
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC. HE EXPLAINS THE
THEORETICAL BASIS AND STRATEGY OF THE STUDY AND
PRESENTS PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES OF ACHIEVING
A SPECIFIED GOAL FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN BY A
NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS. (W69-03643).
00046. THE LAKE TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT.
CULP, R.L.; RODERICK. R.E.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 38(2), 19669.
THE AUTHORS DESCRIBE THE NEW TERTIARY SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT OF SOUTH TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITY
DISTRICT WHICH PRODUCES A HIGH QUALITY, COLOR-
LESS, ODORLESS EFFLUENT. THE ARTICLE PRESENTS CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS ESTIMATES FOR
PLANTS OF 2.5,10.0,50.0,100.0, AND 200.0 MOD CAPACITY,
AND FOR VARYING DEGREES OF TREATMENT. A PRIN-
CIPAL CONCLUSION IS THAT THE COST OF PROVIDING THE
MAXIMUM QUALITY TERTIARY TREATMENT WITH THIS
PROCESS WOULD VARY FROM 24 CENTS TO 37
CENTS/CAP/MONTH, DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF THE
TREATMENT PLANT. THIS ESTIMATED COST IS BASED
UPON AN AVERAGE ESTIMATED EFFLUENT VOLUME 100
GPD PER CAPITA. THE AUTHORS ALSO CONCLUDE THAT
TERTIARY TREATMENT PROVIDES AN ECONOMIC AD-
VANTAGE OVER DESALINATION AS A SOURCE OF WATER,
SINCE WASTEWATER CAN BE RENOVATED FOR ONLY 10-15
PERCENT OF THE LATEST REALISTIC ESTIMATES OF COST
FOR DESALINATION'. (W69-03640).
00047. DELAWARE ESTUARY COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY-PRELIMINARY REPORT AND
FINDINGS.
REPORT, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF THE IN-
TERIOR, WASHINGTON, D. C. JUNE 29, 1966.
THE RESULTS OF THE DELAWARE ESTUARY COMPREHEN-
SIVE STUDY WERE PRESENTED. THE HISTORY OF THE POL-
LUTION PROBLEM AND A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
WATER QUALITY AND WATER DEMAND REQUIREMENTS
OF THE ESTUARY WERE GIVEN. FIVE QUALITY OBJECTIVE
SETS OF THE STUDY WERE PRESENTED, RANGING FROM
THE HIGHEST QUALITY (SET I) TO THE MAINTENANCE OF
THE PRESENT QUALITY LEVEL (SET V). FOUR WASTE
REDUCTION SCHEMES WERE EVALUATED. THEY WERE (1)
UNIFORM TREATMENT FOR ALL SOURCES; (2) EQUAL
WASTE REDUCTION BY ZONES; (3) EQUAL WASTE REDUC-
TION BY INDUSTRIAL OR MUNICIPAL CATEGORIES; AND
(4) A TOTAL MINIMUM COST SCHEME. OTHER ALTERNA-
TIVES SUCH AS WASTE PIPING, FLOW REGULATION AND
INSTREAM AERATION WERE EVALUATED. A COMPUTER
SIMULATION MODEL WAS USED TO FORECAST THE TIME
VARYING DO PROFILES FOR VARIOUS FLOW CODITIONS
AND OXYGEN DEMANDING LOADS. RESULTS OF THE
STUDY ARE SHOWN IN FIGURES AND TABLES. THE REPORT
RECOMMENDED INTERMEDIATE OBJECTIVE SET 111 AS THE
POLICY OBJECTIVE FOR THE ESTUARY. (W68-01 167).
13
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00048. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT.
DAVIS. R.K.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 7(12), 1617-
1628, 1965.
RESEARCH AIMED AT ACHIEVING LEAST COST SYSTEMS
OF OBTAINING A GIVEN WATER QUALITY CONTROL OB-
JECTIVE IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY IS DISCUSSED. BASIC
ECONOMIC CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN DETERMING TRADE
OFFS BETWEEN FLOW AUGMENTATION AND WASTE
TREATMENT ARE PRESENTED. ONE PRINCIPAL CONCLU-
SION IS THAT HIGHER LEVELS OF WASTE TREATMENT,
TOGETHER WITH LOW-FLOW AUGMENTATION, APPEAR TO
HAVE A PLACE IN THE SOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF THE SORT REPRESENTED BY
THIS ILLUSTRATIVE CASE. THE STUDY'S VIEW OF THE
WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS IS UNCONVENTIONAL IN NA-
TURE, IN THAT IT FINDS DISCONTINUOUS OPERATION OF
CERTAIN PROCESSES IN THE PLANT AND POSSIBLY MORE
THAN ONE LEVEL OF INTENSITY OF OPERATION AS
DESIRABLE. THE REASONS FOR THIS ARE SUBSTANTIAL
DIFFERENCES IN CAPITAL COSTS AND OERATING COSTS
AMONG THE VARIOUS PROCESSES. THE FIRST CONCERNS
THE ADVANTAGES OF SUBSTITUTING OPERATING COSTS
FOR CAPITAL COSTS, SUCH AS MIGHT BE DONE IN A CHO-
ICE BETWEEN CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION AND ADDI-
TIONAL AERATION CAPACITY FOR THE ADVANCED
TREATMENT. FOR SANITARY ENGINEERS, THE STUDY
STATES THE CONCLUSION OF INTEREST IS FIRST IN THE
DESIGN OF TREATMENT PROCESSES TO RESPOND TO
VARIATIONS IN POLLUTION CONDITIONS. THERE NEEDS TO
BE GREAT WEIGHT ATTACHED TO THE ADVANTAGES OF
PROCESSES WHICH INCUR RELATIVELY HIGH OPERATING
COSTS AND RELATIVELY LOW CAPITAL COSTS. COST
DATA ARE PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THESE CONCLUSIONS.
(W69-03644).
00049. REGIONAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILI-
TIES 1955-1967.
KOLLAR, K.L.; VOLONTE, A.F.
US DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUSINESS AND
DEFENSE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, OCT 1967.
35 P.
THIS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE STUDY PROVIDES
HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION-COST DATA FROM 1955 TO
1966 AND A PROJECTION OF REQUIREMENTS FROM 1967
TO 1980. POPULATION PROJECTIONS AND WASTEWATER
INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS BY MAJOR CENSUS REGIONS
ARE GIVENS. A BREAKDOWN BY INVESTMENT REQUIRE-
MENTS OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS, TREATMENT PLANTS,
AND TREATMENT PLANT EQUIPMENT IS INCLUDED. (W69-
03698).
00050. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING
THE OPTIMAL SIZES OF WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT, PP 5-1 TO 5-21, FEBRUARY 1963.
A DECISION THEORY MODEL WAS PRESENTED WHICH IN-
DICATED THE PROPER SIZE OF A WATER TREATMENT
PLANT TO BE DEVELOPED. THE PROBLEM REQUIRED THE
BALANCING OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN PRESENT CON-
STRUCTION AGAINST THE DISECONOMY OF UNPROFITA-
BLE INVESTMENT IN EXCESS CAPACITY NOT NEEDED FOR
SEVERAL YEARS. THE PLANT SIZE THAT MAXIMIZED
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY WAS EXPRESSED AS A FUNCTION
OF POPULATION GROWTH RATE, PER CAPITA DEMAND
FOR WATER, THE INTEREST RATE OF CAPITAL INVEST-
MENT, AND THE ECONOMIC TIME HORIZON. MUNICIPAL
WATER REQUIREMENTS WERE NOT TREATED AS RIGID
CONSTRAINTS. INSTEAD, A LOSS FUNCTION WHICH AS-
SIGNED ECONOMIC PENALTIES TO SMALL OR MEDIUM
SIZED WATER SHORTAGES WAS USED. A HYPOTHETICAL
EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATED THE USE OF THE MODEL. ONE OF
SEVEN CHAPTERS IN 'OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN WATER
MANANGEMENT'. (W69-01213).
00051. RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN WATER QUALITY
AND RECREATION.
EATON, E.D.
CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY AND RECREA-
TION IN OHIO, WATER RESOURCES CENTER, THE
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, COLUMBUS, OHIO,
JUNE 15, 1966.
ABOUT $107 MILLION WAS BUDGETED FOR WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH FOR THE 1967-68 FISCAL YEAR.
THERE WERE TWO DIRECTIONS BEING PURSUED IN
RESEARCH IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: (1) TO
DECREASE THE AMOUNT AND POTENCY OF POLLUTION
REACHING STREAM CHANNELS, AND (2) TO HANDLE
WASTE STREAMS AND RECEIVING WATERS SO AS TO
MINIMIZE DELETERIOUS EFFECTS. COST-BENEFIT EVALUA-
TIONS OF RECREATION PROGRAMS ARE MORE DIFFICULT
TO MAINTAIN THAN AN EVALUATION OF THE BENEFITS
OF WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT. THERE ARE MANY
PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN SUCH AN ATTEMPTED EVALUA-
TION. (W69-03653).
00052. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
JOHNSON, E.L.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 3(2), 291-305,
SECOND QUARTER 1967.
THE STUDY ATTEMPTS TO ESTIMATE THE CHARGE
REQUIRED TO ATTAIN SPECIFIC LEVELS OF WATER QUALI-
TY, INVESTIGATE THE RELATION OF THE CHARGE LEVEL
TO INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT, AND COMPARE THE EFFLUENT
CHARGE METHOD WITH OTHER METHODS OF POLLUTION
CONTROL. THE PHYSICAL MODEL EMPLOYED IS A LINEAR
STEADY-STATE VERSION OF A DYNAMIC WASTE SYSTEM
DEVELOPED IN THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY. INPUT
DATA CONSISTS OF A MATRIX RELATING THE EFFECT ON
(DO) LEVEL IN EACH REACH TO A UNIT REMOVAL OF OX-
YGEN-DEMANDING MATERIAL IN ANOTHER REACH AND A
PIECEWISE LINEAR COST FUNCTION SHOWING THE WASTE
REMOVAL COST OF EACH DISCHARGER. THE FINDINGS OF
THE STUDY INDICATE THAT EFFLUENT CHARGES SHOULD
BE CONSIDERED AS A METHOD OF IMPROVING WATER
QUALITY AND THAT OF WASTE TREATMENT USING THE
EFFLUENT CHARGE METHOD IS APPROACHING THE LEAST
COSTLY TREATMENT PLAN. THE STUDY DOES NOT FIND
EVIDENCE FOR REGIONAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS FROM THE
CHARGE LEVEL. THE CHARGE METHOD IS PREFERRED TO
CONVENTIONAL METHODS BECAUSE IT ATTAINS THE
SAME GOAL AT LOWER COST, IS MORE EQUITABLE AND
EFFECTIVE AND PROVIDES A GUIDE TO PUBLIC INVEST-
MENT DECISIONS. FURTHER STUDY IS NEEDED IN
PROBLEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL CHARGES, PREDICTION OF
INDUCED RESPONSES, AND ADMINISTRATIVE PER-
FORMANCE AND COST. (W69-03173).
14
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00053. HANDBOOK OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
IN MINE DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIS-
TRATION, DEC 1966. 54 P
THE INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THIS PUBLICATION AN-
SWERS A NEED OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER MINE
DRAINAGE REMEDIAL PROJECT FOR PRELIMINARY COST
DATA IN DETERMINING RELATIVE COSTS OF MINE
DRAINAGE ABATEMENT. COSTS OF REMEDIAL MEASURES
ARE LISTED AND EVALUATED ON A UNIT PRICE BASIS.
THEY COVER A PERIOD OF 33 YEARS FROM 1933 TO THE
PRESENT TIME. THESE INCLUDE UNIT COSTS ON SUCH
ITEMS AS MINE SEALS OR BULKHEADS; SURFACE RECLA-
MATION OF STRIP-MINES ALONG WITH ASSOCIATED
PLANTING; RECLAMATION OF REFUSE AREAS; DRAINAGE
DIVERSION AND IMPOUNDMENT; AND TREATMENT OF
MINE DRAINAGE. METHODS EXAMINED ARE GROUPED
INTO DEALING WITH UNDERGROUND MINE DRAINAGE,
SURFACE MINE DRAINAGE, DRAINAGE FROM REFUSE AND
WASTE DISPOSAL AREAS, ANDCONTROL AND TREATMENT
OF WATER IN ACTIVE MINING SITUATIONS. (W69-01236).
OOOS4. CORRECTING STORM-WATER INFILTRATION,
TON A WANDA, NEW YORK.
NUSSBAUMER, N.L.
SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES, 28 977-82, 1956.
THE ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE LAYOUT AND CONSTRUC-
TION OF THE EARLY SEWERS IN TONAWANDA, N. Y. IM-
PROPER PLANNING, POOR CONSTRUCTION, LACK OF
STORM SEWERS, AND THE DIVERSION OF SURFACE WATER
INTO THE SANITARY SEWERS CAUSED FLOODING OF THE
SANITARY SEWERS DURING PERIODS OF PRECIPITATION.
INCREASED TRIBUTARY POPULATION INTENSIFIED SEWER
PROBLEMS. SEVERAL ATTEMPTS WERE MADE TO REMEDY
THE SITUATION. IN 1945 A COMPREHENSIVE STORM DRAIN
PLAN WAS DEVELOPED TO ELIMINATE THE EXCESS
WATER FROM THE SANITARY SEWERS. THE TYPES OF
STORM SEWERS USED, DESIGN CRITERIA, CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS, AND COSTS ARE OUTLINED. (W69-02165).
00055. STANDARDS, CHARGES, AND EQUITY.
KNEESE, A.V.; BOWER, B.T.
MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS, BALTIMORE:
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, 1968, CHAP. 7, P 131-142.
POSSIBLE STANDARDS FOR WATER QUALITY IN STREAMS,
LAKES, AND ESTUARIES ARE DISCUSSED.
•COMPLEMENTARITIES' IN TREATMENT OR OTHER MEA-
SURES FOR REDUCTION OF WASTE DISCHARGES ARE
REVIEWED WITH CONSIDERATION OF EFFLUENT STAN-
DARDS. THE EFFLUENT CHARGE CAN BE USED TO
ACHIEVE STREAM WATER QUALITY STANDARDS EFFICIEN-
TY, I. E. AT LOWEST ECONOMIC OR RESOURCE COST. EACH
WASTE DISCHARGER IS CHARGED IN PROPORTION TO THE
USE HE MAKES OF A RESOURCE- THE WASTE ASSIMILA-
TIVE AND TRANSPORT CAPACITY OF THE WATERCOURSE.
THE WASTE DISCHARGER CAN COMPARE HIS MARGINAL
COSTS AND MARGINAL CHARGES AND DECIDE WHETHER
IT PAYS HIM TO REDUCE HIS WASTE AND TO WHAT
DEGREE. THE REVENUE THAT ACCRUES TO THE AGENCY
FROM THE CHARGES CAN BE VIEWED AS A RENTAL
RETURN ON A NATURAL RESOURCE. IDEALLY, CHARGES
SHOULD BE LEVIED ON ALL ACTIVITIES WHICH REDUCE
WATER QUALITY SUFF1CIENTYLY TO IMPOSE EXTERNAL
COSTS, BUT THIS MAY NOT BE ADMINISTRATIVELY FEASI-
BLE. A DISCUSSION OF THE EQUITY OF CHARGES WHICH
FOCUSES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS PRESENTED. (W69-01402).
00056. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
HAMMOND, R. J.
FOOD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, STANFORD UNIVER-
SITY, STANFORD CALIFORNIA, MISCELLANEOUS
PUBLICATION 13, I960.
THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE AUTHOR'S OPINIONS RE-
GARDING BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AS APPLIED TO WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL. THE REPORT DELVES INTO THE HIS-
TORY OF BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND PRESENTS A
GENERAL DISCUSSION ON ITS USE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENT. THE AUTHOR IS, IN
GENERAL, PESSIMISTIC ABOUT THE VALUE OF BENEFIT-
COST TECHNIQUES IN RELATION TO WATER QUALITY
CONTROL. AN EXCELLENT BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INCLUDED IN
THE REPORT. (W69-04998).
00057. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
TIMMONS, J.F.; DOUGAL, M.D.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER FOR
PEACE, VOL 6, PP 667-678, 1968.
THE MAJOR PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO IDENTIFY AR-
TICULATE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS WITHIN AN
ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR (1) MAXIMIZING THE
SATISFACTION OF HUMAN WANTS FROM THE USE OF
WATER AND (2) MINIMIZING THE COSTS OF PRODUCING
THESE SATISFACTIONS, CONSIDERING BOTH THE DIRECT
AND DERIVED DEMANDS FOR WATER, INCLUDING THE
GOODS AND SERVICES WATER HELPS PRODUCE. A SECOND
PURPOSE IS TO ELABORATE AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK
WITHIN WHICH WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS FACING OUR
STATES AND NATION MAY BE ANALYZED. IN PURSUING
THESE OBJECTIVES, THE PAPER JOURNEYS INTO THE NA-
TURE OF AND THE GROWING DEMAND FOR WATER, THE
ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN
RELATION TO PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS,
SUPPLY AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS, USE INTER-
RELATIONSHIPS, AND COSTS AND BENEFITS ASSOCIATED
WITH PARTICULAR USES AND USE METHODS. THE TERM
WATER QUALITY CONTROL, AND POLLUTION ARE
DEFINED. (GPO) (W69-04823).
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-HOW
MUCH DO THEY COST.
U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
THIS STUDY IS BASED ON A TABULATION OF DESIGN AND
COST INFORMATION FOR 1504 SEWAGE TREATMENT PRO-
JECTS CONSTRUCTED UNDER THE PL-660 PROGRAM.
TREATMENT PROCESSES COVERED INCLUDE: (1) IMHOFF-
TANK PLANTS, (2) PRIMARY TREATMENT-SEPARATE
SLUDGE DIGESTION PLANTS, (3) STABILIZATION PONDS,
(4) ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS, (5) TRICKLING FILTERS-
SEPARATE SLUDGE DIGESTION PLANTS, AND (6) TRICK-
LING F1LTERS-IMHOFF-TYPE PLANTS, (W69-05031).
00059. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANANGEMENT.
KNEESE, A.V.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 36(2), 254-
262, 1964.
THE AUTHOR LISTS THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS AS USE-
FUL IN DEFINING THE NATURE OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT: (1) A REGION APPROACH IS INVOLVED. (2)
MULTIPURPOSE USE IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT. (3) COM-
PREHENSIVENESS IS ESSENTIAL. (4) A SYSTEMATIC FOR
ALTERNATIVES SHOULD BE INVOLVED. (5) FLEXIBLE
IS
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADAPTATION TO EXISTING CONDITIONS IS NECESSARY. AN
IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY
ALTERNATIVES IS IMPUTING VALUES TO WATER QUALITY
LEVELS FOR VARIOUS USES SINCE MANY OF THE BENEFITS
DERIVED FROM ENHANCEMENT OF WATER QUALITY ARE
NOT MEASURED IN THE OPEN MARKET. DIFFICULT
PROBLEMS IN IMPUTING VALUES OCCUR WITH RECREA-
TION, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND THE GENERAL AMENITIES.
TECHNIQUES WITH PROMISE IN TERMS OF EVALUATING
RECREATION ARE UNDER STUDY. PUBLIC HEALTH IS A
MORE DIFFICULT PROBLEM. (W69-05013).
00060. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
ROWAN, P.P.; JENKINS, K.C.; HOWELLS, D.H.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 33(2), 111-
121, 1961.
COST DATA PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT REPRESENT
TOTAL ANNUAL COST EXPERIENCE FOR THE OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE OF OVER 300 TREATMENT PLANTS IN
THE CONTIGUOUS 48 STATES PLUS THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA. (W69-05051).
00061. TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION OF INVEST-
MENT-PRICING DECISIONS: A MODEL FOR
URBAN WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
RIORDAN, C.
PH.D. THESIS, CHAPTERS 4 AND 5, CORNELL U.,
FEB 1969. 304 P.
IN CHAPTER 4, A SINGLE STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION
MODEL WAS STRUCTURED FOR A HYPOTHETICAL MU-
NICIPAL WATER SUPPLY UTILITY: THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO
DETERMINE THE OPTIMAL TIME AND SIZE OF TREATMENT
PLANT EXPANSION IN ORDER TO MAXIMIZE TOTAL COM-
MUNITY NET BENEFITS OVER THE PLANNING HORIZON.
TWO MODELS WERE SOLVED, ASSUMING ARITHMETIC AND
EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH RATES RESPECTIVE-
LY, UP TO AN ARB1TARARY POPULATION STABILIZATION
TIME. ASSUMPTIONS INCLUDED IDENTICAL LINEAR IN-
DIVIDUAL DEMAND CURVES FOR WATER, CONSTANT
MARGINAL COST OF PRODUCTION UP TO SYSTEM CAPACI-
TY WHERE IT BECAME INFINITE, AND VARIABLE PRICING
WHICH KEPT AGGREGATE DEMAND EQUAL TO SYSTEM
CAPACITY AT ALL TIMES. GRID SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
WERE USED TO LOCATE THE REGION OF THE OPTIMAL
SOLUTION AND TO ESTABLISH THE CONCAVITY OF THE
RESPONSE SURFACE, AND THE EXACT SOLUTION FOUND
BY CALCULUS MAXIMIZATION. A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
WAS PERFORMED ON THE PARAMETERS, AND THE
RESULTS DISCUSSED. (W69-05129) IN CHAPTER 5, A MULTI-
STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION MODEL WAS STRUCTURED
FOR A HYPOTHETICAL MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY UTILI-
TY. THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO FIND THE OPTIMUM TIMING
AND SIZING OF TREATMENT PLANT EXPANSIONS IN
ORDER TO MAXIMIZE TOTAL COMMUNITY BENEFITS FOR
THE PLANNING HORIZON. THE MODEL WAS SOLVED ON A
DIGITAL COMPUTER USING A DISCRETE DYNAMIC PRO-
GRAMMING ALGORITHM. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE
MODEL WERE IDENTICAL TO THOSE USED IN THE SINGLE
STAGE EXPANSION MODEL. EXPONENTIAL AND
ARITHMETIC POPULATION GROWTH PROBLEMS WERE
SOLVED. SENSITIVITY ANALYSES ON STAGE TIME INTER-
VALS, INTEREST RATES, POPULATION GROWTH RATES
AND PLANNING HORIZON LENGTHS WERE PERFORMED.
COMPARISONS OF THE MODEL RESULTS WITH 'AVERAGE
PRICE COSTING-EVEN DESIGN PERIOD' PLANNING
METHODS WERE MADE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE
MUTL1-STAGE MODEL (MARGINAL COST • PRICING)
RESULTED IN NET BENEFIT INCREASES OVER THE
AVERAGE COST PRICING METHOD. CHAPTER 5 OF A THES-
IS. (W69-05130).
00062. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER RECLAMATION.
TAMBOW, C.A.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, REFERENCE NO
1968, PP R220-R226, NOV. 29, 1968.
THE COSTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER RECLAMATION
ARE ANALYZED AND TABULATED. IN MANY AREAS,
RECLAIMED WATER IS OF HIGHER QUALITY THAN UN-
TREATED WATER, SO IN SOME CASES RECLAMATION MAY
BE THE MOST DESIRABLE SOLUTION ECONOMICALLY AND
OTHERWISE, EVEN WHERE WATER IS ABUNDANT. THE
TABULATED COST DATA INCLUDE CAPITAL COST OF TER-
TIARY TREAT
OF TERTIARY TREATMENT, BASIC SYSEM COSTS
(ACTIVATED SLUDGE, COAGULATION, FLOCCULAT1ON,
CLARIFICATION, FILTRATION, AND CHLORINATION), BASIC
SYSTEM COSTS LESS SECONDARY TREATMENT COSTS,
ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS, AND REVERSE OSMOSIS COSTS.
(W69-04226).
MENT PLANTS, YEARLY OPERATING COSTS
00063. OCEAN OUTFALL DESIGN OF ECONOMY OF
CONSTRUCTION.
PARKHURST. J.D.; HAUG, L.A.; WHITT, M.L.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 39(6), 987-
993, 1967.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMARINE OUTFALLS FOR
DISPOSAL OF METROPOLITAN SEWAGE WASTE ARE
DESCRIBED. SPECIFICATION DATA AND COSTS OF CON-
TRUCTION ARE GIVEN FOR FIVE MAJOR SUBMARINE OUT-
FALLS ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES,
WITH OVERALL LENGTHS RANGING FROM 3,650 FEET TO
22,000 FEET, AND WITH DESIGN CAPACITIES RANGING
FROM 240 MOD TO 600 MGD. (W69-04313).
00064. MAN AND THE ESTUARY.
CONSERVATION FOUNDATION LETTER, APRIL 22,
1968, PP 8-11.
THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND USES OF THE ESTUARY
ARE LISTED. THE ARTICLE MAINTAINS THAT THE
BENEFITS OF ESTUARIES ARE FAIRLY EASY TO MEASURE,
BUT THE ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM ABUSES OF THIS
RESOURCE ARE HARDER TO ASSESS. SOME DATA ON
ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM DREDGING, FILLING, AND POL-
LUTION OF ESTUARIES ARE GIVEN. (W69-04283).
00065. THERMAL POLLUTION: HOT ISSUE FOR IN-
DUSTRY.
REMIERZ, R.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 75(7), 48-52, 1968.
THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE PROBLEM OF THERMAL
POLLUTION AND PRESENTS SOME CURRENT INFORMATION
ON THE SUBJECT. THE ARTICLE STATES THAT '. . . ABOUT
70% OF THE INDUSTRIAL THERMAL-POLLUTION LOAD IS
ATTRIBUTED TO THE STEAM ELECTRIC-POWER INDUSTRY'.
IT ALSO STATES THAT NUCLEAR PLANTS, EXPECTED TO
BE A LARGE PERCENT OF FUTURE CONSTRUCTION, RE-
JECT ABOUT 50 PERCENT MORE HEAT THAN FOSSIL FUEL
PLANTS. RESERVOIRS OF COOLING TOWERS COULD AL-
LEVIATE THE PROBLEM, BUT MIGHT INCREASE THE COST
OF ELECTRICITY ONE TO FIVE PERCENT. REUSE OF NOW
WASTED HEAT IS ONE POSSIBLITY. (W69-04325).
16
-------
REFERENCE LIST
NCES TO BE
00066. POLLUTIONAL EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER THE POTOMAC ESTUARY JANUARY 1964 PP 47-
MILL WASTES IN PUGET SOUND. 50. '
REPORT OF FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL ADMINISTRATION, NORTHWEST REGIONAL
OFFICE, PORTLAND, OREGON, AND WASHING-
TON STATE POPULATION CONTROL COMMIS-
SION, OLYMPIA, WASHINGTON, MARCH 1967.
THE STUDY'S CONCLUSIONS ARE PRIMARILY QUALITA-
TIVE RATHER THAN QUANTITATIVE. SPECIFIC RECOM-
MENDA1ONS ARE MADE CONCERNING ACTIONS THAT THE
MILLS SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO UNDERTAKE TO ABATE
POLLUTION, BUT THESE RECOMMENDATIONS ARE AP-
PARENTLY NOT BASED ON ANY QUANTITATIVE ESTI-
MATES OF DAMAGE CAUSED TO COMPETING USES, NORON
EST1MTAES OF INVESTMENT OUTLAYS WHICH WOULD BE
REQUIRED TO SATISFY THE RECOMMENDATIONS. (W69-
04319).
THE AUTHOR BRIEFLY DISCUSSES THE PROBLEM OF
SECONDARY POLLUTION STEMMING FROM EXCESSIVE
NUTRIENTS OF SEWAGE ORIGIN IN RECEIVING WATERS,
WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
HE PRESENTS ESTIMATES OF THE DAILY PHOSPOROUS
AND NITROGEN ENRICHMENT OF THE POTOMAC ESTUARY
BY WASHINGTON, D. C. RESEARCH IS ADVISED IN
METHODS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT TO REMOVE
PHOSPHOROUS AND NITROGEN FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
AS AN ECONOMIC BY-PRODUCT. THE NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHOROUS CONTENT OF SEWAGE FROM WASHINGTON,
D. C., IF VALUED AT 10 CENTS AND 8 CENTS RESPECTIVE-
LY PER POUND, WOULD HAVE A RECOVERED VALUE OF
ABOUT $3,150,000 ANNUALLY, AS COMPARED WITH THE
PRESENT ANNUAL OPERATING COST FOR THE SEWAGE
TREATMENT SYSTEM OF ABOUT $2,100,000. (W69-04448).
00067. PROTECTING THE POTOMAC AT WASHING-
TON.
00070. WATER QUALITY, A PROBLEM FOR THE
ECONOMIST.
AULD, D.V.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 37(3),
288, 1965.
J73-
THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES A POLLUTION ABATEMENT PRO-
GRAM AND INVESTMENTS IN THE WASHINGTON, D. C.,
METROPOLITAN AREA. BRIEF CAPITAL COST ESTIMATES
OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS CONSIDERED BY THE WASHING-
TON METROPOLITAN COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS ARE
PRESENTED. THE POPULATION GROWTH IN THE WASHING-
TON, D. C., METROPOLITAN AREA IS PROJECTEDTHROUGH
THE YEAR 2000. CAPITAL-COST OUTLAYS FOR STORM AND
SANITARY SEWER SEPARATION PROJECTS FOR SMALL
SEGMENTS OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA ARE TABU-
LATED. THESE COSTS ARE REPORTED TO HAVE
AVERAGED ABOUT $1,500 PER HOUSE FOR DETACHED
DWELLINGS WHEN CONTRACTS FOR SEPARATION HAVE
INVOLVED GROUPS OF 30 TO 75 HOUSES. (W69-04437).
00068. WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
STUDY-JAMES RIVER BASIN.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION, MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION, CHAR-
LOTTESVILLE, VA. CB-SRBP WORKING DOCU-
MENT NO. 14, JUNE 1967.
THIS REPORT COVERS IMMEDIATE POLLUTION CONTROL
NEEDS AND ESTIMATED COSTS FOR PROVIDING THESE
NEEDS. THE PRESENT WATER-QUALITY CONDITIONS AND
BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE UPPER REACHES OF THE
JAMES RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES ARE SUMMARIZED, THE
FOLLOWING BASIC CRIT1ERIA WERE USED IN ACHIEVING
COST ESTIMATES FOR NEW FACILITIES: (1) DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN NOT LOWER THAN 4 MG/1 IN THE STREAM, (2) NO
APPRECIABLE SEIT1.EABLE OR FLOATING SOLIDS, (3) NO
NOTICEABLE COLORATION OR DISCOLORATION OF
RECEIVING STREAMS, (4) TOXIC SUBSTA
REDUCED BELOW THE TOXIC1TY OF STREAMS, (5) NO AP-
PRECIABLE CHANGE IN PH OF THE RECEIVING STREAMS,
AND (6) STREAM FLOW FOR DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES EQUAL TO MINIMUM AVERAGE SEVEN-
DAY LOW FLOW OCCURING ON 10-YEAR FREQUENCY.
(W69-04359).
00069. NUTRIENTS.
BREHMER, M.L.
INTERSTATE COMMISSION ON THE POTOMAC
RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON, D.C., PROBLEMS OF
CIRIACY-WANTRUP, S.V.
JOURNAL OF FARM
DECEMBER, 1961.
ECONOMICS, 43(5),
A GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE INCIDENCE OF SOCIAL
COSTS AND BENEFITS IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
IS PRESENTED. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS PER-
TINENT TO FORMULATION OF POLICY OBJECTIVES IN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT ARE CONSIDERED. ARGU-
MENTS ARE PRESENTED FOR A MINIMUM QUALITY STAN-
DARD FOR RECEIVING WATERS, BASED ON THE QUALITY
REQUIRED TO SUPPORT FISH LIFE. (W69-04457).
00071. OPERATING COSTS OF WASTE TREAT
IN GENERAL MOTORS.
BRINK, R.J.
NINETEENTH INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
PROCEEDINGS, JANUARY, 1965, PP 12-1.
THE COSTS OF WASTE-WATER TREATMENT AT THE fjtfffpf
DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION ARE RE-
PORTED. (W69-0445 I).
00072. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEMS.
SOBEL, M.J.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 1(3), 477-487, 1965.
IN RECENT YEARS, THE RATE OF INVESTMENT IN FACILI-
TIES FOR WATER-QUALITY CONTROL HAS INCREASED,
AND THE NEED TO PROGRAM WATER-RESOURCES USE ON
A REGIONAL BASIS HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED. THIS PAPER
OUTLINES THE NATURE OF REGIONAL WATER-QUALITY
SYSTEMS AND PRESENTS PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR
SEVERAL WATER-QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROBLEMS. A
LINEAR PROGRAMMING FORMULATION OF A STATIC IM-
PROVEMENT IN QUALITY IS CONTRASTED WITH A TRADI-
TIONAL POLICY FOR PROGRAMMING IMPROVEMENTS; THE
TRADITIONAL POLICY RESULTS IN A MIXED-INTEGER
PROBLEM. THE MAXIMIZATION OF THE RATIO OF
BENEFITS TO COSTS OF AN IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM IS
TRANSFORMED TO A LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM. A
STOCHASTIC NATURAL ENVIRONMENT LEADS TO OTHER
PROGRAMMING MODELS. THE APPLICATION OF LEAST-
COST MODELS IS ALSO DISCUSSED. (W69-04502).
17
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00073. DEEDS AND DATA.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 36(4), 517-
519, 19
THE ARTICLE PRESENTS OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE
COST EXPERIENCE FOR SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR PLANTS OF NINE MUNICIPALITIES, WITH
AVERAGE DAILY SEWAGE PER PLANT IN RANGE OF 0.2 TO
51.6 MOD. (WL9-04465).
64.
00074. WATER IN INDUSTRY: A SURVEY OF WATER
USE IN INDUSTRY.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURES, IN
NEW YORK; AND CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF
THE UNITED STATES, WASHINGTON, D.C., RE-
PORT, JANUARY, 1965.
THE FINDINGS OF A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE
AND WASTE TREATMENT ARE REPORTED. INTAKE WATER
VOLUME AND PROCESS WATER TREATMENT COSTS ARE
ESTIMATED FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES. OPERATING AND
CAPITAL REPLACEMENT COSTS ARE ALSO ESTIMATED FOR
EFFLUENT TREATMENT FACILITIES. SUNDRY OTHER
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL
WATER USE, INCLUDING SALT OF BRACKISH WATER IN-
TAKE FOR SEVERAL INDUSTRIES, ARE GIVEN. SEPARATE
SECTIONS ARE INCLUDED FOR THE FOLLOWONG INDUS-
TRIES: AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY, SUGAR BEET INDUSTRY,
BITUMINOUS COAL INDUSTRY, CANE SUGAR INDUSTRY,
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING, GRAIN BEVERAGE
DISTILLING INDUSTRY, INVESTOR-OWNED ELECTRIC UTILI-
TY INDUSTRY, INDUSTRIAL LAUNDERING, MEAT INDUS-
TRY, PETROLEUM REFINERIES, PULP AND PAPER INDUS-
TRY, SOAP AND DETERGENT INDUSTRY, STEEL INDUSTRY,
AND TANNING-LEATHER INDUSTRY. (W69-045I4).
00075. RECENT RESULTS FROM A MATHEMATICAL
MODEL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
IN THE DELAWARE ESTUARY.
THOMANN, R.V.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 1(3), 349-359, 1965.
THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OP-
TIMUM (LEAST-COST) WATER POLLUTION ARE
PRESENTER. THE EQUATION UTILIZED TO DESCRIBE THE
TIME AND SPACE VARIABILITY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
ARE PRESENTED IN A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS CONTEXT, AND
THEIR USEFULNESS IN THIS FORM IS DISCUSSED. THE AP-
PLICATION OF THE MATHEM
TROL OF DISSOLVED
RY IS GIVEN. RECENT COMPUTER SOLUTIONS ARE ILLUS-
TRATED, AND THE SENSITIVITY OF THE LEAST-COST DIS-
SOLVED-OXYGF.N IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS TO THE
RATE OK ATMOSPHERE REAERATION IS PRESENTED. (W69-
04507).
00076. FLOOD AND POLLUTION CONTROL: A DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN FOR THE CHICAGOLAND
AREA.
METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER
CHICAGO, 100 EAST ERIE STREET, CHICAGO, IL-
LINOIS 60611, MAY 1966. 61 P.
AFTER DESCRIBING RAINSTORM, FLOODING AND WATER-
WAY POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN METROPOLITAN CHICAGO,
THE PREFEAS1BILITY REPORT REVIEWS SIX ALTERNATIVE
UNDERGROUND STORAGE PLANS. IT RECOMMENDS A
COMPREHENSIVE DEEP TUNNEL PLAN. ENGINEERING
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE PLAN ARE CONSIDERED. THE
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PLAN ARE DESIGNED WITH
ENOUGH PRECISION TO ALLOW PREFEASIBILITY COST
ESTIMATES. THEY INCLUDE LATERAL SEWERS, NEW MAIN
SEWERS, VERTICAL DRAINS, AN UNDERGROUND RESER-
VIOR, PUMPED-STORAGE POWER, A SURFACE RESERVOIR,
AND POLLUTION TREATMENT. THE COSTS OF UN-
DERGROUND EXCAVATION, OF PLAN COMPONENTS, AND
OF CONTINGENCY AND OVERHEAD ARE GIVEN. COM-
PARATIVE FLOOD CONTROL BENEFITS ARE DISCUSSED IN
TERMS OF BASEMENT FLOODING, FLOODING OF INDUSTRI-
AL AREAS, LAND ENHANCEMENT, AND FLOOD REDUC-
TION ON THE WATERWAY SYSTEM. ALTERNATIVE COSTS
ARE GIVEN. COMPARATIVE POLLUTION ABATEMENT
BENEFITS ARE NOT CLEARCUT, BEACUSE THE DEEP TUN-
NEL PLAN ALONE WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE POL-
LUTION THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE WATERWAY SYSTEM.
THE REPORT GIVES COMPARATIVE COSTS FOR TWO
METHODS OF STORING AND TREATING COMBINED OVER-
FLOWS. POSSIBILITIES OF A BETTER SCHEME OF SEPARAT-
ING STORM AND SANITARY SEWERS MUST BE IN-
VESTIGATED. POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND COSTS OF TERTI-
ARY AND SPACE TREATMENT REQUIRE FURTHER IN-
VESTIGATION. THE REPORT CONCLUDED THAT THE PLAN
MERITS ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDIES. APPENDICES
DISCUSS EXTENSIVELY HYDROLOGY, GEOLOGY, WATER
QUALITY, AQUIFER PROTECTION, POWER, COSTS, AND
BENEFITS. (W69-04630).
00077. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
REPORT, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1965.
THIS REPORT DISCUSSES VARIOUS PERTINENT STATISTI-
CAL DATA REGARDING POLLUTION CONTROL REQUIRE-
MENTS AND COSTS, DRAWN FROM VARIOUS PUBLICLY
AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS. THE CONTENT IS INDICATED
BY THE FOLLOWING TABLE HEADINGS: NEW SEWER AND
WATER CONSTRUCTION PUT IN PLACE IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1963, 1964, AND OUTLOOK FOR 1965; CONSTRUC-
TION NEEDS FOR SEWERAGE UTILITIES, PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE, 1962-70; ESTIMATED COSTS FOR COMPLETE
SEPARATION OF STORMWATER AND SANITARY SEWERS;
ESTIMATED COSTS FOR PARTIAL SEPARATION OF STORM-
WATER AND SANITARY SEWERS; SUMMARY OF THE
BACKLOG OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
NEEDS, 1964; PRESENT MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT NEEDS; REQUIRED ANNUAL CONSTRUCTION RATES,
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKS; INCREASE
IN ORGANIC INDUSTRIAL WASTES (INDUSTRIAL); 1959
OPERATING AND REPLACEMENT COSTS FOR INDUSTRY
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES; INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS PROVIDING NO TREATMENT IN 1959; TREATMENT
PROCESSES MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED BY 2,162
RESPONDENTS; WATER PLANS; AND 1959 CAPITAL EXPEN-
DITURES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF WASTEWATER COLLEC-
TION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS BY PERCENT AND DOL-
LAR DISTRIBUTION. (W69-04515).
00078. CHICAGO TUNNEL DRAINAGE PROJECT:
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF FEASIBILI-
TY.
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF
GREATER CHICAGO, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, MAY
1964. 33P.
APPROXIMATELY A THIRD OF THE PRELIMINARY STUDY
DESCRIBES THE PROJECT PLAN, ANOTHER THIRD
ECONOMICS, AND THE FINAL THIRD PROBLEMS FOR IN-
VESTIGATION. IT RECOMMENDS THAT AN UNDERGROUND
STORAGE SYSTEM, COMBINED WITH STORAGE IN A
HIGHER LEVEL SEWER SYSTEM, BE DESIGNED FOR THE
CHICAGO FLOOD OF RECORD. CAPACITIES, TYPES, AND
CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED STORAGE STRUCTURES ARE
DISCUSSED. THE PUMPED STORAGE FACILITIES OF THE
18
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REFERENCE LIST
PROJECT WOULD RELEASE WATER TO THE LOWER RESER-
VOIR DURING PEAK POWER LOAD PERIODS AND PUMP IT
BACK TO THE UPPER RESERVOIR DURING OFF-PEAK
HOURS. LAYOUT, STORAGE CAPACITY, AND ALTERNATIVE
LOCATIONS ARE DISCUSSED. (W69-04631).
00079. MODEL OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF
TREATMENT AND DILUTION.
REID, G.W.; STREEBIN, L.E.; NELSON, R.Y.; LOVE
O.T.
PROC THIRD ANNUAL AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES CONF, SAN FRANCISCO, PP 339-350,
NOVEMBER 1967.
MODELS WERE DEVELOPED TO DEPICT WASTE DILUTION
FLOWS USED WITH PROJECTIONS OF RESERVIOR AND
TREATMENT COSTS TO PROVIDE OPTIMAL COMBINATIONS
OF LOW FLOW AUGMNTATION AND WASTE TREATMENT.
PROJECTIONS OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL LOADINGS
WERE DEVELOPED ON A NATIONWIDE DATA BASE USING
STANDARD STATISTICAL METHODS. THE STUDY
REVEALED MEAN AND VARIANCES OF STRENGTH AND
DISCHARGES. A SIMILAR STUDY DEVELOPED TREATMENT
EFFICIENCY MATRICES AND CORRESPONDING TREATMENT
COSTS. THESE COSTS REFLECTED SCALE EFFECTS, AND
WERE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF CAPITAL, OPERATION,
AND MAINTENANCE COSTS. A NOVEL TECHNIQUE EM-
PLOYING MICRO AND MACRO MODELS AND TUNNEL'
PROCEDURE WAS USED TO DISAGGREGATE NATIONAL
VALUES AND TO PROVIDE BASIN LOADING LEVEL
FORECASTS. STREAM INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS WERE
DEVELOPED IN TERMS OF RESPONSES TO IMPRESSED
LOADS, CHARACTERIZED AS BIODEGRADABLE, NUTRI-
TIONAL, PERSISTENT CHEMICAL, AND THERMAL. THE
MODELS WERE DEVELOPED AS A FUNCTION OF STREAM
PARAMETERS. THE LOADS AND STREAM RESOURCES
WERE TREATED ON A BASIN LEVEL IN THESE MACRO
LEVEL MODELS. THE MODEL PROVIDES OPTIMAL OR
LEAST COST COMBINATION OF WASTE TREATMENT AND
DILUTION. (W70-00064).
00080. AN EXAMINATION OF NON-TREATMENT
PLANT ALTERNATIVES IN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
ORTOLANO, L; THOMAS, H.A. JR.
HARVARD WATER PROGRAM, DISCUSSION PAPER
NO 67-4, HARVARD UNIV, NOV. 1967. 37P.
A SERIES OF MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING MODELS
WERE PRESENTED TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIVE
MERITS OF: (1) PRIMARY; (2) SECONDARY; AND (3) TERTI-
ARY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS; (4) INCREASE IN
STREAM REAERATION COEFFICIENTS; (5) CONTROL OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS; (6) REMOVAL OF BOTTOM
SEDIMENTS; AND (7) PIPING OF WASTES OUTSIDE BASIN
FOR OCEAN DISPOSAL, IN A PROGRAM TO MAINTAIN A
GIVEN DO CONCENTRATION AT MINIMUM COST. SAMPLE
COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS FOR THE DELAWARE
ESTUARY WERE SHOWN. THE MODELS WERE USED AS
PRELIMINARY SCREENING TOOLS, BEGINNING WITH SIM-
PLIED STATIC MODELS OF THE ESTUARINE GEOMETRY,
AND EVOLVING TO SECTIONED DYNAMIC MODELS. (W69-
04142).
00081. OPTIMAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND MULTI-COMPONENT EFFLUENT CON-
TROL BY MEANS OF LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING.
CAREW, J.P.; VAN SLYKE, R.M.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH CENTER REPORT 68-1
UNIV OF CALIF, BERKELEY, JAN. 1968. 25 P.
A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR MULTICOMPONENT
EFFLUENT CONTROL WAS PRESENTED. THE OBJECTIVE OF
THE MODEL WAS TO PRESCRIBE LEVELS OF TREATMENT
BY INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC CLASSES OF EFFLUENT
DISCHARGERS IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE TOTAL COST OF
TREATMENT, SUBJECT TO WATER QUALITY CONSTRAINTS.
COMPUTED COSTS PER UNIT OF EACH EFFLUENT COM-
PONENT WERE OBTAINED, ALLOWING COMPARISON OF
COSTS FOR DIFFERENT EFFLUENT COMPOSITION, EVALUA-
TION OF PROPOSED TREATMENT SCHEMES, AND ESTIMA-
TION OF THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING QUALITY STAN-
DARDS AND INCREASED DISCHARGER ON OPTIMAL
TREATMENT POLICIES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT PROJEC-
TIONS OF FUTURE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY COULD BE USED
WITH THE MODEL TO PREDICT FUTURE DEMANDS ON
TREATMENT CAPABILITY. (W69-04147).
00082. A HEURISTIC AID FOR THE DESIGN OF
SEWER NETWORKS.
LIEBMAN, J.C.
PROC, AMER SOC CIVIL ENG, 93(SA4) 81-90, 1967.
AN ITERATIVE SEARCH METHOD, PROGRAMMED FOR USE
ON A DIGITAL COMPUTER, WHICH SOUGHT IMPROVED
LAYOUTS IN GRAVITY FLOW SEWAGE COLLECTION NET-
WORKS, WAS PRESENTED. THE METHOD REQUIRED AN
ORIGINAL NODE-LINK LAYOUT, SELECTED BY ENGINEER-
ING JUDGEMENT, AND AN ITERATIVE SEARCH FOR COST-
REDUCING ADJUSTMENTS. AT EACH NODE AN UNUSED
LINK WAS CHECKED TO SEE IF REPLACEMENT REDUCED
COSTS, THE SEARCH BEGAN AT THE FIRST NODE AGAIN.
THE PROGRAM ENDED WHEN NO IMPROVEMENTS COULD
BE FOUND. NO GUARANTEE OF AN OPTIMAL SOLUTION
WAS OBTAINED, AS ILLUSTRATED BY DIFFERENT
ORIGINAL NETWORK SELECTIONS FOR A HYPOTHETICAL
EXAMPLE. HOWEVER, THE SAME LEAST COST SOLUTION
WAS FOUND FOR MOST ORIGINAL NETWORKS CHOSEN.
(W69-06498).
00083. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MINERAL CONTENT
IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT NO 260,
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER, U S DEPT OF INTERI-
OR, MAY 1967. 159 P.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS TO EVALUATE THE
ECONOMIC EFFECT OF MINERAL CONTENT OF WATER SUP-
PLIES UPON THE FACILITIES OF WATER AND SEWAGE
UTILITIES AND UPON THE CUSTOMERS. THE ADVERSE EF-
FECTS OF MINERALIZED WATER RESULT PRINCIPALLY
FROM CORROSION, ENCRUSTATION AND RELATED
PROBLEMS OF BOTH THE WATER UTITLITY AND
CUSTOMER FACILITIES. THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF USING
A WATER SUPPLY OF A PARTICULAR MINERAL CONTENT
AS COMPARED TO AN ALTERNATE CONTENT COULD HAVE
A MARKED EFFECT UPON THE ECONOMICS OF SELECTION
OF THE SOURCE TO BE DEVELOPED. EMPHASIS HAS BEEN
PLACED ON ESTIMATING THE COST EFFECTS RESULTING
FROM THOSE MINERALS NOT READILY AND ECONOMI-
CALLY REMOVED OR NEUTRALIZED IN CONVENTIONAL
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES. (W69-06555).
19
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00084. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: ENGINEER-
ING-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
FRANKEL, RJ.
WATER RESOURCES RES, 1(2), 173-186, 2ND
QUARTER, 1965.
THE RESULTS OF A RIVER BASIN COMPUTER STUDY,
WHICH DETERMINED THE SAVINGS OF DOWNSTREAM
TREATMENT COST RESULTING FROM INCREMENTAL UP-
STREAM WASTE TREATMENT, WERE PRESENTED.
HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM THE EEL RIVER IN CALIFORNIA
WERE INCORPORATED IN THE DYNAMIC OXYGEN SAG
MODEL DEVELOPED. PRINCIPLE VARIABLES OF THE
MODEL WERE ORIGINAL STREAMFLOW QUANTITY AND
QUALITY, HYDRAULIC AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF THE STREAM, DEGREE OF STREAM SELF-PU-
RIFICATION, TREATMENT LEVEL, DISTANCE AND
REQUIRED USE BETWEEN COMMUNITIES, AND WATER
TREATMENT LEVEL AT THE DOWNSTREAM COMMUNITY.
IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT MAXIMAL RETURN PER ADDI-
TIONAL INVESTMENT DOLLAR IS FROM PRIMARY TO
SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT (COST-SAVINGS RATIOS
FROM NEGLIGIBLE TO 0.10). THE QUANTITY OF
WITHDRAWAL OF MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY REQUIRED
TO JUSTIFY UPSTREAM TREATMENT VARIES FROM 16 TO
250: 1 FOR SMALL SEWAGE PLANTS TO 10 TO 30: 1 FOR
LARGE PLANTS, IF IN-PLACE STREAM QUALITY IS UNIM-
PORTANT. (W69-06505).
00085. ROLE OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
LEGRAND, H.E.
AM WATER WORKS ASSOC JOUR, 59(5), 557-565,
1967.
GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION ASPECTS SHOULD NOT
BE EXCLUDED IN LONG-RANGE INTEGRATED COMMUNITY
PLANS, ESPECIALLY IN URBAN AREAS AND SUBURBS.
THEY INCLUDE ANY DETERIORATION OF QUALITY OF
WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES, ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF
AQUIFERS, ACCIDENT, OR SALT WATER AT SHALLOW OR
UNDERLYING DEPTHS. THESE PROBLEMS WILL INCREASE
UNDER CURRENT PRACTICES WHILE MINIMIZING COSTS
FOR COORDINATED EFFORTS FROM SEVERAL DISCIPLINES.
TECHNICALLY TRAINED PERSONNEL, CAPABLE OF DETER-
MINING BEST USE OF LAND FOR WATER SUPPLY AND
WASTE DISPOSAL, ARE RARELY A PART OF WATER
RESOURCES ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY. SPECIFIC
PROBLEMS ARE MORE OFTEN DEALT WITH THAN LONG-
RANGE PLANNING. COMPLEX HYDROGEOLOGIC CONDI-
TIONS MUST BE EVALUATED BEFORE DECISIONS ARE
MADE AND POLICIES ESTABLISHED. (W69-06762).
00086. UNDERGROUND WASTE DISPOSAL.
WRIGHT, J.L.
1ND WATER ENG, 6(5) 24-27, 1969.
DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES IS RECOM-
MENDED FOR AREAS WHERE LAWS AND GEOLOGICAL
FORMATIONS ARE FAVORABLE. THE GEOLOGY OF
SEVERAL AREAS WITH FAVORABLE GEOLOGIC CONDI-
TIONS IS DISCUSSED AND ESTIMATED COSTS OF INJECTION
AND SURFACE DISPOSAL ARE TABULATED. (W69-06943).
00087. OIL POLLUTION- A REPORT TO THE PRE-
SIDENT.
SPEC REP TO THE PRES BY DEP OF INTERIOR AND
DEP OF TRANSPORTATION, FEB. 1968.
A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE U. S. DEPARTMENTS OF INTERI-
OR AND TRANSPORTATION DISCUSSES THE CAUSES,
SOURCES, EFFECTS, HANDLING AND PREVENTION OF OIL
SPILLS AT SEA AND ON INLAND WATERS. DISPOSAL OF
WASTE OIL BY SERVICE STATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS IS ALSO A SERIOUS AND GROWING PROBLEM.
PRESENT CAPABILITIES OF HANDLING SPILLS AND
PRESENT INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF DISCHARGES
ON INTERNATIONAL WATERS ARE INADEQUATE. LEGAL,
TECHNICAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND COST ASPECTS OF PREVEN-
TION ARE DISCUSSED. PHYSICAL AND LEGAL FACILITIES
FOR CLEANUP OF OIL SPILLS ARE DESCRIBED. PRESENT
ACTION PROGRAMS INVOLVING STUDY, RECOMMENDA-
TIONS, REGULATIONS, ENFORCEMENT, LEGISLATION, IN-
TERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, AND FISCAL SUPPORT ARE
LISTED. (W69-06237).
00088. ON THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SO-
CIAL COSTS.
KAPP, K.W.
KYKLOS, VOL 22, FASC2, PP 334-347, 1969. 14 P.
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE CHALLENGING DIFFICULTIES
TO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS PRESENTED BY THE PROBLEM OF
SOCIAL COST. IT REMAINS DOUBTFUL WHETHER THESE
DIFFICULTIES CAN BE COPED WITH ADEQUATELY WITHIN
THE TRADITIONAL BOUNDARIES OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE.
NEITHER THE THEORY OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION NOR
APPLIED ECONOMICS SEEM TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE
CATEGORIES FOR THE THEORETICAL TREATMENT OF SO-
CIAL COSTS OR PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR THEIR CON-
TROL. THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL COSTS, ITSELF, WAS
DEVELOPED AS AN ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT AND A A
CRITIQUE OF THE METHOD AND SCOPE OF CLASSICAL
AND NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. SOCIAL COSTS
REFER TO CONSEQUENCES OF PRODUCTIVE ACT1VITES
AND POLICY DECISIONS WHICH, FOR SEVERAL REASONS,
CARRY AN INEVITABLE RESIDUUM OF INDETERMINACY
BUT WHICH ARE NEVERTHELESS REAL AND IMPORTANT,
EVEN THOUGH THEIR APPROXIMATE MAGNITUDE CAN BE
DETERMINED ONLY AFTER CAREFUL STUDY WHICH IN
MANY INSTANCES CALL FOR AN EVALUATION BASED
UPON CRITERIA OTHER THAN MARKET VALUES. THE
AUTHOR SUGGESTS WIDER CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL COSTS
AND SOCIAL BENEFITS THAN THOSE THAT EMERGE FROM
AN ATTEMFF TO INCORPORATE THESE NOTIONS INTO
TRADITIONAL THEORY. SOCIAL COSTS ARE CLOSELY IN-
VOLVED WITH WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND AS
SUCH THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A GENERAL TREATMENT
OF THE ECONOMIC BASIS OF THE SOCIAL COST CONCEPT
FOR THE WATER RESEARCHER. (W69-0717 1).
00089. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
FED WATER POLLUT CONTR ADMIN REP ON
CLEAN WATERS, VOL 1, JAN. 1969. 220 P.
NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS OF WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL ARE SUMMARIZED AND NATIONAL CLEAN
WATER GOALS ARE OUTLINED. OVER 90% OF THE NA-
TION'S SEWERED POPULATION IS ALSO SERVED BY WASTE
TREATMENT PLANTS, AND 60% WITH SECONDARY TREAT-
MENT. PREVALENCE OF TREATMENT IS GREATEST WEST
OF THE MISSISSIPPI. MOST OF THE UNTREATED
DISCHARGE IS IN NEW ENGLAND, NEW YORK AND
PENNSYLVANIA. GENERALLY, INDUSTRIAL WASTE-HAN-
DLING IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENT IS AT ABOUT THE
20
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REFERENCE LIST
LEVEL RECOMMENDED BY FWPCA, BUT MUNICIPALITIES
ARE SPENDING HALF THE AMOUNT. THE PROBLEMS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS MADE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF
PRESENT TREATMENT AND ADDITION OF NEW FACILITIES
ARE DISCUSSED IN DETAIL. (W69-7109).
00090. A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR URBAN
WATER SERVICES.
CLEM, L.H.
ASCE URBAN WATER RESOURCES RES PROGRAM
TECH MEM NO 7, FEBUARY 1969. 21 P.
A STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE FEASI-
BILITY OF AND PROVIDE GUIDELINES FOR ANALYZYING
ALL URBAN WATER SERVICE COSTS AND TO DETERMINE
THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LOCAL GOVERNMENT EX-
PENDITURES, SUCH AS EDUCATION, PUBLIC WORKS, AND
LAW ENFORCEMENT. THE CITY OF HARTFORD WAS
CHOSEN FOR THE PILOT INVESTIGATION BECAUSE THE
MANAGER'S FISCAL PRACTICES WERE SUITABLE AND AP-
PROPRIATE RECORDS WEREAVAILABLE, AND THE
COOPERATION OF KEY CITY PERSONNEL WAS PROMISED.
TOTAL COST OF HARTFORD'S WATER SERVICES HAS
DECREASED FROM $8.5 MILLION (17. 4% OF ANNUAL CITY
BUDGET) IN 1965 TO $5.1 MILLION (7.4% OF BUDGET) IN
1968. THE DECREASE IS DUE TO COMPLETION OF A MAJOR
STORM DRAINAGE PROJECT. WATER SALES WERE NEARLY
CONSTANT AT ABOUT $2.4 MILLION DURING EACH OF THE
4 YEARS UNDER REVIEW. THE CITY IS THE MAJOR PAR-
TICIPANT IN THE LOCAL METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT
WHICH ALSO EMBRACES MANY ADJACENT TOWNS. HART-
FORD HAS OVER THE YEARS BEEN SUBJECTED TO
CATASTROPHIC FLOODING FROM THE CONNECTICUT
RIVER. LOCAL EFFORTS AND THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS
HAVE WORKED IN CONJUNCTION TO ELIMINATE THE
FLOODING PROBLEM, BUT THE CITY HAS LOW-LYING
AREAS REQUIRING STORM RUNOFF PUMPING. AT PRESENT,
THE SEWARAGE AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ARE
COMBINED BUT STEPS ARE BEING TAKEN TO SEPARATE
THEM. URBAN WATER SERVICE COSTS CAN BE ANALYZED
AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LOCAL EXPENDI-
TURES DETERMINED. AN APPROACH RECOMMENDED FOR
NATIONWIDE STUDIES IS GIVEN. (PB-184 702) (W69-07483).
00091. EROSION CONTROL AT HOLLINGER MINE
TAILING SITE.
GORDON, I.M.
J CAN MINING, 90(6), 46-50, 1969.
THE BEST METHOD OF PROTECTION FROM EROSION OF
THE HOLLINGER MINE TAILINGS WAS INVESTIGATED BY
PLANTING GRASS AND TREES (POPLAR, JACKP1NE, BLACK
SPRUCE, ETC. ) ON THE SLOPES AND PLATEAU OF THE
TAILING DEPOSIT OF 70 TO 90 FT ABOVE THE ORIGINAL
LOW-LYING GROUND. THE ARTICLE CONTAINS THE FOL-
LOWING BRIEF CHAPTERS: (I) LONG-TERM PLANNING; (2)
EROSION CONTROL OF SLOPES; (3) EROSION CONTROL OF
THE PLATEAU; (4) DESCRIPTION OF GRASSES; (5) METHOD
OF SEEDING AND SEED MIXTURES; (6) METHOD OF PLANT-
ING TREES AND TYPE OF NURSERY STOCK USED; AND (7)
CONCLUDING REMARKS. THE RESULTS OF THE APPLICA-
TION OF GRASS AND TREE PLANTING TO THE TAILING
DEPOSIT CAN BE CONSIDERED AS ENTIRELY SATISFACTO-
RY BECAUSE GRASSES AND TREES ARE GROWING ON THE
SLOPES AND THE 100-FT HIGH PLATEAU IS GRADUALLY
BECOMING PARKLAND. (W69-07489).
00092. POTENTIAL REUSE OF EFFLUENT AS A FAC-
TOR IN SEWERAGE DESIGN.
WHETSTONE, G.A.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
WP-20-AWTR-18, FWPCA, ROBERTA. TAFTSANITA-
RY ENGINEERING CENTER, FEBRUARY 1967, 219
P.
TRADITIONALLY, OVERLOADED SEWERS HAVE BEEN
PARALLELLED OR REPLACED. MODERN SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT PLANTS, CAPABLE OF PRODUCING HIGH-QUALITY
EFFELUENT BY NUISANCE-FREE PROCESSES ON SMALL
PLOTS OF LAND, PERMIT A MORE SATISFACTORY SOLU-
TION. NOW, A PLANT MAY BE PLACED WITHIN CON-
VENIENT DISTANCE OF THE POINT OF INCIPIENT OVER-
LOAD, AND THE EFFLUENT MAY BE EMPLOYED FOR A
BENEFICIAL CONSUMPTIVE USE NEAR THE TREATMENT
PLANT. THUS EXISTING SEWERS REMAIN ADEQUATE, OR
NEW SEWERS MAY BE PLANNED WITH LESS PROVISION
FOR UNKNOWABLE FUTURE LOADS. (W69-08262).
00093. REUSE CAN BE CHEAPER THAN DISPOSAL.
KOENIG, L.; FORD, D.
WATER REUSE, AMER 1NST CHEM ENG PROGR
SYMP, SER NO 78 VOL 63, PP 143-147, 1967, 5 P, 3
FIG, 2 TAB, 14 REF.
WHEN DISPOSING OF WASTE WATER CAUSES LOSS OF
VALUABLE PRODUCTS, VALUE OF WATER SUPPLIES IS
HIGH, EFFLUENTS ARE STRICTLY REGULATED, POLLUTION
DRAINAGES ARE EXCESSIVE, OR IF EFFLUENT QUALITY
MUST BE HIGHER THAN THE QUALITY OF AVAILABLE
RAW WATER, IT IS CHEAPER TO REUSE WATER THAN
DISPOSE OF IT. COST CURVES SHOW THAT IF NEW WATER
COSTS $5 PER THOUSAND GAL, THE COMBINED COST OF
DISPOSAL AND WATER PURCHSE IS ALWAYS MORE THAN
THE COST OF ANY TYPE OF REUSE PROCESSING ON ANY
WASTE WATRS. COSTS OF DISPOSAL, TREATMENT, CON-
VEYANCE, AND REUSE PROCESSING ARE TABULATED AND
SHOWN GRAPHICALLY TO PERMIT COMPARISON OF COSTS
OF ALTERNATIVES. THE INFORMATION IS THE RESULT OF
A PARAMETRIC COST STUDY OF EACH PROCESS TO
DETERMINE COSTS, SENSITIVITY OF FINAL COSTS TO THE
PARAMETERS, AND ESTIMATES OF THE USUAL VALUES OF
THE PARAMETERS. FOR EXAMPLE, IT CAN BE DETER-
MINED THAT ANY REUSE PROCESS IS CHEAPER THAN
DISPOSAL IN MINED CAVITIES, BUT DISPOSAL BY SPREAD-
ING IS CHEAPER THAN ANY REUSE. THERMAL EVAPORA-
TION OR DEIONIZATION FROM 2,500 PPM IS MORE EXPEN-
SIVE THAN ANY DISPOSAL, BUT THESE PROCESSES ARE
CHEAPER THAN INJECTION OR TRANSPORT OF 50 Ml
WASTES ARE WEAKER THAN 1,500 PPM. TREATMENT FOR
REUSE BY COAGULATION, FILTRATION, AND SEDIMENTA-
TION, OR STANDARD SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT,
'IS CHEAPER THAN INJECTION OR TRANSPORT OVER
ABOUT 5 MI. (W69-8260).
00094. WASTEWATER REUSE AT THE GRAND
CANYON.
GARTHE, B.C.; GILBERT, W.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(9), 1582-
1585, 1968.
THIS PAPER TRACES WATER PROBLEMS AND WASTE-
WATER REUSE AT THE SOUTH RIM OF THE GRAND
CANYON FROM THE LATE 1800'S TO THE PRESENT. RECLA-
MATION EFFORTS BEGAN IN 1924 WITH CONSTRUCTION OF
AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT SUPPLEMENTED BY AN
ANTHRACITE COAL FILTER AND CHLORINATION. TREATED
WATER WAS USED FOR TOILETS, BOILER FEED WATER,
COOLING WATER AND IRRIGATION. TREATMENT COST OF
21
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
$0.59/1000 GAL. COMPARED FAVORABLY TO RAILROAD
TRANSPORTED WATER AT $3.09/1000 GAL. ADDITIONAL
WATER WAS PUMPED UP FROM INDIAN GARDENS IN 1934.
DETAILED RECORDS OF COST HAVE BEEN KEPT BY THE
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE SINCE 1951. PRESENTLY, CON-
STRUCTION OF A PIPELINE FROM ROARING SPRINGS, ON
THE MORE WATER RICH NORTH RIM, PRESENTS THE POSSI-
BILITIES OF ABANDONING THE WATER REUSE SYSTEM,
CONSTRUCTING NEWER FACILITIES, OR CONTINUING THE
40-YEAR OLD PLANT. WHATEVER THE FUTURE, THE
PLANT AT GRAND CANYON HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT
WASTEWATER REUSE IS AN ECONOMICALLY SOUND CON-
CEPT. (W69-08290).
0009S. WATER REUSE IN MONTERREY, MEXICO.
GOMEZ, H.J.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(4), 540-
545, 1968.
ARIDITY, AN EXTENDED DROUGHT, INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT AND POPULATION EXPLOSION NECES-
SITATED WATER REUSE AS EARLY AS 1955. SOME INDUS-
TRIES TREAT AND REUSE WATER INDIVIDUALLY, WHILE
OTHERS USE THE CENTRAL TREATMENT FACILITY OF A
COOPERATIVE. WATER QUALITY TREATMENT VARIES
WITH USE DEMANDS. USES ARE FOR WATERING GARDENS,
CLEANING OF BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT, FIRE PROTEC-
TION, COOLING, BOILER FEED, AND VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES. PRODUCTION COSTS AS WELL AS PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WATER PRESENTED
FOR EACH QAUL1TY USE TYPE. (W69-08289).
00096. A TEST OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POLLU-
TION CONTROL IS WORTH WHAT IT COSTS.
MINNEHAN,R. F.
PROC, WATER RESOURCES SEMINAR 1967-1968. PP
19-52 UNIV. DEL. NEWARK, DEC. 1968.
A BENEFIT-COST MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS
DEVELOPED FOR WATER QUALITY EVALUATION IN
ORDER TO DETERMINE WHETHER WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IS ALWAYS WORTH WHAT IT COSTS AND WHAT
IS THE OPTIMAL DEGREE OF WASTE REDUCTION. THE
MODEL'S EQUATIONS WERE THEN FITTED WITH COEFFI-
CIENTS THAT APPROXIMATED BENEFITS AND COSTS, WITH
DELAWARE RIVER ESTUARY AND SAN FRANCISCO BAY AS
EXAMPLES. THE RESULTS INDICATED THAT A HIGH LEVEL
OF TREATMENT IS NOT JUSTIFIED WHEN THE TOTAL
WASTE LOAD IS SMALL IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE AS-
SIMILATIVE CAPACITY OF THE STREAM OR ADJACENT
WATERCOURSE. THE RESULTS ALSO INDICATED THAT
ALTHOUGH COMPLETE BOD REMOVAL IS REQUIRED TO
MAXIMIZE NET BENEFITS IN A HEAVILY POLLUTED RIVER,
THE COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT MAY EXCEED THE
BENEFITS AND THE CONTROL PROGRAM MAY NOT BE
JUSTIFIED ECONOMICALLY. AN EVALUATION OF OPTIMAL
TREATMENT LEVEL REVEALED THAT THE BENEFIT COST
RATIO WAS AN INCREASING AND A DECREASING FUNC-
TION OF BOD REMOVAL. WITH GROWTH IN THE QUANTITY
OF WASTE FLOW THERE MAY BE A POINT IN TIME WHERE
THE BENFITS OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT WILL ALWAYS
BE LESS THAN COSTS AND OPTIMAL TREATMENT IN-
CREASED AS THE QUANTITY OF WASTE FLOW INCREASED.
(W69-08542).
00097. EUTROPHICATION.
FOEHRENBACH, J.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(6), 1029-
1036, 1969.
AUTHOR REVIEWS 53 STUDIES CONTRIBUTED TO THE
EUTROPHICATION LITERATURE DURING THE PERIOD 1966-
1968 SUBJECT COVERAGE, WITH NUMBER OF LITERATURE
CITATIONS PER SUBJECT IN PARENTHESES, ARE: USE OF
FERTILIZED WATER TO INCREASE BIOLOGICAL PRODUC-
TION (8) ; 1NDENTIFICATION OF NUTRIENTS (6); OXYGEN
KINETICS (3); ALGAL CONTROL (2); SOURCES OF
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS (4); ROLE OF SEDIMENTS (2);
RESULTS OF HUMAN CULTURAL ACTIVITIES (2); EFFECTS
OF POLLUT10NAL LOAD (2); CYANOPHYTHE BLOOMS AND
DECREASE IN ALGAL SPECIES DIVERSITY (2); EUTROPHI-
CATION INDICATORS IN LAKE MICHIGAN (2); SAMPLING
AND DIATOM-INDICATORS (2); NUTRIENTS, THEIR CRITI-
CAL LEVELS AND CYCLING (4); ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES WITH COST ESTIMATES (7);
CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL WITH
COST ESTIMATES (7). (W69-08S18).
00098. A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC THERMAL
POLLUTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS:
VOLUME 1, SUMMARY REPORT.
CHENEY, P.B.; SMITH. F.A.; BRUSH. R.O.; PELTON,
D.J.; KANGOS, J.D.
TRAVELERS RES CORP REP NO 7743-341A, JAN
1969. 30 P.
A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STUDY OF THERMAL DISCHARGES
WAS MADE TO LEARN THE BROAD THERMAL, ENVIRON-
MENTAL, AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF RELEASING
HEATED EFFLUENTS TO SURFACE WATERS. SUMMARIES
ARE PRESENTED OF STEAM-ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY,
WASTE HEAT PRODUCTION, HEAT DISPOSAL METHODS, EF-
FECTS ON WATER BODIES OF WASTE HEAT, ECOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF WASTE HEAT, SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS, AND
COSTS OF A NUMBER OF POSSIBLE REGULATIONS OF HEAT
DISPOSAL. (W69-08599).
00099. THE ECONOMICS OF CLEAN WATER.
LARDIERI, N.J.
PROC, WATER RESOURCES SEMINARS, 1967-1968, P
81-98, UNIV DEL. DECEMBER 1968.
ECONOMIC TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING COSTS FOR
MEETING FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STAN-
DARDS AND THE POTENTIAL FOR MINIMIZING THESE
COSTS BASED ON THE DELAWARE ESTUARY WERE
PRESENTED. COST-BENEFIT STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED
BY MUNICIPAL SOURCES AND ESTIMATES OF RECREATION,
FISH AND WILDLIFE BENEFITS EXPECTED FROM THE IM-
PROVED LEVEL OF WATER QUALITY WERE MADE. MATHE-
MATICAL MODELS EMPLOYING BOTH ANALOG AND
DIGITAL COMPUTERS WERE USED FOR OBTAINING 'TOTAL
COSTS OF ATTAINING WATER QUALTIY OBJECTIVES
UNDER THREE DIFFERENT REMOVAL SCHEMES NAMELY
UNIFORM TREATMENT, ZONAL APPROACH AND COST
MINIMIZATION. THE SUMMARY OF COST-BENEFIT DATA
POINTED OUT THAT REQUIRING UNIFORM TREATMENT
FROM ALL DISCHARGES IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE OF ALL
SOLUTIONS, THAT INCREMENTAL BENEFITS FROM HIGHER
WATER QUALITY ARE NEGLIGIBLE COMPARED TO THE
COSTS REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THEM. (W69-08548).
22
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REFERENCE LIST
00100. A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
STUDY OF THE USE OF MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION.
CANTRELL, R. P.; WILSON, C.W.; BECKETT, F. .E;
CALVO, F.A.
SYMPOSIUM ON MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT
FOR IRRIGATION, JULY 30, 1968, LOUISIANA
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, RUSTON, LA., P 135-
156, 1968.
A STUDY OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF
IRRIGATION REUSE OF RUSTON, LA. MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER EFFLUENTS SHOW THAT THERE ARE NO SIGNIFI-
CANT TECHNICAL PROBLEMS. NEITHER CORROSION NOR
SALINITY HAZARD TO CROPS IS EXPECTED TO CAUSE
SEVERE PROBLEMS. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION USING WASTE
WATER IS SAFE FOR FIELD CROPS AND PASTURE BUT IS
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. FUR-
ROW IRRIGATION OF FRUIT TREES, AS LONG AS EFFLUENT
DOES NOT CONTACT THE FRUIT, IS ACCEPTABLE. THE
COST OF USING EFFLUENTS COMPARES FAVORABLE WITH
COSTS OF OTHER WATER SOURCES. FOR THE FARMS STU-
DIED, AVERAGE ANNUAL COSTS WAS $54.82 PER ACRE,
COMPARED WITH $15.87 PER ACRE FOR WELL WATER.
THIS DID NOT ACCOUNT FOR THE FERTILIZER VALUE OF
THE EFFLUENT, WHICH WAS ABOUT $17.50 PER ACRE-FT.
(W69-08623).
00101. POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
AYRES, R.U.; KNEESE, A.V.
THE QUALITY OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT: ESSAYS
ON 'NEW RESOURCES' IN AN URBAN AGE, P 35-
71, RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC., THE
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, 1969.
TRADITIONALLY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION HAS BEEN
APPROACHED IN A FRAGMENTED WAY; AIR, WATER, AND
SOLIDS POLLUTION ARE EACH DEALT WITH SEPARATELY.
THIS DISCUSSIION IS ORGANIZED IN TERMS OF THE MAIN
SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY WHICH PRODUCE WASTE,
PARTICULARLY URBAN AREAS, AND AN ATTEMPT IS
MADE TO LOOK AT THE WASTE PROBLEM IN ITS EN-
TIRETY. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL
IS VIEWED AS A MATERIALS BALANCE PROBLEM FOR THE
ENTIRE ECONOMY. DETAILED EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES OF
ACTUAL DISCHARGERS OF RESIDUALS TO THE ENVIRON-
MENT AND A DISCUSSION OF SOME TECHNOLOGIES FOR
THEIR MODIFICATION IS GIVEN. USING SCHEMATIC
RESIDUAL MATERIALS FLOW FOR THE HOUSEHOLD SEC-
TOR, EXCLUDING AUTOMOBILES, THE INTERDEPEN-
DENCES OF THE VARIOUS WASTE STREAMS IS SHOWN.
THE POINT IS MADE THAT OUR MARKET MECHANISM
FAILS TO DEAL APPROPRIATELY WITH THE ENTIRE
RESOURCES ALLOCATION PROBLEM AND DOES NOT
ADEQUATELY REFLECT THE COSTS OF DISPOSING OF
RESIDUAL, INCLUDING ANY COSTS TO THE OVERALL
SOCIETY ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR DISCHARGE INTO THE
ENVIRONMENT. TWO WAYS OF DEALING WITH THIS
PROBLEM ARE GIVEN. BOTH CALL FOR INTERNALIZING
THE PROBLEM TO TAKE ACCOUNT OF ALL COSTS AND
BENEFITS. THE SYSTEM TO BE USED IN REORGANIZING
OUR SOCIAL POLICY TO PRODUCE DIFFERENT RELATIVE
BURDENS BEING PLACED ON VARIOUS RESIUAL RECEIV-
ING ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA IS DESCRIBED. (W69-09563).
00102. EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY GOALS.
BEAN, E.L.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 61(7), 317-320, 1969.
THE ARTICLE EVALUATES USPHS WATER QUALITY STAN-
DARDS AND RELATES THE RISE OF NEW STANDARDS. THE
RECENT WORK OF AN AWWA COMMITTE TO ESTABLISH
HIGHER STANDARDS EMPHASIZES THAT WATER MUST
NOT ONLY BE SAFE, BUT ALSO CLEAR, PALATABLE, NON-
STAINING AND NONCORROSIVE, AND NOT TOO HARD.
AWWA HAS RECOMMENDED THE COMMITTEE'S GOALS TO
THE WATER INDUSTRY. THE BURDEN OF ACTION IS ON IN-
DIVUAL WATER SUPPLIERS, WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE TO
THEIR CONSUMERS. MANY CONSUMERS MAY STIFLE AT-
TEMPTS FOR HIGHER QUALITY WATER BECAUSE OF THE
COMMON CONCEPTION OF WATER AS 'CHEAP. ' WATER
WORKS MANAGEMENT, WHICH HAS EDUCATED THE
PUBLIC TOWARD LOW COST, SHOULD REORIENT CON-
SUMERS TOWARD QUALITY AND CREATE A CUSTOMER
DEMAND FOR BETTER WATER. THE AWWA COMMITTE ON
WATER QUALITY GOALS HAS BEGUN A SURVEY TO
DETERMINE THE FIELD STATUS OF WATER QUALITY CON-
TROL. OTHER RESEARCH NEEDS INCLUDE: SIMPLER TESTS
TO MEASURE CORROSIV1TY, TOXICS AND ORGANIC CON-
STITUENTS; INSECTICIDE HAZARDS; REFINED MEASURE-
MENT OF EITHER ZETA OR STREAMING POTENTIALS; EF-
FECTS OF MINERALS ON HEALTH; REDUCTION OF
SCHISTOSMIAS1S; M1TRATE-NITRITE DANGERS; VIRUS CON-
TROL; AND IMPROVED SENSORS FOR MONITORING WATER.
(W69-09564).
00103. WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS OF A FLORIDA
PHOSPHATE OPERATION.
BOYLE, J.R.
BUREAU OF MINES, KNOXVILLE, TENN. KNOX-
VILLE OFFICE OF MINERAL RESOURCES.
THE WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD USED AT THE INTERNA-
TIONAL MINERALS AND CHEMICAL CORPORATIONS'S
NORALYN PHOSPHATE OPERATIONS IN POLK COUNTY,
FLA., WAS STUDIED TO DEVELOP COST ESTIMATES, PRO-
VIDE BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF CURRENT PRACTICES,
GUIDE CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS AND
IDENTIFY POSSIBLE AREAS OF RESEARCH. COST ESTI-
MATES WERE BASED ON CAPACITIES OF EXISTING FACILI-
TIES, BUT THE PHOSPHATE PRODUCTION AND SLIME
GENERATION STATISTICS USED IN THE CALCULATIONS
WERE ESTIMATES RATHER THAN DATA DRAWN FROM
COMPANY RECORDS. COST ESTIMATES REPRESENT A
BASIS FOR CALCULATING WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS FOR
OTHER PHOSPHATE PLANTS WHICH UTILIZE THE SAME
METHOD OF DISPOSAL. TOTAL OPERATING COST OF
DISPOSAL IS ESTIMATED TO BE 33.0 CENTS PER TON OF
PRODUCT BASED ON AN ASSUMED 4.5 MILLION TONS OF
SLIME PER YEAR. NET OPERATING COST IS ESTIMATED TO
BE 24.5 CENTS PER TON OF PRODUCT AFTER CREDIT OF 8.5
CENTS PER TON FOR RECIRCULATED WATER FROM THE
SETTLING PONDS TO THE PLANT. TO CONSERVE MINERAL
RESOURCES AND TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDI-
TIONS, RESEARCH SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO DEVELOPING
ALTERNATIVES METHODS OF DISPOSAL, INCLUDING THE
RECOVERY OF THE VALUES FROM THE SLIMES AND THE
DEWATER1NG OF THE SLIMES. (GPO $0.35) (W69-07454).
00104. WHAT PRICE A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT.
CARLSON, J.W.
JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION,
24(3), 84-88, MAY-JUNE 1969.
ATTEMPTING TO ABATE POLLUTION IMPLIES THAT EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY GOALS HAVE BEEN ASSESSED.
23
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
GOALS MUST VARY WITH COST, AND COST OF QUALITY
CONTROL MUST NOT EXCEED THE DAMAGE INFLICTED.
COSTS AND BENEFITS, THEN, MUST BE MEASURED.
BENEFITS ARE OFTEN DIFFICULT TO MEASURE BECAUSE
WE LACK ADEQUATE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OR SO-
CIAL INDICATORS. THERE ARE PROBLEMS WITH DETER-
MINING THE NATURAL WELL-BEING, MEASURING
AESTHETIC AND HEALTH BENEFITS, AND PROJECTING
BENEFITS INTO THE FUTURE FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS.
COSTS OF IMPROVEMENTS ARE EASIER TO MEASURE
THAN BENEFITS, BUT ANALYSTS SHOULD BE WARY OF
USING SIMPLE CALCULATION METHODS. ALL OF THE NEW
DATA THAT ARE AVAILABLE MUST BE UTILIZED IN ORDER
TO PREVENT INFLATED COST ESTIMATES. A RECENT
FEDERAL STUDY FOUND THAT COSTS WERE MUCH LOWER
THAN EXPECTED. COSTS TO INDUSTRY ARE ONLY A FRAC-
TION OF ONE PERCENT OF THE VALUE ADDED. CON-
SUMERS COULD FINANCE ABATEMENT WITH A SIMILAR
FRACTION OF ANNUAL INCOME. MANAGMENT OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT, AND
THIS CAN BEST BE DONE IF MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS
CAN ENCOMPASS THE LOCATION WHERE THEY ORIGINATE
AND CAUSE DAMAGE. (W69-09063) ALITY CONTROL.
THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEMS ARE
DISCUSSED WITH REFERENCE TO PENDING LEGISLATION.
WATER TREATMENT PROJECTS BY PUBLIC UTILITY INDUS-
TRIES ARE DETERRED BECAUSE OF THEIR COST WHICH IS
ESTIMATED AT $1.8 BILLION DOLLARS IN 5 YEARS. THESE
COMPANIES ARE FUNDING STUDIES OK WATER POLLUTION
EFFECTS, HOWEVER. LARGER AND MORE CONCENTRATED
HEAT LOADS ARE PREDICTED WITH SUBSTANTIATING
DATA. LICENSING OF THE PLANTS MAY SOON REQUIRE
COMPLIANCE WITH WATER QUALITY STANDARDS TO BE
DECIDED BY STATE AGENCIES. VARIOUS COOLING FACILI-
TIES ARE DESCRIBED WITH EXAMPLES OF EXISTING CON-
STRUCTION. COST IS DEPENDENT ON THE CHOICE OF THE
SYSTEM AND CANNOT BE GENERALIZED FOR COOLING
LAGOONS, COOLING TOWERS, MECHANICAL DRAFT
(FORCED OR INDUCED BLOWER SYSTEMS), NATURAL
DRAFT. (W69-09047).
00105. DEBATE ON THERMAL ISSUE CONTINUES.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
3(5), 425-427, 1969.
00106. CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS (WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).
OHIO REV CODE ANN SECS 6101.13, 6101.15,
6101.19 (PAGE 1953), AS AMENDED, (SVPP 1970).
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS
SHALL PREPARE PLANS FOR WATER IMPROVEMENTS FOR
THEIR DISTRICTS. UNLESS REQUESTED BY THE GOVERN-
ING BODIES OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS SUCH PLANS
SHALL NOT PROVIDE A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OR
SYSTEM FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. THE BOARD OF
DIRECTORS HAS SUPERVISORY CONTROL OVER THE IM-
PLEMENTATION OF PLANS. IN ORDER TO ACCOMPLISH
WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY CONTROL, A BOARD
MAY: ALTER ANY WATERCOURSE, DITCH, SEWER, RIVER,
OR STREAM; FILL UP THE SAME AND DIVERT WATER
FLOW; CONSTRUCT NECESSARY STRUCTURES FOR WATER
CONTROL AND WASTE TREATMENT; AND CONSTRUCT
CONNECTIONS TO WORKS FOR THE DELIVERY OF WATER
SUPPLY OR SEWAGE. FOR THESE PURPOSES, A BOARD
MAY ALSO ACQUIRE, SELL, OR CONTROL REAL OR PER-
SONAL PROPERTY. A BOARD MAY MAKE SUCH REGULA-
TIONS AS ARE NECESSARY TO PROTECT IMPROVEMENT IN
CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS. IT MAY PRESCRIBE REGULA-
TIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURES; THE CON-
NECTION OF SEWERS, DITCHES OR PIPELINES WITH THE
WORKS OF A DISTRICT; THE PERMISSIBLE USES OF THE
WATER SUPPLY; AND THE DISCHARGE OF LIQUID AND
SOLID WASTES INTO SEWERS. PERSONS VIOLATING SUCH
REGULATIONS SHALL BE LIABLE FOR THEIR DAMAGE.
(W69-03644).
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR
CAPACITIES AND COSTS.
DUCAR, G.J.; LEVIN, P.
FWPCA OHIO BASIN REGION, ROBERT A TAFT
WATER RESEARCH CENTER, REPORT TWRC-10,
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH
LABORATORY, CINCINNATI, OHIO SEPT 1969. 72
P.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO EVAL-
UATE SEWAGE SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION
SYSTEMS IS DESCRIBED. DATA FOR THE PROGRAM WAS
COLLECTED FROM MANUFACTURERS, A LITERATURE SUR-
VEY AND FIELD TRIPS TO OPERATING INSTALLATIONS.
MOST OF THE DATA OBTAINED FROM THE FIELD BECAUSE
OF THE LACK OF AVAILABLE INFORMATION FROM THE
OTHER SOURCES. MORE THAN FIFTY CORRELATION RELA-
TIONSHIPS WERE ATTEMPTED BEFORE THE NECESSARY
DATA COULD BE REASONABLY REPRESENTED. EQUATIONS
WERE DEVEOPED FOR THE LEAST SQUARE CURVES WHICH
FITTED THE DATA BEST. THESE EQUATIONS WERE USED
AS THE BASIS FOR THE COMPUTER PROGRAM DEVELOPED
TO SIZE SOME OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS AND TO ESTI-
MATE CAPITAL, OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
FOR THE FLUDIZED BED INCINERATION SYSTEM. (PB-I89
295) (W70-036IO).
00108. WATER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.
OHIO REV CODE ANN SECS 6121.01 THRU 6121.05
(PAGE SVPP 1970).
VARIOUS TERMS RELATED TO WATER RESOURCES AND
WATER CONSERVATION IN OHIO ARE DEFINED INCLUD-
ING: BENEFICIAL USE, WATERS OF THE STATE, WATER
RESOURCES, WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, POLLUTION,
INDUSTRIAL WASTE, WASTE WATER, WASTE AND WATER
MANAGMENT FACILITIES. IT IS THE STATE POLICY OF
OHIO TO CONSERVE, DEVELOP, UTILIZE AND MAINTAIN
ITS WATER RESOURCES; TO PREVENT OR ABATE WATER
POLLUTION; AND TO PROMOTE THE BENEFICIAL USE OF
STATE WATERS. PURSUANT TO THIS POLICY, THE OHIO
WATER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY IS CREATED. THE
AUTHORITY MAY MAKE LOANS OR GRANTS TO GOVERN-
MENTAL AGENCIES FOR THE ACQUISITION OR CONSTRUC-
TION OF WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS. IT MAY
ESTABLISH RULES AND REGULATION FOR USE OF WATER
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS. IT MAY ALSO ESTABLISH RULES
AND REGULATIONS TO PROTECT AUGMENTED FLOW IN
STATE WATERS BROUGHT ABOUT BY AUGMENTED FLOW.
METHODS OF FINANCING, OPERATIONS, AND SUPERVISION
OF WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ARE DESCRIBED. THE
AUTHORITY MAY ENGAGE IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT WITH RESPECT TO WASTE WATER AND WATER
MANAGEMENT FACILITIES. (W70-03575).
00109. ACQUISITION OF LAND TO PREVENT CON-
^AMINATION.
PA STAT ANN TIT 53, SEC 2992 (1957).
ANY MUNICIPALITY, EXCEPT THIRD CLASS CITIES MAY
ACQUIRE AND HOLD LANDS WHICH ARE CONTIGUOUS TO
STREAMS OR RESERVOIRS FROM WHICH WATER IS TAKEN
FOR PUBLIC USE WHEN IT IS NECESSARY TO PRESERVE
THE RESERVOIRS FROM CONTAMINATION. THESE LANDS
MAY BE ACQUIRED BY PURCHASE OR CONDEMNATION
24
-------
REFERENCE LIST
NO LAND, HOWEVER, SHALL BE TAKEN UNTIL JUST COM-
PENSATION HAS BEEN MADE FOR PROPERTY TAKEN, UN-
JURED, OR DESTROYED. (W70-03532).
00110. CURRENT PRACTICE IN POTATO PROCESSING
WASTE TREATMENT.
GUTTORMSEN, K; CARLSON, D.A.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION RESEARCH SERIES REPORT DAST-14,
OCT 1969. 109 P.
POTATO PROCESSING, WASTE TREATMENT, AND CURRENT
AND NEEDED RESEARCH !N WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN
THIS PRODUCTION FIELD ARE DISCUSSED. A BRIEF DIS-
CR1PTION IS GIVEN OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POTATO AND THE EFFECTS AND IMPORTANCE OF
CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON
POTATO PROCESSING. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE
PRODUCTION PROCESSES ARE INCLUDED AND THE
LITERATURE IS EXTENSIVELY REVIEWED TO PRESENT
CURRENT AND PROPOSED WASTE TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY. THE MOST URGENT RESEARCH NEEDS ARE
DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH SUGGESTED METHODS FOR
MEETING THESE NEEDS (PB-189 232) (W70-03433).
00111. FOAM SEPARATION OF KRAFT PULPING
WASTES.
FWPCA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH
SERIES, DAST-3, OCT 1969. 81 P.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF FOAM SEPARATION WERE CON-
DUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS
PROCESS FOR REDUCING B. O. D., SOLIDS CONTENT, AND
FOAMING TENDENCY OF CLARIFIED KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT. SINCE KRAFT PULPING WASTES HAVE A NATU-
RAL TENDENCY TO FOAM. IT WAS EXPECTED THAT THE
FOAMING PROCESS, WHICH HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE USE-
FUL IN TREATING DOMESTIC WASTES, MIGHT HAVE APPLI-
CATIONS IN TREATMENT OF THESE EFFLUENTS. BOTH
CONTINUOUS FLOW AND BATCH EXPERIMENTS WERE
CONDUCTED, AND LIQUID AND FOAM HEIGHTS, LIQUID
FEED RATES, AIR SPARGING RATES, AND TEMPERATURE
WERE VARIED OVER WIDE RANGES. THE B. O. D. REDUC-
TION IN THE TREATED LIQUID WAS DISAPPOINTING
SMALL, AVERAGING LESS THAN 5 PER CENT, AND THE B.
O. D. ENRICHMENT IN THE FOAM PHASE WAS IN MOST
CASES LESS THAN 1.5 TIMES THAT OF THE FEED. SOLIDS
REMOVAL WAS CORRESPONDINGLY LOW. FOAMING TEN-
DENCY, HOWEVER, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED BY THE
INTENTIONAL FOAMING PROCESS WITH REDUCTIONS OF
40 TO 60 PER CENT IN THIS VARIABLE BEING OBTAINED.
THE REDUCTION IN FOAMING TENDENCY WAS A STRONG
FUNCTION OF GAS-TO-LIOUID RATIO WITH THE MOST EF-
FECTIVE OPERATING RANGE BEING BETWEEN 1.0 AND 1.5
SCFM/GALLON. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS SUGGEST
THAT THE REDUCTIONS IN B. O. D. AND FOAMING TEN-
DENCY WERE RELATED TO THE SEPARATION OF THE
TALL 6lL COMPONENTS OF THE WASTE. THESE COM-
PONENTS WERE CONCENTRATED IN THE FOAM FRACTION,
BUT THEY ACCOUNT FOR A MAXIMUM OF ONLY 10 TO 12
PER CENT OF THE B. O. D. OF THE RAW FEED. AP-
PARENTLY THE REMAINING B. O. D. -PRODUCING MATERI-
ALS WERE NOT SURFACE ACTIVE AND DID NOT ATTACH
THEMSELVES TO THE SURFACE-ACTIVE COMPONENTS.
THE COST OF USING A FOAM PROCESS ON KRAFT MILL
WASTES IS ESTIMATED TO BE FOUR TO FIVE PER CENT PER
1000 GALLONS OF FEED; THIS COST IS EXCLUSIVE OF
FURTHER PROCESSING OF THE CONCENTRATED FOAMATE.
BASED ON CONTROL OF FOAMING TENDENCY ALONE, THE
PROCESS WOULD BE UNATTRACTIVE FROM A COST
STANDPOINT. (PB-189 160) (W70-03350).
00112. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
KNEESE, A.V.
BALTIMORE, JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, 1964. 215 P
THIS BOOK IS DESIGNED TO SHED LIGHT ON HOW TO
DETERMINE ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL REGIONAL
SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING WATER QUALITY AND HOW TO
DEVISE APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL FORMS AND TOOLS
FOR MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY. TO ACHEIVE
THIS PURPOSE, BOTH THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF
RESOURCES ALLOCATION AND CASE STUDIES OF ACTUAL
SITUATIONS ARE USED. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIEN-
TIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER QUALITY
IS INCLUDED, FOLLOWED BY THE IDENTIFICATION OF
MAJOR WASTE MATERIALS ENTERING WATERCOURSES
AND METHODS OF TREATING BOTH WASTE WATER AND
WATER SUPPLIES. FOLLOWING THIS DISCUSSION IS AN
OUTLINE OF THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES ALLOCATION
THEORY AS RELATED SPECIFICALLY TO WASTE DISPOSAL
PROBLEMS, AND ESPECIALLY THAT OF WATER POLLU-
TION. THE CRITERIA OF COST ASSESSMENT AND REDIS-
TRIBUTION ARE APPLIED TO THE WATER QUALITY
PROBLEM IN THE OHIO BASIN. REGIONAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ARE THEN DISCUSSED AS WATER
QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEMS WHICH ARE PART OF
GENERAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND MUST
BE PLANNED ACCORDINGLY. THE RUHR AREA OF WEST
GERMANY IS STUDIED IN THIS RESPECT, PREVIOUS TO A
SURVEY OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS AREA ON PRESNET
AND FUTURE POLICY-MAKING. (W69-0898I).
00113. POLLUTION CHARGES, WASTE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY INVESTMENT, AND WATER
QUALITY: THE PUBLIC COSTS OF A PUBLIC
GOOD.
BOYD, J.H.
OHIO STATE UNIV WATER RESOURCES CENTER
REP JAN 1969. 89 P.
A SYSTEM ANALYSIS STUDY WAS MADE OF THE RELA-
TIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTION-CHARGE TAX INCOME
AND THE COSTS OF AUGMENTATION OF WASTE ASSIMILA-
TIVE CAPACITY, WITH BOTH SET TO MAXIMIZE BENEFITS
TO RIVERS. PARAMETRIC COST FUNCTIONS FOR SEVERAL
WASTE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ARE DERIVED. IT IS
CONCLUDED THAT LOW-FLOW AUGMENTATION COUPLED
WITH OPTIMAL-LEVEL POLLUTION CHARGES WILL
PROBABLY GENERATE SUBSTANTIAL FINANCIAL SUR-
PLUSES, WHILE ARTIFICIAL AERATION WILL PROBABLY
BREAK EVEN OR GENERATE A SMALL DEFICIT. (W69-
08751).
00114. THE SCIENTIST'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE
CONTROL OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT.
HOLIFIELD, C.
PROC 2ND NATL SYMP ON RADIOECOLOGY, MAY
15-17, 1967, ANN ARBOR, MICH. US ATOMIC
ENERGY COMM, DOC CONF 670503, P 1-8.
AUTHOR DISCUSSES ECOLOGICAL ISSUES, ESPECIALLY EF-
FECTS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES ON ECOSYSTEMS FROM
PANAMA CANAL TO NORTHERN COASTS OF ALASKA AND
EFFECTS OF FALLOUT-THE ESKIMO'S PROBLEM OF BODY
BURDEN ACCUMULATIONS VIA FOOD CHAIN. PEACEFUL
APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES DEMAND CON-
SULTATION WITH ECOLOGIST. URANIUM MINERS" EXPO-
SURE TO RADIATION STILL REQUIRES SOLUTIONS.
CITIZENS' REVOLT AGAINST POLLUTION OF THEIR EN-
VIRONMENT DEMANDS CORRECTIVE ACTION. DATA AF-
FECTING HEALTH AND WELFARE MUST BE OBTAINED.
25
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REMEDIAL ACTION IS BEING SLOWLY INSTIGATED. AD-
MINISTRATORS USING RESULTS OF RESEARCH MUST USE
THEM PROPERLY AS IMPROPER IMPRESSIONS OF CONCLU-
SIONS MAY LEAD TO UNSUITABLE DECISIONS BY LAYMEN.
LOW COST ENERGY FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CAN
BE USED TO PURIFY AND RECLAIM WATER SUPPLIES.
GIVEN THIS CLEAN ENERGY IN ABUNDANCE, RAILROADS
COULD BE ELECTRIFIED, SEWAGE PASTER1ZED, CITIES
CENTRALLY HEATED AND REFRIGERATED. ENERGY
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED MORE IN URBAN PLANNING,
EVEN THE LOCATION OF REACTORS IN THE HEART OF CI-
TIES. ALTHOUGH QUANTITIES OF NUCLEAR WASTE
WOULD HAVE TO BE STORED, TECHNIQUES ARE NOW
BEING REFINED FOR DISPOSAL, INCLUDING STORAGE IN
SALT MINES. (CONF 670 503) (W69-08683).
00115. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL SERIES, FWPCA RE-
PORT ORD-2, AUG. 1969. 184 P.
THIS REPORT IS AN INTENSIVE STUDY OF THE DISPOSAL
OF WASTES FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS. THE
WASTES INCLUDE FILTER WASHWATER; SLUDGE RESULT-
ING FROM COAGULATION, SOFTENING, IRON AND MAN-
GANESE REMOVAL PROCESSES; DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
FILTRATION; AND ION EXCHANGE BRINES. THE CONTROL
OF POLLUTION FROM THESE WASTES IS A HIGH PRIORITY
PROBLEM FOR THE WATER UTILITY INDUSTRY. A SERIES
OF FOUR STATUS REPORTS DESCRIBE IN DETAIL WHAT IS
KNOWN OF THE RESEARCH, ENGINEERING, PLANT OPERA-
TION, AND REGULATORY ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM. A
SPECIAL REPORT REVIEWS CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AND
ANALYZES COSTS OF DISPOSAL METHODS, BASED ON
DATA COLLECTED FROM FIFTEEN OPERATING PLANTS. A
CONFERENCE WAS ORGANIZED TO PROVIDE EXPERT
EVALUATION OF EACH REPORT AND TO EXTEND THE
DATA AVAILABLE. FINAL REPORTS WERE PREPARED BY
COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS TO IDENTI-
FY FUTURE NEEDS FOR INFORMATION IN EACH ASPECT OF
THE WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM. THESE REPORTS RECOM-
MEND SUBSTANTIALLY EXPANDED PROGRAMS OF
RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION. THEY INCLUDE EXTEN-
SIVE LISTS OF SPECIFIC PROBLEMS WHICH MUST BE IN-
VESTIGATED TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMICAL
TECHNOLOGY. COMMITTEE REPORTS ALSO RECOMMEND
ESTA1.1SHMENT OF A CENTRAL SERVICE TO PROMOTE THE
PLANNING OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, AND TO IM-
PLEMENT EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS OF NEW OR IMPROVED
TECHNOLOGY. THE SERVICE WOULD COLLECT, COOR-
DINATE, AND DISSEMINATE DATA ON ALL ASPECTS OF
WATHR TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS.
(PB-186 157) (W70-OOI62).
00116. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTAN-
DARD QUALITY WATER IN WEBSTER AND
OTHER COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH DAKOTA.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO 463, OCT
30, 1969. 192 P.
WEBSTER, S. D., (POPULATION 2,500) WAS ONE OF THE
FIVE SITES CHOSEN BY THE OFFICE OF SALINE WATER FOR
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DESALINATION DEMONSTRA-
TION PLANT. SINCE 1962, WEBSTER'S MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLY HAS BEEN PRIMARILY MADE UP OF THE PRODUCT
WATER FROM 250000 GPD ELECTRODIALYS1S FACILITY.
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY WAS TO COMPARE THE MU-
NICIPAL USE TO THE WATER BEFORE AND AFTER THE
CHANGEOVER FROM BRACKISH WATER TO A MUNICIPAL
SUPPLY OF REDUCED MINERAL CONTENT. MORE SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES WERE TO COMPUTE IDENTIFIABLE COST
ITEMS RELATED TO THE USE OF CENTRALLY SOFTENED
BRACKISH WATER VERSUS THE USE OF DEMlNERALIpED
WATER. REPLACEMENT COSTS WERE SHARPLY REDUCED
FOR HOT WATER HEATERS INSTALLED AFTER 1962. FIF-
TEEN OTHER S. D. COMMUNITIES WERE LIKEWISE SUR-
VEYED. AGREEMENT AMONG USERS WAS NOT CLEARLY
UNANIMOUS. TO THE NATIVE HOUSEWIFE SOFTNESS WAS
MORE IMPORTANT THAN GENERALLY LOW MINERAL CON-
TENT. INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMERCIAL USERS
DISTINCTLY PREFERRED THE DEMINERALIZED WATER.
(W70-00272).
00117. RESEARCH GOALS AND PROGRESS TOWARD
THEM.
KNEESE, A.V.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN A GROWING
ECONOMY, BALTIMORE, THE JOHNS HOPKINS
PRESS, P 69-87, 1966.
THE ARTICLE IS CONCERNED WITH THE USEFUL STUDY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROBLEMS. ECONOMIC STU-
DIES OF THESE PROBLEMS FALL INTO FOUR CATEGORIES:
CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES, EMPIRI-
CAL EVALUATION STUDIES, CONTROL SYSTEMS STUDIES,
AND STUDIES BEARING UPON DESIRABLE INSTITUTIONAL
CHANGE. KNOWLEDGE OF THE ECONOMICS OF ALTERNA-
TIVE SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT WHEN COMBINED WITH
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE CAN BE THE BASIS FOR GREAT
OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH AND CONSTRUCTIVE IN-
NOVATIONS IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, LAW, AND AD-
MINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS. IN ECONOMIC STUDIES,
OPTIMUM RULES, STANDARDS, OR OTHER TECHNIQUES
FOR CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MUST
RESULT FROM ANALYSIS OF VALUES. IF, AS OFTEN HAP-
PENS, SUCH VALUE-BASED RULES CANNOT ACHIEVE OP-
TIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, MORE
DIRECT AND EXPLICIT COLLECTIVE ACTION ON A RE-
GIONAL SCALE IS INDICATED. FINALLY, APPROPRIATE
RESEARCH ON HOW TO DESIGN SUITABLE INSTITUTIONAL
AND ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS IS NEEDED TO
IMPLEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND PROCEDURES
SUGGESTED BY ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
THIS ARTICLE IS OF INTEREST TO THE WATER RESOURCE
RESEARCHER DUE TO THE KEY ROLE HE PLAYS IN THIS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ALSO
DUE TO THE EXTENSIVE USE OF WATER RESOURCE STU-
DIES IN THE PLANNING PROCESS. (W70-00619).
00118. COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY FALKSON).
FALKSON, L.M.
IN THE FRESH WATER OF NEW YORK STATE: ITS
CONSERVATION AND USE, P 58-60, WM C BROWN
BOOK CO, DUBUQUE, IOWA, 1967.
NON-ECONOMISTS IN THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FIELD TEND TO LOOK FOR ANSWERS FROM THE
ECONOMISTS, OR SOME SORT OF JUSTIFICATION FOR DECI-
SIONS WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEEN MADE. THE
ECONOMIST'S MAJOR POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION IS THE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK WHICH HE CAN PROVIDE FOR
ANALYZING THE PROBLEM OF WATER POLLUTION THE
CONCEPT OF OPTIMIZATION IS A RECURRENT AND BASIC
ECONOMIC PROBLEM. HOWEVER, UNTIL BENEFIT FUNC-
TIONS FOR WATER QUALITY ARE ESTIMATED, THE
ECONOMIST'S OPTIMIZATION MODEL CANNOT BE APPLIED
IF A SEOND BEST SOLUTION IS SOUGHT IN WHICH CERTAIN
PREDETERMINED STREAM STANDARDS ARE MET AT
LEAST COST VALUES, A SYSTEM OF EFFLUENT CHARGES
COULD ACHIEVE THE SAME RESULT AND AT CON-
SIDERABLY LESS ADMINISTRATIVE COST THAN EXISTING
PRACTICES. HOWEVER, EFFLUENT CHARGES ARE NOT EN-
26
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REFERENCE LIST
TIRELY ACCEPTABLE AND THE ECONOMIST'S ALTERNA-
TIVE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM ARE NEEDED. (W70-
00613).
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
ACKERMAN, W.C.
TECHNICAL LETTER 12, ILLINOIS STATE WATER
SURVEY, JUNE 1969. 12 P.
ESTIMATING THE COSTS OF CONSTRUCTING AND OPERAT-
ING A MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITY ARE
POSSIBLE FROM THE DATA GIVEN. SUCH COSTS MAY BE
ESTIMATED FROM THE REGRESSION LINES OF THE
FIGURES INCLUDED; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF THE
BEST FIT LINES OF REGRESSION ARE GIVEN SUCH THAT
THE ESTIMATES ARE CORRECT 16 PERCENTOF THE TIME.
CONSTRUCTION COSTS ARE INDEXED; THE BASE OF THE
INDEX DEPENDED ON GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. A
TABLE IS INCLUDED TO FACILIATATE COMPARISON OF
CONSTRUCTION COSTS. ANNUAL UNIT OPERATING COSTS
IN TERMS OF DOLLARS PER POPULATION EQUIVALENT OF
WASTES TREATED ARE PRESENTED. ALSO INCLUDED IS
THE COST OF LAND WHICH REPRESENTS A SIGNIFICANT
PROPORTION OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR LAGOON CON-
STRUCTION. FINALLY, A TREND LINE OF THE CONSTRUC-
TION COST INDICES IS GIVEN SO THAT THE FORECASTS
MAY BE MADE. AN EXAMPLE IS WORKED OUT TO DEMON-
STRATE HOW TO UTILIZE THE DATA IN ESTIMATING
COSTS. (W70-00493).
00120. EXTERNALITIES AND THE QUALITY OF AIR
AND WATER.
DAVIS, O.A.; KAMIEN, M.I.
VIRGINIA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER,
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, SHORT
SOURCE, P 15-20, APR 28-30, 1969. 15 P
THE COSTS AND BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH ANY
DESIRED LEVEL OF AIR AND WATER QUALITY IN THE
CONTEXT OF MODERN ECONOMIC CONCEPTS ARE EX-
PLAINED. IN THE ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, SUCH AS
AIR AND WATER, OPPORTUNITY OR REAL COSTS ARE IN-
CURRED. THE CITERION OF BEST ALLOCATION IS PARETO
OFriMALlTY WHICH ASSERTS THAT AN ALLOCATION OF
RESOURCES IS OPTIMAL IF NO REALLOCATION COULD
MAKE SOME MEMBERS OF SOCIETY BETTER OFF WITHOUT
MAKING OTHERS WORSE OFF. WHAT SHOULD BE
PRODUCED AND HOW MUCH ARE QUF.STIONS NOT AN-
SWERED BY PARETO OPTIMALITY, BUT BY VALUE JUDGE-
MENTS AS TRANSMITTED THROUGH POLITICAL
PROCESSES. THE MARKET MECHANISM ALLOCATES
RESOURCES WHICH ARE COMPATIBLE WITH CONSUMER
SOVEREIGNTY. PERFECT COMPETITION LEADS TO A
PARETO OPTIMALITY EQUILIBRIUM MIX OF COMMODITIES.
PECUNIARY EXTERNALITIES EXISTS WHEN THE BUYING
DECISION OF AN INDIVIDUAL AFFECTS PRICE.
TECHNOLOGICAL EXTERNALITIES EXIST WHEN ONE DECI-
SION UNIT AFFECTS THE DECISIONS OF OTHER UNITS. EX-
AMPLES OF BOTH TYPES OF EXTERNALITIES ARE GIVEN.
(W70-00490).
00121. EFFLUENT CHARGES.
RUSSEL, C.S.
VIRGINIA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER,
VIRGINIA POLYTEHCHNIC INSTITUTE, SHORT
COURSE, P 51-73, APR 28-30, 1969. 23 P.
ECONOMISTS ARE INTERESTED IN EFFLUENT CHANGES
FOR THEY ARE INTERESTED IN THE MANNER IN WHICH
MARKET PRICES LINK CHE COMPLEX SYSTEM OF
RESOURCE ALLOCATION. A THEORETICAL EXAMINATION
OF THE ROLE OF MARKET PRICES AND THE AFFECT ON EF-
FLUENT CHARGES IS GIVEN. TO ILLUSTRATE HOW MAR-
KET PRICES AFFECTS EFFLUENT CHARGES A SIMPLE, IL-
LUSTRATIVE CASE IS EXPLORED. THE CONDITIONS OF OP-
TIMAL WASTE REMOVAL ARE ILLUSTRATED. COST FUNC-
TIONS, INCLUDING TOTAL, AVERAGE, AND MARGINAL
COSTS, ARE UTILIZED IN THE DISCUSSION. IN APPLYING A
SYSTEM OF EFFLUENT CHARGES A WATER MANAGER IS
FACED WITH INSTITUTIONAL, POLITICA, TECHNOLOGICAL,
AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. SUCH PROBLEMS ARE
DISCUSSED. EFFLUENT CHARGES ARE USEFUL IN THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF SCHEMES BASED ON STREAM STAN-
DARDS. (W70-00489).
00122. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: SELECTED ISSUES.
MCKEAN, R.N.
VIRGINIA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER,
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, SHORT
COURSE, P 134-146, APR 28-30, 1969.
THE PROBLEM IN COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS THE VALUA-
TION OF INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF A PROPOSAL. SUBJEC-
TIVE BENEFITS ARE THE SPILL OVER BENEFITS OR EXTER-
NALITIES OF A PROJECT; 1. E. BENEFICIAL CONSEQUENCES
THAT DO NOT PASS THROUGH A MARKET AND FOR WHICH
THERE IS NO DIRECT EVIDENCE REGARDING HOW MUCH
PEOPLE ARE WILLING TO PAY FOR THEM. POSSIBLE WAYS
OF MEASURING AESTHETIC VALUES ARE: COMPARING
VALUES OF PROJECTS THAT DO CONTAIN CERTAIN
AESTHETIC CHARACTERSTICS WITH THOSE PROJECTS
THAT DO NOT; CONSULT AN EXPERT PANEL. RECREA-
TIONAL SERVICES ARE ALSO SUBJECTIVE BENEFITS, AND
ONE METHOD OF EVALUATING SUCH SERVICES IS TO ESTI-
MATE DIFFERENCES IN THE AMOUNTS PEOPLE ARE
WILLING TO SPEND FOR TRAVEL TO AND FROM THE
FACILITY. COSTS INFLICTED ON OTHERS THAT DO NOT
PASS THROUGH ANY MARKET ARE THEREFORE NOT
VOLUNTARILY ACCEPTED BECAUSE OF AN EXCHANGE.
SUCH COSTS ARE DIFFICULT TO EVALUATE. THE VALUE
OF THESE SOCIAL BENEFIT AND COSTS DEPEND ON THE
WELFARE CRITIERION ACCEPTED BY SOCIETY. (W70-
00487).
00123. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
VIRGINIA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER,
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, SHORT
COURSE, APR 28-30, 1969. 303 P.
THIS PUBLICATION CONTAINS 17 ARTICLES, SIX OF WHICH
DEAL WITH DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION.
THE AREAS COVERED ARE: EXTERNALITIES AND WATER
QUALITY; PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE GOODS; EFFLUENT
CHANGES; WASTE ABATEMENT AND U. S. SUBSIDIES;
SELECTED ISSUES OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; AND, THE
MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC LOSSES FROM UNCOMPEN-
SATED EXTERNALITIES. ONE APPENDIX LISTS THE PAR-
TICIPANTS IN THE THREE DAY SHORT COURSE AND THE
SECOND APPENDIX LISTS THE BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMA-
TION OF THE SPEAKERS. (W70-00486).
00124. REDUCING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE
WILMINGTON OIL FIELD BY THE USE OF
SALINE WATERS.
PIERCE, R.L.
PROC AMER GEOPHYS UNION MEETING, APR 21-
25, 1969. PAPER H-6S.
THE SUBSIDENCE AT LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA AT-
TRIBUTED TO THE WILMINGTON OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT
ENCOMPASSED AN AREA OF 22 SO MI. SUBSIDENCE
RANGED FROM 2 FT TO 30 FT, BUT THE OIL FIELD IS PAR-
27
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TIALLY IN THE TIDELANDS OF LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA,
AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN PROVIDED A CONVENIENT
SUPPLY OF SALINE WATER NECESSARY TO CORRECT SUB-
SIDENCE BY INJECTION OF SEA WATER. THE INJECTION OF
SALINE WATER SUCCESSFULLY STOPPED THE LONG
BEACH HARBOUR AREA SUBSIDENCE. BY 1968, 2.1 BILLION
BARRELS OF SALINE WATER WERE INJECTED IN TO THE
WILMINGTON OIL FIELD. THE BULK OF THIS OCEAN
PRODUCED FROM SOURCE WELLS OPEN TO SANDS 200 FT
TO 400 FT DEEP. THE CURRENT INJECTION RATE OF THE
FIELD IS 1.1 MILLION BARRELS PER DAY. EXPANDED USE
OF THE OIL FIELD'S PRODUCED BRINE FOR INJECTION IS
TAKING PLACE AND 550,000 BARRELS PER DAY OF THIS
BRINE WILL REPLACE SOURCE WELL WATER DURING 1969.
THE METHOD BEING USED TO CLEAN THE OIL FIELD'S
PRODUCED BRINE INCLUDE: (1) FILTRATION, (2) RE-
CYCLING THROUGH THE SHALLOW SOURCE WATER BEDS,
AND (3) BLENDING WITH FRESH OR OTHER SALINE
WATERS. (W70-00447).
00125. COMBATING POLLUTION CREATED BY OIL
SPILLS, VOLUME I: METHODS.
PASTHUHOV, S.S.; GRAY, S.S.; WECHSLER, A. .E.
US COAST GUARD, JUNE, 08 1969. 151 P
OF PRIMARY INTEREST TO THE PROFESSIONAL, THIS
STUDY PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE STATE-OF-THE-
ART OF AVAILABLE METHODS FOR COMBATING OIL
SPILLS, ALONG WITH THEIR BASIC TECHNOLOGY. IT RATES
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EACH METHOD ON THE BASIS OF
TECHNICAL, ECOLOGICAL, AND OPERATIONAL CON-
SIDERATIONS AND PRESENTS QUALITATIVE COST INFOR-
MATION ASSOCIATED WITH ACTUAL OIL SPILL CLEANUP
OPERATIONS. DISCUSSED ARE MECHANICAL REMOVAL,
PHYSICAL SINKING METHODS, CHEMICAL DISPERSION,
PHYSICAL ABSORPTION, COMBUSTION, BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION. BECAUSE OF THE UNDEVELOPED STATE-
OF-THE-ART OF THE VARIOUS COMBATANT METHODS,
THE INDICATED COSTS IN THE COST ANALYSIS ARE NOT
SO MUCH QUANTITATIVE MEASURES AS THEY ARE COM-
PARATIVE ONES. (AD-696 635) (W70-02744).
00126. DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION AN-
NUAL REPORT 1969.
DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION, TRENTON,
NJ, 08663, 1969. 21 P
THIS IS THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ONLY INTERSTATE-
FEDERAL ORGANIZATION COVERING THE FULL RANGE OF
WATER MANANGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. THE
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REPORT RELATES
MOSTLY TO WATER QUALITY CONTROL. THE COMMISSION
FIRST ADOPTED RIVER QUALITY STANDARDS SIMILAR TO
THOSE 1MPOSF.D ELSEWHERE. IT WAS THEN ESTIMATED
THAT THIS REQUIRED A REDUCTION BY TWO-THIRDS OF
THE OXYGEN-CONSUMING WASTES ENTERING THE ESTUA-
RY. THIS TOTAL WAS THEN SUBDIVIDED INTO FOUR
ZONES, SINCE IT WAS FOUND THAI' ECONOMIC EFFICIEN-
CY WOULD NOT BE SERVED BY SIMILAR TREATMENT OF
ALL ZONES. DURING 1969 AN ALLOTMENT WAS MADE TO
EACH INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT
OF ITS MAXIMUM CONTRIBUTION TO THE TOTAL LOAD.
THIS TRANSPOSES THE STREAM STANDARDS, WHICH
REPRESENT ONLY A GENERAL OBJECTIVE. TO EFFLUENT
STANDARDS, WHICH REPRESENT A SPECIFIC RESTRAINT
ON THE INDIVIDUAL POLLUTER. FOLLOWING THIS, ABATE-
MENT SCHEDULES ARE APPROVED, BY WHICH THE TIMING
FOR MEETING THE TARGET IS AGREED UPON. A NUMBER
OF APPEALS ARE STILL PENDING, BUT 74* OF THE
DISCHARGERS HAVE ALREADY ACCEPTED THE EFFLUENT
STANDARDS. PROGRESS IS ALSO BEING MADE TOWARDS
ORGANIZING CENTRALIZED (OR 'REGIONAL') WASTE COL-
LECTION, CONVEYANCE AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS,
WHICH ARE EXPECTED TO PROVIDE ADVANTAGES OF
ECONOMY, EFFICIENCY AND EASIER POLLUTION CON-
TROL. THE OPERATIONS OF THE DRBC ARE OF GREAT SIG-
NIFICANCE NATIONALLY, SINCE SIMILAR ACTIONS WILL
HAVE TO BE TAKEN IN MANY DEVELOPED RECKONS, BUT
INSTITUTIONS TO ESTABLISH SUCH PROGRAMS IN LARGE
RIVER BASINS ARE GENERALLY LACKING. (W70-02694).
00127. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
WRIGHT, C.D.
WATER WASTES ENGR, 6(6), 34-36, JUNE 1969.
AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT (3 MDG) IN PLEASANT
HILLS, PA., OPERATED SATISFACTORILY FOR SEVERAL
YEARS THEN BECAME UNSTABLE OR UPSET. IT WAS
SPECULATED THAT SHOCK LOADS CAUSED BY SHOPPING
CENTERS, MOTELS, AND HOME GARAGE GRINDERS MIGHT
BE RESPONSIBLE. THE PLANT WAS CONVERTED TO THE
KRAUS PROCESS WITH SEPARATE AERATION OF RETURN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE COMBINED WITH WASTE DIGESTER
SUPERNATANT AND DIGESTED SLUDGE SOLIDS. THE
DIGESTED SLUDGE SOLIDS ARE CONVERTED TO AN EX-
TREMELY LOW INDEX ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND THE AM-
MONIA NITROGEN RETURNED IN THE DIGESTER L,IOUOR IS
PARTIALLY CONVERTED TO NITRATE. THIS MATERIAL IS
INTRODUCED TO THE AERATION TANKS. THE PROCESS
ACHIEVES COMPLETE STABILIZATION UNDER SHOCK
LOADS. THE PLANT WAS MODIFIED EARLY IN 1968 AND
HAS OPERATED SATISFACTORILY SINCE THAT TIME, THE
COST OF CONVERTING THE PLANT WAS ABOUT $15,000
TOTAL. (W70-02593).
00128. TIME CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
RACHFORD, T.M.; SCARATO, R.F.;
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.
JSANITENG DIV, ASCE, 95(SA6), 1063-1077, 1969.
A MINIMUM-COST METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR QUANTI-
FYING THE OPPOSING COST FACTORS OF ECONOMIES-OF-
SCALE AND THE TIME COST OF MONEY AS THEY JOINTLY
AFFECT OPTIMAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS FOR
THE EXPANSION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
FOR A LINEAR DEMAND GROWTH RATE, OPTIMAL FACILI-
TY EXPANSION, WITH REGARD TO BOTH TIMING AND
CAPACITY REQU1RMENTS, WAS DETERMINED USING A
MATHEMATICAL MODEL. THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
OF DIFFERENT EXPANSION POLICIES WERE GRAPHED FOR
VARIOUS INTEREST RATES AND SCALE COST EFFECTS,
USING COST DATA MATHEMATICALLY FORMULATED AS A
FUNCTION OF SYSTEM CAPACITY. THE MODEL WAS USED
TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE OPTIMAL TIMING OF FACILI-
TY EXPANSION WAS A FUNCTION OF THE TIME AND COST
OF MONEY AND THE ECONOMY-OF-SCALE CHARAC-
TERISTCS OF THAT FACILITY AND WAS INDEPENDENT OF
INDIVIDUALLY EXPANDING SEPARABLE COMPONENTS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM WERE QUANTIFIED
BY THE MODEL. (W70-03167).
00129. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF RIVER STANDARDS.
QUIRK, T.P.; EDER, L.J.
PROC, SIXTEENTH SOUTHERN WATER RESOURCES
POLLUT CONTR CONF, DUKE UNIV, P 33-54 APR
1967.
A RIVER OF APPROXIMATELY 170 MILES IN LENGTH WITH
A DRAINAGE AREA OF 3,500 SQUARE MILES WAS STUDIED
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY INCLUDED: MATHEMATI
CAL SIMULATION MODEL OF THE RIVER TO PREDICT THE
28
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REFERENCE LIST
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) AND DISSOLVED
OXYGEN (DO) PROFILES UNDER ANY CONDITION OF FLOW
TEMPERATURE OR WASTE D1SHARGES; (C) XpVHfiATON
OF THE SIMULATION MODEL TO INVESTIGATE IN DETAIL
AND BOD ASSIMILATION CAPACTIY UNDER CRITICAL
WEATHER AND FLOW CONDITIONS AND THE EFFECTS OF
SLUDGE DEPOSITS, HYDROTURBINE VENTING AND FLOW
AUGMENTATION AND; (D) DEVELOPMENT OF THE COM-
PARATIVE ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR
ACHIEVEMENT OF PROPOSED WATER QUALITY STAN-
DARDS. THE RIVER MODEL WAS USED FOR THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE EFFECTS AS WELL AS COMBINATION OF
SOLUTIONS WHICH APPEARED PRACTICALAND ECONOMI-
CALLY ATTRACTIVE. (W70-03165).
00130. ECONOMICS EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
CAMIN, K.Q.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS (INDUSTRIAL
WASTES SUPPLEMENT), 116(7), P 1W/8-1W/13',
JULY 1969.
THE ALTERNATIVES FOR INDUSTRIAL DISPOSITION OF
WASTES ARE THE FOLLOWING: (I) COMPLETE TREAT-
MENT BY MUNICIPALITY, (2) COMPLETE TREATMENT BY
THE INDUSTRY, (3) PARTIAL TREATMENT BY INDUSTRY
FOLLOWED BY MUNICIPAL TREATMENT, OR (4) ALTERA-
TION OF PROCESS TO PRODUCE LESS WASTE AND/OR
LOWER STRENGTH. A HYPOTHETICAL MEAT PACKING
PLANT IS USED AS AN EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE THE
COSTS OF THE VARIOUS ALTERNATIVES IN PRIMARY
COSTS (REPAYMENT OF PRINCIPAL, INTEREST, AND
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE) AND SECONDARY COSTS
(PENALTIES, SALE OF PRODUCTS, AND PUBLIC RELA-
TIONS). THE ANNUAL COSTS ARE COMPUTED FOR TRICK-
LING FILTER, ANAEROBIC CONTACT, AND ANAEROBIC-
AEROBIC LAGOONS. THE PRESENT VALUES OF THE ALTER-
NATIVES SHOW THE PROPER SELECTION OF TREATMENT
FOR DIFFERENT INTEREST RATES. (W70-03060).
00131. DIATOMITE FILTRATION IN A BOARD MILL.
HUTTO, F.B. JR.,.
WATER WASTES ENG (INDUSTRIAL), 6(3), P B.5-B.9,
1969.
A CLOSEUP RECYCLE OF WASTEWATER IS DESCRIBED FOR
A FESCO BOARD (PERLITE, WOOD PULP, ASPHALT, AND
ADMIX) PLANT IN FRANCE. A DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
FILTER (CELITE 545) WITH A CAPACITY OF 300 GPM WAS
INSTALLED AFTER PILOT PLANT TESTS OF VARIOUS
FILTER AIDS, INCLUDING PERLITE. ROTARY KNIVES
REMOVE THE CAKE FROM THE DRUM. ABOUT I TON PER
WEEK OF THE CELITE 545 MUST BE REPLACED. RIVER
WATER FOR MAKE UP l!s BROUGHT INTO THE SYSTEM
THROUGH THE ROTARY PRECOAT FILTER. E
OCCURS AT APPROXIMATELY 6000 GPH, WHEREAS THE
VOLUME OF THE LOOP IS ONLY 12000 GAL. THE SUCCESS
OF THE CLOSED CYCLE LAY IN: SUCCESSFUL REMOVAL OF
SOLIDS, STABILIZATION OF SOLUBLES BUILDUP, AND
RETURN WATER REUSED. (W70-03058).
00132. TERTIARY TREATMENT AT METRO CHICAGO
BY MEANS OF RAPID SAND FILTRATION
AND MICROSTRA1NERS.
LYNAM, B.T.; ETTELT, G.; MCALOON, T.
/ WATER POLLVT CONTR FEDERATION, 41(2),
PART 1, P 247-279, FEE 1969.
RESULTS ARE REPORTED ON 5 MONTHS OF INVESTIGA-
TION INTO TERTIARY TREATMENT OF HANFORD PARK
(CHICAGO) EFFLUENT. A 2 MGD PLANT WITH RAPID SAND
FILTERS (TRAVELING BACKWASH) AND MICROSTRA1NER
WAS OPERATED UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS. THE SAND
FILTER WAS FOUND TO BE MORE ECONOMICAL THAN THE
MICROSTAINER FOR EFFECT ACHIEVED, $0.024/1000 GAL
VS $0.029/1000 GAL. EITHER METHOD WITH PRECHLORINA-
T1ON CAN MEET 5 MG/L SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND 4 MG/L
BOD CRITERIA OF ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD.
COAGULATION WITH ALUM DID NOT IMPROVE THE
RESULTS ACHIEVED. (W70-03056).
00133. TREATMENT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AT BAYPORT'S INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
MERIWHETHER, G.B.
J WATER POLLVT CONTR FEDERATION, 41(3),
PART 1,P 440-444, 1969.
A CENTRAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY IS DESCRIBED;
IT IS SERVING 6 INDUSTRIES PRESENTLY WITH 6 MORE IN-
DUSTRIES UNDER CONSTRUCTION. THE CAPACITY IS
ABOUT 1 MGD NOW AND CAN BE EXPANDED TO 40 MGD.
THE WASTES ARE SORTED INTO 3 CLASSES: A 'CLEAN'
STREAM, A 'BIOLOGICAL' STREAM, AND A NON-ACCEPTA-
BLE STREAM. THE FIRST TWO CATEGORIES CAN BE
TREATED BIOLOGICALLY WHILE THE THIRD REQUIRES IN-
CINERATION OR DEEP-WELL INJECTION. THE PLANT
CHARGES $0.34 TO $0.44 PER 1000 GAL WITH BOD UP TO
250 MG/L AND $0.22 PER LB OF BOD FOR WASTES WITH
BOD GREATER THAN 250 MG/L. (W70-03053).
00134. POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF A DISTILLERY
WASTE.
BURKHEAD, C.E.; LESSIG, C.A.; RICHARDSON, T. R.
WATER WASTES ENG, 6(5), P C.20-C-22, MAY 1969.
OPERATING DATA FOR A PILOT PLANT WASTE TREATING
OPERATION IS DESCRIBED. A 5000-GAL HOLDING TANK
(FOR COOLING WASTES) AND A 10,000-GAL EXTENDED
AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE TANK (INCLUDING A 1670-
GAL SETTLING UNIT) WERE USED TO TREAT LOADINGS OF
7,250 TO 10,500 GAL PER DAY OF WASTES. BOD REMOVALS
RANGED FROM 77 TO 97%. (AVG OF 91.5%) AT LOADINGS
OF 3 TO 27 LB/DAY-1000 CUFT (AVG OF 18 LB). THE
VOLUME OF THE HOLDING TANK IS INCLUDED IN THE
LOADING CALCULATIONS. THE EFFLUENT QUALITY MUST
BE OF THE ORDER OF 20 TO 30 MG/L BOD. AERATED
LAGOONS GIVE AN ECONOMICALADAPTATION OF THE AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. IN ADDITION TO BOD REOVAL,
THE LARGE SURFACE AREA ENHANCES HEAT REMOVAL
FROM THE HOT WASTES. THE AERATED LAGOON DESIGN
WAS FOR A POND 3 FEET DEEP WITH 5 DAYS RETENTION.
THE POND MAY BE OPERATED AT A DEFFH OF 5 FEET IF
NECESSARY TO GET THE DESIRED EFFLUENT QUALITY.
THE COST OF THE POND CONSTRUCTION IS ESTIMATED AT
$71,000. (W70-03043).
00135. AERATED STABILIZATION BASIN TREATMENT
OF WHITE WATER.
QUIRK, T.P.
WATER WASTES ENG, 6(7), P D.1-D.5, 1969.
A STUDY OF A BOXBOARD MANUFACTURING WASTE AND
ITS BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT IS DESCRIBED. THE PER-
FORMANCE OF AN EXISTING CLAR1F1ER WHICH REMOVED
65 TO 95% OF THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS (600 TO 1800 MG/L)
AND REDUCED THE BOD BY 35 TO 40% WAS STUDIED. A
PILOT SCALE AERATED STABILIZATION BASIN WAS USED
TO STUDY THE EFFICACY OF THIS TYPE OF TREATMENT.
THE ADDITION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS PERMIT A
75% BOD REMOVAL WITH A SHORT-TERM BASIN AND A
CLARIFIER OR A LONG-TERM BASIN WITHOUT A CLARIFI-
ER. THE MINIMUM COST ALTERNATIVES WAS ESTIMATED
29
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AT ABOUT 4.5 CENTS PER POUND OF BOD REMOVED. (W70-
03041).
00136. ECONOMICS OF SPL1T-TREATMENT WATER
SOFTENING.
SHUEY, B.S.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION JOURNAL,
S8(l), P 107-112, 1966.
SPLIT-TREATMENT LIME-SODA WATER SOFTENING CAN BE
UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTED CONDITIONS. THE COSTS OF
THIS PROCESS, AS OPPOSED TO SINGLE-STAGE SOFTENING,
ARE COMPARED AND THE FORMER ARE FOUND TO BE
MORE ECONOMICAL. THE THREE REASONS FOR THIS ARE
DISCUSSED AND IT WAS FOUND THAT WHEN A FINISHED
WATER WITH THE MINIMUM TOTAL ALKALINITY IS
PRODUCED AND AN AVERAGE OF 54 MGD IS TREATED THE
ANNUAL SAVINGS AMOUNTED TO MORE THAN $80,000.
MODIFICATION IN THE METHOD, RESULTING IN A
FINISHED WATER WHICH HAS AGGRESSIVE CHARAC-
TERISTICS, CAN STILL BE ACCOMPLISHED WITH AN AN-
NUAL SAVING OF $55,000 AT THE SAME TREATMENT RATE.
(W70-02989).
00137. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND THE
TIME PROFILE OF BENEFITS AND COSTS.
PARKER, D.S.; CRUTCHF1ELD, J.A.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 4(2), PP 233-246,
1968.
ECONOMISTS, IN EVALUATING THE LONG-TERM BENEFITS
IN PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS, HAVE TRADITIONALLY HELD
THAT LONG-TERM BENEFITS WILL CONTRIBUTE LITTLE TO
THE TOTAL PRESENT WORTH OF THE BENEFITS ACCRUED
OVER THE LIFE OF THE PROJECT. IT IS SHOWN, HOWEVER,
THAT THE LONG-TERM SOCIAL COST RESULTING FROM
THE PROJECTS THAT CAUSE WATER POLLUTION CANNOT
BE NEGLECTED OR ASSUMED AWAY IN THE MANY PRAC-
TICAL CASES WHERE 'AMENITY' DEMAND OF GOOD
WATER QUALITY IN A PROJECT'S AREA OF INFLUENCE
ARE SIGNIFICANT. (W69-0 1071).
00138. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF IMPROVING
STREAM QUALITY: AN ECONOMIC AND
POLICY ANALYSIS.
BRAMHALL, D.F.; MILLS, E.S.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2(3), 355-363,
THIRD QUARTER 1966.
NEITHER MARKETS NOR OTHER INSTITUTIONAL
MECHANISMS EXIST WHICH REGISTER THE BENEFITS AND
COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE STREAM QUALITIES OR OF AL-
TERNATIVE METHODS OF ACHIEVING A GIVEN STREAM
QUALITY. IT IS THEREFORE NECESSARY TO STUDY SUCH
BENEFITS AND COSTS AND TO DESIGN SPECIAL PUBLIC
POLICIES TO ACHIEVE DESIRABLE STREAM QUALITIES IN
AN ECONOMICAL WAY. THE TWO PROMINENT METHODS
OF IMPROVING STREAM QUALITY ARE WASTE TREAT-
MENT AND LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION. ESTIMATES ARE
PRESENTED OF THE COST OF ACHIEVING GIVEN STREAM
QUALITIES BY VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT AND LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION. DATA IS TAKEN
FROM THE AUTHOR'S STUDY OF FUTURE WATER SUPPLY
AND DEMAND IN MARYLAND, BUT THE CONCLUSIONS ARE
THOUGHT TO BE APPLICABLE THROUGH THE HUMID EAST-
ERN PART OF THE UNITED STATES. THE MAIN CONCLU-
SION IS THAT LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION IS A LESS
ECONOMICAL METHOD OF IMPROVING STREAM QUALITY
THAN ABOUT 90« WASTE REMOVAL BY SECONDARY
TREATMENT. OR ITS EQUIVALENT IN INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS CHANGES AT THE POINT OF WASTE GENERA-
TION. ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC POLICIES FOR ACHIEIVING IM-
PROVED STREAM QUALITIES BY ECONOMIC METHODS ARE
EVALUATED. A COMBINATION OF EFFLUENT FEES AND
ENFORCEMENT IS JUDGED DESIRABLE. (W69-01068).
00139. SUMMARY REPORT ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT PROGRAM, JULY 1964-JULY
1967.
TAFT, R.A.
FED WATER POLLUT CONTR, RES SER PUBLICA-
TION WP-20-AWTR-19, 96 P, 1968.
RESULTS OF WASTE-TREATMENT STUDIES FROM 1964-67
ARE SUMMARIZED. THE TREATMENT METHODS STUDIED
INCLUDE SOLIDS REMOVAL, ORGANIC REMOVAL, INOR-
GANIC REMOVAL, NUTRIENT REMOVAL, AND ULTIMATE
DISPOSAL. LIME CLARIFICATION, WHICH REMOVES
SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND DISSOLVED PHOSPHATES, IS ALSO
USED IN POTABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND IS
ECONOMICALLY FAVORABLE. ALUM CLARIFICATION
SHOULD BE SUCCESSFUL AT A COST OF 8 CENTS PER 1,000
GALS. ACTIVATED, GRANULAR, AND POWDERED CARBON
TREATMENT SHOULD COST 8-12 CENTS PER 1,000 GALS IF
THE CARBON CAN BE REACTIVATED. ELECTRODIALYSIS
SHOULD COST 16 CENTS PER 1,000 GAL IF FOULING OF
MEMBRANES IS ELIMINATED BY PRETREATMENT OF EF-
FLUENT. ION EXCHANGE AND REVERSE OSMOSIS SHOULD
BE COMPETITIVE WITH ELECTRODIALYSIS. NITROGEN
REMOVAL IS A DIFFICULT PROBLEM, FOR WHICH AIR-
STRIPPING OF AMMONIA APPEARS FEASIBLE AND SHOULD
NOT COST OVER 2 CENTS PER 1,000 GALS. HIGHLY
NITRIFIED ACTIVATED CARBON OR LIQUID EFFLUENT
SHOWS PROMISE FOR ULTIMATE NITRATE REMOVAL.
(W69-01169).
00140. OPTIMAL TAXING OF WATER POLLUTION.
UPTON, C.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 4(5), 865-875, 1968.
THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO SHOW THAT, WITHIN THE CON-
TEXT OF THE MODEL PRESENTED, OPTIMAL TAXES ON
WATER POLLUTION DO EXIST. THE CONDITION FOR THESE
TAXES IS TO RAISE REVENUE SUFFICIENT TO PAY FOR THE
COST OF LOW ELOW AUGMENTATION. THE SOCIAL COST
OF CLEANER WATER IS ALSO CALCULATED. THE 'WASTE'
LOAD DISCHARGE METHOD OF TAXATION IS THEN SHOWN
TO BE PREFERABLE TO THE 'INCREASED PERMISSIBLE
WASTE LOAD METHOD' WHEN TAXES DO NOT COVER
AUGMENTATION COSTS. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AUG-
MENTATION COSTS AND TAXES, THE SUBSIDY IS DEFINED
AS A FUNCTION OF MARGINAL AND AVERAGE COSTS OF
STREAMFLOW. IF THERE ARE ECONOMIES OF SCALE (MC,
AC), THEN THE SUBSIDY IS NEGATIVE; IF THERE ARE DIS-
ECONOMIES OF SCALE, IT IS POSITIVE. TAXES WILL COVER
TREATMENT COSTS IF AND ONLY IF THE SUBSIDY IS
GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO ZERO. (W69-OI084).
00141. PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND, SIMULATION OF
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER RENOVA-
TION SYSTEMS USING THE DIGITAL COM-
PUTER.
SMITH, R.
WATER POLLUT CONTR RES SER PUBLICATION NO
WP-20-9, 64 P, MARCH 1968.
A DIGITAL COMPUTER METHOD AND A FORTRAN IV PRO-
GRAM LISTING, USED TO BRING TOGETHER PREVIOUSLY
SEPARATE CALCULATIONS FOR COST AND PERFORMANCE
OF THE INDIVIDUAL PROCESSESS OF WASTE WATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS INTO ONE COMPUTATION FOR AN
ENTIRE SYSTEM, ARE PRESENTED WITH A THOROUGH
30
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REFERENCE LIST
REVIEW AND DISCUSSION OF THE SUBJECT. THIS PRO-
GRAM MAKES IT POSSIBLE WITH A FAIR DEGREE OF RE-
LIABILITY TO COMPUTE THE CAPITAL COST, AMORTIZA-
TION OR DEBT SERVICE COST, AND OPERATING AND
MAINTENANCE COST OF THE ENTIRE PLANT OR OK IN-
DIVIDUAL PROCESSES OR GROUPS OF PROCESSES, AS A
FUNCTION OF INDEPENDENT DESIGN CAPACITY, INFLUENT
STREAM, FRACTION OF SUSPSENDED SOLIDS REMOVED IN
THE PRIMARY SETTLER, MIXED LIQUOR SUSPENDED
SOLIDS HELD IN THE AERATOR, DEMAND BOD OF PLANT
EFFLUENT, AND DETENTION TIME FOR THE DIGESTER.
RESULTS OF COMPUTATIONS ARE SHOWN IN TABLES AND
GRAPHS. THE PROGRAM WAS SLANTED TOWARD PRELIMI-
NARY DESIGN RATHER THAN OPERATION SIMULATION,
BUT THE DIFFERENCE IS NOT FUNDAMENTAL BECAUSE
ONLY STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE IS CONSIDERED.
(W69-00926).
00142. ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC RESPONSES TO
THE ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS IN
APPALACHIA.
TYBOUT, R.A.
WATER RESOURCES CENTER, FEB 1968. 42 P.
THE STUDY CONSISTS OF A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF
THE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROBLEM FROM ACID MINE
DRAINAGE. EMPIRICAL INFORMATION IS BASED PRIMARI-
LY ON EXPERIENCES IN PENNSYLVANIA, THE ONLY
PUBLIC PROGRAM FOR ABATEMENT IN EFFECT AT THE
PRESENT TIME. COSTS ARE FOUND IN 3 PARTS: (1) COST
OF TREATMENT; (2) COST OF SEALINRE CONSTRUCTED
COUNTY-BY-COUNTY TO ISOLATE EFFECTS OF TREAT-
MENT COSTS ON EMPLOYMG; AND (3) SECONDARY COSTS.
FIRST, EMPLOYMENT, WAGE, PRICE, AND PRODUCTION SE-
RIES WEENT. SECOND, FOR GENERALIZING COSTS TO THE
STATES, PREDICTING MINE DRAINAGE WAS ANALYZED ON
THE BASIS OF (1) VOLUME OF DRAINAGE PER TON OF
COAL MINED, BY COUNTY, WITH SUBCASES FOR DEEP AND
STRIP MINING WITH CORRECTIONS FOR SEAM THICKNESS
AND HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS; (2) QUALITY OF
DRAINAGE AS AFFECTED BY SURROUNDING GEOLOGICAL
STRATA. BENEFITS ARE FOUND FOR (1) MUNICIPAL
WATER TREATMENT; (2) INDUSTRIAL WATER USAGE, AND
(3) RECREATION. AESTHETIC IMPROVEMENTS ARE ALSO
BENEFITS, BUT A METHOD OF MEASURING IS NOT CUR-
RENTLY AVAILABLE; THEREFORE, THE LEVEL OF
AESTHETIC BENEFITS REQUIRED TO OFFSET COSTS WAS
DETERMINED BY DIFFERENCE. BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY
IMPACT OF TOURIST EXPENDITURES ARE INCLUDED. CON-
CEPTUAL LIMITATIONS TO THE USE OF SECONDARY COSTS
AND BENEFITS ARE NOTED. (W6<)-00972).
00143. OXYGEN MANAGEMENT AND ARTIFICIAL
REAERATION IN THE AREA OF BALDENEY
LAKE AND THE LOWER RUHR RIVER (IN
GERMAN).
IMHOFF, K.R.
ENGLISH SUMMARY. DAS GAS- UNO WASSERFACH,
109 JAHRG (1968), HEFT 34, SEITE 936-941
(WASSER-ABWASSER).
THE RUHR RIVER IN GERMANY HAS PRESENTED A MAJOR
POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEM FOR A LONG TIME.
ALTHOUGH ONLY A SMALL RIVER, THE EQUIVALENT OF
SEWAGE FROM OVER 2 MILLION POPULATION COMES
THROUGH THE CENTRAL AREA NEAR THE CITY OF ESSEN.
IN ADDITION TO VERY STRICT CONTROL OF EFFLUENTS
BY WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS. THE POLLUTION CON-
TROL AGENCY, THE RUHRVERBAND, HAS APPLIED INr
STREAM AERATION AS A SUPPLEMENTAL MEANS. THREE
AERATION METHODS HAVE BKF.N USED-BY INTRODUCING
AIR INTO HYDRAULIC TURBINES. BY DIFFUSERS
(BUBBLING FROM SUBMERGED ORIFICES), AND BY
MECHANICAL AERATORS. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS ALLOWS
AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON AS FOLLOWS. IN ORDER TO
REMOVE ORGANIC POLLUTION OF ONE POPULATION
EQUIVALENT, AT TIMES OF LOW FLOW, THE COST WOULD
AMOUNT TO 0.81 DM FOR A MECHANICAL AERATOR, AND
0.22 DM WITH THE TURBINE AERATOR, AS COMPARED TO
4.0 DM FOR EXPANSION OF THE TREATMENT PLANT TO
ACHIEVE THE SAME RESULT. OTHER FIGURES SHOW THE
DIFFUSER AS MUCH LESS ECONOMIC THAN THE MECHANI-
CAL AERATOR, THOUGH PART OF THE EXTRA COST IS DUE
TO CERTAIN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES. THIS RESULT IS AN
ACCORD RECENT AMERICAN FINDINGS THAT INSTREAM
AERATION IS AN ECONOMICAL MEANS IN SEVERE POLLU-
TION SITUATIONS. (W70-01224).
00144. POLLUTION-CAUSES, COSTS, CONTROL.
CHEM ENG NEWS, P 33-68, JUNE, 1969.
THE PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION,
THE COSTS OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT, AND THE
LEGISLATIVE AND ENFORCEMENT MEASURES TAKEN BY
VARIOUS LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT TO CONTROL THE EN-
VIRONMENT ARE REVIEWED. IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGI-
CAL DEVELOPMENTS AND ACTIONS TAKEN BY INDUSTRY
TO HALT POLLUTION ARE INCLUDED. THE INCREASING
MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM IS CAUSED BY 2 MAIN FAC-
TORS: URBANIZATION AND TECHNICAL ADVANCE.
TODAY'S WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS ARE MUCH DIF-
FERENT THAN THE TYPHOID FEVER PROBLEMS A FEW
DECADES AGO; THE PROBLEMS TODAY ARE CONCERNED
WITH SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL CONTAMINATES. THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
ESTIMATES THAT AT LEAST $26 BILLION WILL BE NEEDED
TO BRING LAKES AND STREAMS UP TO WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS BY 1973. FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL AIR
AND WATER POLLUTION PROGRAMS ARE DISCUSSED.
FEDERAL LEGISLATION ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION IS
REVIEWED. A RESUME IS INCLUDED OF THE MANUFAC-
TURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION REPORT ON THE ACTIVI-
TIES OF THE CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY TO
CONTROL POLLUTION. A DIRECTORY IS GIVEN OF COMPA-
NIES, EQUIPMENT, PRODUCTS, SERVICES, OR SUPPLIES FOR
USE IN POLLUTION CONTROL. (W70-OI 100).
00145. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FULL SCALE
FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF THE ASCE
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT
SCHEME.
WALLER, D.H.
ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO 13, JUNE 3, 1968.
84 P.
MATTERS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN PLANNING A
FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF THE ASCE PROJECT PRESSURE
SEWER SCHEME ARE SUMMARIZED. THESE INCLUDE: IM-
PORTANCE OF CONNECTING AS MANY BUILDINGS AS
POSSIBLE IN THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AREA; NEED
FOR PROTECTION FROM OVERFLOWS OF BUILDING
STORAGE-GRINDER-PUMP UNITS; RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
OCCURRENCE OF DETECTION AND CONTROL; EFFECTIVE-
NESS OF ALARMS ON STORAGE-GRINDER-PUMP UNITS;
LEGAL AGREEMENTS WITH PROPERTY OWNERS; IM-
PORTANCE OF COMPLETE RECORDS OF PROJECT COSTS;
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROJECT AS A POLLUTION CON-
TROL MEASURE, POSSIBLE BENEFITS OF ELIMINATION OF
INFILTRATION FROM INTERCEPTORS AND TREATMENT
PLANTS; DETECTION AND CLEARING OF OBSTRUCTION;
USE OF POLYMER ADDITIVES TO REDUCE FLUID FRICTION;
BEHAVIOR OF UNGROUND SEWAGE INCLUDING ANAERO-
BIC DECOMPOSITION, SELF-CLEANSING CHARACTERISTIC
OF FLOW; RATE AND EXTENT OF DETERIORATION OF
31
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FRICTION FACTORS; SEWAGE FLOW VARIATIONS AND
THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO WATER DEMANDS; HANDLING OF
INTERRUPTIONS OF SERVICE; AND FIELD TESTS ON IN-
STALLATIONS IN WALK-THROUGH COMBINED SEWERS.
THE APPENDIX IS AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICAL-
PROBLEMS TO BE OVERCOME IN SEPARATION OF PLUMB-
ING ON PRIVATE PROPERTY, WITH ESTIMATES OF COST,
BASED ON INFORMATION FROM OFFICIALS IN SEVEN
LARGE CITIES HAVING COMBINED SEWERS, AND FROM A
CONSULTING ENGINEER AND A RECENT AMERICAN
PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION SURVEY. (PB-186 009) (W70-
01066).
00146. AN EXAMINATION OF THE BENEFITS AND
DISADVANTAGES WITH RESPECT TO THE
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
WALLER, D.H.
ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO 10, FEB. 1, 1968.
54 P.
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN AN EVALUATION OF THE
FEASIBILITY AND BENEFITS OF ADAPTING ANY SEWERAGE
SYSTEM TO SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ARE: THE EXTRA
SOLIDS LOAD THAT COMMUNITY REFUSE COULD ADD TO
A SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM; VELOCITIES REQUIRED TO
MOVE SOLID WASTES; SEPARATION EFFECT OF FLOW
VARIATIONS ON SEWER VELOCITIES; SOLID WASTES
SEPARATION PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES TOWARD
SEPARATION OF HOUSEHOLD REFUSE; THE NEED FOR
GRINDING DEVICE, THE EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTES ON
SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES; AND, COSTS AND
BENEFITS INVOLVED IN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE
SYSTEMS FOR DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTES.
CONSIDERATION PECULIAR TO THE ASCE PROJECT
SCHEME ARE: THE POSSIBILITY OF ADAPTING BUILDING
SEWAGE STORAGE-GRINDER-PUMP UNITS FOR HANDLING
SOLID WASTES; THE NEED TO DISCHARGE SOLID WASTES
INTO THE SYSTEM UNDER PRESSURE; REDUCED
CLEARANCES IN THE SMALL PIPES OF A PRESSURE
SYSTEM; AND THE POSSIBILITY OF GREATER SOLIDS
DEPOSITION AT LOW FLOWS. APPENDICES INCLUDE INFOR-
MATION ON : COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOLID WASTES; PERTINENT SOLID WASTES RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT; AND RESULTS OF RESEARCH ON TRANS-
PORT AND TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTES IN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. (PB-186 006) (W70-OI063).
00147. PRESSURE TUBING FIELD INVESTIGATION.
TUCKER, L.S.
ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO J, AUG 15, 1967.
29 P
THREE METHODS OF INSTALLING PRESSURE TUBING FROM
HOUSES OR SMALL BUILDINGS, AND OF CONNECTING THE
TUBING WITH STREET PRESSURE CONDUITS, ARE
DESCRIBED AND DISCUSSED. ONE WOULD BE THE INSTAL-
LATION AND CONNECTION OF PRESSURE TUBING AND
CONDUITS IN TRENCHES BY TRADITIONAL WATER DIS-
TRIBUTION METHODS. FIELD TRIALS WERE CONDUCTED
TO INDICATE THE FEASIBILITY OK INSERTING TUBING IN
BUILDING SEWERS. TUBING WAS PUSHED THROUGH AN 86-
FOOT LONG 4- 5-INCH DIAMETER BUILDING LATERAL,
WHICH INCLUDED THREE 45 DEG BENDS, FROM A SPE-
CIALLY DUG PIT AT THE UPSTREAM END INTO 4-FOOT
DIAMETER COMBINED SEWER. THE FORWARD END OF THE
TUBING WAS GUIDED BY A SPECIAL LEADER DEVICE.
THREE FOURTHS-. I-. AND 1 1/2-INCH POLYETHLENE TUB-
ING COULD BE PUSHED. POLYBUTHLENE AND COPPER
TUBES COULD NOT BE PUSHED BECAUSE THEY BUCKLED
OR CRIMPED. A KEl.l.EMS GRIP AND SWIVEL ON THE END
OF A ROPE WERE USED TO PULL TUBING FROM THE COM-
BINED SEWER TO THE UPSTREAM PIT. THREE FOURTHS-, I-,
AND 1 1/4-INCH POLYETHYLENE AND 3/4- AND 1-INCH
POLYBUTHLENE COULD BE PULLED. THREE FOURTHS-
INCH COPPER TUBING COULD NOT BE PULLED BECAUSE
OF ITS STIFFNESS. THE THIRD METHOD, TESTED IN THE
FIELD COMBINED THE INSERTION OF TUBING WITH A
STREET MAIN IN TRENCH. COST ESTIMATES WERE MADE
FOR THE LATTER TWO METHODS. (PB-186 Oil) (W70-01058).
00148. SEPARATION OF COMBINED WASTEWATER
AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, SAN
FRANCISCO STUDY AREA.
ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT
REPORT, SEPT 1968. 81 P.
THE REPORT IS ONE OF THREE BY CONSULTANTS TO
STUDY THE DESIGN, ESTIMATE COSTS AND EVALUATE
THE FEASIBILITY OF THE HYPOTHETICAL APPLICATION OF
THE ASCE PROJECT SCHEME OF PRESSURE SEWERS FOR
SEPARATION IN REPRESENTATIVE COMBINED SEWER
AREAS FROM LAYOUTS BY THE PROJECT STAFF. THE SAN
FRANCISCO STUDY CONSIDERED THE 323 ACRE
PREDOMINATLY RESIDENTIAL, STEEPLY SLOPING LACUNA
STREET SEWER SERVICE DISTRICT, REBUILT SINCE THE
1906 FIRE. THE REPORT DESCRIBES METHODS OF BUILDING
PLUMBING SEPARATION AND INDICATES TWO ALTERNA-
TIVES ARRANGEMENTS OF PRESSURE SEWERS, WITH
PLANS AND PROFILES. ESTIMATES OF CONSTRUCTION
COSTS OF EACH ($13,000,000 AND $13,350,000) ARE COM-
PARED WITH THAT OF A CONVENTIONAL GRAVITY
SYSTEM OF SEPARATION DESIGNED EARLIER BY THE CITY
($8,800,000). PLUMBING SEPARATION, INCLUDED IN THE
ABOVE, IS ESTIMATED TO COST ABOUT $5,400,000 FOR THE
GRAVITY METHOD AND ABOUT $4,400,000 FOR THE PRES-
SURE METHOD NOT INCLUDING STORAGE-GRINDER-PUMP
UNITS. (PB-186 001) (W70-01083).
00149. COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
REPORT ON MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT
REPORT, DEC 1968. 84 P.
THE REPORT IS ONE OF THREE BY CONSULTANTS TO
STUDY THE DESIGN, ESTIMATE COSTS AND EVALUATE
FEASIBILITY OF THE HYPOTHETICAL APPLICATION OF THE
ASCE PROJECT SCHEME OF PRESSURE SEWERS FOR
SEPARATION IN REPRESENTATIVE COMBINED SEWER
AREAS FROM LAYOUTS BY THE PROJECT STAFF. THE MIL-
WAUKEE STUDY CONSIDERED THE 157-ACRE MAINLY
DENSE RESIDENTIAL, MODERATELY SLOPING PROSPECT
AVENUE STUDY AREA ESSENTIALLY BUILT PRIOR TO 1930
WITH MANY BUILDINGS DATING FROM BEFORE 1900. THE
REPORT DESCRIBES METHODS OF BUILDING PLUMBING
SEPARATION AND INDICATES TWO ALTERNATIVE AR-
RANGEMENTS OF PRESSURE SEWERS WITH PLANS AND A
PROFILE. ESTIMATES WITH THAT OF A CONVENTIONAL
GRAVITY SYSTEM OF SEPARATION DESIGNED BY THE
CONSULTANT ($2,195,00). PLUMBING SEPARATION, IN-
CLUDED IN THE ABOVE, IS ESTIMATED TO COST $912,000
FOR THE GRAVITY ALTERNATIVE AND $971,000 FOR THE
PRESSURE ALTERNATIVES, NOT INCLUDING STORAGE-
GRINDER-PUMP UNITS. (PB-186 003) (70-01052).
32
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00150. REPORT ON PRESSURE SEWERAGE SYSTEM,
SUMMER STREET SEPARATION STUDY
AREA, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT.
REPORT SEPT 1968. 82 P.
THE REPORT IS ONE OF THREE CONSULTANTS TO STUDY
THE DESIGN, ESTIMATE COSTS AND EVALUATE THE FEASI-
BILITY OF THE HYPOTHETICAL APPLICATION OF THE ASCE
PROJECT SCHEME OF PRESSURE SEWERS FOR SEPARATION
IN REPRESENTATIVE COMBINED SEWER AREAS FROM
LAYOUTS BY THE PROJECT STAFF. THE BOSTON STUDY
CONSIDERED THE S3-ACRE GENTLYSLOPING,
HETEROGENEOUS COMMERICAL SUMMER STREET
SEPARATION STUDY AREA, INCLUDING MANY BUILDINGS
BUILT IN THE LATE 1800'S. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE
SEPARATION OF BUILDING PLUMBING IN DETAIL IN A TYP-
ICAL THREE-QUARTER CENTURY OLD FIVE STORY AND
BASEMENT COMMERICAL BUILDING 65-FT. BY 145-FT IN
PLAN, AND ESTIMATES THE COST OF PLUMBING SEPARA-
TION. FOUR ALTERNATIVE PRESSURE SEWER COLLECTION
SYSTEMS ARE INDICATED WITH PLANS AND HYDRAULIC
PROFILES. SOME SYSTEMS INCLUDED IN-LINE MAIN PUMP-
ING STATION. THE LEAST EXPENSIVE COMPLETE PRES-
SURE SYSTEM, WHICH DID NOT INCLUDE A MAIN PUMPING
STATION, IS ESTIMATED TO COST $6,400,000 COMPARED TO
THE COST OF A GRAVITY SEPARATION SYSTEM DESIGNED
BY THE CONSULTANTS, ESTIMATED TO COST $4,700,000.
BOTH COSTS INCLUDE COSTS OF BUILDING PLUMBING
SEPARATION, $4,000,000 FOR THE PRESSURE SYSTEM
BUILDING INCLUDING, WET WALLS AND NON-CLOG
PUMPS, AND $2,000,000 FOR THE GRAVITY SYSTEMS. (PB-
186 000| (W70-OI051 ).
00151. ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD
PUMP-STORAGE-GRINDER UNIT (TASK 6).
FARRELL, R. P
ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO REPORT NO S-69-I038,
DEC 1968. 74 P
THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE DEVELOPMENT, BY THE
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY FOR THE ASCE PROJECT,
OF A 150-POUND HOUSEHOLD STORAGE-GRINDER-PUMP
UNIT COMPRISING A DOMESTIC SEWAGE GRINDER AND
PROGRESSING-CAVITY PUMP DRIVEN BY A 1-H H. P., 1725-
R. P. M. MOTOR, AND MOUNTED ON A 58-GALLON
RECEIVER TANK, MEETING CRITERIA ESTABLISHED BY
THE PROJECT INVESTIGATION. THE UNIT IS CAPABLE OF
DISCHARGING THROUGH A BACFLOW VALVE AND 1 1/4-IN.
OUTLET AT 15-GPM AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND 11-
GPM AT 35 PSIG PRESSURE THE ESTIMATED COST OF THE
UNIT WITHOUT TANK IS $343, AND ESTIMATED TOTAL IN-
STALLED COSTS ARE $548 FOR NEW WORK AND $648
WHERE CUTTING AND PATCHING ARE INVOLVED. COST OF
ENERGY FOR OPERATION IS ABOUT $2 PER YEAR. (PB-186
004) ( W70-OI048).
00152. A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
G1GLIO, R.J.; ADRIAN, D.D.; KAMINSKY, F.C.; PUC-
KERS, R.F.
PROC, FOURTH AMER WATER RESOURCES CONF,
NY. 1> 344-353, NOV 1968.
THE USE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS TO OPTIMIZE REGIONAL
PLANNING FOR WASTE WAFER SYSTEMS WAS DESCRIBED.
TH OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO DEVELOP A
METHODOLOGY AND MATHEMATICAL-COMPUTER
MODELS WHICH COULD AID PLANNING AGENCIES TO
MAKE DECISIONS CONCERNING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
A REGION IN MASSACHUSETTS WAS SELECTED FOR THE
PILOT APPLICATION. A WASTE SYSTEM WAS DIVIDED INTO
THE FOLLOWING SUBSYSTEMS; COLLECTION FACILITIES,
INTERCEPTORS, VARIOUS TYPES OF TREATMENT PLANTS^
STORAGE FACILITIES AND THE STREAM. ENGINEERING
AND ECONOMIC DATA WERE USED TO DESCRIBE AND
MODEL EACH SUBSYSTEM. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
THEN HELPED DEFINE THE MOST EFFICIENT CONFIGURA-
TION OF SUBSYSTEMS FOR REGIONS WITH DIFFERING
CHARTERISTICS. ATTENTION WAS ALSO GIVEN TO
PROCEDURES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PLANS AND
EQUITABLY ALLOCATING COSTS AMONG COMMUNITIES.
(W70-00898).
00153. ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A REVERSE
OSMOSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEM-PART II.
OPTIMIZATION.
FAN, L.T.; CHENG, C.Y.; HO, L.Y.S.; HWANG, C.L.;
ERICKSON, L.E.
DESALINATION, 6(2), 131-152, 1969.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A REVERSE OSMOSIS
WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM THAT COULD BE USED IN
PROCESS OPTIMIZATION STUDIES HAD BEEN DEVELOPED
IN PART I OF THIS STUDY. IN THIS PART, THE MODEL WAS
USED TO DETERMINE DESIGN AND OPERATING VARIABLES
OF THE SYSTEM, WHICH MINIMIZED THE COST OF WATER
PRODUCTION. SEVERAL THREE MULTISTAGE OSMOSIS
SYSTEMS WERE CONSIDERED. THEY WERE (1) A
MULTISTAGE OPERATION WITHOUT THE USE OF A FLOW-
WORK EXCHANGER AND WITH A VARIABLE MEMBRANE
AREA AT EACH STAGE, (2) A MULTISTAGE OPERATION
WITHOUT THE USE OF A FLOW-WORK EXCHANGER AND
WITH EQUAL MEMBRANE AT EACH STAGE, AND (3) A
MULTISTAGE OPERATION WITH THE USE OF A FLOW
WORK EXCHANGER AND WITH VARIABLE MEMBRANE
AREA AT EACH STAGE. IN THE OPTIMIZATION STUDY, THE
RECIRCULAT1ON RATE IN EACH STAGE, THE BRINE COM-
POSITION LEAVING EACH STAGE, THE RATIO OF MEM-
BRANE AREA TO FEED AT EACH STAGE, AND THE OPERAT-
ING PRESSURE IN EACH STAGE WERE CONTROLLED TO
ARRIVE AT A MINIMUM WATER PRODUCTION COST. THE
STUDY SHOWED THAT THE METHOD PRESENTED COULD
BE USED TO ACCOMPLISH OPTIMUM DESIGNS OF COMPLEX
PROCESSES REQUIRING THE SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZA-
TION OF SEVERAL VARIABLES. (W70-00890).
00154. COPING WITH COOLING TOWER SLOWDOWN.
HOPPE, T.C.
INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, P 27-32, DEC
1966.
A CASE STUDY IS PRESENTED OF INDUSTRIAL COOLING
WATER TREATMENT WITH INFLOW PROCESS TEMPERA-
TURES OF 116F TO 350F, AND 90F TO 140F OUT, WITH A
MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL ACROSS
THE TOWER OF 31F. WELL WATER WAS TREATED WITH
ACID FOR PH CONTROL, SHOCK CHLORINATION FOR BIO-
CIDE, AND NON-CHROMATE PROPRIETARY BLEND OF
POLYPHOSPHATES AND POLYVALENT IONS FOR CORRO-
SION INHIBITION. OPERATING EXPERIENCE SHOWED
SEVERE CORROSION AND IRON OXIDE AND PHOSPATE
SLUDGE DEPOSITS. A NEW CORROSION INHIBITOR IN THE
FORM OF ZINC, AND BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATERI-
AL, WITHOUT CHROMATE NOR PHOSPHATES, WAS TRIED.
VERY GOOD RESULTS WERE OBTAINED, UNIFORM PRO-
TECTIVE FILM FORMATION WAS EVIDENT, PREVIOUS TU-
BERCULATION DECREASED, AND NO SLUDGE ACCUMU-
LATED. COSTS ROSE FROM $0.0606 TO $0.1275 PER 1000
GALLONS OF MAKEUP, BUI THIS WAS FAR LESS EXPEN-
SIVE THAN OTHER ALTERNATIVES. (W70-00884).
33
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00155. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING IN THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOR THE BON-
NEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION.
HARTY, H.; CORLETT, R.F.; BROWN, R.E.
SUMMARY RESEARCH REPORT, BATTELLE-
NORTHWEST,JULY 1967.
THE FACTORS WHICH ARE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT FOR
SITE SELECTIONS ARE PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
SITE FACTORS, POPULATION OF SURROUNDING AREAS,
GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY, METEOROLOGY, HEAT DIS-
SIPATION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. THE SIGNIFICANT
FACTORS IN SITE COST ARE CONDENSER SIZE AND COST,
NATURAL- AND INDUCED-DRAFT COOLING TOWERS, LAND
AND SITE PREPARATION COSTS, SITE ACCESS, EN-
GINEERED SAFEGUARDS AND MULTIPLE-REACTOR SITING.
FOR THE SITES CONSIDERED, THE METHOD OF HANDLING
WASTE HEAT WAS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT
ECONOMIC VARIABLE. IT WAS FOUND THAT ONCE-
THROUGH COOLING WITH FRESH WATER WAS THE MOST
ECONOMICAL METHOD OF DISPOSING OF WASTE HEAT.
ONCE-THROUGH COOLING WITH SALT WATER INCREASED
CAPITAL COSTS ABOUT $3/KW AND UNIT POWER COSTS
ABOUT 0.045 MILL/KW-HR. THE USE OF COOLING TOWERS
FOR WASTE HEAT DISCHARGE INCREASED CAPITAL COSTS
ABOUT S10/KW AND UNIT POWER COSTS ABOUT 0.14
MILL/KW-HR. A MAJOR ECONOMIC TRADEOFF EXISTS
AMONG THE METHOD OF HANDLING WASTE HEAT, TRANS-
MISSION COSTS, ENGINEERED SAFEGUARDS COSTS (WHICH
TEND TO INCREASE AS SITES APPROACH MANY LOAD
CENTERS, I. E., URBAN AREAS), LAND COSTS (GENERALLY
HIGHER NEAR URBAN AREAS) AND OTHER FACTORS.
(W70-00883).
001S6. ELECTRODIALYSIS IN ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
SMITH, J.D.; EISENMANN, J.L.
WATER POLLUT CONTR RES SER PUB NO WP-20-
AWTR-18, 219 P. FEB 1967.
A BENCH-SCALE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WAS MADE TO
DETERMINE THE- PRACTICALITY OF PARTIALLY
DEM1NERALIZING MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER BY ELEC-
TRODIAI.YS1S. USING FILTRATION ALONE AND FILTRATION
FOLLOWED BY CARBON ADSORPTION AS PRETREATMENT,
LONG-TERM RUNS WERE MADE WITH A MUNICIPAL
SECONDARY EFFLUENT TO DETERMINE SCALING AND
FOULING EFFECTS OF THE WATER UPON THE ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS MEMBRANES. DURING THESE RUNS A STUDY WAS
MADK TO DETERMINE HOW HIGH A RATIO OF PRODUCT
RATE TO CONCENTRATE RATE COULD BE OBTAINED
WITHOUT FORMING SCALE ON THE MEBRANES. SOME
FOULING OF AN1ON MEMBRANES OCCURRED WITH FIL-
TRATION AND CARBON ADSORPTION PRETREATMENT;
WITHOUT CARBON ADSORPTION, FOULING WAS MUCH
WORSE SCALE FORMATION WAS NOT A PROBLEM AT
PRODUCT TO CONCENTRATE RATIOS LESS THAN TEN. AT
TIMES MUCH HIGHER RATIOS WERE OBTAINED WITHOUT
DIFFICULTY. THE RESULTS OF THESE RUNS INDICATED
THAT THE TOTAL OPERATING COST FOR A 10-MGD ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS TREATMENT PLANT MIGHT BE LESS THAN 10
CENTS PER 1,000 GAL. (W69-00691 ).
00157. A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MINE
DRAINAGE.
TYBOUT, R.A.
REPRINTS OF PAP 2D SYMP ON COAL MINE
DRAINAGE RES, MELLON INST, PP 334-371, MAY
1968.
COSTS OF ABATEMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE FOR
COAL MINES IN PENNSYLVANIA ARE CALCULATED AND
CLASSIFIED BY COUNTY. ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA FROM THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEFT. OF MINES AND MINERAL INDUS-
TRIES' YELLOWBOY PROJECT. THE VOLUME OF MINE
DRAINAGE IS ANALYZED AS A FUNCTION OF HISTORIC
PATTERNS OF COAL PRODUCTION, METHODS OF MINING,
SEAM THICKNESS, AND HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS. COSTS
ARE ESTIMATED FOR OTHER AREAS OF APPALACH1A BY
COMPARISON WITH PENNSYLVANIA COSTS. SECONDARY
COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT CAUSED BY CLOSING OF
MINES FOR FAILURE TO TREAT WASTE SATISFACTORILY
ARE ALSO ESTIMATED. BENEFITS ARE NOT EVALUATED.
THE SUGGESTION IS MADE THAT IN MANY CASES TREAT-
MENT COST IS GREATER THAN BENEFIT AND POLLUTERS
IN SUCH CASES SHOULD PAY DOWNSTREAM USERS FOR
DAMAGES AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TREATMENT. ANNUAL
TREATMENT COST ESTIMATES FOR ALL PENNSYLVANIA
ACTIVE MINES ARE TABULATED. THE COST OF SEALING
INACTIVE MINES IS ESTIMATED TO BE $18-36 MILLION. TA-
BLES INCLUDE TREATMENT PLANT COST ESTIMATES, YEL-
LOWBOY COST REGRESSIONS AND COST FUNCTIONS,
NUMBER OF DRAINAGE MINES BY COUNTIES, VOLUME OF
DRAINAGE BY COUNTIES, AVERAGE THICKNESS OF COAL
SEAMS, CORRELATION MATRIX FOR UNDERGROUND AND
STRIP MINES, DRAINAGE VOLUME REGRESSIONS, AND
QUALITY OF DRAINAGE. (W69-00426).
00158. A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
BRASWELL, R. W.
ELECTRICAL WORLD, 140(22), 84-85, 1953.
AN ECONOMIC STUDY WAS MADE DURING THE EARLY
DESIGN STAGES OF THE 210,000 KW OUTDOOR DELTA STA-
TION NEAR CLEVELAND, MISSISSIPPI. COMPARATIVE
COSTS STUDIES INDICATE THAT INITIAL CONSTRUCTION
COST OF A COOLING POND WOULD BE APPROXIMATELY
10% LESS THAN THE TOWERS. ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGES
OF COOLING PONDS OVER COOLING TOWERS ARE THAT IT
REQUIRES LOWER MAINTENANCE COSTS AND HAS
LONGER LIFE. ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL OPERATING EXPEN-
SES INDICATED A SAVINGS OF UP TO 2* IN FAVOR OF THE
COOLING POND. A DIVIDED EARTH BAFFLE APPROXI-
MATELY 3,000 FEET LONG AND EXTENDING OUT INTO THE
POND FROM THE PLANT SIDE, WILL PROVIDE GOOD
UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE POND AREA FOR EVAPORA-
TIVE COOLING. SLOPES WERE SEEDED BY AIRPLANE WITH
RYE AND BERMUDA GRASSES FOR SOIL STABILIZATION
AND PREVENTION OF EROSION. MAXIMUM FORCED
EVAPORATION FROM THE PONDS HAS BEEN ESTIMATED
AT 9 CFS. TWO CFS OF SEEPAGE LOSSES CAN BE EX-
PECTED. THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT AND COST TO
DATE INDICATE THAT DESIGN STUDIES AND ESTIMATES
WERE APPROXIMATELY CORRECT. (W70-02409).
00159. PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT.
FIFE, C.L.; N1LSON, K.M.
VERMONT UN1V AGR EXPER STA BULL 65$ SEPT
1969. 20 P
THE SEVENTEEN VERMONT CHEESE PLANTS PRODUCED
337 MILLION POUNDS OF WHEY IN 1967. ABOUT 69% WAS
THE BYPRODUCT OF LOW-ACID CHEESES AND 319f THE
34
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REFERENCE LIST
BYPRODUCT OF HIGH-ACID CHEESES. PRODUCTION
VARIED FROM 40 MILLION POUNDS IN MAY TO 25 MILLION
POUNDS IN DECEMBER. WHEY IS PROBABLY THE LARGEST
SINGLE SOURCE OF STREAM POLLUTION IN THE STATE. IT
ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 85% OF ALL INDUSTRIAL POLLU-
TION AND REPRESENTS A SEWAGE LOAD EQUAL TO THE
DOMESTIC WASTES OF 145,000 PEOPLE. AS OF JAN. 1,1969,
LEGISLATION PROHIBITS FURTHER STREAM POLLUTION!
FORTY PERCENT OF THE WHEY IN THE STATE FINDS SOME
ECONOMIC USE EITHER AS ANIMAL FEED OR FERTILIZER.
ANOTHER 20% IS HANDLED AS SEWAGE BUT NOT DUMPED
DIRECTLY INTO STREAMS. ANNUALLY THE IND4 398 7&YO
MORE THAN $118,000 (ABOVE REVENUES) TO HANDLE
WHEY AT AN AVERAGE COST OF OVER 5.7 CENTS CWT.
THE COST OF DRYING HUMAN-GRADE WHEY WOULD
RANGE FROM 2.8 TO 4.6 CENTS PER POUND OF POWDER.
ASSEMBLING WHEY WITHIN 40 MILES OF 80% OF PRODUC-
TION WOULD COST ABOUT 1.5 CENTS PER POUND, AND AS-
SEMBLING THE REST OF THE WHEY IN THE STATE WOULD
COST FROM 3.0 TO 4.0 CENTS PER POUND. UNDER CUR-
RENT PRICE AND COST CONDITIONS, A LARGE DRYING
PLANT IS FEASIBLE IF ALL WHEY WERE MADE AVAILA-
BLE. (W70-02299).
00160. CENTRIFUGES REDUCE WATER POLLUTION.
TOWNSEND, J.R.
IND WATER ENG (1WE) 1ST ANNU AIR WATER ENG
BUYERS GUILD, P 66, 1969.
CENTRIFUGES ARE USED TO REDUCE WATER CONTAMINA-
TION BY REMOVING THE SUSPENDED WASTE PARTICLES
FROM F.FFLUENTS OF PAPER, MEAT RENDERING, PLASTICS
OR OTHER CHEMICAL PROCESSING PLANTS. THE TYPE OF
CENTRIFUGES USED DEPENDS UPON THE EFFLUENT COM-
POSITION, THE DEGREE OF CLARITY DESIRED AND THE
AMOUNT TO BE HANDLED. THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF
CENTRIFUGES ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED: BASKET-TYPE,
PERFORATED-WALL, DISC CENTRIFUGES, AND SOLID-
BOWL CONTINUOUS-DISCHARGE MACHINES. THE COM-
PARISON OF VARIOUS CENTRIFUGES WITH REGARD TO
COST AND EFFICIENCY SHOULD INCLUDE: ORIGINAL
EQUIPMENT COST, COST OF MONEY, PERIOD OF ASSUMED
AMORTIZATION, CAPACITY OF THE CENTRIFUGE, COST OF
POWER, INSTALLATION COST, PLANT SPACE, MANHOURS
REQUIRED TO CLEAN THE CENTRIFUGES, AND PERSONNEL
COSTS. (W70-02295).
00161. DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN.
SHIH, C.S.; KRISHNAN, P A.
J WATER POLLUT CONTR, 41(10), 1787-1802, 1969.
THE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE WAS USED FOR
THE SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT DESIGN. A SERIAL MULTI-STAGE
SYSTEM WITH TWO POINT BOUNDARY VALUES WAS UTIL-
IZED. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE OPTIMIZATION WAS TO
IDENTIFY THE OPTIMUM COMBINATIONS AND EFFICIEN-
CIES OF VARIOUS UNIT PROCESSES IN A MULTI-STAGE
TREATMENT PLANT MEETING THE ULTIMATE DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS. THE PRINCIPLES OF DYNAMIC PRO-
GRAMMING WERE REVIEWED BRIEFLY. THEN, BASED ON
THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT DESIGN PRINCIPLES, THE
ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION SCHEME FOR THE PLANT
DESIGN WAS FORMULATED WITH THE INTEGRATION OF
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES. A SPECIFIC CASE
IN PULP AND PAPER WASTEWATER TREATMENT WAS
PRESENTED FOR ILLUSTRATION. THE COST FUNCTIONS
USED IN THE EXAMPLE WERE COMPILED ON THE BASIS OF
PROCESS DESIGN AND ENGINEERING EVALUATIONS.
FURTHER REFINEMENT OF THE PROCEDURE DEVELOPED
IN THE STUDY TO MAKE IT A STANDARD APPROACH WAS
ENCOURAGED. (W70-0226I).
00162. REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
CAMP, DRESSER AND MCKEE, BOSTON, MASS,
JUNE 1969. 207 P.
A METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF A LEAST COST CONSTRUCTION PROGRAM TO ACHIEVE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL OBJECTIVES WITHIN A
DRAINAGE BASIN. THE METHOD WAS TO ACCOMPLISH
FOUR SPECIFIC PURPOSES; (A) TO MINIMIZE THE OVERALL
COOSTS BASED ON COST OF TREATMENT PLANTS; (B) TO
PROVIDE A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE MINIMUM
COST FOR ACHIEVING INTERMEDIATE GOALS; (C) TO
DEVLOP A MEANS OF DETERMINING WHAT WATER QUALI-
TY IMPROVEMENTS COULD BE EXPECTED FROM THE EX-
PENDITURE OF STATED LIMITED FUNDS; AND (D) TO
DEVELOP A METHOD WHICH WOULD PROVIDE THE STATE
AND FEDERAL AGENCIES WITH CLEARLY DEFINED ALTER-
NATIVE PROGRAMS. SIMULATION PROGRAMS AND A
MIXED INTEGER PROGRAMMING MATHEMATICAL MODEL
WERE EMPLOYED FOR OPTIMIZING PURPOSES. TWO INDE-
PENDENT COMPUTER PROGRAMS WERE DEVELOPED
WHICH TOGETHER DETERMINED THE MINIMUM COMBINA-
TION OF TREATMENT PLANTS TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIED
QUALITY STANDARDS ALONG THE MAIN STEM OF A
RIVER. THE MERR-MACK-PEMIGEWASSETT RIVER WAS
SELECTED FOR THE DEMONSTRATIVE OF THE USEFULNESS
OF THE PROPOSED METHOD OF ANALYSIS IN A REAL
SITUATION. (W70-02258).
00163. CENTRIFUGATION OF WASTE SLUDGES.
ALBERTSON, O.E.; GUIDI, E.E. JR.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(4), 607-
628, 1969.
SLUDGE CENTRIFUGATION WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE
PRINCIPLES OF THE CENTRIFUGE ARE REVIEWED.
RESULTS OF TESTS ON THE SOLID BOWL PROCESS VARIA-
BLES OF FEED RATE, PARTICLE SIZE AND DENSITY, FEED
CONSISTENCY, TEMPERATURE AND CHEMICAL AIDS ARE
REPORTED. THE TESTS WERE RUN AT 70 SITES
THROUGHOUT THE U. S. A. ON RAW PRIMARY AND SECON-
DARY SLUDGES, DIGESTED PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
PULP AND PAPER WASTES AND WATER SOFTENING
SLUDGES. THE RESULTS OF THE TESTS INDICATE THAT A
LONG-BOWL CENTRIFUGE CAN HANDLE ALL TYPES OF
SLUDGES AND CAN PRODUCE A SOLIDS CONCENTRATION
AS HIGH AS OR HIGHER THAN VACUUM FILTERS AT COSTS
NOT EXCEEDING THOSE FOR VACUUM FILTRATION. THE
USE OF CENTRIFUGATION FOR DEWATERING SLUDGES
WILL INCREASE |ECAUSE OF MACHINE IMPROVEMENTS.
(W70-02199).
00164. TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVER-
FLOWS AND SURFACE WATERS AT CLEVE-
LAND, OHIO.
SIMPSON, G.D.; CURTIS, L.W.
J WATER POLLUT CONTR FEDERATION, 41(2) PART
l,P 151-168, 1969.
A FEASIBILITY STUDY WAS CONDUCTED ON A 30,000 ACRE
FEET (37 MILLION CUBIC METER) RETENTION-STABILIZA-
TION BASIN AT CLEVELAND, OHIO. THE BASIN WOULD
HOLD THE COMBINED WASTES IN A PARTITIONED SECTION
OF LAKE ERIE FOR BIO-OXIDATION, SEDIMENTATION AND
DISINFECTION. THE AREA OF THE BASIN WOULD BE 900
ACRES AND THE AVERAGE DEPTH 34 FEET. THE OXIDA-
TION AND SEDIMENTATION WOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN
SEPARATE SECTIONS. THE COSTS FOR THE BASIN AND
COLLECTION SYSTEM WOULD BE $83.5 MILLION (1968).
THE COST OF THIS METHOD OF TREATMENT WOULD BE
35
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ABOUT 1/3 OF THAT FOR SEPARATION OF THE SEWER
SYSTEM AND TREATMENT BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS.
(W70-02195).
00165. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
ECKENFELDER, W.W.; FORD, D.L.
CHEM ENG, 76(18), 109-118, 1969.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS ARE DESCRIBED FROM
VARIOUS TYPES OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, THE TYPES OF
TREATMENT WHICH ARE LIKELY TO BE REQUIRED, AND
THE COSTS FOR SUCH TREATMENT UNITS AND PLANTS.
THE COSTS ARE RELATED TO THE INITIAL AND FINAL
QUALITIES OF THE WASTEWATER TO BE TREATED AND TO
THE SIZE OF THE PLANTS. CURVES ARE SHOWN FOR THE
COST OF THE VARIOUS UNIT PROCESSES VERSUS SIZE. AN
EXAMPLE IS WORKED FOR A CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PLANT WITH A DAILY FLOW OF 2.5 MOD. (W70-
02191).
00166. TERTIARY TREATMENT BY MICROSTRAIN-
ING.
DIAPER, E.WJ.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 116(6), 202-207, 1969.
A WOVEN STAINLESS STEEL CLOTH AROUND THE
PERIPHERY OF A PARTIALLY SUBMERGED DRUM IS USED
TO STRAIN THE EFFLUENT OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS. THE DRUM ROTATES AT A VARIABLE SPEED AND
THE COLLECTED MAT IS BACKWASHED FROM THE TOP OF
THE DRUM INTO A COLLECTOR. THE CLOTH IS AVAILABLE
WITH OPENINGS OF 60,35, AND 23 MICRONS, BUT IT
REMOVES MUCH SMALLER PARTICLES BECAUSE OF THE
MATTING. A NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS ARE DESCRIBED.
THE ARTICLE GIVES AVAILABLE SIZES (TO 10 MGD) AND
COSTS (INSTALLED COSTS OF $24,000 TO 545,000 PER MGD
AND OPERATING COSTS OF $2.50 TO $4.00 PER MG) FOR
MICROSTRAINERS. (W70-02I86).
00167. THE PRACTICALITY OF USING ATOMIC
RADIATION FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT.
BALLATINE, D.S.; MILLER, L.A.; BISHOP, D.F.;
ROHRMAN, F.A.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(3), PART
/, 445.453, 1969.
APPLICATION OF ATOMIC RADIATION TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT ARE DESCRIBED AND THE PROBABLE COSTS
FOR SUCH TREATMENT ARE GIVEN. THEY DISCUSS 4 POSSI-
BLE APPLICATIONS; THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS: (A) SLUDGE
HANDLING AND DEWATERING, (B) DESTRUCTIVE OXIDA-
TION OF ORGAN1CS, (C) DISINFECTION, AND (D) BREAK-
DOWN OF REFRACTORY MOLECULES. THE RADIATION
SOURCES WHICH WERE CONSIDERED ARE COBALT-60,
CESIUM-137, ACCELERATORS, REACTOR LOOPS, SPENT
KUF.I. ELEMENTS, AND MIXED FISSION PRODUCTS. THE
ESTIMATED TREATMENT COSTS OF $0.13 TO $1.58 PER 1000
GAL ARE NOT CONSIDERED COMPETITIVE FOR MOST AP-
PLICATIONS. SLUDGE BENEFIC1AT1ON COMES CLOSEST TO
PRACTICALITY AT THE PRESENT TIME. (W70-02185).
00168. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
MICHEL, R.L.; PELMOTER, A.L.; PALANGE, R.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(3), PART
1,335-354, 1969.
THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE FEDERALLY-
ASSISTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS FROM JULY
1962 THROUGH DECEMBER 1964 ARE DESCRIBED. TABLES
OF OPERATING COSTS, PROCESS VARIABLES, PRACTICES,
AND OTHER TREATMENT-RELATED PARAMETERS ARE IN-
CLUDED THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED ARE THE FOLLOW-
ING: (A) PER CAPITA VALUES OF RAW BOD, FLOW, AND
SUSPENDED SOLIDS INCREASE GEOMETRICALLY WITH
POPULATION A FACTOR OF 2 X OF THOSE FOR 50,000 TO
100,000 OVER THOSE FOR 5000 TO 10,000; (B) OPERATING
COSTS OF STABILIZATION PONDS ARE 10 TO 16% OF THOSE
FOR MECHANICAL PLANTS; AND (D) COSTS WILL RISE
SHARPLY WITH MORE SOPHISTICATED TREATMENT. THE
MOST FREQUENT PROBLEM OF OPERATION AND MAIN-
TENACE WAS THE BYPASSING OF UNTREATED WASTE-
WATER. OTHER PROBLEMS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. (W70-
02180).
00169. OZONE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENTS FROM WASTE-WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
HUIBERS, D TH. A.; MCNABNEY, R.; HALFON, A.
ROBERT A. TAFT RESEARCH CENTER REPORT NO.
TRWC-4, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION ADVANCED WASTE TREAT-
MENT LABORATORY, APRIL 9, 1969.
OZONE EFFECTIVELY LOWERS IKE CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND AND TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT OF EF-
FLUENTS FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS. IT
REMOVES ODOJRS AND COLOR FROM WATER AND
DESTROYS PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS. TERTIARY TREAT-
MENT WITH OZONE HAS THE POTENTIAL OF AN AUTO-
MATED, TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION WITH LOW MAIN-
TENANCE. AN EFFICIENT CONTACTING PROCESS AND A
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF ITS ECONOMICS WERE IN-
VESTIGATED. OZONAT1ON WAS FIRST STUDIED BY LOW-
SHEAR COUNTERCURRENT CONTACTING IN AN 18-FT
COLUMN PACKED WITH RASCHIG RINGS. LATER IT WAS
FOUND THAT THE RATES OF COD AND TOC REMOVAL
COULD BE CONSIDERABLY INCREASED BY HIGH-SHEAR
CONTACTING USING A TURBINE AGITATOR. THE OPTIMUM
TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT WITH OZONE
REQUIRED MULTI-STAGE COCURRENT CONTACTING. A
SIX-STAGE SYSTEM WAS SIMULATED BY MIXING THROUGH
THE 18-FT PACKED TOWER. OVERALL EFFICIENCES AS
HIGH AS
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00170. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUGMEN-
TATION BENEFITS. FINAL REPORT.
PYATT, E.E.; HEANEY, J.P.; GRANTHAM, G.R.;
CARTER, B.J.
FINAL REPORT TO FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, USD! SOUTHEAST
REGION, ATLANTA, GA, SEP 1969. 630 P.
WITH INCREASING QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DE-
MANDS BEING PLACED UPON NATIONAL WATER
RESOURCES, IMPROVED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ARE
VITALLY NEEDED. IN PRINCIPLE, ONE POWERFUL
MANAGEMENT TOOL IS SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, WHEREIN
MATHEMATICAL OPTIMIZING TECHNIQUES ARE EM-
PLOYED TO EFFECT RATIONAL TRADEOFFS BETWEEN
COMPETING DEMANDS FOR WATER USE, BUT THIS TOOL,
IN TURN, RESTS UPON THE AVAILABILITY OF
METHODOLOGIES FOR QUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS
(ECONOMIC VALUE) OF EACH WATER-USE CATAGORY.
THAT IS, SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, BEFORE IT CAN BE EM-
PLOYED COMPREHENSIVELY, DEMANDS A KNOWLEDGE
OF THE FUNCTIONAL VALUE OF IRRIGATION, FLOOD CON-
TROL, MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY, ETC. LITTLE IS KNOWN
OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF LOW FLOW AUG-
MENTATION, ONE OF THE IMPORTANT WATER-USE
CATEGORIES. BEGINNING WITH THE PREMISE THAT THE
VALUE OF LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION IS MEASURED BY
SEWAGE TREATMENT COSTS AVOIDED, A HYDROLOG1C
FLOW SIMULATOR AND A WATER QUALITY LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING MODEL WERE INTERFACED TO DEVELOP A
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING 'WILLINGNESS TO PAY'
FOR AUGMENTATION. THIS GENERALIZED APPROACH CAN
BE APPLIED BY OTHERS TO THEIR SPECIFIC WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL SITUATIONS. (PB-188 208) (W70-02039).
00171. DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SLUDGE TO PUGET
SOUND--THE ENGINEERING AND WATER
QUALITY ASPECTS, JULY, 1965.
MUNICIPALITY OF METROPOLITAN SEATTLE, KING
COUNTY, WASHINGTON, JULY 1965. 75 P
THE DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SLUDGE FROM THE WEST
POINT AND RENTON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
SERVING METROPOLITAN SEATTLE BY DILUTION IN THE
WATERS OF PUGET SOUND IS RECOMMENDED. THE MU-
NICIPALITY'S STAFF AND CONSULTANTS AGREE THAT THE
QUALITY OF THE RECEIVING WATER CAN BE SUITABLY
MAINTAINED FOR OTHER BENEFICIAL USES AND THAT
THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE WILL BE PROTECTED.
A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MONITORING PRO-
GRAM IS BEING ESTABLISHED. THE DIGESTED SLUDGE
WOULD BE SCREENED TO REMOVE OBJECTIONABLE
FLOATABLE MATERIALS, MIXED WITH EFFLUENT FROM
THE PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANT, AND CHLORINATED
PRIOR TO DISPOSAL INTO THE SOUND THROUGH A 96 INCH
DIAMETER SUBMF.RGED OUTFALL SEWER. JET MIXING
WITH SEA WATER BY A DIFFUSER IN THE SEWER WILL
PRODUCE A DILUTION OF MORE THAN 10,000 TO ONE
UPON DISCHARGE. ULTIMATE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE
SLUDGE WILL RESULT FROM COMBINED EFFECTS OF
FURTHER VOLATILIZATION, HYDRODYNAM1C DISPERSION,
SEDIMENTATION AND FLUSHING TO THE OCEAN. LITTLE
BUILDUP OF DIGESTED SLUDGE SOLIDS ON THE BOTTOM
OF THE SOUND IS PREDICTED. THE SLUDGE DISPOSAL
METHOD PROPOSED IS BELIEVED TO BE THE MOST PRAC-
TICAL AND ECONOMICAL OF VARIOUS ALTERNATIVES
CONSIDERED. SIMILAR SLUDGE DISPOSAL METHODS ARE
PRACTICED SUCCESSFULLY AT LOS ANGELES. (W70-02031).
00172. OIL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY STUDY,
SEATTLE AREA.
EDWARDS, W.J.; WARD, N.C.
MUNICIPALITY, METROPOLITAN SEATTLE, EN-
GINEERING REPORT, AUG 1969, 51 P.
THE ENGINEERING REPORT, PRESENTS THE SCOPE OF THE
OIL WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM, SOLUTIONS THERETO,
BANGERS OF CONTAMINATION OF UNDERGROUND AND
SURFACE WATERS AND DETAILS OF DESIGN, OPERATION,
ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE OF A RECOMMENDED
TREATMENT FACILITY FOR OIL WASTES. THE STUDY,
FINANCED BY FOUR PUBLIC AGENCIES IN THE SEATTLE
AREA INCLUDING THE STATE, WAS INITIATED AS THE
RESULT Op AN ILLEGAL DISCHARGE OF OIL, IN 1967, INTO
THE SEWER SYSTEM OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF
METROPOLITAN SEATTLE. OIL WASTES GENERATED AN-
NUALLY IN THE GREATER SEATTLE AREA (TACOMA TO
EVERETT) TOTAL 9.3 MILLION GALLONS. PRINCIPLE
SOURCES ARE AUTOMOTIVE, SHIP AND TANK CLEANING,
AND INDUSTRIAL. RECLAMATION AND REUSE OF THE OIL
WASTES, WHEN FEASIBLE, IS CITED AS THE MOST DESIRA-
BLE PROCEDURE TO PREVENT POLLUTION. LIMITATIONS
OF CURRENT DISPOSAL PROCEDURE ARE DISCUSSED-IN-
CLUDING LANDFILL1NG, BARGING TO SEA, INCINERATION
AND SUBSURFACE INJECTION. THE BASIC RECOMMENDA-
TION IS THAT A LOCAL PUBLIC AGENCY CONSTRUCT AND
OPERATE A CENTRAL FACILITY FOR DISPOSING OF OIL
WASTES BROUGHT THERE BY ANYONE. TOTAL ANNUAL
COST OF THE FACILITY WAS ESTIMATED TO BE $105,000. A
CHARGE OF 3.5 CENTS PER GALLON OF WASTES RECEIVED
IS RECOMMENDED TO MAKE THE PLANT SELF-SUPPORT-
ING. THE SUGGESTED FACILITY, WHEN COMPLETED,
WOULD BE UNIQUE. FEDERAL DEMONSTRATION GRANT
FUNDS ARE MENTIONED. DRAWINGS, TABLES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE INCLUDEp: (W70-02030).
00173. INCINERATION OF GRIT, SCREENINGS, AND
SCUM.
REPORT, METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT,
GREATER CHICAGO, FEB 1969. 77 P.
DETAILED STUDIES AND A PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF AN
INCINERATION SYSTEM FOR THE DISPOSAL OF GRIT,
SCREENING, ANP SCUM FROM ALL OF THE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANTS OF THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY
DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO ARE REPORTED BY A
FIRM OF CONSULTING ENGINEERS. THE STUDY INCLUDED:
(I) DETERMINATION OF QUANTITIES AND CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF THE.WASTE MATERIALS; (2) MATERIAL HAN-
DLING PROBLEMS; (3) INCINERATION PROCESSES; AND (4)
DESIGN, LAYOUT, AND COST ESTIMATES OF THE
PROPOSED SYSTEM, THE REPORT PROPOSES THE CON-
STRUCTION OF AN INCINERATOR AT THE DISTRICT'S
SOUTHWEST TREATMENT WORKS.CAPABLE OF HANDLING
250 TONS (WET) DAILY. CONTAINERIZED TRUCK HAULING
OF GRIT, SCREENINGS, AND SCUM FROM OUTLYING DIS-
TRICT TREATMENT PLANTS TO THE SOUTHWEST PLANT IS
RECOMMENDED, BASED UPON COST COMPARISONS WITH
OTHER METHODS. AN INCINERATOR PROPOSED IS A 7-
HEARTH FURNACE DESIGNED TO MEET ANTICIPATED AIR
POLLUTION REGULATIONS AND ESTIMATED LOAD
REQUIREMENTS IN THE YEAR 1985. A WASTE-HEAT
RECOVERY SYSTEM IS CONSIDERED FEASIBLE AND IS
RECOMMENDED (OPTIMAL) FOR SPACE HEATING, MATERI-
AL THAWING, AND FOR USE IN THE PLANT'S POWER
HOUSE. CONSTRUCTION COSTS (1970) ARE ESTIMATED AT
$2,631,000, AND ANNUAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE
COSTS, $138,600. (W70-02029).
37
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00174. EFFLUENTS AND AFFLUENCE.
HAZELTON, J.E.
NEW ENGLAND BUSINESS REVIEW, P 2-9, JUNE
1965. 8 P
THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE ZONING APPROACH USED
BY THE NEW ENGLAND INTERSTATE WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL COMPACT. THIS REGIONAL AUTHORITY CLASSI-
FIES SECTIONS OF RIVERS AND STREAMS ACCORDING TO
A SCALE OF POTENTIAL WATER USES, BALANCING THE
COSTS OF TREATMENT AND DUMPING RESTRICIONS
AGINST THE BENEFITS THAT VARIOUS KINDS OF WATER
USE BRING TO THE COMMUNITY. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE
TO ESTIMATE THE PROGRESS IN WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL THROUGH THE INCREASED NUMBER OF TREATMENT
PLANTS CONSTRUCTED. THE ROLE OF THE FEDERAL AND
STATE GOVERNMENTS IS REVIEWED. THE ARTICLE CON-
CLUDES WITH SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NECESSARY
CHANGES IN THE AREA. (W70-02012).
00175. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
KNEESE, A. V.
CONTROLLING POLLUTION, ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS,
N, J. PRENTICE HALL, P 109-129, 1967.
IN THIS ARTICLE THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES HOW POLLU-
TION HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY CHECKED BY A METHOD
WHICH COMBINES REGIONAL COOPERATION AND
MANAGEMENT WITH A SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC CHARGES
TO POLLUTERS. A REVIEW OF THE BACKGROUND AND
CONCEPTS UNDERLYING WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
IN THE UNITED STATES IS PROVIDED WITH THE CONCLU-
SION THAT ACHIEVING CLEAN STREAMS WILL INVOLVE
PUBLIC INVESTMENT FAR HIGHER THAN IN ANY OTHER
FIELD OF RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OR CONSERVATION.
THIS PROVIDES THE FRAMEWORK FOR DISCUSSION OF THE
GERMAN EXPERIENCE. THE COST ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURES AND EFFLUENT CHARGES ARE OUTLINED.
GENERALLY, IT IS FOUND THAT ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
HAVE BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY TO CONTROL THE POL-
LUTION OF MANUFACTURES AND MUNICIPALITIES. THE
ARTICLE CONCLUDES, HOWEVER, WITH A DISCUSSION OF
SOME OF THE DIFFICULTIES AND DEFICIENCIES IN THIS
METHOD OF POLLUTION CONTROL. (W70-02004).
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
GRAMES, L.M.; KUENEMAN, R.W.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(7), 1358-
1367, 1969.
THE RESULTS ARE REPORTED OK AN INVESTIGATION BY
AN ENGINEERING COMMITTEE WHICH THE IDAHO POTATO
PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION FORMED TO LOOK INTO DIF-
FERENT METHODS OF PRIMARY TREATMENT TO SOLVE A
POLLUTION PROBLEM CREATED BY THK OPERATION OF
PROCESSING PLANTS ALONG THE SNAKE RIVER, PILOT-
PLANT TESTS DEVELOPED A PRIMARY TREATMENT
SCHEME INCLUDING AN OPTINAI. CREASE-REMOVAL UNIT,
POTATO WASTE Cl.ARIFIF.R, AND BELT-TYPE VACUUM
FILTER. THE AUTHORS REPORT THAT THE APPROACH
ADOPTED BY THE POTATO PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN
IDAHO FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN
HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL, THAI A PRIMARY TREATMENT
SYSTEM WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY HAS BEEN PRODUCED;
AND THAT FACILITIES HAVE RESULTED IN THE REMOVAL
OF WASTE FROM THE WATERS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
EQUIVALENT TO A POPULATION OF MORE THAN THREE
MILLION. DEWATERED SLUDGE IS SOLD PROFITABLY AS
CATTLE FEED. (W70-0 1990).
00177. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
ELIASSEN, R. ; TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.
ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, 3(6), 536-541, 1969.
THE PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
IN WASTEWATERS ARE TABULATED WITH THE AMOUNTS
FROM EACH SOURCE; DOMESTIC AND AGRICULTURAL
OPERATIONS ARE ON A PAR WITH INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT
FOR NITROGEN DISCHARGES, BUT PHOSPHORUS RELEASES
BY INDUSTRY ARE NOT AVAILABLE. NITROGEN REMOVAL
MAY BE DONE BY THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES WITH
REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES AND COST IN DOLLARS PER MIL-
LION GALLONS IN PARENTHESES: AMMONIA STRIPPING
(80-98, 9-25), ANAEROBIC DENITR1FICATION (60-95, 25-30),
ALGAE HARVESTING (50-90, 20-35) AND CONVENTIONAL
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (30-50, 30-100). A SIMILAR LIST
FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FOLLOWS; MODIFIED AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE (60-80, 30-100), CHEMICAL PRECIPITA-
TION (88-95, 10-70), CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION WITH FIL-
TRATION (95-98, 70-90), AND ADSORPTION (90-98, 40-70). IN
ADDITION, THE CONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
REMOVES 10-30 PERCENT OF THE PHOSPHORUS. A LIST OF
THE TREATMENT SCHEMES FOR REMOVAL OF BOTH
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IS THE FOLLOWING: ION
EXCHANGE (80-92, 86-98, 170-300), ELECTROCHEMICAL
TREATMENT (80-95, 4-8 FOR POWER), ELECTRODIALYSIS
(30-50, 100-250), REVERSE OSMOSIS (65-95, 250-400), DISTIL-
LATION (90-98, 400-1000), AND LAND APPLICATION (60-90
PHOSPHORUS, 75-150). ULTIMATE DISPOSAL METHODS
MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO 4 GROUPS: DUMPING; SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION; CONVERSION AND DUMPING; AND CON-
VERSION, PRODUCT RECOVERY, AND DUMPING. (W70-
01981).
00178. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY A LIME-BIOLOGI-
CAL TREATMENT SCHEME.
SCHMID, L.A.; MCKINNEY, R.E.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(7), 1259-
1276, 1969.
A PROCESS (BASED ON LABORATORY STUDIES) IS
PROPOSED FOR THE REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY LIME TREATMENT OF EF-
FLUENT BY A HIGH-RATE, COMPLETE MOX ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS. THIS TREATMENT ALLOWS FOR PARTI-
CLE REMOVAL OF THE PHOSPHORUS BY THE LIME WITH
THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE ORGANISMS REMOVING THE
REMAINING PORTION BY SYNTHESIS INTO CELL MASS. THE
ADDITION OF 150 MG/L CALCIUM HYDOIXIDE TO RAW
WASTE-WATER RESULTED GENERALLY IN A PH OF 9.5,
PHOSPHATE REMOVALS OF 80 PERCENT, BOD REMOVALS
OF 60 PERCENT, AND SS REMOVALS OF 90 PERCENT. THE
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WAS FOUND TO OPERATE
SATISFACTORILY ON THE LIME-TREATED WASTEWATER,
AND MICROB1AL PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN
THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNIT WAS SUFFICIENT TO MAIN-
TAIN A PH NEAR NEUTRAL IN THE AERATION COMPART-
MENT. (W70-OI976).
00179. HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT IN COOLING
WATER.
KOFLAT, T.D.
ELECTRICAL WORLD, 170(16), 31-33.
ONE METHOD PROPOSED FOR HOLDING DOWN THE HEAT-
ING EFFECT IS TO DISSIPATE IT TO A GREATER VOLUME
OF WATER. FOR EXAMPLE THE HEAT DISCHARGED FROM
A 1000 MW PLANT WILL ADD 30F TO A 1000 CFS FLOW 3F
TO 10,000 CFS FLOW AND 0.3F TO 100,000 CFS. ANOTHER
APPROACH IS TO SELECT THE OPTIMUM CONDENSER RISE
INDEPENDENT OF DILUTION CONSIDERATIONS AND
DILUTE THE WATER AFTER IT LEAVES THE CONDENSER.
38
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REFERENCE LIST
IN MANY AREAS THE NATURAL ROLLING TOPOGRAPHY
LENDS ITSELF TO BUILDING RESERVOIRS FOR COOLING
WATER WHICH CAN PROVIDE RECREATIONAL BENEFITS
ALSO. A COOLING TOWER ATTEMPTS TO ACCELERATE
THE NATURAL COOLING PROCESS. COOLING-TOWER PER-
FORMANCE IS A FUNCTION OF RANGE AND APPROACH. IN
GENERAL, THE MECHANICAL-DRAFT WET-TYPE TOWER
WILL HAVE AN OPTIMUM RANGE OF 21F AND AN AP-
PROACH OF I8F, THE NATURAL-DRAFT WET-TYPE A
RANGE OF 26F AND AN APPROACH OF 18F, THE MECHANI-
CAL DRY-TYPE A RANGE OF 12F AND AN APPROACH OF
33F AND NATURAL-DRAFT DRY-TYPE A RANGE OF 17F
AND AN APPROACH OF 38F. (W70-01915).
00180. OPTIMIZATION OF THE ION FLOTATION OF
DICHROMATE.
GRIEVES, R.B.; ETTELT, G.A.; SCHRODT, J.T.;
BHATTACHARYYA, D.
ASCE, J SANIT ENG DIV, 95(SA3), 515-525, 1969.
THE EFFICIENCY OF A PILOT-PLANT SCALE, DISSOLVED-
AIR ION FLOTATION UNIT FOR THE REMOVAL AND CON-
CENTRATION OF DICHROMATE WAS EVALUATED. THE
EVALUATION WAS DEPENDENT ON THREE VARIABLES:
THE FRACTIONAL FLOTATION (REMOVAL) OF DICHRO-
MATE, THE ENRICHMENT RATIO FOR DICHROMATE, AND
THE FRACTIONAL FLOTATION (REMOVAL) OF SURFAC-
TANT. EACH DEPENDENT VARIABLE WAS RELATED
ANALYTICALLY TO FIVE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES BY
MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS. OPTIMUM VALUES OF
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES WERE DETERMINED AND A
CHEMICAL COST ESTIMATE BASED ON THE REMOVAL OF
CHROMIUM WAS CARRIED OUT. THE PRIME ADVANTAGE
OF THE ION FLOTATION PROCESS WAS THE CONCENTRA-
TION OF THE CHROMIUM PRESENT IN THE WASTE
(TOGETHER WITH THE SURFACTANT ADDED) IN A SMALL
LIQUID VOLUME LESS THAN ONE PER CENT OF THE
VOLUME OF THE WASTE. (W70-01768).
00181. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
SMITH, E.T.; MORRIS, A.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(9), 1635-
1646, 1969.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE DELAWARE ESTUARY
WAS UNDERTAKEN IN 196i WITH THE FOLLOWING OBJEC-
TIVES: (A) TO DEVELOP METHODS OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT, (B) TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE AND EF-
FECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTION FROM ANY
SOURCE AND THE DETERIORATED QUALITY OF WATER IN
THE ESTUARY AND (C) TO PREPARE A PROGRAM FOR THE
IMPROVMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF THE WATER QUALI-
TY IN THE ESTUARY WAS DEVELOPED WHICH EMBODIED
THE CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS AND CONTROL
PROGRAMS BASED ON COST ALLOCATION, COST
MINIMIZATION AND ZONED-OPTIMIZATION MODELS. THE
OPTIMIZATION MODEL OF THE ESTUARY WAS FORMU-
LATED AS A COMBINATION OF THE UNIFORM TREATMENT
AND THE COST MINIMIZATION PROGRAMS. ONE OF THE
MOST SIGNIFICANT CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
EVALUATED WAS THAT BETWEEN BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND AND DISOLVED OXYGEN. FOR ANY GIVEN OB-
JECTIVE SET THE COST MINIMIZATION MODEL YIELDED
THE SMALLEST COST AND UNIFORM TREATMENT MODEL
YIELDED THE LARGEST. CERTAIN MONETARY BENEFITS
COULD BE DERIVED FROM INCREASED USE OF THE ESTUA-
RY ONCE ITS WATER QUALITY WAS IMPROVED. (W70-
01766).
00182. ELECTROSORPTION AND DESORPTION
PROCESS FOR DEMINERALIZATION.
LACEY, R.E.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RES AND DEVELOP
PROGR REP NO 398, 1969. 117 P
AN IMROVED DESIGN FOR ELECTROSORPTION STACKS,
AND METHODS OF MAKING ACCEPTABLE ELCTROSORP
TION MEMBRANES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED. OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMPROVED ELECTROSORPTION
STACK WERE DETERMINED IN LABORATORY EXPERI-
MENTS AND THEN THE STACK WAS USED IN THE FIELD TO
DEMINERALIZE TWO TYPES OF NATURAL BRACKISH
WATERS. THE FIELD EVALUATION UNIT WAS OPERATED 24
HOURS A DAY FOR PERIODS UP TO 54 DAYS TO DETER-
MINE THE BEST OPERATING CONDITIONS TO BE USED
WITH THESE NATURAL WATERS. ELECTRODIALYS1S EX-
PERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH THE SAME WATERS.
THE DATA FROM THE LONG-TERM EVALUATIONS OF
DEMINERALIZATION PERFORMANCE WERE USED FOR ESTI-
MATING THE COST OF DEMINERALIZING THESE TWO
WATERS BY ELECTROSORPTION AND BY ELECTRODIALY-
SIS. THE COST ESTIMATES INDICATED THE COST OF
DEMINERALIZATION BY ELCTROSORPT1ON WOULD BE
LOWER THAN THAT FOR DEMINERALIZATION BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS BY ABOUT 17% FOR ONE OF THE WATERS
AND ABOUT 6% FOR THE OTHER. (GPO $1.25) (W70-01671).
00183. REPLY TO COMMENTS ON 'RECREATION
BENEFITS FROM WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL'.
STEVENS, J.B.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 5(4), P 908-909,
1969.
STEVENS IN THIS REPLY CONCEDED THAT HIS ATTEMPT
TO SEPARATE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FUNCTIONS FOR AN-
GLERS IN HIS FISHERY CASE WAS UNSUCCESSFUL. HAVING
MADE CERTAIN AMENDMENTS HE SUGGESTS THAT THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIS ARGUMENT AND BURT'S IS
NOT GREAT. AS TO THE MATTER OF GROSS OR NET MEA-
SURES OF SOCIAL VALUE, STEVENS CLAIMS THAT IT ALL
DEPENDS ON WHEN ONE DEDUCTS THE COSTS OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL. STEVENS IS IN BASIC AGREEMENT WITH
BURT'S SUGGESTION THAT PRODUCERS' SURPLUS AS WEL-
LAS CONSUMERS' SURPLUS BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMIN-
ING NET SOCIAL VALUE OF RECREATION RESOURCES. HE
SUGGESTS THAT THE LITERATURE IN THE AREA IS IN
NEED OF AN EXPANDED FORM OF THE MODEL WHICH
BURT PRESENTS. AS AN INDUCEMENT FOR BURT TO EX-
PAND HIS MODEL, STEVENS POSES THREE PROBLEMS FOR
CONSIDERATION. THE FIRST IS THE MEANING OF PRODU-
CERS' SURPLUS WHEN GOVERNMENT, RATHER THAN
PROFIT SEEKERS, PRODUCES THE SERVICE. SECONDLY,
HOW IS OPTIMUM PRICING DEFINED WHEN THE COST
RELATIONSHIP IN ITS MARGINAL FORM IS DECLINING AND
APPROACHES THE QUANTITY AXIS ASYMPTOTICALLY.
THIRD, UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS WOULD CONSUMERS'
PLUS PRODUCERS' SURPLUS OVERESTIMATE THE VALUE
OF RECREATION RESOURCES RELATIVE TO COMPETING
USES WHERE MARKET PRICES ARE MORE READILY OB-
TAINABLE. THE AUTHOR, AS AN ADDENDUM, POINTS OUT
AN ERROR IN HIS ORIGINAL ARTICLE IN HIS ESTIMATES OF
INCOME ELASTICITIES. (W70-01373).
39
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00184. SOIL SEALING CHEMICALS AND
TECHNIQUES.
MANNION, J.J.; PORTER, D.J.
OFFICE SALINE WATER RES AND DEVELOP PROGR
REP NO 381, 1968.31 P.
MATERIALS TO BE USED IN MAKING SOILS IMPERMEABLE
TO CONCENTRATED BRINE FOR DISPOSAL BY EVAPORA-
TION WERE STUDIED. RQSWELL SOIL FROM NEW MEXICO
WAS RENDERED IMPERVIOUS BY FOUR CLASSES OF ADDI-
TIVES, NAMELY, LIGNIN DER1VATES GELLED WITH SODI-
UM, CHROMATE OR ALUM, CARBOXMETHYL CELLULOSE
WITH ALUM, PETROLEUM EMULSIONS, AND AN AT-
TAPULGITE CLAY. SOIL PERMEABILITY WAS SENSITIVE TO
MOISTURE CONTENT. THIS RELATIONSHIP SHOULD BE
CONSIDERED IN RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS WITH ADDI-
TIVES AND IN FIELD INSTALLATION PROCEDURES. THE
REPRODUCIB1LITY OF RESULTS IN SMALL PERMEAMETERS
WAS NOT AS GOOD AS EXPECTED BECAUSE OF INSUFFI-
CIENT CONTROL OF MOISTURE LEVELS. PERMEABILITY
TESTS OF LONGER DURATION NEED TO BE MADE BEFORE
ANY MAJOR INSTALLATION IS CONTEMPLATED. A GRAPHI-
CAL TECHNIQUES FOR COMPARING TREATMENT COSTS
AND EFFECTIVENESS IS SUGGESTED. THE ADDITIVES COST
FOR REDUCING THE SEEPAGE AT ROSWELL TO LESS THAN
6 INCHES PER YEAR AT A BRINE DEPTH OF 20 FEET BY
TREATING A 6-INCH SOIL LAYER CAN BE LPW AS $500 PER
ACRE. A GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUE FOR COMPARING TREAT-
MENT COSTS AND EFFECTIVENESS IS SUGGESTED. (GPO
$0.40) (W70-OI273).
00185. STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
BAUER, W.J.
PROC AIS1 SEMINAR, ILL 1NST TECHNOL, OCT 8,
1968. 29 P.
THE PROPOSED CHICAGO DEEP TUNNEL PLAN WOULD
PROVIDE TEMPORARY STORAGE OF STORM RUNOFF FROM
COMBINED SEWERS TO ALLOW STEADY LOW-VOLUME
TREATMENT AND PREVENT DISCHARGE OF RAW SEWAGE
TO SURFACE WATERS. THE TOTAL COST IS ESTIMATED TO
BE 242-446 MILLION DOLLARS. OPERATING COSTS ARE EX-
PECTED TO BE VERY LOW BECAUSE THE FACILITY WILL
BE LARGE ENOUGH TO USE PROFITABLY AS A PEAK-DE-
MAND PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRIC PLANT. STORM
RUNOFF WILL BE ONLY A SMALL PART OF THE TOTAL
MOVEMENT OF WATER. THE DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS
OF THE PROJECT ARE DESCRIBED BRIEFLY. (W69-09690).
00186. ALTERNATIVES IN WATER SUPPLY.
OKUN, D.A.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 61(5), 215-221, 1969.
AFTER REVIEWING UNMET PHS STANDARDS AND CON-
FRONTING THE POSSIBILITIES OF DISEASE CAUSED BY
PUBI.IC WATER, THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THREE ASPECTS
OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES: VIRUSES IN WATER; CHEMI-
CALS IN WATER; AND ESTHEST1C QUALITY. THE DANGERS
OF VIRUSES AND CHEMICALS MAY BE MORE FAR-
REACHING THAN THEY APPEAR. ESTHETIC QUALITY IS SO
LOW THAT A DISSATISFIED PUBLIC IS TURNING MORE AND
MORE TO BOTTLED WATER. THE RECOMMENDED ACTION
IS TO ESTABLISH A DUAL WATER SUPPLY. DRINKING
WATER WOULD BE OF HIGHEST QUALITY, TAKEN FROM
NATURALLY PURE SOURCES OR PRODUCED FROM
BRACKISH OR SEAWATER. THE SECOND SUPPLY MIGHT BE
OF QUESTIONABLE QUALITY AND ESTHETICALLY LESS
DESIRABLE, BUT IT WOULD BE BACTERIOLOGICALLY SAFE
THROUGH CONVENIONA1. TREATMENT THAT INCLUDED
DISENFECTION. IMPLEMENTATION COULD BE ACHIEVED
BY PUBLIC EDUCATION OR BY A DISCRIMINATING PRICING
POLICY. COSTS OF DUAL SUPPLIES WOULD NOT DIFFER
SIGNIFICANTLY FROM CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS. FUTURE
TRENDS ARE DISCUSSED, INCLUDING: UTILITY TUNNELS;
AUTOMATION; REGIONALIZATION OF PUBLIC WATER
MAANGEMENT; NEW WATER SOURCES AVAILABLE
THROUGH TECHNOLOGY, AND GREATER UTILIZATION OF
HUMAN RESOURCES. THE ARTICLE IS FOLLOWED BY TWO
DISCUSSIONS OF THE ARTICLE: ONE BY SAMUEL S.
BAXTER, ONE BY HENRY J. GRAESER AND ALBERT H.
HALFF. (W69-09566).
00187, ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
COFFEY, P.J. ORTOLANO, L.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 61(5), 237-241, 1969.
THE ARTICLE FOCUSES ON DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF
WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT THAT SHOULD BE PRO-
VIDED WHERE SALINITY IS THE MAJOR QUALITY INDICA-
TOR. BENFITS ARE PERCEIVED AS COSTS AVOIDED BY
DOWNSTREAM USERS DUE TO SALINITY REDUCTION. THE
PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO SUGGEST A DESIGN FOR
AN ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT CONTROL PROGRAM.
ANALYSIS IS LIMITED TO THE CASE WHERE LOAD AND
LEVEL OF WATER ARE CONSTANT. AN ANALOGY IS MADE
BETWEEN THIS METHOD AND THE TECHNIQUES USED IN
PLANNING FLOOD PROTECTION. SECTION I DISCUSSES SPE-
CIAL PROBLEMS IN MINERAL POLLUTION CONTROL. SEC-
TION I! DESCRIBES THE PROPOSED METHOD FOR RELAT-
ING COSTS OF SALINITY CONTROL TO WATER QUALITY.
THE METHOD FULFILLS THE ECONOMIC CRITERIA
ESTABLISHED BY THE PRESIDENT'S WATER RESOURCES
COUNCIL IN 1962: (1) TOTAL TANGIBLE BENEFITS EXCEED-
ING COSTS; (2) MARGINAL BENEFITS OF EACH SEPARABLE
UNIT OF A PROJECT EXCEEDING ITS COST; AND (3) SCOPE
OF DEVELOPMENT SUFFICIENT TO MAXIMIZE NET
BENEFITS. SECTION III APPLIES THE METHOD. SECTION IV
DISCUSSES THE VALUE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE
METHOD. IT SHOULD BE USEFUL IN DEVELOPING A PRO-
GRAM TO RELIEVE A CURRENT CONDITION OF SALINE
POLLUTION. IT WILL NOT GIVE ANSWERS FOR SITUATIONS
THAT INVOLVE A DEVELOPING BASIN ECONOMY. (W69-
09565).
00188. HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS WITH
RESERVOIR STORAGE OF MAKEUP TO
SERVE THE PROPOSED KEYSTONE
GENERATING STATION.
SMITH, A.F.; BOVIER, R.E.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN POWER CON-
FERENCE, VOL 25, P 406-415, 1963.
THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE STUDIES WHICH LED TO
THE SITE SELECTION OF KEYSTONE GENERATING STA-
TIONS, INDICATING THAT LARGE PLANTS CAN BE
LOCATED ON SMALL STREAMS, AND PROPOSES COOLING
ARRANGEMENTS WHICH OVERCOME SPECIFIC DIFFICUL-
TIES AT A LOCATION. THE EFFECT OF DISCHARGES ON
STREAM FLOW DURING NORMAL AND CRITICAL YEARS IS
SHOWN. COAL RESOURCES AND COST STUDIES AND A
PLANT SITE SURVEY WERE CONDUCTED. HYPERBOLIC
COOLING TOWERS WERE CHOSEN BECAUSE THEY WERE
ECONOMICAL FOR LARGE UNIT INSTALLATIONS WITH
HIGH LOAD FACTORS, THEY REQUIRED LESS SPACE THAN
OTHER UNITS, AND TH1ER STACK HEIGHTS
(APPROXIMATELY 300 FT) MINIMIZED FOG AND AIR POL-
LUTION PROBLEMS. THE TOWER'S HEAT LOAD CAN BE IN
CREASED BY INCREASING EITHER THE WATER FLOW OR
THE COOLING RANGE. THE OPTIMUM COOLING RANGE
WAS EVALUATED AT 23 DEC TO 30 DEG F A MAKEUP
40
-------
REFERENCE LIST
RESERVOIR IS MOST ADVANTAGEOUS BECAUSE OF ITS MO-
BILITY. A COST COMPARISON WITH ANOTHER RIVER SITE
CONCLUDED THAT THE NORMAL ECONOMIC PENALTIES
OF A COOLING TOWER PLANT WERE NOT SERIOUS IF THE
ADVANTAGES OF A CLOSED-LOOP COOLING TOWER AR-
RANGEMENT WERE RECOGNIZED. (W69-09318).
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
DEPUY,G.W.
OFFICE OF' SALINE WATER, RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO 454.
JULY1969.211 P
THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION HAS BEEN AUTHORIZED
BY THE OFFICE OF SALINE WATER TO CONDUCT AN 8-
PART PROGRM ON SURFACE FACILITIES FOR DISPOSAL OF
DESALTING PLANT EFFLUENTS. THE PROGRAM CONSISTS
OF: (1) PREPARING A STATE-OF-THE-ART BIBLIOGRAPHY
AND A REVIEW, (2) TEST SOIL SAMPLES FROM A
PROPOSED BRINE EVAPORATION POND SITE, (3) LABORA-
TORY TESTS ON POND LINING MATERIALS AND SOIL SEA-
LANTS, (4) DEVELOP A MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
SEEPAGE LOSS MEASUREMENTS, (5) DEVELOP
TECHNIQUES FOR INCREASING EVAPORATION RATES, (6)
CONDUCT FIELD TESTS OF POND LININGS AND DEVLOP
OPTIMUM APPLICATION METHODS, (7) PREPARE A
MANUAL ON SURFACE FACILITIES FOR DISPOSAL OF
DESALTING PLANT EFFLUENTS, AND (8) CONDUCT AN
ECONOMIC STUDY OF SALT DISPOSAL. THIS REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY WAS PREPARED AS PART I OF THE BU-
REAU'S PROGRAM. THE TECHNICAL LITERATURE WAS
REVIEWED FOR INFORMATION ON ALL PARTS OF THE BU-
REAU'S PROG'RAM. A SURVEY OF 50 STATES AND THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
ON WATER POLLUTION REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO
SURFACE FACILITIES FOR DISPOSL OF DESALTING PLANT
EFFLUENTS IS APPENDED TO THE REVIEW. THE BIBLIOG-
RAPHY CONTAINS 870 REFERENCES. REFERENCES ARE IN-
DEXED AND CROSS REFERENCED ACCORDING TO 18 SUB-
JECT AREAS. (W69-09353).
00190. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY OF STREAMS.
THOMAN, R.V
PROC SECOND AN Nil WATER QUALITY RES SYMP,
ALBANY, NY, P 31-47, APRIL 1965.
THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND THF.IR
APPLICATION FOR SOLVING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PROBLEMS WERE PRESENTED. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
WAS DEVELOPED TO SOLVE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
OF THE DELAWARE ESTUARY USING LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING TECHNIQUES. THE GOAL OF THE STUDY WAS
TO DEVELOP TECHNIQUES FOR MINIMIZING THE OVERALL
COST OF IMPROVING WATER QUALITY IN A SITUATION
WHERE THERE WKRE MANY WASTE SOURCES ALL CON-
TRIBUTING IN VARIOUS DEGREES TO THE OXYGEN DE-
MAND. IT WAS SHOWN THAT THE TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED
WERE USEFUL IN PLACING VARIOUS WATER POLLUTION
PROBLEMS (INCLUDING THE CLASSICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
SAG IN AN ANALYTICAL INPUT-OUTPUT FRAMEWORK
WHICH COULD THEN BE FURTHER UTILIZED IN THE FOR-
MULATION OF OPTIMUM WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
POLICIES. IT WAS ALSO SHOWN THAT A VARIETY OF ADDI-
TIONAL WASTE REMOVALS WAS NECESSARY AT EACH OF
THE SEVEN WASTE SOURCES, THAT THE DELAWARE
ESTUARY HAD MANY LEVELS OF WASTE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY AND THAT THERE WERE OBVIOUS PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH THE LEAST COST SOLUTION. (W69-
09374).
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
YOUNG, G.
ARID LANDS IN PERSPECTIVE, P 382-397, UNIVER-
SITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, TUCSON, 1969.
THIS PAPER REVIEWS SOME WATER MANAGEMENT ALTER-
NATIVES TO LARGE-SCALE TRANSFER OF WATER. DATA
ON THE WORLD WATER CYCLE AND ON AVERAGE RIVER
FLOWS OF SOME OF THE IMPORTANT RIVERS OF THE
WORLD ARE PRESENTED. ARID AREAS ARE TREATED IN
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, AND THEIR LAND AREA IS
COMPARED TO THAT OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS. THE
WATER DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF THE GANGES VAL-
LEY IS POINTED OUT. UTILIZATION OF RIVERS TO CARRY
GARBAGE AND WASTE TO THE SEA IS RELATED TO WATER
POLLUTION AND WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS. DIA-
GRAMS, FORMULI AND WATER COSTS FOR LARGE CITY
WATER SYSTEMS WITH RECYCLING OF WATER ARE
PRESENTED. SEVERAL TYPES OF DESALINATION ARE
DISCUSSED AND COSTS ARE COMPUTED FOR THESE AND
VARIOUS COMBINED TREATMENT-DESALINATION
SYSTEMS FOR LARGE CITIES. PROBLEMS OF EFFICIENT USE
OF DESALINATED WATER IN SEASHORE AGRICULTURE
ARE CONSIDERED. METHODS ARE DISCUSSED OF INCREAS-
ING PRECIPITATION BY SEEDING CLOUDS AND 'CATCHING'
FOG, AND OF INCREASING RUNOFF BY ALTERATION OF
THE VEGETATION. (W69-09220).
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
3(6), 523-525, 1969.
THE DESIGN, COST, AND EFFICIENCY OF POLLUTION CON-
TROL FACILITIES IN THE BUILDING OF ELECTRIC POWER
PLANTS IS DISCUSSED IN THREE SECTIONS: WATER, AIR,
THERMAL ASPECTS. THE THREE STATIONS CONCERNED
ARE MINE-MOUTH PLANTS IN PENNSYLVANIA, KEYSTONE
(TWO 900 MW UNITS), HOMER CITY (TWO 640 UNITS),
CONEMAUGH (TWO 900 MW UNITS). WATER DEMAND IS
REDUCED IN THE NEW PLANTS BY COOLING TOWERS,
REC1RCULAT1NG SYSTEMS AND STORAGE RESERVOIRS
USED TO AUGMENT LOW FLOW STREAMS IN THE SUMMER
AND ALSO AS A NEUTRALIZER. NEW PROTECTION
DEVICES (OIL SKIMMERS, DIVERSIONARY DAMS AND
DITCHES, AND MANHOLE APPURTENANCES) WERE USED
TO KEEP OIL SPILLAGE FROM CONTAMINATING THE
STREAM. ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATORS (95% EFFICIENCY)
WERE USED TO CONTROL FLY ASH AND HIGH STACKS
WERE DESIGNED TO AVOID GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRA-
TION OF SO2. AIR QUALITY LEVELS ARE BEING TESTED AT
ALL THREE PLANTS. LARGE ELECTRIC STATIONS CAN BE
LOCATED ON SMALL STREAMS WITHOUT POLLUTION
HAZARDS IF DESIGNED WITH WATER STORAGE AND
HYPERBOLIC NATURAL DRAFT TYPES. LARGE COOLING
WATERS ARE THE MOST ECONOMICAL OF ALL SYSTEMS.
(W'69-09302).
00193. THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY.
KNEESE, A.V.; BOWER, B.T.
MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS, PP 224-235, THE
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, 1968.
A LINEAR PROGRAMMING ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION
MODF.l. WAS COMBINED WITH A PHYSICAL(OXYGEN SAG)
MODEL OF THE DELAWARE ESTUARY TO PERMIT COM-
PARISON OF ALTERNATIVE DOSE OF WATER QUALITY
CONTROL WITH THE LEAST-COST SOLUTION. FIVE
'OBJECTIVE SETS' WF,RE INVESTIGATED, RANGING FROM
MAINTENANCE OF 1964 QUALITY CONDITIONS, UP TO CON-
SIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY RESULTING IN IN-
41
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
CREASED WATER CONTACT RECREATION. THE SUM-
MARIZED RESULTS OF THE STUDY, FOR UNIFORM TREAT-
MENT, ZONED TREATMENT AND LEAST-COST TREATMENT
WERE TABLED AND DISCUSSED. BENEFITS WHICH WOULD
RESULT FROM THE VARIOUS OBJECTIVE LEVELS WERE
DESCRIBED AND TABLED. OTHER METHODS FOR STREAM
IMPROVMENT, SUCH AS REGIONAL COLLECTION, OCEAN
DISPOSAL AND MECHANICAL REOXYGENATION WERE
BRIEFLY DISCUSSED. (W69-05728).
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
WORK PERFORMED FOR METROPOLITAN SANITA-
RY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO. HARZA EN-
GINEERING CO AND BAUER ENGINEERING, INC,
CHICAGO, ILL, MAY 1968. 199 P
THE DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM IS A MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
TO CAPTURE POLLUTED STORM OVERFLOWS, TREAT
THEM, AND GRADUALLY RETURN THEM TO THE WATER-
WAYS. THE SYSTEM, WHEN NOT IN USE, PUMPS WATER TO
GENERATE POWER. CHAPTER ONE BRIEFLY DESCRIBES
THE PROGRAM FOR THE ENTIRE CHICAGO AREA. SELEC-
TION OF THE CALUMET AREA AS THE FIRST CONSTRUC-
TION ZONE IS JUSTIFIED. THE INVESTIGATIONS PROGRAM
FOR THE ZONE IS DESCRIBED. CHAPTER TWO GIVES THE
GENERAL CONCEPT OF THE PLAN, SUMMARILY DESCRIBES
PROJECT FEATURES, AND DISCUSSES OPERATION OF THE
ENTIRE SYSTEM. CHAPTER THREE DISCUSSES EXISTING
WATERFLOWS. IT EXAMINES THE SERVICE AREA, WATER-
WAYS, THE EXISTING COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS, FLOOD-
ING PROBLEMS, HYDOLOGICAL APSECTS OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS, AND QUALITY OF OVERFLOWS.
CHAPTERS FOUR THROUGH EIGHT DISCUSS PROJECT FEA-
TURES AT LENGTH; CHAPTER FOUR COVERING THE INTER-
CEPTION AND CONVEYANCE STRUCTURES; FIVE, THE
MINED STORAGE RESERVOIR; SIX, THE PUMPING-
GENERAT1NG STATION; SEVEN, THE SURFACE RESERVOIR
AND REGULATING FACILITIES; AND, EIGHT, WATER
TREATMENT FACILITIES AND PROCESSES. CHAPTER NINE
DISCUSSES OVERALL SYSTEM OPERATION. CHAPTER TEN
DEFINES ALTERNATIVES AND PROVISIONS FOR EXPAN-
SION. CHAPTER ELEVEN OUTLINES PROJECT IMPLEMENTA-
TION AND COST ESTIMATES. THE LAST TWO CHAPTERS
SUMMARIZE AND JUSTIFY THE PROJECT, AND DISCUSS ITS
FINANCING. (W69-05743).
00195. NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND
LIME PRECIPITATION.
MALHOTRA, S.K.; LEE, G.F.; ROHL1CH, G.A.
INT J AIR WAT POLL, VOL 8 PP 487-500, 1964.
CONDITIONS WERE STUDIED FOR REMOVAL OF
PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FROM
BIOCHEMICALLY TREATED WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS BY
ALUM FLOCCULATION AND LIME PRECIPITATION. THEY
FLOCCULATED OR PRECIPITATED SAMPLES OF SECONDA-
RY EFFLUENT ACCORDING TO CONVENTIONAL JAR TEST
PROCEDURES. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL WAS HIGHLY PH
DEPENDENT WITH AN OPTIMUM PH OF 5.57 PLUS-OR-
MINUS 0.25. AT THIS PH, AN ALUM DOSE OF 250 MILLI-
GRAMS/LITER REMOVED 95% OF TOTAL PHOSPHORUS, 55%
OF THE CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, 60% OF THE OR-
GANIC NITROGEN, 25% OF THE NITRATE-NITROGEN AND
NITRITE-NITROGEN, 17% OF THE APPARENT ALKYL-
BENZENE SULFONATE, AND NONE OF THE AMMONIA-
NITROGEN. A DOSE OF 600 MILLIGRAMS/LITER OF CALCI-
UM HYDOX1DE RAISED PH SAMPI.F. TO II AND REMOVED
99* OF TOTAL PHOSPORUS. ESTIMTAED CHEMICAL COSTS
FOR REMOVAL OF 95% OF TOTAL PHOSPHORUS BY LIME
AND ALUM WERE 32 AND 73 DOLLARS PER MILLION GAL-
LONS, RESPECTIVELY. (W69-05865).
00196. ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER
PROJECT.
TEERINK, J.R.; MARTIN, C.
JAMER WATER WORKS ASS, 61(9), 436-440, 1969.
DESTRATIFICATION AND AERATION IN CALIFORNIA
RESERVOIRS ARE ACCOMLISHED AY AIR INJECTION AND
MULTIPLE-LEVEL OUTLET STRUCTURES. MIXING RETURNS
NUTRIENTS TO THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ZONE FOR USE BY
ORGANISMS, AND OXIDIZES IRON AND MANGANESE. THE
EFFECTS MAY BE BENEFICIAL OR DETRIMENTAL TO IN-
TENDED WATER USES. EVAPORATION IS USUALLY
REDUCED BECAUSE SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURES
ARE LOWERED. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IS INCREASED.
BECAUSE ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION CAN PRODUCE
BOTH BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS, A STUDY SHOULD BE
MADE OF PRIORITY OF USES AND THE EFFECTS OF MIX-
ING, AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES SHOULD BE MADE,
PLACING A VALUE ON THE VARIOUS QUALITY CHANGES
RELATED TO MIXING. (W69-09883).
00197. COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY WOOD).
WOOD, J.E. III.
IN THE FRESH WATER OF NEW YORK STATE: ITS
CONSERVATION AND USE, P 62-64, WM C BROWN
BOOK CO, DUBUQUE, IOWA 1967.
THE AUTHOR AGREES WITH THE PAPER BEING COM-
MENTED ON IN RESPECT TO THE IMMENSITY OF THE
WATER POLLUTION PROBLEM, BOTH PRESENT ANP FU-
TURE AND THAT, ASIDE FROM ALL AESTHIC CONSIDERA-
TION, THERE ARE COMPELLING ECONOMIC JUSTIFICA-
TIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATE-
MENT. HOWEVER, THE AUTHOR QUESTIONS THE
PROPRIETY OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM OF 'EFFLUENT
CHARGES' TO BE IMPOSED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND
PAID TO GOVERNMENTS BY POLLUTERS. THE PRINCIPAL
ARGUMENT AGAINST SUCH CHARGES IS THAT IF THE
CHARGE IS SUFFICIENTLY MODEST TO BE INTOLERABLE,
IT BECOMES A PURCHASED LICENSE TO POLLUTE. ON THE
OTHER HAND, IF IT IS SET HIGH ENOUGH TO EFFECTIVELY
PREVENT POLLUTION, IT BECOMES PUNITIVE IN NATURE
AND A POOR SUBSTITUTE FOR DIRECT REGULATION. IT IS
ALSO ARGUED THAT THE COMPLEXITY OF ADMINISTRA-
TION OF A SYSTEM OF EFFLUENT CHARGES IS TOO GREAT
TO BE PRACTICAL. (W69-09965).
00198. OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANANGEMENT AND
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN.
SHIH, O.S.; DEFILIPPI, J.A.
PROC, FOURTH AMER WATER RESOURCE CONF N
Y, P 754-779, NOV 1968.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS WHICH DESCRIBED THE INTER-
DEPENDENCY OF SYSTEMS COMPONENTS WERE USED TO
OPTIMIZE THE OVERALL ECONOMIC RETURN FROM
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN A RIVER BASIN. THE
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY WAS TO PRESENT AN OP-
TIMIZATION MODEL WHICH CONSIDERED THE TOTAL
COST TO WATER USERS AND WASTE DISCHARGERS IN A
BASIN, AND TO IDENTIFY DIRECT BENEFITS IN TERMS OF
REDUCED TREATMENT COSTS. TWO DYNAMIC PRO-
GRAMMING MODELS WERE PRESENTED. THE FIRST WAS A
42
-------
REFERENCE LIST
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT MODEL THAT MINIMIZED
THE TOTAL COSTS OF BOTH WATER AND WASTE TREAT-
MENT IN THE RIVER BASIN. THE SECOND MODEL
DESIGNED FOR OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN COULD ADD AN EXTRA COST-SAVING REFINE-
MENT TO THE FIRST MODEL. IT WAS FELT THAT BETTER
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT COULD BE ACHIEVED BY
USING FIRST MODEL. THE WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN MODEL COULD ALSO BE APPLIED INDEPEN-
DENTLY FOR NORMAL INDUSTRIAL AND MUNCIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN PROBLEMS. (W69-10021).
00199. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR REUSE
OF WATER.
MCCARTY, P. L.
IN WATER: DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION, CON-
STRUCTION, 5TH WESTERN RESOURCES CON-
FERENCE, BOULDER, COLO, 1963. P 55-59.
WITH AN ANTICIPATED DEMAND OF NEARLY 600 BILLION
GALLONS PER DAY BY 1980, IT'S EXPECTED THAT AT
LEAST FIVE OF THE NATION'S WATER RESOURCE AREAS
WILL EXPERIENCE A WATER SHORTAGE. THE REUSE OF
WATER IS SEEN AS THE ANSWER TO AMELIORATING THIS
PROBLEM. WHILE THE METHOD OF INCREASING THE COST
OF WATER COULD ALTER WATER USE HABITS AND IM-
PROVE THE SHORTAGES, EFFECTIVE REUSE IS RECOM-
MENDED AS THE MORE DESIRABLE METHOD OF SOLVING
THE PROBLEM. THREE CONCLUSIONS REACHED: (1) IM-
PROVED METHODS OF WASTE TREATMENT USING NEW
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL OR BIOLOGICAL METHODS MUST BE
DEVISED, WITH A CONCENTRATION OF RESEARCH EF-
FORTS AIMED AT DEVELOPING THESE METHODS; (2)
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS SHOULD BE COMPATIBLE
WITH HEALTH STANDARDS BUT NOT SO RESTRICTIVE AS
TO LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF REUSE OF WATER; AND (3) THE
ROLE OF WATER RESOURCE PERSONNEL IS SEEN AS EN-
GAGING IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
RESEARCHERS, WATER MANAGERS AND PUBLIC OFFI-
CIALS, AND IN ATTRACTING HIGH-QUALITY PEOPLE INTO
THE FIELD OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. (W69-
10198).
00200. CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF VARIOUS IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (IN GERMAN).
BALLNUS, W.
WASSER LUFT BETR., VOL 8, P 201-204, 1964.
PPTN. PROCESSES ARE DESCRIBED FOR THE TREATMENT
OK WASTE WATER FROM A PAPERAND CERAMIC-PRODUC-
ING INDUSTRY AND A TEXTILE PLANT. GOOD PURIFICA-
TION WAS OBTAINED IN THE FIRST CASE WITH A12{SO4) 3
AND ACTIVATED SIO 2. USABLE RESULTS WERE OBTANED
WITH FESO4 IN COMBINATION WITH CA(OH) 2 AND WITH
AI2(S04) 3 IN THE TREATMENTOF TEXTILE WASTE
WATER. A SO-CALLED 'WASTE WATER PURIFICATION
SULFATE1 GAVE THE SAME RESULTS AS A12(SO4) 3 BUT
THE USEFULNESS OF THIS PRODUCT HAS NOT BEEN
COMPLETELY TESTED. COSTS OF CHEMICALS FOR THE IN-
DIVIDUAL PPTN. PROCESSES ARE GIVEN. (W69-I0280).
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA.
LARSON, W.C.
PUB SEC TR W6I-3. ROBERT A. TAFT SANITARY EN-
GINEERING CENTER, CINCINNATI, OHIO, TRANS
OF SEMINAR ON ALGAE AND METROPOLITAN
WASTES, PP 125-129. APRIL 27-29, 1960.
THE HISTORY OF SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL, BY
A RESORT TOWN IN AN AREA OF RECREATIONAL LAKES
IN MINNESOTA, IS DESCRIBED. INVESTIGATION OF
METHODS OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL RESULTED FROM A
LAWSUIT BROUGHT AGAINST THE CITY PROPERTY
OWNERS ON A DOWNSTREAM LAKE IN WHICH INCREASING
ALGAL BLOOMS WERE BECOMING A NUISANCE. MIN-
NESOTA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH MADE RECOMMENDA-
TIONS FOR A STUDY PROGRAM OF THE PROBLEM. CON-
SIDERATION WAS GIVEN TO THE EXPERIMENTAL ALUM
COAGULATION METHOD, STUDIED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
WISCONSIN, AND LIME COAGULATION EXPERIMENTS AT
DETROIT LAKES, BY THE MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH. PONDING OF EFFLUENT WAS ALSO CONSIDERED,
BUT IRRIGATION WAS THE METHOD FINALLY SELECTED.
SITE INVESTIGATION WAS CARRIED OUT TO DETERMINE
SOIL PERMEABILITY, EFFECTS OF VEGETATION, PROBILITY
OF ODORS, OPERATING CONDITIONS IN WINTER, AND EF-
FECTS ON GROUND WATER. COST OF INITIAL INSTALLA-
TION (1955) TO HANDLE 600 GPM WAS $6,500. EFFECT ON
GROUND WATER WAS DETERMINED BY BEFORE AND
AFTER SAMPLES FROM A TEST WELL WHICH SHOWED A
THREE FEET, ONE INCH RISE IN WATER LEVEL IN FOUR
YEARS; TOTAL INCREASES IN PPM: PHOSPHORUS, 0.96 TO
2.9F NITROGEN, 2.6 TO 33.2; HARDNESS, 300 TO 420.
OPERATING COSTS OF THE INSTALLATION ARE ESSEN-
TIALLY THAT OF POWER REQUIREMENTS. (W69-7820).
00202. METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF UN-
DERGROUND STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
WATER DISCHARGES (RUSSIAN).
GOLDBER, V.M.; SEMENOVA, S.M.; CHAPOVSKITY,
YE.G.; SHESTAKOV, V.M.
RAZVED I OKHRANA, NO 3, PP 41-46, MAR 1969.
AFTER TRACING BRIEFLY THE DEVELOPMENT OF UN-
DERGROUND STORAGE TECHNIQUES OF POLLUTED
WATERS IN USSR AND ABROAD (USA, FRANCE, ETC), THE
AUTHORS DISCUSS THE FIELD AND LABORATORY
ANALYSES OF PERTINENT CHARACTERISTICS OF RESER-
VOIR ROCKS AND INDUSTRIAL WATERS WHOSE PRELIMI-
NARY KNOWLEDGE IS NECESSARY FOR EFFICIENT
STORAGE OF POLLUTED WATERS. THE MAIN CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF THE ANALYSIS ARE THE FORECASTING OF
POLLUTION CIRCULATION AND THE EXTENT AND
PERMEABILITY OF THE LAYERS UNDER STUDY. THE
STUDY SHOWS THAT THE UTILIZATION OF NATURAL
EARTH CRUST STRUCTURES FOR STORAGE OF POLLUTED
WATER NECESSITATES THAT FOLLOWING PRELIMINARY
STEPS: (1) DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHODS CAPABLE OF
RECOGNIZING THE PRESENCE OF HOMOGENEITY CHARAC-
TERISTICS IN WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS, ALSO THE
POLLUTED WATER CIRCULATION PATTERNS; (2) THE
STUDY OF HYDRODYNAMICS OF INTERACTING HORIZONS;
(3) DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL BASIS FOR THE
QUANITIATIVE EVALUATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL IN-
TERACTION TAKING PLACE BETWEEN THE PUMPED
LIQUID AND LIQUID CONTENT OF ROCK FORMATIONS;
AND (4) DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER TECHNOLOGY IN
USING BOREHOLES IN EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION.
(W69-080I5).
43
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00203. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM.
MILLER, D.G.; NEWSOME, D.H.
WATER REUSE, AMER INST CHEM ENG PROGR
SYMP, 78(63), 13-31, 1967.
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF WATER SUPPLY IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM AND THE INFLUENCE OF RECENT
LEGISLATION ON WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND EF-
FLUENT CONTROL ARE OUTLINED. GENERAL CONSIDERA-
TION IS GIVEN TO AVAILABLE RESOURCES AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PATTERN OF DEMAND. THE PRIN-
CIPLES OF RECYCLING ARE CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO
THE OVERALL EFFECTS AND THE IMPACT ON INDIVIDUAL
USERS. IN PARTICULAR THE QUESTIONS OF EFFLUENT
QUALITY AND DISPOSAL ARE DISCUSSED IN THE LIGHT OF
PAST PRACTICES. SOME OF THE COMMONLY USED TREAT-
MENT METHODS ARE DESCRIBED AND ARE SHOWN TO
CONSIST MAINLY OF TECHNIQUES TO REMOVE
SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND CERTAIN ORGANIC MATERIALS.
EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN OF RECYCLING APPLICATIONS IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM WHICH HAVE MAINLY ARISEN DUE
TO THE SHORTAGE OF WATER IN CERTAIN AREAS.
FINALLY, THE PAPER ATTEMPTS TO ASSESS THE LIKELY
TRENDS AND POSSIBLE LIMITATIONS IN THE FUTURE USE
OF RECYCLING TECHNIQUES. (W69-08032).
00204. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
ITALY.
MEUCCI, F.
WATER REUSE, AMER INST CHEM ENG PROGR
SYMP, 78(63), 32-36, 1967.
WATER REUSE IN ITALY IS AFFECTED BY UNDERGROUND
AVAILABILITY AND WATER RATES. THREE ITALIAN REUSE
PLANTS ARE DESCRIBED: IN A SUGAR FACTORY AFTER
SIMPLE SEDIMENTATION AND STERLIZATION, WASHING
AND CONVEYING WATERS ARE RECIRCULATED; IN A
METAL-WORKING FACTORY, ACIDIC AND ALKALINE
WATERS ARE SINGLY TREATED FOR REMVOING CYANIDE
AND CHROMIUM AND THEN MIXED, NEUTRALIZED, AND
CLARIFIED TO BE REUSED IN A RAIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
AND IN FIRE PROTECTION; IN A STEEL PIPE MILL, ACID-
WASHING WATERS AND COOLING WATERS, CONTAINING
IRON SLAGS, ARE RECIRCULATED AFTER OIL REMOVAL,
ADDITION OF HYDRATED LIME, AND CLARIFICATION BY
FERROUS SULFATE, AND COOLING. (W69-08033).
00205. WATER REUSE IN WEST GERMAN INDUSTRY.
WOLTERS, N.
WATER REUSE, AMER INST CHEM ENG PROGR
SYMP, 78(63),41-45, 1967.
THE GREAT CONCENTRATION OF WATER-USING INDUS-
TRIES IN THE RUHR VALLEY, AND THE NEED TO MINIMIZE
POLLUTION OF THE RIVER RHINE, HAVE FORCED MAX-
IMUM INTRAPLANT REUSE OF WATER. SPECIAL EFFORTS
ARE MADE IN NEW PLANT DESIGN TO MAKE MORE EFFEC-
TIVE REUSE POSSIBLE, RESULTING IN THE CASE OF ONE
STEEL MILL COMPLETELY REUSING ALL INCOMING
WATER. THE CREATION OF AREA WATER MANANGEMENT
ASSOCIATIONS THAT CHARGE INDIVIDUAL PLANTS ON
THE BASIS OF POLLUTION LOAD OF THEIR EFFLUENTS
MAKES IT WORTHWHILE TO CONTINUE STUDIES FOR
MORE EFFICIENT REUSE. SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH BEET SUGAR, COAL MINING, ELECTROPLATING, AND
HEAVY CHEMICALS INDUSTRIES ARE DISCUSSED. (W69-
8035).
00206. THE UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER IN JAPAN.
IDE, T.; MATSUMOTO, N.; ARIMITSU, H.
WATER REUSE, AMER INST CHEM ENG PROGR
SYMP, 78(63), 46-53, 1967.
THE RAPID PROGRESS OF JAPANESE INDUSTRY HAS
RESULTED IN AN INCREASING DEMAND FOR WATER. CON-
SEQUENTLY, GREATER EMPHASIS IS BEGINNING TO BE
PLACED ON WATER CONSERVATION. AS A POTENTIAL
METHOD FOR WATER CONSERVATION, SOME OF THE CI-
TIES IN JAPAN HAVE BUILT LARGE INDUSTRIAL WATER
PLANTS UTILIZING SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT AS THE
WATER SOURCE, AND HAVE SUPPLIED A COLLOIDAL
MATTER-FREE EFFLUENT TO INDUSTRIES IN THE AREA.
SUSPENDED OR COLLOIDAL MATTER IS REMOVED BY
COAGULATION WITH ALUMINU RETARDATION OR CHEMI-
CAL SOFTENING CAUSED BY PHOSHATE IN SEWAGE PLANT
EFFLUENT CAN BE OVERCOME BY THE USE OF FERRIC
CHLORIDE AS A COAGULANT. (W69-08036).
00207. WATER REUSE IN ISRAEL.
ZOHAR, B.C.; SALITERNIK, C.
WATER REUSE, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMI-
CAL ENGINEERS SYMPOSIUM, 78(63), 54-65, 1967.
WATER SCARCITY IN ISRAEL HAS RESULTED IN REUSE OF
45,000 ACRE-FT/YR BY 1965, AND IN PLANNING FOR REUSE
OF 110,000 ACRE-FT/YR BY 1970, INCLUDING RECLAMA-
TION FOR POTABLE USE BY PONDING, INFILTRATION, AND
DILUTION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER: GREATER TEL
AVIV, 80,000 ACRE-FT/YR; JERUSALEM, 5,000 ACRE-FT/YR
AND OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER: HADERA PAPER
MILLS, 3,000 ACRE-FT/YR, AND FOR UNRESCR1CTED IR-
RIGATION BY BIOFiLTRATION, COMPLETE DISINFECTION,
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR AC-
TIVATED CARBON.
COOPER, J.C.; HAGER, D.G.
WATER REUSE, AMER 1NST CHEM ENG PROGR
SYMP, 78(3), 185-192, 1967.
THE COSTS AND EFFICIENCY OF WATER RECLAMATION BY
ACTIVATED CARBON ARE SUMMARIZED AND PROCESSING
DESIGN PARAMETERS ARE TABULATED FOR OPTIMIZING
ENGINEERING DECISIONS IN REUSE. THE PRESENT STATE
OF ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT SUG-
GESTS THAT THE PROCESS IS IMMEDIATELY APPLICABLE
TO MANY MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR POL-
LUTION ABATEMENT OR FOR WATER RECLAMATION. MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER RECLAMATION COULD PRODUCE
POTABLE WATER AT 16 CENTS PER 1,000 GAL AT AN IN-
VESTMENT OF $33 MILLION. THIS MAY BE COMPARED TO
THE RECENT PROPOSAL TO BUILD A SEA-WATER
DESALINATION PLANT IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TO
SUPPLY 150 MGD AT 23-30 CENTS PER 1,000 GAL AT AN IN-
VESTMENT OF $300 MILLION. (W69-08050).
00210. SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN WATER REUSE.
MAYES, W.W.; GIBSON, W.E.
WATER REUSE, AMER 1NST CHEM ENG PROGR
SYMP, 78(63), 197-200, 1967.
AN OIL REFINERY'S EXPERIENCE WITH USING RECLAIMED
MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER FOR 15 YEARS IS DISCUSSED
AND ECONOMIC DATA ARE PRESENTED TO AID IN MAKING
DECISIONS. IN THE CHOICE BETWEEN USING SEWAGE EF-
FLUENTS AND OTHER SOURCES OF POOR-QUALITY
WATER, FOAMING, CORROSION, AND EXCESSIVE GYPSUM
CONTENT OF THE WATER WERE THE ONLY PROBLEMS EN-
COUNTERED. (W69-08051).
00211. OPTIMIZATION OF A CLASS OF RIVER AERA-
TION PROBLEMS BY THE USE OF MUL-
TIVARIABLE DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER
CONTROL THEORY. '
TARASSOV, V.J.; PERLIS, H.J.; DAVIDSON, B.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 5(3), 563-573, 1969.
MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING METHODS APPLIED TO
WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN HIGHLY SUC-
CESSFUL, ESPECIALLY IN CASES WHERE HYPOTHETICAL
MODELS WERE USED. IN MANY APPLICATIONS, LINEAR
PROGRAMMING, DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING, OR
PONTRYAGIN'S MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE METHODS HAVE
BEEN DEMONSTRATED USING STEADY STATE STREETER-
PHELPS SYSTEM EQUATIONS AT SOME STAGE IN THE OP-
TIMIZATION STUDY. THE AUTHORS PROPOSE TO EXAMINE
THE APPLICATION OF THE SIRAZETDINOV-TRASSOV-PER-
LIS THEORY OF OPTIMAL CONTROL TO THE ARTIFICIAL IN-
STREAM AERATION PROBLEM IN POLLUTED RIVERS. THE
MAIN CONCERN OF THE STUDY IS TO SHOW HOW ARTIFI-
CIAL 1N-STREAM AERATION CAN BE CONTROLLED SO AS
TO MINIMIZE THE RELATIVE COST OF OPERATION FOR
SEVERAL COMPETING DESIGN CRITERIA. THE ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF COST MINIMIZATION OF THIS PROCESS HAS
IMPORTANT THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL
APPLICATIONS TO SPECIFIC WATER POLLUTION
PROBLEMS. (W69-08061).
00212. ECONOMY OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
PLANNERY, J.J.
THE FRESH WATER OF NEW YORK STATE.- ITS CON-
SERVATION AND USE, PP 51-57, WM C BROWN
BOOK CO., DUBUQUE, IOWA, 1969.
THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE DIMENSIONS OF THE WATER
POLLUTION PROBLEM, INDICATING THE SOURCES, THE
KINDS, THE EFFECTS, AND THE MAGNITUDES OF POLLU-
TION, SO FAR AS THEY ARE KNOWN. THE ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF POLLUTION ARE BASED ON THE CONFLICTS
BETWEEN WASTE DISPOSAL AND OTHER USES OF THE
PUBLIC WATERS. THE GREATEST CONFLICT IS WITH THE
USES THAT TAKE PLACE IN THE PUBLIC WATERS THEM-
SELVES-FISHING, RECREATION, AND AESTHESTICS. THE
WITHDRAWAL USES ARE ALSO AFFECTED BUT THOSE EF-
FECTS MAY BE CORRECTED BY WATER TREATMENT. AN
OPTIMUM ARRANGEMENT AMONG USES, INCLUDING
WASTE DISPOSAL, CAN BE DETERMINED BY ANALYZING
INCREMENTAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OR BY CALCULAT-
ING THE BENEFIT AND COST VARIATIONS AMONG DIF-
FERENT LEAST-COST ALTERNATIVES. FURTHERMORE, THE
PAPER SAYS THAT REQUIRING WASTE DISPOSERS TO PAY
IN PROPORTION TO THEIR USE OF THE PUBLIC WATERS
FOR DISPOSAL PROBABLY WOULD FACILITATE THE OP-
TIMIZATION PROCESS CONSIDERABLY, FOR IT WOULD
CAUSE THE WASTE DISPOSERS TO BE COST-CONSCIOUS TO
THE EXTENT THAT THEY WOULD REDUCE WASTES TO
SAVE MONEY. INTENSIVE STUDY OF THE IDEA IS URGED.
(W69-08079).
00213. LICKING RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OHIO
(FLOOD CONTROL AND ALLIED PURPOSES).
V S CONGR, 2D SESS, HOUSE DOC NO 337, 192 P.
1968.
IN DETERMINING THE ADVISABILITY OF PROVIDING IM-
PROVEMENTS FOR THE ASSESSED WATER RESOURCES
NEEDS WITHIN THE LICKING RIVER BASIN, OHIO, SEVERAL
RESERVOIRS WERE CONSIDERED FOR BOTH MULTIPLE
AND SINGLE PURPOSE DEVELOPMENT. ONLY UT1CA
RESERVOIR ON NORTH FORK OF LICKING RIVER WAS
FOUND TO BE ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIABLE. THE UT1CA
PROJECT WOULD PROVIDE FOR THE WATER SUPPLY AND
WATER QUALITY CONTROL NEEDS OF THE BASIN UNTIL
THE YEAR 2020, WOULD PROVIDE RECREATION OPPORTU-
NITIES TO SOME 450,000 VISITORS ANNUALLY, AND
WOULD PROVIDE REDUCTIONS OF FLOOD CRESTS ALONG
NORTH FORK. TO FURTHER ALLEVIATE THE SEVERAL AND
FREQUENT FLOODING AT NEWARK, SEVERAL LOCAL PRO-
TECTION SCHEMES WERE INVESTIGATED FOR THREE INDE-
PENDENT AREAS. ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE PROJECTS
WERE DEVELOPED FOR THE PROTECTION OF A RAPIDLY
EXPANDING RESIDENTIAL AREA ALONG LOG POND RUN,
FOR IMPROVING THE INTERIOR DRAINAGE FACILITIES BE-
HIND THE EXISTING FEDERAL LEVEE, AND FOR IMPROVE-
MENT OF THE NORTH FORK CHANNEL. ACTING AS A
SYSTEM, UTICA RESERVOIR AND THE IMPROVMENT OF
THE NORTH FORK CHANNEL WOULD PREVENT 91% OF THE
AVERAGE ANNUAL DAMAGES ALONG NORTH FORK IN
NEWARK. THE DIVERSION PLAN WOULD REDUCE
AVERAGE ANNUAL DAMAGES ALONG LOG POND RUN BY
73%. IMPROVEMENT OF THE INTERIOR DRAINAGE FACILI-
TIES WOULD ELIMINATE A SERIOUS HEALTH HAZARD AND
WOULD PREVENT FLOOD DAMAGES DUE TO INSUFFICIENT
PUMPING CAPACITY. THE SURVEY REPORT CONCLUDES
THAT UTICA RESERVOIR, THE LOG POND RUN DIVERSION
PROJECT, IMPROVEMENT OF INTERIOR DRAINAGE FACILI-
TIES OF THE COMPLETED LOCAL PROTECTION PROJECT
AND IMPROVEMENT OF 5,900 FEET OF THE CHANNEL OF
NORTH FORK OF LICKING RIVER SHOULD BE ADDED AS
UNITS IN THE PLAN OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOP-
45
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MENT FOR THE LICKING RIVER BASIN TO SUPPLEMENT EX-
ISTING PROJECTS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS. (W69-
01647).
00214. COOLING WATER SOURCES FOR POWER
GENERATION.
MAUSER, L.G.
ASCE NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MEETING,
MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, JAN 26-30, 1970, 22 P
THE FORECAST OF FUTURE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN
THE U. S. A. IS PROJECTED; AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF
COOLING OF THE FUTURE RELEASED HEAT ARE
DISCUSSED. THE FORECAST IS MADE UP TO THE YEAR 2000
AND SHOWS THAT RESIDUAL HEAT DISSIPATION WILL BE
A SERIOUS PROBLEM FOR FUTURE GENERATING PLANTS.
THE FURTHER MAIN CONCLUSIONS 958 ' ' THE COST OF
ALTERNATE HEAT DISSIPATION METHODS IS NOT PROHIBI-
TIVE AND WILL NOT DETER THE GROWTH IN DEMAND
FOR ELECTRIC POWER. (2) APPROXIMATELY 70% OF NEW
BASE LOAD GENERATING STATIONS WILL REQUIRE SUP-
PLEMENTAL COOLING SYSTEMS BY 1980, (3) COST PENAL-
TIES OF SUPPLEMENTAL COOLING SYSTEMS CAN BE
MINIMIZED WITH SOPHISTICATED ANALYTICAL
TECHNIQUES. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR OVERALL
LEAST COST OF POWER PRODUCTION AND COOLING ARE
ILLUSTRATED. (70-03727).
00215. TUBE CLARIFICATION PROCESS, OPERATING
EXPERIENCES.
CULP, G.L.; HSIUNG, K.; CONLEY, W.R.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 95(SA5), PAPER
6823, 829-847, 1969.
THE USE OF SMALL DIAMETER TUBES AS EFFICIENT SEDI-
MENTATION DEVICES HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED SUC-
CESSFULLY ON A PLANT SCALE. SHALLOW SETTLING
DEPTHS PROVIDED BY LONGITUDINAL FLOWS THROUGH
TUBES RESULTS IN MORE EFFICIENT CLARIFICATION AT
SHORTER DETENTION TIMES AND LESS COST THAN FOR
CONVENTIONAL CLARIFICATION METHODS. TUBES MAY
BE ESSENTIALLY HORIZONTAL SUCH THAT TUBE CLARIFI-
CATION IS FOLLOWED BY FILTRATION PROCESS AND SET-
TLE SOLIDS IN TUBES DRAINED INCIDENT TO FILTER
BACKWASH. BY STEEPLY INCLINING THE TUBES, SETTLED
SOLIDS DO NOT ACCUMULATE IN TUBES BUT SLIDE INTO
THE PLENUM BENEATH THE TUBES, PRECLUDING TUBE
DRAINAGE. MODULES OF STEEPLY INCLINED TUBES HAVE
INCREASED THE CAPACITY OF CLARIFIERS FROM 2 TO 4
TIMES. STEEPLY-INCLINED TUBE PROCESS HAS BEEN AP-
PLIED TO RAW WATER CLARIFICATION, PRIMARY, SECON-
DARY AND TERTIARY SEWAGE TREATMENT IN PLANTS UP
TO 45 MGD CAPACITY. THE SIZE AND COST OF NEW
CLARIFIERS CAN BE REDUCED BY INCLUDING THE TUBE
CONCEPT IN THE ORIGINAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
(W70-03911).
00216. A BREAKTHROUGH IN THE TRACER STUDIES
OF SEDIMENTATION TANKS.
THIRMURTHI, D.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(11), PART
2 P R405-R418, 1969.
INCREASING COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT COMPEL
DESIGN-ORIENTED RESEARCH WITH VIEW TOWARD
REDUCING TREATMENT COSTS. SEDIMENTATION IS CON-
SIDERED A VITAL PHASE JUSTIFYING CLOSER ANALYSIS.
TRACER STUDIES AND SEDIMENTATION TESTS WERE CON-
DUCTED ON TWO CONTINUOUS-FLOW LABORATORY
MODEL SETTLING TANKS OF SIMILAR GEOMETRY EXCEPT
LENGTH-WIDTH RATIOS. TRACER STUDIES OF PULSE INPUT
TECHNIQUE WERE MADE TO DEMONSTRATE THAT TWO
SELECTED PARAMETERS WERE REPRODUCIBLE AND USE-
FUL AS DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SEDIMENTATION SYSTEMS^
THE STUDY IS UNIQUE IN THE FACT THAT RESULTS OF
TRACER TESTS HAVE BEEN INTER-RELATED SI™ RESULTS
OF SEDIMENTATION TEST ON THE *»^U°^?£
MODELS. THE DEVIATION OF REAL SYSTEMS FROM THE
IDEALITY HAS BEEN CONSIDERED. A DESIGN FORMULA
FOR ACTUAL SEDIMENTATION TANKS HAS BEEN SUG-
GESTED FURTHER STUDIES OR SIMULATIONS ARE NEEDED
TO VALIDATE THE SUGGESTED DESIGN FORMULA. A
METHOD IS DEVELOPED TO EVALUATE THE RELATIVE AD-
VANTAGES OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN FEATURES OF SEDI-
MENTATION TANKS. (W70-03922).
00217. PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE-
WATER.
WEBER, W.J.; HOPKINS, C.B.; BLOOM, R. JR.,.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42, 83-89, 1970.
CONVENTIONAL'SECONDARY' BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT PROCESSES ARE INADEQUATE TO PROVIDE THE EF-
FLUENT QUALITY NEEDED FOR WATER REUSE PURPOSES
OR TO PROVIDE A SATISFACTORY DEGREE OF POLLUTION
PROTECTION TO RECEIVING NATURAL WATER BODIES,
BASED ON ANTICIPATED, MORE STRINGENT FUTURE DE-
MAND. A PROCESS USING CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION, FIL-
TRATION, AND ADSORPTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON FOR
TREATMENT OF PRIMARY WASTES WAS DESIGNED AND
TESTED ON A PILOT-SCALE BASIS. THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL
TREATMENT PROCESS IS A MAJOR DEPARTURE FROM THE
COSTLIER PRACTICE OF TERTIARY TREATMENT METHODS
FOLLOWING CONVENTIONAL SECONDARY TREATMENT.
THE SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED FOR ESSENTIALLY AUTO-
MATIC OPERATIONS. THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PILOT
MODEL PHASE WAS OPERATED CONTINUOUSLY FOR 4
MONTHS. CONSISTENT TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND REMOVALS OF 95%-97%,
PHOSPHATE REMOVALS OF 90% AND NITRATE REMOVALS
OF 95% WERE OBTAINED. COSTS ARE ABOUT $0.16/1,000
GAL, INCLUDING CAPITAL AMORTIZATION. PROCESS AF-
FORDS FLEXIBILITIES TO EXPAND ON A MODULAR BASIS
AND TO INTENSIFY DEGREE OF TREATMENT. (W70-03927).
00218. EXAMINATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM
FOR ABATING, CONTROLLING AND
PREVENTING WATER POLLUTION.
REPORT TO CONGRESS, NOV 3, 1969. 164 P.
THE STUDY EXAMINED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CON-
STRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM ADMINNSTERED BY THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
FOR ABATING, CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING WATER
POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES. THE DEVELOPMENT
AND USE OF A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS METHOD, AND ITS
PRACTICABILITY IN AN ACTUAL WATERWAY WAS
DISCUSSED. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS DEVELOPED
BY CAMP, DRESSER AND MCKEE AND USED TO EVALUATE
DATA ON THE MERRIMACK RIVER FOR ESTIMATING THE
CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
FOR VARIOUS DEGREES OF WATER QUALITY. IT WAS CON-
CLUDED THAT THROUGH THE USE OF THE SYSTEM ANAL-
YSIS APPROACH TO PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING
WATER POLLUTION PROGRAMS (A) A LEAST-COST CON-
STRUCTION PLAN TO ACHIEVE WATER QUALITY STAN-
DARDS COULD BE MADE, (B) MORE COSTLY BUT PERHAPS
DESIRABLE ALTERNATIVE SCHEDULES COULD BE
DEVELOPED AND (C) DECISION MAKERS WOULD BE PRO-
VIDED WITH MORE MEANINGFUL DATA AS TO ENABLE
THEM TO ACHIEVE ESTABLISHED OBJECTIVES AND THE
COSTS OF PROVIDING VARIOUS LEVELS OF WATER USES
(W70-03936).
46
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00219. SIMULATION MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTA-
TION COSTS.
PEREZ, A.I.; SCHAAKE, J.C.; PYATT, E.E.
JHYDRAUL DIV, PROCEEDINGS OF ASCE 96(HY1)
131-142, 1970.
A GENERALIZED MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS
DEVELOPED TO PERMIT THE SIMULATION OF THE
ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT AND LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION, AND SUB-
SEQUENT EVALUATION FROM A WATER QUALITY STAND-
POINT. AN ESSESNTIAL PHASE OF THE PROJECT A STUDY
OF LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION STORAGE COSTS WAS
ANALYZED. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS TO OBTAIN OP-
TIMUM FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE
STORAGE VOLUME REQUIRED AND THOSE VARIABLES
THAT WERE FOUND TO AFFECT IT. THE RESULTS COULD
THEN BE INTERGRATED WITH REGIONAL COST CURVES TO
GIVE GENERALIZED COST EXPRESSIONS. INITIALLY,
MONTHLY STREAMFLOW AND DEMAND RECORDS WERE
GENERATED FROM HISTORICAL DATA BY A COMPUTER
PROGRAM. THE OPERATION OF VARIOUS RESERVIOR SIZES
WAS SIMULATED AND THE NUMBER OF DEFICIENCIES
DURING THE TIME PERIOD CONSIDERED WERE COUNTED.
AFTER THIS PROCESS WAS REPEATED FOR SEVERAL COM-
BINATIONS OF VALUES OF THE VARIABLES, THE DESIRED
REGRESSION, OR THE 'BEST FIT', EQUATION WAS DERIVED
WHICH RELATED STORAGE VOLUME REQUIRED TO THESE
PARAMETERS. (W70-03940).
00220. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL: DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
ROESLER, J.F., SMITH, R.
INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, 6(9), 46-49,
1969.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A TRICKLING FILTER FINAL
SETTLING PROCESS WAS DESCRIBED IN THE STUDY. THE
MODEL CONSTITUTED A SINGLE SUBROUTINE IN A COM-
PUTER PROGRA1NE SPECIFICALLY COMPUTED THE RELA-
TIONSHIP OF THF, VARIOUS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
TRICKLING FILTER, BOD REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES, AND
COSTS. THE LATTER INCLUDED CAPITAL
MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR THE TRICKLING FILTER, FINAL
SETTLER AND RETURN PUMPS. THE COST TO REMOVE BOD
WAS PLOTTED AGAINST THE HYDRAULIC LOADING. FOR
FILTER DEPTHS OF 6 AND 20 FEET, MINIMUM COSTS WERE
OBSERVED NEAR HYDRAULIC LOADINGS OF 10 AND 20
MGD PERACRE, RESPECTIVELY. PLOTS OF TOTAL COSTS
RATHER THAN COSTS PER BOD REMOOEBR^nWCMSD
THAT THE GREATER THE SPECIFIC AREA, THE LOWER THE
COSTS. (W70-03947).
00221. RX FOR AILING LAKES-A LOW PHOSPHATE
DIET.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
3(12), 1243-1245, 1969.
STUDY WAS INITIATED IN 1964 WHEN THE INTERNA-
TIONAL JOINT COMMISSION OF THE U S AND CANADA
ESTABLISHED ADVISORY GROUPS OF STATUS OF POLLU-
TION IN LAKES ERIE AND ONTARIO AND SEGMENTS OF
THE ST LAWRENCE RIVER. REPORT RECOMMENDS TECHNI-
CAL AND LEGISLATIVE MACHINERY FOR CONTROL MEA-
SURES. DETERGENTS' PHOSPHATE CONTENT SHOULD BE
REDUCED IMMEDIATELY TO MINIMUM PRACTICAL
LEVELS, WITH COMPLETE REPLACEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS
WITH LESS 1NNOCUCOUS SUBSTANCES NO LATER THAN
1972. 80% REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE FROM ALL EF-
FLUENTS SHOULD BE EFFECTED BY 1972 IN THE LAKE
ERIE BASIN AND BY 1975 IN LAKE ONTARIO. TREATMENT
OF WASTE EFFLUENTS FOR PHOSPHATE REMOVAL MUST
BE IN ADDITION TO. NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR DETERGENT
REFORMULATION. PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN ARE
RECOGNIZED AS THE MAJOR NUTRIENTS RESPONSIBLE
FOR EUTROPHICATION; IT IS APPARENT THAT PHOSPHATE
IS THE CONTROLLING FACTOR IN ENRICHMENT OF LOWER
GREAT LAKES. EFFICIENT AND RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE
METHODS ARE AVAILABLE FOR 8O-95% REMOVAL OF
PHOSPHORUS DURING SEWAGE TREATMENT, WHEREAS
COMPAR1ABLE ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
IS NOT YET FEASIBLE. COSTS FOR PHOSPHATE REMOVAL
AT TREATMENT PLANTS WOULD BE REDUCED BY ONE-
HALF TO TWO-THIRDS WITH REPLACEMENT OF
PHOSPHATE DETERGENT BUILDERS. (W70-03964).
00222. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT.
CRUTCHFIELD, J.A.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC
POLICY, SEATTLE, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
PRESS, P 129-138, 1968.
THE PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING OPTIMAL AND SUBOPTIMAL
SYSTEMS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS
DISCUSSED. EXAMINATION IS ALSO CONDUCTED ON THE
EFFECT OF THE DIVERGENCE OF PRIVATE AND SOCIAL
COSTS AND BENEFITS IN WATER USE AS WELL AS THE
COMPLICATIONS INTRODUCED BY TECHNOLOGICAL
ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN WASTE DISPOSAL. THE CON-
TRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TO WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IN THE HANDLING OF RISK AND UNCER-
TAINTY IS DISCUSSED ALONG WITH THE PROBLEM OF THE
EXTENT TO WHICH THE USES IMPAIRED BY WATER-QUALI-
TY DEGRADATION ARE OF THE TYPES MOST DIFFICULT TO
MEASURE IN ECONOMIC TERMS. THESE DIFFICULTIES,
COUPLED WITH THE WIDE AREAS OF INCOMPLETE
KNOWLEDGE OF HIGHLY VARIABLE PHYSICAL PARAME-
TERS, SUGGEST THAT WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT
MUST IN PRACTICE BE LIMITED TO SUBOPPIMAL SYSTEMS
DESIGNED TO MINIMIZE AGGREGATE WASTE-DISPOSAL
COSTS SUBJECT TO ONE OR MORE CONSTRAINTS. (W70-
04000.
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES: SUM-
MARY REPORT.
WASP, E.J.; THOMPSON, T.L.; SNOEK, P.E.; KENNY,
J.P.; CARNEY, J.C.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION ADMINISTRATION
RESEARCH SERIES REPORT DAST-16, DEC 1969.
THIS IS THE SUMMARY REPORT OF A THREE VOLUME
STUDY PRINCIPALLY CONCERNED WITH THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF REGIONAL LAND AND OCEAN PIPELINE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR DIGESTED SEWAGE SLUDGE AND
MAINTENANCE DREDG1NGS. IN VOLUME I TWO STUDY
CASES ARE PRESENTED, NAMELY, A LAND DISPOSAL
SYSTEM FOR NORTHEAST OHIO (CLEVELAND-CANTON)
AND AN OCEAN DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR THE BALTIMORE-
WASHINGTON REGION. A SYSTEMS APPROACH IS USED, IN
WHICH COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION, AND DISPOSAL
ASPECTS ARE EXAMINED IN LIGHT OF TECHNICAL,
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS. VARIOUS TRANS-
PORT MODES ARE COMPARED, INCLUDING PIPELINE,
OCEAN TANKERS, RAILROADS, AND TRUCKS. TO A LESSER
EXTENT, THE STUDY ALSO CONSIDERS THE EXPANSION OF
SUCH SYSTEMS TO INCLUDE FLY ASH AND WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT SLUDGE. IN VOLUME II PRESENT METHODS
ANp COSTS OF DISPOSAL FOR ALL FOUR WASTES ARE
REVIEWED. ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA ARE PRESENTED
FOR EXAMINING BOTH LAND AND OCEAN SLUDGE
DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF GENERAL SOLU-
TION FOR TWO BROAD METROPOLITAN REGIONS, NAME-
LY, THE GREAT LAKES REGION FROM BUFFALO TO M1L-
47
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
WAUKEE AND THE ATLANTIC COAST REGION FROM
BOSTON TO NORFOLK. RESULTS OF A LOOP TEST PRO-
GRAM UTILIZING 12 IN AND 16 IN PIPE FOR PUMPING
DIGESTED SLUDGE, FLY ASH, AND SLUDGE-FLY ASH SLUR-
RIES ARE INCLUDED IN VOLUME III AS WELL AS COR-
RESPONDING RHEOLOGICAL TESTS WITH A 1/2 IN SMALL
TUBE V1SCOMETER AND A ROTATIONAL LAB VISCOME-
TER. A PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTING HEAD LOSSES IS
GIVEN, AS WELL AS A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF THE ART
OF PIPELINING OF WASTE MATERIALS. (PB-189 756) (W70-
04004).
00224. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME I - THE WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION RESEARCH SERIES REPORT DAST-16,
1(9), 156P, 1969.
BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA WERE STUDIED FOR
DISPOSAL OF SELECTED WASTE MATERIALS, INCLUDING
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE, MA1NTENACE
DREDGINGS, POWER PLANT FLY ASH, AND FILTER PLANT
RESIDUES. BOTH LAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL ALTERNA-
TIVES WERE EXAMINED IN TERMS OF A GENERAL SOLU-
TION FOR 2 BROAD REGIONS, NAMELY THE GREAT LAKES
MEGALOPOLIS FROM MILWAUKEE TO BUFFALO AND THE
THE ATLANTIC COAST MEGALOPOLIS FROM BOSTON TO
NORFOLK. PRESENT METHODS AND COSTS OF DISPOSAL
HAVE BEEN INCLUDED TO COMPLETE THE PICTURE OF
THE OVERALL WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEM. (W70-04006).
00225. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME II -CRITERIA FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT.
SNOEK, P.E.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION RESEARCH SERIES REPORT DAST-16,
2(9), 144 P, 1969.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SPECIFIC WASTE MANANGEMENT
SYSTEM WHICH COLLECTS, TRANSPORT AND DISPOSES OF
SEWAGE SLUDGE AND MAINTENACE DREDGING IN A SO,
CIALLY, TECHNICALLY, AND ECONOMICALLY SATISFAC-
TORY FASHION WAS STUDIED BY SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. THE
FEASIBILITY OF CONTRUCT1NG AND OPERATING A
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT WAS EXAMINED. A MAJOR EF-
FORT IN THIS AREA IS THE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT BY
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER
CHICAGO USING SEWAGE .SLUDGE FOR AGRICULTURE.
FOR pACH DETAILED STUDY CASE, A DISPOSAL SYSTEM IS
PROPOSED" WHICH EFFECTIVELY SERVES REGIONAL
NEEDS, IS ECONOMICALLY SOUND, AND INCLUDES THE
COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL OF THE
ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF WASTES UP TO THE YEAR
2000. THE ECOMOMICS OF THE SYSTEMS ARE PRESENTED
AND RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE AS HOW TO
ACHIEVE BOTH IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES.
FOR AN IMMEDIATE SOLUTION TO THE NATIONAL
PROBLEM OF WASTE DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SEWAGE
SLUDGE, A LAND DISPOSAL SYSTEM IS RECOMMENDED. A
LONG-TERM, SUCCESSFUL HISTORY OF BENEFICALLY
USING SLUDGE ON LAND IS AVAILABLE. THE COST
BENEFIT RATIO OF THE SLUDGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM IS
VERY FAVORABLE. A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT IS
RECOMMENDED TO PROVE THE VIABILITY OF THE CON-
CEPT. PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION IS ECONOMICALLY
BETTER THAN OTHER MODES EVALUATED. (PB-189 757)
(W70-04005).
00226. POLLUTION AT THE SOUTHERN END OF LAKE
MICHIGAN (WATER POLLUTION).
VAUGHN, J.C.
AM WATER WKS ASS'N J, 61(11)603-609, 1969.
THE CHICAGO-SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN AREAS HAS A
LONG HISTORY OF BATTLING WATER POLLUTION. VARI-
OUS ADMINISTRATIVE BOARDS-STATE, REGIONAL, AND
FEDERAL-HAVE BEEN FORMED TO DEAL WITH THE
PROBLEM. MATERIAL PRESENTED AT CONFERENCES OF
THESE BOARDS REVEALS THE SCOPE OF THE POLLUTION
PROBLEM. DOMESTIC SEWAGE POLLUTION HAS BEEN
SOMEWHAT ALLEVIATED, BUT DATA COLLECTED FROM
THE SEVERAL SAMPLING POINTS IN THE CHICAGO
METROPOLITAN AREA AND IN LAKE MICHIGAN REVEAL
THAT CHEMICAL AND BACTERIAL POLLUTION IS STILL A
SERIOUS PROBLEM. POLLUTANTS SUCH AS AMMONIA
NITROGEN, COLIFORM ORGANISMS, PLANTON, PHENOL
AND HYDROCARBONS ARE MUCH IN EVIDENCE AS SHOWN
BY SEVERAL GRAPHS AND TABLES AND THE PREVAILING
TREND IS TOWARD MORE POLLUTION. RISING POLLUTION
TREATMENT COSTS HAVE ADDED TO THE DIFFICULTIES.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES ARE INCREASING, GIVING RISE TO
THE PLANKTON POLLUTION AND OFFENSIVE TASTES AND
ODORS IN THE WATER. THE ARTICLE STATES THAT UN-
LESS THERE IS A QUANTITATIVE REDUCTION IN THESE IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES, THERE WILL BE LITTLE CHANCE TO
IMPROVE WATER QUALITY. (W70-04211).
00227. RECEIVING-WATER MONITORING: KEY TO
SEATTLE METRO'S POLLUTION-ABATE-
MENT PROGRAM.
GIBBS, C.V.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC
POLICY, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS,
1968. P 179-186.
THE POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND PREVENTION PRO-
GRAM UNDERTAKEN BY THE MUNICIPALITY OF
METROPOLITAN SEATTLE (METRO) IN 1959 IS OUTLINED.
WORKING UNDER THE PHILOSPHY THAT A DISCHARGER
HAS THE RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MONITORING ITS RECEIV-
ING WATERS, METRO HAS ESTABLISHED A WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL DIVISION AND HAS ASSIGNED IT THE TASK
OF PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING THE NECESSARY PRO-
GRAMS. COST FOR THE ENTIRE PROGRAM ($135 MILLION
BY 1972) AND COSTS AND BENEFITS FOR SPECIFIC
ASPECTS OF IT ARE INDICATED. WARER-QUALITY MONI-
TORING WAS RECOGNIZED AT THE OUTSET TO BE OF
CRITCAL IMPORTANCE BECAUSE OF CONSERVATIONISTS'S
OPPOSITION REGARDING EFFLUENT DISPOSAL WHEN THE
PLAN WAS PRESENTED TO STATE REGULATORY AGENCIES
IN I960. THE MONITORING AND REVIEW REQUIREMENTS
ESTABLISHED BY THE POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
ARE OUTLINED ALONG WITH A SET OF SIX OBJECTIVES OF
THE METRO PROGRAM. THREE DIVISIONS OF THE PRO-
GRAM-A WATER QUALITY SECTION, AN ECOLOGICAL SEC-
TION, AND AN INDUSTRIAL WASTE SECTION-ARE POINTED
OUT AND THE DISTINCT PROBLEMS AT EACH OF THE
FOUR SPEARATE MONITORING PROGRAMS INDICATED
THE GREEN-DUWAMISH RIVER PROGRAM INVOLVES A
FRESH-WATER STREAM AND ITS TERMINAL ESTUARY
PUGET SOUND IS AN ARM OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN LAKE
WASHINGTON-LAKE SAMMAMISH DRAINAGE BASIN
REQUIRES WORK ON THE LARGE LAKES AND MANY
SMALL TRIBUTARY STREAMS. LAKE WASHINGTON SHIP
CANAL SYSEM NECESSITATES WORK ON SEVERAL SMALL
LAKES CONNECTED BY DEEP WATER CANALS IN-
FLUENCED BY INTRUSION OF SALT-WATER. COOPERATIVE
STUDIES WITH THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ARE MEN-
TIONED AND DETAILS OF THE ELECTRONIC DATA-
PROCESSING SYSTEM PRESENTED. (W70-05452).
.48
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REFERENCE LIST
00228. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
SMITH, R.; MCMICHAEL, W.F.
ROBERT A. TAFT WATER RESEARCH CENTER RE-
PORT NO TWRC-9, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, JUNE 1969. 27 P
GENERALIZED ESTIMATES OF BOTH PERFORMANCE AND
COST ARE DERIVED FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES WHICH CAN BE USED WITH ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS TO REDUCE THE POLLUTION LOAD ON
THE RECEIVING STREAM. PROCESSES AND GROUPS OF
PROCESSES BELIEVED TO BE LEADING CANDIDATES FOR
USE DOWNSTREAM OF SECONDARY TREATMENT ARE
LISTED. DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES ON THE FRAC-
TION OF 5-DAY BOD ASSOCAITED WITH SUSPENDED
SOLIDS ARE TABULATED. MICROSCREEN1NG OR RAPID
SAND FILTRATION REMOVES ABOUT 42% OF THE 5-DAY
BOD AND 21% OF THE COD AND TOC. OTHER SOLIDS-
REMOVING PROCESSES, SUCH AS LIME CLARIFICATION,
MULTIMEDIA FILTRATION, AND GRANULAR CARBON AD-
SORPTION, REMOVE A GREATER FRACTION OF THE
SUSPENDED SOLIDS. SOME OF THE DISSOLVED ORGANIC
CONTAMINANTS MIGHT BE REMOVED, BUT THIS APPEARS
TO BE NEGLIGIBLE. A LARGE FRACTION OF THE DIS-
SOLVED ORGANIC SPECIES IS REMOVED BY GRANULAR
CARBON ADSORPTION. ESTIMATES OF THE CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF BOD, COD, TOC, NITROGEN, AND PHOSPHORUS
DOWNSTREAM OF EACH GROUP OF PROCESSES ARE TABU-
LATED. ESTIMATED CAPITAL AND OPERATING AND MAIN-
TENANCE COSTS FOR EACH PROCESS ARE SHOWN. (PB-189
953) (W70-04298).
00229. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN AP-
PALACHIA.
WHITMAN, I.L.; NEHMAN, G.I.; QASIM, S.R.
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION REPORT
ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA, AP-
PENDIX A, 1969. 254 P.
RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES DRAINING COAL MINE REGIONS
IN APPALACHIA RECEIVE LARGE VOLUME OF ACID MINE-
DRAINAGE POLLUTION. THE EFFECTS OF ACID MINE
DRAINAGE ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN APPALACHIA
ARE DISCUSSED AND THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON THE RE-
GION, SHOULD REDUCTIONS IN MINE-DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION BE ACHIEVED, ARE ESTIMATED. SIXTY-SEVEN MANU-
FACTURING PLANTS WERE VISITED TO OBTAIN DETAILED
DATA ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USE, WATER COSTS, AD-
JUSTMENTS TO CURRENT LEVELS OF MINE-DRAINAGE
POLLUTION, AND POTENTIAL SAVINGS FROM POLLUTION
REDUCTION. PRIMARY FOCUS OF THE 1N-PLANT INTER-
VIEWS INCLUDED THE FOOD PROCESSING, PAPER, CHEMI-
CALS, TEXTILES, PRIMARY METALS, AND STONE AND
GLASS INDUSTRIES. THE GREATEST SAVINGS TO INDUSTRY
WOULD BE IN OPERATING COSTS, PARTICULARY IN
REDUCED COSTS OF CHEMICALS USED FOR WASTE TREAT-
MF,NT. OTHER SAVINGS WOULD RESULT FROM REDUCED
MAINTENANCE, LESS FREQUENT REPLACEMENT OF EQUIP-
MENT, AND IN A FEW CASES, LOWER INITIAL PLANT IN-
VESTMENT COSTS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT REDUCTION IN
MINE-DRAINAGE POLLUTION IN APPALACHIA WOULD
HAVE LITTLE IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF THE REGION
ITSELF DUE TO CHANGES IN WATER UTILIZATION BY IN-
DUSTRY. ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL DOLLAR SAVINGS TO IN-
DUSTRY FROM MINE DRAINAGE REDUCTION INDICATE
THAT SUCH SAVINGS ARE BUT AN INSIGNIFICANT FRAC-
TION OF TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION COSTS OR
SALES VALUE. INDUSTRY PRODUCTION WOULD NOT BE
ALTERED IN EITHER VOLUME OR COMPOSITION DUE TO
REDUCTIONS IN MINE-DRAINAGE POLLUTION. (W70-04329).
00230. ENGINEERING ECONOMIC STUDY OF MINE
DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES.
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION REPORT
ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA AP-
PENDIX B, 1969. 281 P
A SERIES OF COSTS CURVE GRAPHS WERE DEVELOPED TO
SERVE AS A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE COSTS OF
APPLYING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF CONTROLLING ACID
MINE DRAINAAGE POLLUTION WHEREVER POSSIBLE,
CURVES HAVE BEEN PRESENTED FOR CHANGES IN
CAPITAL, OPERATING, AND MAINTENANCE COSTS WHERE
THESE ARE DEPENDENT UPON THE SCALE OF APPLICA-
TION UNDER THE VARYING SETS OF GENERAL CONDI-
TIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTED
AREAS IN THE APPALACHIAN REGION. THE EFFECTIVE-
NESS OF EACH OF THE CONTROL TECHNIQUES WAS STU-
DIED IN TERMS OF THE DEGREE TO WHICH MINE
DRAINAGE POLLUTION IS CONTROLLED, AND THE QUALI-
TY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POST-TECHNIQUES WATER.
THE TECHNIQUES IN THE PROPOSED OR EXPERIMENTAL
STAGE THAT OFFER THE GREATEST PROMISE AND THUS
WARRANT FURTHER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ARE
RECOMMENDED. THE RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUES ARE
NEUTRALIZATION, REVERSE OSMOSIS, STREAMFLOW
REGULATION, DEEP WELL DISPOSAL, LAND RECLAMA-
TION, REVEGETAT1ON, PUMPJNG AND DRAINAGE, WATER
DIVERSION, MINE SEALING, REFUSE TREATMENT, AND IM-
POUNDMENT OF ACID WATER. (W70-04330).
00231. THE IMPACTS OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON LOCATION DECISIONS OF MANU-
FACTURING INDUSTRY IN APPALACHIA.
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION REPORT
ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA, AP-
PENDIX D, 1969. 317 P.
THE EFFECT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION NF PAST
DECISIONS BY INDUSTRIAL FIRMS TO LOCATE (OR NOT TO
LOCATE) WITHIN THE APPALACHIAN REGION IS
DISCUSSED. TWENTY CASE HISTORIES OF PLANT LOCA-
TION SEARCHES BY INDUSTRIES THAT ARE LARGER-THAN-
AVERAGE USERS OF WATER ARE COMPILED. MARKETS
WERE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR WHICH
ELIMINATED APPALACHIA IN NINE Of T«E 'FINAL LOCA-
TION DECISIONS. MOST OF THE INDUSTRIES FOUND^THAT
ABATEMENT OF ACID MINE POLLUTION WOULD HAVE TO
BE 90% OR BETTER TO INFLUENCE DECISIONS TO LOCATE.
UNFAVORABLE LOCATION DECISIONS ARE CAUSED BY
POOR WATER QUALITY IN THE TEXTILE DYEING, PAPER,
CHEMICAL, PLASTIC, AND ALUMINUM INDUSTRIES. IN
MANY OTHERS, ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION IS NOT
AN IMPORTANT PLANT LOCATION FACTOR. (W70-04332).
00232. IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE ON RECREA-
TION AND STREAM ECOLOGY: APPENDIX E.
MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION AND RECREA-
TION IN APPALACHIA.
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMISSION REPORT
ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA, AP-
PENDIX E, 1969. 114 P
AMONG THE DETRIMENTAL ASPECTS OF MINE ACID
DRAINAGE IS THE IMPAIRMENT OF OUTDOOR WATER-
BASED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY. MINE ACID POLLUTION
CAN INHIBIT AND MAY EVEN COMPLETELY DETER THE
USE OF NATURAL WATERS FOR SWIMMING, WATER-SKI-
ING, OR SKINDIV1NG, AND FOR BOTH WARM AND COLD
WATER SPORT FISHING. A STUDY WAS MADE TO ESTIMATE
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ACTIVITY LOSS AND THE
RESULTANT ECONOMIC (MONETARY) LOSS WHICH COULD
RESULT FROM A FAILURE TO ABATE THE MINE ACID
49
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
DRAINAGE IN THE POLLUTED AREAS OF APPALACHIA
CONTAINING POTENTIALLY RECREATIONAL WATERS. IF
CHANGES ARE MADE IN WATER QUALITY BY VARIOUS
DEGREES OF MINE ACID REDUCTION, A REGION MAY BE
ABLE TO REALIZE SOME OR ALL OF THE INCOME FROM
THE OTHERWISE LOST POTENTIAL RECREATION EXPENDI-
TURE. TO THE EXTENT THAT MINE ACID WASTE ABATE-
MENT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO REALIZE THAT INCREASE IN
EXPENDITURES, THESE MAY BE VIEWED AS A SCHEDULE
OF OPPORTUNITY BENEFITS TO WHICH THE REGIONAL IN-
COME MULTIPLIERS CAN BE APPLIED. (W70-04333).
00233. ARTIFICIAL-RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS
UTILIZING RENOVATED SEWAGE-PLANT
EFFLUENT--A FEASIBILITY STUDY AT BAY
PARK, NEW YORK.
COHEN, P.; DURFOR, C.N.
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT OF
AQUIFERS, SYMPOSIUM OF HAIFA (MARCH 19-26
1967) INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCIEN-
TIFIC HYDROLOGY, PUBLICATION NO 72, P 193-
199, 1967. 7 P.
THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, IN COOPERATION WITH
THE NASSAU COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, IS
CONDUCTING A SERIES OF ARTIFICIAL-RECHARGE EXPERI-
MENTS ON LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK TO OBTAIN SCIEN-
TIFIC AND ECONOMIC DATA NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE
FEASIBILITY OF INJECTING HIGHLY TREATED SEWAGE-
PLANT EFFLUENT INTO A PROPOSED NETWORK OF
'BARRIER' INJECTION WELLS THAT ARE INTENDED TO
PREVENT OR RETARD THE LANDWARD MOVEMENT OF
SALTY WATER FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN INTO MAJOR
AQUIFERS. TERTIARY SEWAGE TREATMENT WAS
DEVELOPED TO PRODUCE AN EFFLUENT THAT MEETS
REQUIREMENTS COMMONLY ACCEPTED FOR POTABILITY.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INJECTION WELL AND INJECTION
PLANT HAVE BEEN COMPLETED. REMOTE SENSING
DOWNHOLE GEOCHEMICAL PROBES PERMIT THE MEASUR-
MENT OF WATER-QUALITY AND HYDRAULIC-HEAD
CHANGES AT SEVERAL POINTS WITHIN THE INJECTION
WELL AND THE FILTERPACK. (W70-04355).
00234. CHICAGO'S SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION
PLANT.
CITY OF CHICAGO DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND
SEWERS, 1961.29 P.
THE PUBLICATION DESCRIBES THE DESIGN, CONSTRUC-
TION AND OPERATION OF CHICAGO'S SOUTH DISTRICT FIL-
TRATION PLANT WHICH WENT INTO FULL OPERATION IN
1947. THE PLANT. LOCATED AT LAKE MICHIGAN NEAR
EAST 79TH ST., SERVES ABOUT 1,600,000 PERSONS IN A 162
SO. Ml. AREA. TWO RAW WATER INTAKES ARE PROVIDED-
ONE CRIB INTAKE LOCATED 2 MILES OFFSHORE, AND A
DIRECT INTAKE AT THE LAKE END OF THE PLANT. WATER
ENTERING THE CRIB INTAKE IS CONVEYED BY 14 FT. AND
16 FT. DIAMETER TUNNELS LOCATED 140 FT. BELOW LAKE
LEVEL. A BREAKWATER WAS BUILT TO PROTECT PLANT
STRUCTURES FROM WAVE ACTION, AND A WATERTIGHT
BULKHEAD WAS BUILT AROUND THE PLANT AREA. A POR-
TION OF THE FILTERED WATER STORAGE IS LOCATED
BELOW THE FILTERS. THE TREATMENT PROCESS CONSISTS
OF PRE-CHLORINATION. ADDITION OF ACTIVATED CAR-
BON, COAGULATION WITH ALUMINUM SULFATE OR FER-
ROUS SULFATE, FLOURIDATION, SEDIMENTATION, FILTRA-
TION, AND POST-CHLORINATION WITH AMMONIATION.
MAXIMUM PLANT CAPACITY IS 640 MOD; 1960 AVERAGE
WAS 365 MOD. CONSTRUCTION COST, INCLUDING EN-
GINEERING AND SUPERVISION, WAS $27,052,932. ONE HUN-
DRED SEVENTY TWO EMPLOYEES ARE USED TO OPERATE
THE PLANT. (W70-04437).
00235. THE FUTURE OF THE LAKE.
EDMONDSON, W.T.
MUNCIPAUTY OF METROPOLITAN SEATTLE,
METRO QUARTERLY, FALL 1965. 4 P.
ORIGINALLY SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, RELEASED NON-
TREATED SEWAGE INTO PUGET SOUND AND TREATED
SEWAGE INTO LAKE WASHINGTON. SWIMMING IN THE
SOUND WAS DESTROYED AND LAKE WASHINGTON
BECAME EUTHROPHIC. THE METRO ACT ENACTED IN 1957
PROVIDED FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A
METROPOLITAN MUNICIPAL CORPORATION WITH THE
POWER TO PERFORM SEWAGE DISPOSAL, WATER, PARKS,
TRANSPORTATION, COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING AND/OR
GARBAGE DISPOSAL. IN 1958 THE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
PROVISO WAS APPROVED BY 60% VOTE. JULY 1966
SHOULD SEE THE END OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE INTO LAKE
WASHINGTON. $120 MILLION IN REVENUE BONDS HAVE
BEEN SOLD TO DATE, TO BE REPAID BY A $2 MONTHLY
CHARGE PER RESIDENTIAL CONNECTION AND A $2
MONTHLY CHARGE PER 900 CUBIC FEET OF WATER USED
BY INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERICAL ENTERPRISES. PROMPT
IMPROVEMENT IN THE LAKE IS EXPECTED WITHIN A FEW
YEARS AFTER FINAL DIVERSION IN 1966 AS THE
WATERSHED IS RELATIVELY POOR IN DISSOLVED
MINERALS INCLUDING NUTRIENTS NEEDED BY ALGAE,
AND AS THERE ARE NO MASSIVE DEPOSITS OF ACCUMU-
LATED SOFT SEDIMENTS ON THE LAKE BOTTOM RICH IN
NUTRIENTS AVAILABLE TO ALGAE, THE PROGNOSIS IS
GOOD FOR THE RECOVERY OF LAKE WASHINGTON. (W70-
04455).
00236. ECONOMICS AND POLITICS INFLUENCE POL-
LUTION ABATEMENT RESEARCH.
HEMWALL, J.B.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 116(6), 222-225, 1969.
MEETING THE RESEARCH NEEDS IN POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT, WHILE NECESSARY, IS FAR FROM SUFFICIENT TO
GET ANYTHING ACCOMPLISHED. THE LITERATURE CON-
TAINS REFERENCES TO UNMET RESEARCH NEEDS AND AD-
DITIONAL INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE FROM THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION.
THIS DISCUSSION, HOWEVER, IS ADDRESSED MAINLY TO
THE INFLUENCES WHICH MAKE POLLUTION ABATEMENT
RESEARCH 1NSUFF1CIENT-NAMELY, ECONOMICS, POLITICS
AND SOCIAL HABITS. THE AUTHOR STATES THAT THE
OUTSTANDING ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER IS
THAT IT HAS NO VALUE. ITS PRICE IS QUITE ARBITRARY
AND THERE IS A GREAT DEAL OF FEDERAL ACTIVITY
THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED A SUBSIDY. THE ECONOMICS
OF WATER IS EVEN WORSE AFTER THE WATER HAS BEEN
USED. INITIALLY, PAYMENT HAS TO BE MADE FOR THE
COST OF TRANSPORTATION, FOR WHATEVER TREATMENT
IS PERFORMED, AND FOR THE OPERATION OF THE
SYSTEM. THESE ITEMS ESTABLISH A COST, IF NOT A
VALUE. USED WATER HAS NEITHER VALUE NOR COST
AND THERE IS NO ECONMIC INCENTIVE TO CLEAN IT UP.
SUGGESTIONS ARE OFFERED THAT COULD IMPROVE THE
ECONOMICS OF WATER IN THIS AREA. OTHER PROBLEMS
OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN THE AREAS OF
POLITICS AND UNMET NEEDS ARE DISCUSSED. (W70-04518).
00237. PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
THERMAL POLLUTION.
PARKER, F.L.; KRENKEL, P.A.; STEVENS, D.B.
CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CON-
TROL, 1(1), P 101-192, FEBRUARY 1970. 92 P.
THE RATE OF GROWTH OF COOLING WATER REQUIRE-
MENTS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CENTRAL
ELECTRICITY GENERATING STATIONS, THE POSSIBILITIES
OF IMPROVED EFFICIENCIES IN ELECTRICITY PRODUC-
50
-------
REFERENCE LIST
TION, THE LIMITED AVAILABILITY OF COOLING WATER
AND THE MECHANISMS AND MEANS OF HEAT DISSIPATION
ARE DETAILED. ALSO DESCRIBED ARE THE EFFECTS OF
HEATED DISCHARGES UPON THE BIOTA AND THE
HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE RECEIVING WATERS. IT HAS
BEEN SHOWN THAT NEW PLANT SIZES WILL BE SUCH
THAT ONLY IN A FEW AREAS OF THE COUNTRY WILL WE
BE ABLE TO MEET BIOLOGICALLY DERIVED STANDARDS IF
RUN OF THE RIVER COOLING IS USED. IT HAS ALSO BEEN
SHOWN THAT EXPECTATIONS OF INCREASED FLOW OR
REDUCED COOLING REQUIREMENTS DUE TO INCREASED
THERMAL EFFICIENCIES ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE REAL-
IZED. WE CANNOT EXPECT TO FIND SUFFICIENT BENEFI-
CIAL USES OF THE DEGRADED HEAT TO SUBSTANTIALLY
DIMINISH THE PROBLEM. THE CHOICE WILL BE WHETHER
TO PAY THE PRICE FOR PREVENTING THE EXCESS HEAT-
ING OF OUR SURFACE WATERS OR TO ACCEPT THE CON-
SEQUENCES OF DISCHARGING THESE HEATED EFFLUENTS
AND LET THEM TAKE THEIR TOLL. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
423 ENTRIES IS INCLUDED. (W70-05059).
00238. MINE DRAINAGE IN THE NORTH BRANCH
POTOMAC RIVER BASIN.
CLARK, L.J.
CHESAPEAKE TECHNICAL SUPPORT LABORATORY
TECHNICAL REPORT NO 13, FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONROL ADMIN, MIDDLE ATLANTIC
REG, AUGUST 1969. 87 P
WATER QUALITY AND MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION OF
THE NORTH BRANCH POTOMAC RIVER ARE SURVEYED.
FOR OVER A CENTURY, MINE DRAINAGE HAS BEEN THE
PRIMARY CAUSE OF DEGRADATION IN THE BASIN. MORE
THAN 40 MILES OF THE MAIN STEM ABOVE LUKE, MARY-
LAND, AND OVER 100 MILES OF TRIBUTARY STREAMS ARE
NOW VIRTUALLY DEVOID OF AQUATIC LIFE BECAUSE OF
THE EFFECTS OF MINE DRAINAGE. THE PRINCIPAL CON-
STITUENTS OF MINE DRAINAGE ARE TOTAL DISSOLVED
AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ACID, IRON AND MANGANESE,
AND TOXIC PRECIPITATES. AN ESTIMATED 79,000 LBS/DAY
OF ACIDITY IS CONTRIBUTED BY STREAMS WITHIN THE
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA AND 39,000 LBS/DAY BY
STREAMS WITHIN THE STATE OF MARYLAND. ACTIVE
COAL MINES IN WEST VIRGINIA APPEAR TO BE A SIGNIFI-
CANT, AND PERHAPS THE LARGEST, SOURCE OF ACID
MINE DRAINAGE WHILE IN MARYLAND, DRAINAGE FROM
INACTIVE MINES APPEARS TO BE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT
SOURCE. A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF ANNUAL EXPENDI-
TURES REQUIRED TO PROVIDE NECESSARY PREVENTION,
COLLECTION, AND TREATMENT MEASURES IN THE SEVEN
MOST CRITICAL WATERSHEDS OF THE POTOMAC BASIN IS
$5,000,000. CAPITAL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED AT $32,500,000.
(W70-05176).
00239. EFFECT OF STARCH SUBSTITUTES ON TEX-
TILE WASTES.
MCCARTHY, J.A.
SANITALK, 4(1), P23-25, 1955.
THE EXTENSIVE USE OF STARCH IN THE PROCESSING OF
TEXTILES, THE PROCESSES INVOLVED, AND THE HIGH BOD
OF TEXTILE WASTE WATERS RESULTING FROM ITS USE
ARE OUTLINED. INVESTIGATIONS MADE AT THE
LAWRENCE EXPERIMENT STATION, MASSACHUSETTS, ON
THE BOD OF STARCH SOLUTIONS AND SOLUTIONS OF
STARCH SUBSTITUTES MADE UP TO 0.1% SOLUTIONS, AS
USED IN TEXTILE MILLS, SHOWED THAT WHEREAS THE
BOD OF STARCH SOLUTIONS AVERAGED FROM 600 TO 1000
PPM, FIGURES FOR SUBSTITUTES WERE CONSIDERABLY
LOWER, AND THAT IN MIXTURES OF STARCH AND CMC
EXERTION OF THE BOD WAS RETARDED. THE EFFICIENCY
OF TREATMENT OF STARCH AND CMC MIXTURES ON PER-
COLATING FILTERS WAS ALSO STUDIED. IT WAS CON-
CLUDED THAT A REDUCTION IN THE BOD OF TEXTILE
WASTE COULD BE EFFECTED BY THE USE OF STARCH SUB-
STITUTES, GIVING A REDUCTION IN THE POLLUTIONAL
LOAD DISCHARGE TO STREAMS AND A REDUCTION IN THE
COST OF TEXTILE WASTE TREATMENT. (W70-05156).
00240. CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
PARKHURST, J.D.
REPORT NO. 16, UNIV. OF CALIF., LOS ANGELES,
CALIF, WATER RESOURCES CENTER, P. 16-28,
DEC. 1969. 13 P.
WASTE WATER IS GENERATED WITHIN LOS ANGELES
COUNTY AT THE RATE OF 700 MILLION GALLONS PER
DAY. THIS WASTE WATER IS AN UNTAPPED SUPPLY OF AD-
DITIONAL WATER. WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE HAS
BEEN CONTINUING SINCE 1949. DIRECT RECHARGE OF
GROUNDWATER BASINS BY SPREADING HAS BEEN OCCUR-
RING AS A NATURAL ADJUNCT OF WATER TREATMENT
FOR MANY YEARS. SUCH TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT
MEETS HEALTH REQUIREMENTS. THE SANITATION DIS-
TRICTS' MASTER PLAN IS PRESENTED. ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT, OR TERTIARY TREATMENT, STARTS WITH
SECONDARY EFFLUENT AND IMPROVES OR TAILORS THE
QUALITY OF THE WATER FOR SOME SPECIFIC PURPOSE.
TWO FORMS OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT REMOVAL ARE
FILTRATION AND M1CROSTRAINING. DIFFERENT METHODS
OF THE REMOVAL OF NUTRIENTS, SUCH AS PHOSPHATE,
AMMONIA AND NITRATE, ARE GIVEN. OTHER ASPECTS OF
SECONDARY WATER TREATMENT DISCUSSED ARE CAR-
BON ABSORPTION, DEMINERALIZATION, REVERSE OSMO-
SIS, ION EXCHANGE, AND ELETROD1ALYS1S. DATA ON
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS THAT RESULTS FROM
DEMINERALIZATION PROCESSES ARE PRESENTED. (W70-
05277).
00241. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (EFFLUENT CHARGES-DEFINI-
TION).
LYMAN, S.R.
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES, UNIV OF WIS WATER RESOURCES
CENTE, P 1-21, MAY 1969. 21 P.
THE CONTINUAL PRODUCTION OF EXCESSIVE WASTE
THREATENS TO EXHAUST OUR AVAILABLE WATER
SUPPLY, AND THE DEMAND FOR USABLE WATER IS CON-
STANTLY INCREASING. THE EFFFLUENT CHARGE IS AN
ECONOMIC INCENTIVE TECHNIQUE FOR IMPLEMENTING
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS. IT IS A MONETARY LEVY
IMPOSED ON ANYONE WHO CONTRIBUTES TO WATER POL-
LUTION BY DISCHARGING WASTE AND IS COMPUTED ON
THE BASIS OF THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF THE
WASTE SO DISCHARGED. THE BASIC PRINCIPLE IS TO
REQUIRE THE PRODUCER OF WASTE TO PAY ALL COSTS
ASSOCIATED THEREWITH. THE EFFLUENT CHARGE WOULD
YIELD SUBSTANTIAL REVENUE, WHICH COULD BE USED
TO FINANCE ADMINISTRATION AND COSTS OF WATER
QUALITY CONTROL IN RIVER BASIN. THIS CHARGE IS
SOMEWHAT SIMILAR TO SEWER TAXES AND CHARGES
AHD HIGHWAY-USE TAXES, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE IM-
PORTANT DIFFERENCES WHICH MAY AFFECT CONSTITU-
TIONALITY. THERE HAVE NEVER BEEN ANY EFFLUENT
CHARGES IN THIS COUNTRY, ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE
BEEN USED IN EUROPE TO GOOD EFFECT. HOWEVER,
THERE IS A RISING INTEREST IN EFFLUENT CHARGES. THE
MAIN QUESTION DEALT WITH IS WHETHER SUCH SYSTEM
WOULD WITHSTAND CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE.
WATER CLASSIFICATION IS DISCUSSED. (W70-05321).
51
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00242. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-THE
POLICE POWER).
LYMAN, S.R.
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES, UN1V OF WIS WATER RESOURCES
CENTER, P 22-52, MAY 1969. 30 P.
A POLLUTER AGAINST WHOM AN EFFLUENT CHARGE IS
LEVIED COULD ALLEGE THAT SUCH CHARGE CON-
STITUTED A TAKING OF PRIVATE PROPERTY WITHOUT
JUST COMPENSATION, AND WAS THUS UNCONSTITU-
TIONAL. THIS CLAIM WOULD NECESSARILY BE BASED ON
ALLEGED VESTED, PRIVATE PROPERTY RIGHTS. HOW-
EVER, SUCH RIGHTS MAY BE REGULATED BY THE STATE
UNDER ITS POLICE POWER AS LONG AS THE REGULATION
IS CALCULATED TO FURTHER PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY,
WELFARE, OR MORALS, AND BEARS A REASONABLE RELA-
TION TO THE PURPOSE OF THE REGULATION. OBVIOUSLY,
POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATEMENT IS A PROPER
LEGISLATIVE PURPOSE. THE EFFLUENT CHARGE BEARS A
REASONABLE RELATION TO THIS PURPOSE IN THAT IT IS
DIRECTED TOWARD THE CAUSE OF POLLUTION AND IS
DESIGNED TO REDUCE THAT CAUSE. COURTS GENERALLY
ACCEPT THE LEGISLATURE'S JUDGMENT ON THE
'REASONABLE RELATION' ISSUE IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTR-
MEME CIRCUMSTANCES. THE EFFLUENT CHARGE SYSTEM
IS NOT ARBITRARY IN THAT IT HAS A RATIONAL BASIS
FOR ITS EXISTENCE. EFFLUENT CHARGES ARE NOT DIS-
CRIMINATORY EVEN THOUGH D1FFERENCT POLLUTERS
WOULD BE CHARGED AT DIFFERENT RATES. THE CHARGE
IS BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE DONE BY EACH
UNIT OF WASTE DISCHARGED. ALTHOUGH THIS WILL
VARY WITH THE DIFFERENT HYDROLOGIC CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF THE WATER, IT IS NOT DISCRIMINATORY.
(W70-05322).
00243. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-
EMINENT DOMAIN).
LYMAN, S.R.
THL CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES, UNIV OF WIS WATER RESOURCES
CENTER, P 53-59, MAY 1969. 7 P.
ANOTHER ARGUMENT THAT MIGHT BE RAISED AGAINST
EFFLUENT CHARGES BY POLLUTERS IS THAT THE EF-
FLUENT CHARGE SYSTEM IS A TAKING' OF RIGHTS, THUS
FALLING UNDER THE STATE'S POWER OF EMINENT
DOMAIN AND REQUIRING THE PAYMENT OF JUST COM-
PENSATION. HOWEVER, COURTS HAVE GENERALLY HELD
THAT REGULATIONS MAY CAUSE ECONOMIC LOSSES TO A
MEMBER OF THE REGULATED CLASS, OR EVEN PROHIBIT
A CERTAIN USE OF PROPERTY ALTOGETHER AND STILL
NOT CONSTITUTE A TAKING FOR WHICH COMPENSATION
MUSI BE PAID. THE REGULATION MAY STILL BE VALID
UNDF,R THE POLICE POWER. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MEASURES HAVE USUALLY BEEN CONSIDERED POLICE
POWER REGULATIONS. FURTHER, ANY 'RIGHT TO POL-
LUTE' WHICH MAY EXIST IS NOT SEPARATE PROPERTY
BUT MERELY A 'USE' WHICH MAY BE PROHIBITED
WITHOUT THF, PAYMENT OF COMPSENSATION. THIS
RESTRAINT ON THE USE OF WATER WOULD NOT AMOUNT
TO A SUBSTANTIAL DEPRIVATION OF ALL THE USES OF
WATHR, AND ANY HARM THEREFROM WOULD BE OUT-
WEIGHED BY THE COLLECTIVE BENEFIT. (W70-05323.
00244. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-UN-
LAWFUL DELEGATION).
LYMAN, S.R.
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES, UNIV OF WIS WATER RESOURCES
CENTER, P 60-73, MAY 1969. 14 P.
A WASTE DISHCARGER MAY ARGUE THAT PLACING AD-
MINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN EFFLUENT-
CHARGE SYSTEM INTO THE HANDS OF A PUBLIC AGENCY
AMOUNTS TO AN UNLAWFUL DELEGATION OF LEGISLA-
TIVE AND JUDICIAL POWER. THE AGENCY WOULD BE EM-
POWERED TO SET RATES TO BE CHARGED UPON EACH
UNIT OF WASTE, WHICH WOULD VARY ACCORDING TO
MANY FACTORS, AND TO ASSESS AND COLLECT EACH
POLLUTER'S ASSESSED CHARGE. IN ALL STATES, ADMINIS-
TRATIVE AGENCIES WITH VARYING POWERS AND DUTIES,
HANDLE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATEMENT
REGULATION. GENERALLY, COURTS HAVE HELD THAT, IF
SUFF1CEINTLY CLEAR GUIDELINES FOR ACTION ARE LAID
DOWN, LEGISLATURES MAY DELEGATE THE REASONABLE
AUTHORITY NECESSARY TO ACCOMPLISH DESIRED CON-
STITUTIONAL PURPOSES. A SETTING FORTH IN
REASONABLY SPECIFIC TERMS OF AGENCY POWERS AND
RESPONSIBILITIES SHOULD AVOID ANY QUESTION, ON
THESE GROUNDS, AS TO THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EF-
FLUENT CHARGES. (W70-05324).
00245. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-THE
TAX POWER).
LYMAN, S.R.
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES, UNIV OF WIS WATER RESOURCES
CENTER, P 74-99, MAY 1969. 26 P
WASTE DISCHARGERS MAY CONTEND THAT EFFLUENT
CHARGES CONSTITUTE AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL TAX.
HOWEVER, IT CAN BE ARGUED THAT EFFLUENT-CHARGE
SYSTEMS ARE REGULATORY MEASURES, WITH CHARGES
BEING FEES RATHER THAN TAXES. IF THE PURPOSE OF AN
ENACTMENT IS FOR REGULATION RATHER THAN
REVENUE, THE MEASURE FALLS UNDER THE POLICE
POWER, FEES COLLECTED UNDER AN EFFLUENT-CHARGE
SYSTEM SHOULD BE REASONABLY RELATED TO THE
COSTS OF ADMINISTERING THE PROGRAM AND ABATING
THE POLLUTION. AS LONG AS IT IS REASONABLE THE SIZE
OF THE FEE WOULD NOT DETRACT FROM ITS VALIDITY AS
A POLICE-POWER MEASURE, NOR CAUSE IT TO BECOME A
TAX. THE PURPOSE OF THE EFFLUENT CHARGE IS
PRIMARILY REGULATORY. IT IS DESIGNED TO CONTROL
AND ABATE POLLUTION OF A STATE'S WATERS AND TO
BENEFIT THE HEALTH, SAFETY, AND WELFARE OF THE
PEOPLE OF THE STATE. IT IS CLEARLY AN EXERCISE OF
THE POLICE POWER. AS SUCH, THE MEASURE NEED NOT
COMPLY WITH STATE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
REQUIRING EQUALITY AND UNIFORMITY, AND IT DOES
NOT OFFEND THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE OF THE
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. EVEN IF THE EFFLUENT CHARGE
IS CONSIDERED A TAX, IT IS CONSTITUTIONAL (W70-
05325).
00246. FRITZ V BD OF TRUSTEES (ASSESSMENTS FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF A SANITARY SEWER
SYSTEM).
252 NE2D 567-572 UNO 1969).
TRUSTEES OF APPELLEE TOWN RESOLVED TO INSTALL
WITHIN THE TOWN A SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM. THE
RESOLUTION PROVIDED FOR ASSESSMENT OF ALL PRO-
52
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REFERENCE LIST
PERTY WITHIN THE TOWN TO PAY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
THE SYSTEM. PROVISION WAS MADE FOR A PUBLIC HEAR-
ING TO FINALIZE THE RESOLUTION AND ALLOW REMON-
STRANCES IN OPPOSITION TO THE PLAN. NOTICE OF THE
HEARING WAS POSTED IN FIVE LOCATIONS. NO REMON-
STRANCES WERE FILED AND THE TRUSTEES CONFIRMED
THE RESOLUTION AND ASSESSED APPELLANT'S PROPERTY.
APPELANTS BROUGHT ACTION TO ENJOIN THE ENFORCE-
MENT OF THE ASSESSMENT. THE TRIAL COURT UPHELD
THE TRUSTEES ACTIONS. THE SUPREME COURT, IN
REVERSING, HELD THAT APPELANTS WERE DEPRIVED OF
DUE PROCESS OF LAW BY THE FAILURE OF APPELLEES TO
GIVE ADQUATE NOTICE OF THE SEWER ASSESSMENT
PROCEEDINGS. IT WAS UNCONTRAD1CTED THAT APPE-
LANTS RECEIVED NO ACTUAL NOTICE OF THE HEARINGS.
A PROPERTY OWNER SHOULD NOT BE FORCED TO CON-
TINUALLY SEARCH PUBLIC RECORDS FOR NOTICE OF
PROCEEDINGS AFFECTING HIS PROPERTY. WHEN ASSESS-
MENT PROCEEDINGS AFFECT SPECIFIC PROPERTY, NOTICE
SHOULD BE GIVEN IN A MANNER CALCULATED TO PRO-
VIDE ACTUAL NOTICE TO AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS (W70-
05366).
00247. NUTRIENT REMOVAL A UNIVERSAL REQUIRE-
MENT.
DAV1ES, R.
WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL, P 28-30,
JANUARY 1970.
THIS REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
FINDINGS ON POLLUTION OF LAKES ERIE AND ONTARIO
AND THE ST LAWRENCE RIVER INTERNATIONAL SECTION
RECOMMENDSAL REPLACEMENT OF PHOSPHATES IN DE-
TERGENTS IS POSSIBLE WITH NO REDUCTION IN CLEA
COMPLETE REPLACEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
IN DETERGENTS AND PHOSPHORUS REDUCTION IN MU-
NICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES WITH NITROGEN
REDUCTION TO FOLLOW. PARTINS1NG EFFICIENCY. AN EN-
VIRONMENTALLY HARMLESS SUBST1TUES FOR FULL
REPLACEMENT OF PHOSPHATES MIGHT BE FOUND. IF
PHOSPHATES WERE REPLACED IN DETERGENTS, REMOVAL
OF 80% OF REMAINING PHOSPHORUS AT SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT PLANTS WOULD REDUCE THE CONCENTRATJON TO
0.6 MILLIGRAMS/LITER. FURTHER REDUCTION IN LAKES
ARE POSSIBLE BY PREVENTING LAND DRAINAGE. ANTI-
POLLUTION RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE: STANDBY
EQUIPMENT TO TAKE OVER DURING BREAKDOWNS, IN-
ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE, OR OVERFLOW; SEPARATION
OF STORM AND SANITARY SEWAGE COLLECTION
SYSTEMS; AVOIDANCE OF BYPASSING UNTREATED
WASTES; INTENSIFICATION OF VIRAL RESEARCH; REQUIRE-
MENT THAT ORGANIZATION PLANNING THERMAL POWER-
PLANTS SUBMIT PLAN TO POLLUTION CONTROL AGEN-
CIES; BANNING UNCONFINED OPEN LAKE DUMPING; IM-
PLEMENTATION OF HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES CON-
TROLS; RECOGNITION THAT OIL AND GAS DRILLING ARE
POTENTIAL POLLUTION SOURCES; MAINTENANCE OF
ADEQUATE WATER QUALITY MONITORING. SUCCESS OF
THE PROPOSALS DEPENDS UPON WILLINGNESS OF THE
PUBLIC TO PAY INCREASED CONTROL COSTS. (W70-054I2).
00248. WASTE WATER RECIRCULATION AS A MEANS
OF RIVER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
BLANKENBACH, W.W.; WILLLISON, W.A.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SUGAR
BEET TECHNOLOGISTS, 15(5), 396-402, 1969.
A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT BY MANITOBA SUGAR COMPANY,
FORT GARRY, MANITOBA, TO REDUCE RIVER POLLUTION
BY ELIMINATING SUGAR BEET PROCESSING WASTES IS
DESCRIBED. THE COMPANY'S SEWAGE CHARGES EX-
CEEDED $64,000 PER YEAR EXERTING ECONOMIC PRES-
SURE TO REDUCE ITS POLLUTION LOAD. A RECIRCULA-
TION SYSTEM WAS PUT INTO OPERATION IN 1965. TRAVEL-
ING AND VIBRATING SCREENS REMOVE LARGER ORGANIC
MATERIAL. A CLAR1F1ER REMOVES PARTICULATE MATTER
AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS. LIME IS ADDED AT THE CLARIFI-
ER TO RAISE THE PH TO 11.5 0 TO IMPROVE COAGULATION
AND SEDIMENTATION. THE CLARIFIER OVERFLOW IS
RECIRCULATED TO THE FLUME WATER SUPPLY TANK
AND THE UNDERFLOW IS PUMPED TO MUD SETTLING
PONDS. CLEAN WATER IS COLLECTED IN A COLLECTOR
DITCH AND RETURNED TO THE CLARIFIER. THE IN-
STALLED COST OF THE SYSTEM, EXCLUDING SCREENS,
AMOUNTED TO APPROXIMATELY $300,000. OPERATING EX-
PENSE IS LIMITED TO LIME ADDITION (1.5-4.5 TONS PER
DAY). CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN THE
REC1RCULATING WATER BUILDS STEADILY, BUT LEVELS
OUT AT ABOUT 10,000 PPM OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
AND 6000 PPM BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND. THE IN-
CREASED CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN THE
RECIRCULATING SYSTEM IS FELT TO PRODUCE SIGNIFI-
CANT SAVINGS OF SUGAR BY REDUCING OSMOTIC PRES-
SURE DIFFERENTIALS. THE SOIL IN THE SLUDGE BED AP-
PARETLY IS STABILIZED AND NO PROBLEM IS EXPECTED
IN DISPOSING OF THE DRY SLUDGE. (W70-05551).
00249. FOAM FRACTIONATION.
BRUNNER, C.A.; STEPHAN, D.G.
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY, P 40-
48, MAY 1965.
THE SCOPE OF A RESEARCH EFFORT TO APPLY FOAM
FRACTIONATION THEORY TO REMOVE SURFACTANTS
FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE STREAMS AND A PRACTICAL
DESIGN APPROACH TO ELIMINATE CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND (COD) AND ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE (ABS)
ARE PRESENTED. CONTINUOUS RUNS ON MUNICIPAL EF-
FLUENTS FROM SEVEN TREATMENT PLANTS WERE CAR-
RIED OUT IN LABORATORY-SCALE GLASS FOAM FRAC-
TIONATION COLUMNS. THE COD AND METHYLENE BLUE
DETECTABLE ABS CONCENTRATIONS WERE DETERMINED
IN THE FEED, IN THE BOTTOM PRODUCT, AND FOR SOME
SAMPLES IN THE COLLAPSED FOAM. THE FRACTION
REMOVED FOR PRIMARY EFFLUENTS FOR COD AND ABS
WERE 24% AND 50%. FOR SECONDARY EFFLUENTS, COD
AND ABS REMOVALS WERE 25% AND 70%. DATA WERE
COLLECTED FROM A PILOT-SCALE FOAM SEPARATOR IN
POMONA, CALIFORNIA, OVER A 5-MONTH PERIOD. AT A
GAS TO LIQUID FEED RATE GREATER THAN 5, ABOUT 35%
OF THE GROSS ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS WERE
REMOVED. SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND ABS EACH CON-
TRIBUTED ABOUT 40% OF THE TOTAL COD REMOVED AND
THEREFORE ROUGHLY 20% OF THE TOTAL ORGANIC
MATERIAL SEPARATED WAS SOLUBLE NON-ABS OR-
GAN1CS. AN AVERAGE ABS REMOVAL OF ABOUT 70% CAN
BE EXPECTED. THE ADDITION OF SELECTED CATIONIC
POLYELECTROLYTES TO THE FEED CAN IMPROVE
REMOVALS. A SUMMARY OF TYPICAL CAPITAL AND
OPERATING COSTS FOR FOAM SEPARATORS IS GIVEN.
(W70-05562).
00250. THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF AQUATIC
NUISANCES.
MACKENTHUN, K.M.
COMMITTEE ON WATER POLLUTION, MADISON,
WISCONSIN, JANUARY 1958. 64 P.
A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF METHODS OF CONTROL OF
AQUATIC ROOTED VEGETATION, ALGAE, AND CERCARIAE,
CAUSING SWIMMERS' ITCH, IS GIVEN. THE BIOMASS OF
AQUATIC WEEDS WAS REDUCED BY SODIUM ARSEN1TE
TREATMENTS IN SOME 80 LAKES WITH AN APPROXIMATE
APPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF 150 GALLONS OF HERBICIDE
PER HOUR. ONE OR MORE ALGAE-ERADICATING TREAT-
MENTS WERE GIVEN TO ABOUT 40 LAKES, AN APPLICA-
53
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TION OF 250 POUNDS OF COMMERCIAL COPPER SULFATE
CONSUMING ONE HOUR. CONTROL OF CERCAR1AE WAS
SUCCESSFUL IN A LIMITED NUMBER OF LAKES WITH A
MIXTURE OF COPPER SULFATE AND COPPER CARBONATE.
THE EFFICIENCY OF CONTROL MEASURES WAS MATERI-
ALLY AUGMENTED BY THE USE OF SPECIALLY DESIGNED
EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING STEEL BARGES, PORTABLE ALU-
MINUM ALLOY BARGES, SPRAY BOATS AND ASSEMBLIES,
LOADING BOOMS, AND GRAVITY FLOW INJECTORS. (W70-
05568).
00251. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO
RIVER BASIN POLLUTION CONTROL
MANANGEMENT.
CHAUDHURI, N.
INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS (INDIA) JOURNAL,
PUBLIC HEALTH ENG DIV, 49(10), 118-124, 1969.
THE PAPER INTRODUCED THE POSSIBILITY OF APPLICA-
TION OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AS A TOOL FOR SOLVING
MANAGMENT PROBLEMS OF RIVER POLLUTION FOR AN
ENTIRE BASIN. THEPOLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEM WAS
SHOWN AS A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL AND THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ITS SOLUTION WERE ILLUSTRATED
GRAPHICALLY. A HYPOTHETICAL RIVER BASIN INCLUDING
LOCATIONS OF WASTEWATER TREAMENT PLANTS WAS
USED AS AN EXAMPLE. THE PROBLEM WAS TO ESTIMATE
AN OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF TREATMENT EFFICIENCIES
AT TWO PLANTS SO THAT TOTAL COST OF TREATMENT
WAS MINIMIZED AND AT THE SAME TIME THE MINIMUM
DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT WAS MAINTAINED IN THE
RIVER. FOR THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE HYPOTHE-
ICAL RIVER BASIN, THE ASSUMED VALUE FOR VARIOUS
RATE CONSTANTS, DISTANCES, COST EQUATION CON-
STANTS, PLANT DISCHARGES, BOD VALUES OF WASTES
COMING TO THE PLANTS, DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENTS
OF EFFLUENTS DISCHARGE AND OTHER VALUES RELATED
TO THE RIVER WERE GIVEN. (W70-05769).
00252. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT PROCESS DESIGN.
SHIH, C.S.; DEFILIPPI, J.A.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 96(SA2) 409-421, 1970.
A METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED TO
PRODUCE A GIVEN TREATMENT REQUIREMENT OF
MINIMUM COST. THE METHODOLOGY INTEGRATES
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES INTO PRESENT
DESIGN PRINCIPLES TO IDENTIFY THE OPTIMAL COMBINA-
TION AND EFFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS UNIT PROCESSES IN
A MULTI-STAGE PLANT. IN THIS CASE OPTIMAL IS DEFINED
AS LEAST COST. AN ADVANTAGE TO THE MATHEMATICAL
MODEL IS THAT IT CONSIDERS ALL UNIT PROCESSES AT
THE SAME TIME FOR SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION IN CONTRAST
TO THE MORE COMMON METHOD OF OPTIMIZING EACH
UNIT PROCESS. AN ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE IS USED IN
WHICH THE COST OF A MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT
USING PRIMARY CLARIFICATION, SECONDARY TREAT-
MENT (OPTION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE OR TRICKLING
FILTER) IS MINIMIZED AT $429,000. USING CONVENTIONAL
DESIGN CRITERIA THE COST OF THE PLANT IS CALCU-
LATED AT 1450,900. COST CURVES ARE GIVEN FOR THE
UNIT PROCESSES EMPLOYED IN THE PLANT AND THE
POINT MADE THAI MORE RELIABLE INFORMATION CON-
CERNING THE COST AND PERFORMANCES OF UNIT
PROCESSES IS NEEDED IN ORDER THAT TREATMENT
SYSTEMS MAY BE MORE EFFECTIVELY OPTIMIZED. (W70-
05800).
00253. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF FINANCING
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES.
LOPP, W.J. II.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(2), 291-
297, 1970.
EXCEPT IN THE INITIAL YEAR (1966), THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT HAS NOT FULFILLED ITS AUTHORIZATION
FOR APPROPRIATION. GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS, IS-
SUED BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL UNITS ARE USUSALLY
RESTRICTED BY CONSTITUTIONAL, STATUTORY OR
CHARTER DEBT CEILING, ETC, ALTERNATE FINANCING
METHODS ARE PRESENTED TO REPLACE THE UNAP-
PROPRIATED FEDERAL AUTHORIZATION. THE PROPOSED
ALTERNATES ARE: FIRST, FWPCA WOULD TRANSMIT
REQUITIONS TO THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT WHICH
WOULD BE FUNDED FROM THE SALE OF SECOND LIBERTY
BONDS OR A SIMILAR DEBT INSTRUMENT. THE LIMIT
WOULD BE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AMOUNTS
AUTHORIZED AND APPROPRIATED BY CONGRESS. THE
SECOND IS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TWO SEPARATE
FINANCING VEHICLES TO HANDLE FEDERAL AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENTAL SHARES OF THE COSTS. THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT WOULD ISSUE ITS OWN TAX-EXEMPT
BONDS AND THE FEDERAL GOVERMENT WOULD
THROUGH THE FWPCA SELL OBLIGATIONS WITH TAXABLE
INTEREST INCOMES. THE THIRD PROPOSAL INVOLVES
COMPLETE LOCAL FINANCING DURING CONSTRUCTION
AND ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT AGENCY TO
ISSUE BONDS TO PROVIDE MONIES TO RETIRE A PORTION
OF THE OUTSTANDING SHORT-TERM DEBT; THE BALANCE
WOULD BE RETIRED FROM TAX-EMPT BONDS ISSUED BY
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL UNITS. TAX PROGRAMS AND
FINANCING METHODS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT ENACTED AT STATE LEVELS ARE ALSO CITED. (W70-
05804).
00254. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS
DESIGN.
CUPIT, J.V
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(2), 166-177, 1969.
THE BASIC COSTS FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE DESIGN
OF A SEWAGE WORKS ARE DISCUSSED, AND THE APPLICA-
TION OF THESE COST FACTORS TO THE DESIGN OF IN-
DIVIDUAL UNITS IS CONSIDERED. THE CONCEPT OF TRUE
COST IS DEFINED AS THE ANNUAL CHARGE RELATIVE TO
A PARTICULAR UNIT, AND THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
THE ANNUAL COST ARE DISCUSSED. THESE INCLUDE:
LOAN DEBT CHARGES; RENTS AND RATES; EMPLOYMENT
OF LABOR; PURCHASE OF FUEL AND POWER; REPAIR AND
MAINTENANCE OF PLANT, BUILDING AND MACHINERY;
PLANT AND MACHINERY INSURANCE; MATERIAL
PURCHASES; AND TRANSPORTATION. CONSIDERATION OF
THE APPLICATION OF THE COST FACTORS INCLUDES
DISCUSSION OF THE PUMPING PLANT, PRELIMINARY
TREATMENT UNITS, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, TERTIARY
TREATMENT, AND SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL.
PARTICULAR EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE TOPICS OF
SEDIMENTATION, BIOLOGICAL FILTERS, AND THE AC-
TIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS. GENERAL ECONOMIC AND EN-
GINERRING PRINCIPLES SHOULD BE COMBINED WITH THE
ENGINEER'S PERSONAL JUDGEMENT IN ORDER TO
ACHIEVE A BALANCED SOLUTION OF THE DESIGN CON-
CEPT. (W70-05809).
54
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00255. INCREASING WASTEWATER FLOW VELOCITY
BY USING CHEMICAL ADDITIVES.
OVERFILE, J.L.; CRAWFORD, H.R.; BAJOTEH^B*!:;
HARRINGTON, L.J.; SANTRY, I.W. JR, .
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(9), 1570-
1585, 1969.
PRACTICAL METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO IN-
CREASE WASTE WATER FLOW VELOCITY BY USING CHEMI-
CAL ADDITIVES WITHOUT INCREASING THE ENERGY
NEEDED TO MOVE THE LIQUID. EXISTING SEWER LINE
FLOW CAN BE INCREASED BY USING POLYMER ADDITIVES
THAT WOULD INCREASE THE SOLID REMOVAL EFFECTIVE-
NESS AT TREATMENT PLANTS. A 100 FT LONG 6 IN SEWER
LINE TEST FACILITY ALONG WITH 25,000-GAL CON-
TROLLED-TEMPERATURE RESERVOIR IS USED TO DETER-
MINE THE INCREASED WATER FLOW WITH ADDITION OF
CHEMICAL ADDITIVES. THERE IS A RAPID INCREASE BY A
FACTOR OF 2 OF MORE BY USING CONCENTRATIONS OF
ADDITIVES BETWEEN 45 AND 200 ML/L. THE COST-BENEFIT
ANALYSIS FOR A GIVEN EXAMPLE SHOWS THAT THE COST
OF RECTIFYING OVERFLOW FROM A CONSTRICTION BY
USING AN ADDITIVE INJECTION SYSTEM, IS LESS THAN
HALF THE PRORATED COST OF CONTRUCTING A PARAL-
LEL PIPE SYSTEM TO RELIEVE THE CONDITION. HOWEVER,
IF THE OVERFLOWS OCCUR TEN TIMES A YEAR, THE ADDI-
TIVE INJECTION SYSTEM BECOMES MORE EXPENSIVE.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES CONDUCTED INDICATE THAT AD-
DITIVES DO NOT AFFECT ADVERSELY THE WASTE WATER,
BACTERIA, FISH, OR PROMOTE ALGAE GROWTH. FURTHER,
THE ADDITIVES IMPROVE WASTE WATER SETTLING AND
SLUDGE DRYING RATES. ADDITIVES INJECTION SYSTEM,
THOUGH PREFERABLE ECONOMICALLY IN MANY CASES,
CANNOT BE APPLIED AS A LONG TERM SOLUTION. (W70-
05819).
00256. TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTE LIQUORS.
LITTLE, A.H.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF
COLOURISTS, 83(7), 268-273, 1967.
DYERS AND
THE CHARACTER OF TEXTILE WASTE LIQUORS AND
METHODS THAT CAN BE EMPLOYED FOR THEIR PURIFICA-
TIONS ARE DISCUSSED. ALTHOUGH THE EXAMPLES ARE
BASED LARGELY ON COTTON PROCESSING, THE METHODS
ARE APPLICABLE GENERALLY. THE NEED FOR MIXING
AND BALANCING WASTE LIQUORS IS EMPHASIZED.
METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT ARE DESCRIBED
WITH SOME INDICATION OF THE RELATIVE COSTS. THE
METHOD USUALLY USED TO REMOVE SUSPENDED SOLIDS
IS DESCRIBED BRIEFLY, AND THE EFFECTS OF OXIDIZING
AND REDUCING SUBSTANCES ON THE BIOCHEMICAL
TREATMENT ARE DISCUSSED. THE EASE OF TREATMENT
OF EFFLUENTS CONTAINING SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE AGENT IS 'HARD' OR 'SOFT', I.
E., WHETHER THE AGENT HAS A HIGH OR LOW BOD. IF
THE AGENT IS DISCHARGED TO A SEWE*
MENT COSTS DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE COMMUNITY
IN WHICH THE WORKS IS SITUATED. THE RE-USE OF PART
OF THE EFFLUENT FROM TEXTILE PROCESSES AND THE
ANALYTICAL TESTS MADE ON THE EFFLUENT ARE
DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. (W70-05863).
00257. WASTE LIQUORS FROM THE MERCERIZA-
TION OF COTTON FABRICS AND LIMITING
OF WASTE WATER ALKALINITY (IN
CZECH).
JOSEK, J.
SUMMARIES IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, AND RUSSIAN,
VODNI HOSPODARSTVI, 16(7), 288-291, 1966.
IN THE MERCERIZAT1ON PROCESS, THE CONSUMPTION OF
MERCERIZATION CAUSTIC DEPENDS MAINLY ON THE HU-
MIDITY OF THE FABRIC ENTERING AND LEAVING THE
MERCERIZATION MACHINE. TO REDUCE THE CAUSTIC
CONSUMPTION, INCREASED WRINGING BY THE MACHINE
AND USE OF WASTE LIQUOR FOR THE DISSOLVING OF THE
FRESH CAUSTIC ARE SUGGESTED. THE ECONOMICS OF THE
NEUTRALIZATION OF THE WASTE LIQUOR BY H2SO4, JOL,
FESO4. 7H20, AND C02 (FLUE GASES) AND THE SALT CON-
TENT OF THE NEUTRALIZED WASTE WATER ARE
DISCUSSED. (W70-05865).
00258. IN SEARCH OF A CLEAR SOLUTION.
JENKINS, D.
SWEDEN NOW, 3(3), P 24-26, 44, 1969.
SOME OF SWEDEN'S WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS CON-
SIST OF UNTREATED WASTE DISHCARGES INTO MANY OF
ITS 100,000 LAKES, RENDERING THEM UNSUITABLE FOR
RECREATION. THE POLLUTION SOURCES OF LAKE TRUM-
MEN WERE STOPPED, BUT THE LAKE WAS 'DEAD'-STRAN-
GLED WITH PLANT GROWTH, AND A 16-FOOT SEDIMENT
BLANKET. THE ATTEMPTED CURE WAS TO PUMP OUT THE
TOP 20 INCHES OF SEDIMENT WHICH CONTAIN MOST OF
THE POLLUTANTS. REMEDIAL ATTEMPTS IN OTHER PRO-
JECTS ARE: DIRECT AERATION WITH AIR PUMPS, AERA-
TION BY PUMPING BOTTOM WATER THROUGH AN ARTIFI-
CIAL STREAM AND RETURNING IT TO THE BOTTOM, AND
ALUM1UNUM SULPHATE TREATMENT, WHICH MIXES WITH
PHOSPHORUS IN THE WATER, SETTLES TO THE BOTTOM,
FORMING A HARMLESS BLANKET. REED MOWING IS BEING
TRIED ON LAKE HORNBORGA, ITS LEVEL LOWERED TO
PRODUCE ARABLE LAND BUT LEAVING THE LAKE SHAL-
LOW, OVERGROWN, AND OXYGEN DEFICIENT. THE
GOVERNMENT IS SUBSIDIZING WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS AT $8 MILLION ANNUAL RATE, AND SUBSIDIES
FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL ARE PROPOSED
WHICH WOULD COVER UP TO 25% OF THE CAPITAL COST.
THE POLLUTION OF THE BALTIC SEA IS INCREASING AND
BECOMING AN INTERNATIONAL CONCERN. (W70-05986).
00259. DEVELOPMENT OF TERTIARY TREATMENT
METHODS FOR WASTE WATER RENOVA-
TION.
ECKENFLEDER, W.W., JR.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(5), 584-591, 1969.
A REVIEW OF VARIOUS TERTIARY TREATMENT METHODS
AVAILABLE TO REMOVE POLLUTANTS NOT ORDINARILY
REMOVED BY CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PROCESSES IS
PRESENTED. FILTRATION REMOVES SUSPENDED SOLIDS TO
LESS THAN 3 MG/L. SOLUBLE COD HAS BEEN REDUCED TO
7 G/L USING ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED ORGAN1CS MAY BE ACHIEVED
BY ION EXCHANGE, ELECTRODIALYS1S, AND REVERSE OS-
MOSIS. NUTRIENTS ARE TREATED SEPARATELY.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVALS ARE POSSIBLE BY PRECIPITA-
TION IN PRIMARY SYSTEMS, (80-90%), PRECIPITATION IN
AERATION TANKS, (50-92%), POST-PRECIPITATION (90%)
AND LUXURY BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE (85-90%). STRIPPING,
ION-EXCHANGE AND NITRIFICATION FOLLOWED BY
DENITRIF1CAT1ON ARE DESCRIBED FOR NITROGEN
REMOVAL. DATA ON ALL THE UNIT PROCESSES MEN-
TIONED ARE GIVEN AS ARE COST FIGURES FOR: ADSORP-
TION, ION EXCHANGE, NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICA-
TION, CHEMICAL TREATMENT, STRIPPING, SEPARATION
55
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
BEDS, CARBON ADSORPTION AND ELECTRODIALYSIS.
OPERATING COSTS FOR 10 MGD PLANT UTILIZING PRIMA-
RY CLARIFICATION, ACTWATED SLUDGE, PHOSPHOROUS
PRECIPITATION, N1TRIFICAT1ON-DENITRIFICAT1ON, FILTRA-
TION, AND CARBON ADSORPTION IS ESTIMATED TO BE 15
CENTS/1000 GALLONS. (W70-06049).
00260. TERTIARY FLOCCULATION AND FILTRATION.
TOSSEY, D.; FLEMING, P.J.; SCOTT, R.F.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 96(SA1), 1970.
THE CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES OF
FLOCCULATION, SEDIMENTATION, AND FILTRATION WERE
STUDIED IN A 0.5 MGD PILOT PLANT TO DEMONSTRATE
THEIR APPLICABILITY IN TERTIARY TREATMENT OF
TRICKLING FILTER EFFLUENT. IT WAS DEMONSTRATED
THAT SIGNIFICANT EFFLUENT QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS
CAN BE MADE EMPLOYING THESE PROCESSES. LIME AND
ALUM WERE USED AS PRIMARY COAGULANTS AND AC-
TIVATED SILICA, FERRIC SULFATE AND AN ORGANIC
POLYELECTROLYTE WERE USED AS COAGULANT AIDS. OP-
TIMIZED TREATMENT SCHEMES AND CHEMICAL DOSAGES
PRODUCED EFFLUENTS CONTAINING 4 MG/L BOD5.25 MG/L
SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND 5 MG/L PHOSPHATE. CAPITAL
AND OPERATING COST ESTIMATES FOR A FULL-SCALE
PLANT TREATING 75 MGD OF TRICKLING FILTER EF-
FLUENT RANGED FROM 37 CENTS/1000 GALLONS TO
CENTS/1000 GALLONS DEPENDING UPON THE CHEMICALS
EMPLOYED. (W70-06060).
00261. THE COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
BRADLEY, RM.M.; ISSAC, P.C.G.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(4), 368^02, 1969.
A BRIEF SURVEY OF CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS OF
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT IN THE UNITED KING-
DOM WAS PREPARED WITH DATA OBTAINED FROM 12
CONSULTING ENGINEERING FIRMS AND 34 TREATMENT
WORKS. DIFFICULTY WAS EXPERIENCED IN OBTAINING
COMPLTE DATA, PARTICULARLY IN OPERATING COSTS.
THE CAPITAL COSTS SURVEY WAS BASED ON 79 WORKS;
40% SERVED POPULATIONS LESS THAN 5000 AND 80%
SERVED POPULATIONS IN THE 10000 TO 50,000 RANGE.
GRAPHS WERE PRODUCED BY A COMPUTER PROGRAM
USING THE LEAST SQUARES METHOD TO PRESENT
CAPITAL COST DATA OF TOTAL WORKS, COMPONENTS,
AND ASSOCIATED COSTS AS FUNCTIONS OF POPULATION
AND/OR CAPACITY. THE OPERATING COST DATA WAS OB-
TAINED FROM 34 TREATMENT WORKS SERVING POPULA-
TIONS FROM 100 TO GREATER THAN 100,000; 54% SERVED
POPULATIONS LESS THAN 10,000 AND 91%. SERVED POPU-
LATIONS LESS THAN 50,000. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS,
EXCLUDING DEBT COSTS AND WITH THESE COTS IN-
CLUDED, ARE GRAPHICALLY PRESENTED FOR THE MOST
EXTENSIVELY USED PROCESS, SINGLE FILTRATION, AS A
FUNCTION OF POPULATION SERVED. A RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS AND TOTAL
CAPITAL COSTS AS A FUNCTION OF DEBT CHARGES, WAS
DETERMINED AND PRESENTED GRAPHICALLY. THE
AVERAGE ANNUAL OPERATING COST WAS APPROXIMATE-
LY .1.1 % OK TOTAL CAPITAL COST. THE DEBT CHARGES
REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY 69% OF TOTAL ANNUAL
OPERATING COST. THE MAIN CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM
THE SURVEY WAS THAT DATA AVAILABLE ARE IN-
ADEQUATE. (W70-06061).
00262. DITCHES PROVIDE EFFICIENT TREATMENT.
BURCHINAL, J.C.; JENKINS, C.R.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND
3(11), 1170-1173, 1969.
TECHNOLOGY,
AN EVALUATION OF AN OXIDATION DITCH AT CAMERON,
W. VA. IS PRESENTED. THE PLANT WAS DESIGNED FOR A
POPULATION OF 2400 AND FLOW OF 240,000 GPD. THE
DITCH IS 620 FEET LONG, 4 FEET DEEP, 16 FEET TOP
WIDTH AND 9 FEET BOTTOM WIDTH. TWO 8 FT 27 1/2 IN
DIAMETER ROTORS OPERATE AT 75 RPM AND 6 IN SUB-
MERGENCE. THE AVERAGE RETENTION TIME IS 24 HOURS
AND FLOW VELOCITY IS KEPT AT 1 FPS. DATA COLLECTED
FROM SEPTEMBER 1965 AUGUST 1967 SHOWED FLOW
VARIATIONS BETWEEN 69,400 438,000 GPD. THE LATTER
BEING INFLUENCED BY COMBINED STORM WATER FLOW.
AT LOW FLOW EFFICIENCIES WERE: BOD 86-98%, SS 49-97%,
ABS 74%. MAXIMUM MONTHLY AVERAGE SS IN DITCH
WERE 9941 WHICH CORRESPONDED WITH HIGHEST EFFI-
CIENCIES. D. O. VARIATIONS WITHIN THE DITCH WAS
BETWEEN 5.2 AND 9.0. CAPITAL COST OF AN OXIDATION IS
GIVEN AS $29 $68/1000 POPULATION WITH AN AVERAGE
OF $45. (NATIONAL COST INDEX - APRIL 1966) CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS ARE S0.35/GPD FOR POPULATION OF 5000 AND
$0.83/GPD FOR 250. ANNUAL UNIT OPERATING COSTS ARE
GIVEN AS $104.50/1,000,000 GALLONS. (W70-06069).
00263. THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES CONTROL PRO-
GRAM IN NEW YORK CITY.
IMBELLI, C; PRESSMAN, W.V.; RADILOFF, H.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(12), 1981-
2012, 1968.
NEW YORK CITY'S ENACTMENT OF A LOCAL LAW FOR
THE CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGES TO
THE SEWER SYSTEM IS UNIQUE BECAUSE OF THE VARIETY
OF MANUFACTURES AND SERVICE TYPE INDUSTRIES IN-
VOLVED. IN THE MIDDLE THIRTIES ACTION WAS BEGUN
TO UNIFY PIECEMEAL LAWS PREVIOUSLY ENACTED AND
RESULTED IN THE CHARTER OF 1938. AUTHORITY AND
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE OPERATION OF THE ENTIRE
SEWER SYSTEM WAS ASSIGENED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC WORKS. DISCUSSION OF THE LAW, THE
SURCHARGE FORMULA USED, AND THE PROBLEMS OF
PROGRAM ORGANIZATION ARE COVERED EXTENSIVELY.
THE SURCHARGE FORMULA INCORPORATES COST PER
POUND OF REMOVING POLLUTANTS, VOLUME OF WASTE-
WATER DISCHARGES, CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENDED
SOLIDS, AND BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND. THESE
SURCHARGES ARE BASED ON CONCENTRATIONS OF
SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND BOD OVER AND ABOVE 'NORMAL
SEWAGE'. RESULTS OF PILOT STUDIES USING NEW
TECHNIQUES AND DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL UNIQUE
WASTE PROBLEMS, SAMPLING METHODS, AND EQUIPMENT
USED ARE INCLUDED. SEVERAL INDUSTRIES REQUIRING
PRE-TREATMENT WERE DESCRIBED IN DETAIL WITH RE-
GARD TO THEIR PARTICULAR PROBLEM. THESE WASTES
WERE INDUSTRIAL LAUNDRIES, METAL PLATERS, ACID
WASTES, PAINTS AND VARNISHES, COMMISSARIES, AND
SOAP MANUFACTURERS. REVENUE REALIZED BY
SURCHARGING IS SUBSTANTIAL. (W70-06072).
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE.
BREGMAN, J.I.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
4(4), 296-302, 1970.
AND TECHNOLOGY,
NEW WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES ARE NEEDED FOR
CLEANUP AND REUSE OF WATER TO MEET FUTURE INDUS-
TRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WATER DEMANDS. CONVEN-
TIONAL WATER AND WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES ARE
56
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REFERENCE LIST
ONLY PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE AGAINST THE EXPANDING
LIST OF COMPOUNDS CONTAMINATING THE LAKES AND
RIVERS. AN EVALUATION OF 9 TERTIARY TREATMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS SHOWS THAT
THE COSTS OF REMOVING ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
NUTRIENTS RANGE FROM 26 TO 30 CENTS PER 1000 GAL
COMPARED TO 11 CENTS PER 1000 GAL FOR SECONDARY
TREATMENT. HOWEVER, WASTEWATER RECLAIMED BY
TERTIARY TREATMENT HAS A HIGHER ECONOMIC VALUE,
OFFSETTING THE HIGHER COST OF TERTIARY TREAT-
MENT. RESULTS OF FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES
ARE REVIEWED ON THE USE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS FOR
RECLAIMING BRACKISH WATER, ACID MINE DRAINAGE,
SALINE IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW, PAPER MILL WASTE
EFFLUENTS, AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF, AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER. PROBLEMS REMAINING INCLUDE: (1)
CREATING TAILOR-MADE MEMBRANES FOR RETENTION
OR PASSAGE OF SPECIFIC MATERIALS, (2) PREVENTING
MEMBRANE FOULING BY ORGANICS AND OTHER TRACE
CONTAMINANTS, AND (3) PREVENTING FLUX DECLINE OR
RESTORATION OF FLUX. (W70-08448).
00265. COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING
ECONOMIC STUDIES.
BOGERT, I.L.
J'WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 50(12), 2033-
2035, 1968.
COMPUTERS HA\£E BEEN USED FOR THE FINANCIAL
ASPECTS OF PROJECTS REPORTS FOR THE BERGEN COUN-
TY SEWER AUTHORITY, NEW JERSEY. THE REPORTS,
REQUIRED BY LAW, MUST INCLUDE 40 YEARS ESTIMATES
OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL FLOWS, REQUIRED PLANT
AND SEWER ENLARGEMENT DATES, CAPITAL AND AN-
NUAL FINANCIAL COSTS OF PRESENT SYSTEM AND ALL
FUTURE ENLARGEMENTS, AND ANNUAL PLANT AND
SYTEM OPERATING COSTS AND RATES APPLICABLE TO
THE VARIOUS PARTICIPANTS BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT
THE PROJECT BEING STUDIED. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
PERMITS REDUCED PROFESSIONAL TIME, RAPID PRODUC-
TION OF REPORTS, MORE THOROUGH STUDY OF POSSIBLE
VARIATIONS IN DIRECT PRINTING OF CALCULATIONS
FROM COMPUTER SHEETS. (W70-06080).
00266. THE RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER
FROM SEWAGE.
STANDER, G.J.; VAN VUUREN, L.R.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(5), 513-522, 1969.
A PILOT PLANT (1000 GAL/HR) FOR THE RECLAMATION OF
POTABLE WATER WAS OPERATED USING PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS.
PILOT PLANT PROCESSES INCLUDED FLOTATION, AM-
MONIA STRIPPING, CHEMICAL STABILIZATION, AND FIL-
TRATION. FOAM FRACTIONATION, CHLORINATION AND
CARBON ADSORPTION. PRIMARY CLAR1FIER AND HUMUS
TANK (SECONDARY CLARIFIER FOLLOWING TRICKLING
FILTERS) EFFLUENTS WERE SEPARATELY APPLIED AS
PILOT PLANT INFLUENTS. VARIOUS WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS INCLUDING AMMONIA, ORGANIC NITROGEN,
TOTAL NITROGEN, PHOSPHATE, ALKYL BENZENE
SULPHATONATE (ABS), CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
(COD), BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD), ESCH.
COLI, AND POLIO I VIRUS WERE FOLLOWED THROUGH THE
SYSTEM AND PROCESS REMOVAL CURVES ARE PROVIDED
FOR EACH PARAMETER. RESULTS INDICATED THE PILOT
PLANT EFFLUENT CHEMICALAND BIOLOGICAL QUALITY
TO BE WELL WITHIN WHO RANGES FOR POTABLE WATER.
HUMUS TANK EFFLUENT. HOWEVER, RESULTED IN A
WATER CONSISTANTLY HIGH IN NITRATE-NITROGEN.
COSTS WERE PROJECTED FOR A 1 MGD PLANT AND
AMOUNTED TO 21.5 CENTS/1000 GAL AND 27.0 CENTS/1000
GAL FOR TREATMENT OF HUMUS TANK EFFLUENT AND
PRIMARY CLARIFIED EFFLUENT, RESPECTIVELY. (W70-
06083).
00267. SURVEY OF WASTE WATER RATES AND
CHARGES.
DUPRE, E.E.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(1), 33-43,
1970.
THE LAFAYETTE, LOUISIANA, SEWER DEPARTMENT SUR-
VEYED THREE CITIES IN EACH STATE OF THE U. S. TO
DETERMINE THE TYPES AND BASIS FOR WASTE WATER
RATES AND CHARGES APPLIED. SEVENTY-TWO CITIES
RESPONDED. A TABULATION OF THESE DATA IS IN-
CLUDED. THE DATA INCLUDE: LOCATION, CHARGES FOR
EXTENT1ON OF SEWERS, POPULATION, TERRAIN, TYPE OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT, INFLUENT BOD, AVERAGE
BOD REMOVAL, NUMBER OF PERSONNEL, SOURCES AND
AMOUNTS OF REVENUE, PAYROLL COSTS, AND CURRENT
SEWER RATES. (W70-06086).
00268. FEDERAL AID TO THE STATES: AN ANALYTI-
CAL EXAMINATION OF THE ALTERNA-
TIVES.
WEIDENBAUM, M.L.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND
SOCIOLOGY 28(4), 367-383, 1969.
DUE TO THE INTRASTATE NATURE OF MANY WATER POL-
LUTION PROBLEMS FEDERAL ASSISTANCE IN THEIR SOLU-
TION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION AND
THIS STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS INVOLVED IS
INFORMATIVE WITH RESPECT TO UNDERSTANDING THE
EFFECTS OF FEDERAL AID TO THE STATES. THE PURPOSE
OF THE ARTICLE IS TO CONTRIBUTE TO FINDING AN OP-
TIMAL PROGRAM FOR FEDERAL ASSISTANCE BY ARRAY-
ING AND OBJECTIVELY COMPARING THE VARIOUS ALTER-
NATIVE APPROACHES. IT EXAMINES THE CASE FOR IN-
CREASED FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO STATE
GOVERNMENTS AND THEIR SUBDIVISIONS AND ANALYZES
THE MAJOR ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF DISTRIBUTING THE
AID. THE ALTERNATIVES EXAMINED ARE SHARED
REVENUES, TAX CREDITS, DIRECT FEDERAL OPERATIONS,
PROGRAM GRANTS, STRAIGHT BLOCK GRANTS, AND
BLOCK GRANTS WITH AN EQUALIZATION FEATURE. THE
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION ARE INCOME DISTRIBUTION,
RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND STABILIZATION. THE STUDY
INDICATES THAT BLOCK GRANTS WITH AN EQU1LIZATION
FEATURE YIELD THE GREATST AMOUNT OF INCOME
REDISTRIBUTION BUT THAT TAX CREDITS AND TAX SHAR-
ING MIGHT TEND TO RESULT IN LARGER EXPENDITURES
FOR SELECTED AREAS, BASED ON THE RECENT ALLOCA-
TION PATTERNS OF STATE BUDGETS. (W70-06410).
00269. MASTER WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT PLAN FOR BOGOTA, COLOM-
BIA.
HORSEFIELD, D.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(8), 1443-
1458, 1969.
BOGOTA, THE CAPITAL CITY OF COLUMBIA IS LOCATED
ON THE ANDES MOUNTAIN PLATEAU AND HAS A POPULA-
TION OF 1,700,000. THE AVERAGE WASTE WATER FLOW OF
88.2 MILLION GALLON A DAY IS EXEPCTED TO INCREASE
WITH AN ESTIMATED 1985 POPULATION OF 3,200,000. A
MASTER PLAN IS ESTABLISHED RECOMMENDING THE CON-
STRUCTION OF SEWERS AND CANALS TO CONVEY COM-
BINED WASTES TO POINTS OF TREATMENT PRIOR TO
DISCHARGE TO RIO BOGOTA. THE FIRST STAGE PROGRAM,
($1,000,000. ) PRESENTLY IS UNDERWAY. THE ENTRE PRO-
5.7
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
JECT WTLL COST $85,000,000. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
AND METHODS USED IN DESIGN CRITERIA ARE DISCUSSED.
(W70-06579).
00270. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR TRADE
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
PARADINGTON, D.V.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, LONDON, 67(3),
269-275, 1968.
A GENERAL BACKGROUND IS PRESENTED RELATING TO
THE DIFFICULTIES CONFRONTING THE PLANT DESIGNER
WHEN SELECTING THE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
FOR A TRADE TREATMENT PLANT. PARTICULAR EMPHASIS
IS GIVEN TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF TANKS. CONSTRUC-
TION MATERIALS SHOULD HAVE CHEMICAL-RESISTING
CAPACITY. ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO SUCH FAC-
TORS AS THE RISK OF MECHANICAL DAMAGE AND THER-
MAL CONDITIONS. SELECTIONS OF MATERIALS FOR PUMPS
SHOULD BE CONSULTED WITH PUMP MANUFACTURES.
THE NEED IS EMPHASIZED FOR PLASTIC PIPES. THE CHEMI-
CAL RESISTANCES OF ANY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL DE-
PENDS UPON THE INDIVIDUAL CONTAMINANTS PRESENT,
AND THEREFORE IT CAN BE DANGEROUS TO GENERALIZE
ANY POINT. FOR THIS REASON FINAL SELECTION OF
MATERIAL SHOULD BE LEFT TO THE SPECIALIST EN-
GINEER. WHILE GREAT RELIANCE IS PLACED ON CONVEN-
TIONAL TECHNIQUES, THE USE OF SYNTHETIC MATERIAL
IS ASSUMING AN EVER INCREASING IMPORTANCE. (W70-
06586).
00271. SEWAGE PLANT DESIGNED FOR FLUCTUAT-
ING POPULATION.
SMITH A.R.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 7(1), P 40-41,
1970.
PLANT DESIGN DESCRIPTION IS PRESENTED OF A 2 MGD
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AT DUQUESNE,
PENNSYLVANIA. DESIGN DIFFERS FROM CONVENTIONAL
TYPE; IT PROVIDES FOR TANKS ONE-THIRD SMALLER
THAN STANDARD SIZE AND THE FACILITIES USING CON-
TACT STABILIZATION AND AEROBIC DIGESTION ARE
ADAPTABLE TO MEET RAPID, SEASONAL OR FLUCTUAT-
ING DEMANDS, SUCH AS ENCOUNTERED DUE TO POPULA-
TION CHANGES IN RESORT TOWNS. OPERATIONAL FLEXI-
BILITY AND CONSTRUCTION SAVINGS ARE DISCUSSED.
OTHER IMPORTANT DEPARTURES FROM CONVENTIONAL
TREATMENT ARE: PRIMARY SETTLING IS ELIMINATED;
AND, THE VOLATILE CONTENT OF SLUDGE IS REDUCED IN
ORDER TO DISPOSE OF ITS SOLIDS. THE SPECIFIC MODIFI-
CATIONS IN PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT DESIGN WHICH
PERTAIN TO THESE DEPARTURES ARE DESCRIBED
BRIEFLY. EQUIPMENT AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS ARE
GREATLY REDUCED DUE TO THE SMALLER TANKS AND
USE OF COMMON WALL CONSTRUCTION FOR CONTACT
STABILIZATION AND AEROBIC DIGESTION. THE KEY TO
THE LOW-COST OPERATION IS THE SERIES OF 8 IDENTICAL
TANKS (2 FOR CONTACT AERATION OF RAW SEWAGE, 2
FOR SLUDGE STABILIZATION, 3 FOR AEROBIC DIGESTION, 1
FOR STAND-BY); ANY TANK CAN BE USED FOR ANY PART
OF THE PROCESS, AND THE NUMBER OF TANKS USED CAN
BE VARIED TO MEET CHANGING DEMANDS. THE PLANT
CAN BE RUN AT DESIGN CAPACITY OF 2 MGD OR AT ANY
FRACTION THEREOF WITHOUT LOSS OF TREATMENT EFFI-
CIENCY. (W70-06587).
00272. THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF TRADE
EFFLUENTS.
GRIFFITHS, J.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 67(6), 606-611, 1968.
NEEDS, MEANS, AND PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT AND
CONTROL OF FOOD FACTORY EFFLUENTS ARE DISCUSSED.
SATISFACTORY DEGREES OF CONTROL MENTIONED WERE:
SOLIDS REMOVAL UP TO 1500 MG/L, PRETREATMENT OF
GREASE, AND OIL, PH CONTROL BY LIME OR SODA ASH
ADDITION TO ACID DISCHARGES, AND PROVISION OF
PETROL/OIL INTERCEPTORS. THE IMPOSITION OF CHARGES
BY A LOCAL AUTHORITY FOR THE TREATMENT OF TRADE
EFFLUENTS IS DISCUSSED. THE SO-CALLED 'MOGDEN-
TYPE' FORMULA FOR DETERMINING THE COST OF TREAT-
MENT HAS ENCOUNTERED CONSIDERABLE DIFFICULTY IN
ACTUAL APPLICATIONS. IT CANNOT BE APPLIED
EQUITABLY TO BOTH SMALL AND LARGE INDUSTRIES.
ALSO, INSOFAR AS TYPES OF INDUSTRIES ARE CON-
CERNED THE FORMULA IS TROUBLESOME TO APPLY. SPE-
CIAL DISCUSSIONS ENSUED BY SYMPOSIA ATTENDEES RE-
GARDING EMPHASIZING PROBLEMS CREATED BY THE
WIDE VARIATIONS IN TRADE ELLUENTS, THE EFFICIENCY
OF TREATMENT AND, THE RELATIVE MERITS OF THE
MODGEN-TYPE COST FORMULA. THE TREND IS TOWARD
SEEKING A RATIONAL BASIS FOR TREATMENT COST IM-
POSED ON INDUSTRY. (W70-06589).
00273. A REVIEW OF POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL
POSSIBILITIES.
RILEY. C.T.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 67(6), 627-631, 1968.
WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS IN THE POULTRY INDUSTRY,
CONTEMPORARY POULTRY PRACTICE AND RELATED
DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRICULTURE ARE DISCUSSED, AND
TRENDS CONSIDERED. THE MAIN TYPES OF WASTE ARE
ANALYZED; WASTES FROM LAYING HENS HAS HIGHER
NPK VALUES THAN ANY OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTE. A
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICE (AAS)
SURVEY EMPHASIZED THE LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, HIGH
COST OF WASTE DISPOSAL TO EGG PRODUCERS AND SO-
CIAL EFFECTS OF THE CURRENT TENDENCY TO INCREASE
LIVESTOCK NUMBERS AND (DUE TO TRANSPORTATION
COSTS) TO GROUP PRODUCTION UNITS NEAR CENTERS OF
CNSUMPTION. ANALYSIS IS MADE OF WASTE QUANTITIES
AND THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
WASTE. A RELIABLE CORRELATION APPEARS TO EXIST IN
BOD FOOD INTAKE RELATIONSHIP. SETTLING DIFFICUL-
TIES IN TREATMENT ARE NOTED. THE RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN DISPOSAL PRACTICES AND LAND USES ARE EX-
AMINED. THE MAJOR PROBLEMS ARISING FROM TRADI-
TIONAL METHODS OF DISPOSAL ARE ANALYZED, ESPE-
CIALLY THE STORAGE AND HEAT DRYING PHASES. TRADI-
TIONAL METHODS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT NO LONGER
APPEAR SUITABLE FOR POULTRY WASTES. THE 'PASVEER
DITCH' OR 'BUBLE-GUN* TYPE OF INSTALLATION MAY BE
MORE SUITABLE; HOWEVER, THE HIGH CONCENTRATION
OF WASTE REMAINS A PROBLEM. THE TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM DEEP LITTER AND BROILER
HOUSES IS TROUBLESOME MAINLY IF LOCAL ACCUMULA-
TIONS BECOME TOO LARGE. THIS TYPE OF WASTE HAS
THE HIGHEST NITROGEN CONTENT OF ALL AGRICUL-
TURAL WASTES. (W70-06590).
58
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REFERENCE LIST
00274. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT THE
BROCKHURST WORKS OF THE UPPER
TAME MAIN DRAINAGE AUTHORITY.
EDMONDSON, B.R.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(2), 146-165, 1969.
THE BROCKHURST WORKS HANDLES A 6.25 MOD DRY
WEATHER FLOW, OF WHICH 2.25 MOD IS TRADE EF-
FLUENT. A SLUDGE PRESSING PLANT WAS INSTALLED TO
SUPPLEMENT DRYING BEDS AND LAGOONS. THE PLANT
WAS DESIGNED TO HANDLE 122,500 GALLONS OF
DIGESTED SLUDGE CONTAINING 4.5 PERCENT DRY SOLIDS
AND 192,500 GALLONS OF PRIMARY AND HUMUS SLUDGES
CONTAINING 6.0 PERCENT DRY SOLIDS DURING A FIVE
DAY WEEK. DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN CONCERNING THE
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE PLANT WHICH UTILIZES
LIME AND COPPERAS AS CONDITIONING AGENTS. PRIOR
TO INSTALLATION OF THE PLANT BUCHNER-FUNNEL
TESTS WERE RUN USING LIME AND COPPERAS, AND ALU-
MUINUM CHLOROHYDRATE AS CONDITIONING AGENTS.
LIME AND COPPERAS WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST EF-
FECTIVE. THIS RESULT WAS VERIFIED BY TESTS USING A
12 INCH SQUARE, SINGLE PLATE PRESS. TWENTY NINE
POLYELECTROLYTES WERE ALSO INVESTIGATED.
SEVERAL POLYELECTROLYTES REDUCED THE SPECIFIC
RESISTANCE TO AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL BUT ONLY TWO
OR THREE WERE COMPETITIVE IN COST. NONE OF THE
POLYELECTROLYTES WAS SUFFICIENTLY EFFECTIVE ON
DIGESTED SLUDGE AND TWO REAGENTS WERE EFFECTIVE
ON HUMUS SLUDGE. DATA ARE PRESENTED ON THE PER-
FORMANCE OF SEVERAL POLYELECTROLYTES. CAPITAL
AND OPERATIONAL COST DATA ARE GIVEN. (W70-06594).
00275. EXPERIENCE WITH A WAGE INCENTIVE
BONUS SCHEME AT GOSCOTE AND
BROCKHURST SEWAGE WORKS.
EDMONDSON, B.R.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(4), 437-442, 1969.
A TIME-WORK STUDY COVERING ALL THE ROUTINE
OPERATIONS OF TWO SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS WAS
CARRIED OUT. BASED ON AN ADJUSTED OBSERVED TIME
OF PERFORMANCE. EACH JOB WAS GIVEN A 'BASIC TIME'
REQUIRED FOR JOB COMPLETION. THE TOTAL TIME AL-
LOWED INCLUDED REST ALLOWANCES, SPECIAL AL-
LOWANCES, AND SEASONAL ALLOWACES. A PER-
FORMANCE FACTOR WAS DEVISED RELATING ALLOWED
TIME TO ACTUAL TIME. FOR EVERY PERFORMANCE POINT
OVER 100, THE WORKER IS PAID A BONUS AS AN INCEN-
TIVE TO BETTER WORK. DIFFICULTIES AROSE IN THAT IF
THE WORK QUALITY FELL OFF. THE BONUSES WERE NOT
PAID. AND THE MEN COULD NOT UNDERSTAND WHY
THEIR PAYCHECKS DECREASED. JOB VALUES MUST BE
MAINTAINED AT A FAIR RATE TO BOTH MANAGMENT
LABOR. LABOR UNIONS RECOMMENDED THAT ALL LOCAL
AUTHORITIES INTRODUCE INCENTIVE BONUS SCHEMES
BASED ON GENUINE WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
AND HAVING REGARD TO THE CODE OF GUIDING PRINCI-
PLES, WHICH RECOMMENDS A BONUS OF 33 l/3<7< OF BASIC-
PAY RATE FOR A STANDARD PERFORMANCE. (W70-06595).
00276. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALI-
TY--A SYSTEMS APPROACH.
ANDERSON, M.W.; DAY. H.J.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(10), 1679-
1687, 1968.
\ MODIFIED STREETER-PHEI.PS EQUATION WAS ADAPTED
TO LINEAR PROGRAMMING TO STUDY WAYS OF MINIMIZ-
ING REGIONAL OPERATION COSTS FOR A NUMBER OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS ON A RIVER SUBJECT
TO WATER QUALITY STANDARDS. THE REGION STUDIED
WAS A WARM MIAMI RIVER VALLEY QUALITY FROM
DAYTON TO BALTIMORE. THE PARAMETERS CONSIDERED
IN THE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES ARE: (I) NUMBER AND
LENGTH OF REACHES AND LOCAION OF WASTE OUT-
FALLS, (2) WASTE LOADINGS RECEIVED BY TREATMENT
FACILITIES, (3) TREATMENT AVAILABLE AT EACH OUT-
FALL, (4) OPERATING COST OF EACH WASTE TREATMENT
FACILITY, (5) QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF TRIBUTARY
FLOWS, (6) DEOXYGENATION COEFFICEINTS, (7) REOX-
YGENATION COEFFICIENTS, (8) VELOCITY OF RIVER IN
EACH REACH, (9) TEMPERATURE OF RIVER IN EACH
REACH, (10) RIVER STANDARDS OF DESIRED LEVEL (DO),
AND (II) INITIAL CONDITIONS OF RIVER PRIOR TO FIRST
REACH. RESULTS INDICATE THAT HIGHER DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN LEVELS IN A RIVER CAN BE OBTAINED AT REDUCED
OPERATING COSTS. IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO SUGGEST
WHERE FUTURE WASTE WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
SHOULD BE LOCATED TO OBTAIN MAX1UM BENEFITS.
(W70-06602).
00277. BOD REDUCTION BY CHLORINATION.
SUSAG, R.H.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(1) PART
2, R434-R444, 1968.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORINATION ON DEOXYGENATION
BEHAVIOR WAS INVESTIGATED IN WASTE WATERS AND
TREATMENT PROCESS EFFLUENTS. REDUCTIC J IN BOD
VALUES WAS OBSERVED ON CHLORINATION , HAT WAS
MORE SIGNIFICANT, HOWEVER, WAS THE RETARDATION
IN BOD EXERTION AS DEMONSTRATED BY A REDUCTION
IN THE DEOXYGENATION CONSTANT K. SEVERAL TESTS
WERE CONDUCTED EMPLOYING RAW WASTE WATER AS
THE TEST SUBSTRATE WITH CHLORINE DOSAGES VARYING
FROM 5 TO 40 MG/L AND CHLORINE CONTACT TIME VARY-
ING FROM 30 TO 60 MINUTES. AT A CHLORINE DOSE OF 10
MG/L THE K VALUE WAS DETERMINED TO BE 0.143 WHILE
THE NONCHLOR1N1TED SAMPLE SHOWED 0.195. A COM-
PARISON BETWEEN EFFLUENT CHLORINATION AND ADDI-
TIONAL TREATMENT PROCESSES INDICATED THAT AN-
NUAL COSTS FOR EFFLUENT CHLORINAT'ON WOULD BE
ONLY 8 TO 40% OF THE COSTS FOP, THE ADDITIONA!
TREATMENT PROVIDING OPERATION PERIODS TOTALED
NOT MORE THAN 52 DAYS ANNUALLY. THE EXTREMELY
HIGH DAILY OPERATION COSTS INDICATED THAT THE USE
OF THIS METHOD IS LIMITED AS A PROCESS OPERATION
TO A NON-REGULAR BASIS. THIS EXAMPLE INDICATES
THAT EFFLUENT CHLORINATION HAS A PRACTICAL APPLI-
CATION WHEN EMPLOYED SUPPLEMENT TO REASONABLE
WASTE WATER TREATMENT FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF
DESIRED DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS AT ADVERSE
RECEIVING RIVER DILUTION CONDITIONS. (W70-06606).
00278. RECONSTRUCTION OF OFFERTON SEWAGE
WORKS OF HAZEL GROVE AND BRAMHALL
UDC.
MORTON, J.; SUMMERF1ELD, F,
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(1), 85-92 1969.
THE EXTENSION OF OFFERTON SEWAGE WORKS TO MEET
TREATMENT REQUIREMENT IN 1980 IS DISCUSSED. THE
DESIGN IS BASED ON A 1980 POPULATION OF 47,250 PER-
SONS AND A DRY-WEATHER FLOW 2.73 MIL GAL/D. THE
DESIGN PROPOSALS INCLUDE A NEW MECHANICALLY-
RAKED FINE SCREEN, TWO NEW STORM TANKS WHICH
WILL BE CLEANED BY A TRANSFERABLE SCRAPER
OPERATING IN CONJUNCTION WITH TRANSVERSE SLUDGE
CONCENTRATIONS AT THE INLET END, AND A SCREW
PUMP FOR RETURNING THE CONTENTS OF THE STORM
TANKS FOR FULL TREATMENT. ADDITIONAL SEDIMENTA-
TION CAPACITY WILL BE PROVIDED BY TWO 65 FT. DIA.
AND 14 FT. DEEP TANKS, SECONDARY TREATMENT OF
SEWAGE WILL INCLUDE A SIMPLEX SURFACE AERATION
59
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PLANT INCORPORATING SIX HIGH-INTENSITY CONES. AU-
TOMATIC CONTROLS FOR MONITORING DO, SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AND CONTROL OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE RETURN
AND OF SLUDGE BLANKETS IN FINAL SEPARATING TANKS
WILL ALSO BE INSTALLED. SITE INVESTIGATIONS WERE
CARRIED OUT TO ESTIMATE THE COST OF EXTENSIONS. A
CRITICAL PATH DIAGRAM FOR PRE-CONSTRUCTIONAL
EVENTS IS ALSO PRESENTED. (W70-066I8).
00279. EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR IN-
HIBITION OF ANAEROBIC SEWAGE SLUDGE
DIGESTION DUE TO ANIONIC DETERGENTS.
SWANWICK, J.D.; SHURBEN, D.G.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(2), 190-202, 1969.
A REPORT OF THE USE OF ALIPHATIC AMINES AND RE-
LATED COMPOUNDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ANAEROBIC
SLUDGE INHIBITED BY INCREASING AMOUNTS OF ANIONIC
DETERGENTS. IN INITIAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
AMINE HBO AND DIAMINE HPL WERE USED AS THEIR
ACETATE SALTS AND ADDED AT HALF THE MOLAR
EQUIVALENT OF ANIONIC DETERGENT PRESENT IN THE
DIGESTERS. A MARKED RESPONSE (GAS PRODUCTION) TO
AMINE HBG, AND A SMALLER TEMPORARY RESPONSE TO
DIAMINE HPL WERE NOTED. FISH TOXICITY TESTS
SHOWED THE 48-H MEDIAN TOLERANCE LIMIT FOR RAIN-
BOW TROUT TO BE 35-45 MG/L AMINE HBG BUT ONLY 0.4-
0.5 MG/L DIAMINE HPL. TOXICITY TESTS ALSO INDICATED
THAT IN THE ABSENCE OF ANIONIC DETERGENTS, AMINE
HBG WAS ITSELF TOXIC TO METHANE BACETER1A. HOW-
EVER, NORMAL OPERATION OF A FULL-SCALE DIGESTER
WHICH HAD FAILED TO PRODUCE GAS AFTER REFILLING
WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY ADDING AMINE HBG ACETATE AT
HALF THE MOLAR EQUIVALENT OF DETERGENT PRESENT.
(W70-06622).
00280. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE BLACKBURN
MEADOWS RECONSTRUCTION AND EXTEN-
SION SCHEME AT SHEFFIELD.
HOLYROYD, A.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(3), 357-367 1969.
CERTAIN PHASES OF THE BLACKBURN MEADOWS RECON-
STRUCTION AND EXTENSION SCHEME ARE DISCUSSED.
EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON PHASES RELATING TO SETTLING
TANKS AND SLUDGE INCINERATION PLANT BOTH OF
WHICH ARt NEAR1NG COMPLETION. EIGHT NEW RECTAN-
GULAR SETTLEMENT TANKS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED
EACH 234 FEET BY 75 FEET, I I FEET DEPTH AT INLET AND
10 FEET AT OUTLET EACH TANK IS PROVIDED WITH A
'BOUYANT FLIGHT1 SLUDGE SCRAPER. FLOW CONTROL IS
ACCOMPLISHED BY A SEMI-AUTOMATIC SYSTEM. IN ADDI-
TION A SYSTEM OF SLUDGE WITHDRAWAL HAS BEEN
DESIGNED FOR EQUAL SLUDGE OUTPUTS FROM EACH OF
THE TANKS. CONTROL OF SLUDGE BLANKET SURFACE TO
ANY PREDETERMINED LEVEL IS MAINTAINED USING A
PHOTO-ELECTRIC PROBE. THE FINAL DISPOSAL OF THE
SLUDGE BY INCINERATION IS DISCUSSED. THE NICHOLAS-
HERRESHOFH MULTIPLE HEARTH FURNACE IS RECOM-
MENDED FOR INCINERATION. DETAILS OF THE FEEDER
SYSTEM. CONTROL ROOM, FURNACES, SHAFT COOLING
AND SCRUBBER SYSTEM ARE DEALT WITH AND ESTI-
MATES OF THE INSTAI.LATIN ARE PRESENTED. (W70-
06631).
00281. SYNTHESIS OF THE DISPERSION AND WASTE
TREATMENT MODELS.
MUKHERJEE, S.K.
CALIFORNIA UNIV SERL REPORT NO
CHAPTER VII, P 68-77, JANUARY 1969.
69-2,
A COMPLETE MODEL OF ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY
MANANGEMENT WAS OBTAINED BY A SYNTHESIS OF THE
DISPERSION AND WASTE TREATMENT MODELS. THE MUL-
TICOMPONENT WATER QUALITY SIMULTANEOUSLY PRO-
VIDED OPTIMAL PLANS OF TREATMENT AND DISCHARGE
ALONG THE ESTUARY. THE ECONOMICS OF ALTERNATIVE
METHODS OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AND COST REDUC-
TION SCHEMES LIKE TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE FROM
ONE SECTION OF THE ESTUARY TO ANOTHER OR PROCESS
CHANGES WERE STUDIED. ECONOMIC GROWTH PROJEC-
TIONS AND OTHER MODIFICATIONS LIKE INCLUSION OF
SOCIAL COSTS WERE ALSO INCORPORATED IN THIS
MODEL. DUAL PRICES COULD BE USED AS A BASIS FOR A
SYSTEM OF CHARGES AIMED AT EQUITABLE DISTRIBU-
TION OF OPERATING COSTS AMONG DISCHARGES,
MOTIVATING THEM TO REDUCE WASTE DISCHARGE BY IM-
PROVING PRODUCTION AND WASTE TREATMENT
PROCESSES. THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF THE MODEL
WERE ITS MULTICOMPONENT NATURE, AVAILABILITY OF
STANDARD COMPUTER CODES FOR FAST SOLUTION,
DIRECT OUTPUT OF OPTIMUM TREATMENT PLANS, AND
FLEXIBILITY REGARDING VARIOUS OBJECTIVES. (W70-
06688).
00282. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
PROBLEM.
DORFMAN, R.; JACOBY, H.D.
THE ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF PUBLIC EX-
PENDITURES: THE PPB SYSTEM SUBCOMMITTEE
ON ECONOMY IN GOVERNMENT, JOINT
ECONOMIC COMMITTEE, 91ST CONGRESS, WASH,
DC, MAY 1969 P 226-274.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A WATER POLLUTION
PROBLEM WAS CONSTRUCTED TO AID IN THE POLITICAL
DECISION MAKING PROCESS. A HYPOTHETICAL RIVER
BASIN WAS MODELLED TO ILLUSTRATE HOW A PROBLEM
OF GOVERNMENTAL DECISION MAKING COULD BE EX-
PRESSED IN A FORMAL MODEL AND ANALYZED FRUIT-
FULLY. THERE WERE A VARIETY OF HYDROLOGIC,
TECHNICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES
INVOLVED INCLUDING CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AMONG
THE USERS OF THE BASIN'S WATER RESOURCES. THE
MODEL PROVIDED A USEFUL WAY TO MANAGE THE
DIVERSE KINDS OF DATA THAT WERE PERTINENT TO THE
PROBLEM. THE SOLUTION OF THE MODEL DEFINED BOTH
AGGREGATE AND INDIVIDUAL USER COSTS AND BENEFITS.
IT ALSO PROVIDED A WAY TO COORDINATE FRAGMENTED
DATA AND TO ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT AS-
SUMPTIONS THAT MIGHT REASONABLY BE ADOPTED.
(W70-06690).
00283. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIAL INDUCED AERATION IN POL-
LUTED STREAMS BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S PRINCIPLE.
DAVIDSON, B.; BRADSHAW, R.W.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 6(2), 383-397, 1970.
OPTIMAL CONTROL THEORY BASED ON PONTRYAGIN'S
MINIMUM PRINCIPLE WAS APPLIED TO THE STEADY STATE
DISTRIBUTION OF ARTIFICIAL AERATION IN POLLUTED
RIVERS. THE OPTIMIZATION WAS DEVELOPED FOR A
GENERAL INTEGRAL TYPE COST FUNCTIONAL WITH
60
-------
REFERENCE LIST
WEIGHTED ENERGY CONSTRAINTS. THE SYSTEM EQUA-
TIONS USED WERE OF THE CLASSICAL STREETER-PHELPS
TYPE WITH AN INDUCED AERATION TERM ADDED AS THE
CONTROL FUNCTION. SEVERAL OPTIMAL AND SUBOP-
TIMAL AERATION DESIGNS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE
LEVELS WERE OBTAINED USING A DIGITAL COMPUTER
AND AN AUTOMATIC PLOTTING ROUTINE. AN ANALOG
COMPUTER WAS USED IN THE CRITICAL STAGES OF THE
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS. RESULTS FROM THE ANALOG
COMPUTER POINTED THE WAY TO THE ULTIMATE USE OF
LAPLACE TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES IN CONJUNCTION
WITH A DIGITAL COMPUTER FOR MAXIMUM ACCURACY,
(W70-06743.
00284. BRACKISH WATER PURIFICATION BY
BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL POWERED ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
SCHELLER, W.A.; GEORGI, C.E.
NEBRASKA UNIVERSITY WATER RESOURCES
CENTER TECHNICAL REPORT, SEPTEMBER 1,
1969. 24 P.
SAMPLES OBTAINED FROM FOUR BRACKISH WELLS IN
EASTERN NEBRASKA AND TWO NACL SOLUTIONS WERE
USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A LABORATORY ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS UNIT TO ESTABLISH THE PROCESS PARAMETERS
NECESSARY FOR ESTIMATING THE COST OF DESALINA-
TION. INVESTMENT AND MAINTENANCE ESTIMATES FOR A
1000 GPD ELECTRODIALYSIS UNIT WERE ALSO OBTAINED.
THE COST OF FRESH WATER (500 PPM TOTAL SOLIDS)
PRODUCED FROM BRACKISH WATER (980 TO 6460 PPM OF
TOTAL SOLIDS) WAS $2.30 TO $7.78 PER 1000 GALLONS IN-
CLUDING A 5t COST FOR INVESTMENT CAPITAL. AT A
TYPICAL RURAL CONSUMPTION OF 60 GALLONS PER PER-
SON PER DAY, THE ABOVE FRESH WATER COSTS ARE
EQUIVALENT TO 14 CENNTS TO 48 CENTS PER PERSON PER
DAY. THESE FIGURES ASSUME ELECTRIC POWER IS
AVAILABLE AT 3.3 CENTS/KWH. A TYPICAL RURAL
NEBRASKA RATE. IF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS UNIT WERE
SUPPLIED WITH BRACKISH WATER FROM AN EXISTING
PRESSURIZED SYSTEM AND WITH REDUCED MAIN-
TENANCE COSTS, THE DESALINATED WATER COSTS
WOULD BE REDUCED BY 57 CENTS TO $1.59 PER 1000 GAL-
LONS, DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. (PB-191 871)
(W70-06755).
00285. ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
FARROW, J.C.; HIRTH, L.J.; JUDKINS, J.F. JR.
TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST. 2(3), 35-40 1970.
A SURVEY REVEALED THAT WASTE WATER FROM 30 TEX-
TILE PLANTS IN ALABAMA AND WEST GEORGIA IS
DISCHARGED PRINCIPALLY TO CITY SEWERS WITH SOME
PRIOR TREATMENT. FLOWRATES VARY FROM 0.03 TO 7.00
MILLION GALLONS PER DAY WITH BOD RATES AS HIGH AS
40,000 l.BS A DAY. USING ESTIMATION METHODS FOR BOD
BASED ON CLOTH PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OPERA-
TIONS, CONSTRUCTION COSTS (EXCLUDING LAND) ARE
ESTIMATED FOR TRICKLING FILTER. ACTIVATED SLUDGE
AND MECHANICALLY AERATED TREATMENT UNITS. THE
COOSTS ARE FOR WASTE WATER FLOWRATES FROM 0.25
TO 6.00 MILLION GALLONS A DAY WITH BOD PARAMETERS
OK 300.450 AND 700 PPM. MECHANICAL AERATION OFFERS
THE LOWEST COST. (W70-(lf>842).
00286. OBJECTIVES TECHNOLOGY, AND RESULTS OF
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
PROCESSES.
WUHRMANN, K.
ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT,
UNIV OF TEXAS PRESS, 1968.
DISCUSSED ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL
PROCESSES, THE TYPES AND AMOUNTS OF NUTRIENTS TO
BE REMOVED AND THE PERSPECTIVE SUCCESS OF TERTIA-
RY TREATMENT. PAPER ANALYYZES PROCEDURES FOR
THE ELIMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS FROM SEWAGE, IN-
CLUDING A THOROUGH EXPLANATION OF IRON (III) AS A
PRECIPITANT, PHOSPHORUS ELIMINATION USING LIME
AND, PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL WITH BOTH LIME AND IRON
(III). THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FROM
SEWAGE IS DISCUSSED FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF
GENERAL PROCESS LAYOUT, THE PROCESS OF NITRIFICA-
TION IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT, DENITRIFICA-
TION BY ACTIVATED SLUDGE, THE ROLE OF OXYGEN AS A
LIMITING FACTOR, THE RESPIRATION SUBSTRATES AS
LIMITING FACTORS AND RESULTS OF PRACTICAL EXPERI-
MENTS WITH DENITRIFICATION CONDUCTED AT A PILOT
PLANT STATION. DISCUSSED ARE CERTAIN COST-JUSTIFIA-
BLE, BENEFICIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES. ALSO PRESENTED
ARE DETAILED ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL AND NET OPERA-
TION COSTS AND DESIGN FACTORS FOR PHOSPHORUS AND
NITROGEN REMOVAL PLANTS. CONCLUSIONS ARE
REACHED THAT THE CONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL TREAT-
MENT WILL STILL REPRESENT THE BASIS OF ALL FURTHER
PURIFICATION STEPS, BOTH FOR ECONOMIC AND PROCESS
REASONS. FURTHER, PAST SCIENTIFIC AND MONETARY IN-
VESTMENT IN SEWAGE PURIFICATION WILL NOT LOSE ITS
VALUE, NOT EVEN IN VIEW OF EVENTUAL TOTALLY NEW
PROCEDURES GENERATED BY DEMANDS FOR MUCH
HIGHER, SEWAGE EFFLUENT QUALITIES. (W70-04764).
00287. BASIS FOR WASTE STABILIZATION POND
DESIGNS.
GLOYNA, E.F.
ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT,
UNIV OF TEXAS PRESS, 1968. P 397-408.
MANY PROBLEMS ARISING FROM USE OF WASTE STA-
BILIZATION PONDS ARE TRACEABLE TO INADEQUATE EN-
GINEERING, POOR MAINTENANCE AND LACK OF OPERA-
TIONAL SUPERVISION. HOWEVER, THERE IS A MORE FUN-
DAMENTAL NEED: DESIGN AND ENGINEERING FOR
SYSTEMS USING STABILIZATION PONDS MUST BE BASED
ON AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PR1NICPLES OF ALGAL
PHYSIOLOGY. GENERALLY, ALGAE GROWING IN A
STREAM OR A WASTE STABILIZATION POND ARE IN A
HIGHLY COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT. ONE OR MORE OF
THE FACTORS NECESSARY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE IN-
TERRELATED, AND UNICELLULAR ALGAE, IN PARTICULAR
WILL REACT RAPIDLY TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES. IL-
LUMINATION, TEMPERATURE, AND NUTRIENTS-THE FAC-
TORS WHICH AFFECT GROWTH RATE ARE EXAMINED
CRITICALLY. THE PHENOMENA OF ALGAL PHYSICOLOGY,
TOGETHER WITH ACTUAL TREATMENT OBJECTIVES ARE
SYNTHESIZED IN GOOD DESIGN. IN THE FINAL ANALYSIS,
THE SPECIFIC DESIGN OF A WASTE STABILIZATION POND
DEPENDS HEAVILY UPON THE SPECIFICALLY-IMPOSED
TREATMENT OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS. A POND
SYSTEM MAY BE DESIGNED TO RECEIVE UNTREATED
SEWAGE OR INDUSTRIAL WASTES, PRIMARY OR SECONDA-
RY TREATMENT EFFLUENTS OR EXCESS ACTIVATED
SLUDGES AND SETTLEABLE SOLIDS. CERTAIN CRITICAL
FACTORS IN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ARE DISCUSSED,
BASED ON OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES AND RESEARCH
WHICH PROVIDE VITAL INSIGHTS INTO ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS GOVERNING WASTE STABILIZATION PROCESSES.
(W70-04786).
61
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00288. STABILIZATION PONDS IN THE CANNING IN-
DUSTRY.
CANHAM, R.A.
ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT,
UNIV OF TEXAS PRESS, 1968. P 464-476.
THE CANNING INDUSTRY BEGAN AT THE TURN OF THIS
CENTURY TO USE THE LAGOON METHOD FOR WASTE
TREATMENT. HOWEVER, THE INDUSTRY REGARDED THIS
METHOD AS DISPOSAL RATHER THAN TREATMENT, AND
GENERALLY THIS PHILOSOPHY STILL PREVAILS. EARLY
LAGOONS SERVED ESSENTIALLY AS ABSORPTION AREAS
PROVIDING FOR WASTEWATER INFILTRATION INTO SUB-
SURFACE WATERS, SUBJECT TO THE VAGARIES OF SOIL
CONDITIONS AND WASTE PROPERTIES. LATER LAGOON
TYPES SERVED MAINLY AS SEASONAL WASTE STORAGE
AREAS. INCREASING ODOR PROBLEMS LED TO
WIDESPREAD PRACTICE OF USING SODIUM NITRATE, BUT
RESULTS WERE UNSUCCESSFUL DUE TO THE COST OF
NITRATES AND THE CONSEQUENT REDUCTION IN QUANTI-
TIES USED. LAGOON USE DECLINED, AS OTHER LAND
METHODS, SUCH AS SPRAY IRRIGATION, WERE IN-
TRODUCED. THE COMBINATION AEROBIC-ANAEROBIC
SYSTEM WAS STUDIED, FOUND EFFECTIVE FOR TREAT-
MENT, BUT THE ODOR PROBLEM REMAINED. THE FOL-
LOWING METHODS WERE TESTED BUT FOUND IN-
ADEQUATE: 1NNOCULATIONS WITH PURE CULTURES,
ODOR MASKING AGENTS, B1OCATALYST ADDITIVES SUCH
AS ENZYMES, AND AERATED LAGOONS. OPERATIONAL
VARIATIONS WERE TRIED, BUT THE ODOR PROBLEM
REMAINED. A MORE REALISTIC LAGOON DESIGN AND
COST APPROACH IS ESSENTIAL TO MAKE THE LAGOON
METHOD EFFECTIVE FOR THE CANNING INDUSTRY. THIS
MEANS GREATER COST, MORE LAND, MORE CHEMICALS
OR AERATION. (W70-04792.
00289. WASTE STABILIZATION POND PRACTICES IN
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
GELLMAN, I.; BERGER, H.F.
ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT,
UNIV OF TEXAS PRESS. 1968. P 492-496.
THE STABILIZATION POND TECHNIQUE IS USED PREDOMI-
NANTLY FOR PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS. DATA
FROM SOUTHERN KRAFF MILL OPERATIONS INDICATE
THAT POND DESIGN LOADINGS OF ABOUT 50 LBS OF
BOD5/ACRE/DAY ENABLE AT LEAST 85% BOD REMOVAL;
LOADINGS BELOW 50 LBS PROVIDE BOD REMOVALS EX-
CEEDING 90%; INCREASED LOADINGS RESULTS IN A
LEVEL!.ING-OFF OF BOD REMOVALS RANGING FROM 60 TO
70 LBS/ACRE/DAY. HIGHER BOD REMOVALS(UP TO 150
LBS/ACRE/DAY) CAN BE ATTAINED USING MULTIPLE-POND
SYSTEMS; HOWEVER, HIGH REMOVAL OPERATIONS ARE
ACCOMPANIED BY ANAEROBIC ODOR PRODUCTION, EMIS-
SION OF SU1.FIDES, AND SULFIDE OXIDIZING BACTERIA.
LABORATORY AND PILOT PLANT STUDIES OF AERATED
STABILIZATION BASIN PROCESS BY THE NATIONAL COUN-
CIL FOR STREAM IMPROVEMENT AND ITS MEMBER MILLS
HAVE I.ED TO RAPID ACCEPTANCE AND EXTENSIVE APPLI-
CATION. THE AERATED BASINS CAN REMOVE 40-60 LBS
BOD/ACRE/DAY, WITHOUT ANAEROBIC ODOR PRODUC-
TION; THIS CORRELATES WELL WITH NATURAL REAERA-
TION RATES FOR SHALLOW BASINS. CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATING COSTS FOR AERATED STABILIZATION POND
TREATMENT ARE ABOUT 60% AND 40%, RESPECTIVELY, OF
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT, IN THE 90% BOD
REMOVAL RANGE. (W70-04794).
00290. 'BALAS' ALGORITHM FOR ZONED UNIFORM
TREATMENT.
LIEBMAN, J.C.; MARKS, D.H.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, PAPER 6059, 585-
593, 1968.
THE BASIC OBJECTIVE OF WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT
IS TO FIND THE SOLUTION TO A POLLUTION ABATEMENT
PROBLEM THAT ACHIEVES A SPECIFIED QUALITY CONDI-
TION IN THE WATERCOURSE IN A LEGALLY EQUITABLE
AND ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT MANNER. THIS PROBLEM
HAS BEEN APPROACHED IN VARIOUS WAYS; (I) UNIFORM-
TREATMENT SCHEMES IN WHICH ALL DISCHARGES INTO
STREAMS ARE GIVEN EQUAL TREATMENT; (2) COST-
MINIMIZATION SCHEMES IN WHICH MATHEMATICAL OP-
TIMIZATION METHODS ARE USED TO ACHIEVE DESIRED
QUALITY AT MINIMUM TREATMENT COSTS. OPTIMIZATION
SCHEMES HAVE BEEN RESISTED BECAUSE THEY INVOLVE
INDIVIDUAL LOCAL INEQUITIES IN TREATMENT OF
DISCHARGES EVEN THOUGH FROM A REGIONAL VIEW-
POINT, QUALITY STANDARDS AND COSTS ARE OPTIMAL.
COMPROMISE CONCEPT CALLED, 'ZONED UNIFORM, ' IS
SUGGESTED. CONCEPT IS BASED ON CLASSIFYING WASTE
DISCHARGES INTO 'UNIFORM ZONES' (BOTH GEOGRAPHI-
CAL AND CATEGORICAL IN NATURE) WITH EACH WASTE
SOURCE GIVEN SIMILAR TREATMENT TO THAT OF SIMILAR
SOURCES. TOTAL COST IS THEN MINIMIZED AS LONG AS
TREATMENT LEVEL IS MAINTAINED IN EACH ZONE. AN
ENUMERATION SCHEME SOLUTION IS PRESENTED USING
DELAWARE ESTUARY DATA, (W70-04796).
00291. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TREATS COTTON
MILL DE-SIZE WASTES.
BUSWELL, A.M.; INGOLS, R.S.
WASTES ENGINEERING, 33(8), 402-404, 428, 1962.
THE DE-SIZING LIQUORS MAY PROVIDE AS MUCH AS ONE-
HALF OF THE BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND LOAD AND
ONLY 10% OF THE LIQUID EFFLUENT FROM A TEXTILE
MILL. THEREFORE IT MAY BE ADVISABLE TO TREAT THIS
CONCENTRATED MATERIAL SEPARATELY AND THIS CAN
OFTEN BEST BE DONE BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION. MOST
OF THE SIZE REMOVED IS STARCH OR STARCH DERIVATES.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS WERE MADE ON PURE SOLU-
TIONS OF SUCH MATERIALS. ABOUT 90% OF CHEMICAL
OXYGEN DEMAND WAS DESTROYED IN AN AEROBIC
DIGESTION WITH THE GAS PRODUCED BEING QUITE VARI-
ABLE AS COMPARED WITH THE THEORETICAL YIELD. A
CAPITAL COST OF $40.00 PER POUND, PER DAY FOR
DIGESTERS WAS ESTIMATED. (W70-04807).
00292. TEXTILE WORKS EFFLUENT TREATMENT.
LITTLE, A.M.
TEXTILE INSTITUTE AND INDUSTRIES,
1963.
/, 9-11,
THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE EFFECT OF RECENT BRITISH
LEGISLATION CONCERNING POLLUTION ON THE TEXTILE
INDUSTRY, AND INDICATES TYPICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DISCHARGE OF WASTE WATERS TO MUNICIPAL
SEWERS AND TO SURFACE WATERS. HE OUTLINES POSSI-
BLE METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR TEXTILE WASTE
WATERS AND INDICATES SOME OF THE COSTS OF TREAT-
MENT AND DISPOSAL. (W70-0483 1).
62
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REFERENCE LIST
00293. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
DOWNING, P.B.
FREDERICK A. PRAEGER, PUBLISHERS,
FOURTH AVENUE, N.Y., 196 P, 1969.
in
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES WERE APPLIED TO THE COLLEC-
TION AND TREATMENT OF URBAN SEWAGE (EXCLUDING
STORM WATER RUNOFF) WITH THE FOLLOWING RESULTS:
(1) THE COST PER CAPITA PER MILLION GALLONS PER
DAY OF VOLUME FOR COLLECTION, TRANSMITTING, AND
TREATING SEWAGE DECLINED AS THE NUMBER OF PEO-
PLE SERVED INCREASED. (2) A NET SAVINGS OF $1.55 PER
PERSON YEARLY WOULD ACCRUE TO A MUNICIPALITY IF
INDIVIDUAL GARBAGE GRINDERS WERE USED IN LIEU OF
GARBAGE COLLECTION. (3) TO ASSESS THE COST OF THE
VARIATION IN FLOW IN A FIXED-CAPACITY TREATMENT
PLANT, THE COST OF INCREASING THE SEWER CAPACITY
RESERVED FOR EACH INDIVIDUAL BY 25 GALLONS PER
DAY WAS ESTIMATED TO BE 3 CENTS PER CAPITA PER
YEAR PER MILE OF SEWER. (4) IF A PLANT SERVING
100,000 PEOPLE WERE INCREASED IN CAPACITY TO TREAT
THE EXPECTED HOURLY PEAK FLOW AT 90 PERCENT, THE
COST OF TREATMENT WOULD INCREASE FROM $2.07 TO
$3.48 PER CAPITA PER YEAR. (5) TREATMENT FACILITIES
SHOULD BE EXPANDED TO SERVICE URBAN 'FRINGE'
AREAS, IF SOIL CONDITIONS ARE POOR AND IF THERE IS A
NET EXTERNAL COST TO THE SEFFIC TANK SYSTEM. (6)
THE MARGINAL COST OF SERVING AN INCREASE IN
URBAN POPULATION DENSITY WAS ESTIMATED TO BE 64
CENTS PER CAPITA PER YEAR. (7) FOR A HYPOTHETICAL
URBAN COMPLEX OF 102,400 PEOPLE, WITH VARYING
POPULATION DENSITIES, ONE TREATMENT PLANT WAS AL-
WAYS CHEAPER THAN TWO PLANTS. (8) A CITY OF 10,000
WOULD HAVE TO BE LESS THAN TEN MILES FROM THE
EDGE OF A CITY OF 100,000 BEFORE IT WOULD BE
ECONOMICAL TO SEND THE SMALL CITY'S SEWAGE TO
THE LARGE CITY'S PLANT. (9) LARGE SAVINGS IN POLLU-
TION DAMAGE WOULD BE NECESSARY BEFORE A RE-
GIONAL TREATMENT PLANT WOULD BE ECONOMICALLY
FEASIBLE. (10) THE EFFLUENT CHARGE SYSTEM FOR
WASTE DISCHARGE SHOULD BE ADOPTED TO ENHANCE
THE 'STREAM STANDARDS' FOR WATER QUALITY. (11)
THREE SPECIAL CHARGES TO AID FINANCING OF URBAN
SEWAGE FACILITIES WERE SUGGGESTED: (A) A SPECIAL
ADJUSTMENT OF RATES TO ALLOW FOR DIFFERENCES IN
SEWAGE STRENGTH FOR LARGE INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS,
(B) A HIGHER PEAK LOAD PRICE FOR LARGE CUSTOMERS
WHO RELEASE WIDELY VARYING LOADS, AND (12) A SPE-
CIAL CHARGE FOR CUSTOMERS WHO DO NOT INSTALL A
GARBAGE GRINDER. (W70-04648).
00294. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND POLLUTIONAL
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, SUMMARY RE-
PORT.
GLOYNA, E.F.; FORD, D.L.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
FEBRUARY 1970. 98 P.
EACH OF THE MAJOR PROCESSES DEVELOPED BY THE IN-
DUSTRY SHOULD BE STUDIED WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF
EVALUATING THE TRENDS IN PLANT LOCATIONS, EFFECTS
ON WATER QUALITY, AND TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS.
SINCE THERE WILL BE NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN
PETROCHEMICAL FEEDSTOCKS. THE PAITERNS OF FEED-
STOCK USAGE SHOULD BE MONITORED AND MAJOR
CHANGES EVALUATED IN TERMS OF THE WATER USE AND
WATER REUSE REQUIREMENTS, POTENTIAL POLLUTION
PROBLEMS, AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE THE
MAIN CNTR1BUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
FROM THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY EMANATES FROM
PROCESS WASTE STREAMS, COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS
SHOULD BE MADE ON TYPICAL RECYCLE (FEEDSTOCK)
PRACTICES AND ON ASSOCIATED WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT REQUIREMENTS. A COMPREHENSIVE AND COOR-
DINATED EVALUATION PROGRAM SHOULD BE DEVELOPED
SPECIFICALLY FOR STANDARDIZING THE CHARACTERIZA-
TION TECHNIQUES OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING COM-
PLEX AND INDEFINABLE PETROCHEMICAL AND RELATED
WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS. LARGE VOLUMES OF
WASTEWATER COULD BE REUSED WITHIN THE PLANTS
WITH VARYING DEGREES OF TREATMENT; WASTEWATER
REQUIRES SOME FORM OF PRIMARY PRODUCT RECOVERY
AND TREAT MENT, OIL REMOVAL, SETTLEABLE SOLID
REMOVAL, AND REDUCTION IN THE ORGANIC CONTENT.
MASTER PLAN FOR IN-PLANT WASTEWATER COLLECTION
SHOULD INCLUDE FACILITIES TO SEGREGATE PROCESS
WASTE FROM LESS CONTAMINATED STREAMS. PROBLEM
AREAS IN THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT PROCESSES, AS WELL AS DISPOSAL METHODS,
ARE LISTED. A DETAILED AND BASIC STUDY SHOULD BE
INITIATED TO EVALUATE THE COST OF TREATING WASTES
FROM SINGLE PLANTS OR PROCESS STREAMS WITH COM-
BINED WASTES FROM SEVERAL PLANTS. (PB-192 310) (W70-
07511).
00295. THE INCINERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTE AT FABENFABRIKEN BAYER.
FABIAN, H.W.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23 RD, 874-882, 1968.
OF THE 500,000 CUBIC METERS OF WASTES PRODUCED AN-
NUALLY AT THE LEVERKUSEN WORKS OF FAR-
BENFABRIKEN BAYER, 40,000 METRIC TONS OF SOLID,
PASTY, AND LIQUID WASTES CAN BE INCINERATED. AN IN-
CINERATOR PLANT, BUILT IN 1967 AT A COST OF 18 MIL-
LION D-MARKS DISPOSES OF THESE WASTES AT A COST OF
80-100 D-MARKS PER METRIC TON. INCINERATION OF MOST
WASTES OCCURS IN A ROTARY KILN 12 METERS BY 3 ME-
TERS, WITH DETENTION TIMES OF 30-60 MINUTES AT A
TEMPERATURE OF 1200 DEC C. SOLID WASTES ARE
REDUCED 90% BY VOLUME, AND 70% BY WEIGHT. WASTE
GASES (60,000-70,000 NM3/HR) ARE SENT THROUGH A
SYSTEM OF AFTERBURNERS AT 1200 DEO C AND THEN TO
A SERIES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS BEFORE DISCHARGE
THROUGH A 100 METER STACK. UP TO 25 METRIC TONS OF
STREAM ARE RECOVERED PER HOUR AT 400 DEC C AND
40 KG/SO CM. WASTES WITH CHLORINE ARE BURNED IN
ANOTHER FLAME TUBE AND THE WASTE GASES ARE
TREATED SEPARATELY IN A WATER SCRUBBER WHICH
HAS AN EFFICIENCY OF 95% AND REDUCES THE WASTE
GAS TO LESS THAN IOOOMB/HM3HCL, THE UPPER LIMIT
SPECIFIED BY THE AUTHORITIES. UPON COMPLETION OF A
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, ANOTHER 150,000 CUBIC ME-
TERS OF SLUDGE WILL BE INCINERATED AT THIS PLANT
EACH YEAR. (W70-07707).
00296. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL AT SEA.
DEVANNEY, J.W. Ill; LIVANOS, V.; PATELL, J.
SEA GRANT PROJECT OFFICE, REPORT NO. MITSG
71-2, NOVEMBER 20, 1970.
A COMPARISON OF THE MARKET COSTS OF DIFFERENT
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES IS MADE.
THROUGH PRESENT VALUE ANALYSIS, UNIT MARKET
DISPOSAL COSTS ARE DERIVED FOR SANITARY LAND FILL
BY RAIL HAUL, LAND INCINERATION, DUMPING OF COM-
PACTED BALES AT SEA AND SEA INCINERATION. THE
POTENTIAL ECOLOGIAL PROBLEMS OF EACH SYSTEM ARE
CONSIDERED. NEW YORK CITY IS USED AS AN EXAMPLE
TO PROVIDE A REALISTIC PICTURE OF THE POTENTIAL
AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AT
SEA. (W71-05808).
63
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00297. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER CON-
TROL.
GRAVA, S.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK, 1969,
223 P. *
THIS BOOK CONSIDERS THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES AND
METHODS AVAILABLE IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AND THEIR ROLE IN COMMUNITY PLANNING. THE
SOURCES OF POLLUTION, TREATMENT SYSTEMS ALONG
WITH RELATED FINANCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CON-
SIDERATIONS ARE DISCUSSED TO PROVIDE BACKGROUND
MATERIAL IN THE PLANNING FOR WASTE CONTROL. THE
AUTHOR ANALYZES WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS
WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE ENTIRE WATERSHED BASIN
AND FORMULATES A MODEL RELATING POLLUTION CON-
TROL AND WASTE MANAGEMENT TO LOCAL ECONOMIC
AND ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. THIS ANALYSIS PRO-
VIDES THE BASIS FOR COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF A PAR-
TICULAR WATERSHED. THE PLANNING ORGANIZATION
FOR WATERSHED OR COMMUNITY POLLUTION CONTROL
SYSTEMS REQUIRES THE FORMULAION OF OBJECTIVES,
TRANSLATION OF OBJECTIVES TO GUIDELINES AND STAN-
DARDS, PLAN PREPARATION AND EVALUATION ALONG
WITH M.EANS OF PLAN EXECUTION. THE INFLUENCE OF
POPULATION DENSITY AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS ALSO
AFFECT WASTE MANAGEMENT PLANNING FOR COMMUNI-
TIES. (W7 1-05944).
00298. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
PROBLEM.
DORFMAN, R.; JACOBY, H.P.
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES AND POLICY ANALYSIS,
CHICAGO, MARKHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY, P
173-231, 1970.
THIS ARTICLE ATTEMPS TO PRESENT A COMPLICATED
PROBLEM OF GOVERNMENT DECISION-MAKING IN TERMS
OF A FORMAL MODEL. THE HYPOTHETICAL CASE DEVISED
FOR THIS PURPOSE INCORPORATED MANY OF THE
SALIENT FEATURES OF REAL WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL PROBLEMS INCLUDING A WIDE VARIETY OF
HYDROLOGICAL, TECHNICAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND
F-CONOMIC ISSUES. DEEP SEATED CONFLICTS OF IN-
TERESTS AMONG THE PARTICIPANTS WAS ALSO INCOR-
PORATED. THE MODEL WAS IMPLEMENTED AND PRO-
VIDED INTELLIGIBLE RESULTS. THE MODEL UTILIZED
SUCH DATA AS BECAME AVAILABLE AND THEN PROVIDED
A METHOD OF ANALYZING THE WAY DIFFERENT ASSUMP-
TIONS WOULD AFFECT VARIOUS PLANS LIKELY TO BE
ADOPTED BY THE DECISION-MAKING COMMISSION. IT IN-
CORPORATED INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMMISSION
AND ALSO PROVIDED A FRAMEWORK FOR PREDICTING
POLITICAL JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE VARIOUS POSSIBLE
DECISIONS. THE MODEL IS READILY APPLICABLE TO THE
CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE ASSUMPTION IN WHICH IT WAS
BASED. NAMELY THAT A WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COMMISSION IS RESPONSIVE TO THE WISHES OF ITS CON-
STITUENCY. THE MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS PRESENTED
IN THIS ARTICLE IS DESIGNED TO BE OF ASSISTANCE IN
UNDERSTANDING AND FACILITATING THE LENGTHtER
AND MORE CUMBERSOME DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES
IN CURRENT USE. (W71-05939).
00299. OPTIMUM INVESTMENT IN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
JOHNSON, E.L.
EVALUATION PROCESSES IN WATER RESOURCES
PLANNING, URBANA, ILLINOIS, AMERICAN
WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, P 41-57, JULY
1970.
THIS PAPER CONSIDERS THE OPERATIONALIZATION OF OP-
TIMUM INVESTMENT IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
CURRENT ATTEMPTS AT OPTIMIZATION RESULT IN SUBOP-
TIMIZAT10N OF COSTS BECAUSE INTERRELATIONS AMONG
AIR, WATER, AND SOLID WASTES ARE NOT TREATED. IN-
VESTMENT IS OPTIMIZED SUBJECT TO THE SECONDARY
TREATMENT AND ANTI-DEGRADATION RESTRICTIONS SET
BY WATER QUALITY STANDARDS. WITHIN THE CONTEXT
OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, THE OBJECTIVE FUNC-
TION TENDS TO BE CHARACTERIZED BY CONSTRAINED
COST EFFECTIVENESS. RECENT RESEARCH HAS
QUESTIONED THE BASIS UPON WHICH WATER QUALITY
PLANS ARE PREPARED AND HENCE DISTURBED THE PRE-
DICTED RELATION BETWEEN POLLUTION ABATEMENT
AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. INADEQUATE IMPLE-
MENTATION BY INSTITUTIONS OF PLANS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL IS ANOTHER OBSTRUCTION TO OP-
TIMUM INVESTMENT. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT THE
MAJOR RESEARCH AREAS FOR OPTIMIZATION ARE
ECONOMIC EVALUATION, REFORM OF POLITICAL AND
GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS, DEVELOPMENT OF
MEANS OF MEASURING SOCIAL PREFERENCE AND THEN
INTRODUCING THESE INTO THE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS PART
OF INVESTMENT OPTIMIZATION. (W71-05938).
00300. PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS.
EDWARDS, W.F.; LANGHAM, M.R.; HEADLEY, J.C.
NATURAL RESOURCES JOURNAL, 10(4), P 719-741,
1970.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTERNALITIES AND
PUBLIC POLICY IN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT ARE CONSIDERED. DISPUTES CREATED BY EXTER-
NALITIES CAN BE SETTLED THROUGH PARTICIPATORY
DECISION-MAKING BUT POLICY DECISIONS REACHED IN
THIS WAY DO NOT REPRESENT SOCIAL COSTS AND
BENEFITS PRECISELY. IF SOCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS ARE
THE MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF PUBLIC POLICY THEN
BETTER MEASURES OF SOCIAL WELFARE ARE NECESSARY.
THE AUTHOR PRESENTS TWO STUDIES WHICH PROVIDE
EMPIRICAL MEASURES FOR PESTICIDE POLICY-MAKING.
THE FIRST STUDY MEASURES THE PRODUCTIVITY OF
PESTICIDES FOR U. S. AGRICULTURE AS A WHOLE. THE
SECOND STUDY TRIES TO INCLUDE EXTERNALITIES IN A
POLICY DECISION MODEL TO DETERMINE WHICH OF TWO
PESTICIDE POLICIES IS OPTIMAL FROM A SOCIAL WELFARE
POINT OF VIEW. THE MEASURE OF SOCIAL WELFARE USED
IN THIS STUDY CONSISTED OF CONSUMERS' SURPLUS PLUS
PRODUCERS' SURPLUS MODIFIED FOR EXTERNALITIES.
THIS MODEL IS CAPABLE OF INCLUDING REDUCTION IN
BOTH AIR AND WATER QUALITY AND IS RELEVANT TO
WATER STUDIES CONCERNED WITH THE ROLE OF NON-
MARKET EFFECTS IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
(W7 I-05951).
00301. SURVEY OF DESALTING PROCESSES FOR USE
IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
SPIEWAK, I.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, TENN.,
ORNL-TM-3155, SEPTEMBER 1970. 30 P.
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON ONE OF A SERIES OF IN-
VESTIGATIONS SPONSORED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF
HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT TO DETERMINE THE
BENEFITS WHICH MIGHT BE GAINED FROM URBAN ENER-
GY CENTERS. A REVIEW IS GIVEN OF PROCESSES WHICH
APPEAR TO HAVE POTENTIAL FOR COMBINATION WITH
DESALTING. A SURVEY OF DEVELOPMENTAL APPLICA-
64
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REFERENCE LIST
TION OF DESALTING PROCESSES TO WASTES IS GIVEN.
COST ESTIMATES ARE GIVEN FOR A NUMBER OF POSSIBLE
SYSTEMS USING DESALTING TO TREAT EFFLUENT FROM A
CITY OF 1 MILLION POPULATION. THE ANALYSIS IN-
DICATES THAT, ALTHOUGH ADVANCED WASTE TREAT-
MENTS MAY INCREASE THE COST OF SEWAGE PROCESSING
BY FACTORS OF UP TO FOUR TIMES, THE OVERALL COST
OF WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE AND TREATMENT NEED
NOT BE INCREASED OVER ABOUT 30 PER CENT. IT IS CON-
CLUDED THAT DESALTING IS PRIMARILY OF VALUE IN
SYSTEMS WHICH PROVIDE REUSABLE PRODUCT WATER.
SUCH SYSTEMS GENERATE WASTE BRINES VERY DIF-
FICULT TO DISPOSE OF, IN MANY CASES, EXCEPT BY
DISTILLATION TO DRYNESS. (ORNL-TM-3 155) (W7I-06268).
00302. ECONOMICS OF COMBINING DISTILLED SEA-
WATER AND RENOVATED WASTE WATER
AS A NEW SOURCE OF MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLY.
PORTER, J.W.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT REPORT NO 617, OCTOBER 1970.
A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE PRELIMINARY
ECONOMICS OF COMBINING DISTILLED SEAWATER AND
RENOVATED WASTE WATER TO SERVE AS A NEW SOURCE
OF MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY WAS INVESTIGATED AND
THE RESULTED ARE REPORTED. A COMPUTATIONAL
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING LEAST-COST SUPPLY
FROM THIS COMBINED SOURCE AND ALTERNATIVE SIN-
GLE SOURCES WAS DEVELOPED AND IS DOCUMENTED.
THE FEASIBILITY OF THE COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE
(A MATHEMATICAL MODEL) IS TESTED BY APPLICATION
TO A HYPOTHETICAL U. S. COASTAL CITY. APPENDICES TO
THE REPORT INCLUDE A DESCRIPTION OF THE STANDARD
LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL (LP-600) USED, DISCUS-
SION OF THE NETWORK THEORY APPLIED, LISTINGS OF
COMPUTER SUB-ROUTINES EMPLOYED, VERIFICATION OF
COST CALCULATIONS AND A LIST OF CITED REFERENCES
(GPO $1.50) (W71-06238).
00303. MARGINAL COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE LEVELS
OF WATER QUALITY IN THE UPPER MISSIS-
SIPPI RIVER.
LEWIS, R.L.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER, BUL-
LETIN 25, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, MIN-
NEAOL1S, MINNESOTA, SEPTEMBER 1970. 59 P
THE PURPOSE OK THIS STUDY IS TO IDENTIFY THE PHYSI-
CAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND ECONMIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS
THAT AFFECT AND ARE AFFECTED BY THE OUALITY OF
THE WATER IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN THE TWIN CITIES
AREA. THE HYPOTHESIS TESTED IN THE THESIS IS THAT A
COST MINIMIZING MANAGEMENT PLAN CAN BE DEVISED
WHICH WILL MAINTAIN THE CURRENT DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN (DO) RIVER STANDARD IN THE STUDY AREA IN A
MANNER THAT IS BOTH PHYSICALLY AND ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE UNDER EXISTING CONDITIONS. (A
MANAGEMENT PLAN IS ASSUMED TO BE ECONOMICALLY
FEASIBLE IF THE INCREASE IN THE TOTAL ANNUAL COST
OF TREATMENT DOES NOT EXCEED l(» OF THE PRESENT
ANNUAL EXPENDITURE. ) IF THE HYPOTHESIS IS AC-
CEPTED, THEN THE SEWER SERVICE BOARD COULD MAIN-
TAN THE DO RIVER STANDARD AT A MODERATE IN-
CREASE IN ANNUAL TREATMENT EXPENDITURE BY
PROVIDIMG A MORE EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF TREAT-
MENT AMONG THE FIVE TREATMENT PLANTS. THE OBJEC-
TIVES OF THE STUDY INCLUDE: (I) IDENTIFY THE PHYSI-
CAL, INSTITUTIONAL. AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS RE-
LATED TO WATER QUALITY; (2) PROPOSE AN ANALYTI-
CAL FRAMEWORK FOR COMBINING THE PHYSICAL PRO-
PERTIES OF THE RIVER WITH COSTS OF TREATMENT; (3)
DETERMINE THE HIGHEST POSSIBLE DO RIVER STANDARD
FEASIBLE WITH EXISTINT TREATMENT FACILITIES DURING
SUMMER LOW FLOW; (4) TEST HYPOTHESIS THAT
MINIMUM COST MANANGEMENT SCHEME CAN BE FOUND
WHICH WILL MAINTAIN THE CURRENT DO RIVER STAN-
DARD IN A MANNER BOTH PHYSICALLY AND ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE UNDER EXISTING CONDITIONS. IT IS CON-
CLUDED THAT THE CHANGE IN THE INSTITUTIONAL
STRUCTURE ADOPTED BY THE MINNESOTA LEAGUE WILL
LEAD TO A MORE EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF TREATMENT
EXPENDITURES AT THE FIVE TREATMENT PLANTS. (W71-
06191).
00304. WATER QUALITY TELEMETRY FINAL
PROGRESS REPORT.
WOFF1NDEN, D.S.; KARTCHNER, A.D.
UTAH WATER RESEARCH LABORATORY REPORT
PRWG 3-2 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, UTAH
STATE UNIVERSITY, AUGUST 1969. 42 P
A BATTERY-POWERED RADIO-TELEMETRY METHOD FOR
MONITORING WATER QUALITY HAS BEEN DEVELOPED BY
THE UTAH WATER RESEARCH LABORATORY. OVERCOM-
ING THE MAJOR DIFFICULTY OF LARGE, UNWIELDY SIZE,
THE UTAH WATER RESEARCH LABORATORY'S UNIT IS
SMALL ENOUGH TO BE HAND-CARRIED, BEING HOUSED IN
A 15 IN. X 15 IN. X 14 IN. FIBERGLASS CASE. PHOTOGRAPHS
ILLUSTRATE THE UNIT. A TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION IS
GIVEN, INCLUDING CIRCUITRY, BLOCK DIAGRAMS OF THE
FILED STATION AND BASE STATION, TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER CONTROL AND POWER INTERCONNECTIONS,
TIMER OPERATION, AND STATION REPLY TECHNIQUES.
MEASUREMENTS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN, TEMPERATURE,
PH, AND CONDUCTIVITY CAN BE MADE AUTOMATICALLY,
AND THE CIRCUITS FOR EACH OF THESE MEASURING
DEVICES ARE OUTLINED. A TABLE ANALYZES COSTS OF
BOTH FIELD AND BASE STATIONS, INCLUDING ASSEMBLY
TIME AND LABOR COSTS. (W71-06069).
00305. STORMWATER OVERFLOW GETS BAGGED.
ENG NEWS-RECORD, 181(18), P 14, 1968.
THE FWPCA IS FINANCING PROJECTS TO INSTALL RUBBER
STORMWATER STORAGE BAGS AT THREE LOCATIONS:
WASHINGTON'S ANACOSTIA RIVER, SANDUSKY, OHIO AT
LAKE ERIE, AND CAMBRIDGE, MD'S CHOPTANK RIVER
ESTUARY. THE BAGS WILL STORE STORMWATER OVER-
FLOW THAT NORMALLY FLOWS UNTREATED INTO RIVERS
AND LAKES ALONG WITH SANITARY WHEN FLOWS EX-
CEED TREATMENT PLANTS' CAPACITIES DURING HEAVY
RAINFALL. THE WASHINGTON BAGS REST ON THE BOTTOM
OF THE ANACOSTIA RIVER OFFSHORE OF THE PUMPING
PLANT. THE PLATN WILL CHOP OVERFLOW SOLIDS BE-
FORE THE WATER REACHES THE BAGS, AND AN AERATOR
WILL SUSPEND THE SOLIDS. THE SOLIDS COME OUT WITH
THE STORED WATER WHEN IT IS PUMPED BACK INTO THE
SEWERS FOR TREATMENT. THESE PLANS ARE CON-
SIDERABLY LESS COSTLY THAN SEWER SEPARATION
WHICH WOULD COST AN ESTIMATED $48 BILLION TO AC-
COMPLISH THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. (W71-
06341).
00306. ISLAND CITY SOLVES TOUGH SEWERAGE
PROBLEM.
PUBLIC WORKS, 131(2), 95, 1970.
BY USING ARMCO STEEL CORPORATION'S DOUBLE-
WALLED TRUSS PIPE, A GROUNDWATER INFILTRATION
PROBLEM WAS ELIMINATED FROM GALVESTON'S SEWER
SYSTEM. THE TRUSS PIPE CAN ALSO BE EASILY TAPPED
65
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FOR HOUSE CONNECTIONS, AND ITS LOW INFILTRATION
SPECIFICATIONS MAKE POSSIBLE AN ECONOMICAL DESIGN
FOR FACTORY-BUILT TREATMENT PLANTS. CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS FOR SUCH PLANTS ARE INCLUDED, AS WELL
AS DIMENSIONS OF THE EXTRA-STRENGTH PIPING. (W71-
06346).
00307. CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES.
PUBLIC WORKS, 98(12), 112-113, 1967.
THE BUSINESSS DEFENSE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION SUR-
VEYED 1200 MAJOR WATER UTILITIES IN ORDER TO PRE-
DICT THE CONSTUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES. THE FORECASTED
AVERAGE ANNUAL EXEPNDITURE OVER THE 14-YEAR
PERIOD (1967-1980) SHOWED A 139% INCREASE OVER AN-
NUAL AMOUNTS FOR THE PAST 12 YEARS. THESE EXPEN-
SES RESULT FROM THE NEED TO REMEDY PRESENT DE-
FECTS, TO ACCOUNT FOR DEPRECIATION AND OB-
SOLESCENCE, AND TO COUNTER THE DEMANDS OF AN IN-
CREASING POPULATION. DATA INCLUDED INDICATING
COSTS REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY
AND WASTE WATER UTILITIES IN ADDITION TO AMOUNTS
TO BE SPENT TO COMBAT INDIVDUAL PROBLEMS, CAN
SERVE TO GUIDE MANUFACTURES IN PLANNING FUTURE'
CONSTRUCTION. (W71-06347).
00308. DEVELOPING RURAL HOME WATER SUP-
PLIES.
CANNELLA, A.A.
JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION,
26(1), 30-31, 1971.
THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES THE ECONOMIC AND CONSTRUC-
TION DETAILS OF BUILDING A SURFACE WATER SUPPLY
FOR AN INDIVIDUAL IN A RURAL AREA. THE AUTHOR EX-
PLAINS THAT IN AREAS WHERE GROUNDWATER IS HIGHLY
CONTAMINATED BY CHEMICALS THE COST OF THIS
SYSTEM COMPARES FAVORABLY WITH OTHER TYPES OF
RURAL WATER SUPPLY. THE FILTRATION SYSTEM THAT
HE DESCRIBES IS A SMALL-SCALE REPLICA OF A MU-
NICIPAL TREATMENT FACILITY WITH AN INITIAL COST OF
APPROXIMATELY $1500. (W71-08823).
00309. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWERAGE STUDY.
VONIC, M.; BUMSTEAD, J.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(4), 553-
566, 1969.
THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A WORKABLE ENGINEERING
FRAMEWORK OF A 526,000,000 PLAN FOR THE IMPLEMEN-
TATION OF TWO TREATMENT PLANTS, ONE TO TREAT 32.5
MOD AND THE OTHR, 6.4 MOD OF COMBINED MUNICIPAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES, WHICH WOULD REDUCE AND
CONTROL POLLUTION OF THE UPPER HUDSON RIVER. THE
PLANTS WOULD SERVE 8 MUNICIPALITIES AND FOUR
MAJOR INDUSTRIES (PAPER AND DYE) AROUND THE CITY
OF GLEN FALLS. THE SIZE OF THE PLANTS IS THE RESULT
OF A STUDY WHICH ESTIMATED THE POPULATION TO BE
100,000 BY YEAR 2000. THE STUDY ALSO ANALYZED THE
RIVER FLOW AND INDICATED THE MAJOR PORTION OF
THE WASTE LOADINGS TO BE OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATURE
AND BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND. THE
EQUIVALENT POPULATION PRESENTLY AFFECTING THE
STUDY AREA IS 550,000 9 TIMES THE ACTUAL POPULA-
TION. THE REPORT RECOMMENDS A TRI-COUNTY SEWER
DISTRICT AGENCY BE CREATED TO ADMINISTER THE
PROPOSED SEWER DISTRICT ALLOCATING THE COST OF
THE TREATMENT PLANT ON THE BASIS OF FLOW,
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, AND SUSPENDED
SOLIDS. (W70-07038).
00310. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE PASSAIC
RIVER BASIN, NEW JERSEY.
HAVENS, A.V.
NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA-
TION REPORT, DEC 1969, 125 P.
THE STUDY WAS CONFINED PRIMARILY TO ONE ADVERSE
EFFECT OF THE 1961-1966 DROUGHT FOR WHICH GOOD
QUANTITATIVE DATA WERE AVAILABLE. THE PASSAIC
VALLEY COMMISSION SUPPLIES WATER TO A DENSELY
POPULATED AND RATHER HEAVILY INDUSTRIALIZED SEC-
TION OF NORTHEASTERN NEW JERSEY. THE EFFECT OF
THE DROUGHT ON WATER QUALITY IN THE PASSAIC
RIVER AT LITTLE FALLS AND THE SUBSEQUENT EFFECT
ON THE WATER TREATMENT COSTS OF THE PASSAIC VAL-
LEY WATER COMMISSION ARE THE PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS
OF THIS STUDY. A CLOSELY RELATED INVESTIGATION OF
DROUGHT PROBABILITY IS ALSO INCLUDED IN THE FINAL
SECTION OF THIS REPORT. (PB-190 184) (W70-06960).
00311. CHICAGO WATER SYSTEM, A DESCRIPTION
OF THE SYSTEM AND ITS SANITARY PRO-
TECTION.
CITY OF CHICAGO DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND
SEWERS, 1966.
THIS PAMPHLET DESCRIBES CHICAGO'S WATER SYSTEM
AND ITS SANITARY PROTECTION. IN THE EARLY DAYS OF
SETTLEMENT, CHICAGO DWELLERS DREW THEIR WATER
SUPPLY DIRECTLY FROM THE CHICAGO RIVER AND LAKE
MICHIGAN. AS THE POPULATION SERVED GREW FROM
178,500 AT THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR TO ITS PRESENT
4.6 MILLION IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF 402 SQUARE
MILES, THE RIVERS AND LAKES HAVE BEEN POLLUTED
AND VAST NETWORKS OF PUMPS, PIPES, SEWERS AND
TREATMENT PLANTS HAD TO BE CONSTRUCTED TO MEET
THE DEMANDS OF THE PEOPLE AND INDUSTRY. THUS,
CHICAGO HAD DEVELOPED AND IS OPERATING ONE OF
THE WORLD'S LARGEST WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS. WATER
IS NOW OBTAINED FROM LAKE MICHIGAN THROUGH TWO
OF FOUR INTAKE CRIBS LOCATED TWO TO THREE MILES
OFFSHORE, AND ONE SHORE INTAKE AT EACH OF THE
TWO FILTRATION PLANTS. TEN PUMPING STATIONS, EACH
HAVING 5 PUMPS, DELIVER MORE THAN ONE BILLION
GALLONS PER DAY THROUGH 4,083 MILES OF PIPES. THE
NEWER AND LARGER OF CHICAGO'S TWO FILTRATION
PLANTS IS THE CENTRAL PLANT WHICH IS CAPABLE OF
PRODUCING TREATED WATER AT A RATE OF 1.7 BILLION
GALLONS PER DAY. IT WENT INTO OPERATION IN 1964
AND BECAME, BY FAR, THE LARGEST WATER TREATMENT
PLANT IN THE WORLD. THE SOUTH PLANT, BUILT IN 1947,
IS THE SECOND LARGEST PLANT IN THE WORLD. COST TO
THE CONSUMER IS FIVE CENTS PER TON OF WATER. THIS
IS THE CHEAPEST RATE OF ALL MAJOR CITIES IN THE
UNITED STATES. (W70-06923.
00312. ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
METROPOLITAN SYSTEM.
COLE, H.M. JR.
SAN DIEGO DEPT. OF UTILITIES, 1968, 85 P
THE PROBLEMS AND ALTERNATIVES IN THE HANDLING
AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM THE SAN DIEGO
METROPOLITAN SEWERAGE ARE DESCRIBED. SAN DIEGO
HAS A CONTINUING PROBLEM OF FINDING SITES FOR
SOLID WASTES DISPOSAL. FOR THE NEXT 10 YEARS
THOUGH, THE CANYONS SURROUNDING M1RAMAR AIR
66
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REFERENCE LIST
STATION WILL BE USED FOR SANITARY FILL OPERATIONS.
ON THE BASIS OF COST FACTORS ONLY, THREE BASIC AL-
TERNATIVES THAT ARE SUITED TO THE SAN DIEGO AREA
ARE COMPARED. THE CLASSIFICATIONS ARE: (1) OCEAN
DISPOSAL (2) COMBUSTION AND ASH DISPOSAL, AND (3)
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SLUDGE. IT WAS CONCLUDED
THAT HAULING WASTES TO THE DESERT AND VARIOUS
METHODS OF INCINERATION ARE EXPENSIVE AND
SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED UNLESS AFTER ALTERNA-
TIVES OF LAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL PROVE TO BE
UNACCEPTABLE. COMBUSTION OF SLUDGE HAS DISAD-
VANTAGES. THE PRESENT METHOD OF SHIPPING WASTE
TO FIESTA ISLAND IS HIGHLY DESIRABLE AND THE COST IS
LOW, BUT MAY BE TERMINATED SOON. DISPOSAL TO THE
OCEAN THROUGH AN OUTFALL IS ADVANTAGEOUS BUT IS
NOT PERMITTED BY PRESENT POLICIES OF THE WATER
QUALITY CONTROL BOARD. RESEARCH IS SUGGESTED.
(W70-06916).
00313. LIFE AND HEALTH ASSURANCE.
GRIFFIN, G.E.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43(7), 1292-
1297. 1968.
RECENT DATA INDICATING TREATMENT PLANT ACCIDENT
RATE ARE CITED AS BEING 7 TIMES GREATER THAN THAT
FOR 41 MAJOR INDUSTRIES. SEVERAL SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
OF POOR SAFETY PRACTICE ARE CITED; FOR EXAMPLE,
LOW LEVEL BRIDGES WHERE SKULLS ARE CRACKED AND
ELECTRICAL FIXTURES IN EXPLOSIVE AREAS NEAR
DIGESTERS. DESIGN, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ALL
PLAY VITAL ROLES IN ACHIEVING A GOOD SAFETY PRO-
GRAM. A WELL-CONSTRUCTED SAFETY PROGRAM IS AN
IMPORTANT AND NECESSARY PART OF ANY FACILITY IN
ORDER TO PREVENT A LOSS OF LIFE, INJURY, AND TO
KEEP LOSS OF WORK TIME AT A MINIMUM. DANGEROUS
ACCIDENTS CAN BE AVOIDED BY EMPLOYING A WELL-
DESIGNED, STRICTLY ENFORCED SAFETY PROGRAM.
RECENT AWARENESS OF THE PROBLEM WILL IMPROVE
THE SAFETY OUTLOOK. (W70-06900).
00314. DESIGN OF THE NEWTOWN CREEK WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT.
CUNETTA, J.; FEUER, R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(4) 643-
658, 1968.
THE INTERCEPTING SEWER SYSTEM FOR THE NEWTOWN
CREEK PROJECT SERVES PORTIONS OF THE BURROUGHS
OF MANHATTAN, BROOKLYN, AND QUEENS, AND COL-
LECTS FROM A DRAINAGE AREA OF 15, 389 ACRES. THE
NEWTOWN CREEK TREATMENT PLANT UTILIZES HIGH-
RATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, AND HAS A DESIGN
CAPACITY OF 310 MGD FROM AN ESTIMATED EQUIVALENT
POPULATION OF 2,500,000. INCLUDED IN THE REPORT IS A
DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA AND POPULATION SERVED,
THE WASTE WATER TREATED, METHODS OF CON-
VEYANCE, RECEIVING WATER WAYS, PLANT SITE, AND
TREATMENT UNITS USED. THE DIMENSIONS, CAPACITIES,
AREAS, LOADINGS, REMOVAL CAPABILITIES, VOLUMES,
OPERATING CONDITIONS, DETENTION TIMES AND OTHER
PARAMETERS ARE TABULA TED FOR EACH UNIT PROCESS.
THE FACILITY INCLUDES GRIT CHAMBERS, AERATION
TANKS, SEDIMENTATION TANKS, DIGESTERS, AND THE
FACILITIES FOR HYPOCHLORINA TION OF PLANT EF-
FLUENT THE HIGH RATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS IS
DESIGNED TO ACHIEVE REMOVALS OF 70% OF THE
SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND 60% OF THE BOD, BOTH OF
WHICH ARE ESTIMATED AT 200 MG/L INFLUENT. A HIGH-
RATE DIGESTION IS PROVIDED FOR THE SLUDGE PRIOR TO
BARGING TO SEA. WHEN COMPLETED, THE NEWTOWN
CREEK WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT WILL HAVE
COST APPROXIMATELY $167,000,000. (W70-077I 1).
00315. CLOSED LOOP CHLORINATION FOR WASTE
WATERS.
THOMAS, A.A.; BROWN, W.H.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(4), 684-
688, 1968.
CLOSED LOOP CHLORINATION PROVIDES A RELATIVELY
INEXPENSIVE METHOD BY WHICH ALL TREATMENT
PLANTS CAN PROVIDE EFFECTIVE CHLORINATION. HARD-
WARE TO PROVIDE CHLORINATION CONTROL BY FLOW
HAS BEEN AVAILABLE AND IN SATISFACTORY USE FOR
MANY YEARS. IT COSTS APPROXIMATELY $5,000 AND
REQUIRES MAINTENANCE AS DOES ANY INSTRUMENTA-
TION EQUIPMENT. THESE INSTRUMENTS CAN REPLACE
FOUR MEN REQUIRED TO MEASURE CHLORINE RESIDUALS
AROUND THE CLOCK AND ACTUALLY COMPUTE CONTINU-
OUS CHLORINE RESIDUALS WHICH CAN BE RECORDED.
THE INFORMATION FROM CHLORINE RESIDUAL INSTRU-
MENTS CAN BE RETURNED TO CONTROLS WHICH CHANGE
THE RATE OF CHLORINE FEED TO THE WASTE WATER.
THIS SYSTEM OF CONTINUALLY DETERMINING CHLORINE
RESIDUAL AND CONTINUALLY ADJUSTING THE RATE OF
CHLORINE FEED TO GET A PREDETERMINED CHLORINE
RESIDUAL IS CALLED CLOSED LOOP CHLORINATION. THE
LOOP IS FORMED BY FEEDING BACK UPSTREAM CONTROL
INFORMATION. THE FUTURE EFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT
EXPECTED WILL MAKE ACCURATE MANUAL CONTROL AL-
MOST IMPOSSIBLE, LEAVING CLOSED LOOP CHLORINA-
TION THE ANSWER FOR ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE
CHLORINATION OF TREATED AND UNTREATED WASTE
WATERS. (W70-07714).
00316. NEW PROCESS TO REMOVE PHENOLS FROM
WASTE WATER.
LEWIS, W.L.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(5) PART
1, 869-872, 1968.
A PROCESS TO EXTRACT PHENOLS FROM CATALYTIC
CRACKING DISTILLATE WATER RECENTLY WAS
DEVELOPED BY HUMBLE OIL AND REFINING COMPANY.
WITH A 12- X 40-FT ELECTROSTATIC TREATING DRUM,
THIS EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE CAN REDUCE THE PHENOL
CONTENT OF CAT-CRACKER DISTILLATE WATER UP TO
90%. THE WATER TREATED, CONDENSATE DISTILLED
WATER, USUALLY CONTAINS MORE THAN 300 MG/L OF
PHENOLS. BECAUSE OF THE VOLUME OF CONDENSATE
WATER NORMALLY IS 5 TO 15% OF THE HYDROCARBON
DISTILLATE VOLUME, THE TOTAL PHENOLS IN THE EF-
FLUENT WATER STREAM CAN AMOUNT TO SEVERAL HUN-
DRED POUNDS PER DAY. BY THOROUGHLY MIXING THE
DISTILLATE WATER WITH CYCLE OIL AND THEN ALLOW-
ING THE EMULSION TO SEPARATE, THE PHENOL PARTI- .
TIONS ITSELF BETWEEN THE TWO EMISSIONABLE LIQUIDS
WITH MOST OF IT TRANSFERRING TO THE HYDROCARBON
PHASE. PARTICLES BORUGHT ABOUT BY A 20,000 TO
40,000-VOLT POTENTIAL. THE INSTALLED COST OF THE
DEVICE WAS LEE PROCESS CHOSEN FOR THE UN-
RECLAIMABLE PORTION OF THE WASTES WAS EXTENDED
AERATSS THAN $200,000. (W70-07722).
00317. LAND RECLAMATION-^ COMPLETE SOLU-
TION OF THE SLUDGE AND SOLIDS
DISPOSAL PROBLEM.
DALTON, F.E.; STEIN, J.E.; LYNAM, B.T.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(5), 789-
804, 1968.
THE WEST-SOUTHWEST PLANT OF CHICAGO HANDLES AP-
PROXIMATELY 825 TONS/DAY OF SOLIDS. IN ORDER TO
HANDLE THIS LOAD 4 METHODS ARE USED: (I) HEAT
DRIED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PRODUCING APPROXIMATELY
435 TONS/DAY, (2) WET AIR OXIDATION PROCESS APPROX-
67
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
IMATELY 145 TONS/DAY, (3) HEATED DIGESTERS, 100
TONS/DAY, AND (4) IMHOFF TANK SLUDGE 145 TONS/DAY.
TO THIS SHOULD BE ADDED 90 TONS/DAY FROM THE
CALUMET PLANT MAKING A TOTAL OF OVER 900
TONS/DAY OF SLUDGE ON A DRY BASIS. THE SOLIDS
DISPOSAL COST IS APPROXIMATELY 14.5 MILLION DOL-
LARS PER YEAR, OR 46% OF THE ANNUAL MAINTENANCE
AND OPERATION BUDGET. A PROPOSED LAND RECLAMA-
TION PLAN SATISFYING THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA IS
REVIEWED. (1) IT MUST MEET ENVIRONMENTAL STAN-
DARDS, NO AIR OR WATER POLLUTION, (2) IT MUST SOLVE
THE PROBLEM INTO PERPETUITY, (3) THE METHOD
SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL, AND (4) THE ORGANIC MATTER
SHOULD BE CONSERVED FOR BENEFICIAL USE. IMPLEMEN-
TATION OF THE RECLAMATION PLANT REQUIRES
RESEARCH AND CAREFUL PLANNING. OF SPECIAL IN-
TEREST IS THAT PORTION OF THE PLAN FOR LIQUID AS
WELL AS SOLID DISPOSAL. SOME AREAS UTILIZING WASTE
FOR LAND RECLAMATION ARE DOCUMENTED. (W70-
07724).
00318. DESIGNS OF A MEAT PACKING WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT.
WILLOUGHBY, E.; PATTON, V.D.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(1), 132-
137, 1968.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION IS GIVEN OF THE IN-PLANT ACTIONS
TAKEN TO ELIMINATE THE SOURCES OF POLLUTION
THROUGH THEIR RECLAMATION. FOR EXAMPLE, ALL THE
VISCERA, HORNS, HOOVES, AND OTHER 1NEDIBLES WERE
HASHED AND COOKED, AND THE GREASE RECLAIMED.
THION MODIFICATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE. THE BASIC
COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM AS DESIGNED AND IN-
STALLED INCLUDE A SEDIMENTATION AND GREASE
SKIMMING FACILITY, EXTENDED AERATION, AND AEROBIC
DIGESTION. THE AEROBIC DISGEST1ON SYSTEM CONSISTS
OF TWO AERATION TANKS AND AN AEROBIC TANK, FINAL
SETTLING TANK, WITH AN AIR-LIFT SLUDGE RETURN
SYSTEM, 5-ACRE AEROBIC STABILIZATION POND, MULTI-
STAGE AIR COMPRESSOR FACILITY, CHLORINATION
FACILITY, AND DETENTION POND. TESTING OF COMPOSITE
SAMPLES OVER A MONTH PERIOD INDICATED THAT: (1)
THE BIOLOGICAL LOAD WAS ABOUT EQUAL TO THE
DESIGN LOAD OF 2,000 LBS. BOD PER DAY, (2) THE
HYDRAULIC LOAD WAS ABOUT 160% OF THE DESIGN BASIS
OF 315,000 BAL/DAY, (3) BOD REMOVAL AVERAGED 84%,
(5) SETTLEABLE SOLIDS REMOVAL AVERAGED 98%, (6)
GREASE REMOVAL AVERAGED 98%. TOTAL COST OF THE
FACILITY WAS ABOUT $250,000. (W70-07725).
00319. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CHLORINE
MIXING AND CONTACT CHAMBERS.
LOUIE, D.S.; FOHRMAN, M.S.
7 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(2), PART
1, 174-184, 1968.
BECAUSE OF THE SIZE AND COST OF THE PROPOSED POST-
CHLORINATION FACILITY FOR METROPOLITAN SANITARY
DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO (330 MGD) IT WAS DE-
CIDED THAT AN EXTENSIVE MODEL STUDY WOULD BE
DESIRABLE. THE SCALE FINALLY DECIDED UPON WAS 1
TO 10, AND BECAUSE OF THE PHYSICAL LARGENESS OF
THE MODEL, RESULTS WERE CONSIDERED TO BE MORE
RELIABLE THAN USUALLY COULD BE EXTRAPOLATED
FROM A MODEL TO PROTOTYPE. SINCE THE PROTOTYPE
WAS TO CONSIST OF TWO SYMMETRICAL BATTERIES IT
WAS NECESSARY TO MODEL ONLY ONE HALF OF THE
PROTOTYPE. CONFETTI AND DYE WERE USED FOR VISUAL
OBSERVATION OF MIXING IN THE MIXING CHAMBER AND
DISTRIBUTION OF FLOW IN THE CONTACT CHAMBER.
FIVER BASIC CONTACT CHAMBER SCHEMES WERE TESTED
FOR THEIR COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCES FROM THE
STANDPOINT OF FLOW PATTERNS, HEAD LOSS, AND DE-
TENTION TIME. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY ON THE MIX-
ING CHAMBER AND DIFFUSER SYSTEM PROVIDED AN EF-
FECTIVE MEANS OF EVALUATING THE METHOD OF IN-
TRODUCING AND MIXING CHLORINE WITH THE PLANT EF-
FLUENT. THE MOST EFFICIENT DESIGN FOR THE CONTACT
CHAMBER WAS A VAN-BAFFLE SYSTEM. THE SCHEME WAS
SUPERIOR FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS. (I) IT HAD
LOWEST HEAD LOSS OF ALL THE SCHEMES STUDIED. (2) IT
HAD THE HIGHEST MINIMUM AND MEAN DETENTION
TIME. (3) IT WAS THE MOST DESIRABLE OF ALL SCHEMES
AS REGARDS SEDIMENTATION BECAUSE OF A MORE
UNIFORM FLOW PATTERN. (W70-07726).
00320. FLOCCULATION OF BULK ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WITH POLYELECTROLYTES.
SINGER, P.C.; PIPES, W.O.; HERMANN, E.R.
./ WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(2), PART
2, R1-R9, 1968.
BULK SLUDGE CAN BE FLOCCULATED AND CERTAIN CA-
T1ONIC POLYELECTROLYTES ARE FLOCCULANTS OF BULK
ACTIVATED SLUDGE. THE OPTIMUM CONCENTRATION FOR
THE TWO CATIONIC POLYMERS STUDIED WERE FOUND TO
DEPEND ON THE INITIAL SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX AND ON
THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONTENT. THE GREATER THE
SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION, THE GREATER WAS
THE POLYMER REQUIREMENT, AND THE GREATER THE
FINAL SETTLED VOLUME. AS MORE POLYMER IS ADDED
BEYOND THE POINT OF MAXIMUM FLOCCULATION, THE
FLOC BECOMES LARGER RESULTING IN GREATER SETTLED
VOLUME DUE TO TRAPPED WATER. THE USE OF CATIONIC
POLYMERS IN FLOCCULATED BULK SLUDGE RESULTED IN
THE DISCHARGE OF A CLEAR STABLE EFFLUENT AT
DOSAGES OF BETWEEN 2 AND 3 MG/L. HOWEVER, IT WAS
ALSO FOUND TO BE SUCCESSFUL AT A DOSAGE OF 50
MG/L. THE TREATMENT COSTS WERE: ALUM,
S9.40/MILLION GALLONS; CATIONIC POLYMER A,
$650/MILLION GALLONS; CATIONIC POLYMER B,
S20.00/MILLION GALLONS. SLUDGE ONCE COAGULATED BY
A POLYMER SEEMED RESISTANT TO SUBSEQUENT
POLYMER COAGULATION DURING EXPERIMENTS OF
RECYCLING OF SLUDGE. (W70-07727).
00321. USE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN OF SANITARY
SEWER SYSTEMS.
DECICCO, P.R.; SOEHNGEN, H.F.; TAKAG1, J.
./ WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(2), PART
1,269-284, 1968.
THE ELECTRONIC COMPUTER TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED
FOR THE DESIGN OF MUNICIPAL SANITARY WASTEWATER
COLLECTION SYSTEMS INCLUDE LINKED PROGRAMS FOR
ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOW, DESIGN OF SEWERS, COM-
PUTATION OF PARTIAL FLOW CHARACTERISTICS, AND
ESTIMATE OF COSTS. THE SYSTEM RECENTLY WAS AP-
PLIED TO THE DESIGN OF MERRICK HARBOR COLLECTION
DISTRICT SYSTEM IN NASSAU COUNTY, NEW YORK, WHICH
HAS AN AREA OF ABOUT 5 SO. Ml. AND AN ULTIMATE
POPULATION OF 39,500. THE PROGRAMS ARE APPLICABLE
TO ANY AREA, REGARDLESS OF SIZE, TOPOGRAPHY, CON-
FIGURATION, OR OTHER SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN-
PUTS INCLUDE BASIS FOR ESTIMATING DESIGN FLOWS
SEWER DESIGN CRITERIA, DEMOGRAPHIC, TOPOGRAPHIC
AND GEOLOGIC DATA AND SEWER LAYOUT REQUIRE-
MENTS. THE PROGRAM ALSO ACCEPTS INFORMATION
ABOUT POTENTIAL OBSTRUCTIONS AND LOCATES SEWERS
TO AVOID INTERFERENCE. THE COMPUTERIZED
PROCEDURE IMPROVED BOTH QUALITY AND QUANTITY
OF OUTPUT AND RELEASED ENGINEERING PERSONNEL
FROM ROUTINE COMPUTATIONS. (W70-07732
68
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REFERENCE LIST
00322. CENTRAL PRE-TREATMENT OF OMAHA
PACKING HOUSE WASTE WATERS.
MEIER, E.B.; KORBITZ, W.E.
7 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(4), 627-
636, 19689.
THE DAILY KILL DAY DISCHARGES OF WASTE WATER
FROM THE MEAT PACKING OPERATIONS IN THE CITY OF
OMAHA AVERAGE MORE THAN 15 MILLION GALLONS AND
CONTAIN AT LEAST 70 DRY TONS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS
IN ADDITION TO APPROXIMATELY 25-40 DRY TONS OF
ANIMAL FAT. THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS ARE PREDOMI-
NANTLY KILL FLOOR SCRAPS AND PAUNCH MANURE
FROM CATTLE, HOGS, AND SHEEP. THE SIMPLE AND INEX-
PENSIVE METHOD OF PAUNCH MANURE AND GREASE
DISPOSAL BY SLUICING FROM THE PREMISES IS NO
LONGER ACCEPTABLE. THE DIFFICULTY OF OWNING AND
OPERATING PRIVATELY 18 SEPARATE FACILITIES WOULD
BE DIFFICULT IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE. THE CITY AND INDUS-
TRY JOINED HANDS IN AN EFFORT TO FIND AN ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE SOLUTION. THE FINAL SOLUTION IN-
VOLVED THE DESIGN OF COLLECTOR SEWER SYSTEMS,
GRAVITY SETTLING BASINS, CONVENTIONAL DEWATER-
ING AND CONVEYING FACILITIES, AIR FLOTATION UNITS,
SOLIDS AND SKIMMINGS STORAGE, AND A CONTINUOUS
DEHYDRATION SYSTEM FOR SKIMMINGS USING OIL AS A
PROCESS VEHICLE. THE PRE-TREATED WASTE WATER
WILL BE DISCHARGED TO THE CITY SEWERS. TOTAL ESTI-
MATED COST OF THE OMAHA PLANT IS 6.7 MILLION DOL-
LARS AND WILL BE FINANCED CHIEFLY BY BONDS. THE
BONDS WILL BE FUNDED FROM REVENUES DERIVED FROM
THE SALE OF PROCESSES GREASE RECOVERED FROM THE
TWO-STAGE FACILITY, AND BY PAYMENTS FROM IN-
DIVIDUAL PACKING COMPANIES. (W70-07807).
00323. CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WASTE WATER
FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL.
ELIASSEN, R.; TOHOBANOGLOUS, G.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(5), PART
28 R17I-R1SO, 1968.
NUTRIENT REMOVAL METHODS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS
BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL. CHEMICAL
METHODS FOR THE REMOVAL OF NITROGEN INCLUDE;
AMMONIA STRIPPING, ION EXCHANGE, AND ELECTRO-
CHEMICAL TREATMENT. CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION, ION
EXCHANGE, SORBT1ON, AND ELECTRO-CHEMICAL TREAT-
MENT ARE ALSO AVAILABLE FOR REMOVAL OF
PHOSPHORUS TYPICAL REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES ARE 80-
980} NITROGEN AND 85-997, FOR PHOSPHORUS. THE KEY
FACTORS IN PLANNING AND DESIGNING NUTRIENT
REMOVAL FACILITIES ARE THE NUTRIENTS TO BE
REMOVED, THE USE OF TREATED WASTE WATER, MEANS
FOR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINANTS, AND
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY. COSTS FOR DIFFERENT
PROCESSES VARY WIDELY. FOR EXAMPLE, SOIL SPREAD-
ING VARIES BETWEEN $0.001 TO $0.3/1000 GAL. WHILE
DEEP-WELL INJECTION VARIES BETWEEN $13 AND $27/1000
PHOSHPORUS REMOVAL VARIES BETWEEN $40 AND $70
PER MILLION GAL. (W70-078 10).
00324. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE FIRST
DIGESTER GAS TURBINE IN THE U.S.A..
HUNT, H.H.; CLARKE, W.N. SR.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(7), 1346-
1357, 1968.
THE GAS TURBINE NOW IN OPERATION AT THE COUNTY
SANITATION DISTRICTS OK ORANGE COUNTY, CALIFOR-
NIA, IS THE FIRST IN -THE UNITED STATES AND THE
SECOND IN THE WORLD TO UTILIZE WASTE DIGESTER GAS
AS A FUEL. THE PAPER PRESENTS THE THINKING AND
DECISIONS WHICH LEAD TO THE TURBINE SYSTEM'S
DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. THE TURBINE
GENERATOR IS SUITED IDEALLY FOR PEAKING AND
STAND-BY POWER GENERATION AS IT IS NOT NECESSARY
TO START A BOILER AND WAIT FOR TEAM GENERATION
BEFORE POWER CAN BE PRODUCED. ALSO THE TURBINE
REQUIRES MUCH LESS SPACE THAN THE DIESEL ENGINE.
THE UNIT IS LIGHTWEIGHT AND CAN PRODUCE 70 TO 140
KILOWATTS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PER TON OF TOTAL
MACHINERY AS COMPARED TO 27 KILOWATTS PER TON
WITH THE DIESEL ENGINE. ONE OF THE BIGGEST AD-
VANTAGES OF THE GAS TURBINE IS THAT NO WATR IS
NEEDED FOR EITHER COOLING OR POWER, WITH THE EX-
CEPTION OF WATER REQUIRED TO COOL THE GAS. THE
TURBINE PURCHASED IS A DUAL FUEL TYPE RATED AT
1080 KILOWATTS, AND DRIVES A SYNCHRONOUS
BRUSHLESS ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR RATED
AT 1000 KILOWATTS. THE EXHAUST GAS FROM THE TUR-
BINE PASSES THROUGH A HEAT RECOVERY UNIT WHICH
HAS A STEAM CAPACITY RATING OF 12,000 POUNDS PER
HOUR. THE STEAM FROM THIS UNIT DRIVES A STEAM TUR-
BINE WHICH IN TURN DRIVES A 300 KILOWATT INDUCTION
GENERATOR. THE INITIAL COST OF THE ABOVE EQUIP-
MENT WAS $258,000. COST FOR INSTALLATION WAS
$261,000. (W70-07813).
00325. EFFECT OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AND BOD ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PRODUCTION.
VOSHEL, D.; SAK, J.G.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(5), PART
2, R203-R212, 1968.
THE GRAND RAPIDS WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 1929, AND CONSISTED OF A PRIMA-
RY PLANT ONLY. IN 1953 THE PLANT WAS EXPANDED TO
INCLUDE THEACT1VATED SLUDGE PROCESS, AND AGAIN
IN 1958 IT WAS EXPANDED MORE. THE PRIMARY EF-
FLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS LEVEL WAS OBSERVED TO
HAVE A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF
EXCESS SLUDGE PRODUCTION. THE PRIMARY EFFLUENT
SUSPENDED SOLIDS CAN BE CONTROLLED BY ADDITION
OF AN ORGANIC FLOCCULANT TO THE RAW WASTE
WATER STREAM. APPROXIMATELY 1 MG/L OF ANION1C
POLYMER WAS ADDED TO THE RAW WASTE WATER
AHEAD OF THE GRIT CHANNEL. LITTLE FLOCCULATION
OCCURRED IN THE GRIT CHANNEL, BUT TURBULENCE AT
THE PROPORTIONAL WEIRS OF THE CHANNEL EXIT PRO-
VIDED EXCELLENT MIXING. THE RESULTING FLLOCULA-
T1ON REMOVED A GREATER PORTION OF BOD THAN IS
REMOVED NORMALLY ACROSS THE PRIMARY CLAR1FIER.
ADDITIONAL REMOVAL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND BOD
ACROSS THE PRIMARIES RESULTED IN REDUCTION OF
EXTRA SLUDGE. PRIMARY EFFLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS
DROPPED FROM 112 MG/L TO 45 MG/L. THE PRIMARY EF-
FLUENT BOD DROPPED FROM 77 MG/L TO 54 MG/L. EXCESS
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PRODUCTION WAS REDUCED FROM
34,000 LBS/DAY TO 13,500 LBS/DAY. SAVINGS IN THE
PLANT OPERATING COSTS RESULTED FROM REDUCTION
OF AERATION AIR REQUIRMENTS, DECREASE IN CHLORINE
DEMAND AND IMPROVED FILTERABILITY OF THE SLUDGE.
THE FINAL EFFLUENT QUALITY ALSO IMPROVED. (W70-
7814).
00326. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
BAKER, R.A. JR.
WATER AND WASTE TREATMENT 12(il), 356-360,
1970.
THE PRESENT STATE AND FUTURE OUTLOOK FOR LARGE
WATER DESALTING PLANTS WERE EXAMINED USING AD-
69
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
VANCES IN SIZE AND EFFICIENCY CREATED OVER THE
PAST TWELVE YEARS. AMERICAN INDUSTRY HAS MADE
THESE IMPRESSIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO WATER DESALT-
ING. YET LARGER PLANTS THAT REALIZE THE FIELD
ECONOMY OF SIZE AVAILABLE FROM A PROVEN
TECHNOLOGY (I. E. FLASH DISTILLATION) TO REDUCE
COST OF WATER FOR UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS, ARE
NEEDED. THE KUWAIT LAND-BASED DESALTING PLANT
BUILT IN 1957 BY WESTTNGHOUSE WAS CITED AS AN EX-
AMPLE OF FLASH DISTILLATION. THE BASICALLY SIMPLE
DESIGN INVOLVED FOUR STAGES. HOLDING DOWN THE
FIRST COST WAS MORE IMPORTANT IN THIS CASE THAN
DESIGNING FOR HIGH OPERATING EFFICIENCY SINCE 1957
WHEN THE FIRST KUWAIT PLANT WENT INTO OPERATION,
THREE MORE WERE PUT INTO OPERATION IN 1968. THEY
PRODUCE WATER FOR ONLY A FRACTION OF THE COST
ATTAINED IN THE FIRST LARGE DESALTING PLANT.
ANOTHER PLANT BUILT AT POINT LOMA, NEAR SAN
DIEGO, CALIFORNIA WAS DESIGNED FOR EFFICIENCY. IT
HAD THIRTY-SIX STAGES AND OPERATED IT WITH EITHER
OF TWO SCALE CONTROL SYSTEMS. ANOTHER BUILT AT
THE GUANTANAMO BAY NAVAL BASE IN CUBA WAS A
DUAL-PURPOSE WATER-DESALTING PLANT AND OP-
TIMIZED FULL EFFICIENCY AS WELL AS HELD DOWN
CAPITAL COST. OTHER PLANTS WERE DESCRIBED WHICH
DEMONSTRATED CONTINUING CHANGE FOR EFFICIENCY
AND ECONOMY. THE OPTIMUM LARGE PLANTS OF THE FU-
TURE MAY INCORPORATE OTHER TECHNOLOGIES OF
FLASH DISTILLATION, AND THUS PRODUCE NOT ONLY
MULTIPLE QUALITIES OF WATER, BUT ALSO REPROCESS
THAT WATER FOR RE-USE. (W70-07854).
TO THE INFLUENT END OF THE AERATION TANK TO OB-
TAIN HIGHEST BOD EFFICIENCY. OPERATING COSTS
AVERAGE 0.6 CENTS PER POUND OF BOD INFLUENT PER
DAY, ABOUT 33 PERCENT LESS THAN THE COST FOR A
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PLANT. (W70-07964).
00329. ECONOMICAL UTILIZATION OF CAUSTIC
SODA IN COTTON BLEACHERIES.
STEELE, W.R.
AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER, 51(1), 29-30
1962.
PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR INCREASING
THE QUANTITY AND CONCENTRATION OF RECOVERED
CAUSTIC SODA LIQUOR TO PERMIT REUSE OF THE MAX-
IMUM AMOUNT OF CAUSTIC SODA WITHOUT RECONDI-
TIONING. IF THE CONCENTRATION OF CAUSTIC USED
LIQUOR IS NOT TOO LOW, IT CAN BE EVAPORATED, PU-
RIFIED, AND REUSED. BECAUSE IMPURITIES MUST BE CON-
CENTRATED BEFORE EVAPORATION, FILTRATION IS
REQUIRED. SOMETIMES, DIALYSIS IS NECESSARY TO
REDUCE SOLUBLE IMPURITY CONTENT. A CAUSTIC REU-
TIL1ZATION SURVEY MAY SHOW THAT, ALTHOUGH COL-
LECTION, FILTRATION, EVAPORATION, D1ALYZATION, AND
RE-EVAPORATION MAY BE NEEDED, ANNUAL COST
SAVINGS MAY EXCEED 50 PERCENT. BENEFICIAL SIDE EF-
FECTS SUCH AS INCREASED YARDAGE RETURN AND AL-
LEVIATION OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION MAY ALSO BE
OBTAINED. (W70-07965).
00327. NEW PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF EF-
FLUENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY (IN
GERMAN).
ZIETSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE TEXTILE INDUS-
TRIES, 64(4), 299-304, 1962.
A NEW PROCESS WHICH DISPENSES WITH THE NEED FOR A
LARGE STORAGE VESSEL AND IS THUS PARTICULARLY
RECOMMENDED FOR INDUSTRIAL CONCERNS IN HIGHLY
BUILT-UP AREAS CONSISTS IN THE ADDITION OF A FLOC-
CULATION AGENT TO AN INTENSE AERATION OF THE IM-
PURITIES AS A SURFACE SKIN WHICH CAN BE EASILY
REMOVED BY ADSOR EFFLUENT WITH SIMULTANEOUS PH
ADJUSTMENT. THIS PRECIPITATES SOLID AND COL-
LOITJALPTION INTO ARTIFICIAL RESINS. TYPICAL LAYOUTS
FOR TH1: TREATMENT PLANT ARE SHOWN AND COSTS ARE
DISCUSSED. (W70-U7961).
00328. SIMPLE BIO-AERATION
WASTES CHEAPLY.
KILLS STRONG
RIDGWAY, F.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 70(1), 40-41, 1963.
A NEW BIO-AERATION SYSTEM, BASED ON ACTION OF
MICROORGANISMS IN A ONE-STAGE, PROLONGED
PROCESS, IS HELPING TEXTILE MILLS REMOVE UP TO 90
PERCENT OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND FROM
STRONG STARCH DESIZING WASTES. DEVELOPED BY R. H.
SOUTHER. GREENSBORO. NORTH CAROLINA, THE PROCESS
HAS FOUR MAJOR ADVANTAGES: ( 1 ) LOWER OPERATONAL
COST. (2) ELIMINATION OF PRIMARY SETTLING TANKS
AND ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTERS. (3) DECREASES IN
THE ADVERSE EFFECT FROM VARIABLE FLOW, CHANGES
IN PH. AND SHOCK ORGANIC LOADINGS IN "TREATMENT OF
SEWAGE AND NON-TOXIC ORGANIC WASTES. AND (4) IN-
CREASED FLEXIBILITY IN THE USE OF AIR TO OBTAIN
DESIRED EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS. WASTE WATER
PASSES 'THROUGH A BAR SCREEN AND A MEASURING
DEVICE INTO AN AERATION 'TANK. THEN THROUGH BAF-
FLES TO A FINAL SETTLING TANK. AND FINALLY OVER
WEIRS TO THE RECEIVING STREAM. SLUDGE IS RETURNED
00330. TEXTILE WATER POLLUTION CLEANUP PICKS
UP SPEED.
PINAULT, R.W.
TEXTILE WORLD, 117, P52-66, 1967.
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY WILL BE
REQUIRED TO SPEND $350 MILLION DOLLARS IN THE NEXT
10 YEARS TO REDUCE THE POLLUTION FROM THEIR
PLANTS TO AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL. FOR A PLANT DYE-
ING AND FINISHING ISO MILLION YARDS OF FABRIC A
YEAR, AN ADDED COST MAY BE ABOUT ONE-TENTH OF A
CENT PER YARD. THE OPERATION OF FIVE PLANTS ARE
DESCRIBED. THESE ARE: (1) PLANT FOR THE DYEING AND
BLEACHING OF TRICOT FABRIC MADE FROM MAN-MADE
FIBERS, (2) A PLANT WHERE COLOR IS REMOVED BY
TREATING WITH LIME AND SETTLING IN A LAGOON, (3) A
PLANT WHERE COLOR WAS NOT A PROBLEM AND USES
AERATION LAGOONS, (4) A PRINTING AND FINSIHING
PLANT USING 9 TO 10 MILLION GALLONS OF WATER PER
DAY, AND (5) A MILL WHICH CAN DISCHARGE ITS WASTE
WATER. AFTER TREATMENT, INTO A LARGE FRESH WATER
LAKE. (W70-07979).
00331. ULTRASONIC EMULSIFICATION OF OIL
TANKER CARGO, TO REDUCE OIL SLICK
HAZARDS IN EVENT OF SPILLAGE AT SEA.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
APR 1970. 164 P.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT WAS TO STUDY THE
FEASIBILITY OF PRODUCING EMULSIFIED OIL AT A RATE
COMPARABLE WITH CONVENTIONAL TANKER LOADING
RATES AND TO INVESTIGATE THE ECONOMIC AND
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS TO DETERMINE BLENDER
PARAMETERS AND EMULSIFIED OIL CHARACTERISTICS,
TWO CRUDE OILS AND ONE FUEL OIL WERE CHOSEN. A
LIBYAN LIGHT OIL, A VENEZUELAN OIL AND NO. 6 FUEL
OIL WERE USED. ONLY TWO EMULS1FIERS WERE USED
AND THEY WERE BASE-NEUTRALIZED SULFONATED
NON1ONICS. THESE ARE COMPATIBLE WITH SEA WATER
AND OK LOW TOXICITY. THE EMULSIIONS TESTED WERE
70
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REFERENCE LIST
OIL-1N-WATER. OIL WAS THE INTERNAL PHASE AND 97%
OF THE TOTAL. WATER AND CHEMICAL WAS TE EXTER-
NAL PHASE AND 3% OF THE TOTAL. THE TESTS ON THE
EMULSIONS WERE TO DETERMINE: STABILITY UNDER
SIMULATED TRANSPORTATION CONDITIONS, DISPERSIBILI-
TY IN SEA WATER, TOX1CITY TO FISH, AND PRODUCT AL-
TERATION. INCLUDED WERE TESTS WITH SAFETY
ASPECTS: EVAPORATION RATES, FLASH POINTS, VAPOR
PRESSURES AND RUPTURE LEAK TESTS. AN ECONOMIC
STUDY WAS MADE WHICH SHOWS EMULSIFICATION COSTS
OF ABOUT 20 CENTS PER BARREL WITHOUT CONSIDERING
POSSIBLE OFFSETS OR SIDE BENEIFTS. (PB-192 633) (W70-
07996).
00332. THERMAL EFFECTS: A REPORT OF UTILITY
ACTION.
OLDS, F.C.
POWER ENGINEERING, 74(4), 26-31, 1970.
THE RESULTS OF A THERMAL DISCHARGE SURVEY CON-
DUCTED BY POWER ENGINEERING ARE DESCRIBED. THE
SURVEY INCLUDED 43% OF ALL UTILITIES IN THE U. S.
WITH 8-MW OR MORE OF STEAM-ELECTRIC GENERATING
CAPACITY. DATA DEALING WITH PERCENT OF RETURN
AND TYPE OF UTILITY IS LISTED IN TABULAR FORM. THE
RESULTS INDICATED THAT 123 UTILITIES OF THE 135 UTIT-
LITES REPORTING MAY NOT BE IN COMPLIANCE WITH EX-
ISTING STANDARDS. MOREOVER, COMPANIES WITH
HIGHER CAPACITIES ARE NOT IN COMPLIANCE AS MUCH
AS THOSE WITH LOWER CAPACITIES. FURTHER, THE SUR-
VEY SHOWED A TENDENCY FOR UTILITIES TO CHANGE
FROM DIRECT DISCHARGE TO COOLING TOWERS FOR
THEIR NEXT PLANTS. TWENTY COMPANIES ESTIMATE
THAT THEY WILL SPEND 157 MILLION DOLLARS ON NEW
PLANTS TO ENSURE THAT THEY MEET NEW WATER TEM-
PERATURE STANDARDS. FROM THIS ANALYSIS, FOUR
MAJOR ASPECTS OF TEMPARATURE COMPLIANCE STAND
OUT CLEARLY. THEY INCLUDE: (1) TEMPERATURE STAN-
DARDS ARE A MOVING TARGET; (2) MIXING ZONES ARE
UNDEFINED; (3) UPPER TEMPERATURE LIMITS ARE
RIGIDLY AND CAPRICIOUSLY SET; AND (4) AS STANDARDS
BECOME MORE STR1NGANT, COSTS SKYROCKET. (W70-
08122).
00333. DISPERSED GROWTH AERATION OF COTTON
FINISHING WASTES. II. EFFECT OF HIGH PH
AND LOWERED AIR RATE.
NEMEROW,N.L.
AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER, 46(16), 575-576,
1957.
BY REDUCING THF. AMOUNT OF AIR AND ELIMINATING
CARBON DIOXIDE USED IN THE AERATION AND
NEUTRALIZATION OF HIGHLY ALKALINE WASTE WATER
FROM 1 COTTON SCOURING AND MERCERIZING OPERA-
TION, A CONSIDERABLE DOLLAR SAVING WAS EFFECTED.
BUT IN SO DOING THE REDUCTION IN THE B. O. D. OF THE
DISCHARGED WATER DROPPED FROM 71 PERCENT TO 33.6
PERCENT. (W70-08138).
00334. COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PROTECTION OF
WATER RESOURCES OF LAKE TAHOE
BASIN THROUGH CONTROLLED WASTE
DISPOSAL.
MCGAUHEY, P.M.; ELiASSEN, R.; ROHLICH, G.;
LUDWIG, H.F.; PEARSON, E.A.
LAKE TAHOE AREA COUNCIL, CALIFORNIA, JUNE
1963, 163 P.
THE LAKE TAHOE SHORE DEVELOPMENT FOR RECREA-
TIONAL PURPOSES, ONE OF THE WORLD'S CLEAREST
LAKES, HAS INCREASED RESIDENT HUMAN POPULATION
AND SUBJECTED IT TO AGGREVATED EUTROPHICATION
INFLUENCES. THIS DETAILED BASE LINE STUDY WAS UN-
DERTAKEN TO DETERMINE RESOURCES OF BASIN, EVALU-
ATE ITS PRESENT STATUS, AND SUGGEST PROGRAMS TO
AVOID FURTHER DETERIORATION. TOPICAL COVERAGE OF
16 CHAPTERS INDICATES ITS SCOPE: INTRODUCTION;
GEOGRAPHY OF BASIN; CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY;
GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY; LAND USE PATTERNS; POPU-
LATION FORECASTS; WATER CONSUMPTION; EXISTING
SEWERAGE FACILITIES; QUANTITY AND CHARACTERSTICS
OF WASTES; GROUND DISPOSAL STUDIES; LIMNOLOGY
AND HYDROGRAPHY OF LAKE TAHOE, LACUSTRINE
EUTROPHICATION; METHODS OF EFFLUENT DISPOSAL;
DESIGN CRITERIA AND COST ESTIMATING BASES; ALTER-
NATIVE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS; SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSION. NINE APPENDICES INCLUDE: LIST OF
FIGURES; PROPOSED COMPACT TERMS FOR TAHOE BASIN;
GLOSSARY OF LIMNOLOG1CAL TERMS; ANALYTICAL
METHODS USED; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS;
MICROPLANKTON ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL CHARAC-
TERSTICS; PERIPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS; PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. THESE STUDIES SUGGEST
THAT LAKE TAHOE IS VERY SENSITIVE TO ADDITIONS OF
PLANT NUTRIENTS, AND THAT ADDITIONAL NITROGEN
WILL BE MORE DAMAGING TO ITS WATER QUALITY THAN
PHOSPHORUS. IDEALLY, CONTROL OF EUTROPHICATION
SHOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED BY DIVERSION OF EFFLUENTS
FROM THE LAKE, OR BY DISTILLATION OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENTS-AT GREAT EXPENSE. (W70-05615).
00335. INDUSTRIAL WATER RECDtCULATION IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
SASMAN, R.T.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
62(5), 269-273, 1970.
A NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES, COMMERCIAL COMPANIES,
AND SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS ARE PARTICIPATING IN
PROGRAMS OF WATER RECIRCULATION IN NORTHEAST-
ERN ILLINOIS. CHEMICAL AND METAL PROCESSING INDUS-
TRIES ARE DOING THE MOST REC1RCULATING AND FOOD
PROCESSORS ARE DOING VERY LITTLE. SIXTEEN SYSTEMS
REDUCED TOTAL PUMPAGE AN AVERAGE OF APPROXI-
MATELY 47 PERCENT. PRIMARY REASONS PRESENTED FOR
RECIRCULATING WATER INCLUDED A CONCERN FOR THE
AVAILABILITY OF THE WATER, THE COST OF WATER, AND
RECENT REGULATIONS REGARDING WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS FOR SURFACE WATERS RECEIVING WASTE
WATER EFFLUENT. (W70-08228).
00336. FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT--THE NEED FOR POLICY
CHANGE.
ELLIS, J.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(5), PART
1,679-684, 1970.
THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS ARE IN BIG CITIES; HOWEVER,
THE LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS HAVE BEEN
NEGLECTED SADLY BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND
IT IS TIME TO SHIFT THE BALANCE. THIS CAN BE DONE BY
ADOPTING SIX CHANGES IN OUR FEDERAL POLICY. (1)
REDRESS THE LARGE CITY INEQUITY BY AUTHORIZING IN-
CENTIVE GRANTS FOR QUALIFYING NEW PROJECTS. (2)
MAKE COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW ABATEMENT FACILI-
TIES ELIGIBLE FOR FEDERAL GRANTS. (3) MAKE THE
FEDERAL GRANT COMMITTMENT RELIABLE AS TO
RECEIPT AND ADEQUATE AS TO DOLLARS. (4)
STRENGTHEN THE MARKET FOR LOCAL BONDS BY
RENOUNCING THE ABORTIVE EFFORT TO TAX MUNICIPAL
BONDS BY REDRESSING THE SUPPLY-DEMAND EQUATION
71
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
BY SUBSTANTIAL FEDERAL SUPPORT. (5) DEVELOP REGU-
LATORY STANDARDS WHICH ENCOURAGE LOCAL COMMU-
NITIES TO DIRECT THEIR WORST LOCAL PROBLEMS AND
WHICH WILL GET THE MOST POLLUTION ABATEMENT FOR
EACH FEDERAL AND LOCAL TAX DOLLAR. (6) EN-
COURAGE THE LOCAL USE OF SEWER SERVICE CHARGES
BY OFFERING A FEDERAL GRANT INCENTIVE, BUT DO NOT
PERMIT ANY INDUSTRY TO DESTROY ANY STREAM FOR A
FEE. (W70-08297).
00337. OXNARD SEWAGE PLANT SOLVES ODOR CON-
TROL PROBLEM.
PATEMAN, S.G.
WATER SEWAGE WORKS, 116(10), 352-353, 1969.
THE OXNARD WASTE TREATMENT PLANT HAS SOLVED AN
EXTREMELY DIFFICULT ODOR CONTROL PROBLEM WHICH
RESULTED FROM THE TREATMENT OF FARM PRODUCE
PROCESSING WASTES. THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF FOG
SPRAY NOZZLES WHIXH DISTRIBUTE A SERIES OF
MALABATE REODORANTS. THE MALABATES CHEMICALLY
TREAT THE ODORS, NOT JUST MASK THEM WITHOUT RAIS-
ING THE ODOR LEVEL. THE MALABATE REODORANTS DO
NOT CORRODE NOZZLES OR PUMPS. TOTAL INSTALLATION
COST OF THE COMPLETE SYSTEM WAS LESS THAN $3,200
AND CHEMICAL COSTS AVERAGE LESS THAN $3,50 PER
DAY. THE SYSTEM IS USED ONLY 6 TO 8 HOURS PER DAY.
(W70-08298).
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT.
PARKER, D.S.; MONSER, J.R.; SP1CER, R.G.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
23RD, MAY 1968. P 710-739.
DATA FROM SEVERAL UNIT PROCESSES WAS ANALYZED
WITH REFERENCE TO ONE PARTICULAR CANNERY WASTE
FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL DESIGN CRITERIA.
DUE TO THE NATURE OF THE DATA, THE INPUT REQUIRE-
MENTS FOR THE SYSTEM DESIGN PROCEDURE WERE
TERMED COST-SIZE-EFFICIENCY (C-S-E) RELATIONSHIPS.
TWELVE ALTERNATIVE UNIT PROCESSES ARE ANALYZED
INCLUDING: ACTIVATED SLUDGE, LAGOONS AND CHEMI-
CAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS. IN THE SYSTEM OP-
TIMIZATION ANALYSES, THE C-S-E RELATIONSHIPS WERE
USED TO DETERMINE THE MINIMUM COST SOLUTION.
DESIGN DATA AND COSTS FOR AN 8 MOD ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PLANT ARE PRESENTED FOR THE LEAST COST
SOLUTION FOR EACH LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY. AT THE
LOWER EFFICIENCIES, AERATION COSTS GO DOWN, BUT
CLARIFICATION COSTS RISE. A LINEAR REGRESSION
MODEL PREDICTING BOD REMOVAL EFFICIENCY IS
PRESENTED FOR LAGOONS, ALTHOUGH THE USE OF
LAGOONS IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR CANNERY WASTES
DUE TO THF. LACK OF NITROGEN AND THE SHOCK LOAD-
ING A LAGOON RECEIVES WHEN THE CANNING SEASON
BEGINS. CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION COMBINED WITH SEDI-
MENTATION ALLOWED BOD REMOVALS TO APPROACH
50*. CHEMICAL OXIDATION WITH POTASSIUM PERMAN-
GANATE OFFERS ATTRACTIONS IN ITS SIMPLICITY OF
OPERATION AND EASE OF CONTROL. ECONOMIC CON-
SIDERATIONS WOULD BE THK MAIN DETERMINANT IN ITS
SELECTION. (W70-08303).
00339. DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS.
SPEECE, R.E.; OROSCO, R-
JOURNAL, SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVISION,
PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL EN-
GINEERS, 96(5.4?), 715-725, 1970.
FOUR INDEPENDENT PARAMETERS WERE STUDIED IN THE
DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS. (1) AIR-WATER
RATIOS, (2) INLET DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION,
(3) DEPTH, AND (4) WATER VELOCITY. EACH DIFFERENT
COMBINATION OF PARAMETERS WILL RESULTS IN DIF-
FERENT CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS. OUTLET DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IS REPORTED IN THIS
STUDY FOR THE FOLLOWING RANGES OF INDEPENDENT
PARAMETERS. (1) AIR-WATER RAT1OS-5 TO 25%, (2) INLET
DISSOLVED OXYGEN-0 TO (00% SATUATION, (3) DEPTH-20
TO 40 FEET, AND (4) WATER VELOCITY-3.6 TO 9.2 FEET
PER SECOND. THE COMPUTER MODEL OF THE GAS
TRANSFER EQUATION ADAPTED TO U-TUBE AERATOR
WAS USED TO EVALUATE THE REAERAT1ON COEFFICIENT
K2. TRANSFER OF GASES OTHER THAN OXYGEN IS
ANALYZED. (W70-08326).
00340. WATER QUALITY: COSTS BENEFITS AND IR-
REDUCIBLES.
STONE, R.; GARBER, W.; FR1EDLAND, H.
JOURNAL, SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVISION,
PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL EN-
GINEERS, 96(5/0), 691-697, 1970.
THE ASCE COMMITTE ON SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE
TREATMENT DESIGN DESIGNED A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR
DISTRUBUTION TO SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVISION
MEMBERSHIP. THE PURPOSE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS
TWOFOLD: (1) TO DETERMINE THE MEMBERSHIP'S AT-
TITUDES AND OPINIONS CONCERNING THE EXISTING AND
FUTURE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF ALTERNATIVE
BENEFICIAL USES OF THE NATION'S WATER RESOURCE
AND A FEW GENERAL QUESTIONS RELATING RESPONSE TO
IMMEDIATE OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE; (2) TO DEMON-
STRATE AN ALGORITM1C TECHNIQUE FOR QUANTIFYING
NONDETERMiNISTIC OR PROBABILISTIC DATA. APPROXI-
MATELY 350 DIVISION MEMBERS (20%) RESPONDED. THEY
GAVE VALUE JUDGEMENT RATINGS (RANGE FROM 1 TO
10) FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS. THE ANALYSIS
OF QUESTIONNAIRES WAS BASED ON BOTH AN AL-
GORITHMIC MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION AND THE
DELPHI METHOD DEVELOPED BY THE RAND CORPORA-
TION. BOTH CONCEPTS WERE TESTED AND FOUND TO SUP-
PORT THREE BASIC PREMISES: (I) THE OPINIONS OF A
LARGE SAMPLE OF INFORMED PERSONS HAVE SIGNIFI-
CANT VALUE, (2) QUALITATIVE JUDGEMENTS CAN BE
QUANTIFIED BY USE OF AN ABSTRACT SCALE OF RELA-
TIVE VALUES, AND (3) AVERAGING, RANKING, AND NOR-
MALIZING THE RESULTING DATA PROVIDES TOOLS FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION ANALYSIS. THE STUDY IN-
DICATED THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO QUANTIFY TO A DEGREE
QUALITATIVE INFORMATION, THAT SANITARY ENGINEERS
ARE AWARE OF 1MPORTANF SOCIAL VALUES, AND THAT
ALTHOUGH EXISTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
WORK IS MAKING A SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION THIS
TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL CAN BE GREATLY IMPROVED
(W70-08328).
00341. CLEAN HATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
SEBASTIAN, F.; SHERWOOD, R.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 116(8), 297-300, 1969.
THE UNIQUE APPLICATION OF THERMAL SYSTEMS FOR
SOLID WASTE RECLAMATION AND DISPOSAL AT THE
SOUTH TAHOr PHOSPHATE REMOVAL AND WATER RECLA-
MATION PLANT WAS PRESENTED THREE UNIQUE THER-
72
-------
REFERENCE LIST
MAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS WERE EMPLOYED. BARTLET
SNOW PACIFIC MULTIPLE HEARTH FURNACES WERE USED
IN THE THERMAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS. THE FIRST
SYSTEM PROCESSES A RELATIVELY WET DEWATERED
SLUDGE, 15-20 PERCENT TOTAL SOLIDS, OBTAINED FROM
THE ADDITION OF LIME TO RAW PRIMARY SLUDGE.
ELIMINATION OF ALL ODORS AND STEAM PLUME WAS OB-
TAINED. LIME TREATMENT OF THE SEWERAGE PLANT EF-
FLUENT PRODUCES ANOTHER DISTRICT SLUDGE WHICH
WAS CENTRIFUGED PRODUCING A CAKE OF ABOUT 50%
MOISTURE. THIS SLUDGE WAS RECALCINED AT TEMPERA-
TURES APPROACHED 1900 DEC F. FOR EVENTUAL
RECOVERY OF THE LIME. DRY LIME STORAGE WAS POSSI-
BLE WITHOUT THE ASSOCIATED DUST PROBLEMS BY THE
APPLICATION OF A THERMAL DISC COOLER. THE TDC
UTILIZED WATER AS THE HEAT TRANSFER LIQUID AND
DECREASED THE TEMPERATURE OF THE CALCINED LIME
FROM 1400 DEC F TO LESS THAN 4OO DEG F. THERE WAS
VIRTUALLY NO RECARBONATION AS THE SYSTEM WAS
TOTALLY ENCLOSED. THE THIRD SYSTEM WAS USED IN
THE REGENRAT1ON OF ACTIVATED CARBON AT THE COST
OF $0.23 PER LB. (W70-08337).
00342. FIELD TRIALS OF ANTIMYCIN AS A SELEC-
TIVE TOXICANT IN CHANNEL CATFISH
PONDS.
BURRESS, R.M.; LUHNING, C.
INVESTIGATIONS IN FISH CONTROL, NO. 25, 1969.
11 P
ANTIMYCIN EFFECTIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY CON-
TROLLED HEAVY INFESTATIONS OF GREEN SUNFISH AND
GOLDEN SHINERS FROM CHANNEL CATFISH PONDS AT A
MISSISSIPPI FISH FARM. AN INITIAL APPLICATION OF 5 P. P.
B. OF ANTIMYCIN IN TWO PONDS AND 7.5 P. P. B. IN THE
THIRD POND ELIMINATED NEARLY 99 PERCENT OF THE
SCALEF1SHES. A FOLLOWUP TREATMENT OF 10 P. P. B., 4
DAYS LATER, FURTHER REDUCED THESE POPULATIONS
WITH NO APPARENT EFFECT ON YEARLING CATFISH. AT
HARVEST, THREE UNTREATED PONDS PRODUCED 1,474
POUNDS OF SCALEFISHES OR AN AVERAGE OF 389 POUNDS
PER ACRE, YIELDED 27.4 PERCENT OR 1,155 FEWER CAT-
FISH THAN THE THREE TREATED PONDS, AND CONTAINED
1,183 UNDERS1ZE FISH OR NEARLY THREE TIMES AS MANY
THAT WERE TOO SMALL FOR TABLE USE. TREATED PONDS
PRODUCED AN ADDITIONAL 1,015 POUNDS OF FISH WORTH
$507.50, WHILE ANTIMYCIN COST ONLY $145.79. (W70-
08364).
00343. USE OF ANTIMYCIN FOR SELECTIVE THIN-
NING OF SUNFISH POPULATIONS IN PONDS.
BURRESS, R.M.; LUHNING, C.W.
INVESTIGATION IN FISH CONTROL, NO 28, 1969.
SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF BLUEG1I.LS, REDEAR SUNFISH,
AND REDBREAST SUNFISH WAS ACCOMPLISHED IN SIX
SOFT-WATER PONDS IN WEST CENTRAL GEORGIA BY AP-
PLICATIONS OF 0.4.0.6,0.8, AND 1.0 PARTS PER BILLION (P.
P. B. ) OK ANTIMYCIN IN THE FINTROL-5 FORMULATION.
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENTS WERE MADE DURING WINTER,
SPRING, AND LATE SUMMER AT WATER TEMPERATURES
RANGING FROM 46 DEG TO 75 DEG F. AND UNDER A WIDE
VARIETY OF WEATHER CONDITIONS. THE 0.4-P. P. B.
TREATMENT MADE AT 75 DEG F. REMOVED 2,9 POUNDS
PER ACRE OF LARGEMOUTH BASS LESS THAN 6 INCHES
LONG AND 69 POUNDS PER ACRE OF ALL SIZES OF SUNF-
ISHES. THE 3.6 P. P B. APPLIED AT 47 DEG F. REDUCED THE
NUMBERS OF BLUEGILLS LESS THAN 9 INCHES IN LENGTH
BY ABOUT HALF, VERY LITTLE EFFECT ON LARGEMOUTH
BASS OR LARGER BLUEGILLS. BASS, BLUEGILLS, AND
REDEAR SUNFISH WHICH SURVIVED MULTIPLE EXPOSURES
TO ANTIMYCIN IN CONCENTRATIONS UP TO 1.0 P P. B.
WERE ABLE TO REPRODUCE NORMALLY. (W70-08367).
00344. QUINALDINE AS AN ANESTHETIC FOR BROOK
TROUT, LAKE TROUT, AND ATLANTIC SAL-
MON.
LOCKE, D.O.
INVESTIGATIONS IN FISH CONTROL, NO. 24, 1969.
4 P.
QUINALDINE (2-METHYLQUINOLINE) WAS AN EFFECTIVE
ANESTHETIC FOR YEARLING ATLANTIC AND
LANDLOCKED SALMON AND BROOK AND LAKE TROUT IN
WATERS RANGING FROM 10 TO 40 PPM TOTAL HARDNESS
AND TEMPERATURES RANGING FROM 36 DEG TO 40 DEG F.
AND FROM 47 DEG TO 59 DEG F. LAKE TROUT WERE MORE
SENSITIVE THAN THE OTHER SPECIES TESTED. IN TESTS,
ANESTHETIZATION AND RECOVERY RATES FOR FIVE CON-
CENTRATIONS (5,10,15,20 AND 25 PPM) AT BOTH TEMPERA-
TURES WAS GENERALLY SATISFACTORY FOR LAKE
TROUT. A CONCENTRATION OF 15 PPM WAS SATISFACTO-
RY FOR MARKING AND GENERAL HANDLING OF SALMON
AND BROOK TROUT. QUINALDINE IS ONE TWENTY-
FOURTH AS EXPENSIVE AS MS-222 AT 1: 12,000, AND IN
VIEW OF THE RESULTS THE AUTHOR FEELS THIS DRUG
WARRANTS WIDER USE AS A FISH ANESTHETIC. (W70-
08383).
00345. WILMINGTON GOES ON LINE WITH MODERN
NEW SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 116(12), 471, 473,
1969.
COMPLETION OF A $4 MILLION SECONDARY SEWAGE
TREATMENT FACILITY ALLOWS WILMINGTON,
DELAWARE, TO MEET FEDERAL REGULATIONS GOVERN-
ING WATER POLLUTION. THE TREATMENT FACILITY
SERVES A POPULATION OF 500,000 PERSONS WITH A COM-
BINED INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC FLOW OF 60 MGD IN
1968. THE SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT CONSISTS OF
TWO AERATION TANKS, EACH 14,400 SO FT. WITH A COM-
BINED CAPACITY OF 3,320,000 GAL AND TWO FINAL
CLARIFIERS WITH A COMBINED CAPACITY OF 3,750,000
GAL. FOUR ROTARY POSITIVE BLOWERS PROVIDE A FLEXI-
BLE SUPPLY OF AIR TO THE AERATION TANKS. TWO
BLOWERS ARE EQUIPPED WITH CONSTANT SPEED 250 HP
MOTORS AND TWO WITH VARIABLE SPEED 250 HP MO-
TORS. THE BOD REMOVAL IS APPROXIMATELY 55% FOR
BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PLANTS. (W70-08399).
00346. WET AIR OXIDATION AT LEVITTOWN.
BLATTLER, P.X.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 117(2), 32-34, 1970.
LEVITTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA HAS SOLVED iTS SLUDGE
DISPOSAL PROBLEM WITH THE INSTALLATION OF A LOW
PRESSURE OXIDATION UNIT WHICH PROVIDES WET OXIDA-
TION OF ITS RAW AND DIGESTED SLUDGE. SLUDGE IS
PUMPED TO THE PROCESS AT A PRESSURE OF APPROXI-
MATELY 300 PSI AND IS PASSED THROUGH A HEAT
EXCHANGER AND HEATED TO A TEMPERATURE OF 300
DEG F BY THE OUTGOING OXIDIZED SLUDGE BEFORE EN-
TERING THE REACTOR. A REACTOR OUTLET TEMPERA-
TURE OF 340-350 DEG F IS OBTAINED EITHER FROM HEAT
GIVEN OFF BY THE OXIDATION OR BY STEAM INJECTED
INTO THE SYSTEM. ODORS ARE COMPLETELY REMOVED
BY PASSING THE GASES THROUGH A CATALYTIC COM-
BUSTION UNIT AT TEMPERATURES OF 650-750 DEG F. THE
OXIDIZED SLUDGE IS THEN VACUUM FILTERED WITHOUT
CHEMICAL ADDITIVES. TYPICAL SLUDGE CHARAC-
TERISTICS, OPERATING PERFORMANCE AND FILTRATION
DATA ARE PRESENTED IN TABULAR FORM. CAPITAL
COSTS WERE APPROXIMATELY $200,000 AND OPERATING
COSTS WERE ITEMIZED. AN OPERATING COST OF $11.10
PER TON OF DRY SOLIDS AT AN OPERATING RATE OF 3.65
TONS PER DAY IS REPORTED. (W70-08400).
73
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00347. CANADA'S LARGEST SLUDGE INCINERATORS
FIRED UP AND RUNNING.
WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL, 107(1), 20-24,
1969.
THREE MULTI-HEARTH SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
RATED AT A COMBINED CAPACITY OF 134 DRY TONS PER
DAY WERE INSTALLED AT THE MAIN TREATMENT PLANT
AT ASHBR1DGES BAY IN TORONTO. THE MULTIPLE-
HEARTH FURNACES ARE CYLINDRICAL, REFRACTORY-
LINED STEEL SHELLS CONTAINING A SERIES OF HORIZON-
TAL REFRACTORY HEARTHS LOCATED ONE ABOVE THE
OTHER, COMBUSTION TAKES PLACE IN AN ENCLOSED EN-
VIRONMENT AS THE FURNACE IS DIVIDED INTO THREE
DISTINCT ZONES OF DRYING, COMBUSTION AND COOLING.
COMBUSTION TEMPERATURES ARE BETWEEN 1400 AND
1600 DEG F. THE LOADING RATE IN LBS/HR OF FILTER
CAKE TO EACH FURNACE CAN REACH 23,900 BASED ON A
MOISTURE CONTENT OF 80%. RESIDUAL INORGANIC ASH IS
PUMPED AS A SLURRY TO A NEAR-BY LAGOON. TESTS OF
THE LIQUID OVERFLOW SHOW THAT IS HAS A BOD OF
ONLY 2 TO 3 PPM. EACH INCINERATOR IS EQUIPPED WITH
A FLUE-GAS SCRUBBER SYSTEM. THIS COMPLIES TO A
CODE WHICH CALLS FOR A DISCHARGE OF NOT MORE
THAN 0.30 LB OF DUST PER 1000 POUNDS OF GAS AD-
JUSTED TO 12% CO2. THE INCINERATORS WERE INSTALLED
AT A TOTAL CONTRACT PRICE OF 3.8 MILLION DOLLARS.
(W70-08402).
00348. EVALUATION PROCESSES IN WATER
RESOURCES PLANNING.
AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION. RE-
PORT OF A RESEARCH CONFERENCE AT MIL-
WAUKEE, WISCONSIN, JUNE 16-20, 1970. 160 P.
THIS IS THE REPORT OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY
RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON EVALUATION PROCESSES IN
WATER RESOURCE PLANNING. DUE TO THE INTERESTS OF
THOSE PARTICIPATING, THE MAJOR EMPHASIS WAS ON
THE SUBJECT OF MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE PLANNING, WHICH
IS ABOUT TO BE INCORPORATED INTO FEDERAL AP-
PROACHES BY THE WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL.
ALTHOUGH THE CONSENSUS OF THOSE PRESENT CLEARLY
APPROVED OF THE MAIN THRUST OF THE NEW
PROPOSALS, THERE WERE MANY CONFLICTING VIEWS EX-
PRESSED BOTH AS TO THE BASIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
CHANGE AND AS TO HOW IT MIGHT BE IMPLEMENTED.
THE BASIC CONCEPT OF THE CONFERENCE PRECLUDED
FORMAL PAPERS OR ATTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL VIEWS;
BUI THE PRIN1CPAL VIEWPOINTS ARE SUMMARIZED IN
THE CONFERENCE REPORT. BESIDES MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE
PLANNING, OTHER SUBJECTS OF MAJOR INTEREST IN-
CLUDED THE ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL,
FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT AND FLOOD INSURANCE,
SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF METROPOLITAN WATER
RESOURCES ANALYSIS, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
ASPECTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND AESTHETIC
ASPECTS OF EVALUATION PROCESSES. (W70-09369.
00349. ECONOMICS OF CANNERY WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
EVENSON, D.E.; ORLOB, G.T.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS. 117(3), 18-19, 1970.
THE USE OF A DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING ALGORITHM TO
INVESTIGATE THE ECONOMICS OF CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT WAS DEMONSTRATED. THE ALGORITHM
FOUND THE MINIMUM COST-S1/L-EFKICTENCY RELATION-
SHIPS FOR REMOVING BOD FROM A CANNERY WASTE AND
TREATING AND DISPOSING OK THE SOLID WASTES. THE
ITEMS CONSIDERED WERE: IN-PI,ANT WASTE TREATMENT,
MUNICIAPL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS. AND ONE FLOW
OF WASTE WATER. THAT LEAVING THE CANNERY. THE IM-
PLANT TREATMENT CONSISTED OF 5 COMPONENTS:
SCREENING BOD REMOVAL FROM LIQUID WASTES, ULTI-
MATE LIQUID DISPOSAL, SOLID WASTE TREATMENT, AND
DISPOSAL. ELEVEN ALTERNATIVE UNIT PROCESSES COM-
PRISED CONPONENT II. VACUUM FILTRATION AND SOLIDS
OXIDATION WERE THE ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPONENT
IV. TWO ALTERNATIVES WERE CONSIDERED FOR SOLIDS
DISPOSAL COMPOSING AND LANDFILL. THE PREDOMI-
NANT TREATMENT SYSTEM THAT MINIMIZED COST CON-
SISTED OF SCREENING, AN AERATED LAGOON, AND,
DEPDENING ON THE SIZE OF THE PLANT, EITHER LAND-
FILL OR COMPOSING. AN EXAMPLE PROBLEM ILLUS-
TRATED THE USE OF THESE MINIMUM COST-SIZE-EFFICIEN-
CY RELATIONSHIPS. A SEWER SERVICE CHARGE WAS AS-
SUMED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE ALTERNATIVES
BETWEEN TREATING THE WASTES IN-PLANT, DISCHARG-
ING TO A MUNICIPAL SYSTEM, OR COMBINATION OF THE
TWO. (W70-09338).
003SO. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY TOGETHER WITH PRE-
SIDENTS MESSAGE, TRANSMITTED TO CON-
GRESS AUGUST 1970. 326 P.
A COMPREHENSIVE AND USEFUL STATEMENT IS GIVEN OF
THE PRINCIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT CONFRONT
THE NATION WATER POLLUTION, AIR POLLUTION, INAD-
VERTENT MODIFICATION OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE,
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES, PROBLEMS OF LAND USE,
PESTICIDES, AND RADIATION. PREPARED BY THE PRE-
SIDENT'S COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND
TRANSMITTED TO THE CONGRESS AUGUST 10,1970. THE
REPORT DESCRIBES THE PROBLEMS AND ISSUES WHICH
NEED TO BE ATTACKED, BUT OFFERS NO OVERALL SOLU-
TIONS. PRESSURES ON THE ENVIRONMENT ARE DISCUSSED
IN A CHAPTER ON POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND
RESOURCES. AN IMPORTANT PROPOSAL IS MADE FOR A
NATIONAL LAND USE POLICY. IN WATER POLLUTION, THE
REPORT URGES AN INCREASE IN FUNDS FOR WASTE
TREATMENT; A PROGRAM IN ONE RIVER BASIN TO
DEMONSTRATE CONCEPTS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT; EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS; A STRONG FEDERAL POLICY TO CONTROL
THERMAL POLLUTION-DEVELOPMENT OF A POLICY FOR
OCEAN DISPOSAL OF WASTES; CREATION OF NEW
METHODS TO PREVENT, CONTROL AND CLEAN UP OIL
SPILLS; AND INTENSIFIED ATTACK ON AGRICULTURE POL-
LUTION. COSTS TO CLEAN UP THE NATION'S WATER OVER
THE NEXT 10 YEARS WILL JOTAL $10 BILLION. (GPO $1.75)
(W70-09347).
00351. RELATIONSHIP OF DOMESTIC WATER USE TO
ASSESSED VALUATION WITH SELECTED
DEMOGRAPHIC SOCIOECONOMIC VARIA-
BLES.
DUNN, D.; LARSON, T.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
55,441-450,1963.
00352. PAPILLION CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES,
NEBRASKA.
U S 90TH CONGR, 2D SESS, HOUSE DOC NO O49
174 P. 1968.
A MULTIPLE-PURPOSE FLOOD CONTROL, WATER QUALITY
CONTROL, AND RECREATIONAL PROJECT IS PROPOSED
FOR PAPILLION CREEK, OMAHA, NEBRASKA. THE PROJECT
INCLUDES 21 DAMS AND RESERVOIRS, IN 8 OF WHICH
WATER-QUALITY CONTROL PROVISIONS WOULD BE IN
74
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REFERENCE LIST
CLUDED. ESTIMATED COST IS $26,800,000. HYDROELECTRIC
POWER AND NAVIGATION DEVELOPMENT ARE INFEASI-
BLE. THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO OF THE 21 RESERVOIRS AS
PROPOSED IS 2.0 TO 1. (W69-02282).
00353. DYNAMIC ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS OR CHARGES.
BROWN, G. J.; MAR, B.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 4(6), 1153-1159,
1968.
IF A MANAGER OF A GIVEN WATER RESOURCE IS UNCER-
TAIN OF HIS POWER TO SET OPTIMUM STREAM STAN-
DARDS OR OPTIMUM EFFLUENT CHARGES AT EVERY MO-
MENT IN TIME, THERE EXIST CONDITIONS, QUALITATIVE-
LY IDENTIFIED, UNDER WHICH IT MAY BE DYANMICALLY
MORE EFFICIENT FOR HIM TO ESTABLISH PRESENT WATER
QUALITY LEVELS THAT WILL BE OPTIMUM ONLY AT SOME
FUTURE DATE THAN TO TRY UNSUCCESSFULLY TO
ACHIEVE OPTIMUM LEVELS AT EVERY POINT IN TIME. EX-
CESS DEMAND FUNCTIONS AND AN AGGREGATE NON-
LINEAR DAMAGE FUNCTION ARE THE CONCEPTIAL UN-
DERPINNINGS OF THIS PAPER. (W69-02549).
00354. SOME ECONOMIC PLANNING CONSIDERA-
TIONS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION FOR
THE UPPER PAWCATUCK RIVER BASIN IN
RHODE ISLAND.
ANTAK, A.J.
MASTERS THESIS, 1970. 119 P
032-Rld).
OWRR PROJECT A-
THIS THESIS IS CONCERNED WITH THE ECONOMICS OF
SUPPLYING POTABLE WATER TO THE UPPER PAWCATUCK
BASIN IN RHODE ISLAND. THE BASIC QUESTION CON-
SIDERED WAS WHETHR OR NOT IT IS MORE ECONOMICAL
TO DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN POLLUTION FREE THE
LARGE GROUNDWATER RESERVES IN EXISTENCE THERE,
OR TO NOT PROTECT THESE GROUNDWATERS, AND IN-
STEAD, DEVELOP A SURFACE WATER SUPPLY. GROUND-
WATER DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION WOULD CON-
SIST OF A LARGE MUNICIPAL WELL DEVELOPMENT AND
REGIONAL SEWERAGE FACILITIES TO PREVENT THE
PRIVATE DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE. ALTERNATIVE DEVELOP-
MENT OF A SURFACE WATER SUPPLY WOULD REQUIRE AN
IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR. IT WAS FOUND THAT NO SERI-
OUS GROUNDWATER POLLUTION PROBLEM PRESENTLY
EXISTS, BUT THAT THE POTENTIAL FOR FUTURE
PROBLEMS DOES EXIST. COST DATA WERE OBTAINED
FROM VARIOUS SOURCES AND ESTIMATES OF THE
DEVELOPMENTAL COSTS OF REGIONAL SEWERAGE
FACILITIES, MUNICIPAL GRUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT,
AND A SURFACE IMPOUNDING RESERVIOR WERE MADE. IT
WAS FOUND THAT THE COMBINATION OF GROUNDWATER
DEVELOPMENT, AND REGIONAL SEWERAGE WAS LESS EX-
PENSIVE THAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SURFACE WATER
SUPPLY FOR SYSTEMS OF SIMILAR CAPACITY. IT IS
RECOMMENDED THAT THE PLANNING OF WATER SUP-
PLIES AND SEWERAGE BE DONE ON A COMPREHENSIVE
BASIS BY CONSIDERING THEM AS A SINGLE FUNCTION.
(W71-02628).
00355. CONCENTRATION OF SEAWATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
KAHO, M.; WATANABE, T.
INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, 6(11), 30-32,
1969.
THE SEA IS THE SOLE RAW MATERIAL FOR SALT PRODUC-
TION IN JAPAN, AND 120,000 TONS OR 13% OF THE TOTAL
ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF SALT IS NOW OBTAINED BY
ELECTRODIALYSIS. THE COST OF SALT PRODUCTION CAN
BE REDUCED BY INCREASING THE OPERATING CURRENT
DENSITY, IMPROVING THE MEMBRANE PERMSELECTIVITY
TO UNIVALENT IONS, THE UTILIZATION OF BY-PRODUCTS,
AND A COMBINATION OF A DUAL PURPOSE PLANT POWER
GENERATION AND DESALINATION AND SALT PRODUCTION
WITH ION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANES. THE DUAL PURPOSE
PLANT WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN CONCEN-
TRATED SEAWATER WHICH IN TURN WILL MAKE OPERA-
TION AT HIGHER CURRENT DENSITIES THAN AT PRESENT
FEASIBLE. (W70-03079).
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
EVENSON, D.E.; MONSER, J.R.; ORLOB, G.T.
IND WATER ENG, 16(1), 16-21, FEB 1969.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES WERE UTILIZED
TO FIND THE BEST WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR
REMOVING A SPECIFIED AMOUNT OF BIOCHEMICAL OX-
YGEN DEMAND (BOD) AT THE LEAST ANNUAL EXPENDI-
TURES FOR CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE AND OPERA-
TION. THIS TECHNIQUE WAS APPLIED TO WASTES TYPICAL
OF A CANNERY PROCESSING TOMATOES AND PEACHES.
RESULTS OF THIS APPLICATION INDICATED THAT FOR
NEARLY ALL REMOVAL LEVELS THE LEAST EXPENSIVE
TREATMENT PROCESS WAS SOME SYSTEM OF PONDS. SEN-
SITIVITY ANALYSES WERE MADE TO DETERMINE THE IN-
FLUENCE OF SUCH PARAMETERS AS INTEREST RATE,
CAPITAL RECOVERY PERIOD AND LAND COST ON BOTH
THE COSTS STUDIED. MINIMUM COST WAS FOUND TO BE
MOST SENSITIVE TO THE LENGTH OF THE CANNING
SEASON AND LEAST SENSITIVE TO INTEREST RATE. IN-
PLANT TREATMENT WAS OPTED OVER MUNICIPAL TREAT-
MENT WHEN BOD REMOVAL REQUIREMENT WAS BELOW
85%. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT DYANM1C TECHNIQUES
OUTLINED COULD BE APPLIED TO THE PRELIMINARY
DEISGN OF WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS. (W70-03169).
00357. PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
EVENSON, D.E.; ORLOB, G.T.; MONSER, J.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(11), PART
1, 1845-1858, 1969.
TO DETERMINE THE PRACTICALITY OF PARTIALLY
DEMINERALIZING MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS, A BENCH-SCALE EXPERIMENT WAS MADE,
USING FILTRATION ALONE AND FILTRATION FOLLOWED
BY CARBON ADSORPTION AS PRETREATMENTS. LONG-
TERM RUNS WERE MADE WITH A MUNICIPAL SECONDARY
EFFLUENT TO DETERMINE SCALING AND FOULING EF-
FECTS OF THE WATER UPON THE ELECTRODIALYSIS MEM-
BRANES. A STUDY WAS MADE DURING THESE RUNS TO
DETERMINE HOW HIGH A RATIO OF PRODUCT RATE TO
CONCENTRATE RATE COULD BE OBTAINED WITHOUT
FORMING SCALE ON THE MEMBRANES. SOME FOULING OF
ANION MEMBRANES OCCURRED WITH FILTRATION AND
CARBON ADSORPTION PRETREATMENT, WITHOUT CARBON
ADSORPTION, FOULING WAS MUCH WORSE. SCALE FOR-
MATION WAS NOT A PROBLEM AT PRODUCT TO CONCEN-
TRATE RATIOS LESS THAN TEN. AT TIMES MUCH HIGHER
RATIOS WERE OBTAINED WITHOUT DIFFICULTY. THE
RESULTS OF THESE RUNS INDICATED THAT THE TOTAL
OPERATING COST FOR A 10-MGD ELECTRODIALYSIS
TREATMENT PLANT MIGHT BE LESS THAN $. 10 PER 1,000
GAL. (W71-03503).
75
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00358. ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
MILLER, H.C.; KNIPE, W.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERIES AWTR-13, AD-
VANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH PRO-
GRAM, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, ROBERT A
TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER, MARCH
1965. 58 P.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTROLYTIC METHODS OF
TREATING WASTE WATER IS IN DOUBT. THIS STUDY
SHOWS THAT AN ELECTROLYTIC TREATMENT OF SECON-
DARY EFFLUENT FROM AN ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PLANT
USING LEAD DIOXIDE ANODES CAN REDUCE ABS BY 90%,
COD BY 80%, AND CHLORIDE BY 90%. THIS TREATMENT
HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON TOTAL SOLIDS. THE COST OF
TREATMENT WILL VARY BETWEEN $0.90 AND $2.42 PER
1,000 GALLONS. THE PLANT COST WILL VARY BETWEEN $9
MILLION AND $26 MILLION FOR A 10 MGD PLANT. THE
METHOD IS NOT CONSIDERED ECONOMICALLY PRACTICAL
FOR WASTE WATER RENOVATION, WHEREIN WATERS OF
RELATIVELY LOW CONDUCTIVITY MUST BE PROCESSED.
THE AUTHORS ALSO CONCLUDE THAT THE WORK BY THE
LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION ON THE USE OF LEAD,
AND LEAD-SILVER ALLOYS IN THE TREATMENT OF WASTE
WATERS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED SINCE THE RESULTS MAY
HAVE APPLICATIONS IN TREATING WASTE WATERS OF
RELATIVELY HIGH CONDUCTIVITY. (PB-168 794) (W7I-
03504).
003S9. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. INJECTION, PART 2.
PLACEMENT IN UNDERGROUND CAVmES.
KOENIG, L.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERIES AWTR-8 AD-
VANCE WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH PRO-
GRAM, US PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, ROBERT A
TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER, MAY
1964. 146 P.
COST ESTIMATES ARE MADE FOR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL BY
INJECTION TO UNDERGROUND FORMATION, PLACEMENT
IN UNDERGROUND CAVITIES AND SPREADING, OF THE
CONTAMINANTS RESULTING FROM COMPLETE RENOVA-
TION OF A MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER. FOR INJECTION,
THE PROCESS PARAMETERS WERE CONCENTRATION OF
CONTAMINANTS AND DAILY VOLUME TAKEN RESPECTIVE-
LY AS 300,000, 9,000 AND 300 PPM TOTAL ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS, AND 1,000 100,000 AND 10
MILLION GPD. THESE COSTS VARY FROM $0.13 TO $27 PER
1,000 GALLONS INJECTED (7,000 FT., 260 PSI WELLHEAD
PRESSURE, 1.187 FLUID DENSITY) ASTHE CAPABILITY
DECREASED FROM 2 MILLION TO 1,000 GPD. COST IS RELA-
TIVELY INDEPENDENT OF CONCENTRATION AND IS VERY
MUCH CHEAPER THAN WET OXIDATION. FOR INJECTION
INTO CAVITIES MINED BY CONVENTIONAL METHODS,
FIXED COSTS ALONE VARY FROM $243 TO $72 PER 1,000
GALLONS AT CAPABILITIES OF 1,000 AND 10 MILLION PGD,
RESPECTIVELY. SPREADING IS BY FAR THE CHEAPEST
METHOD. COSTS VARY FROM $0.30 TO $0.001 PER 1,000
GALLONS AS THE CAPABILITY VARIES FROM 1,000 (0.4-
FOOT-PER-DAY INFILTRATION RATE) TO 10 MILLION GPD
(4.0-FEET-PER-DAY INFILTRATION RATE). LAND COSTS
HAD VERY LHTLE EFFECT ON OVER-ALL COST. COSTS
ARE 1 PERCENT OR LESS OF OTHER METHODS IN-
VESTIGATED, BUT SPREADING IS SEVERLY LIMITED
BECAUSE OF POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER POLLUTION. (PB-
168 796) (W7J-035I3).
00360. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. WET OXTOATION,
PART 2. INCINERATION.
KOENIG, L.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERIES AWTR-3, AD-
VANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH PRO-
GRAM, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, ROBERT A
TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER, OC-
TOBER 1963.78 P.
COST ESTIMATES ARE MADE FOR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL, BY
WET OXIDATION (ZIMMERMAN PROCESS) AND INCINERA-
TION, OF THE CONCENTRATED CONTAMINANTS RESULT-
ING FROM COMPLETE REMOVATION OF A MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER. FOR WET OXIDATION, NINE HYPOTHETI-
CAL CASES COVERED THE FLOW RANGES FROM 1,000 TO
10 MILLION PGD AND ORGANIC CONTAMINANT CONCEN-
TRATION RANGES FROM 100 TO 100,000 PPM. PLANT COSTS
VARY FROM $4 TO $80 PER GALLON OF CONCENTRATE
PER DAY CAPACITY (10,000,000 TO 1,000 GALLONS PER
DAY). OPERATING COSTS VARY FROM $1.40 TO $35 PER
THOUSAND GALLONS OF FEED. PRE-EVAPORATION COULD
REDUCE COSTS. FIXED COSTS CONSTITUTE A LARGE PRO-
PORTION OF TOTAL COSTS. A THEORY OF THE REACTION
MECHANISM IS PROPOSED FOR INCINERATION. CON-
SIDERATION WAS GIVEN TO THE ATOMIZED SUSPENSION
TECHNIQUE, A BOX FURNACE FLASH DRYER-NICHOLS
HERRESHOFF FURNACE COMBINATION, AND THREE
PROCESSES UNDER DEVELOPMENT FOR CALCINATION OF
NUCLEAR WASTES. ESTIMATES OF PRE-EVAPORATION TO
30% SOLIDS AND HAULfNG OF ASH WERE INCLUDED. A
FLASH DRYER-NICHOLS HERRESHOFF FURNACE COMBINA-
TION WAS SELECTED. COSTS PER 1,000 GALLONS OF CON-
CENTRATE VARIED FROM $O.S7 (10,000,000 GALLONS PER
DAY, 300 PPM). CORRESPONDING UNIT INVESTMENT COSTS
WERE $1.53 AND $10 PER GALLON PER DAY CAPACITY.
(PB-168 977) (W71-03514).
00361. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS
DESIGN.
CUPIT, J.V.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(2), 166-177, 1969.
THE BASIC COST FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DESIGN
OF A SEWAGE WORKS ARE DISCUSSED, AND THE APPLICA-
TION OF THESE COST FACTORS TO THE DESIGN OF IN-
DIVIDUAL UNITS IS CONSIDERED. THE CONCEPT OF TRUE
COST IS DEFINED AS THE ANNUAL CHARGE RELATIVE TO
A PARTICULAR UNIT, AND THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
THE ANNUAL COST ARE DISCUSSED. THESE INCLUDE:
LOAN DEBT CHARGES; RENTS AND RATES; EMPLOYMENT
OF LABOR; PURCHASE OF FUEL AND POWER; REPAIR AND
MAINTENACE OF PLANT, BUILDINGS, AND MACHINERY;
PLANT AND MACHINERY INSURANCE; MATERIAL
PURCHASES; AND TRANSPORTATION. CONSIDERATION OF
THE APPLICATION OF THE COST FACTORS INCLUDES
DISCUSSIONS OF THE PUMPING PLANT, PRELIMINARY
TREATMENT UNITS, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, TERTIARY
TREATMENT, AND SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL.
PARTICULAR EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE TOPICS OF
SEDIMENTATIONS, AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES SHOULD
BE COMBINED WITH THE ENGINEER'S PERSONAL JUDGE-
MENT IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A BALANCED SOLUTION OF
THE DESIGN CONCEPT. (W70-058O9).
76
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REFERENCE LIST
00362. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
DYSART, B.C. HI,.
PAPER PRESENTED AT 24TH PURDUE 1ND WASTE
CONF, PURDUE UNIV. MAY 6-8 1969. 24 P.
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL INDUSTRIAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT WAS PRESENTED. TWO PROBLEM
LEVELS WERE CONSIDERED; A RESOURCE ALLOCATION
PROBLEM FOR WHICH WASTE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY
WAS ALLOCATED TO AMONG COMPETING USERS AND THE
OBJECTIVE WAS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY WITH DISSOLVED
OXYGEN STANDARDS (DO) AS CONSTRAINTS THE SECOND
PROBLEM LEVEL CONSISTED OF INVESTIGATING THE
RESPONSE ON SENSITIVITY OF THE MINIMUM TOTAL
SYSTEM COST AND THE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT POLICY
TO SYSTEM VARIATION. A HYPOTHETICAL RIVER BASIN
SYSTEM CONSISTING OF THREE STREAM REACHES OR
STAGES IN SERIES WITH AN INDUSTRIAL WASTE OUTFALL
LOCATED AT THE UPSTREAM END OF EACH STAGE WAS
USED TO ILLUSTRATE THE TWO PROBLEM LEVELS. A
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING RECHNIQUE WAS FOUND TO BE
USEFUL IN DETERMINING THE MINIMUM-COST MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEMS THAT MET ALL CONSTRAINTS FOR A
FIXED SYSTEM CONFIGURATION. (W70-O3619).
00363. SLUDGE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES-SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.
MAR, B.W.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(4), 547-
552, 1969.
THE NECESSITY FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
IN RELATION TO SLUDGE DISPOSAL ARE DISCUSSED.
RESULTS OF ANALYSES INDICATE THAT SLUDGE DISPOSAL
IS NOT A MAJOR SYSTEM CONSIDERATION IN A WASTE
WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNLESS ONLY PRIMARY
TREATMENT IS USED. THE AMOUNT OF TREATMENT FOR
SLUDGE PRIOR TO DISCHARGE SHOULD BE DECIDED ON A
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASIS RATHER THAN TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS. THE DECISION IS MADE THROUGH A MUD-
DLING PROCESS RATHER THAN THROUGH A LOGICAL
BASIS, AND MOST ECONMIC ARGUMENTS DO NOT CON-
SIDER SHIFTS IN SOCIAL PREFERENCES NOR TOTAL SO-
CIAL COSTS, THE COSTS OF DISCHARGING THE RESIDUE
TO THE LESS SENSITIVE ELEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
WILL BE SMALL COMPARED TO THE TOTAL COST OF
MAINTAINING THE ENVIRONMENT RESOURCES NOR-
MALLY DEVOTED TO REDUCING THE COST OF SLUDGE
DISPOSAL SHOULD BE DIRECTED TOWARD REDUCING THE
COST OF MAJOR ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLU-
TION. THE ALTERNATIVE TO THIS WOULD BE TO COLLECT
THE EQUIVALENT OF THE DISCHARGE TREATMENT COSTS
FOR THE PERIOD PRIOR TO ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
AND THEN USE THESE FUNDS TO COMPENSATE THOSE
PARTIES SUFFERING DAMAGE AND TO PROVIDE TREAT-
MENT NECESSARY TO REDUCE DAMAGES TO A SOCIALLY
ACCEPTABLE LEVEL. IN EITHER SITUATION, IT IS THE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FORCES THAT WILL ESTABLISH THE
CRITERIA FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL. (W70-06862).
00364. NEUTRALIZATION OF HIGH FERRIC IRON
ACID MINE DRAINAGE.
WILMOTH, R.C.; SCOTT, R.B.
PAPER PRESENTED BEFORE THIRD SYMPOSIUM
ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH, MELLON
INSTITUTE, PITTSBURGH, PENN, 1970.
THE NORTON MINE DRAINAGE FIELD SITE OF THE
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION HAS BEEN
CONDUCTING RESEARCH ON THE FEASIBILITY OF ACID
MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT USING LIME. LIMESTONE,
AND SODA ASH NEUTRALIZATION. THE NORTON
RESEARCH FACILITY IS LOCATED AT NORTON, WEST VIR
GINIA, ON THE BANKS OF GRASSY RUN-A SMALL, HEAVI-
LY POLLUTED STREAM OF WHICH AN ESTIMATED 90% OF
THE WATER FLOW IS FROM ABANDONED MINES. TESTS
WERE RUN ON IDENTICAL SAMPLES OF GRASSY RUN
WATER TO DETERMINE THE QUALITY OF THE SUPERNA-
TANT WHEN THE SAMPLE WAS NEUTRALIZED TO VARIOUS
PH'S. LIME, LIMESTONE, AND SODA ASH WERE EACH
TESTED AS THE NEUTRALIZING AGENTS. ALL 3
NEUTRALIZING AGENTS-LIME, LIMESTONE, AND SODA
ASH-CAN MEET THE PH 6.5, NET ALKALINITY, IRON
BELOW 7.0 PPM CRITERIA WITH RELATIVE EASE. THE
MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SODA ASH NEUTRALIZA-
TION AND LIME OR LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION ARE
THAT SODA ASH PRODUCES LOW HARDNESS, LOW CALCI-
UM, HIGH SODIUM, AND HIGH COST, WHERAS ALL OTHER
CHEMICALPARAMETERS ARE COMPARABLE BETWEEN THE
3 NEUTRALIZING AGENTS. (PB-192 087) (W70-07149).
00365. ECONOMICS OF AERATION IN WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
KALINSKE, A.A.
PROCEEDINGS INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
23RD, MAY 1968. P 388-397.
THE ECONOMICS ARE DISCUSSED OF AERATION FOR
THOSE AEROBIC PROCESSES WHERE THE ORGANISMS ARE
KEPT IN SUSPENSION IN THE LIQUID WASTE; PRIMARILY
THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS AND ALL ITS MODIFI-
CATIONS, AND SO-CALLED AERATED LAGOONS. THREE
PRINICPAL OXYGENAT1ON METHODS PRESENTLY IN USE
ARE: DIFFUSION OF COMPRESSED AIR, DIFFUSED AIR WITH
SYBMERGED TURBINE DISPERSERS, AND MECHANICAL
SURFACE ENTRAINMENT AERATORS. DIFFUSED AIR
SYSTEMS WILL AVERAGE ABOUT DOUBLE THE POWER
CONSUMPTION OF WELL DESIGNED MECHANICAL-TYPE
SURFACE ENTRAINMENT AERATORS. INSTALLATION
COSTS ALSO FAVOR THE MECHANICAL SURFACE-TYPE
AERATION SYSTEMS. HIGH STRENGTH WASTES CAN BEST
BE TREATED WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE HAVING THE O2
SUPPLIED BY MECHANICAL MEANS. USE OF SURFACE
AERATORS IN LARGE LAGOONS CAN BE THE CHEAPEST
METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF A WIDE VARIETY OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES. THE NON-STEADY, CLEAN WATER TEST
TECHNIQUE IS THE MOST USEFUL AND PRACTICAL FOR
EVALUATING THE O2 INPUT EFFICIENCY OF AERATION
EQUIPMENT. THE MAIN FACTOR THAT MUST BE GIVEN
CAREFUL ATTENTION IS THAT THE BASIC CONTENTS ARE
PROPERLY MIXED BY THE AERATOR. (W70-08307).
00366. CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS CHOSEN
FOR NEW DRYDEN PLANT.
WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL, 107(4), 32-33,
1969.
THE CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS WAS CHOSEN FOR
THE DRYDEN ONTARIO, WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT BECAUSE THE WASTE WAS PREDOMINANTLY
DOMESTIC SEWAGE, THE PLANT WAS DESIGNED FOR A
DAILY CAPACITY OF I MOD AND A MAXIMUM CAPACITY
OF 2.5 MGD WITH A 90% REMOVAL RATE. THE PLANT CON-
SISTS OF A 30-FT PUMP STATION, A 10-FOOT DIAMETER
DORR-OLIVER-LONG DETRITOR UNIT, AND 18-INCH
CHICAGO PUMP MODEL C BARMINUTOR, TWO 500,000 GPD
SMITH AND LOVLESS OXIGEST BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
UNITS, AND A 12-FOOT BY 30-FOOT CHLORINE CONTACT
CHAMBER. THE CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS HAS
THE TWO-FOLD ADVANTAGE OF REDUCING THE SIZE OF
THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT UNITS, AND REDUCING THE
COST OF THE INSTALLATION. THE USE OF STEEL TANKS
FOR THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT UNITS REFLECTED THE
HIGH COST OF CONCRETE WORK IN NORTHERN ONTARIO.
77
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
THE TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT WAS $1.3 MILLION,
WITH THE TRUNK COLLECTOR SEWERS COSTING $675,000,
THE PUMPING STATION $85,000 AND THE TREATMENT
PLANT $553,000. (W70-08404).
00367. NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL-
LAND.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 116(11), 434-435,
1969.
DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES WHICH ONCE POL-
LUTED THE WELLAND RIVER IN ONTARIO ARE NOW BEING
TREATED AT WELLAND'S NEW PRIMARY TREATMENT
PLANT. THE PLANT HAS AN AVERAGE CAPACITY OF 8
MOD WITH A PEAK DESIGN FLOW OF 20 MGD. DESIGN
CRITERIA PROVIDE FOR REMOVAL OF 95% OF GRIT, 73%
OF SETTLEABLE SOLIDS AND 30% OF THE BOD. THE EF-
FLUENT IS DISINFECTED WITH CHLORINE AND
DISCHARGED TO THE RIVER, WHILE THE SLUDGE IS
DIGESTED, THICKENED AND VACUUM FILTERED. THE
PLANT WAS DESIGNED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION TO
SECONDARY TREATMENT AND A DESIGN POPULATION OF
80,000. THE PLANT FEATURES A 75 FT. LIFT STATION, A 40
IN. BARMINUTOR, A 26 FT SQUARE DETRITOR. PRE-AERA-
TION TANKS WITH A TOTAL CAPACITY OF 190,000 GAL
FOR A DETENTION PERIOD OF 34 M1N; FOUR PRIMARY SET-
TLING TANKS WHICH PROVIDE A DETENTION TIME OF
TWO HOURS; PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DIGESTERS, A
VACUUM FILTER AND CHLORINATION EQUIPMENT. THE
TREATMENT FACILITY COST $2.35 MILLION AND A CON-
NECTING TRUNK SEWER SYSTEM COST AN ADDITIONAL
$5.5 MILLION. (W70-08415).
00368. FILTRATION AND MICROSTRAINING OF
SECONDARY EFFLUENT.
BACON, V.W.; LYNAM, B.T.
A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
TEXAS CONFERENCE ON ADVANCES IN WATER
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT, APRIL 1, 1969. 41 P.
THIS PAPER PRESENTS COMPARISONS OF EFFICIENCIES
AND COSTS OF REMOVING SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND AS-
SOCIATED BOD, FROM THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE EFFLUENT
OF THE HANOVER SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT USING
BOTH CONTINUOUS RAPID-SAND FILTRATION AND
MICROSTRAINING. THIS IS THE FIRST PERMANENT INSTAL-
LATION OF A MICROSTRAINER IN A TERTIARY WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANT IN THE UNITED STATES. THE
SAND FILTERS ARE OF THE HARDING TYPE. THE MICROS-
TRAINER IS A DRUM 10 FEET IN DIAMETER BY 10 FEET
LONG COVERED WITH A STAINLESS STEEL MICROFABRIC
HAVING 160,000 OPENINGS PER SQUARE INCH. THE DRUM
SPEED AND BACKWASH PRESSURE ARE AUTOMATICALLY
CONTROLLED BY THE HEAD LOSS ACROSS THE DRUM. IT
WAS FOUND THAT A RATIONAL APPROACH FOR THE
ANALYSIS OF DATA, RELATIVE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF
FILTRATION DEVICES IN TREATING SECONDARY, AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE EFFLUENTS FOR REMOVAL OF
SUSPENDED SOLIDS, WOULD BE TO CONSIDER REMOVAL
AS A FUNCTION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADING IN
TERMS OF POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT PER DAY. THIS
TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE PARAMETER OF HYDRAULIC
LOADING IN TERMS OF GPM PER SQUARE FOOT, SOLIDS
INPUT, AND THE RESULTANT INPUT FROM THE FILTRA-
TION PROCESS. THE COSTS OF SAND FILTRATION AND
MICROSTRAINING APPEAR COMPARABLE. (W7O-08430).
00369. INVESTIGATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF PU-
RIFYING MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER BY
DISTILLATION.
SPffiWAK, I.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, TENN.,
ORNL-TM-2547, 1969.
THE REPORT FOCUSES UPON THE TECHNICAL AND
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF APPLYING THE DISTILLATION
PROCESS FOR DEMINERALIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS. PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF THE METHOD
WOULD BE FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EFFLUENTS
RELEASED FROM THE TREATMENT PLANTS TO RECEIVING
STREAMS, AND TO SUPPLEMENT WATER SUPPLY REQUIRE-
MENTS IN URBAN COMMUNITIES. THIS INVESTIGATION IS
ONE OF A SERIES SPONSORED BY HUD TO DETERMINE THE
FEASIBILITY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS FOR THE PROVI-
SION OF LOW COST THERMAL ENERGY TO URBAN AREAS.
DISTILLATION HAS TWO POTENTIAL ROLES IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT, ONE AS A MEANS OF PURIFYING
WASTE WATER FOR REUSE AND SECOND AS A STEP IN THE
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF SOLIDS. THE TECHNICAL
PROBLEMS OF WASTE WATER DISTILLATION, DESCRIBED
IN THE LITERATURE, ARE SUMMARIZED. COST ESTIMATES
ARE GIVEN FOR A NUMBER OF POSSIBLE SYSTEMS USING
DISTILLATION TO TREAT EFFLUENT FROM A CITY OF 1
MILLION POPULATION. THE ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT,
ALTHOUGH ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENTS MAY IN-
CREASE THE COST OF SEWAGE PROCESSING BY FACTORS
OF UP TO FOUR TIMES, THE OVERALL COST OF WATER
SUPPLY AND TREATMENT NEED NOT BE INCREASED OVER
ABOUT 50%. DISTILLATION APPEARS TO BE A PROMISING
METHOD OF WASTE TREATMENT, ALTHOUGH METHODS
OF CONTROLLING TUBE FOULING AND DISTILLATE QUALI-
TY REMAIN TO BE DEVELOPED. ELECTRODIALYS1S,
REVERSE OSMOSIS, FREEZING AND ION-EXCHANGE ARE
ALSO DISCUSSED. (W70-08431).
00370. FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, FEDERAL WATER
QUALITY ADMINISTRATION, AUG 1970. 112 P.
THE FEASIBILITY WAS EVALUATED OF DISSIPATING
WASTE HEAT FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS LOCATED
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN. CONSIDERATION WAS GIVEN TO
THE FOLLOWING METHODS: EVAPORATIVE TOWERS WITH
EITHER MECHANICAL OR NATURAL DRAFF, COOLING
PONDS, SPRAY COOLING CANALS, AND DRY COOLING
TOWERS WITH EITHER NATURAL OR MECHANICAL DRAFT.
THE STUDY AREA, LAKE MICHIGAN, WAS SUBDIVIDED
INTO FOUR SECTIONS TO COMPENSATE FOR THE EFFECT
OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. THE ANALSYSIS OF
METEOROLOGICAL, ECONOMIC. ENGINEERING, AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL ASPECTS INDICATED THAT ANY OF THE IN-
VESTIGATED COOLING SYSTEMS ARE FEASIBLE ALTERNA-
TIVES FOR POWER PLANTS ON LAKE MICHIGAN. THE MAX-
IMUM ECONOMIC PENALTY OF 9-10% WAS FOR DRY
TOWERS, WHEREAS THE MINIMUM OF ABOUT 1% -FOR
COOLING PONDS AND SPRAY CANALS. (W71-08680).
00371. PROBABILITY THEORY AS AN AID TO
RESEARCH PLANNING.
BERTHOUEX, P.M.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
61(2), 652-658, 1970.
THE THEORY OF PROBABILITY HAS BEEN USED TO EVALU-
ATE THE PROBLEM OF IRON REMOVAL BY OXIDATION
AND RAPID SAND FILTRATION. THE EFFICIENCY AND COST
OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ARE ESTIMATED ON THE
78
-------
REFERENCE LIST
BASIS OF SIMPLE PROBABILITY EQUATIONS FOR INDEPEN-
DENT, MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, AND NOT MUTUALLY EX-
CLUSIVE EVENTS OR COMPONENTS. A NETWORK DIA-
GRAM AND TABLES PROVIDE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE
PROBABILITY ANALYSIS FOR ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES.
BECAUSE THE PROBABILITIES ARE ASSIGNED SUBJECTIVE-
LY, THE SUGGESTED APPROACH REQUIRES A PARTNER-
SHIP BETWEEN THE THEORY AND PERSONAL JUDGMENT.
(W71-08682).
00372. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
REMUS, G.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
VOL 62, P 38-40, 1970.
RELIABLE OPERATION OF A WIDE-AREA SYSTEM DOES
NOT HAPPEN BY CHANCE. ALTHOUGH ALL PROBLEMS
CANNOT BE FORESEEN, CERTAIN OPERATIONAL, PERSON-
NEL, AND FISCAL POLICIES CAN BE ADOPTED TO
ENHANCE THE RELIABILITY FACTOR. THIS ARTICLE
DISCUSSED SOME OF MANY MAJOR DIFFICULTIES
FORESEEN IN WATER SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. TABU-
LATED DATA INCLUDED WATER REVENUE DOLLAR DIS-
TRIBUTION, CAPACITY AND COST OF DETROIT'S WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS, AND GROWTH OF DETROIT SYSTEM
ASSETS AND INDEBTEDNESS. TOTAL RELIABILITY - OF OUR
PEOPLE, OUR SYSTEMS, AND OUR PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED FOR INDVIDUAL SYSTEMS AND
FOR THE INDUSTRY IF WE DEVELOP THE PEOPLE TO DO
THE JOB PROPERLY, WITH THE HIGHEST PRpFESSIONAL
CONDUCT; IF WE DEVELOP OUR SYSTEMS WITH EMPHASIS
ON ALL ENGINEERING ASPECTS, RATHER THAN ON
SUPPLY ALONE, IF WE ABANDON PROVINCIALISM; AND IF
WE MOVE WITH, RATHER THAN REACT AGAINST, CHAN-
ING SOCIAL AND TECHNICAL CHANGES, THEN OUR
LEADERSHIP WILL BE APPARENT AND PUBLIC AC-
CEPTANCE WILL BE WHOLEHEARTED. (W71-O8816).
00373. RISK EVALUATION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN.
LOUCKS, D.P.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, PROCEEDINGS OF ASCE, 93(SA1) 25-39,
1967.
THIS ANALYSIS WAS AN APPLICATION OF SOME PROBA-
BILITY THEORY AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING TO
DETERMINE THE DESIGN AND OPERATING CRITERIA OF A
MINIMUM-COST WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY THAT
MEETS A PROBABILISTIC OR DETERMINISTIC STREAM
QUALITY STANDARD. A PROBABILISTIC MODEL WAS
DEVELOPED AND SOLVED TO DETERMINE THE CUMULA-
TIVE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF MINIMUM DO CON-
CENTRATIONS FOR VARIOUS CONSECUTIVE-DAY PERIODS
DOWNSTREAM FROM ANY PARTICULAR WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANT. THE PROBABILISTIC MODEL WAS
DISCUSSED. AN OUTLINE OF THE COMPUTER FLOW DIA-
GRAM USED FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE MODEL WAS
PRESENTED. AN EXAMPLE WAS SHOWN AND THE RESULTS
OF THIS EXAMPLE WERE DISCUSSED. IF AN EFFICIENCY
WAS SPECIFIED FOR A PARTICULAR PLANT, WHETHER OP-
TIMALLY OR NOT, THE MODEL COULD BE USED TO PRE-
DICT THE RISKS OF STANDARD VIOLATION AND TO
DETERMINE THF. EFFECTIVENESS OF EFFLUENT STORAGE
IN REDUCING THIS RISK AS WELL AS THE COST OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT. (W7 1-088 19).
00374. THE APPLICATION OF MEMBRANES TO
SEWAGE AND WASTE TREATMENT.
OKEY, R.W.
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES, UNIVERSITY OF
TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN, 1970. P 327-338.
MEMBRANE FILTRATION INCLUDES A BROAD RANGE OF
SEPARATION PROCESSES SUCH AS FILTRATION, ULTRA-FIL-
TRATION, HYPER-FILTRATION, MICROPORE-FILTRATION,
DIFFUSION, AND REVERSE OSMOSIS. GENERALLY, THOSE
PROCESSES DEFINED AS SUPER-FILTRATION, HYPER-FIL-
TRATION, AND MICRO-FILTRATION OR THE LIKE REFER TO
PROCESSES IN WHICH DISCRETE HOLES OR PORES EXIST IN
A FILTER MEDIA AND THE EFFICIENCY OF THIS TYPE OF
FILTRATION DEPENDS ENTIRELY ON THE DIFFERENCE OF
SIZE BETWEEN THE PORES AND THE PARTICLES TO BE
REMOVED. THE PORES ARE GENERALLY IN THE ORDER OF
10OO TO 100000 A. AND LARGER. WASTE WATERS REQUIR-
ING TREATMENT FREQUENTLY HAVE A BROAD RANGE OF
CONTAMINANT SIZE VARYING FROM IONS TO COLLOIDAL
PARTICLES OF UP TO 1000 TO 10000 A IN THEIR MAXIMUM
DIMENSIONS. THEREFORE, MEMBRANES EMPLOYING BOTH
DIFFUSIVE AND PORE FLOW HAVE APPLICATION IN WASTE
MANAGMENT. MOST MEMBRANE SYSTEMS ARE DESIGNED
IN A SERIES-PARALLELED LAYOUT IN WHICH THE DILUTE
PROCESS STREAM PASSES THROUGH SEVERALPARALLEL
MEMBRANE BLOCKS OR HOUSINGS. THIS CONCEPT
DERIVES FROM THE FACT THAT DIRECT ONFLOW
SYSTEMS TEND TO FOUL BADLY. OPERATING CHARAC-
TERISTICS ARE TABULATED FOR AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
MEMBRANE PLANT TREATING BOTH RAW SEWAGE AND
SECONDARY EFFLUENT. EXTENSIVE STUDIES ON THE
TREATMENT OF VARIOUS PULPING WASTE STREAMS ARE
DISCUSSED. IN ANOTHER EXTENSIVE STUDY OF THE
REMOVAL OF IONS AND ORGANICS (2000 MW) FROM
SECONDARY EFFLUENTS THE SEPARATION REQUIRED A
FLUX VALUE OF 5 TO 15 GPFD AND AN OVER PRESSURE
OF 100-500 PSI. TOTAL COST IS ESTIMATED AT $0.40/1000
GAL. FOR A 1 MGD FACILITY AND $0.30/1000 GAL FOR A 10
MGD FACILITY. (W70-08888).
00375. EUROPEAN PRACTICES
DIGESTION AND DISPOSAL.
IN
SLUDGE
VATER, W.A.G.
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES, UNIVERSITY OF
TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN, 1970, P 421-436.
EUROPEAN PRACTICES IN SLUDGE DEWATER1NG AND
DISPOSAL ARE DISCUSSED CONSIDERING THOSE ASPECTS
WHICH DIFFER FROM METHODS PRESENTLY USED IN THE
UNITED STATES. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN
AND AMERICAN SLUDGE DISPOSAL PRACTICES ARE
PRIMARILY THE RESULT OF COST DIFFERENCES. POWER
COSTS FOR MUNICIPAL UTILITIES IS 2.5 CENTS/KW HR,
CURRENT SELF-GENERATED FROM DIGESTER GAS 1.2
CENTS-KW3HR, FUEL OIL $().10/GAL, CONSTRUCTION AND
INSTALLATION COSTS FOR DIGESTERS IS APPROXIMATELY
$50/M3 AND LABOR IS ABOUT $4000/YR. PASTEURIZATION
PRIOR TO USE ON THE SOIL IS REQUIRED IF THE SLUDGE IS
TO BE USED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOIL. COMPOST-
ING WITH REUSE IN WHICH SUFFICIENT SELF-HEATING IS
GENERATED IS CONSIDERED AN EFFECTIVE HEATING OF
THE LIQUID. MOST SLUDGE THICKENERS ARE TANKS WITH
CIRCULAR CROSS SECTIONS. IF THEY ARE NOT EQUIPPED
WITH THE SCRAPERS THE BOTTOM IS FUNNEL SHAPED
WITH SLUDGE REMOVAL AT THE DEEPEST POINT. CON-
TINUOUS DECANTER CENTRIFUGES ARE MOST COM-
MONLY USED. IF NO CHEMICALS ARE ADDED THE
RECOVERY IS 40-70% OF SOLIDS FROM THE RAW SLUDGE.
THE AVERAGE VACUUM FILTER RATE IS ABOUT 5 GAL/SQ
FT AND UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS UP TO 7.5
79
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
GAL/SO FT FOR SOLIDS CONTENT OF 10%. OF ALL AVAILA-
BLE MECHANICAL SLUDGE DEWATERING EQUIPMENT,
FILTER PRESSES YIELD THE GREATER POSSIBLE CAKE
SOLIDS CONTENT. THE AVERAGE PERFORMANCE IS ABOUT
1 TO 2.5 GAL/SQ FT WITH SOLIDS CONTENT OF 10% AND
CAKE SOLIDS CONTENT OF 40-60%. SLUDGE INCINERATION
YIELDS THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE FINAL VOLUME OF ANY
MECHANICAL SLUDGE HANDLING METHOD. INCINERA-
TORS OF THE MULTIPLE HEARTH FURNACE AND
FLU1DIZED BED TYPE ARE DISCUSSED. (W70-08895).
00376. ALGAL FLOCCULATION WITH ALUMINUM
SULPHATE AND POLYELECTROLYTES.
MCGARRY, M.G.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(5), PART
2, R191-R207, 1970.
THE HIGH RATE POND PROCESS IS BEING DEVELOPED TO
TREAT WASTE WATER AND PROVIDE A NEW SOURCE OF
EDIBLE PROTEIN IN THE FORM OF ALGAE. AS A FOOD
PRODUCTION PROCESS, THE YIELD OF ALGAE EXCEEDS
THE YIELDS OF ALL CURRENTLY KNOWN GRAIN CROPS.
RECENT STUDIES IN THAILAND HAVE INDICATED THAT
PROTEIN PRODUCTION RATES OF 2K TONS/YEAR/ACRE
ARE QUITE EASILY ACHIEVED ON A PILOT PLANT SCALE.
THIS YIELD COMPARES FAVORABLY WITH THAT OF
WHEAT, 135 LB/YEAR/ACRE AND THAT OF SOY BEANS 576
LB/YEAR/ACRE. ALUMINUM SULFATE WAS TESTED AS A
PRIMARY COAGULANT IN CONJUNCTION WITH A VARIETY
OF POLYELECTROLYTES FOR CHEMICAL FLOCCULATION
AS A MEANS OF HARVESTING THE DISPERSED ALGAE FOR
HEAVILY LADEN POND WATER. THE INDEPENDENT VARIA-
BLES STUDIED WERE ALUM AND POLYELECTROLYTE CON-
CENTRATES, TIME OF POLYELECTROLYTE ADDITION, FAST
AND SLOW MIXING PERIOD AND DEGREE OF TURBU-
LENCE. DEPENDENT VARIABLES CONSIDERED WERE: SU-
PERNATANT TRANSMISSION AND SETTLED VOLATILES AS
A MEASURE OF HARVEST OF ALGAE, AFTER ONE HOUR OF
SETTLEMENT. COST OF ALGAL HARVESTING BY ALUM
ALONE AT CONCENTRATIONS OF 30 MG/L WOULD BE
PROHIBITIVE. THE OVERALL MINIMUM COST PER UNIT OF
ALGAL YIELD WAS ATTAINED WITH ALUM ALONE AT
DOSAGE RANGE OF 75 TO 100 MG/L OF ALUM. (W70-08904).
00377. SCUM INCINERATION EXPERIENCES.
ROSS, E.E.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(5), PART
1, 733-736, 1970.
THE EAST BAY WATER POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM OF
OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA IS DESIGNED TO GIVE PRIMARY
TREATMENT TO AN AVERAGE DRY WEATHER FLOW OF
128 MOD AND HANDLE A MAXIMUM OF 291 MOD. THE
TREATMENT PROCESS CONSISTS OF PRE-CHLORINATION,
SCREENING, GRIT REMOVAL, SEDIMENTATION, POST-
CHLORINATION AND SLUDGE DIGESTION. DURING THE
EARLY YEARS OF OPERATION IT WAS FOUND THAT THE
SEDIMENTATION TANK SCUM WHICH WAS THEN PUMPED
TO THE DIGESTION SYSTEM WITH RAW PRIMARY SLUDGE
CONTAINED APPRECIABLE AMOUNTS OF PETROLEUM OIL,
AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL WASTES WHICH WERE NOT
READILY DIGESTIBLE. THIS PROBLEM INITIALLY LEAD TO
THE INSTALLATION OF A GRAVITY FLOTATION TYPE
THICKENER IN WHICH THE RAW SKIMMING AND
DIGESTION SCUM WERE CONCENTRATED AND HAULED TO
OFF-PLANT SANITARY FILLS. THE HIGH COST OF THIS
METHOD OF DISPOSAL, IN EXCESS OF $12,000 ANNUALLY
FOR HAULING ALONE RESULTED IN THE INSTALLATION IN
1964 OF AN INCINERATION PLANT. THE 10.75 FT. 6-HEARTH
UNIT IS DESIGNED FOR 20 TON/DAY AND AUTOMATIC
OPERATION TO MINIMIZE OPERATOR ATTENTION. TO
MEET THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT STAN-
DARDS THE FURNACE WAS EQUIPPED WITH A CENTURI-
TYPE WET SCRUBBER AND CYCLONIC SEPARATOR. THE
HEAT VALUE OF THE SCUM ON A DRY BASIS IS BETWEEN
14000 AND 16,000 BTU'S/LB. MOISTURE CONTENT VARIED
FROM 48.6% TO 42.5% IM 1968. THE MAXIMUM TEMPERA-
TURE MAINTAINED WITHIN THE FURNACE VARIES FROM
1500 TO 1800 DEC F. (W70-08908).
00378. CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
HAGER, D.G.; REILLY, P.B.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(5), 794-
800,, 1970.
OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS MANY LABORATORY AND
FIELD EVALUATIONS HAVE CONFIRMED THE TECHNICAL
AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF TREATING RAW MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER WITH GRANULAR ACTIVATED
CARBON AFTER PRELIMINARY FLOCCULATION AND SET-
TLING CONDUCTED ON RAW WASTE WATER FROM 1 1 MU-
NICIPAL PLANTS LOCATED PRINCIPALLY IN WESTERN
PENNSYLVANIA. THE RESULTS OF THESE TESTS ARE TABU-
LATED IN TERMS OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON. THE
POUNDS OF CARBON REQUIRED TO TREAT WASTE WATER
ARE SHOWN AS POUNDS PER MILLION GALLONS AND IN-
DICATE A WIDE RANGE BETWEEN 542 AND 4280 FOR 90%
TOC REMOVAL AND BETWEEN 572 AND 5050 FOR 95% TOC
REMOVAL. IT IS STATED THAT THE BREAK EVEN POINT
WHEN COMPARING ECONOMICS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE
AND ACTIVATED CARBON IS A CARBON DOSAGE OF 300
TO 1000 POUNDS PER MILLION GALLONS. A COST COM-
PARISON IS GIVEN BETWEEN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEM FOR 10 MGD PLANT AT 90% BOD REMOVAL AND
THE CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION PROCESS FOR 95%
REMOVAL. THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT CONSTRUC-
TION COST IS ESTIMATED AT 3.883 MILLION DOLLARS AS
COMPARED TO 3.359 MILLION DOLLARS FOR ADSORPTION-
CLARIFICATION PLANT. A SUMMARY OF THE OPERATING
COSTS OF THE TWO SYSTEMS IS TABULATED. A TOTAL OF
$0.091/1000 GALLONS IS PRESENTED FOR THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE SYSTEM AND $0.107/1000 GALLONS FOR THE
CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION SYSTEM. COMBINING
OPERATING COSTS WITH AMORTIZATION OF CAPITAL THE
TWO SYSTEMS ARE ESSENTIALLY IDENTICAL AMOUNTING
TO $0.178/1000 GALLONS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND
$0.179/1000 GALLONS FOR CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION.
(W70-08910).
00379. WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE BY IN-
DUSTRY.
IRVINE, R.L.; DAVIS, W.B.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 7(1), 17-19,
1970.
THE CONCEPT OF WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE
WAS PRESENTED IN ORDER TO PROMOTE INDUSTRIAL IM-
PLEMENTATION OF INPLANT WATER MANANGMENT PRO-
GRAMS. INDUSTRY HAS AVOIDED SUCH PROGRAMS; AS-
SUMING THAT THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF ITS
WATER SUPPLY HAVE BEEN AND WILL BE CONSTANT IN
TIME AND SPACE. WASTE TREATMENT AND ITS AS-
SOCIATED COST SEEMS TO BE GENERALLY FEARED. COST
ANALYSES WERE PRESENTED THAT POINT OUT THE
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CONSERVATION AND REUSE. IN
ADDITION, PROCEDURES WERE DESCRIBED THAT IN-
CREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES. THE SEGREGATION OF WASTE STREAMS
WAS STRESSED. ALSO, WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
CONSERVATION AND REUSE PROGRAMS, THE COST OF
WASTE TREATMENT BECOMES PART OF THE PRODUCTION
SCHEME. (W70-08960).
80
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REFERENCE LIST
00380. WHAT THE WASTE PLANT ENGINEER
SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CENTRIFUGES.
TOWNSEND, J.R.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 6(11), 42^4,
1969^
THE USE OF CENTRIFUGES IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT
HAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN RECENT YEARS. THE
PRINCIPLES OF CENTRIFUGATION AMD THE CAPABILITIES
OF FOUR TYPES OF CENTRUFUGES, TUBULAR BOWL, DISC,
DECANTER, AND SOLID-BOWL BASKET WERE DISCUSSED.
THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS WERE PRESENTED FOR
EACH TYPE OF CENTRIFUGE, BOWL DIAMETER, FLOW
RATE, SOLIDS INFEED, DISCHARGED SOLIDS, TEMPERA-
TURE RANGE, PRESSURE RANGE, SPEED, GRAVITY, MOTOR
POWER REQUIRED AND SIZE OF PARTICLES REMOVED.
RELATIVE PERFORMANCES OF THE DISC, DECANTER AND
SOLID-BOWL BASKET CENTRIFUGES ON A MUNICIPAL AC-
TIVATED SEWAGE SLUDGE WERE PRESENTED. ON THE AS-
SUMPTION THAT AN 85% RECOVERY OF PARTICLES IN AN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE WAS SATISFACTORY, THE CAPITAL
COSTS WERE CALCULATED. THE DISC CENTRIFUGE WAS
FOUND TO HAVE THE LOWEST COST PER UNIT CAPACITY.
FOR MAXIMUM SLUDGE CONCENTRATION, THE BASKET
TYPE WAS FOUND TO BE SUPERIOR WHILE THE DECANTER
CENTRIFUGE WAS FOUND TO BE POTENTIALLY ECONOMI-
CAL ONLY WHEN USED WITH CHEMICAL TREATMENT.
(W70-08974).
00381. DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE ON LAND.
EWING, B.B; DICK, R.I.
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES, UNIVERSITY OF
TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN, 1970. P 394-408.
SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON LAND MAY BE APPLIED AS UN-
DIGESTED PRIMARY, AS EXCESS ACTIVATED SLUDGE, OR
AS DIGESTED SLUDGE. IT MAY BE APPLIED AS A LIQUID
OR IT MAY BE DEWATERED OR DRIED. THE LAND MAY BE
USED SIMPLY AS A SITE FOR STOCKPILING SLUDGE FOR
STORAGE. SLUDGE HAS LONG BEEN APPLIED TO LAND
FOR LAND IMPROVEMENT USING THE HUMUS AND THE
NUTRIENTS IN THE SLUDGE FOR SOIL CONDITIONING.
RECENTLY INTEREST HAS BEEN SPARKED IN USE OF LAND
APPLICATION OF LIQUID SLUDGE AS A MEANS OF SLUDGE
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL. THIS PRACTICE ALSO USED
THE WATER FOR IRRIGATION. IF LAND DISPOSAL IS COM-
PARED WITH OTHER SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
COSTS INSTEAD OF CONSIDERING SLUDGE IN ECONOMIC
COMPETITION WITH CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AS A MEANS
OF INCREASING A CROP PRODUCTION, IT BECOMES
ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IS ALSO TABULATED BEING BROKEN
DOWN INTO TOTAL NITROGEN VARYING FROM 1.81 TO
5.96% TOTAL PHOSPATE P2O5 VARYING FROM 1.16 TO
6.97% TOTAL SOLUBLE K2O VARYING FROM 0.29 TO 0.56%
AND ASH VARYING FROM 27.7 TO 61.4%. ODORS, FLIES,
AND AESTHETIC DEGRADATION OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD
SEEM TO BE THE COMPLAINTS MOST OFTEN VOICED.
VARIOUS COSTS ARE GIVEN INCLUDING COSTS OF TRANS-
PORTATION OF SLUDGE FROM THE CITY BY RAILROAD
TANK CAR, TANK TRUCK, PIPELINE. IN ADDITION THE
COST OF SLUDGE DISPOSAL BY VARIOUS METHODS IS
PRESENTED FOR LAND APPLICATION OF LIQUID, DIGESTED
SLUDGE, DEWATERED SLUDGE TO LANDFILL, FERTILIZER
PRODUCTION, INCINERATOR ASH TO LANDFILL. (W70-
08893).
00382. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM EFFLUENTS
IN ALUMINA COLUMNS.
AMES, L.L. JR.; DEAN, R.B.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(5), PART
2,R161-R172, 1970.
AN ALUMINA COLUMN TREATING A SYNTHETIC SECONDA-
RY WASTE WATER EFFLUENT WAS STUDIED. SMALL 1.1-
CM-DIAMETER BY 8-CM-HIGH COLUMNS WERE USED FOR
THE STUDY. THE ALUMINA ADSORPTION PHENOMENA HAS
BEEN CONSIDERED TO BE ESSENTIALLY A HIGHLY SELEC-
TIVE ION EXCHANGE PROCESS WITH PHOSPHORUS ALSO
INVOLVED IN A SECONDARY ADSOPRT1ON REACTION. AT
10% BREAKTHROUGH THE THROUGHPUTS FOR 10.3,7.0 AND
3.5 MG P/L IN THE STANDARD INFLUENT WERE 900, 1400
AND 1900 COLUMN VOLUMES RESPECTIVELY. THE COM-
PETITION OR EFFECTS OF OTHER ANIONS ON PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL WAS OF INTEREST BECAUSE LARGE CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF OTHER ANIONS COULD SIGNIFICANTLY
LOWER THE PHOSPHORUS CAPACITY OF THE ALUMINA.
THE SULPHATE ION WAS CHOSEN TO DEMONSTRATE THE
INTERFERING EFFECTS ON PHOSPHORUS CAPACITY. THE
CONCENTRATION OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM ALSO
SHOWED MARKED EFFECTS ON ALUMINA COLUMN
PHSOSPHORUS CAPACITY. ADSORPTION ON THE ALUMINA
OCCURS PARTLY AS A CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM
PHOSPHORUS COMPLEX RATHER THAN A SIMPLE
PHOSPHORUS ANION. ELUTION OF PHOSPHORUS WAS AC-
COMPLISHED WITH 8 COLUMN VOLUMES OF 1 MOLAR
SODIUM HYDROXIDE FOLLOWED BY 2O COLUMNS OF
WASH WATER. ESTIMATED TREATMENT COST INCLUDING
FILTRATION FOR A 10 MOD PLANT IS BETWEEN 5 AND 6
CENTS/1000 GALLONS FOR SECONDARY EFFLUENT CON-
TAINING 10
TO 12 MG P/L. (W70-08915).
00383. TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
SHAH, K.L.; REID, G.W.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(5), PART
1, 776-793, 1970.
REGRESSION EQUATIONS BASED ON STATISTICAL
TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR ESTIMATING
THE UNIT CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT PLANTS, BOTH IN TERMS OF DESIGN FLOW
AND POPULATION EQUIVALENCY. REGIONAL DIF-
FERENCES WERE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ANALYZING
THE DATA AND ALL REASONABLE COMBINATIONS OF
VARIABLES WHICH WERE THOUGHT TO AFFECT COST
WERE CONSIDERED. TWO METHODS HAVE BEEN USED TO
DEVELOP EQUATIONS: (1) BY ANALYZING SEPARATELY
THE DATA OF EACH TYPE OF PLANT, AND (2) BY COMBIN-
ING THE DATA AND USING DUMMY VARIABLES FOR THE
TYPE OF TREATMENT PLANT. 809 LETTERS WITH
QUESTIONNAIRE FORMS WERE MAILED INCLUDING 49 LET-
TERS TO STATE HEALTH DIRECTORS; 563 WERE
COMPLETED. DATA ON 102 PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANTS
WERE OBTAINED. THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE
VARIABLES: COST PER MILLION GALLONS AND FLOW IN
MGD WERE DERIVED. FOR STABILIZATION PONDS ONLY 12
OF 157 PLANTS REPORTED CURRENT PERFORMANCE OF
TREATMENT. SAMPLE SIZE FOR THE STANDARD RATE
TRICKLING FILTER WAS 67 AND AN EQUATION IS DERIVED
FOR ESTIMATING UNIT CONSTRUCTON COST IN TERMS OF
DOLLARS PER MGD. DATA ON 120 HIGH-RATE TRICKLING
FILTER PLANTS WERE OBTAINED. ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT PLANTS HAD A SAMPLE SIZE OF 115. THE
DATA ON STANDARD RATE TRICKLING FILTER, HIGH-RATE
TRICKLING FILTER, AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS
WERE COMBINED AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS WAS MADE
WITH A SAMPLE SIZE OF 304. SINCE THE LOGARITHMIC
TRANSFORMATION OF THE VARIABLES GAVE THE BEST
81
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FIT, DUMMY VARIABLES WERE USED IN THIS FORM OF
LINEAR EQUATION. (W70-08916).
00384. FEDERAL GRANTS AVAILABLE FOR INDUS-
TRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL.
LACY, W.J.; CYWIN, A.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 116(5), 12-15, 1969.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS ARE
DESCRIBED WITH EMPHASIS BEING PLACED ON THE IN-
DUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (RAND D) PRO-
GRAM. THE PROGRAM'S GENERAL OBJECTIVE IS TO PRO-
VIDE EACH BASIC INDUSTRY THE DEMONSTRATED,
DEVELOPED, AND EVALUATED TECHNOLOGY FOR THE
ABATEMENT OR PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION. THE
R AND D PROGRAM INVOLVING RESEARCH, DEVELOP-
MENT AND DEMONSTRATION CONSISTS OF THREE COM-
PONENTS: AN IN-HOUSE EFFORT, A GRANTS PROGRAM
AND A CONTRACT PROGRAM. MORE THAN 80% OF THE
MONIES AVAILABLE TO THE FWPCA FOR R AND D ARE
USED IN THE FORM OF GRANT AND CONTRACT PAY-
MENTS. INDUSTRY CAN NOW APPLY FOR GRANTS WHICH
PAY AS MUCH AS 70% OF PROJECT COST UP TO $1 MIL-
LION. THE SEQUENCE OF REVIEW FOR GRANT PROPOSALS
IS OUTLINED. SEVERAL INDUSTRIAL GRANTS ARE
DESCRIBED. PROJECTED SCHEDULES OF INVESTMENTS IN
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES BY INDUSTRY AND
GENERALIZED COST RANGES FOR TREATMENT PROCESSES
FOR SOME INDUSTRIES ARE SUMMARIZED. IT IS ESTI-
MATED THAT INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT COSTS
OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS WILL BE $2.6 TO 4.6 BILLION.
JOINT INDUSTRIAL-MUNICIPAL TREATMENT IS ANOTHER R
AND D PROGRAM AREA. GRANTS MAY BE AWARDED FOR
AS MUCH AS 75% OF THE ESTIMATED REASONABLE COST
OF THE PROJECT WHILE CONTRACTS MAY BE AWARDED
FOR UP TO 100% OF THE PROJECT COST. (W70-08969).
00385. ODOR CONTROL METHODS, EXPERIMENTA-
TION AND APPLICATION.
KREMER, J.G.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY SANITATION DISTRICT, RE-
PORT, 1969. 71 P.
DESCRIBES THE FIELD AND LABORATORY INVESTIGA-
TIONS CONDUCTED BY THE COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES
SANITATION DISTRICTS TO DEVELOP METHODS,
PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT FOR ODOR CONTROL OF
AIR FLOWS FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT WERE TO: DEVELOP
MEANS TO QUANTITATIVELY EVALUATE ODOR CONCEN-
TRATIONS; FORMULATE SYSTEMS FOR REMOVING ODORS;
EVALUATE THE SYSTEMS FOR PRACTICALITY AND EFFEC-
TIVENESS; AND DETERMINE COSTS OF ODOR REMOVAL. A
LITERATURE SEARCH REVEALED SCANT KNOWLEDGE OF
PRACTICAL METHODS OF ODOR CONTROL. A SPECIAL
ODOR EVALUATION ROOM WAS CONSTRUCTED AND
EQUIPPED FOR ODOR EVALUATIONS BY MALE AND
FEMALE STUDENTS FROM A NEARBY COLLEGE. PILOT
PLANTS WERE CONSTRUCTED AND TESTED TO EVALUATE
VARIOUS METHODS OF REMOVING ODORS FROM AIR
FLOWS OF WASTE WATER. THESE INCLUDED: A CONVEN-
TIONAL ACTIVATED SLUSGE SCRUBBER; A PACKED-TOWER
TURBULENT CONTACT LIQUID SCRUBBER USING AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE AND VARIOUS CHEMICALS; AND AC-
TIVATED CARBON ABSORBTION. COST COMPARISONS, AD-
VANTAGES, AND CAPACITIES ARE DESCRIBED FOR THE
ABOVE METHODS AND FOR FUME INCINERATION. A SUC-
CESSFUL APPLICATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FOR ODOR
REMOVAL WAS MADE AT A WASTE WATER PUMPING STA-
TION. (W70-09190).
00386. SPACE HEATING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.
MILLER, A.J.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, TENN., TID
DOCUMENT NO. CONF-680810, 219-237, 1968.
REPORTS THE PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF A SYSTEMS
ANALYSIS OF THE USEFULNESS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
CENTERS IN OR NEAR LARGE CITIES AND THE APPLICA-
TION OF ENERGY CENTERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT PAT-
TERNS AND PROBLEMS OF AMERICAN CITIES. IT IS CON-
CLUDED THAT IN 1980 THE HEAT FROM A NUCLEAR ENER-
GY CENTER COULD BE USED TO HEAT AND AIR-CONDI-
TION A LARGE PORTION OF A LARGE CITY AT A COST PER
UNIT OF HEAT EQUIVALENT TO THAT NOW INCURRED BY
DISTRICT HEATING IN DOWNTOWN COMMERCIAL AND
HIGH-RISE APARTMENT AREAS. THE AREAS SERVED
COULD BE MUCH LARGER AND THEY COULD CONSUME
MUCH LESS HEAT PER UNIT OF AREA THAN THOSE NOW
SERVED IN THIS COUNTRY BY DISTRICT-HEATING
SYSTEMS. HEAT FROM BACK-PRESSURE STEAM AND TUR-
BINE BLEED WOULD BE USED RATHER THAN HEAT FROM
PRIME STREAM; THEREFORE THE WASTE OF HEAT FROM
THE PLANT GENERATING ELECTRICITY WOULD BE SIG-
NIFICANTLY REDUCED. SUCH A SYSTEM WOULD REDUCE
BOTH CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF THE AIR AND THERMAL
POLLUTION OF STREAMS. CALCULATIONS INDICATE THAT
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS COULD BE EXTENDED TO
SERVE LARGER AREAS ECONOMICALLY, AND THAT THE
USE OF MEDIUM OR HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER WOULD
BE MOE ECONOMICAL THAN HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM. IN-
VESTIGATIONS OF SYSTEM RELIABILITY, TIME VARIATION
IN LOAD, ECONOMICS, GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES, AND
ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS ARE RECOMMENDED.
(W70-O9192).
00387. BAFFLED BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TREATING
POULTRY PLANT WASTES.
NEMEROW, N.L.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(9), 1605-
1612, 1969.
A POULTRY PLANT IN MILLSBOROUGH, DELAWARE,
PROCESSED 10,000 CHICKENS PER HOUR WITH A WASTE
WATER OF 40,000 GPH, AND AN EFFLUENT OF 2,500 LB
BOD5/DAY AT AN AVERAGE BOD OF 630 MG/L. BECAUSE
THE AREA IS COMMERCIALLY AND RECREATINALLY OF
GREAT VALUE A PROGRAM WAS INITIATED TO REDUCE
THE WASTE WATER CONCENTRATION AT A MAXIMUM
COST OF $100,000. ADEQUATE SCREENING FOLLOWED BY
A TWO-STAGE OXIDATION POND PLANT UTILIZING OVER
AND UNDER CONTACT BAFFLES IN THE FIRST STAGE FOL-
LOWED BY CHLORINATION PROVIDED 85 TO 95% BOD
REDUCTIONS. THE SECOND STATE IS A SHALLOW
SYNTHETIC BASIN. LOADINGS OF OVER 200 LB/DAY/ACRE
RESULTED IN HIGH EFFICIENCY AND COLIFORM COUNTS
OF LESS THAN 10/1000 ML. THE FINAL COST WAS $90000
(W70-09320).
00388. PROBLEM: HARBOR DEBRIS.
CONNER, E.B.
WATER SPECTRUM, ISSUES, CHOICES, ACTIONS,
2(1), 9-13, SPRING 1970.
DE-LITTERING IN THE NATION'S 250 HARBORS AND CHAN-
NELS IS A STAGGERING CHORE. IN A SURVEY OF NEW
YORK'S HARBOR AND TRIBUTARIES, 2,000 ABANDONED
VESSELS AND OVER 2,300 SHORE STRUCTURES AND
CLUSTERS OF FLOATABLE DEBRIS WERE FOUND TO BE
POTENTIAL DRIFT SOURCES. SWEEPING BOATS REMOVED
SOME DEBRIS BUT THOUSANDS OF ACCIDENTS STILL OC-
CURRED EVERY YEAR CAUSING EXPENSIVE DAMAGE AND
82
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REFERENCE LIST
DANGER. TWO GENERAL APPROACHES OFFERED SOLU-
TIONS TO THE DRIFT PROBLEM: (1) TO INCREASE
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL OF FLOATING DEBRIS ABOVE
PRESENT LEVEL, AND (2) TO ELIMINATE THE SOURCES OF
DRIFT BY REMOVAL OR REPAIR OF DERELICT VESSELS
AND STRUCTURES. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS SHOWED THE
LATTER TO BE BEST. COSTS OF REMOVAL AND REPAIR
WERE ESTIMATED AT $29 MILLION AND AN ANNUAL COST
OF 1.5 MILLION, WHILE MONETARY BENEFITS WOULD BE
OVER $10 MILLION A YEAR AS WELL AS OTHER BENEFITS
OF REDUCTION IN FIRE HAZARDS, AIR AND WATER POL-
LUTION, HAZARDS TO LIFE AND HEALTH AND IMPROVED
APPEARANCE OF THE WATERFRONT. A NATIONAL SUR-
VEY RECOMMENDS AN AGGRESSIVE PROGRAM TO
REMOVE SOURCES OF DRIFT. SUCH A PROGRAM OFFERS
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR COOPERATION BETWEEN FEDERAL,
STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO IMPROVE THE
QUALITY OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT. SUCCESSFUL IMPLE-
MENTATION, REQUIRING ENACTMENT AND ENFORCE-
MENT OF LOCAL ORDINANCES TO REGULATE SOURCES OF
DRIFT, WOULD GREATLY HELP IN RELIEVING CONDITIONS
OF WATERFRONT DECAY, UGLINESS AND BLIGHT, FREE
WATERSIDE SITES FOR FUNCTIONS HAVING POSITIVE EF-
FECTS ON THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD AREAS; AND BRING
ABOUT HIGHER LEVELS OF USEFULNESS AND SAFETY FOR
BOTH COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL USERS OF OUR
NATION'S VITAL WATERWAYS AND HARBORS. (W70-09640).
00389. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
MASS, J.E.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 6(2), 353-365, 1970.
THIS PAPER IS CONCERNED WITH THE USE OF TAXES TO
INTERNALIZE THE COSTS OF POLLUTION. THE ANALYSIS
CONSIDERS THE ROLE OF A CENTRAL AUTHORITY AND
PROVIDES JUSTIFICATION FOR THE IMPOSITION OF POLLU-
TION TAXES TO ELICIT OPTIMAL TREATMENT BEHAVIOR
FROM EACH POLLUTER WITHIN A BASIN. THE AUTHOR
THEN DERIVES A RUDIMENTARY RIVER BASIN MODEL
THAT INCORPORATES THE FUNDAMENTAL HYDROLOGI-
CAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIN, THE IMPOSITION OF
DISSOLVED OXYGEN STANDARDS, AND THE EFFECTS OF
TREATMENT OF ORGANIC WASTE AND LOW AUGMENTA-
TION ON THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTENT OF A RIVER.
THIS IS A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING MODEL WHICH
MUST BE SOLVED BY THE CENTRAL AUTHORITY. THE
ANALYSIS FUTHER DEMONSTRATES HOW THE DANTZ1G-
WOLFE NON-LINEAR DECOMPOSITION ALGORITHM CAN BE
USED TO ACHIEVE THE STANDARDS IMPOSED AT
MINIMUM COST TO SOCIETY AND TO DETERMINE THE TAX
STRUCTURE REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THIS SOLUTION. (W70-
09652).
00390. MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS SEPARATION BY
FLOTATION.
MULBARGER, M.C.; HUFFMAN, D.D.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF CIVIL SLUDGE ENGINEERS, 96(SA4)
P 861-870, 1970.
A FULL-SCALE DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION UNIT
DESIGNED FOR SOLIDS-LIQUID SEPARATION OF AN AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE MIXED LIQUOR WAS EVALUATED IN A
FIELD INVESTIGATION. THE DATA INDICATED THAT CON-
VENTIONAL DESIGN PARAMETERS DO NOT ADEQUATELY
PREDICT FLOTATION PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF EF-
FLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS. A NEW PARAMETER WAS
DEVELOPED AND IS PROPOSED AS A RATIONAL DESIGN
GUIDELINE. CONVENTIONAL DESIGN CRITERIA SUCH AS
THE SOLIDS LOADING RATE AND AIR SOLIDS RATIO DID
NOT DESCRIBE FLOTATION PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF
THE EFFLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS. A COST-QUALITY
COMPARISON OF FLOTATION VERSUS GRAVITY SEDIMEN-
TATION WITH WASTE SLUDGE THICKENING INDICATED
THAT OVERALL PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE COULD
HAVE BEEN IMPROVED FOR A SUBSTANTIAL ECONOMIC
SAVINGS. A SAVINGS IN TANKAGE VOLUME AND AREA
REQUIREMENTS WOULD HAVE RESULTED FROM THE USE
OF CONVENTIONAL GRAVITY CLARJFIER WITH OR
WITHOUT WASTE SLUDGE THICKENING. IF GRAVITY SEDI-
MENTATION HAD BEEN USED, THE TOTAL COSTS IN-
DICATED THAT THE EXPENDITURES ASSOCIATED WITH
MIXED-LIQUOR SOLID SEPARATION WULD HAVE BEEN AP-
PROXIMATELY 30% OF THE FLOTATION COSTS. AS COM-
PARED TO THE USE OF A FLOTATION UNIT ALONE, THE
COMBINATION OF GRAVITY SEDIMENTATION AND WASTE
SLUDGE THICKENING BY FLOTATION WOULD HAVE
PRODUCED A SAVINGS OF ABOUT 48% OR $0.03 PER
THOUSAND GALLONS. (W70-10026).
00391. FILTRATION OF ALGAL SUSPENSIONS.
WRIGHT, I.J.; LUIZ, W.M.
BOHNA ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH, INCOR-
PORATED, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, BOHNA
INTERNAL REPORT Fl 70, 1970. 31 P.
THE SANBORN FILTER, PROPRJETARY OF BOHNA EN-
GINEERING AND RESEARCH, INC, A FABRIC AND GRANU-
LAR-MEDIA DEVICE, HAS BEEN EVALUATED FOR USE IN
HARVESTING ALGAE FROM PONDS. REMOVALS OF UP TO
98% HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED WITHOUT THE USE OF FLOC-
CULANTS OR OTHER CHEMICAL ADDITIVES. AN
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF ALGAE FOR
NITROGEN STRIPPING WAS MADE. ASSUMING A FLOW
SHEET WHICH INCLUDES LINED, MIXED GROWTH PONDS
FOLLOWED BY FILTRATION WITH THE SANBORN FILTER,
CONCENTRATION OF THE BACKWASH BY SEDIMENTATION
OR CENTRIFUGAT1ON AND AIR DRYING OF THE ALGAE,
AN APPROXIMATE TOTAL COST OF $37.01 PER MILLION
GALLONS TREATED IS PROJECTED, BASED ON AMORTIZA-
TION AND INTEREST CHARGES OF 10% PER YEAR OF THE
INITIAL INVESTMENT. CAPACITY OF 700 MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY WAS ASSUMED. (W70-10174).
00392. ACTWABLE RARE EARTH
ESTUARINE WATER TRACERS.
ELEMENTS
CHANNEL, J.K.; KRUGER, P.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, JULY
26-AUG 1, 1970. 20 P
A RELIABLE ANALYTICAL METHOD HAS BEEN DEVELOPED
FOR SEPARATING THE RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS (REE) AS A
GROUP FROM ESTUARINE WATER AND DETECTING EU-
ROPIUM AND LANTHANUM IN QUANTITIES AS LOW AS 1
NO AND 20 NG PER SAMPLE. ALTHOUGH REE MAY ADSORP
TO SUSPENDED SOLIDS AT NORMAL PH, THE ANALYTICAL
METHOD MEASURES THESE TOGETHER WITH THOSE IN
SOLUTION. LOSSES TO BOTTOM SEDIMENTS CAN BE ESTI-
MATED AND ARE NOT SERIOUS FOR ESTUARIES WITH
AVERAGE DEPTHS GREATER THAN 10 FT. THESE CHARAC-
TERISTICS ENABLE REE TO BE USED IN TRACING THE DIS-
SOLVED, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND SETTLEABLE SOLIDS
PHASES OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT. ESTUARINE WATER CAN
ALSO BE TRACED IF REE ARE INJECTED AT A LOW PH IN
AREAS OF LOW SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATION. THE
ACTIVABLE REE CAN ALSO BE USED AS MULTIPLE
TRACERS OR TO EXTEND THE RANGE OF FLUORESCENT
DYE OR RADIONUCLIDE TRACERS. THE MINIMUM DE-
TECTABLE AMOUNT OF ADDED TRACER IS 110 NG/L FOR
LANTHANUM AND 15 NG/L FOR EUROPIUM. LANTHANUM
TRACER IS LESS EXPENSIVE THAN RHODAMINE WT DYE IN
83
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
LARGE STUDIES. ESTIMATED LANTHANUM COSTS ARE
SLIGHTLY GREATER THAN TRITIUM OF LA 140 FOR LARGE
STUDIES BUT MAY BE PREFERABLE BECAUSE OF
RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS. EUROPIUM IS
NOT ECONOMICALLY COMPETITIVE. (W70-10210).
00393. TASK D REPORT: SURVEY OF POWER PLANT
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND
DESIGN CRITERIA.
FULLER, W.D.; MAULBETSCH, J.S.
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION,
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SE-
RIES, AUGUST 1970. 94 P.
THIS REPORT IS PART OF A LARGER STUDY TO PERFORM A
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY OF ALTERNATE
METHODS FOR COOLING CONDENSER DISCHARGE WATER
FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS. THE TASK REPORTED ON
IN THIS DOCUMENT INVESTIGATES THE CRITERIA BY
WHICH THE POWER PLANTS THEMSELVES ARE DESIGNED
AND OPTIMIZED. THESE CRITERIA ARE BOTH TECHNOLOG-
ICAL AND ECONOMIC. THE INITIAL SECTION REVIEWS THE
GENERAL ASPECTS OF POWER PLANT SELECTION. THESE
INCLUDE QUESTIONS SUCH AS HOW THE PROCEDURE OF
PROCURING A NEW PLANT IS INITIATED, HOW THE PLANT
SIZE IS DETERMINED, WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE
CHOICE OF FUEL AND SITE LOCATION, AND HOW THE
PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR AND FIXED CHARGE RATE ARE
CALCULATED. THERE FOLLOWS A DETAILED REVIEW OF
DESIGN AND COST OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES. THIS IN-
CLUDES A REVIEW OF CAPITAL COSTS FOR THE TURBINE-
GENERATOR UNITS AND FOR THE BOILERS. OPERATING
COSTS ARE COMPUTED BASED ON CONSTANT INCREMEN-
TAL RUNNING RATES. A WORKED EXAMPLE IS PRESENTED
AND CARRIED TO THE POINT OF A 'PRESENT WORTH'
EVALUATION. A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE USE OF FEED-
WATER HEATERS, SINGLE- AND MULTI-PRESSURE CON-
DENSERS IS PROVIDED. SOME OPERATIONAL CONSIDERA-
TIONS INCLUDING INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL AND
PLANT LAYOUT ARE DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. A SEPARATELY
BOUND APPENDIX INCLUDES A HEAT RATE TABLE FOR
GENERAL ELECTRIC TURBINES, AND WESTINGHOUSE AND
GENERAL ELECTRIC PRICE LISTS FOR BOTH CONVEN-
TIONAL AND NUCLEAR TURBINE-GENERATOR UNITS.
(W70-I0316).
00394. AUTOMATIC WATER AND WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANTS IN OPERATION.
STONE, R.; CONRAD, E.T.
CIVIL ENGINEERING, 40(5), 37-40, 1970.
WATER AND WASTE TREATMENT FOR THE NAPA-BER-
RYESSA IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT AND LAKE BERRYESSA
IN CALIFORNIA DEPEND ON AN AUTOMATIC SYSTEM. THE
WATER FACILITIES ARE AN INTAKE STRUCTURE; TREAT-
MENT PLANT WHICH PROVIDES FOR TASTE, ODOR, AND PH
CONTROL CLARIFICATION, FILTRATION AND CHLORINA-
TION; PUMP STATION; 7,000 FT TRANSMISSION MAIN;
STORAGE TANK; AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. THE ENTIRE
WATER SYSTEM IS CONTROLLED AUTOMATICALLY USING
WATER LEVELS AT VARIOUS POINTS TO START AND STOP
THE INTAKE AND BOOSTER PUMP STATIONS. THE INTAKE
PUMPS ARE MOUNTED ON A CARRIER AND MOVE UP AND
DOWN WITH THE LAKE LEVEL. THE SYSTEM WAS
DESIGNED FOR PEAK FLOWS OF 0.5 MOD, EXPANDABLE TO
1.0 MOD AND ULTIMATELY TO 4.0 MGD. THE SEWAGE
FACILITY TREATS A LOAD OF 0.175 MGD WITH EASY EX-
PANSION TO 0.35 MGD INCORPORATING AN ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PLANT FOLLOWED BY OXIDATION BASINS. TWO
BOOSTER PUMPS, CONTROLLED AUTOMATICALLY BY THE
LEVEL IN THE OXIDATION BASIN, PUMP THE EFFLUENT TO
THE DISPOSAL AREA. THE TREATED WASTE IS DISPOSED
THROUGH HILLSIDE IRRIGATION EMPLOYING 80 ACRES
WITH NATURAL SLOPES UP TO 1: 1. THE LAND WAS DI-
VIDED INTO FOUR SUBDIVISIONS, THREE SECTIONS INTER-
MITTENTLY IRRIGATED BY AUTOMATICALLY CON-
TROLLED 50 000 GAL STORAGE TANK, AND THE FOURTH
SECTION ALLOWED TO FULLY DRY BETWEEN DOSINGS.
DRAINAGE DITCHES AND A COLLECTION POND PREVENT
CONTAMINATION OF LAKE WATERS. THE TOTAL CON-
STRUCTION COST WAS $735,644 WITH $32,324 GOING FOR
THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM. (W70-10328).
00395. WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING IN INDUS-
TRY.
ELLER, J.; FORD, D.L.; GLOYNA, E.F.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 62(3), 149-154, 1970.
THE CURRENT STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE AND
RECYCLING WAS SURVEYED BY A PRESENTATION OF
REPRESENTATIVE CASE STUDIES. IN THE MAJORITY OF
CASES INVOLVING INDUSTRIAL REUSE IT IS NECESSARY
TO PROVIDE SOME FORM OF TREATMENT AND SEVERAL
INDUSTRIES ARE USING SEVERAL FORMS OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT IN SUPPORT OF WATER REUSE AND RECYCLE
PRACTICES. PARTICULAR EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON REUSE
OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATERS BY SELECTED INDUSTRIES.
AN ECONOMIC BALANCE EQUATION ON WATER REUSE
WAS DISCUSSED AND A SIMPLIFIED MODEL ESTABLISHING
A BASIS FOR MAKING ECONOMICDECIS1ONS PRESENTED.
(W70-I0329).
00396. PRESSURE FILTRATION OF SECONDARY
TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT.
BERG, E.L.; BRUNNER, C.A.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 6(10), 54-58,
1969.
A FIELD STUDY USING A COMMERCIAL PRESSURE FILTER
TO CLARIFY SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT
IS DESCRIBED. TWO DIFFERENT FILTER BEDS WERE EVAL-
UATED: A SINGLE-MEDIUM FILTER CONSISTING OF 20
INCHES ANTHRACITE COAL (EFFECTIVE SIZE 0.75 MM)
AND A DUAL-MEDIA FILTER CONSISTING OF 6 INCHES
SAND (EFFECTIVE SIZE 0.45 MM) AND 14 INCHES
ANTHRACITE COAL. FILTRATION RATES WERE EITHER 5
OR 10 GPM/SO FT AND FILTER PERFORMANCE WAS DETER-
MINED BY MEASUREMENT OF FILTER HEADLOSS, IN-
FLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND EFFLUENT TURBIDITY.
FOUR DIFFERENT POLYELECTROLYTES WERE IN-
VESTIGATED IN CONJUNCTION WITH VARIED ALUM
DOSAGES. RESULTS INDICATED THAT CATIONIC
POLYELECTROLYTES WERE MORE EFFECTIVE IN
PREVENTING FLOC BREAKTHROUGH THAN WERE THE
NONIONIC OR ANIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES FOR THE SIN-
GLE MEDIUM FILTER USING DOSAGES OF 2.16 MG/L
POLYELECTROLYTES AND 14.5 MG/L ALUM AT A FILTRA-
TION RATE OF 10 GPM/SQ FT. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
(TOC) REMOVAL WAS 50% AND PHOSPHATE REMOVAL
WAS 17%. SLIGHTLY BETTER TOC REMOVAL AND SIGNIFI-
CANTLY LESS PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL WAS OBSERVED IN
THE DUAL MEDIA FILTER UNDER SIMILAR CONDITIONS.
ESTIMATES FOR A 1 MGD CAPACITY PLANT INDICATED A
TOTAL COST OF 6.7 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS FOR THIS
TYPE TREATMENT. (W70-10343).
84
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REFERENCE LIST
00397. DEMINERALIZATION OF WASTE WATER BY
ION EXCHANGE.
PARKHURST, J.D.; CHEN, C.; CARRY, C.W.; MASSE,
A.N.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, JULY
26-AUGUST 1, 1970. PREPRINT, PAPER 1-20.
AN ION EXCHANGE PILOT PLANT WAS SUCCESSFULLY
DEMINERALIZED WASTE WATER AT POMONA, CALIFOR-
NIA, FOR ALMOST THREE YEARS. COST ESTIMATES FOR
THE ION EXCHANGE PROCESS SHOWS THAT BLENDED
WATER WITH 1/3 THE INFLUENT TOTAL DISSOLVED
SOLIDS REMOVED CAN BE PRODUCED AT A COST COM-
PETITIVE WITH ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF WATER IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A TWO
STAGE ION EXCHANGE PROCESS WHICH REDUCES THE IN-
FLUENT TDS BY 90%. AFTER 500 CYCLES OF OPERATION
NO DISCERNABLE DECREASE IN EFFICIENCY OF THE UNIT
HAS OCCURRED. ACTIVATED CARBON ABSORPTION
REGENERATION LEVELS ARE 1.1 LBS OF SULPHURIC ACID
PER CUBIC FOOT FOR THE CATION RESIN AND 0.56 LBS OF
AQUEOUS AMMONIA FOR THE ANION RESIN. THESE HAVE
PRODUCED REGENERATION EFFICIENCIES OF 85 TO 90%
RESPECTIVELY. BRINES TOTAL APPROXIMATELY 11% OF
THE INFLUENT FLOW AND BACKWASH WASTES TOTAL
ABOUT 4%, BUT THESE CAN BE RECYCLED THROUGH THE
PRETREATMENT SYSTEM. ESTIMATED COSTS INCLUDING
CARBON PRETREATMENT TO PRODUCE A BLENDED
WATER OF 667 MG/L TDS FROM AN INFLUENT STREAM OF
1,000 MG/L TDS IS ABOUT 23 CENTS PER THOUSAND GAL-
LONS. (W 70-10400).
00398. ROTARY VIBRATORY FINE SCREENING OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
MARSHE, D.M.
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGY, A COMPILATION OF PAPERS
PRESENTED AT THE FEDERAL WATER QUALITY
ADMINISTRATION 'SYMPOSIUM ON STORM AND
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS', P 57-106, JUNE
22-23, 1970.
THIS STUDY SOUGHT TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY, EF-
FECTIVENESS, AND ECONOMICS OF EMPLOYING HIGH-
RATE, LINE-MESH SCREENING FOR PRIMARY TREATMENT
OF STORM WATER OVERFLOW FROM COMBINED SEWER
SYSTEMS. THE FINAL FORM OF THE SCREENING UNIT
STANDS 63 INCHES HIGH AND HAS AN OUTSIDE DIAMETER
OF 80 INCHES. THE UNIT IS FED BY AN 8-INCH PIPE CARRY-
ING 1700 GPM (122 GAL/MIN/FT SO.) WHICH IS DISTRIBUTED
TO A 60-INCH DIAMETER ROTATING (60 RPM) STAINLESS
STEEL COLAR SCREEN HAVING 14 SQUARE FEET OF
AVAILABLE SCREEN AREA AND A 165 MESH (105 MICRON
OPENING, 47.1 PERCENT OPEN AREA). THE SCREEN IS
BACK-WASHED AT THE RATE OF 0.235 GALLONS OF
BACKWASH WATER PER 1000 GALLONS OF APPLIED
SEWAGE. BASED ON FINAL PERFORMANCE TESTS RUN ON
DRY-WEATHER SEWAGE, THE UNIT IS CAPABLE OF 99 PER-
CENT REMOVAL OF FLOATABLE AND SETTLEABLE SOLIDS,
34 PERCENT REMOVAL OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND
27 PERCENT REMOVAL OF COD. THE SCREENED EFFLUENT
IS TYPICALLY 92 PERCENT OF THE INFLUENT FLOW. ON
THE BASIS OF A SCALE-UP DESIGN OF A 25 MOD SCREEN,
ING FACILITY, THE ESTIMATED COST OF TREATMENT IS 22
CENTS/1000 GALLONS. NO FINITE COST COMPARISONS
WERE MADE WITH OTHER TREATMENT METHODS; HOW-
EVER, WHEN COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL PRIMARY
SEDIMENTATION, THE SELECTION OF A SCREENING
FACILITY AS A TREATMENT METHOD IS DEPENDENT ON
THE VALUE AND AVAILABILITY OF LAND, THE DESIGN
CAPACITY OF THE TREATMENT FACILITY, THE
CHARACTER OF RAINFALL AND RUNOFF, AND THE MEANS
OF DISINFECTION. IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE PROPOSED
SCREENING FACILITY REQUIRED 1/10 TO 1/20 THE LAND
REQUIRED BY A CONVENTIONAL PRIMARY TREATMENT
PLAN. (W70-09616).
00399. DETROIT SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE
CONTROL. DETROIT METROPOLITAN
WATER SERVICES, MICH.
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW ABATEMENT
TECHNOLOGY, A COMPILATION OF PAPERS
PRESENTED AT THE FEDERAL WATER QUALITY
ADMINISTRATION 'SYMPOSIUM ON STORM AND
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS, ' P 2 J9-290,
JUNE 22-23, 1970. 33 FIG, 4 TAB. FWQA PROJECT
11020 FAX.
DETROIT IS FACED WITH THE PROBLEM OF PREVENTING
POLLUTION OF THE DETROIT AND ROUGE RIVERS FROM
ITS COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM OVERFLOWS. AS AN AL-
TERNATIVE TO UNDERTAKING A DUBIOUSLY EFFECTIVE
SEWER SEPARATION PROGRAM, ESTIMATED TO COST IN
EXCESS OF TWO BILLION DOLLARS, THE DETROIT METRO
WATER DEPARTMENT HAS INSTALLED THE NUCLEUS OF A
SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE CONTROL 'SYSTEM'
FOR CONTROLLING THE POLLUTION FROM THE COMBINED
OVERFLOW FROM MANY SMALL STORMS AT A COST OF
SLIGHTLY OVER TWO MILLION DOLLARS. THE 'SYSTEM'
INCLUDES TELEMETERING RAIN GAGES, SEWER LEVEL
SENSORS, OVERFLOW DETECTORS, A CENTRALLY
LOCATED COMPUTER AND DATA-LOGGER, AND A CEN-
TRALLY LOCATED OPERATING CONSOLE FOR CON-
TROLLING PUMPING STATIONS AND SELECTED REGULAT-
ING GATES. INSTALLATION HAS BEEN VIRTUALLY
COMPLETED AND NOW ENABLES APPLYING SUCH POLLU-
TION CONTROL TECHNIQUES AS 'STORM FLOW ANTICIPA-
TION, ' 'FIRST FLUSH INTERCEPTION, ' 'SELECTIVE RETEN-
TION, ' AND 'SELECTIVE OVERFLOWING. ' AN EVALUATION
OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS INITIAL INSTALLATION
WILL SERVE AS THE BASIS FOR DETERMINING WHAT ADDI-
TIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES ARE REQUIRED,
WHAT SUBURBAN MONITORING AND REMOTE CONTROL IS
ESSENTIAL, WHAT COMPUTER RELATED EQUIPMENT FOR
PUMP AND VALVE CONTROL CAN BE USED FOR MORE EF-
FECTIVE POLLUTION CONTROL, WHAT AUTOMATIC SAM-
PLING AND ANALYSIS WILL BE MORE VALUABLE IN THE
SYNCHRONOUS OPERATION OF THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM
AND WHAT DESIGN PARAMETERS SHOULD BE USED IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF NEW OR SUPPLEMENTAL SEWERS
OR TREATMENT FACILITIES. (W70-O9620).
00400. OPTIMAL DEGREE OF SEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT FOR EACH PROJECT OF THE
COMPLEX.
BELICHENKO, Y.P.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, JULY
26 - AUGUST 1, 1970. PREPRINT, 4 P.
ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES IN SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF
CONSERVATION OF WATER SOURCES FROM POLLUTION
BECOME ESPECIALLY EVIDENT IF ONE TAKES INTO AC-
COUNT THE EVER INCREASING QUANTITIES OF SEWAGE
WATERS TO BE DISCHARGED IN THE FUTURE, AND ALSO
THE HIGH CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF TREATMENT WORKS
(AVERAGING 100 ROUBLES PER CUM. OF WASTES
DISCHARGED PER DAY), REQUIRED TO TREAT THESE IN-
CREASED DISCHARGES. HENCE IT FOLLOWS HOW IMPOR-
TANT IT IS TO SEARCH FOR WAYS OF DECREASING CON-
STRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR DECON-
TAMINATION OF SEWAGE WATERS. THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF WORKS FOR TREAT-
ING THE SEWAGE WATERS TO DIFFERENT DEGREES OF PU-
85
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
R1TY IS KNOWN. THIS RELATIONSHIP CAN BE GENERALLY
EXPRESSED AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL AND FINAL CON-
CENTRATIONS OF A POLLUTANT AND SEWAGE
DISCHARGE. AFTER DETERMINING THE REQUIRED CON-
CENTRATION OF A CERTAIN MATTER CONTAINED IN
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS DISCHARGED INTO A WATER STREAM
BY EACH PROJECT ON CONDITION OF PROVIDING THE
CRITICAL, ADMISSABLE CONCENTRATION OF THIS
MATTER AT A DOWNSTREAM WATER USE SITE WITH
MINIMUM EXPENSES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TREATMENT
WORKS THE REQUIRED COST OF EACH PROJECT CAN BE
EVALUATED THROUGH AN OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE.
(W70-09750).
00401. DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGE BY ELEC-
TROOSMOSIS.
GREYSON, J.; ROGERS, H.H.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, JULY
26-AUGUST 1, 1970. PREPRINT, 14 P.
ELECTROOSMOTIC PUMPING DERIVES FROM THE ELEC-
TROKINETIC PHENOMENON OF ELECTROOSMOSIS, I. E.,
THE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH POROUS MATRICES OR
CONSTRAINED SUSPENSIONS OF FINE PARTICLES THAT IS
ASSOCIATED WITH ION FLOW PRODUCED BY AN APPLIED
ELECTRIC FIELD. IN CONTRAST TO CONVENTIONAL FIL-
TRATION, ELECTROOSMOTIC PUMPING IS INDEPENDENT
OF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE PORE STRUC-
TURE OF THE FILTERING MEDIA AND THE INHERENT
LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL FILTRATION RESULTING
FROM PORE CLOGGING OR FILTER CAKE COMPRESSION
ARE REMOVED. AN INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROOSMOTIC
PUMPING FOR DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGES TO A
SOLIDS LEVEL SUFFICIENT FOR AUTO-INCINERATION HAS
BEEN CARRIED OUT, AND IT HAS BEEN DETERMINED THAT
THE TECHNIQUE IS APPLICABLE TO SLUDGES OF VARIOUS
TYPES. THE MOST EFFICIENT DEWATERING IS OBTAINED
WHEN SOLIDS ARE COLLECTED FROM A SCREEN
CATHODE. FOR EFFICIENT DEWATERING FROM VERY WET
SLUDGE (2%) TO BURNABLE SOLIDS, IT IS NECESSARY
THAT AN INITIAL SLUDGE FILM BE FORMED AT THE
CATHODE SURFACE. SLUDGES CANNOT BE THICKENED TO
A SOLIDS CONTENT EXCEEDING 20% IF THE CAKE IS
BENEATH THE LIQUID LEVEL OF THE SLUDGE SUSPEN-
SION; FOR DRYING BEYOND THE 20% VALUE, THE CAKE
MUST BE BROUGHT OUT OF THE LIQUID. PRELIMINARY
COST ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT ELECTROOSMOTIC
SLUDGE DEWATERING IS A POTENTIALLY ATTRACTIVE
UNIT PROCESS. (W70-09752).
00402. GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, PUBLIC
WORKS PLAN FOR WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
ENGINEERING REPORT TO GENESEE COUNTY
DRAIN COMMISSIONER, FLINT, MICHIGAN,
JANUARY 1970, 104 P
A COUNTY-WIDE PUBLIC WORKS PLAN IS DESCRIBED FOR
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN GENESEE COUNTY,
MICHIGAN. THE PLAN FOR SEWERS AND SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT WAS INITIATED BY THE COUNTY DRAIN COMMIS-
SIONER IN ANTICIPATION OF POTENTIAL PROBLEMS FROM
EXPANSION OF SERVICE AREAS, RELIEF SEWER REQUIRE-
MENTS, FLOWS FROM OUTSIDE GENESEE COUNTY, AND
OVERLOADS ON PRESENT WASTE WATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES. THE PURPOSE OF THE PLAN IS TO PROVIDE A
SANITARY SEWERAGE SYSTEM DESIGNED TO HANDLE UL-
TIMATE NEEDS WHEN THE COUNTY AND CONTIGUOUS
TRIBUTARY AREA ATTAIN FULL DEVELOPMENT. ALL EX-
ISTING SEWER SYSTEMS AND FUTURE CONSTRUCTION
WOULD ULTIMATELY BE MERGED INTO AN INTEGRATED
SYSTEM. AT PRESENT, THE CITY OF FLINT PROVIDES
WASTE WATER TREATMENT FOR COUNTY FLOWS FROM
ONE OF SIX COUNTY SEWAGE DISPOSAL DISTRICTS. TWO
ALTERNATIVE PLANS ARE PRESENTED FOR SEWAGE
DISPOSAL ONE IS TO CONTINUE THE AGREEMENT WITH
FLINT AND PARTICIPATE IN PLANT EXPANSION. THE
OTHER IS TO EXPAND THE CAPACITY OF A COUNTY
TREATMENT PLANT AND CONSTRUCT THE TRUNK SEWER
NECESSARY FOR FLOW DIVERSION. DESCRIPTIONS OF
RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS, EXPANSION AND ADDI-
TIONS TO THE SEWER SYSTEMS AND WASTE WATER
TREATMENT FACILITIES, TOGETHER WITH ESTIMATES OF
CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND OPERATING COSTS, ARE IN-
CLUDED. METHODS OF FINANCING ARE DISCUSSED. (W70-
09796).
00403. REPORT TO THE CITY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN,
ON SANITARY AND STORM SEWER
SYSTEMS.
REPORT TO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND
UTILITIES, CITY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN, SEP-
TEMBER 12, 1969. 159 P
THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE STUDY PROCEDURES AND
PRESENTS THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMEN-
DATIONS OF AN ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF THE
ADEQUACY OF THE SANITARY SEWER AND STORM SEWER
SYSTEMS AND THE WASTE WATER DISPOSAL FACILITIES
OF THE CITY OF FLINT. THE SEWER SYSTEMS PERFORMED
THEIR PRESENT FUNCTIONS SATISFACTORILY; HOWEVER,
MAJOR PROBLEMS WERE: (1) BASEMENT FLOODING, (2)
RIVER POLLUTION, AND (3) POTENTIAL FLOODING FROM
FUTURE STORMWATER DISCHARGES FROM ADJOINING
TOWNSHIPS. IN ADDITION TO RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS AND EXPANSION OF EXISTING
FACILITIES, SEVERAL FAR-REACHING AND UNCONVEN-
TIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS WERE MADE. ONE OF THESE
IS TO SEPARATE THE DOWNTOWN COMBINED-SEWER
SYSTEM BY CONSTRUCTING A NEW STORM SEWER
SYSTEM IN THIS AREA AND CONVERTING THE EXISTING
COMBINED-SEWER TO A SEPARATE SANITARY SEWER.
THIS CONSTRUCTION, ESTIMATED TO COST $2 MILLION,
SHOULD BE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING RIVER POLLUTION
AND BASEMENT FLOODING FROM OVERFLOWS OF THE
PRESENT COMBINED-SEWER. ANOTHER RECOMMENDA-
TION IS TO REMOVE ALL CONNECTIONS TO SANITARY
SEWERS FROM ROOF DRAINS, FOUNDATION DRAINS, AND
PARKING LOTS. THE CITY SHOULD ENACT LEGISLATION
TO PROHIBIT FUTURE CONNECTIONS TO THE SANITARY
SEWER SYSTEM FROM FOUNDATION DRAINS OR OTHER
SOURCES OF SURFACE WATER OR GROUNDWATER. SPE-
CIAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF SURFACE AND GROUND-
WATER INFILTRATION INTO EXISTING SEWERS ARE ALSO
RECOMMENDED. A $30,644,000 CONSTRUCTION AND IM-
PROVEMENT PROGRAM IS PROPOSED. THE NEED FOR
COOPERATION BETWEEN FLINT AND GENESEE COUNTY IS
STRESSED, PARTICULARLY FOR RAINFALL AND RUNOFF
DATA COLLECTION AND FLOOD PLAIN CONSERVATION
(W70-09797).
00404. POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL, A PRO-
GRAM FOR CHICAGOLAND.
REPORT TO METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT
OF GREATER CHICAGO, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FEBRUARY 1968. 39 P.
A GENERAL DESCRIPTION IS PRESENTED OF AN INNOVA-
TIVE PROGRAM FOR CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
AND FLOODING IN THE SERVICE AREA OF THE
METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER
CHICAGO. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE OBJECTIVES
FUNCTIONS, OPERATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
86
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REFERENCE LIST
PROPOSED SYSTEM, CONSTRUCTION TIME SCHEDULES,
AND ESTIMATED CONSTRUCTION COSTS. THE PLANS PRO-
VIDE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL SHAFTS TO
CONVEY OVERFLOWS, FROM EACH OF THE 400 OVERFLOW
POINTS OF THE EXISTING COMBINED SEWERS, TO HIGH
VELOCITY CONVEYANCE TUNNELS EXCAVATED IN ROCK
SEVERAL HUNDRED FEET BENEATH THE GROUND SUR-
FACE. THE OVERFLOWS WOULD BE STORED TEMPORARI-
LY IN A HUGE RESERVOIR TO BE EXCAVATED IN ROCK 850
FEET BELOW LAKE CALUMET. UPON CESSATION OF OVER-
FLOW AND DURING OFF-PEAK. HOURS, THE STORED
WATER WOULD BE PUMPED TO A SURFACE RESERVOIR
AND THEN TO A TREATMENT PLANT FOR TREATMENT
PRIOR TO DISCHARGE TO THE WATERWAY. THE
$1,270,000,000 PROJECT IS PROPOSED TO BE CONSTRUCTED
IN 5 CONSTRUCTION ZONES WITHIN A 300 SQUARE MILE
AREA DURING A 10-YEAR PERIOD. THE FIRST ZONE
WOULD BE COMPLETED BY EARLY 1973 IF CONSTRUCTION
IS BEGUN IN EARLY 1970. HYDROELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION IS PROPOSED AS A PART OF THE SYSTEM
OPERATION. COST COMPARISONS WITH THREE ALTERNA-
TIVE SOLUTIONS ARE GIVEN. THE ENGINEERS ESTIMATE
THAT THE PROPOSED SYSTEM CAN BE COMPLETED TO
MEET WATER QUALITY STANDARDS OF THE STATE OF IL-
LINOIS BY THE 1977 TIME LIMIT. (W70-09799).
00405. PRETREATMENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE.
BOEHNKE, B.
FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE IN-
TERNATIONAL RESEARCH GROUP ON REFUSE
DISPOSAL, PROCEEDINGS, BOSEL, JUNE 2-5,
1969. N.P., N.D., P 615 - 631.
A SUMMARY OF THE MEETINGS AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE
WORKING GROUP 5 OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CON-
GRESS OF THE 1RGR IS PRESENTED. THE THEME IS
DISCUSSED UNDER EIGHT SECTIONS, NAMELY: (1)
CRITERIA FOR THE DEGREE OF AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
SLUDGE STABILIZATION. (2) OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE
AND COST OF THE FOLLOWING: (A) AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC SLUDGE STABILIZATION, (B) SLUDGE
THICKENING, (C) CENTRIFUGAT1ON WHILE CONSIDERING
PRE-CONDITIONING, (D) SLUDGE PROCESSING IN DRYING
BEDS AND SLUDGE LAGOONS, (E) VACUUM FILTRATION
WHILE CONSIDERING PRE-CONDITIONING, (F) PRESSURE
FILTRATION WHILE CONSIDERING PRECONDITIONING, AND
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PARED WITH ABOUT $28/1000 CU M FOR EXTENDED AERA-
TION PLANTS. SURGES AND MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
CAUSED REDUCTION IN EFFLUENT QUALITY BUT THE
PLANT RECOVERED QUICKLY. EXTREMELY COLD
WEATHER ALSO CAUSED POOR PERFORMANCE. EXTEN-
SIVE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS STUDIES WERE MADE AND
SEVERAL FIGURES ARE PRESENTED ILLUSTRATING THE
RESULTS. MONTHLY AVERAGES FOR BOD RANGED FROM
150 TO 300 MG/L AVERAGING BETWEEN 225 AND 275 MG/L.
FINAL EFFLUENT BOD RANGED FROM 4 TO 196 MG/L
AVERAGED AROUND 8 TO 10 MG/L. (W71-00130).
00409. CANNERY WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY
HIGH-RATE SPRAY ON GRASSLAND.
LAW, J.P JR; THOMAS, R.E.; MYERS, L.H.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 42(9), 1681-1631, 1970.
A 12-MONTH SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE
THE TREATMENT AND EFFICIENCY OF A SPRAY-RUNOFF
SYSTEM FOR CANNERY WASTES. A TOTAL OF 133 INCHES
OF WASTE WATER WAS APPLIED TO EACH OF 4 EXPERI-
MENTAL AREAS. HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS, MASS
RMOVAL EFFICIENCIES AND SOIL WATER QUALITY WERE
EVALUATED IN RELATION TO AGE OF THE SYSTEM, SOIL
TYPE AND SPRAY SCHEDULING. HYDROLOGICAL MEA-
SUREMENTS SHOWED THAT 18% OF THE APPLIED WATER
WAS LOST THROUGH EVAPORATIVE PROCESS, 61%
RETURNED TO SURFACE DRAINS AS RUNOFF AND THE
REMAINING 21% PERCOLATED THROUGH THE SOIL. A NOR-
MAL ONCE-A-DAY SPRAY SCHEDULE RESULTED IN 92% TO
99% REMOVAL OF THE VOLATILE SOLIDS AND OXYGEN
DEMANDING ORGANICS, 83 TO 90% REMOVAL OF TOTAL
NITROGEN AND 50% TO 60% REMOVAL OF THE TOTAL
PHOSPHORUS. THE ESTIMATED CAPITAL COST OF IN-
STALLING SUCH A SPRAY RUNOFF SYSTEM IS APPROXI-
MATELY $1,000 PER ACRE. THE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO
HANDLE UP TO 3.6 MOD ON APPROXIMATELY 500 ACRES.
OPERATING COSTS WERE ESTIMATED AT $0.05/1000 GAL
OF WASTE WATER TREATED. (W71-00134).
00410. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF TREE ROOTS IN
SEWER LINES.
AHRENS, J.F.; LEONARD, O.A.; TOWNLEY, N.R.
JOURNAL Of THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, VOL 42(9), 1643-1655, 197.
STUDIES WERE MADE OF HEBICIDES THAT WOULD SELEC-
TIVELY KILL TREE ROOTS IN SEWER LINES BY THE FLOOD
TECHNIQUE. TOX1CITY OF HERBICIDES TO ROOTS AND IN-
JURY TO FOLIAGE FROM ROOT UPTAKE WAS STUDIED IN
WOODY CONTAINER GROWN PLANTS FIRST TO SCREEN
HERBICIDES AND THEN TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS EF-
FECTING TOX1C1TY IN MOVEMENT OF METHAM AND
DICHLOBENIL. THE LATTER TWO WERE ALSO TESTED IN
SANITARY SEWERS. SOLUTIONS OF DICHLOBENIL AT 100
MG/L KILLED ALL THE ROOTS EXCEPT THOSE OF PEACH
EXPOSED FOR 10 TO 60 MINUTES. SOLUTIONS OF METHAM
AT 5000 MG/L KILLED MOST ROOTS EXPOSED FOR 1
MINUTE OR MORE. IN SANITARY SEWERS IN SACRAMENTO
A ONE-HOUR FLOOD TREATMENT WITH METHAM,
DICHLOBENIL AND COMBINATIONS OF THE TWO KILLED
ALL ROOTS IN THE LINE AND MOST OF THE ROOTS IN
JOINTS INSPECTED. METHAM ALSO KILLED ROOTS EX-
TENDING A SHORT DISTANCE OUTSIDE JOINTS. THE INI-
TIAL COST OF CHEMICAL FLOODING AND MECHANICAL
ROOT REMOVAL WERE ABOUT THE SAME. BUT CHEMICAL
FLOODING IS EXPECTED TO REDUCE THE COST OF
FURTHER SEWER MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS. THE
AVERAGE COST OF POWER ROOTING 50 MILES OF SEWER
LINES WAS $0.1 I/FT INCLUDING ALL LABOR, EQUIPMENT
AND OVERHEAD. THE FLOOD METHOD DESCRIBED IN THIS
PAPER WAS TESTED ON 20,000 FEET OF 6 INCH LINE. IT
COST S0.063/FT FOR CHEMICALS AND S0.053/FT FOR ALL
LABOR EQUIPMENT AND OVERHEAD. THEREFORE, A COM-
PARABLE COST OF $O.I13/FT WAS DETERMINED. (W71-
00137).
00411. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GEOHYDROLOGIC
EXPLORATION FOR DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
OF EFFLUENT.
LUM, D.
HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF THE LAND AND NATU-
RAL RESOURCES, CIRCULAR C 54. 14 P
BECAUSE OF A HIGH ESTIMATED COST OF CONSTRUCTING
AN OCEAN OUTFALL SEWAGE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL
SYSTEM, THE HAWAIIAN DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND
NATURAL RESOURCES DECIDED TO INVESTIGATE EF-
FLUENT DISPOSAL UTILIZING DEEP WELLS. THE VARIOUS
GEOHYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS WERE COMPLETED
OVER A THREE-YEAR PERIOD IN THREE PHASES. FIRST, A
PRELIMINARY INJECTION TEST UTILIZING AN EXISTING
NON-USED WELL. SECOND, SUBSURFACE GEOHYDROLOGIC
EXPLORATION CONSISTING OF DRILLING, CORING, AND
TESTING EIGHT NX-SIZE TEST HOLES. DEPTHS VARIED
FROM 50 TO 450 FEET AND A TOTAL OF 2,200 FEET OF
CORE DRILLING AND HYDROLOGIC TESTING WERE AC-
COMPLISHED. THIRD, DRILLING AND TESTING OF THREE-15
INCH DIAMETER DISPOSAL WELLS WITHIN THE SEWAGE
TREATEMENT PLANT SITE. TEST RESULTS SHOW THAT THE
THREE 15-INCH DISPOSAL WELLS HAVE A MINIMUM
CAPACITY OF 14.0 MOD (MILLION GALLONS PER DAY),
COMPARED TO THE PRESENT 11 MOD AND THE ULTIMATE
2.2 MGD EFFLUENT FLOW DESIGNED FOR THE
WA1MANALO SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT. ALSO, THE 14.0
MGD CAPACITY OF THE WELLS IS TWICE THE 7.0 MGD
DESIGN PEAK FLOW OF THE TREATMENT PLANT. (W71-
00430).
00412. ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER
OVERFLOW PROBLEM - ROANOKE, VIR-
GINIA.
SNAPP, W.R.; LEMON, R.A.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES-
11024 DMS 05/70, MAY 1970, 250 P
RESULTS ARE GIVEN OF INVESTIGATIONS, ON 25 PERCENT
OF ROANOKE, VIRGINIA'S SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERAGE SYSTEM, ON THE AMOUNTS OF INFILTRATION
FOR VARIOUS STORM INTENSITIES AND DURATIONS AND
THE AMOUNTS OF SEWAGE OVERFLOW FROM THE
SYSTEM. FROM THESE RESULTS THE SYSTEM WAS
ANALYZED, USING AN IN-HOUSE DEVELOPED COMPUTER
PROGRAM, TO ASSESS THE MAGNITUDES AND FREQUEN-
CIES OF OVERFLOWS. THE GENERATED DATA FROM THE
ANALYSIS WERE USED TO DEVELOP AN OPTIMUM DESIGN
FOR REMEDIAL MEASURES TO REDUCE SEWER OVER-
FLOWS. COST ESTIMATES ARE PRESENTED FOR THE VARI-
OUS ITEMS OF WORK INVOLVED. (PB-195 201) (W7 1-00478).
00413. POLLUTION, PURIFICATION AND THE
THEORY OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS.
BOHM, P.
SWEDISH JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 72(2), 153-166
1970.
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE CHOICE BETWEEN TAXATION
AND CENTRALIZED PURIFICATION AS A MEANS OF REGU-
LATING POLLUTION. EXTERNAL EFFECTS THEORY, IN-
DICATES THAT EFFICIENT RESOURCE ALLOCATION IS OB-
TAINED BY IMPOSING A TAX ON POLLUTERS EQUAL TO
THE VALUE OF THE MARGINAL EXTERNAL EFFECTS THIS
SOLUTION RESULTS IN AN OPTIMAL LEVEL OF POLLUTION
88
-------
REFERENCE LIST
BUT DOESN'T YIELD POSITIVE NET BENEFITS. THE TAX AP-
PROACH MAY NOT BE VALID WHEN THE CENTRAL PURIFI-
CATION ALTERNATIVE IS FEASIBLE. WHEN NEGATIVE
MARGINAL EXTERNAL EFFECTS ARE PRESENT, THE CEN-
TRAL PURIFICATION SOLUTION IS SUPERIOR TO TAXATION
AS LONG AS THE NET BENEFITS FROM PURIFICATION ARE
GREATER THAN THOSE FROM TAXATION, AND MOREOVER
THE OPTIMAL MARGINAL COST PRICE FOR PURIFICATION
IS BELOW OR ABOVE THE TAX AND THE EXTERNAL EF-
FECTS ARE INCREASING OR DECREASING. HOWEVER, THE
PURIFICATION SCHEME IS NOT PREFERABLE TO THE
ABOVE TAX SCHEME IN THE CASE OF A DECREASING COST
INDUSTRY OR WHEN THERE ARE INCREASING NEGATIVE
MARGINAL EXTERNAL EFFECTS. THIS ARTICLE IS OF
PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE IN PROVIDING THEORETICAL
GUIDELINES FOR POLICY MEASURES TO REDUCE POLLU-
TION. (W7 1-00752).
00414. MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
GLOVER, G.E.; YATSUK, P.M.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
11023 EVO 06/70; JUNE 30, 1970.75 P
MICROSTRAINING (C) COPYRIGHTED TRADE NAME-CRANE
CO., GLENFIELD AND KENNEDY D1V., USING A MICROS-
TRAINER SCREEN OF A NOMINAL APERTURE OF 23
MICRONS, REMOVED UP TO 98% OF THE SUSPENDED
SOLIDS FROM A COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW. THE
SEWER, IN A RESIDENTIAL AREA OF PHILADELPHIA, HAS
AN AVERAGE DWF OF 1,000 GPH. THE MAXIMUM COM-
BINED SEWER FLOW DURING RAINSTORMS IN ONE YEAR
OF OPERATION WAS 304,000 GPH (11.3 CFS). VOLATILE
SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVALS WITH THE ABOVE SCREEN
HAVE AVERAGED 68% AND 71% DURING DIFFERENT TEST
PERIODS. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THERE WAS A
SLIGHTLY BETTER KILL OF COLIFORM GROUP BACTERIA
WITH CHLORINE THAN WITH OZONE IN THE MICROS-
TRAINER EFFLUENTS WHEN BOTH WERE USED AT AN INI-
TIAL NOMINAL CONCENTRATION OF 5 PPM, WITH 5 TO 12
MINUTES DETENTION TIME. HOWEVER, CHLORINE WAS
APPLIED AT SLIGHTLY HIGHER LEVELS AND WITH BETTER
CONTROL THAN OZONE. PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF THE
COSTS OF TREATMENT VIA MICROSTRAINING, USING TEN-
TATIVELY-ESTABLISHED THROUGHPUT RATES, SHOW
THAT THE CAPITAL COSTS PER ACRE OF DRAINAGE
WOULD BE APPROXIMATELY $10,200 FOR MICROSTRAIN-
ING ALONG, $11,200 FOR MICROSTRAINING PLUS
CHLORlNATlON, AND $19,800 FOR MICROSTRAINING PLUS
OZONATION. OF EIGHT OTHER CURRENTLY-PROPOSED
SCHEMES, WHOSE COSTS WERE ESTIMATED, ONLY SUR-
FACE IMPOUNDMENT (WHERE AESTHETICALLY ACCEPTA-
BLE AND WHERE LOW COST LAND IS AVAILABLE) AP-
PEARS COMPETITIVE. (PB-195 674) (W71-01263).
00415. ENGINEERING REPORT ON COUNTY-WIDE
WASTE WATER INTERCEPTING AND
TREATMENT FACILITIES.
DVPAGE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
WORKS, WHEATON, ILLINOIS, JULY 1968.133 P.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY WAS MADE OF TWO POSSIBLE
SYSTEMS. ONE SYSTEM WOULD INCLUDE A NETWORK OF
INTERCEPTING SEWERS THROUGHOUT DUPAGE COUNTY
TO COLLECT ALL WASTE WATERS FROM LOCAL SEWER
SYSTEMS FOR CONVEYANCE TO A LARGE SINGLE WASTE
WATER TREATMENT PLANT. THE OTHER SYSTEM WOULD
CONSIST OF NINE SEPARATE WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANTS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY AND A
NETWORK OF INTERCEPTING SEWER SYSTEMS. THE SIN-
GLE PLANT SYSTEM WAS RECOMMENDED BY THE EN-
GINEERS, PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF THE ECONOMIES OF
SCALE. IT WOULD REPLACE 80 PLANTS PRESENTLY
TREATING ABOUT 50 MGD AND SERVING 325,000 PERSONS.
THE SYSTEM, PROPOSED FOR 67 MGD INITIALLY, WOULD
COST ABOUT $119 MILLION COMPARED TO ONLY $110 MIL-
LION FOR THE MULTI-PLANT DESIGN; HOWEVER, THE
TOTAL ESTIMATED OPERATING COST FOR A 15-YEAR
PERIOD (1970-1985) WOULD BE LESS - $29.9 MILLION COM-
PARED TO $43.6 MILLION. THE COUNTY'S SHARE OF THE
COST IS PROPOSED TO BE FINANCED THROUGH BOTH
REVENUE BONDS AND GENERAL OBLIGATION BONDS.
STATE AND FEDERAL AID IS SUGGESTED. THE PROPOSED
SYSTEM WOULD UTILIZE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREAT-
MENT, TERTIARY TREATMENT, AND, POSSIBLY, FILTRA-
TION AND CHLORlNATlON. REUSE IS DISCUSSED OF
TREATED WASTE WATER AS POTABLE WATER, ALTHOUGH
THE PROPOSED FACILITIES DO NOT CONTEMPLATE THIS
FEATURE INITIALLY. THE ADDITIONAL FACILITY COSTS
WOULD BE APPROXIMATELY $38.6 MILLION, AND 1985 AN-
NUAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS ARE ESTI-
MATED AT $2.4 MILLION, OR $0.22.6/1,000 GAL. (W71-
01337).
00416. INSTREAM AERATORS FOR POLLUTED
RIVERS.
WHIPPLE, W.; CCUOHLAN, P.P.; YU, S.L.
JOURNAL OF SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVISION,
ASCE, 96(555), PROC.PAPER 7631, OCT. 1970, P.
1153-1165.
FIELD TESTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF INSTREAM
AERATION EQUIPMENT ON THE PASSAIC RIVER SHOWED
MECHANICAL AERATORS WERE MORS EFFICIENT THAN
DIFFUSERS. COST ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT NINE 75-HP
MECHANICAL AERATORS WITH A TOTAL RATED CAPACI-
TY OF 675 HP WOULD HAVE TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS OF
$102,000 OR $151 PER ANNUAL HP OF RATED CAPACITY.
ELECTRIC-DRIVE DIFFUSER AERATORS RATED AT 80 HP
EACH WOULD HAVE TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS OF $141,400
OR $147 PER ANNUAL HP OF RATED CAPACITY. A SYSTEMS
ANALYSIS, BASED UPON THE PRINCIPLE OF BOD MASS
BALANCE ANALYSIS, SHOWED THAT AERATORS WOULD
ACHIEVE A GIVEN DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL AT ABOUT
ONE-FOURTH THE COST OF ADVANCED WASTE TREAT-
MENT. APPLICATION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR THOSE
STREAMS WHERE SECONDARY WASTE TREATMENT IS NOT
SUFFICIENT TO ACHIEVE DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS
DESIRED. (W7I-01342).
00417. THE COST OF IMPROVING WATER QUALITY
IN THE GREAT LAKES.
HENNIGAN, R.D.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 6(0), A-28-A-
31, 1969.
THE TOTAL FIVE YEAR COST FOR WATER QUALITY IM-
PROVEMENT IS APPROXIMATELY $3.7 BILLION. ABOUT 95%
OF THIS IS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF MU-
NICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
A 30% FEDERAL, 30% STATE, AND 40% LOCAL SHARE OF
TREATMENT FACILITIES COST IS A FAIR ALLOCATION IF
NO CEILINGS EXIST ON INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS OF AVAILA-
BLE FUNDS. WHEN THE COST OF SEWER CONSTRUCTION IS
INCLUDED, THE ALLOCATION BECOMES 15% FEDERAL,
15%, STATE, AND 70% LOCAL BECAUSE SEWER COSTS ARE
GENERALLY NOT ELIGIBLE FOR FEDERAL AID. THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES
NEED A FOCUS, STAFF, BUDGET, AND INDEPENDENCE TO
PROVIDE EXECUTIVE RESPONSIBILITY. IF THE PROPER IN-
STITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ARE NOT FORTHCOMING,
GREAT SUMS OF MONEY WILL BE WASTED AND GOALS
NOT REALIZED. (W7-01354.
89
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00418. MINIMAL COST ESTIMATION FOR
LAKEFRONT SEWAGE SYSTEMS.
NORTON, K.W.; FORSTE, R.H.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER, TECHNI-
CAL WORKING PAPER NO. 1, JAN. 1969. 20 P
THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS PAPER WERE TO ESTIMATE THE
MINIMAL COST OF A MUNICIPAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM FOR
THE PAWTUCKAWAY LAKE AREA OF NOTTINGHAM, N. H.,
AND TO DEVELOP A METHOD OF ESTIMATING MINIMAL
COST THAT WOULD BE APPLICABLE IN OTHER SIMILAR
SITUATIONS. EQUATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE DIAME-
TER OF THE MAIN SEWER AND THE LENGTH OF REQUIRED
SLEEVE PIPE WERE DEVELOPED IN TERMS OF THE PER-
CENTAGE OF LAND SUITABLE FOR DEVELOPMENT DENSI-
TY OF BACK LOTS. ITEMS WHICH WERE INCLUDED IN THE
COST ESTIMATE WERE: A SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
PUMPING STATIONS, MANHOLES, MANHOLE COVERS,
MAJOR PIPES INCLUDING EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL,
AND FOUR INCH SLEEVE PIPES ALSO INCLUDING EXCAVA-
TION AND BACKFILL. THE TOTAL MINIMAL COST OF
THESE ITEMS WAS EXPRESSED AS THE SUMMATION OF
ALL THE UNIT COSTS TIMES THEIR RESPECTIVE REQUIRED
QUANTITIES. ALTHOUGH THE METHOD WAS DEVELOPED
FOR THE PAWTUCKAWAY LAKE AREA, A GENERALIZED
FORMULA IS GIVEN WHICH MAY BE APPLIED TO ESTIMATE
THE MINIMAL COST OF OTHER LAKE-FRONT SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS. (PB-195 792) (W71-01410).
00419. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
GOODMAN, B.L.; MIKKELSON, K.A.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 77(9), 75-83, 1970.
THE COMBINED BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL PROCESS OFFERS
INHERENT SIMPLICITY, LOW CAPITAL COST AND EASE OF
INTEGRATION INTO CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANTS. FOR EFFICIENCY THE COMBINED PROCESS
REQUIRES LOW SLUDGE AGE, PROPER POINT OF CHEMI-
CAL ADDITION AND EFFECTIVE SOLID-LIQUID SEPARA-
TION IN FINAL CLARIFICATION STEP. BASICALLY, SOLUBLE
PHOSPHORUS IS CONVERTED TO INSOLUBLE FORM BY
COMPLIiXING WITH METALLIC IONS COUPLED WITH
MICROBIAL PHOSPHORUS ASSIMILATION, AND INCOR-
PORATION OF INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS INTO SLUDGE
MASS AND ITS REMOVAL FROM THE LIQUID PHASE BY EF-
FICIENT SOLIDS-LIQUID SEPARATION DEVICE. SYNTHETIC
ORGANIC POI.YELECTROLYTES ARE UTILIZED FOR PARTI-
CLE AGGLOMERATION AND REMOVAL; MODIFICATION OF
CONVENTIONAL CLAR1FIER DESIGN TO USE THE CLARIFI-
ER FLOC BLANKET AS A FILTERING DEVICE IMPROVES
CLARIFICATION. INCORPORATION OF AUTOMATICALLY-
ACTUATED BACKWASH CYCLES, QUALITY MONITORING,
PROPER FLOW DISTRIBUTION, EFFICIENT 'CLEANSING' OF
THE MEDIA BETWEEN CYCLES, PROPER DESIGN OF
SYSTEMS, AND DURATION OF FILTRATION CYCLES ARE
IMPORTANT. DUE TO RELATIVELY LOW DOSAGE NEEDED
TO ACHIEVE SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN SETTLING RATE,
WATER SOLUBLE, CATIONIC POLYMERS ARE BEST SUITED,
GENERALLY. AFTER AN INITIAL POLYMER TREATMENT,
THE DOSAGE WAS REDUCED TO 1/5. EFFLUENT SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION THEN FELL TO AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL,
MAINTAINED UNTIL POLYMER ADDITION WAS TER-
MINATED. FOLLOWING POLYMER TREATMENT, THE
BENEFICIAL EFFECT DECAYED WITH TIME. (W71-OI480).
00420. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF NUTRIENT
REMOVAL.
ROHLICH, G.A.
EUTROPHICATION; CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, COR-
RECTIVES, P 37-382. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING
OFFICE, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1969.
ION EXCHANGE FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL IS DISCUSSED.
AMMOMA N1TOOOEN MAY BE REMOVED BY DESORPT.ON
IN A TOWER PACKED WITH RASHIG RINGS. CHEMICAL
METHODS HAVE RECEIVED MORE ATTENTION FOR
REMOVING PHOSPHORUS THAN NITROGEN. RESULTS OF
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF SEWAGES WITH FERRIC
CHLORIDE ARE REPORTED. STUDIES OF AN OPERATING
PLANT SHOWED THAT MIXING, FLOCCULATION, AND SET-
TLING ARE INEFFICIENT. ALUMINUM SULFATE IN THE
FORM OF 'FILTER ALUM' IS USED AS A COAGULANT, AND
A PROCESS DEVELOPED FOR ITS RECOVERY. LIME, ALUM,
AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE HAVE BEEN UTILIZED FOR
REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS.
BIOLOGICAL METHODS, BY WHICH LIVING ORGANISMS IN-
CORPORATE NUTRIENTS INTO PROTOPLASMIC STRUC-
TURE, PROCESS FLOW SYSTEMS, STABILIZATION PONDS,
AND REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHATE IN THE AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS ARE EVALUATED. DIVERSION
AND IRRIGATION MAY ALSO REDUCE NUTRIENT INPUT TO
RECEIVING WATERS. (W71-OI499).
00421. EVALUATION OF FACILITY OPERATION
(LITERATURE REVIEW).
VOSHEL, D.M.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(6), 969-971, 1970.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FACILITIES AND IMPROVEMENT OF
EXISTING FACILITIES OF SEVERAL TREATMENT PLANTS
WERE DESCRIBED. NEW SURFACE AERATORS IN GREECE,
NEW YORK, TREATMENT PLANT RESULTED IN MORE EFFI-
CIENT MIXING AND THUS MORE OXYGEN TRANSFER IN-
CREASING OVERALL BOD REMOVAL FROM 70.8% TO 81.7%
AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVAL FROM 76.8% TO 83.9%.
THE EXPANDED SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT AT BE-
I.OIT, WISCONSIN, EMPLOYS A UNIQUE SLUDGE PRESS AND
OVAL CONCRETE AERATION TANKS PROVIDING A HIGH
PERFORMANCE SECOND-STAGE PURIFICATION FACILITY
AND A PROVING GROUNDS FOR A NEW CONCEPT IN
TREATMENT EQUIPMENT. WELLAND, ONTARIO,
COMPLETED AN ULTRA-MODERN POLLUTION CONTROL
PLANT WITH AN AVERAGE CAPACITY OF 8 MOD AND
PEAK DESIGN FLOW OF 20 MGD. THE COST OF THE TREAT-
MENT FACILITY WAS $2.35 MILLION AND $5.5 MILLION FOR
A NEW CONNECTING TRUNK SEWER SYSTEM. THE PRIMA-
RY PLANT WAS DESIGNED TO REMOVE 95% GRIT, 70% SET-
TLEABLE SOLIDS, AND 30% BOD. THE SLUDGE IS
DIGESTED, THICKENED AND VACUUM FILTERED. THE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANTS OF OTHER CITIES
WERE DESCRIBED GIVING REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES AND
COSTS. (WH-01762).
00422. FOAM SEPARATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES: PROCESS SELECTION.
GRIEVES, R.B.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(8), PART II, R336-R344.
FOAM SEPARATIONS HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE FEASIBLE
IN A NUMBER OF WASTE TREATMENT APPLICATIONS. TWO
PARAMETERS, ONE A CONCENTRATION RATIO AND THE
OTHER A QUANTITY RATIO, HAVE BEEN INDICATED TO BE
PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN EVALUATING THE EFFECTS ON
THE EXTENT OF SEPARATION OF KEY INDEPENDENT VARI-
ABLES. FREQUENTLY THE PROCESS CHOICE MAY BE LEFT
TO THE DESIGN ENGINEER. IN THIS CASE HE SHOULD
SELECT A PROCESS INVOLVING THE FLOTATION OF COL-
LOIDAL OR ALREADY PRECIPATED PARTICLES AS OP-
POSED TO THE FOAM FRACTIONATION FOR ION FLOTA-
90
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REFERENCE LIST
TION OF SOLUBLE SPECIES. A VARIETY OF OPERATIONAL
MODIFICATIONS IS AVAILABLE. THE TWO-STAGE
PRECIPITATION FLOTATION OF CR (111) HYDROXIDE IS A
FEASIBLE PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM
WASTES, WITH AN OPERATING COST OF $0.67/LB CR. AN
ADDITIONAL CHOICE TO BE MADE IS THAT BETWEEN DIS-
SOLVED AIR AND DISPERSED AIR FOAM SEPARATION. FOR
THE REMOVAL OF SEDIMENTS FROM NATURAL WATERS
THE OPERATING COSTS ARE $0.50/1000 GAL FOR
DISPERSED AIR AND $0.60/1000 GAL FOR DISSOLVED AIR,
PRODUCING EXCELLENT CALCIFICATION OF VERY TURBID
WATERS. (W71-01843).
00423. ECONOMIC TRANSPORT OF DIGESTED
SLUDGE SLURRIES.
RAYNES, B.C.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(7), 1379-1386, 1970.
PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF DIGESTED SLUDGE TO DISPOSAL
AREAS LOCATED AT CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE FROM THE
GENERATING TREATMENT PLANT MAY OFFER THE WASTE
WATER PLANT OPERATORS SUBSTANTIAL ECONOMIC
BENEFITS. THE COST SAVINGS OF TRANSPORTATION OF
THE DIGESTED SLURRY ARE RELATED TO THE DISTANCE,
THE QUANTITY, THE SOLIDS CONCENTRATION AND OTHER
VARIABLES. THE SLUDGE SLURRIES VARY IN FLOW
BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF SOLIDS CONCENTRATION.
AT SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE 51* THEY BEHAVE AS
B1NGHAM PLASTICS WHILE BELOW 5-7, THEIR BEHAVIOR IS
NEWTONIAN. PIPELINING IN THE NEWTONIAN REGION
SHOULD BE THE MOST ECONOMICAL PROCEDURE DESPITE
THE INCREASED VOLUME OF MATERIAL TO BE TRANS-
PORTED. EVEN WHERE DILUTION IS PRACTICED THE
QUANTITY OF DIGESTED SLUDGE AVAILABLE FROM MANY
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS DICTATES THE USE
OF PIPELINES PERHAPS AS SMALL AS 2 INCHES IN DIAME-
TER. ANOTHER PURPOSE OF THIS INVESTIGATION IS TO
ENCOURAGE THE USE OF DIGESTED SLUDGE SLURRIES IN
THE RECLAMATION OF LAND AREAS IN NEED OF
REVEGETAT1VE ASSISTANCE AND IN PARTICULAR THOSE
STRIP MINE AREAS OR SIMILAR LAND AREAS THAT CON-
STITUTE WATER POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THEMSELVFS.
(W7I-OIK44).
00424. TREATMENT OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE
BY AERATION.
ESVELT! L.A.; HART, H.H.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(7), 1305-1326, 1970.
THE WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM OF A COOPERATIVE
FRUIT PROCESSING CANNERY WAS STUDIED FOR TWO
OPERATING SEASONS TO' DETERMINE TREATMENT EFFI-
CIENCY AND TO ESTABLISH PARAMETERS FOR THE
TREATMENT OF LIQUID FRUIT PROCESSING WASTES BY
AERATION. THE CANNERY PROCESSES PEARS, PEACHES,
APPLES, AND OTHER FRUITS IN A LESSER AMOUNT. THE
FACILITIES OPERATE AT A FLOW OF 0.5 TO 2.5 MOD AND
UP TO 25,000 I.BS PER DAY OF BOD. ACTIVATED SLUDGE
OR CONTACT STABILIZATION TREATMENT OF FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTE AT LOW RATES WILL PROVIDF,
GREATER THAN 90* REMOVAL OF ORGANIC LOAD AND
SOLIDS FROM THE EFFLUENT. AERATED LAGOON TREAT-
MENT'CAN PROVIDE GREATER THAN 80* HOD REMOVAL
BUT SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMAIN IN THE EFFLUENT. FINAL
CLARIFICATION IS SUCCESSFUL BY LOW SURFACE LOAD-
ING RATES, LESS THAN 400 GPD PER SO. FOOT. NUTRIENT
ADDITION IS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE SUCCESSFUL
TREATMENT. THE COST OF THE TREATMENT IS ESTI-
MATEP AT $0.41 PER POUND OF BOD REMOVED FROM
AERATED LAGOONS, $0.1161 PER POUND OF BOD REMOVED
FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND $0.1167 PER POUND OF BOD
MOVED FROM CONTACT STABILIZATION. DATA WERE
COLLECTED ON BIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION,
SLUDGE GROWTH, OXYGEN UPTAKE AND SLUDGE SET-
TLEABIL1TY. CONSTANTS WERE OBTAINED FOR SUB-
STRATE REMOVALS, SLUDGE GROWTH RATE, EN-
DOGENOUS RESPIRATION AND OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS.
(W71-01848).
00425. GOOD MANAGEMENT INCLUDES EFFECTIVE
SAFETY PROGRAMS.
ROGERS, B.C.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(9), 1614-1620, 1970.
THROUGH SURVEYS OF WASTE WATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES THE WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION HAS DETERMINED
THAT THE SAFETY RECORD IN THE WASTE WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL FIELD IS WORSE THAN THAT IN ANY OF 41
INDUSTRIES REPORTING REGULARLY TO THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL. THIS POOR RECORD IS COSTING THE
FIELD MORE THAN $30,000,000 EACH YEAR IN ADDED IN-
SURANCE COST, LOST TIME AND REDUCED PRODUCTIVI-
TY. PERSONNEL MORALE AND PUBLIC IMAGE ARE AMONG
OTHER FACTORS SUSTAINING DAMAGii BUT TO WHICH NO
MONETARY VALUE MAY BE ASSIGNED. THE FEDERATION
HAS DEVELOPED SAFETY PROMOtlONAL V TERIALS
AIMED AT FIRST CONVINCING MANAGEMEN. OF THE
NEED FOR AND VALUE OF SAFETY PROGRAMS A D GOING
ON TO FURNISH SPECIFIC AIDS AND TRAINING MATERIALS
FOR SAFETY. (W71-01850).
00426. AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
ETHRIDGE, D.E.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, RE-
PORT NO 41, NOVEMBER 1970. 122 P
THIS STUDY ANALYZES THE INDUSTHAL RESPONSE TO
SEWER SURCHARGES (I) IN A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
AND (2) USING TWO EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION
PROCEDURES. THE PURPOSE IS TO DEVELOP AND AP-
PRAISE ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF STUDYING THE
RESPONSE OF SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES. A SYNTHETIC OR
BUDGETING APPROACH WAS USED TO ESTIMATE FIRMS'
RESPONSES FOR THE BEET PROCESSING AND POULTRY
PROCESSING INDUSTRIES. IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT A TYP-
ICAL BEET PROCESSING PLANT WOULD REDUCE ITS
WASTELOAD DISCHARGED BY 75 PERCENT IF FACED WITH
A SURCHARGE OF 2 CENTS PER POUND OF BOD (FROM
31,600 POUNDS OF BOD (BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND)
PER DAY WITH NO SURCHARGE TO 7,770 POUNDS OF BOD
PER DAY WITH A SURCHARGE OF 2 CENTS PER POUND OF
BOD). THE CORRESPONDING ESTIMATE FOR A POULTRY
PROCESSING PLANT WAS A REDUCTION OF 32 PERCENT. IT
WAS ESTIMATED THAT THE ELASTICITY OF TOTAL
POUNDS OF BOD DISCHARGED BY BEET PROCESSING
PLANTS WITH RESPECT TO THE SURCHARGE ON BOD IS -. 7
AT A TYPICAL1 SURCHARGE OF APPROXIMATELY 2 CENTS
PER POUND OF BOD. THE CORRESPONDING ELASTICITY
ESTIMATE FOR POULTRY PROCESSING PLANTS WAS ESTI-
MATED TO BE -. 15. REGRESSION ANALYSIS WAS ALSO
USED TO ESTIMATE FIRMS' RESPONSES FOR THE POULTRY
PROCESSING INDUSTRY. THE RESULTING ESTIMATE OF
THE ELASTICITY OF TOTAL POUNDS OF BOD DISCHARGED
WITH RESPECT TO THE SURCHARGE WAS . 23. (PB-195
(W71-OI897).
00427. ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT IN NASSAU
COUNTY, NEW YORK, WATER PROVIDED
91
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FOR INJECTION INTO GROUNDWATER
AQUIFERS.
ROSE, J.L.
WATER AND WASTE ENGINEERING, 7(2), 38-39,
1970.
TO MEET A THREAT OF SALT WATER INTRUDING INTO ITS
AQUIFERS, NASSAU COUNTY, NEW YORK, CONSIDERED A
PROPOSAL WHICH WOULD ALLOW AN INCREASE OF THE
PERMISSIBLE WITHDRAWALS, TO CREATE A HYDRAULIC
BARRIER IN THE AQUIFER, WHICH WOULD PREVENT BOTH
THE NATURAL OUTFLOW, NOW LOST TO THE SEA, AND
THE INTRUSION OF SALT WATER. THE BARRIER WOULD BE
FORMED BY INJECTING TREATED WASTE WATER
THROUGH A SERIES OF RECHARGE WELLS. FOR EVALUA-
TION PURPOSES, A 400 GPM DEMONSTRATION PLANT WAS
CONSTRUCTED. THE PLANT PROVIDES TERTIARY TREAT-
MENT FOR THE EFFLUENT OF THE CONVENTIONAL AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE PLANT. THE PRODUCT WATER IS
PUMPED ABOUT ONE-HALF MILE TO A TEST INJECTION
SITE. THE TERTIARY TREATMENT PLANT IS A CONVEN-
TIONAL WATER TREATMENT PLANT MODIFIED TO UTILIZE
SECONDARY EFFLUENT AS A WATER SOURCE. EFFLUENT
IS PUMPED INTO A CLARIFIER TO WHICH ALUM AND
COAGULANT AIDS ARE ADDED. THE SUPERNATANT
FLOWS BY GRAVITY TO TWO MIXED MEDIA FILTERS
OPERATED IN PARALLEL. FINAL BACKWASH IS SEMI-AUTO-
MATIC AND INCLUDES AIR SCOUR, SURFACE WASH, AND
HIGH- AND LOW-RATE BACKWASHING. FILTER EFFLUENT
IS PUMPED THROUGH FOUR GRANULAR ACTIVATED CAR-
BON ADSORBERS. THE RENOVATED WATER IS DISIN-
FECTED WITH CHLORINE BEFORE BEING PUMPED TO THE
INJECTION SITE. THE INJECTION FACILITIES CONSIST OF A
STORAGE TANK, A DEGASIFIER FOR REMOVAL OF DIS-
SOLVED GASES, INJECTION AND REDEVELOPMENT PUMPS,
AN INJECTION WELL, AND 12 OBSERVATION WELLS. THE
INJECTION WELL IS 36 INCHES IN DIAMETER BY 500 FEET
DEEP AND CONTAINS AN OBSERVATION WELL AND
GEOPHYSICAL PROBES. COSTS ARE TABULATED. OPERA-
TION OF THE TERTIARY TREATMENT PLANT AND INJEC-
TION SYSTEM SINCE JANUARY, 1968, CONFIRMS THE CON-
CEPT OF RECHARGING WASTE WATERS INTO THE
AQUIFER THE WELL HAS BEEN REDEVELOPED AFTER
EACH SERIES OF INJECTION TESTS WITH NEGLIGIBLE LOSS
OF CAPACITY. THE TREATMENT PLANT HAS CON-
SISTENTLY PRODUCED WATER MEETING THE INJECTION
QUALITY CRITERIA. (W7I-01970).
00428. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE.
SEBASTIAN, F.P
WATER AND WASTE ENGINEERING, 7(2), 46-47,
19709.
IN MARCH 1968 THE SOUTH TAHOE (CALIF. ) WATER
RECLAMATION PLANT, THE FIRST, LARGEST AND MOST
FULLY INTEGRATED PLANT IN THE WORLD TODAY
PRODUCING WATER OF POTABLE QUALITY DIRECTLY
FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENT, BEGAN OPERATION AND HAS
SINCE PROCESSF.D ONE BILLION GALLONS OF WASTE
WATER, ENOUGH DRINKING WATER QUALITY EFFLUENT
FOR THE ANNUAL HOUSEHOLD NEEDS OF 30,000 PEOPLE.
THE INCREMENTAL COST OF DISCHARGING SECONDARY
EFFLUENT IS $. 166 PER 1000 GALLONS. THE STATED
OPERATIONAL COST INCLUDES CARBON ADSORPTION AND
REGENERATION AT $. 036 PER 1000 GALLONS. PUBLIC RE-
SISTANCE TO THE USE OF RENOVATED WATER IS LESSEN-
ING. USE OF THIS TYPE OF WAFER IN LONG DISTANCE
SPACE FLIGHTS WILL HELP INCREASE PUBLIC AC-
CEPTANCE. ACCORDING TO THK U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SER-
VICE, DRINKING WATER STANDARDS DO NOT APPLY TO
DIRECT USE OF RECLAIMED WATER FOR DRINKING.
RESEARCH IS REPORTEDLY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH THE
NEEDED STANDARDS FOR WATER FROM HEAVILY POL-
LUTED SOURCES. THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF PURIFIED
WASTE WATER ARE GREATER THAN THE INCREMENTAL
COSTS. THE VALUE OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT IS
GENERALLY NIL, WHEREAS TERTIARY EFFLUENT RANGES
IN VALUE FROM ?. 09 PER 1000 GALLONS TO THE COST
VALUE OF FRESH WATER, ON SAN FRANCISCO PENINSULA,
OF $ 18 TO $. 376 PER 1000 GALLONS. THE VIRTUAL
ELIMINATION OF BIOSTIMULANTS AND ELIMINATION OF
THE NEED FOR OCEAN OUTFALLS WITH UNKNOWN EF-
FECTS ON BAY AND OCEAN ECOLOGY CAN BE ACCOM-
PLISHED WITH TERTIARY TREATMENT. A SIMPLIFIED
FLOWSHEET OF SOUTH TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT IS INCLUDED IN THE ARTICLE. (W71-O1979).
00429. FEASIBILITY OF GRANULAR, ACTIVATED-
CARBON ADSORPTION FOR WASTE WATER
RENOVATION.
JOYCE, R.S.; SUKENIK, V.A.
FWQA ROBERT A TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING
CENTER, REPORT AW ^ ^
THIS STUDY WAS INITIATED TO ESTIMATE THE OPTIMUM
BED DEPTH AND FLOW RATES NECESSARY FOR MOST
ECONOMICAL USE OF THE ADSORPT1VE PROPERTIES OF
CARBON AND TO EXAMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF
REGENERATING THE CARBON. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON IN PACKED-BED COLUMN
CONTRACTORS REMOVES MUCH OF THE ORGANIC
MATTER INCLUDING ALKBENZENE-SULFONATE FROM MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER. THE COD OF A SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT WAS REDUCED TO ABOUT 12 TO 20 PPM AND THE
ABS WAS REMOVED ALMOST ENTIRELY. WHEN AN ABS
BREAKTHROUGH CONCENTRATION OF 0.5 PPM IS USED AS
A CRITERION OF CARBON EXHAUSTION, THE AMOUNT OF
CARBON REQUIRED FOR COUNTERCURRENT CONTACTING
IS LESS THAN ONE POUND PER 1,000 GALLONS. FOR THE
PROCESS TO BE ECONOMICAL THE CARBON MUST BE
REACTIVATED AND RE-USED. THERMAL REACTIVATION IN
A STEAM-AIR ATMOSPHERE WAS FOUND TO BE TECHNI-
CALLY FEASIBLE. WITH REACTIVATION, THE TOTAL COST
OF CARBON ADSORPTION WAS ESTIMATED TO BE LESS
THAN 10 CENTS PER 1,000 GALLONS FOR PLANTS TREAT-
ING 10 MOD OF WASTE WATER. (PB-168 838) (W71-02280).
00430. POULTRY MANURE LAGOON DESIGN.
PARSONS, R.A.; PRICE, F.; FAIRBANK, W.C.
POULTRY DIGEST, 29(344), 485-488, 1970.
THIS PAPER DEALS WITH LAGOON DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
POULTRY MANURE. A LAGOON IS A SATISFACTORY
MEANS OF POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL. THE LAGOON
SHOULD BE USED ONLY IN RURAL AREAS THAT ARE
TOLERANT OF VARIED BUT DILUTE ODORS OF FARM
PRODUCTION. OVERLOADING IS ABOUT THE ONLY CAUSE
OF LAGOON MALFUNCTION. SIZE REQUIREMENTS, CON-
STRUCTION, FLUSHING SYSTEM, COSTS, AND LAGOON
OPERATION ARE DISCUSSED. (W7 1-02700).
00431. INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY BY
DESALINATION TECHNIQUES.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO 581, OC-
TOBER 1970. 314 P
A STUDY WAS MADE OF THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
FEASIBILITY OF USING DESALINATION METHODS AND
EQUIPMENT FOR THE RECOVERY OF MATERIALS FROM IN-
DUSTRIAL PLANT WASTE STREAMS. IT WAS DETERMINED
THAT A VERY SUBSTANTIAL MARKET FOR THIS EQUIP-
MENT EXISTS AND THAT DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY
CAN CONVERT MANY WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS INTO
92
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REFERENCE LIST
PAYING RECOVERY SITUATIONS. IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT
OVER ONE BILLION DOLLARS IN DESALINATION EQUIP-
MENT COULD BE UTILIZED IN VARIOUS WASTE RECOVERY
AND PROCESSING OPERATIONS. THE MOST PROMISING IN-
DUSTRIES ARE: PULP AND PAPER, CHEESE AND DAIRY,
IRON AND STEEL, PLATING AND METAL FINISHING,
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, ACID MINE DRAINAGE. (GPO
$2.50) (W71-03004),
00432. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BRINE DISPOSAL
FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS.
LEGROS, P.O.; GUSTAFSON, C.E.; SHEPHERD, B.P.;
MC1LHENNY, W.F.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS RE-
PORT NO 587. AUGUST 1970, 202 P.
REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALTING SYSTEMS WERE ANALYZED
FOR SIX INLAND LOCATIONS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS
OF DISPOSAL METHODS ON TOTAL SYSTEM COST. COMMU-
NITIES WERE SELECTED WHICH WOULD REPRESENT A
RANGE OF FEEDWATER TYPES, EVAPORATION RATES AND
UNDERGROUND GEOLOGY. THE SIX COMMUNITIES WERE
MINOTi N. D. ; ARKA.NSAS CITY, KANSAS; CLINTON,
OKLAHOMA; MIDLAND. TEXAS; GALLUP, NEW MEXICO;
AND FORT MORGAN, COLORADO. THE DESALTING SYSTEM
WAS DIVIDED INTO ITS FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS; FEED-
WATER ACQUISITION, PRETREATMENT, REVERSE OSMOSIS,
WASTE PRECONDITIONING AND WASTE DISPOSAL. EN-
GINEERING DESIGNS WERE PREPARED AND COSTS ESTI-
MATED FOR THE INTAKE, SOURCE WELL, DISPOSAL WELL
AND EVAPORATION POND ELEMENTS AT SEVERAL LEVELS
OF FLOW RATE. UNIT COSTS WERE DERIVED FOR THE
VARIOUS ELEMENTS FOR PLANT RECOVERY RATES FROM
0.5 TO 0.98. FOR THE SIX CASE COMMUNITIES THE MOST
ECONOMICAL OPERATING RECOVERY FACTORS RANGED
BETWEEN 0.9 AND 0.98. PRODUCT WATER UNIT COSTS OF
THE SEVERAL FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS WERE COM-
BINED TO GIVE THE TOTAL SYSTEM COST. LOWEST TOTAL
SYSTEM UNIT COSTS FOR THE 1 MOD CAPACITY SYSTEM
RANGED FROM $0.84 TO $0.84 TO $1.19 PER 1000 GALLONS
OF FRESH WATER. (GPO $1.75) (W7 1-03216).
00433. COST OF PURIFYING MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS BY DISTILLATION.
GERSTER, J.A.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERIES AWTR-6, AD-
VANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH PRO-
GRAM, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, ROBERT A
TAFT SANITARY ENGINEERING CENTER, NOV
1963. 43P
TO ESTIMATE THE COST OF DISTILLATION OF WASTE
WATER. DESK TOP STUDIES WERE MADE WITH THE TYPES
OF EQUIPMENT PROPOSED FOR USE WITH SEA WATER.
THE ESTIMATES ARE BASED UPON THOSE FOR SEA WATER,
BUT ARE MODIFIED TO CONFORM WITH THE DIFFERENCES
IN THE MODES OF OPERATION FOR THE TWO FEEDS. THE
SMALLER CONCENTRATION OF SCALING MATERIALS IN
WASTE WATER SHOULD ALLOW DISTILLATION TO BE CAR-
RIED OUT AT A HIGHER TEMPERATURE THAN CAN BE
USED WITH SEA WATER. 'THE SMALLER TOTAL CONTAMI-
NANT CONCENTRATION RESULTS IN A SMALLER BOILING-
POINT ELEVATION. BECAUSE OF THE NEED TO DISPOSE OF
THE Bl.OWDOWN PERMANENTLY IT IS NECESSARY TO
CONCENTRATE TO A FAR GREATER EXTENT 'THAN IN THE
CASE OF SEA-WATER DISTILLATION. THREE TYPES OF
EQUIPMENT-MULTI-STAGE FLASH, MULTIPLE-EFFECT,
AND RECOMPRESSION FLASH-APPEAR ECONOMICALLY
PROMISING. FOR ALL TYPES OF EQUIPMENT THE COST FOR
THE DISTILLATION STEP ALONE IS SOMEWHAT LESS THAN
FOR SEA WATER, BUT INCLUSION OF COSTS FOR FEED
PRETREATMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OK BLOW-
DOWN BRING THE COST UP TO ABOUT THAT FOR SEA
WATER. (PB-168 978) (W71-03S10).
00434. THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SCHEME.
OKEY, R.W.; RICKLES, R.N.
RELATIONSHIP OF AGRICULTURE TO SOIL AND
WATER POLLUTION; PROCEEDINGS, CORNELL
UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT, ROCHESTER, JANUARY
19-21, 1970, 1970, P 85-97.
BASED ON EARLIER WORK, A COMPLETE SYSTEM FOR THE
CAPTURE, TRANSPORT AND TREATMENT OF THE WASTES
FROM A 25,000 ANIMAL LOT WAS PRESENTED. SYSTEM
CAPITAL COSTS ARE SEEN TO BE ABOUT $1.00 $2.00/TON,
AND OPERATING COSTS ARE AROUND $3.00 $4.00 PER
TON OF WET WASTE. THESE COSTS RESULT IN A COST/LB
GAINED OF LESS THAN HALF A CENT TO ABOUT A CENT.
THE COSTS FOR THE LEAST EXPENSIVE SYSTEM ARE AN
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE BELOW FEED COSTS. THE INSTAL-
LATION COSTS ARE IN THE ORDER OF $15.00 TO
$40.00/AN1MAL OR LESS THAN THE CAPITAL COST AS THE
LEAST EXPENSIVE CONFINEMENT SCHEME. ECONOMIC
FEASIBILITY IS A COMBINATION OF MANY THINGS. ONE OF
THE MOST IMPORTANT IS THE RELEVANCE OF A PARTICU-
LAR ITEM WHEN ALL THE COSTS ARE CONSIDERED. THE
COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT AT FEEDLOTS WOULD AP-
PEAR TO REPRESENT ROUGHLY THE SAME FRACTION OF
THE TOTAL COSTS AS SEEN IN OTHER INDUSTRIES. (W71-
03546).
0043S. DRYING ANIMAL WASTE.
SURBROOK, T.C.; BOYD, J.S.; ZINDEL, H.C.
RESEARCH REPORT 117, FARM SCIENCE, MSU
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, EAST
LANSING. JULY 1970, P 16-20.
THE REPORT GIVES DETAILS AND TEST RESULTS FROM A
MACHINE USED FOR DRYING ANIMAL WASTE. PRODUC-
TION FIGURES FOR THE DRIER WHILE PROCESSING DIF-
FERENT KINDS OF ANIMAL EXCRETA ARE GIVEN. DETAILS
OF THE DRIER OPERATION ARE DESCRIBED. INITIAL
MOISTER CONTENTS RANGED FROM 72 TO 82 PERCENT.
THE MACHINE INCORPORATES INCLINED SHAKING SUR
FACES AND SCREENS, A HAMMERM1LL AND TEMPERA-
TURES FROM 200 TO 1100 DEC F. THE DRIER SUCCESS-
FULLY PROCESSED DAIRY, BEEF, SWINE AND POULTRY
EXCRETA. COSTS TO PRODUCE ONE TON OF THE DRIED
PRODUCT ARE GIVEN. A TABLE GIVES PROJECTED NUM-
BERS OF ANIMALS WHICH THE MACHINE MIGHT SERVE.
DENSITY AND NUTRIENT LEVELS OF THE DRIED EXCRETA
ARE LISTED. ODORS WERE LESS INTENSE THAN THAT OF
FRESH EXCRETA. (W71-03559).
00436. HOG WASTE DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING.
CLARK, C.E.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, 91 (SAG), P27-41,
1965.
THE MATERIAL PRESENTED CONSISTS OF ON-S1TE OBSER-
VATIONS AND TEST RESULTS OBTAINED FROM SAMPLES
COLLECTED FROM AN OPERATIONAL FARM LAGOON IN
ILLINOIS. THE PROGRAM CENTERED ON THIS LAGOON
SINCE OTHERS AROUND IT HAD FAILED. THE SYSTEM IT-
SELF IS DESCRIBED AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS GIVEN AS
TO WHY IT DOES WORK. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 'THE
93
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
LAGOON SUPERNATANT AND THE RAW WASTE ARE COM-
PARED. ON THE BASIS OF OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING
THIS PROGRAM, THE MOST LIKELY PROBLEM WILL BE
PROCESS FAILURE CAUSED BY ANTIBIOTIC EFFECT, TEM-
PERATURE CHANGE OR SHOCK LOADING. STUDIES ARE
UNDERWAY CONCERNING THE HARVESTING AND FEED-
ING OF ALGAE FROM THE LAGOON. OPERATIONAL
PROBLEMS AS WELL AS COSTS ARE EVALUATED FOR THE
TOTAL SYSTEM. FINALLY, A PRACTICAL SYSTEM IS SUG-
GESTED FOR THE DISPOSAL OF HOG WASTES. (W71-03578).
00437. POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL - IS THERE A
PROBLEM.
R1LEY, C.T.
AGRICULTURE, VOL 73, 1966, P 110-112.
THE COST IS EXAMINED ASSOCIATED WITH REMOVAL OF
POULTRY MANURE FROM THE HOUSE TO THE DISPOSAL
POINT. IT IS COSTING THE POULTRY FARMER A SHILLING
PER BIRD PER YEAR TO REMOVE THE MUCK. THE FERTIL-
IZER VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE SHOULD NOT BE
OVERLOOKED. FARMERS DISPOSE ENOUGH MANURE THAT
WOULD BE WORTH 160 UNITS OF NITROGEN, 160 UNITS OF
PHOSPHORUS AND 70 UNITS OF POTASH IF APPLIED TO A
CROP. (W71-03579).
00438. SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT-OXIDATION
DITCH FOR TREATING HOG WASTES.
MUEHLING, AJ.
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE, UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN, AUGUST
1969.2 P.
THERE HAS BEEN CONSIDERABLE INTEREST IN AEROBl-
CALLY TREATING HOG WASTES IN AN OXIDATION DITCH
BECAUSE OF THE NEED FOR A LOW-ODOR METHOD OF
MANURE STORAGE AND TREATMENT. THIS FACT SHEET
GIVES GUIDELINES AS TO DESIGN SHAPE, CAPACITY AND
LOADING, ROTOR CAPACITY AND IMMERSION, LIQUID
DEPTH AND RATE OF FLOW. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
ARE GIVEN AS WELL AS A DISCUSSION OF PROBLEMS
THAT MAY ARISE. SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF FOAM-
ING INCLUDE VEGETABLE OR PETROLEUM OIL, COMMER-
CIAL PRODUCTS OR A WATER SPRAY. SLUDGE BUILDUP
AND FINAL DISPOSAL ARE GIVEN SOME ATTENTION.
ROTOR COSTS ARE ABOUT $250 PER FOOT AND OPERA-
TION COSTS ARK ESTIMATED TO BETWEEN 1/2 AND I CENT
PER DAY PER HOG. (W7I-03587).
00439. A GROWING MARKET FOR WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT.
KOLLAR, K.L.; YOUNGWIRTH, W.G.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 117(9), 319-325, 1970.
THIS PAPER PRESENTS DATA OBTAINED FROM QUESTION-
NAIRE RESPONSE OF WATER AND WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS. THE QUESTIONS RE-
LATED TO THE MANUFACTURING PLANT CAPACITY, AND
THE VALUES OF SHIPMENTS OF VARIOUS KINDS OF WATER
AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT. THE
RESULTS OF SURVEYS CONDUCTED IN 1965 AND 1968 ARE
REPORTED. TABULATED DATA INCLUDE; A SUMMARY OF
TOTAL EXPENDITURES AND VALUES OF SHIPMENTS OF
MAJOR EQUIPMENT ITEMS; THE SIZES OF MANUFACTUR-
ING ESTABLISHMENTS BASED ON THE VALUE OF SHIP-
MENTS; THE VALUE OF ALL SHIPMENTS OF SPECIFIC
EQUIPMENT ITEMS BROKEN DOWN INTO WATER TREAT-
MENT AND WASTE TREATMENT CATEGORIES; VALUES OF
TOTAL SHIPMENTS AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES FOR
PLANTS MANUFACTURING WATER AND WASTE WATER
TREATMENT EQUIPMENT; A COMPARISON OF THE GROSS
NATIONAL PRODUCT, TOTAL MUNICIPAL WATER AND
WASTE WATER EXPENDITURES, AND FEDERAL GRANTS. IN
ADDITION CHARTS SHOWING MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURES
FOR WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE WATER DISPOSAL FROM
1960 TO 1980 (EST. ) ARE GIVEN. THE COLLECTED DATA
INDICATE THAT WATER AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT
EQUIPMENT ACCOUNT FOR 4.2% OF TOTAL MUNICIPAL EX-
PENDITURES AND 15.9% OF TOTAL MUNICIPAL TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES EXPENDITURES. APPROXIMATELY 11.2%
OF INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS ARE FOR WATER
AND WASTE WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT. (W71-
03597).
00440. WATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENT AS RE-
LATED TO INDUSTRY.
JENSEN, L.T.
MAN AND THE QUALITY OF HIS ENVIRONMENT,
BOULDER, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO PRESS,
1968, P 59-65.
THE IMPORTANCE IS OUTLINED OF ADEQUATE WATER
RESOURCES TO INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRIZES AS WELL AS
THE NATURE OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE. THIS NEED FOR
GOOD QUALITY WATER IS OFTEN IN CONFLICT WITH THE
NEEDS OF OTHER WATER USERS AND THE PROBLEMS OF
THIS DIVERGENCE ARE DISCUSSED. AS AN EXAMPLE OF
AN EFFECTIVE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM THE AUTHOR EX-
PLAINS THE SITUATION OF THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR
COMPANY WHICH INVOLVES IN-PLANT CONTROL OF
WASTES, THEN MOVES TO BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY, THEN
REUSE, THEN RECYCLING AND FINALLY TREATMENT.
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES
AVAILABLE FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT WHICH
INVOLVE DIFFERENT PRICES FOR WATER DUE TO DIF-
FERENT TREATMENT COSTS. MEETING FUTURE WATER
NEEDS WILL NECESSITATE A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF
PLANNING AND WILL BE EXTREMELY COSTLY. (W71-
03604).
00441. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
TIMMONS, J.F
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATEMENT,
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1965, P 33-50.
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS ARE EXPLAINED WITHIN AN
ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK DESIGNED FOR MAXIMIZING THE
SATISFACTION OF HUMAN WANTS FROM THE USE OF
WATER. THIS STUDY CONSIDERS BOTH THE DIRECT AS
WELL AS DERIVED DEMANDS FOR WATER IN ADDITION TO
THE GOODS AND SERVICES WATER HELPS PRODUCE. IN-
VESTIGATION IS MADE INTO THE NATURE OF AND THE
GROWING DEMAND FOR WATER AND THE ECONOMIC
DIMENSION OF WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS IN RELATION
TO PHYSICAL AND STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS, SUPPLY
AND DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS, USE INTERRELATION-
SHIPS, AND COSTS AND BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH PAR-
TICULAR USES AND USE METHODS. (W7 1-03612).
00442. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BURDEN OF
SEWER USER CHARGES UNDER VARIOUS
CHARGE FORMULAS.
JOHNSON, J.A.
THE NATIONAL TAX JOURNAL, 29(3), 472-485, 1969.
THIS PAPER ANALYZES ONE TYPE OF USER CHARGE- THE
SEWER SERVICE CHARGE IN TERMS OF EQUITY, RESOURCE
ALLOCATION, REVENUE, AND ADMINISTRATIVE OBJEC-
TIVES. THE MODEL DIVIDES USERS INTO RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES. THE BUR-
DEN FOR EACH CATEGORY IS THEN COMPUTED UNDER
TEN SEWER CHARGE FORMULAS BY APPLYING THE
94
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REFERENCE LIST
CHARGES TO A MODEL OF A LARGE EASTERN CITY. THE
MEASURE OF BURDEN IS THE PERCENTAGE OF REVENUE
THAT WOULD BE PAID BY CATEGORIES OF USERS UNDER
EACH OF THE SEWER CHARGES. THE RESULTS INDICATE A
LARGE VARIANCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE REVENUE
BORNE AMONG THE THREE CATEGORIES OF USERS. THE
RESIDENTIAL SHARE IS HIGHEST WHEN THERE IS A FLAT
OR MINIMUM FEE WITH THE COMMERCIAL SHARE BEING
LARGEST WHEN THE CHARGE IS BASED ON PROPERTY
VALUE. THE INDUSTRIAL SHARE IS GREATEST IF THE
CHARGE BASIS IS SEWAGE STRENGTH BUT IT IS ALSO HIGH
FOR A FIXED RATE. IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE EQUI-
TY AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION OBJECTIVES WHICH ARE
SATIS1FED IN A FORMULA. HENCE, FORMULA CHOICE DE-
PENDS ON THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS PLACED ON THE FOUR
OBJECTIVES. THE MOST EFFICIENT FORMULAS BY OBJEC-
TIVE ARE: FOR EQUITY, PROPERTY ASSESSMENT; FOR
RESOURCE ALLOCATION, RATE PER UNIT OF VOLUME
AND STRENGTH; FOR REVENUE, ALL FORMULAS; AND FOR
ADMINISTRATION, FLAT FEE AND PROPERTY ASSESSMENT.
(W71-03629).
00443. POLLUTION, PROPERTY AND PRICES.
DALES, J.H.
TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS, 1968.
HIP.
THE AUTHOR CONSIDERS POLLUTION AS A SOCIAL
PROBLEM INVOLVING COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAKING.
THE COSTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL ARE DIVIDED INTO POL-
LUTION PREVENTION COSTS AND POLLUTION COSTS.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS ILLUSTRATED AS A METHOD
OF DECISION-MAKING ABOUT DIFFERENT POLLUTION POL-
ICIES THAT ARE SELECTED THROUGH POLITICAL DECI-
SION-MAKING. THE TREATMENT OF AIR AND WATER AS
UNRESTRICTED COMMON PROPERTY IS QUESTIONED WITH
A MORE SOPHISTICATED APPROACH SUGGESTED TO PRO-
PERTY RIGHTS. THE BEST STRATEGY, THE AUTHOR SUG-
GESTS, FOR REDUCING WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS IS A
SYSTEM OF CHARGING FOR USER RIGHTS WITH THE
GOVERNMENT SETTING THE LEVEL OF PERMISSABLE POL-
LUTION. THIS BOOK IS RELEVANT FOR WATER RESOURCE
PLANNERS CONCERNED WITH RESOURCE ALLOCATION.
(W7I-03630).
00444. COSTS AND MANPOWER FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, 1965-1968.
MICHEL, R.L.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(11), 1883-1910, 1970.
BETWEEN 1965 AND 1968, DATA WAS TAKEN FROM 1,600
PLANTS DURING A STUDY OF LABOR, ELECTRICAL, AND
CHEMICAL COSTS OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT OPERA-
TION AND MAINTENANCE. UNIT COSTS (DOLLARS OR
MAN-HOURS EXPENDED PER UNIT LOAD) DECLINED EX-
PONENTIALLY WITH INCREASED PLANT SIZE, THEREBY
SHOWING ECONOMICS OF SCALE. LABOR AND SUPERVI-
SION ACCOUNTED FOR 50 TO 60* OK OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE EXPENDITURES, WITH ELECTRIC POWER
RANKING NEXT IN IMPORTANCE, PARTICULARY IN AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS. CHI.OR1NATION OPERATING
EXPENSES WHRE ABOUT 3% OF TOTAL OPERATING COSTS.
OXIDATION LAGOONS WERE SHOWN TO BE AN INEXPEN-
SIVE FORM OF TREATMENT TO OPERATE. USE OR NON-USE
OF SLUDGE PROCESSING EQUIPMENT IS THE MOST CRITI-
CAL FACTOR IN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
VACUUM FILTERS ARE ESPECIALLY EXPENSIVE TO
OPERATE. (W71-038I5).
00445. SURVEY OF COSTS ON METHODS FOR CON-
TROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION.
STEPHAN, R.W.; LORENZ, W.C.
ATTACHMENT E TO APPENDIX C - THE INCIDENCE
AND FORMATION OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION, BUREAU OF MINES REPORT, VOL 18 ON
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN AP-
PAL ACHI A, 1967.
THIS REPORT PRESENTS CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND
OPERATING COSTS ON THE VARIOUS PROCESSES AND
METHODS AVAILABLE FOR THE ABATEMENT OF POLLU-
TION DUE TO ACID COAL MINE WATER DRAINAGE. THE
ABATEMENT MEASURES INCLUDE NEUTRALIZATION, IRON
REMOVAL, DEMINERALIZATION, AND PHYSICAL DISPOSAL
BY DEEP WELL INJECTION, COST DATA ARE PRESENTED
ON THE RECLAMATION OF LAND DISTURBED BY SURFACE
AND STRIP MINING OPERATIONS. A SUMMARY OF AVAILA-
BLE DATA RELATING THE VARIOUS SIZE PLANTS FOR
TREATING ACID MINE WATER IS REPORTED FOR THE
VARIOUS PROCESSES FOR ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION.
THE COSTS OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES AS
DETERMINED IN THIS SURVEY RANGE FROM LESS THAN
$0.07/1,000 GAL. TO SI. I 3/1,000 GAL. OF ACID MINE WATER
TREATED. (W7 1-03877).
00446. COST OF PATUXENT RIVER QUALITY MONI-
TORING.
NAUMAN, J.W.; CORY, R.L.
JOURNAL OF AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIA-
TION, 62(12), 796-798, 1970.
IN OCTOBER 1963, THE USGS INSTALLED A CONTINUOUS
WATER-QUALITY DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM ON THE
PATUXENT RIVER BRIDGE, NEAR BENEDICT, MD. THE
SYSTEM WAS INSTRUMENTED TO PROVIDE BACKGROUND
WATER QUALITY DATA FOR CORRELATION WITH SPOT
SAMPLES TAKEN ELSEWHERE IN THE ESTUARY AND WITH
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES CARRIED ON IN THE VICINITY OF
THE BRIDGE. RECORDED PARAMETERS INCLUDED SUR-
FACE AND BOTTOM WATER TEMPERATURES, SURFACE DO,
CONDUCTIVITY, TURBIDITY, TIDE STAGE, WIND SPEED
AND WIND DIRECTION. TOTAL INSTALLATION AND MAIN-
TENANCE COSTS WERE $22,200. DISREGARDING INSTALLA-
TION, THE GREATEST COST WAS $16,200 OR $2,700 AN-
NUALLY, FOR ROUTINE MAINTENANCE, RECAL1BRATION,
AND TRAVEL. OVERALL COSTS FOR THE COLLECTION OF
WATER QUALITY DATA AVERAGED S5.000/YR. THE COST
WAS $625 PER PARAMETER PER YEAR, NOT INCLUDING
DATA INTERPRETATION AND PROCESSING. (W71-041 15).
00447. TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY
FOAM SEPARATION.
BIKERMAN, J.J.; HANSON, P.J.; ROSE, S.H.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
DECEMBER 1970,88 P.
BASIC EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO ESTABLISH
THE FEASIBILITY OF FOAM FRACTIONATION IN THE
TREATMENT OF ACID COAL MINE DRAINAGE FOR THE
REMOVAL OF THE METAL IONS, IRON, CALCIUM, MAN-
GANESE AND MAGNESIUM. THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
CONTROLLING FOAM SEPARATION OF METAL IONS WERE
DETERMINED TO BE THE CONCENTRATION RATIO OF SUR-
FACTANT TO IRON, THE AIR VOLUME THROUGHPUT, THE
FOAM DRAINAGE TIME, THE TOTAL DISSOLVED SALT CON-
TENT AND THE TYPE OF SURFACTANT USED. THE MAJOR
PART OF IRON, CALCIUM, MANGANESE AND MAGNESIUM
CAN BE FOAM SEPARATED FROM ACID SOLUTION BY
PROPER CONTROL OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.
95
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REDUCTION OF RESIDUAL SURFACTANT CONCENTRATION
IN THE TREATED WATER AND REDUCTION OF WATER EN-
TRAINED WITH THE FOAM ARE TWO AREAS IN NEED OF
FURTHER INVESTIGATION. FOAM SEPARATION WAS
TESTED ON ACID DRAINAGE, PARTIALLY LIME NEUTRAL-
IZED DRAINAGE AND COMPLETE LIMESTONE NEUTRAL-
IZED DRAINAGE. TESTS ON MODEL SOLUTIONS INDICATE
THAT TREATMENT OF RAW ACID DRAINAGE IS MOST
FEASIBLE AT PRESENT. OPERATING AND CAPITAL COSTS
ARE ESTIMATED FOR 0.1 AND 1.0 MGD BATCH TREATMENT
PLANTS. (PB-197 470) (W71-04I88).
00448. EVALUATION REPORT 1:
BEAKER SAMPLE CHANGER.
AUTOMATIC
LOBRING, L.B.; BOOTH, R.L.
EPA, WQO, ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL
LABORATORY, 1014 BROADWAY, CINCINNATI,
OHIO 45202. JANUARY 1970. 5 P.
THE BEAKER BUTLER, MANUFACTURED BY VISION
LABORATORIES, INC., ORISKANY, NEW YORK, IS A PROTO-
TYPE SAMPLE CHANGER THAT PRESENTS LIQUID SAMPLES
TO A VARIETY OF ELECTRODES. TO EVALUATE THE
POTENTIAL USE OF THIS EQUIPMENT FOR ROUTINE
ANALYSES, SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED USING THIS EQUIP-
MENT AS WELL AS MANUAL METHODS. THE RESULTS,
WHICH ARE INCLUDED IN TABLES, SHOW THAT THE AUTO-
MATED STEP GAVE RESULTS COMPARABLE TO MANUAL
METHODS WITH A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN COST AND
MAN HOURS. (W71-04192).
00449. REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALTING STATE-OF-
THE-ART (1969).
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO 611, OC-
TOBER 1970. 73 P.
THE REPORT REVIEWS CURRENT TECHNICAL AND EN-
GINEERING ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE REVERSE OSMO-
SIS (RO) DESALTING PROCESS. THE RO PROCESS IS A VIA-
BLE TECHNIQUE FOR THE DESALTING OF BRACKISH
WATER FEED. RESEARCH INDICATES THAT SEAWATER
DESALTING IS POSSIBLE BUT NOT YET PRACTICAL.
BRACKISH WATER PRODUCTION PLANTS WITH CAPACITIES
UP TO 100,000 GPD ARE OPERATIONAL. ECONOMICAL RO
DESALTING IS STRONGLY DEPENDENT UPON THE OPERAT-
ING PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE MEMBRANE AND ITS SUPPORT STRUCTURE. MUCH OF
THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE RO PROCESS IS AS-
SOCIATED WITH THE LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION
REQUIREMENTS. PROJECTIONS OF COSTS ARE MADE FOR
PLANTS UP TO 50 MILLION GALLOSN PER DAY OF
PRODUCT WATER. (GPO SO.75) (W71-04225).
00450. ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION.
CASTLE, E.N.
AGRICULTURE AND THE QUALITY OF OUR EN-
VIRONMENT, NORWOOD, MASSACHUSETTS, THE
PLIMPTON PRESS, P 251-265, 1967
TECHNICAL INTERDEPENDENCE IN PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION PROCESSES CREATES A SITUATION IN
WHICH THE LEVEL OF WATER QUALITY CANNOT BE
DETERMINED BY THE MARKET. THE AUTHOR FINDS THAT
THE LEAST COSTLY METHOD OF ACHIEVING A GIVEN
LEVEL OF WATER QUALITY REQUIRES GROUP ACTION AS
AN AID TO THIS GROUP DECISION-MAKING, ECONOMIC
EVALUATION STUDIES ARE EXTREMELY USEFUL. THE
PAPER REPORTS ON A STUDY OF THE WESTERN PART OF
OREGON SURROUNDING THE ESTUARY OF THE JAQU1NA
RIVER. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE TOOLS EXIST FOR QUAN-
TIFYING RECREATIONAL AND SECONDARY BENEFITS OF
WATER QUALITY. (W71-04450).
00451. TANNERY PRE-TREATMENT PLANT DRASTI-
CALLY CUTS BARRE'S TREATMENT PLANT
LOAD.
WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL, P 61-62, APRIL
1970.
GORE AND STORRIE LIMITED OF TORONTO, CANADA, WAS
RETAINED TO DESIGN AND SUPERVISE CONSTRUCTION OF
A PRE-TREATMENT PLANT FOR TANNERY WASTES. PRIOR
TO DESIGN, SEDIMENTATION TESTS, SLUDGE STUDIES, THE
EFFECT OF POLYELECTROLYTES, AND WATER USE REDUC-
TION WERE SCRUTINIZED TO DETERMINE HOW THEY AF-
FECTED TREATMENT. THE PLANT WAS DESIGNED AND
BUILT BY 1968 AT A TOTAL COST OF $195,000 AND CON-
SISTED OF FACILITIES TO PROVIDE FOR SCREENING, FLOW
EQUILIZATION, PRE-AERATION, SETTLING, SLUDGE
REMOVAL AND STORAGE, SCUM REMOVAL, FLOW METER-
ING, TANK TRUCK REMOVAL OF SCUM AND SLUDGE, AND
UNWATERING. THIS PRETREATMENT SIGNIFICANTLY
REDUCED THE SLUDGE VOLUME IN THE CITY'S TREAT-
MENT PLANT. (W71-04488).
00452. TREATMENT OF WINE DISTILLING WASTES
BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
STANDER, G.J.
PROCEEDINGS 22ND INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, MAY 2, 3, 4, 1967, PURDUE UNIVERSI-
TY, VOL L II, NO 3, P 892-907, JULY 1968.
A PROGRAM OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH WITH A FULL-
SCALE TREATMENT PLANT LOCATED IN THE MAIN WINE
PRODUCING AREA OF SOUTH AFRICA HAS BEEN UN-
DERTAKEN BY THE CAPE REGIONAL LABORATORY OF THE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR WATER RESEARCH (NIWR).
LABORATORY AND PILOT SCALE STUDIES HAVE BEEN
CONDUCTED FROM 1948 TO DATE AND HAVE INDICATED
THAT ANAEROBIC DIGESTION MIGHT PROVIDE A PRACTI-
CAL METHOD FOR DEALING WITH WINE WASTES. THE
FULL-SCALE TREATMENT PLANT CONSISTS OF A MODIFIED
'DORR-OLIVER CLARIGESTER' AND THE DESCRIPTION AND
OPERATION OF THIS PLANT IS DISCUSSED. MANY UNK-
NOWN FACTORS WHICH EXISTED IN REGARD TO THE
BIOLOGICAL, METABOLIC PATHWAYS, TECHNOLOGICAL,
AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE PRACTICAL OPERATION
OF AN ANEROBIC DIGESTOR ARE INCLUDED. THE EF-
FLUENT FROM THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SPENT
WINE STILL CONTAINS APPROXIMATELY 1.8% OF ITS
ORIGINAL COD WHICH AMOUNTS TO ABOUT 400 MG/L AND
THIS NEEDS ADDITIONAL STABILIZATION WHICH CAN BE
ACCOMPLISHED !N CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
THE COST OF THIS TYPE OF TREATMENT IS APPROXIMATE-
LY 56 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS. (W71-04493).
00453. COMBINED WASTE TREATMENT AT GRAND
ISLAND, NEBRASKA.
GIBBS, W.R.; BENJES, H. JR.
PROCEEDINGS, 22ND INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, MAY 2, 3, 4, 1967, PURDUE UNIVERSI-
TY, HI (3), 800-812, 1968.
STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE NA-
TURE OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES, OF DETERMINING
WHETHER THE DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
COULD BE TREATED MORE ECONIMICALLY AND EFFI-
CIENTLY IN COMBINED OR SEPARATE FACILITIES AND
WHICH PROCESSES OFFERED THE GREATEST AD-
VANTAGES. THESE EXHAUSTIVE STUDIES LED TO THE
96
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REFERENCE LIST
CONCLUSION THAT MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY AND ECONO-
MY WOULD BE REALIZED BY COMBINED TREATMENT OF
DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN A NEW TREAT-
MENT PLANT INCORPORATING THE COMPLETE MIXING
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, AND ABANDONMENT OF
THE EXISTING TREATMENT FACILITIES. A DISCUSSION OF
THE PLANNING, DESIGN, OPERATION, PROBLEMS, AND
COST ARE INCLUDED. STUDIES ARE CONTINUING OF
OPERATIONAL CONTROLS AND PROCESS MODIFICATIONS
WHICH ARE ANTICIPATED TO INCREASE THE TREATMENT
EFFICIENCY AND REDUCE OPERATING COSTS. (W7 1-04494).
00454. THE LARGEST OXIDATION DITCH IN THE
WORLD FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES.
ADEMA, D.
PROCEEDINGS, 22ND INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, MAY 2, 3, 4, 1967, PURDUE UNIVERSI-
TY, (42)3, 717-730, JULY 1968.
AN INVESTIGATION WAS MADE OF THE BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER COMING FROM TWO COK-
ING PLANTS, A PLANT WHOSE EFFLUENT CONTAINED
CHEMICALS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF
POLYETHYLENE AND FORMALDEHYDE, AND A THIRD
TYPE OF PLANT WHICH DISCHARGED LARGE AMOUNTS OF
ORGANIC WASTES. A COMPARISON OF THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS VERSUS THE OXIDATION WAS MADE
AND THE LATTER PROCESS WAS DEEMED TO BE MORE AP-
PROPRIATE FOR TREATMENT OF THIS PARTICULAR
WASTE. THE BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION UNDER NITRIFI-
CATION AND DENITR1F1CATION CONDITIONS, THE TROU-
BLE CAUSED BY A SHORTAGE OF PHOSPHOROUS, MAX-
IMUM CAPACITY OF THE DITCH AND PLANS TO ENLARGE
THE CAPACITY, CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS, AND
OTHER DATA ON THE PASVEER DITCH ARE DISCUSSED.
(W71-04498).
00455. AN EVALUATION OF DIFFUSION MEMBRANES
FOR WASTE WATER REHABILITATION.
OKEY, R.W.; FIEDLER, R.A.
7TH INDUSTRIAL WATER AND WASTE CON-
FERENCE, TEXAS WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ASSOCIATION, JUNE 1 AND 2, 1967, P 1V-16-IV-34.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE PERTINENT SYSTEM THEORY, A SE-
RIES OF EXPERIMENTS ON A MEMBRANE SYSTEM, AND AN
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT. THIS EX-
PERIMENTAL WORK INDICATED THE USE OF A DIFFUSION
MEMBRANE SYSTEM AS AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PHASE
SEPARATION DEVICE, A SYSTEM STUDY OF THE FLUX,
VELOCITY SOLIDS, AND PRESSURE INTERRELATIONSHIP,
AND AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS
THROUGH A MEMBRANE AUGMENTED ACTIVATED
SLUDGE FACILITY. THE STUDY OF SYSTEM ECONOMICS IN-
CLUDED INPUTS FROM THE LITERATURE AS WELL AS THE
RESULTS OF THE WORK REPORTED HERE. (W71-04512).
00456. DISPOSAL OF BRINES PRODUCED IN RENOVA-
TION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
ORD-17070 DLY 05/70, MAY 1970, 113 P
COSTS OF ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF BRINE WASTES FROM
MUNICIPAL WATER RENOVATION SD DENVER, COLORADO.
BASED ON 10 MILLION GALLONS PER DAY, 7<7< FIXED
CHARGE RATE. E INJECTED INTO THE SALINE HUECO-BOL
SON BASIN AT $0.1 3/KGAL. SOLAR EVAPORATION S. BRINE
CAN BE DUMPED ON WORTHLESS ARID LAND AT A COST
OF $. 052/KGAL. IT CAN BIN LOCAL PONDS, USING 30 MIL
LINERS AND A PIPELINE TO CONVEY RESIDUAL BRINE 50
MILES FOR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL, COSTS $0.18 KGAL.
SOLAR EVAPORATION EAST OF DENVER, AND 12
M1LLS/KWHR POWER COST, ESTIMATED COSTS ARE AS
FOLLOWS: NEAR EL PASO, TEXA USING PONDS WITH A 30
MIL LINER, WOULD COST $0.76/KGAL. ALTERNATELY,
SOLAR EVAPORATION EAST OF PUEBLO, COLORADO, IN
LINED PONDS WOULD COST S0.96/KGAL., INCLUDING THE
PIPELINE FROM DENVER. MULTISTAGE FLASH EVAPORA-
TION TO 10% SOLIDS WOULD REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF
BRINE AND THE SIZE OF THE SOLAR PONDS TO A POINT
WHERE THEY MIGHT BE ACCEPTABLE. THEIR COMBINED
COST, BASED ON S0.46/MBTU STEAM AND STEAM-DRIVEN
PUMPS, IS $0.54/KGAL. OF BRINE EFFLUENT. WELL INJEC-
TION IS INFEASIBLE HERE, DUE TO EARTHQUAKES. AT
TUCSON, THE TEMPORARY MEASURE OF USING INJECTION
WELLS TO 3500 FEET WHILE AWAITING THE SOUTHWEST
WATER PLAN WOULD COST $0.13/KGAL. A PERMANENT
SCHEME, USING LOCAL SOLAR PONDS WITH 30 MIL LINES
WOULD COST $0.18/KGAL., INCLUDING COSTS FOR A
RESIDUAL BRINE PIPELINE TO THE WILCOX PLAZA 50
MILES EASTWARD. (PB-197 597) (W71-04614).
00457. CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORT- KING-
MAN LAKE PROJECT.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
11023 FIX 08/70, AUGUST 1970. 149 P.
THIS CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING STUDY CONCERNS THE
RECLAMATION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS AND
UTILIZATION OF THE RECLAIMED WATERS IN A MAJOR
WATER-ORIENTED RECREATIONAL FACILITY FOR THE DIS-
TRICT OF COLUMBIA. THE INVESTIGATION ENCOMPASSES
A COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS BY PROPOSING MULTI-USE OBJECTIVES AND
FACILITIES. PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT IN-
CLUDED: (I) EVALUATION OF RAINFALL RUNOFF RELA-
TIONSHIPS FOR SIZING OF STORAGE AND TREATMENT
PLANT CAPACITIES; (2) CONFIRMATION OF TREATMENT
FEASIBILITY USING FILTRATION AND AN ACTIVATED CAR-
BON PROCESS; AND (3) DEVELOPMENT OF SUFFICIENT
DATA FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN PURPOSES. LABORATO-
RY STUDIES NOT ONLY DEMONSTRATED PROCESS FEASI-
BILITY, BUT SHOWED THE NEED FOR INCLUDING FLOCCU-
LATION AND SEDIMENTATION FOR REMOVAL OF MINUTE
PARTICLES, TOGETHER WITH CHLORINE AND IODINE AD-
DITION FOR MAXIMUM DISINFECTION. THE RECOM-
MENDED STORAGE/IRE ATM ENT PLANT PROVIDES FOR A
175 MILLION GALLON STORAGE BASIN, A 50 MILLION-GAL-
LON-PER-DAY RECLAMATION FACILITY AND TWO 46-ACRE
SWIMMING AND BOATING LAKES. COST EFFECTIVENESS
(COST/BENEFIT RATIO) OF THE PROJECT, AS ENVISIONED,
HAS BEEN INDICATED TO BE 1.6 AT AN ESTIMATED TOTAL
PROJECT COST OF $45,200,000, AND AN ESTIMATED AN-
NUAL OPERATING COST OF $1,777,000. IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE PROPOSED PLAN WOULD NOT ONLY PROVIDE A
LEAST-COST ALTERNATIVE OVER SINGLE-PURPOSE PRO-
JECTS TO ATTAIN IDENTICAL OBJECTIVES, BUT WOULD
ALSO REDUCE THE ANNUAL POLLUTION NOW
DISCHARGED BY THE NORTHEAST BOUNDARY TRUNK
SEWER BY APPROXIMATELY 99 PERCENT. (PB-197 598)
(W71-04616).
00458. ECONOMICS OF TREATING SEWAGE AND
TRADE WASTES.
BRADLEY, R.M.
EFFLUENT AND WATER TREATMENT JOURNAL, P
526-530, 1970.
BOTH CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT ARE ANALYZED WITH THE CONCLUSION
THAT SOME UNCONVENTIONAL TYPES OF SEWAGE TREAT-
MEN! (PACKAGED TREATMENT PLANTS) SERVING POPU-
LATIONS LESS THAN 1000 ARE ECONOMICAL. COMPARA-
97
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TIVE COSTS OF TREATMENT BY BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION,
OXIDATION DITCH, AND PACKAGED PLANTS ARE GIVEN.
ON-SITE INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE PLANTS ARE MORE
ECONOMICALLY OPERATED THAN THOSE OF EQUIVALENT
CAPACITY FOR MUNICIPAL SEWAGE WORKS, ACCORDING
TO COST BREAKDOWNS. ALTHOUGH UNCONVENTIONAL
TYPES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
INDUSTRIAL WASTES, THEY WOULD BE FEASIBLE FOR MU-
NICIPAL WASTE PROCESSING. RECENT OPERATIONAL
RESULTS INDICATE THAT OXIDATION DITCHES PRODUCE
A CONSISTENTLY SATISFACTORY EFFLUENT ALTHOUGH
OPERATIONAL COSTS ARE HIGHER THAN FOR CONVEN-
TIONAL WORKS BUT THE MORE RELIABLE EFFLUENT
QUALITY AT SUCH LOW POPULATION COST IS COMPENSA-
TORY; ESPECIALLY WHEN DEBT CHARGES ARE CON-
SIDERED, THE ADVANTAGE OF BOTH OXIDATION DITCHES
AND PACKAGED PLANTS BECOMES EVEN MORE ATTRAC-
TIVE. HIGH-RATE BIOLOGICAL FILTERS USING PLASTIC
MEDIA HAVE THEIR BIGGER IMPACT FOR ON-SITE INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE TREATMENT AND FOR RELIEF OF OVER-
LOADED EXISTING SYSTEMS AND REDUCTION IN LAND
AREA. DATA SHOWS THAT INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT
PLANT CONSTRUCTION IS 5(M OF EQUIVALENT MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE WORKS. (W71-04623).
00459. REVERSE OSMOSIS RENOVATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
ORD-17040 EFQ 12/69, 1969. 160 P
A FIFTEEN-MONTH LABORATORY PROGRAM HAS SHOWN
THAT ALL GRADES OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER MAY BE
SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED BY THE REVERSE OSMOSIS
PROCESS. COMPARISONS ARE PROVIDED ON THE
BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSE OF THE REVERSE OSMOSIS
PROCESS TO CARBON-TREATED SECONDARY SEWAGE,
ALUM-TREATED SECONDARY SEWAGE, SECONDARY
SEWAGE, PRIMARY SETTLED SEWAGE, RAW SEWAGE, AND
DIGESTER SUPERNATANT. HIGH REMOVALS OF DISSOLVED
MINERALS, ORGANIC SUBSTANCES, AND SUSPENDED
MATTER HAVE ALL BEEN ACHIEVED IN THE SAME TREAT-
MENT. THE EFFECTS OF A FLOCCULANT, DISPERSANT,
CHELATTNG AGENT. F.NZYME, AND ACID ON REDUCING
PRODUCT WATER FLUX DECLINE ARE COMPARED. THE
RELATIVE EFFECTS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS TEST-CELL
GEOMETRY ON SOLIDS DEPOSITION AND MEMBRANE PER-
FORMANCE ARE PRESENTED. A PHENOMENOLOGICAL
MODEL IS POSTULATED DESCRIBING THE ROLE OF UNDIS-
SOI.V'ED SOLIDS AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN PRODUC-
ING PRODUCT WATER FLUX DECLINE AND THE SUB-
SEQUENT MAINTENANCE OF CONSTANT PRODUCT WATER
FLUXES. A COMPUTER MODEL OF THE REVERSE OSMOSIS
PROCESS, COMPATIBLE WITH THE EXECUTIVE PROGRAM
WRITTEN BY THE FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINIS-
TRATION, HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO PROVIDE AN ACCU-
RATE AND RAPID METHOD OF DETERMINING THE DESIGN
AND COST OF REVERSE OSMOSIS FACILITIES (PB-197 659)
(W7 1-04669).
00460. AMENDED 1964 MASTER PLAN OF WATER-
WORKS IMPROVEMENTS FOR BOARD OF
WATERWORKS COMMISSIONERS, MADIS-
ON, WISCONSIN.
BOARD Of-' WATERWORKS COMMISSIONER, MADIS-
ON, WISCONSIN, APRIL 2
-------
REFERENCE LIST
T1ON. THE RESULTS OF A STUDY CONDUCTED BY
FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION SHOW THAT ABOUT 71 STA-
TIONS IN THE 1,000 TO 4,000 MW RANGE ARE CAPABLE OF
BEING SUPPORTED BY RESERVOIRS, 24 IN THE 4,000 TO
12,000 MW RANGE, AND 8 AT 12,000 MW OR GREATER. EF-
FICIENCY OF A COOLING POND MAY BE INCREASED MAR-
KEDLY BY INTRODUCING A SPRAY INTO THE SYSTEM.
COMMON PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH LARGE COOLING
WATERS INCLUDE WOOD DETERIORATION, BIOLOGICAL
FOULING, THE FORMATION OF DEPOSITS, CORROSION AND
SCALING. ANOTHER MAJOR PROBLEM IS DRIFT AND
TOGGING. A TYPICAL TOWER WITH A FLOW OF 250,000
GAL. PER MINUTE OPERATING ON SEAWATER WITH A
SALINITY OF 35,000 PPM. AND A DRIFT LOSS OF 0.1 PER-
CENT WILL EMIT ABOUT 4,400 LB. PER HOUR OF SODIUM
CHLORIDE. COSTS FOR DRY TOWER RUN FROM $25 TO $30
PER KW., COMPARED AY BE PARTICULARLY SUITED TO
AQUICULTURE. POSSIBILITY OF PLACING A CHEMICAL
PLATO $8 TO $13 PER KW. FOR WET TOWERS. COOLING
WATER FROM A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT MNT NEXT TO A
NUCLEAR PLANT APPEARS ATTRACTIVE. IT IS CON-
CLUDED THAT POTENTIAL DOES EXIST FOR TURNING
WASTE HEAT INTO A USEFUL COMMODITY. (W71-04728).
AND ENFORCEMENT OF A HIGH STANDARD OF INDUSTRI-
AL TREATMENT FACILITIES. INTERREGIONAL ACTIVITY
ANALYSIS WAS BROKEN DOWN FOR EACH REGION INTO:
(1) PRODUCTION OF FINAL PRODUCTS, (2) PRODUCTION
OF INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS AND (3) SHIPMENT OF
EVERY COMMODITY FROM EACH REGION. A SAMPLE
INPUT-OUTPUT MATRIX OF SUCH ACTIVITIES WAS SHOWN.
THIS ACTIVITY ANALYSIS WAS USED TO FORMULATE A
PROGRAMMING MODEL TO ALLOCATE GIVEN RESOURCES
AMONG ACTIVITIES. THE VARIABLE MAXIMIZED WAS THE
GROSS RETURN TO REGIONAL RESOURCES AND TO
SHIPPING. THE FOUR CONSTRAINTS ON THE ACTIVITY
LEVELS WERE: (1) MATERIAL BALANCES, (2) FINAL
RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS, (3) CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS,
AND (4) NON-NEGATIVITY CONSTRAINTS. THE MODEL
WAS USED TO SIMULATE SHORT RUN IMPACT OF ABATE-
MENT PROGRAMS WITH FOUR MAJOR EFFECTS ON A RE-
GIONAL ECONOMY: (1) TAXATION EFFECT, (2) WATER
INPUT EFFECT, (3) INDUSTRIAL CONTROL EFFECT, AND(4)
ABATEMENT AS A USER OF RESOURCES. THE MODEL WAS
TO BE SIMULATED FOR THE DETROIT-TOLEDO AREA
USING INPUT-OUTPUT COEFFICIENTS FOR 1963. (W71-
04763).
00463. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
LOF, G.O.G.; WARD, J.C.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, 42(12), 2102-2116, 1970.
APPROXIMATELY 80 PERCENT OF ALL WATER USED BY IN-
DUSTRY IS USED FOR COOLING PURPOSES. PLOTS ARE
GIVEN SHOWING THE ESTIMATED COOLING WATER
WITHDRAWAL TO THE YEAR 1980 AND FOR ESTIMATES OF
PAST AND FUTURE RECIRCULATION. IF THE COST OF SUP-
PLYING COOLING WATER IN A ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM,
INCLUDING WITHDRAWAL, PUMPAGE, AND TREATMENT IF
NECESSARY, EXCEEDS ABOUT $0.01/1000 GALLON (0.3
MILL/KWH GENERATED IN FOSSIL FUEL PLANTS), REC1R-
CULATION COOLING WOULD USUALLY BE EMPLOYED. ON-
SITE COST WOULD BE MINIMIZED BY SUCH DECISION.
REGULATIONS PROHIBITING UNLIMITED THERMAL
DISCHARGE ARE THE OTHER REASON FOR USING RECIR-
CULATION COOLING. EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN FOR CALCU-
LATING ANNUAL INVESTMENT EXPENSE AND OPERATING
COST FOR RECIRCULATION COOLING USING A FORCED-
DRAFT COOLING TOWER. THE RESULTS OF A
DOWNSTREAM POWERPLANT USING WARMER CONDENSER
WATER THAN WOULD NATURALLY HAVE BEEN AVAILA-
BLE ARE A DECREASE IN TOTAL ELECTRIC GENERATION
AND A DECREASE IN THERMAL EFFICIENCY, HENCE, AN
INCREASE IN COST PER KILOWATT HOUR. THERMAL
DISCHARGE HAS THE EFFECT OF DIMINISHING
DOWNSTREAM FLOWS AND LAKE VOLUMES JUST AS DOES
RECIRCULATION COOLING TO AVOID THERMAL
DISCHARGE. (W71-04733).
00464. REGIONAL TRADE AND STRUCTURE MODEL
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT STUDY.
STILLSON, R.T.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR GREAT LAKES WATER
RESOURCES, P 75-89, OCTOBER 1969. 15 P.
OUTLINES OF A REGIONAL TRADE MODEL USEFUL IN
DETERMINING THE LIKF.LY ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VARI-
OUS PROPOSED POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS FOR
THK WESTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIti WERE PRESENTED.
THE MODEL WAS DESIGNED TO ANALYZE THE LIKELY
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF 'THE LAKE
ERIE REPORT: A PLAN FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL'
WHICH PROPOSED SKVIiRAl. ABATEMENT PROGRAMS IN-
CLUDING CONSTRUCTION FOR SEWERS, SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY TREATMENT FACILITIES OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
00465. COMBINED SEWER TEMPORARY
DERWATER STORAGE FACILITY.
UN-
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
11022 DPP 10/70, OCTOBER 1970. 75 P
A PILOT PLANT UNDERWATER STORAGE FACILITY WAS
DESIGNED, CONSTRUCTED, OPERATED AND EVALUATED
AS A METHOD OF TEMPORARILY STORING STORM OVER-
FLOW FROM THE COMBINED SEWER OF THE CHOPTANK
AVENUE DRAINAGE BASIN, CAMBRIDGE, MARYLAND.
COMBINED SEWAGE IN EXCESS OF THE SEWER CAPACITY,
WHICH WOULD NORMALLY BE DISCHARGED DIRECTLY
INTO THE CHOPTANK RIVER, WAS INTERCEPTED AND
PUMPED INTO A NOMINAL 200,000 GALLON FLEXIBLE UN-
DERWATER STORAGE CONTAINER LOCATED 1300 FEET
OFFSHORE. THE STORED OVERFLOW WAS LATER
RETURNED FROM THE TANK AT A RATE WHICH COULD BE
ACCOMMODATED BY THE INTERCEPTING SEWER AND
TREATMENT PLANT. THE FACILITY WAS TESTED WITH
OVERFLOW BOTH FROM FOUR NATURALLY OCCURRING
RAINFALLS AND USING FRESH WATER SIMULATION. THE
OVERFLOW SAMPLES WERE ANALYZED IN A FIELD
LABORATORY FOR THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
PH, SUSPENDED SOLIDS, VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
SETTLEABLE SOLIDS, 5 DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DE-
MAND, AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND. THE PILOT
PLANT FACILITY WAS CAPABLE OF COLLECTING 96 PER-
CENT OF THE AVERAGE ANNUAL OVERFLOW FROM THE
DRAINAGE BASIN AT A COST OF LESS THAN $1.85 PER
THOUSAND GALLONS. THE FACILITY COULD PREVENT
THE ANNUAL DISCHARGE OF 7,136 POUNDS BOD INTO THE
CHOPTANK RIVER. UNDERWATER STORAGE FACILITIES
COULD BE USED EFFECTIVELY FOR A NUMBER OF COM-
BINED SEWER AREAS. SITE SELECTION, HOWEVER, HAS
BEEN PROVEN TO BE A CRITICAL FACTOR. CARE MUST BE
EXERCISED TO PREVENT PUBLIC DISTURBANCE, AND FAC-
TORS SUCH AS LAND USE, TIDAL CONDITIONS, OR THE
TYPES OF STORMS, MUST ALSO BE CONSIDERED. (PB-197
669) (W71-04668).
00466. WATER REUSE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
BISHOP, A.B.; HENDRICKS, D.W.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 97(SA1) 41-57, 1971.
A SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR ANALYZING WATER REUSE
ALTERNATIVES WAS DEVELOPED FOR SEQUENTIAL AND
RECYCLED WATER REUSE WHICH DELINEATED OPTIMAL
ALLOCATIONS FROM EACH SUPPLY CATEGORY TO EACH
99
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
USE SECTOR OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION MATRIX FOR
MINIMIZATION OF COSTS. THREE LEVELS OF TREATMENT
WERE INCLUDED: (1) CONVENTIONAL PRIMARY-SECONDA-
RY; (2) TERTIARY; AND (3) DESALTING. A CLASSICAL
TRANSPORTATION ALGORITHM, USING LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING WAS ADAPTED TO INCLUDE UNIT COST OF
DELIVERING WATER HAVING A SPECIFIED QUALITY FROM
EACH ORIGIN TO EACH DESTINATION. TREATMENT COST,
AS WELL AS THE TRANSPORT COST, WAS INCLUDED. A
CASE STUDY OF THE AGRO URBAN-INDUSTRIAL REGION
OF THE SALT LAKE CITY AREA DEMONSTRATED AN APPLI-
CATION OF THE MODEL TO A SPECIFIC METROPOLITAN
AREA. LEAST COST RESULTS FOR LEVELS OF DEMAND
FOR THF. YEARS 1965, 1980, 2000, AND 2020 SHOWED A
CHANGING PATTERN OF ALLOCATION. THE MODEL
SHOWED THAT FOR 1965, SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER
SUPPLIES WERE SENT DIRECTLY TO USER DESTINATIONS,
WITH EFFLUENTS TO SYSTEM OUTFLOW; BY 1980 TERTIA-
RY TREATMENT ENTERS THE PICTURE; AND BY 2020
DESALTING, AND SURFACE AND GROUNWATER BLENDING
WITH OUTPUT FROM TERTIARY TREATMENT AND DESALT-
ING PLANTS BECOME IMPORTANT. (W71-04778).
00467. THE COLLECTION OF MANURE FROM
HOUSED LIVESTOCK.
FORSYTH, R.J.
JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITU-
TION OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS, VOL 21, P
129-133, 1965.
THE PAPER DESCRIBES COLLECTION AND HANDLING
METHODS FOR DAIRY MANURE IN SCOTLAND. PARLOR
SYSTEMS ARE SCARCE BECAUSE OF THEIR LARGE
BEDDING REQUIREMENT. SLATTED FLOORS IN CONJUNC-
TION WITH FREE HOUSING SYSTEMS HAS PROVEN HIGHLY
SATISFACTORY. DIFFERENT SLAT TYPES ARE DISCUSSED
AND EVALUATED. UNDER SLAT TANKS OR CHANNELS ARE
DESCRIBED AS WELL AS CRITERIA FOR DILUTION,
STORAGE CAPACITY, AND SLUICE GATES. THE POSSIBILITY
OF USING THE PASVEER OXIDATION DITCH IS IN-
TRODUCED AS A RESULT OF STRINGENT POLLUTION
REGULATION DESIGN AND COSTS FOR THE OXIDATION
DITCH ARE PRESENTED. A DISCUSSION FOLLOWS THE
PAPER. (W71-04917).
00468. AEROBIC PURIFICATION OF FARM WASTE.
SCHELTINGA, H.M.J.
JOURNAL PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF
SEWAGE PURIFICATION, P 585-588. 1966.
MODF.L TESTS, LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS, AND
FINALLY A FULL SCALE FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH OXIDA-
TION DITCHES WERE CARRIED OUT IN HOLLAND, WHERE
AN EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMICAL WASTE TREATMENT
SYSTEM IS BEING SOUGHT. A 50 PERCENT BOD REDUCTION
WAS OBTAINED USING ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION IN
THE LABORATORY. INITIAL AND FINAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE PIG WASTK ARK GIVEN BEFORE AND AFTER
TREATMENT IN THE OXIDATION DITCH. FOAMING WAS EX-
CESSIVE FROM THE START. NITRIFICATION Pl.AYF.D AN IM-
PORTANT PART IN ELIMINATING THE AMMONIA. TOTAL
AND EXPECTED OPERATIONAL COSTS ARE GIVEN. (W71-
04920).
00469. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT
OF METAL FINISHING WASTES BY ION
EXCHANGE OF RINSE WATERS.
VON AMMON, F.K.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
22ND, MAY 2, 3, 4, 1967, PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
42(3), 788-799, 1968.
THE ADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS OF ION EXCHANGE
AND RECIRCULATION ARE DISCUSSED FROM THE EX-
PERIENCES OF THREE NEW PLANTS IN GERMANY. THE
TYPE AND SITUATION OF THE PLANTS, COLLECTION OF
RINSE WATERS, THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE ION
EXCHANGE PROCESS, THE PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCU-
LATED WATER, THE WASTE WATER TREATMENT, THE
PROPERTIES OF FINAL EFFLUENT, AND ECONOMIC CON-
SIDERATIONS ARE DISCUSSED. RECIRCULATION WAS
FOUND TO BE MORE ECONOMICAL UNLESS COSTS FOR
WATER SUPPLY ARE EXTREMELY LOW OR NO WASTE
TREATMENT IS REQUIRED. RECIRCULATION RESULTS IN
THE REDUCTION IN WASTE QUANTITY WHICH GIVES OBVI-
OUS ADVANTAGES FOR REDUCED WASTE TREATMENT
AND A LOWER POLLUTION LOAD ON RECEIVING WATERS.
(W7 1-05002).
00470. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
FROM A 450 TON PER DAY KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER MILL INTO CLASSIFIED INLAND
WATERS.
VICKERMAN, J.L.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
22ND, MAY 2, 3, 4, 1967, PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
52(3), 968-982, 1968.
ALTHOUGH THE KINLE1TH MILL SUFFERS FROM THE DIS-
ADVANTAGE OF DISCHARGING INTO NEW ZEALAND'S
LONGEST AND MOST UTILIZED INLAND WATERWAY, IT IS
ENDOWED WITH TWONATURAL ADVANTAGES: (1) A CON-
SIDERABLE POTENTIAL FOR PURIFICATION INHERENT IN
THE 360 FT. FALL OF THE EFFLUENT STREAM TO THE
WAIKATO RIVER; AND (2) A TOPOGRAPHY AND SOIL
SUITED TO A GOOD VOLUME OF SEEPAGE DISPOSAL. TO
TREAT THIS EFFLUENT THEY HAVE CONSTRUCTED TWO
SEWER SYSTEMS: (I) THE STRONGER EFFLUENTS
GRAVITATE FROM THE MILL SITE THROUGH AN OPEN
CHANNEL FOR OVER A MILE WHERE THEY ENTER A SEDI-
MENTATION POND INTO A SEEPAGE PIT, AND THEN INTO A
POND FOR RETENTION AND CONTROLLED DISCHARGE ON
A SEASONAL CYCLE; AND (2) A SYSTEM THAT FLOWS
THROUGH A PRIMARY CLARIFIER LOCATED ADJACENT TO
THE MILL AND THEN DISCHARGES TO A STREAM COURSE
WHICH EVENTUALLY FLOWS TO MARETAI LAKE AND
CLASSIFIED WATERS. THE OPERATING COST PER TON OF
PULP IS ABOUT 68 CENTS WHILE THE UNIT CAPITAL COST
PER ANNUAL TON OF PULP IS $4.23. (W71-0501 I).
00471. USE OF STYROFOAM FOR TRICKLING FILTER
COVERS.
SHEAHAN, J.P.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE
20TH, MAY 4, 5, 6, 1965, PURDUE UNIVERSITY
49(4), 572-582, 1965.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFICIENCIES OF COVERED VER-
SUS UNCOVERED TRICKLING FILTERS WAS MADE BY THE
DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY. IT WAS FOUND THAT THERE
WAS SOME INCREASE IN EFFICIENCY BUT NOT ENOUGH TO
JUSTIFY COVERING THE TRICKLING FILTERS. OTHER AD-
VANTAGES TO COVERING TRICKLING FILTERS ARE
PREVENTION OF FREEZING, ODOR CONTROL, FOG CON-
TROL, LESSENING THF. SPREAD OF FILTER FLIES, AND IM-
100
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REFERENCE LIST
PROVED APPEARANCE. THE MAIN DISADVANTAGE OF
COVERING A TRICKLING FILTER IS THE EXCESSIVE COST
WHICH IS IN THE RANGE OF $2.75-5.00 PER SQUARE FOOT
OF PLAN AREA. (W71-05025).
00472. THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, GASIFICATION
WASTES, AND FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHES-
IS WASTES.
LOEWENSTEIN, P.R.; DE WAAL, W.P.
PROCEEDINGS INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
21ST, MAY 2, 4, 5, 1966, PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
50(2), 480-494, 1966.
SEGREGATION OF STORM WATER AND SPENT COOLING
WATER FROM OIL POLLUTED WASTE STREAMS HAS SIG-
NIFICANTLY REDUCED TREATMENT COSTS AND IN-
CREASED PLANT EFFICIENCY FOR A SOUTH AFRICAN
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT. THE ADDITION OF FLOCCULA-
TION FACILITIES HAS GREATLY ENHANCED TREATMENT
EFFICIENCY IN THE CASE OF OIL AND LATEX POLLUTED
WATERS. A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOGRAPHI-
CAL LOCATION OF SEWER SYSTEMS, PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY TREATMENT FACILITIES, AND EFFLUENT
DISCHARGE CONSTRAINTS IS PRESENTED. AT PRESENT,
THIS COMPLEX IS OPERATING WITHIN OR NEARLY WITHIN
THE GOVERNMENTAL CONSTRAINTS, BUT INCREASINGLY
HIGHER EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS MAY SOON
NECESSITATE FURTHER UPDATING OF, AND ADDITION TO
THE TREATMENT FACILITIES (W71-05032).
00473. SODIUM HYDROXIDE RECOVERY IN THE TEX-
TILE INDUSTRY.
CARRIQUE, C.S.; JAUREGUI, L.U.
PROCEEDINGS INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
21ST, MAY 3, 4, 5, 1966 PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
50(2), 861-868, 1966.
HIGH TREATMENT COSTS FOR SODIUM HYDROXIDE EF-
FLUENTS, AND HIGH REPLACEMENT COSTS FOR SODIUM
HYDROXIDE ITSELF NECESSITATED CONSTRUCTION OF A
SYSTEM TO SEGREGATE THE SODIUM HYDROXIDE WASTE
STREAM AND RECLAIM THE SODIUM HYDROXIDE. THIS
DECISION WAS MADE BY AN ARGENTINE TEXTILE MILL,
AND IT RESULTED IN DECREASED CHEMICAL COSTS BOTH
FOR ALUM COAGULATION AND NEUTRALIZATION, AND IT
WAS MORE ECONOMICAL TO RECLAIM THE SODIUM
HYDROXIDE THAN TO REPLACE IT. THE TOTAL NET GAIN
IS APPROXIMATELY 35 TO 40 THOUSAND U. S. DOLLARS
PER YEAR FOR A FIRM HANDLING ABOUT 2000 METRIC
TONS OF COTTON PER YEAR. THE SYSTEM DEVISED CON-
SISTS OF EVAPORATIVE CONCENTRATION COMBINED
WITH FILTRATION. PROBLEMS WERE ENCOUNTERED IN
THE ORIGINAL SINGLE EFFECT SYSTEM BECAUSE THE
RECOVERED PRODUCT HAD A STRONG COLOR AND
COULD NOT BE USED FOR RECYCLING. ALSO, THE USE OF
CAUSTIC SODA IN THE PLANT OCCASIONED MANY CORRO-
SION PROBLEMS. THE ADDITION OF A SECOND EVAPORA-
TOR, WORKING UNDER A VACUUM, MADE THE PROCESS A
DOUBLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR, AND PROVIDED BOTH
MORE COMPLETE AND MORE EFFICIENT TREATMENT OF
THE CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION. THIS UNIT PROVIDED RE-
USE OF HEAT FROM THE SINGLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR,
PERMITTED THE COLLECTION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE
FREE OF COLOR, AND AVOIDED THE SERIOUS CORROSION
PROBLEMS. (W71-05034).
00474. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS POWERED
BY THERMAL WASTE FROM ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS.
SHIRAZI, M.A.
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION,
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
16130, SEPTEMBER, 1970 PRESENTED AT THE
IECEC ENERGY 70 CONFERENCE, LAS VEGAS,
NEVADA, SEPT, 1970, P 27.
A CROSSFLOW TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH THE PLATE
FIN SURFACE GEOMETRY IS DESCRIBED. THE PLATE
SEPARATING THE HOT FLUID FROM THE COLD FLUID CON-
TAINS THE THERMOELECTRIC UNIT. EQUATIONS FOR CAL-
CULATING CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS,
THE FRICTION POWER EXTENDED PER UNIT SURFACE
AREA AND THE MAXIMUM CONVERSION EFFICIENCY ARE
DESCRIBED. THE ALLOYS CONSIDERED IN THIS STUDY
WERE BI2TE3 - BI2SE3 (N TYPE) AND BI2TE3 SB2TE3 (P
TYPE). WHILE CONDUCTING THE LATENT HEAT FROM THE
CONDENSING STEAM TO THE COOLING WATER, THE COU-
PLES CONVERT A PORTION OF THIS HEAT TO ELECTRICI-
TY. A SECOND SOURCE OF WASTE HEAT IN A CONVEN-
TIONAL FOSSIL-FUELED ELECTRIC POWERPLANT IS THE
HOT STACK GASES RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.
ANOTHER SOURCE IS HOT EXHAUST GASES FROM A GAS
TURBINE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM. CONDENSER PER-
FORMANCE DATA ARE PRESENTED IN THREE SEPARATE
TABLES. POWER GENERATED INCREASES WITH TURBINE
BACK PRESSURE. A CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE FOR THREE
PLATE MODULE THICKNESS OF 0.01, 0.02 AND 0.05 INCH
ARE ESTIMATED AT $1250, $1560 AND $3720 PER KW,
RESPECTIVELY. RATIO OF THE COST OF THERMOELECTRIC
TO STREAM ELECTRIC GENERATION INCREASED WITH
PLATE THICKNESS AND IS AS HIGH AS 14 FOR A PLATE
THICKNESS OF 0.05 INCH. IT IS UNECONOMICAL, AT THE
PRESENT TIME, TO USE THERMOELECTRIC DEVICES TO
GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE HEAT. (W71-05121).
00475. ULTRAFILTRATIVE DEWATERING OF SPENT
POWDERED CARBON.
DESAULNIERS, C.W.; HAUSSLEIN, R.W.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
ORD 17020 DBA 03/70, MARCH 1970. 68 P
SPENT POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON FROM SECONDA-
RY EFFLUENT TREATMENT HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY DE-
WATERED BY CONTINUOUS MEMBRANE ULTRAFILTRA-
TION. 5 AND 10% CARBON SOLIDS CONCENTRATION SLUR-
RIES, USING A LABORATORY SIZE THIN CHANNEL (0.1 SO
FT MEMBRANE AREA), HAVE BEEN DEWATERED BY CON-
TINUOUS ULTRAFILTRATION TO SOLIDS LEVELS OF 25 TO
30%. DEWATERING RATES RANGED BETWEEN 50 AND 100
GAL/SO FT PER DAY TRANSMEMBRANE PRESSURES OF
FROM 10 TO 50 PSI DURING RUNS AS LONG AS 9 DAYS,
AND PRODUCT WATER WAS INVARIABLY FREE OF ANY
SUSPENDED CARBON SOLIDS. THE COST OF MEMBRANE
ULTRAFILTRATION DEPENDS UPON THE MEMBRANE LIFE,
AND AT MEMBRANE FLUX RATES OF 50 GAL/SO FT PER
DAY THE COST OF DEWATERING CARBON FROM 10 TO 20%
SOLIDS IS $0.0015 PER POUND OF CARBON WITH A MEM-
BRANE LIFE OF SIX MONTHS, AND $0.0035 PER POUND
WITH A MEMBRANE LIFE OF ONLY ONE MONTH. AT THE
PRESENT NO CONCLUSIVE DATA ON MEMBRANE LIFE IS
AVAILABLE, BUT ESTIMATES OF BETWEEN 1 AND 6
MONTHS ARE QUITE COMMON AND SEEM TO BE REASONA-
BLE. (PB-197 865) (W71-05I58).
101
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00476. EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTE.
PRUESSNER, R.D; MANCINI, J.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
21ST, MAY 3, 4, 5, 1966, PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
50(2), 591-599, 1966.
LABORATORY UNITS CONSISTING OF CONTINUOUS FLOW
ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNITS TO PROVIDE A RAPID EVALUA-
TION OF GROSS LOADING AND TOXICITY INFORMATION,
AND BATCH TEMPERATURE STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED.
TWO PILOT PLANTS CONSISTING OF A CONVENTIONAL AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE AND AN EXTENDED AERATION AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE UNIT WERE ALSO OPERATED TO PRO-
VIDE A BASIS FOR OUR FINAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN. THE EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT UNIT PROVED TO BE THE MOST EFFICIENT
AND REMOVES ABOUT 99% OF THE BOD FROM THE WASTE
STREAM IN A STABLE SYSTEM WHICH REQUIRES ABOUT 3
HOURS PER DAY OPERATOR TIME. IT WAS ALSO FOUND
THAT THE USE OF AN ANAEROBIC POND IS AN ECONOMI-
CAL METHOD OF SLUDGE DISPOSAL. (W71-05167).
00477. CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING OF PRIMARY
PAPER INDUSTRY SLUDGES.
BLOSSER, R.O.; CARON, A.L.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
21ST, MAY 3, 4, 5, 1966, ENGINEERING BULLETIN
OF PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 50(2), 450-456, 1966.
EXTENSIVE PILOT PLANT WORK AND FIELD INSTALLA-
TIONS HAVE REVEALED SOME OF THE FACTORS WHICH
AFFECT THE EFFICIENCY OF SLUDGE DEWATERING SUCH
AS: (1) BOWL SPEED, (2) DETENTION TIME IN THE BOWL;
AND (3) FED SLUDGE CONSISTENCY. THE ADVANTAGES OF
THE EQUIPMENT DESCRIBED ARE: ( I ) IT REQUIRED LITTLE
SUPERVISION; (2) IT IS CAPABLE OF HANDLING WIDE
VARIATIONS IN FED SLUDGE CONSISTENCY; (3) HAS A
LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT; (4) IT ELIMINATES THE NEED
FOR CHEMICAL CONDITIONING; AND (5) THE COSTS ARE
COMPETITIVE WITH VACUUM FILTRATION. LIMITATIONS
OBSERVED WERE THAT TRASH IN THE FORM OF CHIPS
AND STICKS CANNOT BE HANDLED AND FLOW RATES
MUST BE HELD AT A LOW LEVEL ON GPM TO HOR-
SKPOWKR RATIO TO OBTAIN SATISFACTORY SOLIDS
RECOVERY. (W7I-05178).
00478. WATER QUALITY, THE STATE OF THE ART.
DIRAS1AN, H.
URBAN AFFAIRS, 6(2), 199-212, 1970.
THE PROBLEMS OF WAFER POLLUTION CONTROL AND
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ARE CONSIDERED. AN ANALYSIS
OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
WASTE WATER TREATMENT IS GIVEN WITH THE MAIN IM-
PACT OF SECONDARY TREATMENT BEING ON THE
FURTHER REDUCTION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DE-
MAND (BOD) OF THE WASTE WATER. TECHNIQUES FOR
TERTIARY TREATMENT ARE DESCRIBED WITH STRESS ON
FILTRATION TECHNIQUES AND ELECTRICAL PROCESSES.
THE AUTHOR COMPARES SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND
WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND SUGGESTS SOLID WASTE
RECYCLING CAN BE PROFITABLE WHILE WASTE WATER
TREATMENT COST'S ARE A MUNICIPAL BURDEN. WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS ESTABLISHED BY THE STATE OF
MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION ARE
DISCUSSED BY THE AUTHOR TO ILLUSTRATE THE RELA-
TION BETWEEN USES OF STREAMS AND THE AMOUNT OF
CONTAMINANTS ALLOWABLE FOR WATER SUPPLY,
RECREATIONAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND COMMERCIAL PUR-
POSES. THE AUTHOR FINDS WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PROBLEMS ARE NO LONGER OF A TECHNICAL NATURE
BUT DUE MAINLY TO INSUFFICIENT COST ALLOCATION
MUNICIPALITIES AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTS. (W71-05212).
00479. FLOTATION OF OILY WASTES.
QUIGLEY, R.E.; HOFFMAN, E.L.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
21ST, MAY 3, 4, 5, 1966, ENGINEERING BULLETIN
OF PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 50(2) 527-533, 1966.
A GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE THEORY OF PRIMARY
SEPARATION, AIR FLOTATION, AND FLOCCULATION OF
OILY WASTES IS CONDUCTED. THE WASTE WATER SYSTEM
IN USE AT THE TRENTON REFINERY IS DESCRIBED ALONG
WITH THE RESULTS OF OPERATION. FLOCCULATION IN-
CREASES THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FLOTATION PROCESS
AND ALUM OR LIME HAVE GIVEN SIGNIFICANT IMPROVE-
MENTS IN THE OIL-WATER SEPARATION PROCESS. THE
OPERATING COSTS OF THE WASTE WATER SYSTEM HAVE
VARIED BUT A TYPCIAL COST WOULD BE ABOUT 11.5
CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS. (W7I-05265).
00480. THE CONTROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
POLLUTION BY BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
AND LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION TREAT-
MENT.
GLOVER, H.G.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENC,
E 22ND, MAY 2, 3, 4, 1966. PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
52(2), 1968.
A NEW PROCESS FOR THE PURIFICATION OF ACID
DRAINAGE FROM COAL MINING OPERATIONS IS
DESCRIBED. NOVEL FEATURES INCLUDE THE BIOCHEMI-
CAL OXIDATION OF FERROUS SALTS IN ACID SOLUTION
AND THE APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL ATTRITION TO
LIMESTONE GRIT WHICH IS USED FOR THE CHEMICAL
NEUTRALIZATION OF THE OXIDIZED DRAINAGE. THE NEW
PROCESS WILL BE MOST APPLICABLE TO THE MORE
DILUTE ACID DRAINAGES FOR WHICH THE CONVEN-
TIONAL LIME PROCESS IS LESS SUITABLE, AND COSTS OF
THE NF.W PROCESS ARE EXPECTED TO BE APPRECIABLY
LESS THAN THE COSTS OF THE LIME PROCESS. (W71-
05274).
00481. LIMITED OIL SPOILS IN HARBOR AREAS.
DORRLER, J.S.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OIL SPJLLS, JOINT
CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS, NEW YORK, NEW
YORK, DECEMBER 15-17, 1969, CO-SPONSORED
BY AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE AND U.S.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AD-
MINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC AMERICAN
PETROLEUM INSTITUTE PUBLICATION NO 4040
P 151-156.
LIMITED OIL SPILLS ARE NUMEROUS AND OCCUR
FREQUENTLY, THEY REQUIRE PROPER TREATMENT AND
ARE EXPENSIVE TO TREAT. THE PHYSICAL CONDITION.,
AFFECTING AN OIL SPILL, THE TYPE OF EQUIPMENT USED
AND THE EXTENT OF THE REMOVAL OPERATIONS ARE
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO 'THE HIGH COST OF CLEAN
ING UP LIMITED OIL SPILLS. AT THE TIME OF THE WRITING
OF THIS PAPER THE TYPICAL LIMITED Oil SPILL COSTS
THE NAVY OVER $ 1,0(X) TO CLEAN UP. THIS COST WILL IN
CREASE AS CONTROL AGENCIES OF HARBOR WATER
QUALITY REQUIRE MORE COMPLETE REMOVAL AND
CLEANUP. (W71-05333).
102
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REFERENCE LIST
00482. FERTILIZATION OF ANNUAL RANGELAND
WITH CHICKEN MANURE.
MCKELL, C.M.; BROWN, V.W.; ADOLPH, R.H.; DUN-
CAN, D.
JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT, 23, P 336-340,
1970.
WHERE ANNUAL RANGELANDS ARE CLOSE TO THE
SOURCE OF SUPPLY, FERTILIZATION WITH CHICKEN
MANURE APPEARS TO HOLD CONSIDERABLE PROMISE IN
IMPROVING THE PRODUCTION OF FORAGE FOR GRAZING.
FERTILIZED PLOTS WERE READY TO BE USED EARLIER IN
FORAGE OF A HIGHER QUALITY AND PALATABILITY.
PROTEIN AND PHOSPHORUS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER
IN FORAGE FROM FERTILIZED PLOTS. FERTILIZER VALUE
OF CHICKEN MANURE IS EQUAL TO EQUIVALENT RATES
OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER. THERE APPEARS TO BE A
SLOWER RELEASE OF FERTILIZER ELEMENTS FROM
CHICKEN MANURE THAN FROM INORGANIC FERTILIZER.
ANNUAL FORAGE LEGUMES DO NOT APPEAR TO BENEFIT
INITIALLY FROM THE APPLICATION OF CHICKEN MANURE.
IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS FOLLOWING FERTILIZATION, THE
LEGUMES APPEAR TO THRIVE ON THE INCREASED LEVEL
OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS. IT WAS PROFITABLE FOR
RANGELAND OPERATORS TO FERTILIZE WITH POULTRY
MANURE PROVIDED THEY COULD GET IT FOR $3.10 TO
$4.35 PER TON APPLIED. AN AVERAGE OF 1,600 POUNDS OF
EXTRA FEED WAS OBTAINED FOR EACH TON OF MANURE.
(W71-05419).
00483. WHIPPING THE MANURE PROBLEM.
LINN, A.
FARM QUARTERLY, WINTER 1966-1967, P 56-59,
115-116.
THE OXIDATION DITCH IS DESCRIBED AS AN IMPORTANT
NEW BREAKTHROUGH IN MANURE HANDLING. AD-
VANTAGES OF THE OXIDATION DITCH INCLUDE SAVINGS
IN LABOR, HANDLING MANURE AS A LIQUID, ELIMINATION
OF ALMOST ALL ODOR, AND THE PRESERVATION AND
CONCENTRATION OF FERTILIZER NUTRIENTS. BASIC
DESIGN STANDARDS ARE GIVEN FOR THE DITCH AND PAD-
DLE WHEEL. IF THE DITCH IS MANAGED ON A CONTINU-
OUS BASIS, 1 1/2 PERCENT OF THE DITCH VOLUME CAN BE
ADDED AS MANURE DAILY. GENERAL MANAGEMENT
REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS ARE INCLUDED. THE PADDLE
WHEEL WITH A I 1/2 TO 3 HP MOTOR COSTS ABOUT $6OO.
THE DITCH WALLS CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO THE
BUILDING'S FOUNDATION. ESTIMATED POWER COSTS ARE
ABOUT $1.00 PER HOG AND $8.20 PER 1000 POUND DAIRY
COW PER YEAR. MANY CHANGES IN CONFINED LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION THROUGH USE OF THE OXIDATION DITCH
ARE CONTEMPLATED. (W71-05422).
00484. HOW WE HANDLE LIQUID MANURE.
HOARD'S DAIRYMAN, VOL 109, P 1251-1255, 1280-
1281, 1965.
FIVE TOP DAIRYMEN ARE INTERVIEWED ABOUT THEIR
LIQUID MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS. ALL INCOR-
PORATED STORAGE TANKS, AND DISPOSAL ON LAND WITH
TANK SPREADERS. DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGITATION AND
PUMPING METHODS ARE EXPLAINED. THE SYSTEMS
RANGED IN COST FROM S325O TO $7800, OR FROM $35 TO
$52 PER COW. THIS INCLUDED STORAGE TANK, AGITATION
AND PUMPING EQUIPMENT, AND TANK SPREADERS.
SEVERAL SPENT UP TO $66(H) FOR CONCRETING THE BAR-
NYARDS. THE TANKS VARIED IN CAPACITY FROM 18,000
TO 75,000 GALLONS, AND WERE EMPTIED AS OFTEN AS
ONCE A WEEK TO ONCE EVERY TWO MONTHS. THE NEED
FOR ADDED MOISTURE IS DISCUSSED AS WELL AS FLY
AND ODOR PROBLEMS. SOME DISADVANTAGES ARE
GIVEN, THE MAJOR ONE BEING THE HIGH CAPITAL IN-
VESTMENT. (W71-05426).
00485. WASTES FROM PIG PRODUCTION UNITS.
PONTTN, R.A.; BAXTER, S.H.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 67(6), 632-638, 196S
METHODS FOR THE DISPOSAL OR TREATMENT OF THE IN-
CREASING QUANTITIES OF SLURRY FROM INTENSIVE P!G
PRODUCTION UNITS ARE OUTLINED. THE POSSIBLE APPLI-
CATION OF THE OXIDATION DITCH FOR SUCH TREATMENT
IS DISCUSSED AND THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS OF A
COMMERCIAL- PIGGERY ARE DESCRIBED. THE AUTHORS
CONCLUDE THAT THE METHOD OFFERS THE PROMISE OF
AN ECONOMIC SOLUTION BUT THAT FURTHER RESEARCH
IS URGENTLY NEEDED. (W71-05428).
00486. MECHANICAL CLEANING OF COWSHEDS.
ADD5SON, J.N.
AGRICULTURE, 77(11), 534-536, 1970.
TWENTY-ONE COWSHEDS ON EIGHTEEN FARMS WERE
SURVEYED TO ESTABLISH THE EXTENT TO WHICH
MECHANICAL CHANNEL CLEANERS HAD BEEN INSTALLED,
THEIR AGE, CONDITION, COSTS, AND REASONS FOR THEIR
INSTALLATION IN THE FIRST PLACE. PROBLEMS WITH THE
MECHANICAL CLEANERS ARE DISCUSSED AS WELL AS
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS. THE COST PER COW OF THE
SHUTTLE TYPE CLEANER WAS FOUND TO BE ABOUT 21
POUNDS AND THAT OF THE CONTINUOUS TYPE 18
POUNDS. (W71-05431).
00487. MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF WATER
QUALITY IN STREAMS.
REGE, R.S.
MASTER'S THESIS, KANSAS STATE UNIV, 1970. 123
P
A STEADY STATE ON DIMENSIONAL DISPERSION MODEL
WAS DEVELOPED TO REPRESENT THE BOD AND DO
BALANCES IN A STREAM HAVING SEVERAL OUTFALLS OF
WASTE AND INTAKES OF WATER/THE MODEL ALSO IN-
CLUDED CONTINUOUS ADDITIONS AND REMOVALS OF
BOD AND DO ALONG THE STREAM. IN THE PRESENTATION,
A LITERATURE SURVEY WAS MADE DEALING WITH THE
DEVELOPMENT OF DETERMINISTIC MODELS OF DESCRIB-
ING WATER QUALITY IN STREAMS AND WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT MODELS USING A DETERMINISTIC AP-
PROACH. THEN A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE FOR-
MULATION OF THE DISPERSION MODEL WAS GIVEN. FOR
THE PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS THE STREAM WAS DIVIDED
INTO SEVERAL SEGMENTS, EACH SEGMENT BEGINNING AT
THE LOCATION OF A WASTE OUTFALL OR WATER INTAKE.
THE SOLUTION WAS DERIVED BY APPLYING CONTINUITY
EQUATIONS AT THE BOUNDARY OF EACH SEGMENT, AND
EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS AT THE ENDS OF THE STREAM
WHICH WERE ASSUMED TO BE INFINITELY LONG. THE
MODEL WAS EXTENDED TO INCORPORATE WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT MODELS AT THE LOCATION OF WASTE OUT-
FALLS, AND WATER TREATMENT PLANT MODELS AT THE
INTAKES. THE OPTIMAL WASTE DISCHARGE POLICY
ALONG A STREAM WAS INVESTIGATED BASED ON A PRO-
GRAM OF MINIMIZING THE TOTAL COST BENEFIT FUNC-
TION. THE FEASIBILITY OF OBTAINING A SOLUTION BY A
SEARCH TECHNIQUE CAPABLE OF HANDLING NONLINEAR
CONSTRAINTS ON WATER QUALITY WAS STUDIED. APPLI-
CATION TO A HYPOTHETICAL STREAM AND MODEL USE IN
FUTURE RESEARCH WERE DISCUSSED. (W7 1-05684).
103
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00488. ORIGINS AND NATURE OF FARM WASTES.
JONES, K.B.C.; RILEY, C.T.
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM: FARM WASTES:
THE INSTITUTE OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL AND THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE
UPON TYNE, PAPER NO 1, P 7-14, 1970.
WASTE DISPOSAL IS DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO POPULA-
TiON EXPANSION, DIMINISHING ACRES, DECLINING NUM-
BERS OF AGRICULTURE WORKERS, ECONOMIC PRESSURES,
LIMITED NATURAL WATER RESOURCES, AND LEGAL PRES-
SURES. THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE WASTESTHAT
MUST BE DISPOSED OF IS DISCUSSED. THE TRENDS IN
PLANNING AND DISPOSAL PATTERNS TAKING PLACE
WERE CONSIDERED. THE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
DISPOSAL WERE EXAMINED IN RELATION TO THE INCOME
PRODUCED. FOOD PROCESSING WASTE HAS CREATED
SOME DISPOSAL PROBLEMS FOR FARMERS. THE DISPOSAL
PROBLEMS CREATED BY FRUIT AND MEAT PROCESSING
ARE DISCUSSED IN THE LAST PORTION OF THE PAPER.
(W71-05748).
00489. MINIMIZING THE WASTE PROBLEM WITH
CATTLE.
COOPER, M.M.
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM: FARM WASTES:
THE INSTITUTE OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL AND THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE
UPON TYNE. PAPER NO 11, 81-83, 1970.
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES SOME OF THE CHANGES TAKING
PLACE IN THE CATTLE INDUSTRY AND THE REQUIRE-
MENTS FOR WASTE DISPOSAL. MANY CATTLE PRODUCERS
REQUIRE CONFINEMENT AREAS FOR CATTLE FOR AT
LEAST PART OF THE YEAR. SOME OF THE SYSTEMS BEING
UTILIZED FOR WASTE DISPOSAL ARE DISCUSSED. DISCUS-
SION OF COSTS IS ALSO INCLUDED. (W7 1-05758).
00490. BUILDING DESIGN.
WELLER, J.B.
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM: FARM WASTES:
THE INSTITUTE OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL AND THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE
UPON TYNE. PAPER NO. 12, P 84-93, 1970.
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES SOME DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
ANIMAL HOUSING. THE FIRST PORTION OF THE PAPER
DEALS WITH THE MANAGEMENT FACTORS THAT MUST BE
CONSIDERED, SUCH AS TYPE OF MANURE, QUANTITY,
DISPOSAL METHOD. BEDDING, AND COST. THE REMAINDER
OF THIS PAPER EXAMINES SOME OF THE IMPLICATIONS
REGARDING ACTUAL BUILDING TYPES. THERE IS A COM-
PREHENSIVE TABLE GIVING THE DEFINITIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SLURRY AND
MANURE FROM LIVESTOCK. A COST ANALYSIS OF THE
VARIOUS POSSIBLE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS IS PRESENTED.
(W71-05759).
00491. BUILDING DESIGN AND MANURE DISPOSAL.
GLERUM, J.C.; DE JONG, A.P.S.; POELMA, H.R.
PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM: FARM WASTES:
THE INSTITUTE OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL AND THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE
UPON TYNE. PAPER NO 13, P 94-100, 1970.
IN GENERAL, SLURRY SYSTEMS ARE PREFERABLE TO
SYSTEMS FOR HANDLING SOLIDS AND URINE SEPARATE-
LY. SPECIAL REASONS, FOR EXAMPLE DIFFICULTY IN
DISPOSING OF THE MANURE, CAN CAUSE SEPARATE
STORAGE TO BE USED. IF MIXED STORAGE IS USED THE
LAYOUT OF THE BUILDINGS MUST BE ADAPTED TO THE
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS OF THIS SYSTEM. ALTERING THE
BUILDINGS AFTERWARDS WILL USUALLY BE VERY EXPEN-
SIVE, THE HIGH CAPITAL COST OF THE SLURRY SYSTEM
WILL OFFEN BE A DRAWBACK; THIS IS ESPECIALLY THE
CASE FOR COWHOUSES WHERE A CONSIDERABLE
STORAGE CAPACITY IS REQUIRED. (W71-O5760).
00492. ORGANIZING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF RIVER
BASEM AUTHORITIES.
ROBERTS, M.J.
PUBLIC POLICY, 19(1), 75-141, 1971.
THIS PAPER EXPLORES THE ORGANIZATION OF DECISION-
MAKING BY GOVERNMENTS ON WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL. THE AUTHOR OUTLINES POSSIBLE CRITERIA TO
EVALUATE REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED IN WATER
QUALITY CONTROL. ONE CRITERIA CITED REQUIRES THAT
AGENCIES BE OF SUFFICIENT SCALE TO CONSIDER ALL
RELEVANT EXTERNALITIES. THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMAL
INSTITUTIONAL CHOICE IS DISCUSSED WITH THE AUTHOR
ADVOCATING A UNIFIED RIVER BASIN AGENCY. THE
AGENCY WOULD LEVY SERVICE CHARGES ON INDUSTRIAL
WASTE SOURCES AND HAVE SOLE POWER TO DISPOSE OF
WASTE IN THE RIVER BASIN. THE CHARGES ARE SET ON
THE BASIS OF THE MARGINAL COST TO THE SYSTEM OF
MAINTAINING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS SET BY
STATE AND FEDERAL AGENCIES. THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES
FURTHER COMPLEXITIES OF REGIONAL WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT OFTEN OMITTED FROM ECONOMIC
MODELS OF OPTIMAL CHOICE. (W71-05936).
00493. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC INCEN-
TIVES: SOME CURRENT POLICY ISSUES.
FREEMAN, A.M.; HAVEMAN, R.H.
PUBLIC POLICY, 19(1), 53-74, 1971.
THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES POLICY ALTERNATIVES TO THE
CURRENT ENFORCEMENT-SUBSIDY APPROACH TO THE IM-
PROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY. THESE PROPOSALS
EMPHASIZE COMPREHENSIVE RIVER BASIN PLANNING AND
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND STRESS ECONOMIC
INCENTIVES, PRICES AND CHARGES, AS A MEANS OF
REDUCING THE OUTPUT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES. THESE PROPOSALS ARE USED TO ILLUSTRATE
THE SCOPE OF THE RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY, ITS POWERS
AND FUNCTIONS, THE EFFECTS OF FEDERAL COST-SHAR-
ING AND THE RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY AS A POLITICAL
INSTITUTION. THE AUTHOR THEN PRESENTS HIS OWN
PROPOSAL FOR THE REFORM OF FEDERAL POLICY
THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SINGLE EXPERIMEN-
TAL WATER BASIN AUTHORITY BASED ON THE CON-
SOLIDATIONS OF EXISTING AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR
AIR, LAND, AND WATER QUALITY IN A PARTICULAR RE-
GION. THIS AUTHORITY WOULD MINIMIZE RELIANCE ON
LEGAL ENFORCEMENT AND STRESS THE USE OF
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES SUCH AS USER AND EFFLUENT
CHARGES. THIS APPROACH WOULD YIELD INFORMATION
ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF (HE REGIONAL APPROACH TO
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND THE ABILITY OF
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO REDUCE WASTE GENERATION
AT RELATIVELY LOW COST. (W71-05937).
104
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REFERENCE LIST
00494. STEEL PIPE SELECTED FOR STORM SEWER
SYSTEM.
AM CITY, 85(3), P 22, 1970.
STEEL PIPING INSTEAD OF THE MORE-COMMONLY USED
REINFORCED CONCRETE WAS EMPLOYED TO CONSTRUCT
A STORM SEWER SYSTEM IN LAKEWOOD, NEW YORK. AD-
VANTAGES OF THIS MATERIAL INCLUDE ITS STRENGTH,
LIGHTER WEIGHT, AND LOWER COST. SAVINGS IN MATERI-
AL COST ALONE WERE ABOUT 15%, AND LOWER LABOR
COSTS WERE INCURRED BECAUSE STEEL IS SIMPLER TO
HANDLE THAN OTHER MATERIALS. DIMENSIONS OF THE
STORM SEWER SYSTEM ARE GIVEN. (W71-06360).
00495. WATER STORAGE METHODS -- FROM CUPPED
HANDS TO COMPUTERS.
LUMSDEN.T.W.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 107(6), 16-19, 30,
1969.
STORAGE TANKS AND RESERVOIRS SHOULD PROVIDE FOR
FLOW EQUALIZING, FIRE PROTECTION, AND EMERGEN-
CIES. AN OVERALL SYSTEM ANALYSIS IS USUALLY NECES-
SARY TO DETERMINE THE MOST ECONOMICAL COMBINA-
TION OF STORAGE FACILITY, TRUNK MAINS, AND PUMP-
ING FACILITY. CRITERIA FOR LOCATIONS OF STORAGE
FACILITIES AND CONSTRUCTION COST CONSIDERATIONS
ARE NOTED IN THIS ARTICLE. STORMWATER SYSTEMS EX-
HAUST SIZABLE SEGMENTS OF EXPENDITURES UTILIZED
FOR WATER STORAGE IN GENERAL. DRAINS MUST PRO-
VIDE FOR NORMAL STORMWATER RUNOFF AND HIGHER
FLOWS RESULTING FROM RESERVOIR EMPTYING AND IN-
ADVERTENT OVERFLOWS. (W71-06385).
00496. ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
TIMMONS, J.F
JOURNAL PAPER NO J-6469 OF THE IOWA
AGRICULTURAL AND HOME ECONOMICS EX-
PERIMENT STATION, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY,
AMES, IOWA, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AND
WATER QUALITY, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
PRESS, AMES, IOWA, 1970, CHAPTER 27, P 377-389.
THE FIRST STEP TOWARD MEETING WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT RELATING TO WATER USEATER QUALITY
PROBLEMS. THE NEED TO RECOGNIZE THE QUALITY
HETEROGENEITIES OF WATER FROM DEMAND AND
SUPPLY ORIENTATIONS IS EVIDENT. THE IMPORTANCE OF
DEMAND ORIENTATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS IS
PARAMOUNT IN SPECIFYING QUALITY STANDARDS WHICH
VARY AMONG USES, SPATIALLY AND TEMPORALLY.
SUPPLY QUALITIES MUST BE GEARED TO QUALITIES DE-
MANDED BY USES. LEAST-COST METHODS ARE NECESSA-
RY IN MEETING DEMAND QUALITIES. IN ASSIGNING
BENEFITS AND COSTS TO WATER USES, THE PROBLEMS OF
EXTERNALITIES, MEASUREMENT, AND INTERVENTION ARE
CRUCIAL. ECONOMICS WITH ITS LEGACY OF METHODS,
THEORY, AND ITS CORPS OF RESOURCE ECONOMISTS IS A
NECESSARY PART OF THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
IN PLANNING AND IN CARRYING OUT RELEVANT
RESEARCH NECESSARY FOR EDUCATION, LEGISLATION,
AND ADMINISTRATION OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT. (W7I-06447).
00497. LIQUID HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE.
JOHNSON, C.A.
ASAE PAPER NO NA 64-501. TRANSACTIONS OF THE
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL EN-
GINEERS, 8, P 124-126, 1965.
THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM CON-
CEPT FOR LIQUID MANURE HANDLING OF WASTE
PRODUCED BY LAYING HENS IN CONVENTIONAL COM-
MERCIAL CAGE UNITS. THE BIRD DROPPINGS IN THIS UNIT
COLLECT IN 8 INCH DEEP, 44 INCH WIDE TROUGHS
FORMED ON ORIGINAL FLOOR WITH 4 INCH THICK
CONCRETE BLOCKS. THE LOWER END OF EACH SLOPED
TROUGH IS CLOSED WITH A 2 INCH X 6 INCH BOARD.
THESE BOARDS ARE REMOVED TO EMPTY THE TROUGHS
INTO A 24 INCH BY 24 INCH TRENCH RUNNING ACROSS
THE END OF THE BUILDING BELOW FLOOR LEVEL. THIS
SLOPING TRENCH EMPTIES INTO A 12 INCH DIAMETER
PLASTIC PIPE WHICH CONVEYS THE WASTE TO AN UN-
DERGROUND SEPTIC TANK. FROM THE THIRD COMPART-
MENT OF THIS THREE-COMPARTMENT TANK THE EF-
FLUENT IS PUMPED BACK INTO THE LAYING HOUSE TO
HYDRAULICALLY CLEAN THE TROUGHS BENEATH THE
CAGES. THE EFFLUENT BECOMES INCREASINGLY CONCEN-
TRATED. THE EFFLUENT IS PERIODICALLY PUMPEDONTO
FOREST LANE AND THE SLUDGE IS 'BATCH' HANDLED.
THIS MANURE SYSTEM PROVIDES: (1) EASY MANURE HAN-
DLING, (2) FEW MOVING PARTS, (3) LITTLE AMMONIA
ODOR, (4) LOW WATER USAGE, (5) SIMPLE MANURE
DISPOSAL, (6) LOS-COST PIT CLEANING. (W7 I-06450).
00498. AGRICULTURE WASTE RESEARCH NEEDS.
HERR, G.H.
COMPOST SCIENCE, JOURNAL
RECYCLING, 11(5), 8-11, 1970.
OF WASTE
THE AUTHOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR D1SPOAL OF 17,000 PLUS
OR MINUS TONS OF RAW WASTE ANNUALLY FROM A LAY-
ING HEN COMPLEX OF 360,000 HENS. THEIR PROBLEMS IN-
CIDENTAL TO POULTRY 'SHUD' WERE: FIRST VOLUME
ACCUMULATION OF SHUD WITHIN HOUSES, SECOND
COMMUNITY RELATIONS ODOR PRIMARILY; DANGER OF
SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION SECONDARILY. THIRD UL-
TIMATE DISPOSAL, AND, FINALLY FOURTH THE UNK-
NOWN FACTOR OF THE POSSIBILITY OF, OR THE EFFECT
OF, GAS TOXICITY TO THE CHICKENS AND HUMANS. SOME
OF THEIR ATTEMPTED AND/OR CONSIDERED METHODS
FOR D1SPOAL WERE THE USE OF : (1) LAGOONS; (2) IR-
RIGATION; (3) SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT; (4) INCINERA-
TION; (5) BURYING; (6) HAULING AND SPREADING; FU-
TURE CONSIDERATION; (7) SEM1DRYING; (8) POSSIBLE
DEHYDRATION WHICH MIGHT LEAD TO: FERTILIZER
PRODUCTS; RE-FEEDING; OR SOME OTHER USES. THEIR
CONCLUSION WAS THAT LIQUID HANDLING WOULD NOT
BE THE LONG RANGE ANSWER TO THEIR PROBLEMS. THEY
CONCLUDED THAT SOME METHOD OF DRY OR SEMI-DRY
PROCEDURE MUST DEVELOP AS THEIR SOLUTION AND AS
AN INDUSTRY SOLUTION. MR. HERR DESCRIBES THE
SYSTEM OF DRYING THE MANURE IN PLACE AND THE
COST OF DISPOSAL OF THE SEMI-DRiED (30%) SHUD. (W71-
06452).
00499. USE ANIMAL MANURE EFFECTIVELY.
ABBOTT, J.L.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AND
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE BULLETIN
A-55, THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA.
THIS PUBLICATION DISCUSSES SOME IMPORTANT CON-
SIDERATIONS THAT SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
CONCERNING THE USE OF ANIMAL MANURE AS A FERTIL-
IZER. A POSSIBLE S90-PER-ACRE RETURN FOR A S20-PER-
105
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ACRE INVESTMENT IS BEING OVERLOOKED BY MANY
ARIZONA FARMERS. THE COST OF APPLYING MANURE IS
ON THE ORDER OF $2 TO $14 PER TON UP TO A 40 MILE
HAUL, THE FERTILIZER VALUE OF MANURE IS AT LEAST
$2 PER TON FOR AVAILABLE N AND P. THE VALUE OF OR-
GANIC MATTER MUST ACCOUNT FOR THE BALANCE IN
COST. THE GREATEST VALUE OF MANURE MAY RESULT
FROM THE INDIRECT EFFECTS OF THE ORGANIC MATTER
CONTRIBUTION ON THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE
SOIL AND IN MAINTAINING THE AVAILABILITY OF CER-
TAIN SOIL NUTRIENTS. THE SOLUBLE SALTS IN MANURE
COMMONLY RANGE FROM 5 TO 10 PERCENT ON A DRY
BASIS. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANURE ARE SELDOM
MORE THAN 5 TONS PER ACRE ANNUALLY. (W71-06454).
OOSOO. SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEWERS.
WATER WASTES ENG, 5(7), 36, 1968.
REPLIES BY SIX SPOKESMEN FROM VARIOUS REGIONS OF
THE UNITED STATES ARE GIVEN IN RELATION TO THE
FOLLOWING AREAS OF QUESTIONING: (1) MILE OF SEWERS
IN THE AREAS INVESTIGATED; (2) RANGES OF SIZES OF
EACH OF THE SEWER TYPES; (3) POPULATION SERVICED
BY THE SYSTEM; (4) EFFECT OF COMBINED SEWERS ON
TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONS; (5) SURCHARGING; AND
(6JPLANS ON SEWER SEPARATION AND COSTS. (W71-
06524).
00501. CHICAGO SEWER DRAIN PROJECT.
ENG NEWS RECORD, 182(10), 41, 1969.
DETAILED STATISTICS ARE GIVEN CONCERNING BIDS FOR
A CONTRACT TO CONSTRUCT SEWER DRAINS EXTENDING
THE SEWER SYSTEM IN A SECTION OF CHICAGO. CON-
SOLIDATED CONSTRUCTION CO., INC. WON THIS CON-
TRACT, AND IT WILL UNDERTAKE THE PROJECT TO PRO-
VIDE FLOOD RELIEF FROM A STORM OF FIVE FREQUENCY
OR LESS INADEQUATE SMALLER SEWERS WILL BE
REPLACED, AND A NUMBER OF TRUNK SEWERS AND
SIPHONS WILL BE RELIEVED. THE PROJECT WILL BE CON-
STRUCTED IN OPEN CUT, AND REINFORCED CONCRETE
WILL BE THE PRINCIPAL MATERIAL USED. PRICES FROM
THE TWO LOWEST BIDDERS ARE TABULATED FOR EACH
OF THE ITEMS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE PROJECT. (W71-
06546).
00502. STORM SEWER CHANNEL IN NEBRASKA.
ENG NEWS-RECORD, 181(2), 69, 1968.
BIDS FOR CONSTRUCTING A CHANNEL SECTION OF A
STORM SKWER IN OMAHA ARE COMPARED, AND PRICES
FOR QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS ARE TABULATED FOR
THE TWO LOWEST BIDDERS. A LONG RIPRAPPED, FLAT-
BOTTOM DITCH WILL BE FILLED WITH REINFORCED
CONCRETE PIPING. THE PROPOSED LENGTH OF THE CHAN-
NEL WAS SHORTENED DUE TO DIFFICULTIES IN OBTAIN-
ING EASEMENTS. THE PROJECT WILL IMPROVE ALIGN-
MENT AND FLOW CAPACITY TO PREVENT PROPERTY
DAMAGE BY EROSION. (W7I-06548).
00503. SUBURB MEETS URBANIZATION HEAD-ON.
WATER WASTES ENG, 4(11), 47-49, 1967.
THE CITY OF EAST LANSING, MERIDIAN TOWNSHIP BOARD,
AND MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY JOINTLY AGREED TO
PROVIDE A MUNICIPAL SEWER SYSTEM FOR THE FAST-
GROWING COLLEGE AND RECREATIONAL AREA IN
INGHAM COUNTY, MICHIGAN. THE ORIGINAL SEPTIC
TANKS WERE CONNECTED TO STORM SEWER SYSTEMS
WHICH LED TO A NEWLY CONSTRUCTED SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT PLANT. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS AND AN ITEMIZED
LIST OK EXPENSES ARE DISCUSSED. (W7 1-0655 I).
00504. LEAST COST SAND FILTER DESIGN FOK IRON
REMOVAL.
HUANG, J.Y.C.; BAUMANN, E,R.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 97(SA2), 171-190, 1971.
AN EMPIRICAL FILTER PERFORMANCE PREDICTION
MODEL WAS USED IN DEVELOPING A COMPUTER PRO-
GRAM FOR PREDICTING SETS OF EQUIVALENT SAND
FILTER DESIGNS AND THEIR FIRST AND OPERATING COSTS.
IT WAS CONFINED TO A CONSIDERATION OF STUDIES OF
THE OPTIMIZATION OF INFLUENT CONTROL, SINGLE-
MEDIA SAND FILTERS TO REMOVE IRON FROM SUSPEN-
SION IN WATER. THE EFFECTS ON THE COST OF THE
FILTER SYSTEM OF PERTINENT VAR^LES SUCH AS SAND
SIZE, SAND DEPTH, TERMINAL HEAD AVAILABLE, FLOW
RATE, AND RUN LENGTH WERE EVALUATED. OF THE
VARIABLES AFFECTING FILTRATION PERFORMANCE, THE
TWO HELD CONSTANT WERE: (I)KIND OF INFLUENT
SUSPENDED SOLIDS; AND (2) METHOD OF FILTER OPERA-
TION. THE PERFORMANCE PREDICTION MODEL ASSUMED
THAT THE FLOW RATE REMAINED CONSTANT DURING A
FILTER RUN. FOR ALL SAND SIZES STUDIED (0.6 MM TO 1.3
MM), THE OPTIMUM DESIGN FILTRATION RATE (4.0 GPM
PER SO. FT. 5.5 GPM PER SQ. FT. ), RUN LENGTH (32 HR.
42 HR. ), AND TERMINAL HEAD LOSS (8 FT. 11 FT. ) ALL
CLOSELY APPROXIMATED VALUES USED IN CURRENT
PRACTICE. THE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED
TO PREDICT BOTH THE FILTER DESIGNS PROVIDING
EQUIVALENT PERFORMANCE AND THEIR COSTS HAVE
POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN DESIGN OF NEW FILTRATION
PLANTS AND PREDICTION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS,
SUCH AS RUN LENGTH AND EFFLUENT QUALITY, OF EX-
ISTING SAND FILTRATION PLANTS. (W71-06585).
00505. ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS THAT NOBODY
LIKES TO HEAR.
AM CITY, 85(3), 8, 1970.
THIS SHORT REVIEW SUMMARIZES ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS IN THE UNITED STATES SUCH AS WATER POL-
LUTION, REFUSE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, MINERAL
DEPLETION, AND AIR POLLUTION. UNDER WATER POLLU-
TION, IT IS NOTED THAT $48 BILLION IS REQUIRED TO
SEPARATE SEWERS IN THE U. S. IN ORDER TO CORRECT
EFFECTS OF STORMWATER OVERFLOW. GRIM PREDIC-
TIONS CONCERNING THE ENVIRONMENT ARE MADE, AND
IMMEDIATE ACTION TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS IS AD-
VOCATED. (W71-06627).
00506. URBAN RUNOFF ADDS TO WATER POLLU-
TION.
ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, VOL 3, NO 6 P 527 JUN
1969.
AN APWA SURVEY INDICATED THAT : (1) URBAN RUNOFF
CONSTITUTES APPROXIMATELY 1% OF THE RAW SEWAGE
LOAD WHICH AMOUNTS TO 5% OF THE BOD DISCHARGED
FROM THE AREA'S SECONDARY WASTE TREATMENT
FACILITIES; (2) WATER POLLUTION FROM THIS URBAN
SOURCE OCCURS CREATING A SHOCK POLLUTION LOAD
ON RECEIVING WATERS; (3) THE MOST DETERMINABLE
MEASURE OF POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF STREET LITTER IS
THE BOD LOAD OF THE SOLUBLE DUST AND DIRT FRAC-
TION; (4) AN ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE OF $48 BILLION
WOULD BE NEEDED TO SEPARATE SANITARY AND STORM
WATERS; AND, (5) $15 BILLION WOULD BE NEEDED FOR
ALTERNATE CONTROL METHODS FOR ABATEMENT OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS. (W7 1-06634)
106
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00507. ON THE CONCEPT OF MUNICIPAL SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS.
FATHMANN.H.
IWL FORUM 66/1, P 1-23, 1966.
THE AUTHOR DEALS WITH VARIOUS PROBLEMS WHICH
ARE ENCOUNTERED IN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF
SEWAGE WORKS FOR LOCAL COMMUNITIES. PARTICULAR
REFERENCE IS GIVEN TO THE COST OF DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS AND MECHANICAL TREATMENT PLANTS, THE
CONTROL OF STORM SEWAGE OVERFLOWS, THE OPERA-
TION OF SCREENS, DETRITUS, SEDIMENTATION AND
HUMUS TANKS, AND THE ADVANTAGES OF PERCOLATING
FILTERS AND ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PLANTS. (W71-06654).
OOS08. ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT.
RUEBSAMEN, W.B.
THE MILITARY ENGINEER, 63(411), 34-36, 1971.
TWO METHODS OF TREATMENT OF GROUNDWATER
SUPPLY AT GRAND FORKS AIR FORCE BASE, N. D. ARE
DESCRIBED AND EVALUATED. ELECTRODIALYSIS IS A
PROCESS USING ELECTRODES AND SEMIPERMEABLE MEM-
BRANES THAT PERMIT THE PASSAGE OF EITHER CATIONS
OR ANIONS. REVERSE OSMOSIS IS A PROCESS USING HIGH
PRESSURE AND A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE. THE DECI-
SION OF WHICH UNIT TO USE WAS BASED ON ITS PRODUC-
TION PERFORMANCE. THE TEST AND FAILURE DATA SHOW
THE ELECTRODIALYSIS UNIT TO BE SUPERIOR IN PER-
FORMANCE AND RELIABILITY. THROUGH USE OF THE
ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM, THE
MONEY SAVED FROM THE MAINTENANCE OF THE OLD
DISTILLATION PROCESS HAS PAID FOR THE PURCHASE, IN-
STALLATION, AND OPERATIONAL COST. IT IS HIGHLY RE-
LIABLE, AIDS IN EXTENDING THE LIFE OF OTHER WATER-
USING EQUIPMENT, AND IS EASY TO OPERATE AND MAIN-
TAIN. (W7I-06660).
OOS09. UNDERFLOW SEWERS FOR CHICAGO.
PIKARSKY, M; KEIFER, C.J.
CIVIL ENG, 67(5), 62-65, 1967.
CHICAGO IS PLANNING AN UNDERFLOW SEWER SYSTEM
CONSISTING OF A LARGE TUNNEL UNDER RIVERS AND
CANALS INTO WHICH ALL COMBINED SEWERS WILL
DISCHARGE. THIS SYSTEM, COSTING $400 MILLION DOL-
LARS. WILL ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR A $4 BILLION DOL-
LAR CONVENTIONAL SEPARATE SEWER BECAUSE SPIL-
LAGES FROM COMBINED SEWERS WILL BE DIRECTED TO
THE UNDERGROUND TUNNEL RATHER THAN POLLUTING
SURFACE STREAMS. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE
LAWRENCE AVE. UNDERFLOW SEWERS WAS ANALYZED
THROUGH A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE SYSTEM. UN-
TREATED OVERFLOW INTO LOCAL STREAMS WAS
REDUCED FROM 3<»/YEAR OF THE SEWAGE FROM COM-
BINED SEWERS TO . 8% FROM LAWRENCE AVE. 'S UN-
DERFLOW SEWERS. (W7I-06752).
00510. BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN WATER QUALI-
TY CRISIS.
WOOD, R.
EFFLUENT WATER TREAT J, 10(6), 316-317, 319-321,
1970.
BRITAIN'S SHORTCOMINGS WITH REGARD TO WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL STEM FROM A FAILURE OF FINANCIAL
INVESTMENTS IN CONTROL PLANTS TO KEEP PACE WITH
THE CHANGING TECHNOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BOTH DOMESTIC AND MIXED-MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE. A COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS
BETWEEN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES CONCERNING
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IS DISCUSSED INCLUDING:
COST PERCENTS APPRORIATED FOR EQUIPMENT, INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT, AND RIVER POLLUTION ABATEMENT. BASIC PURIFI-
CATION STANDARDS ARE INCLUDED AS WELL AS EF-
FLUENT STANDARDS. THE AUTHOR EXPANDS ON THE
IDEA THAT THE EXPORTATION OF POLLUTION CONTROL
EQUIPMENT SUCH AS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS TO THE UNITED STATES IS ONE AREA IN WHICH
THE BRITISH MAY CONTRIBUTE THEIR TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCES IN AIDING BOTH THE UNITED STATES AND
BRITAIN. (W71-06757).
00511. COST-SHARING UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL
CONSERVATION PROGRAM.
HOOVER, K.H.
PROCEEDINGS OF FARM ANIMAL WASTE AND
BYPRODUCT MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE,
UNIVERSITY EXTENSION, UNIVERSITY OF
WISCONSIN, P 98-100, NOVEMBER 6-7, 1969.
PRACTICES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE AGRICULTURAL
CONSERVATION PROGRAM (ACP) HAVE BEEN BROADENED
TO INCLUDE POLLUTION ABATEMENT, PROVIDED SUCH
PRACTICES ALSO RESULT IN SOIL AND/OR WATER CON-
SERVATION. THE AGRICULTURAL STABILIZATION AND
CONSERVATION SERVICE (ASCS) MANAGES PROGRAM
FUNDS OF THE ACP. A LIST OF COMPONENTS THAT OUGHT
TO BE INCLUDED IN POLLUTION ABATEMENT COST-SHAR-
ING PRACTICES IS GIVEN. MOST PRACTICES RECEIVE COST-
SHARING AT 80% OF COST. FARMER ACCEPTANCE AND
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION ARE NEEDED TO ACCOMPLISH
THE STATED OBJECTIVES. (W71-06827).
00512. RE-USING STORM RUN-OFF.
ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, VOL 2, P 1001-1005, 1968.
A DESIGN AND COST STUDY OF THE 1100-ACRE WILDE
LAKE WATERSHED IN COLUMBIA, MD., WHICH CONSIDERS
THE TREATMENT OF RUNOFF AND ITS USE AS POTABLE
WATER, IS DESCRIBED. THE SCHEME INCLUDES THE COL-
LECTION AND STORAGE OF RUNOFF IN 10 SMALL LAKES
AND PRELIMINARY TREATMENT THERE BY SEDIMENTA-
TION, CHEMICAL COAGULATION, AND CHLORINAT1ON.
(W7 1-06849).
00513. LOWESTOFT CHOOSES TUNNEL FOR SEWAGE
OUTFALL.
SURVEYOR, 84(4030), 18, 1969.
THE SEWAGE OUTFALL PROJECT AT LOWESTOFT IS CON-
TROVERSIAL IN CONCEPT AS WELL AS IN MODE OF CON-
STRUCTION. PROBLEMS OF SUCH OUTFALLS INCLUDE
THEIR FREQUENT DAMAGE BY HEAVY SEAS AND THEIR
QUESTIONABLE ABILITY TO ADEQUATELY DISPERSE EF-
FLUENTS. SEA CURRENTS AT DISCHARGE POINTS WERE IN-
VESTIGATED AND FOUND TO BE CONDUCIVE TO
PROPERLY CARRYING EFFLUENT OUT TO SEA. THE
SLIGHTEST BEACH POLLUTION, HOWEVER, WILL PROMOTE
INTENSE PUBLIC DISTRUST OF THE PLAN. DISCHARGE
SHAFTS OF THE TUNNEL BENEATH THE SEA-BED WILL BE
RAISED THROUGH THE USE OF MASSIVE HYDRAULIC
JACKS, AND UNUSUAL TECHNIQUE. BOTH THE TUNNEL
WORK AND THE SHAFT RAISING WILL BE DONE EMPLOY-
ING COMPRESSED AIR. DIMENSIONS OF THE TUNNEL AND
OTHER CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES AND PROBLEMS ARE
RELATED. THE SCHEME ADOPTED IS INEXPENSIVE WITH
REGARD TO CAPITAL AND SERVICE COSTS. A COMPLETE
SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS FOR THE TOWN WOULD
COST AT LEAST TWICE AS MUCH. (W7 1-06854).
107
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00514. LAUNCHING A TWO MILE SEWAGE OUTFALL.
SURVEYOR, 82(3978), 16-17, 1968.
THE HASTINGS WESTERN AREA MAIN DRAINAGE SCHEME
INCLUDES A SEWERAGE OUTFALL, TWO NEW PUMPING
STATIONS, A PARTIAL TREATMENT WORKS, AND A PUMP-
ING MAIN. THE SCHEME WAS DESIGNED TO REPLACE TWO
CONVENTIONAL OUTFALLS WHICH CAUSED POLLUTION
OF THE FORESHORE AND SHALLOW WATER BECAUSE OF
INSUFFICIENT LENGTH. THE NEW OUTFALL WAS BUILT UP
INTO SEVEN STRINGS IN A SPECIAL ASSEMBLY AREA, AND
THESE SECTIONS WERE JOINED SUCCESSIVELY BEFORE
THE ENTIRE PIPE WAS LAUNCHED INTO ITS FINAL POSI-
TION ON THE SEA BED. FURTHER CONSTRUCTION
PROCEDURES ARE EXPLAINED ALONG WITH THE MEANS
USED TO DETERMINE THE PROPER LENGTH OF THE OUT-
FALL. THE NEW PUMPING STATION PUMPS SEA SEWAGE
FLOWS UP TO 6 D. W. F., AND A DISCHARGE TO A STORM-
WATER SUMP. THE SUMP CONNECTS TO THE FORESHORE
BY A CULVERT AND FOR SEA LEVELS BELOW MID-TIDE,
STORMWATER DISCHARGES TO SEA BY GRAVITY. AT
TIMES WHEN THE CULVERT IS TIDE-LOCKED, A STORM-
WATER PUMP OPERATES. COSTS, DIMENSIONS, AND OTHER
DETAILS OF THE ENTIRE SCHEME ARE INCLUDED IN THE
ARTICLE. (W7 1-06859).
OOS1S. THE UNABATED GROWTH OF WATER POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES.
MONTGOMERY, A.H. JR.
CONSULTING ENGR, 33(5), 114-117, 1969.
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES WERE GIVEN
AUTHORITY AND DIRECTION BY THE FEDERAL WATER
QUALITY ACT OF 1965. AN ESTIMATED COST OF $48 BIL-
LION IS NECESSARY FOR THE SEPARATION OF COMBINED
SANITARY AND STORM SEWERS. THE TRADITIONAL PRI-
MARY-SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANTS' OBJECTIVES
AND ACHIEVEMENTS USUALLY HAVE BEEN NOT TO
RESTORE BUT TO SLOW DOWN OR PREVENT FURTHER
DEGRADATION. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE EXTENT
AND MEANS OF TREATING POLLUTION SOURCES SUCH AS
PESTICIDES, ACID, EROSION, FERTILIZERS, AND MINE
DRAINAGE, IS A FACTOR IN DELAYING THE ABATEMENT
PROGRAM. A LIST OF CONSULTING ENGINEERING FIRMS,
WHICH HAVE BEEN AWARDED RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT GRANTS AND CONTRACTS FOR ADVANCED WASTE
WATER TREATMENT TECHNIQUES, IS GIVEN. THE TREND
IN THE REUSE RATHER THAN DISCHARGE OF WASTE
WATER IS WELL UNDER WAY, AND THE MOST
WIDESPREAD REUSE TODAY IS THAT OF SECONDARY
TREATMENT EFFLUENT AS A WATER SOURCE FOR INDUS-
TRY AND AGRICULTURE. A NEED FOR PROFESSIONAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IS EMPHASIZED. (W71-
06889).
POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM. RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR FURTHER STUDIES AND PROGRAMS ARE MADE BY
THE AUTHOR, AND AN ESTIMATED COST LIST ON THE
SEWAGE DISPOSAL CONSTRUCTION IS GIVEN.
-------
REFERENCE LIST
OF LAGOONS ARE: (1) AREAL BOD LOADiNO; (2) TEM-
PERATURE; (3) NATURE OF ORGANICS PRESENT; (4) CLI-
MATIC CONDITIONS BOTH AS TO TEMPERATURE AND
RAINFALL; AND (5) CONDITION OF THE SOIL UPON WHICH
THE LAGOONS ARE TO BE BUILT. PAPERS PRESENTED AT
THE SYMPOSIUM COVER THE FULL RANGE OF OPINIONS,
FROM BOTH PROPONENTS AND OPPONENTS. DESIGN
CRITERIA ARE PRESENTED FOR NEARLY EVERY TYPE OF
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION IMAGINABLE. THE UNDERLYING
THEME, HOWEVER, HAS BEEN ONE OF RECOGNITION OF
THE NEED FOR MORE DETAILED AND COMPLETE EXPERI-
MENTS AND INVESTIGATION TO MORE FULLY DEFINED
LAGOON PERFORMANCE AND OPERATION. (W71-07079).
00520. THE ROLE OF PONDS IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT.
ALLUM, M.O., CARL, C.E.
2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR WASTE
TREATMENT LAGOONS, JUNE 23-25, 1970, KAN-
SAS CITY, MISSOURI, P 7-10.
MAN-MADE PONDS DESIGNED FOR WASTE TREATMENT
HAVE A WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS TO A WIDE
RANGE OF WASTES. SOUTH DAKOTA HAS STATE REGULA-
TIONS GOVERNING THE LOADING ON SUCH PONDS, BUT
LITTLE OTHER CARE OR MAINTENANCE IS REQURIED AT
THESE INSTALLATIONS. POND SIZES RANGE FROM ABOUT .
08 ACRES TO 284 ACRES, AND PROVIDE EFFICIENT TREAT-
MENT FOR COMMUNITIES WHETHER THEY ARE OVER-
NIGHT CAMP GROUNDS, OR CITIES OF 10 TO 15,000 POPU-
LATION. PONDS HAVE ALSO BEEN USED FOR MANY INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE PROBLEMS. SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTES,
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES, SUGAR BEET PROCESSING
WASTES, PHENOLS, AND MANY OTHER DIFFERENT INDUS-
TRIAL DISCHARGES HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TREATED
IN PONDS. PERIODIC INSPECTION AND REPAIR OF THE
DIKES IS VIRTUALLY THE ONLY REQUIRED MAINTENANCE.
THE COST OF PONDS IS ALMOST TOTALLY DEPENDENT
UPON LAND COSTS, AND IS THEREFORE PARTICULARLY
SUITED TO SOUTH DAKOTA'S COMPARATIVELY INEXPEN-
SIVE LAND SITUATION. THE ONLY SERIOUS DRAWBACK OF
PONDS IS THEIR SPRING ODOR PROBLEMS. THESE
PROBLEMS ALSO OCCUR DURING OVERLOADING, EVEN
THOUGH OVERALL TREATMENT MAY STILL BE QUITE
GOOD. (W7 1-07081).
OOS2I. A COMPARISON OF AN EFFICIENT LAGOON
SYSTEM WITH OTHER MEANS OF SEWAGE
DISPOSAL IN SMALL TOWNS.
SCHURR, K.
2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR WASTE
TREATMENT LAGOONS, JUNE 23-25, 1970, KAN-
SAS CITY, MISSOURI, P 95-100.
AN OXIDATION LAGOON AND A CONVENTIONAL PRIMA-
RY-SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITY WERE
COMPARED WITH RESPECT TO PH, TURBIDITY, NITRATES,
PHOSPHATES, NITRITES, CHLORIDE, CONDUCTIVITY, AND
COLIFORM BACTERIA, BY COMPARING THE FINAL TANK
OF THE LAGOON SYSTEM TO THE RECEIVING STREAM OF
THE CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM. THE OXIDATION LAGOON
WAS FOUND TO PROVIDE A SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER
DEGREE OF WASTE TREATMENT AT A LOWER COST. THE
RESULTS OF THE LAGOON VERSUS CONVENTIONAL
TREATMENT COMPARISON INDICATE THAT LAGOONS MAY
BE OF SIGNIFICANT VALUE IN SMALLER TOWNS AND CI-
TIES WHERE ECONOMY IS ESSENTIAL. IN MOST OF THE
SMALLER TOWNS, LAND VALUES ARE WITHIN THE RANGE
OF PRICE WHERE ECONOMICAL LAGOONS MAY BE BUILT.
OTHER ATTRACTIVE FEATURES OF LAGOONS ARE THEIR
LOW MAINTENANCE COSTS, AND LESSER LABOR REQUIRE-
MENTS. MORE WORK IS NECESSARY TO IMPROVE THE EF-
FICIENCY OF LAGOONS, BUT THEY ARE ALREADY A
PROMISING ALTERNATIVE TO AREAS WHICH NEED TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES BUT CANNOT AFFORD CONVENTIONAL
PLANTS. (W71-07091).
00522. AERATED LAGOONS FOR POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES.
DOSTAL, K.A.
2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR WASTE
TREATMENT LAGOONS, JUNE 23-25, 1970, KAN-
SAS CITY, MISSOURI, P 243-249.
PILOT-SCALE PLANTS WERE OPERATED FOR TWO NINE
MONTH PROCESSING SEASONS ON POTATO WASTES. 4200
GALLONS OF FRESH WATER WERE USED TO PROCESS
EACH TON OF POTATO WASTES, PRODUCING 90 LBS OF
BOD, 210 LBS OF COD, 110 LBS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, 6
LBS OF TOTAL PHOSPHATES AS P, AND 3.5 LBS OF TOTAL
NITROGEN AS N ON THE NINE MONTH AVERAGE. SCHE-
MATIC DIAGRAMS OF THE PILOT PLANTS WERE CON-
STRUCTED AND ARE PRESENTED. FROM THE PRECEEDING
STUDIES, THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE OB-
TAINED: (1) EITHER AN AEROBIC LAGOON OR AN
ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC LAGOON SERIES IN CONJUNCTION
WITH PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION CAN ACHIEVE AS HIGH
AS 90% BOD RECUCTION, (2) BOTH SYSTEMS ARE
ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE, THE CHOICE DEPENDENT
UPON LOCAL CONDITIONS, (3) CONSTANTS DERIVED FROM
THIS STUDY WERE USED TO FORMULATE MODELS TO
ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE BOD REDUCTION ACROSS THE
PONDS, (4) CHEMICAL ADDITIONS WERE NOT REQUIRED
FOR EITHER PH CONTROL OR INORGANIC NUTRIENT AD-
JUSTMENT; AND (5) SOME METHOD OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS
REMOVAL WILL USUALLY BE REQUIRED. SEVERAL FULL
SCALE INSTALLATIONS HAVE RECENTLY BEEN PLACED IN
SERVICE, BUT DATA IS NOT YET AVAILABLE. (W71-07I07).
00523. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AERATED
LAGOON TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATERS.
BURNS, G.E.; GIRLING, R.M.; PICK, A.R.; VAN ES,
D.W.
2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR WASTE
TREATMENT LAGOONS, JUNE 23-25, 1970, KAN-
SAS CITY, MISSOURI, P 258-276.
THREE PILOT SCALE AERATED LAGOONS WERE CON-
STRUCTED AT WINNIPEG, CANADA, TO TEST THE EFFECT
OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON
LAGOON OPERATION. THE PILOT CELLS WERE OF THE
ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC TYPE. EACH LAGOON WAS
EQUIPPED WITH A DIFFERENT TYPE OF AERATION
SYSTEM, DIFFUSED AIR, SURFACE AERATORS, OR A COM-
BINATION OF BOTH. TESTS WERE CONDUCTED OVER A 20
MONTH PERIOD ON AN INFLUENT AVERAGING 175 MG/L
BOD AND 188 MG/L OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS. FROM THE
RESULTS OF THIS INVESTIGATION, IT WAS CONCLUDED
THAT AERATED LAGOONS CAN SATISFACTORILY PROVIDE
SECONDARY TREATMENT UNDER PRAIRIE CLIMATIC CON-
DITIONS. BOD REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN CONCENTRATION BOTH UNDERGO A SEASONAL
SUMMER DECLINE DUE TO THE BUILD-UP OF SLUDGE DUR-
ING THE SUMMER MONTHS. THE PREVAILING CONSIDERA-
TION FOR ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF AN AERATED
LAGOON SYSTEM IS THE EXTENT AND COST IMPLICATIONS
OF SLUDGE REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES. ALSO
THE USE OF SURFACE AERATORS WAS DEMONSTRATED
TO BE IMPRACTICAL IN AREAS WHICH SUSTAIN LARGE
AMOUNTS OF ICE COVER. RESEARCH IS CONTINUING ON
THE ECONOMIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN SLUDGE
REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL. (W71-07I09).
109
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00524. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS.
WILLIAMS, C.H.
2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR WASTE
TREATMENT LAGOONS, JUNE 23-25, 1970, KAN-
SAS CITY, MISSOURI, P 32. -332.
THE FIRST SLUDGE LAGOONS WERE INSTALLED IN DAL-
LAS, IN 1940, AND WERE USED FROM THEN UNTIL THE
PRESENT TIME. IN 1960, IT BECAME EVIDENT THAT THEY
WERE SERIOUSLY OVERLOADED. THE PROBLEM THEN
BECAME ONE OF WHAT TO REPLACE THEM WITH. AFTER
MUCH STUDY, A SYSTEM OF LAGOONS WAS CON-
STRUCTED FOR USE AS TERTIARY DIGESTERS AT AN INI-
TIAL COST OF $251,000. OPERATING COSTS INVOLVE 100
MAN HOURS/YEAR AND S12OO FOR ELECTRICITY PER
YEAR. IN COMPARISON, DRYING AND/OR INCINERATION
OF THE SLUDGE REQUIRED AN INITIAL COST OF
$20,000,000, AND $ 1,000,000/YEAR OPERATING COSTS.
AFTER 7 YEARS, 1/3 OF THE CAPACITY OF THE LAGOONS
HAS BEEN USED UP AND NOW CONTRIBUTES ONLY
STORAGE FOR THE REFRACTORY MATERIALS. A LONG
RANGE PLAN INCLUDES CONSTRUCTION OF ADDITIONAL
MULTI-CELL SERIES LAGOONS WHICH ARE FURTHER
REMOVED FROM POPULATED AREAS. ODOR CONTROL AT
THE PRESENT INSTALLATION HAS BEEN IMPERATIVE
SINCE THE PLANT IS COMPLETELY SURROUNDED BY THE
CITY OF DALLAS. A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF SEEDING
OF FEED, MIXING REQUIREMENTS, SCUM AND ODOR CON-
TROL, LINING OF UNITS, AND THE SUPERIORITY OF
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FOR THIS SITUATION HAS BEEN
ATTAINED FROM EXPERIENCE WITH THE PRESENT PLANT.
THIS KNOWLEDGE WILL BE APPLIED TO FUTURE PLANTS
IN THEIR DESIGN AND HOPEFULLY THESE PLANTS WILL
BE MUCH IMPROVED. (W7I-07117).
OOS2S. CHALLENGE FOR WASTE WATER LAGOONS.
M1DDLETOWN, P.M., BUNCH, R.L.
2ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR WASTE
TREATMENT LAGOONS, JUNE 23-25, 1970, KAN-
SAS CITY, MISSOURI, P 364-366.
INCREASING USE OF WATER HAS NECESSITATED GREATER
AND GREATER USAGE OF RECONDITIONED WASTE WATER
AS DRINKING WATER. WITH THIS GREATER USAGE HAS
COME INCREASINGLY STRICTER LAWS REGARDING THE
QUALITY OF THE EFFLUENT WHICH A TREATMENT FACILI-
TY IS PERMUTED TO DISCHARGE TO A RECEIVING WATER.
THEREFORE TREATMENT METHODS MUST BECOME MORE
SOPHISTICATED AS TIME GOES ON IN ORDER THAT EF-
FLUENTS NOT ONLY PRESERVE THE QUALITY OF A
RECEIVING STREAM, BUT MUST HELP TO RESTORE IT. IN
LIGHT OF THESE FACTS LAGOON PERFORMANCE MUST BE
EVALUATED WITH RESPECT TO FUTURE CONDITIONS.
LAGOONS HAVE SEVERAL DRAW BACKS FROM A WATER
POLLUTION STANDPOINT. THESE ARE: (1) ALTHOUGH
COLIFORMS MAY BE REDUCED AS MUCH AS 98% IN A
LAGOON, THE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR NUMBER
OF ORGANISMS PER MILLILITER MAY STILL BE VIOLATED;
(2) IF ALGAE IS ALLOWED TO PASS TO THE RECEIVING
STREAM, IT MAY BECOME AS MUCH OF A POLLUT1ONAL
FACTOR AS THE RAW WASTE SINCE IT CONTAINS THE
SAME AMOUNT OF ORGANIC MATTER; (3) LAGOON EF-
FLUENT IS HIGH IN SUSPENDED SOLIDS WHICH ARE BOTH
AESTHETICALLY UNPLEASING AND OXYGEN DEMANDING;
(4) LAGOONS ARE A THREAT TO GROUNDWATER QUALITY
BECAUSE OF THE DIFFICULTY IN SEALING THEM. UNTIL
NOW, THE MOST ATTRACTIVE FEATURE OF LAGOONS HAS
BEEN THIR LOW COST. AS TREATMENT MUST BECOME
MORE SOPHISTICATED, LAGOONS AS PRESENTLY CON-
STRUCTED WILL NEED ADDITIONAL TREATMENT WHICH
WILL MORE THAN OFFSET THEIR COST ADVANTAGE.
THEREFORE, UNLESS SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES ARE MADE
IN LAGOON TECHNOLOGY, IT IS DOUBTFUL IF LAGOONS
WILL HAVE A PLACE IN THE FUTURE. (W71-07 123).
00526. WATER SEWER AND DRAINAGE PLAN FOR
FORT SMITH URBANIZING AREA, PHASE H.
ARKHOMA REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION,
FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS, JUNE 1970. VOLUME II,
232 P.
A UNIFIED SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM IS RECOMMENDED
TO SERVE THE URBANIZING AREA OF FORT SMITH WHICH
INCLUDES COMMUNITIES IN BOTH ARKANSAS AND
OKLAHOMA. OF THE TEN COMMUNITIES IN THIS AREA,
ONLY FORT SMITH, VAN BUREN AND ALMA HAVE PUBLIC
SEWER SYSTEMS AND PUBLIC SEWAGE TREATMENT
FACILITIES. THE, OTHERS WHICH RANGE IN POPULATION
FROM 200 TO 2,000 PERSONS ARE SERVED THROUGH IN-
DIVIDUAL SEPTIC TANKS. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE
POPULATION WILL INCREASE FROM THE PRESENT 97,150
TO 198,000 BY 1990. LARGE DISTANCES BETWEEN GROWTH
CENTERS AND A DIVERSITY OF DRAINAGE AREAS IMPEDE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIFIED AREAWIDE SEWERAGE
SYSTEM AND CENTRAL DISPOSAL FACILITIES. SEWAGE
LIFT STATIONS WILL BE REQUIRED TO CONDUCT FLOWS
TO THE ARKANSAS RIVER TO AVOID CONSTRUCTING
LENGTHY SEWER LINES. THE RIVER SEPARATES THE UR-
BANIZING AREA INTO TWO PARTS. THIS DICTATES THAT
TWO SYSTEMS OF INTERCEPTOR SEWERS SHOULD BE
BUILT PARALLELING THE STREAM. IT IS RECOMMENDED
THAT TWO ACTIVATED SLUDGE SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS BE BUILT DOWNSTREAM FROM THE URBANIZING
AREA, ONE ON EACH SIDE OF THE RIVER. AREAWIDE
REQUIREMENTS TO FACILITATE CONNECTING EVEN THE
SMALLEST RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS TO INTERCEP-
TOR SEWERS WHEN FEASIBLE ARE RECOMMENDED. IN-
TERIM SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES INVOLVING STA-
BILIZATION PONDS OR PACKAGE PLANTS ARE SUGGESTED
UNTIL CONNECTIONS CAN BE MADE TO FUTURE INTER-
CEPTOR SEWERS. DESIGN CRITERIA, CAPACITY REQUIRE-
MENTS, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS, USER
CHARGES, LEGISLATIVE NEEDS, FINANCING, COST SHAR-
ING, EXISTING SYSTEM DEFICIENCIES, RECOMMENDED IM-
PROVEMENTS, AND STORM DRAINAGE NEEDS ARE
DISCUSSED (PB-195 690) (W71-07191).
00527. A STUDY OF LOCAL NEEDS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL FACILITIES EN FISCAL
YEARS 1971-76.
REPRINTED IN CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
(SENATE), FEB 10, 1971, P S1266-S1273. FEB 1971.
9 P.
AN EXTENSIVE NATIONWIDE SURVEY WAS MADE IN 1970
OF THE CAPITAL. REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTING
AND IMPROVING LOCAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FACILITIES DURING THE NEXT SIX YEARS. THIS INFORMA-
TION WAS REQUESTED OF THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CI-
TIES AND THE UNITED STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS
BY SENATOR MUSKIE OF THE SENATE PUBLIC WORKS
COMMITTEE. THE SURVEY COVERED 1,105 CITIES, COUN-
TIES AND INDEPENDENT SEWAGE TREATMENT AGENCIES
SERVING A COMBINED POPULATION OF APPROXIMATELY
95 MILLION PERSONS. THESE COMMUNITIES IDENTIFIED
NEEDS OF $21.7 BILLION. THE SURVEY ALSO ESTIMATED
THAT, BASED ON A 5-PERCENT INFLATION FACTOR AND
THE FACT THAT 45 TO 55 MILLION OF THOSE PERSONS
SERVED BY SEWERS WERE NOT COVERED BY THE SUR-
VEY, TOTAL NEEDS FOR PUBLIC EXPENDITURES FOR
CLEAN WATER FACILITIES DURING THE NEXT FEW YEARS
ARE IN THE RANGE OF $33 TO $37 BILLION. THE NEEDS
WERE SEPARATED INTO THREE CATEGORIES IN THE
MAILED SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE. THE NEEDS REPORTED
WERE AS FOLLOWS: (1) PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TREATMENT FACILITIES, $9,311,987,574; (2) TERTIARY
TREATMENT FACILITIES, $4,100,386,533; (3) INTERCEPTOR
AND STORM SEWER IMPROVEMENTS, $8,368,738 149 A SIG-
NIFICANT PORTION OF THE NEEDS REPORTED WERE FOR
110
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REFERENCE LIST
INTERCEPTOR SEWERS WHICH ARE CURRENTLY ELIGIBLE
FOR FEDERAL AID. TWO TABLES ARE INCLUDED WHICH
LIST THE CAPITAL NEEDS IN EACH OF THE THREE
CATEGORIES. ONE TABLE IS A LISTING BY STATES, AND
THE OTHER A LISTING BY INDIVIDUAL JURISDICTIONS
WITHIN STATES. (W71-07192).
00528. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
RITTER, L.E.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA, 41ST ANNUAL CONFERENCE
AEROBIC DIGESTION (1969). 17 P.
AEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTION WAS STUDIED IN THREE
PLANTS OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. THE PROCESS
REQUIRES 3 TO 5 CU FT DIGESTION VOLUME AND 1 SO FT
DRYING SPACE PER CAPITA, AND AERATION RATE OF 20
CFM PER 1000 CU FT OF DIGESTER CAPACITY. THE
DIGESTION IS FREE FROM OBNOXIOUS ODORS. MANUAL
DECANTING OF SUPERNATANT INCREASES PHOSPHATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE EFFLUENT. CONCENTRATING
SLUDGE PRIOR TO FEEDING INCREASES DESTRUCTION OF
VOLATILE SOLIDS. ADDITION OF LIME AS A DRYING AID
AND ALUMINUM SULFATE AS A COAGULANT INCREASES
DRAINABILITY AND REDUCES TIME, BUT LEADS TO FOR-
MATION OF CRUSTS OF CHEMICALS ON DRYING BEDS.
OPERATING COSTS OF SLUDGE DIGESTION ARE
PRESENTED. (W71-07358).
00529. COOLING TOWER FOG: CONTROL AND
ABATEMENT.
VELDHU1ZEN, H.; LEDBETTER, J.
JOURNAL OF THE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AS-
SOCIATION, 21(1) 21-24, 1971.
FOGS FROM COOLING TOWERS ARE CAUSING AN INCREAS-
ING NUMBER OF VISIBILITY PROBLEMS IN ADDITION TO
ICING OF ROADS, SIDEWALKS, POWERLINES, ETC. DURING
FREEZING WEATHER. THIS PAPER SUMMARIZES A STUDY
MADE TO ASCERTAIN THE BEST METHOD OF FOG CON-
TROL OR ABATEMENT AT A REFINERY IN HOUSTON,
TEXAS. THE INDUCED DRAFT, COUNTERFLOW COOLING
TOWERS OF CONCERN HAVE DESIGN CAPACITIES OF 750
MILLION AND 225 MILLION BTU/HR UNDER LOCAL CLI-
MATIC CONDITIONS. WHEREVER POSSIBLE, PRELIMINARY
CAPITAL, INSTALLATION, AND OPERATING COSTS FOR ALL
THE ALTERNATIVES WERE OBTAINED AND SUMMARIZED
IN A TABLE. THE MOST ECONOMICAL SOLUTION FOR THIS
PARTICULAR PROBLEM IS TO UNLOAD THE COOLING
TOWER FOR THE ESTIMATED 150 HOURS A YEAR EITHER
BY DISPOSING OF OR STORING THE HOT WATER.
COMPLETE CONTROL BY ALTERING THE HEAT EXCHANGE
MECHANISM IS POSSIBLE BUT THE COSTS ARE EXORBI-
TANT. DRY TOWERS WHICH ARE BEING CONSIDERED TO
PREVENT FOGGING, ARE VERY EXPENSIVE. FOR NEW
COOLING TOWERS, ITS LOCATION IS RECOMMENDED AS A
VERY IMPORTANT FACTOR. (W71-07437).
00530. COOLING TOWERS BOOST WATER REUSE.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
5(3), 204-206, 1971.
COOLING TOWERS ARE NOW WIDELY USED IN THE
PETROLEUM AND PERTROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, ESPE-
CIALLY WITH THE PRESENT DRIVE FOR THERMAL POLLU-
TION CONTROL. THE LARGEST MARKET FOR COOLING
TOWERS IS ELECTRICAL PLANTS, AS THE ELECTRICAL
POWER USE DOUBLES EVERY TEN YEARS. BRIEF DESCRIP-
TION IS GIVEN OF VARIOUS TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEMS,
TOGETHER WITH COMPARISON OF THEIR ECONOMICAL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES. HYPERBOLIC TOWERS
ARE BEING SCRUTINIZED FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THEIR
LARGE INITIAL COSTS AND LACK OF FUNCTIONAL EFFI-
CIENCY IN THE UNITED STATES. COOLING TOWER PRICES
RANGE FROM CHEAP MODELS (PLYWOOD, GALVANIZED
STEEL HARDWARE) WHOSE COST IS ESTIMATED AT $5 PER
GALLON, TO THE MORE EXPENSIVE ONES (SILICA-BRONZE,
STAINLESS STEEL, ETC. ) WHICH WILL COST $12-$ 13 PER
GALLON OF RECYCLED WATER. WATER TREATMENT
REQUIREMENTS ARE PRESENTED FROM THE VIEWPOINT
OF THE FOUR COMMON OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS: CORRO-
SION, SCALE, DEPOSITION FOULING AND MICROBIOLOGI-
CAL ATTACK. (W71-07438).
00531. ANN ARBOR'S RECALCINING PROCESS AND
PROBLEMS.
SCOTT, J.C.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
61(6), 285-288, 1969.
ALTHOUGH A COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON ANN ARBOR'S
WATER NEEDS SHOWED THAT THE LAGOONING OF LIME
SLUDGE IS AN ADEQUATE DISPOSAL TECHNIQUE, THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A LIME RECALCINING FACILITY WAS
UNDERTAKEN. THE COST OF THE 24 TON PER DAY LIME
RECLAMATION FACILITY IS ESTIMATED AT $1,200,000.00
INCLUDING HANDLING AND TREATMENT OF THE SLUDGE
FROM THE CLARIF1ER TO THE FINISHED LIME STORAGE
TANKS. THE BASIC FORMAT IS OUTLINED OF THE PROCESS
METHODOLOGY FROM THE LIME SLUDGE WITHDRAWAL
TO A LIME PRODUCT. THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
THIS INSTALLATION ARE THOSE ARISING FROM PERSON-
NEL REQUIREMENTS, TYPE OF OPERATION CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF SLUDGE COLLECTED, WINTER EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE, AND OTHER EQUIPMENT NEEDS. THE
COST ESTIMATE IS SHOWN TO BE HIGHLY VARIABLE AND
A STUDY OF THE PROPOSED SITE AND SURROUNDINGS,
AMONG OTHER FACTORS, MUST BE CAREFULLY EVALU-
ATED. THE PROBLEMS ARE RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION,
MAINTENANCE, AND OPERATING COSTS. (W71-07460).
00532. PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT AND NATU-
RAL RESOURCES IN THE 1970'S.
KNEESE, ALLEN V.
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC, WASHINGTON,
D.C., REPRINT NO 88, AUGUST 1970.8 P.
THIS REPRINT OF A STATEMENT BEFORE THE HOUSE SUB-
COMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT
OPERATIONS EXAMINES ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
PROBLEMS FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE, AND OUT-
LINES A PROPOSED WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STRATE-
GY. THE INADEQUACY OF GOVERNMENTAL SUBSIDIES
AND TECHNOLOGICAL FIXES INCREASES THE IM-
PORTANCE OF MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT IN TERMS
OF 'COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES'. THE AUTHOR RE-
JECTS EXISTING FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTPOL
STRATEGY BASED ON MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT
GRANTS UNDER THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
OF 1956 AND STATE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS, IM-
POSED BY THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT OF 1965.
THE INADEQUACY OF THIS STRATEGY STEMS FROM: (1)
LAGGING APPROPRIATIONS, (2) INEFFECTIVE ENFORCE-
MENT, AND (3) POOR COORDINATION. INDUSTRIAL TAX
INCENTIVES ARE ALSO REJECTED AS ECONOMICALLY IN-
EFFECTIVE. AN EFFLUENT CHARGES SYSTEM, COUPLED
WITH REGIONAL MANAGEMENT, IS ECONOMICALLY SU-
PERIOR TO OTHER PLANS BECAUSE: (1) EFFLUENT
CHARGES REQUIRE PAYMENT FOR RESOURCE USE, (2)
SUBSIDIES PROVIDE NO INHERENT INCENTIVES,
(3)SUBSIDIES BIAS TECHNIQUE SELECTION, AND (4) EF-
FLUENT CHARGES PRODUCE REVENUE. A NATIONAL EF-
111
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FLUENT CHARGE WOULD AVOID LOCAL POLITICAL PRES-
SURES. (W71a07495).
00533. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SEWER SERVICE
CHARGE FORMULAS.
JOHNSON, J.A.
LAND ECONOMICS, 47(1), 80-86. 1971.
THIS PAPER ANALYZES THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPES OF
SEWER SERVICE CHARGE FORMULAS. IT JUDGES THESE
SIX DIFFERENT TYPES IN TERMS OF EQUITY, ECONOMIC
EFFICIENCY, REVENUE ADEQUACY, AND ADMINISTRATIVE
SIMPLICITY. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
EACH TYPE OF SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT MUNICIPALITIES
ARE DESCRIBED AND ANALYZED. (W7 1-07502.
00534. FINAL REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMIT-
TEE ON STORM OVERFLOWS AND THE
DISPOSAL OF STORM SEWAGE.
CALVERT, J.T.
INST CIVIL ENGRS (LONDON), 47, P 305-308, 1970.
AN INFORMAL DISCUSSION ON THE COMMITTEE'S
FINDINGS SHOWS THAT: (1) THE ABOLITION OF ALL
STORM OVERFLOWS WAS NOT RECOMMENDED BECAUSE
THE ENORMOUS COST COULD NOT BE JUSTIFIED AND POL-
LUTION FROM SURFACE WATER SEWERS COULD STILL
OCCUR, AND (2) A NEW FORMULA, IN WHICH THE
AMOUNT OF SEWAGE TO BE CONTAINED IN THE SYSTEM
DOWNSTREAM OF THE OVERFLOW WOULD VARY ONLY
SLIGHTLY WITH WATER CONSUMPTION AND THE FORMU-
LA WOULD BROADLY ENSURE THE POLLUTING MATTER
FROM EACH PERSON WAS DILUTED BY A FIXED AMOUNT
OF RAINWATER BEFORE SPILL COMMENCED, WERE
RECOMMENDED. (W71-075 19).
00535. WASTE DISPOSAL AND POLLUTION, POULTRY
PROCESSING.
RETRUM, R.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE,
'AGKICULTRAL WASTE IN AN URBAN ENVIRON-
MENT, ' NEW JERSEY ANIMAL WASTE DISPOSAL
TASK FORCE, P 64-75, SEPT 14-17, 1970.
IT IS THE AUTHOR'S INTENTION TO ATTEMPT TO DEFINE
THE PROBLEM OF WASTE DISPOSAL AND POLLUTION WITH
RESPECT TO POULTRY PROCESSING, TO DESCRIBE EF-
FORTS NOW BEING MADE TOWARD SOLUTION, TO REVIEW
COST EFFECTS, AND TO INDICATE PROMISING DIRECTIONS
FOR ACCELERATED INVESTIGATION. THE PROBLEMS CON-
SIDERED AS THE MAJOR POLLUTION PROBLEMS ARE
FEATHER LITTER, WATER POLLUTION, SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT ODORS, AND RENDERING ODORS. COSTS AND
OTHER DATA ARE COMPUTED FOR AN 80,000 BIRD PER
DAY BROILER PROCESSING PLANT WITH A SMALL AS-
SOCIATED RENDERINCi PLANT. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE
FOR DECREASING THE TOTAL WASTE LOAD WHILE IN-
CREASING INCOME. SYSTEMS FOR REDUCING THE ODOR
FROM BOTH SEWAGE TREATMENT AND RENDERING
PLANTS ARE EXPLAINED. THE ODOR PROBLEM IS COM-
PLEX AND THERE ARE NO PAT SOLUTIONS. ANY SOLUTION
WILL BE EXPENSIVE. (W71-07553).
00536. CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALI-
TY AND THE COST OF IMPROVEMENTS.
BRUVOLD, W.H.; WARD, P.C.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
63,3-5, 1971.
THIS PAPER ILLUSTRATES HOW A CONSUMER SURVEY
COULD BE USED TO DOCUMENT THE NATURE AND EX-
TENT OF WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND HOW INFOR-
MATION COULD BE OBTAINED FROM CONSUMERS RE-
GARDING THEIR WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR IMPROVE-
MENTS IN QUALITY. FURTHER, THE USE OF SUCH SURVEYS
TO DEAL WITH FOUR GENERAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN 1M-
PORV1NG WATER QUALITY WAS DISCUSSED. THE INTER-
VIEW SCHEDULE WAS PRESENTED. THE FINAL INSTRU-
MENT WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN PARTS: ONE DEAL-
ING WITH CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY
AND THE OTHER WITH THE COST OF THE LOCAL WATER,
THE POSSIBLE NEED FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY,
AND THE COST OF SUCH IMPROVEMENTS. TABULATED
DATA INCLUDED STRUCTURE RATINGS FOR WATER IN
GENERAL AND TASTE, REASONABLE AND HIGHEST IN-
CREASE, AND WATER RATES. (W7 1-07738).
00537. 00576 COST AND MANPOWER FOR MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
MICHEL, R.L.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42, 1883-1915, 1970.
AN ANALYSIS WAS MADE OF THE OPERATION AND MAIN-
TENANCE EXPENDITURE AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
FOR WASTE WATER TREATMENT WORKS AS REPORTED
FOR SOME 1,600 SUCH AUDITS DURING THE PERIOD
JANUARY 1965 TO JUNE 1968. A STATISTICAL TEST (SIMPLE
LINEAR CORRELATION) WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE
TRENDS BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING COMBINATIONS OF
VARIABLES: (1) TOTAL ANNUAL COST VS. AVERAGE FLOW
RATE; (2) TOTAL ANNUAL COST VS. POPULATION
EQUIVALENT LOAD; (3) ANNUAL LABOR COST VS.
AVERAGE FLOW RATE, (4) ANNUAL LABOR COST VS.
POPULATION EQUIVALENT LOAD; (5) ANNUAL ELECTRICI-
TY COST VS. AVERAGE FLOW RATE; (6) ANNUAL ELEC-
TRICITY COST VS. POPULATION EQUIVALENT LOAD; (7)
ANNUAL CHEMICAL COST VS. AVERAGE FLOW RATE; (8)
ANNUAL CHEMICAL COST VS. POPULATION EQUIVALENT
LOAD; (9) TOTAL WEEKLY MAN-HOURS VS. AVERAGE
FLOW RATE; (10) TOTAL WEEKLY MAN-HOURS VS. POPU-
LATION EQUIVALENT LOAD. ALL THE RESULTS WERE
PLOTTED ON FIGURES. IN GENERAL, THE COST PATTERNS
DERIVED FROM THIS STUDY WERE VERY SIMILAR TO
THOSE DERIVED FROM THE 1,500 REPORTS OF A DIF-
FERENT SET OF PLANTS AUDITED BETWEEN 1962 AND
1965. (W71-07743).
00538. ECONOMIC EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
CAMIN, K.Q.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 116(7) IW/10 IW/13,
1969.
WITH REDUCTION OF POLLUTION CONTENT AS THEIR
GOAL, INDUSTRIES WHOSE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
GENERATE SUBSTANTIAL WASTELOADS USUALLY HAVE
SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS. THIS PAPER
DISCUSSED WHAT WASTE TREATMENT ALTERNATIVE
WOULD GIVE A SPECIFIED AMOUNT OF WASTE REDUC-
TION AT MINIMUM COST. TO ILLUSTRATE THE THEORY
AND METHOD OF EVALUATION, EMPHASIS WAS PLACED
UPON 'MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT' AND 'INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT. ' IT INDICATED THAT A CHANGE IN
112
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REFERENCE LIST
WASTELOAD (LB OF BOE) PER UNIT OF PRODUCT VARIED
DIRECTLY WITH WASTE WATER VOLUME PER UNIT OF
PRODUCT. COST FOR MUNICIPAL TREATMENT AND INDUS-
TRIAL TREATMENT WERE DISCUSSED RESPECTIVELY. FOR
MEANINGFUL COMPARISON ALL COST STREAMS WERE
CONVERTED INTO PRESENT VALUE. IT WAS NOTED THAT
THE OPTIMAL CHOICE WOULD CHANGE IF THE DISCOUNT
RATE OR THE TIME HORIZON WERE DIFFEEENT. (W71-
07752).
00539. RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER
BY REVERSE OSMOSIS.
SMITH, J.M.; MASSE, A.N.; MIELE, R.P.
EPA REPORT 17040-05/70, MAY 1970. 59 P
THE THREE MAJOR CONFIGURATIONS OF REVERSE OSMO-
SIS UNITS INCLUDE SPIRAL WOUND UNITS, TUBULAR
UNITS, AND PLATE AND FRAME UNITS. TESTS WERE CON-
DUCTED ON PROTOTYPE UNITS EMPLOYING ALL THREE
CONFIGURATIONS, AND THE MEMBRANES WERE FOUND
CAPABLE OF REJECTING 93 TO 95% OF TDS, 90 TO 99% OF
PHOSPHATES, 80 TO 90% OF AMMONIA NITROGEN, 60 TO
70% OF NITRATE NITROGEN, 99 TO 100% OF PARTICULATE
MATTER. 90 TO 95% OF TOC AND GREATER THAN 90% OF
COD. MANY OF THE PROBLEMS DISCOVERED STEMMED
FROM THE USE OF PROTOTYPE UNITS WHICH HAD NOT
BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND WERE SUBJECT TO RE-
PEATED MECHANICAL FAILURES. FOULING PROBLEMS
HAVE BEEN PARTIALLY ALLEVIATED BY PERIODICALLY
DEPRESSURIZING THE MEMBRANES AND WASHING THEM
WITH ENZYME DETERGENTS. THE SUCCESS OF THIS
METHOD IS ATTRIBUTED TO PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS OF THE
SLIME LAYER WHICH COATS THE MEMBRANE. INCREAS-
ING POPULATION HAS DICTATED THE RECYCLING OF A
MUCH LARGER PORTION OF THE NATION'S WATER. EACH
TIME IT IS RE-USED, THE WATER PICKS UP GREATER
AMOUNTS OF DISSOLVED SOLIDS. THESE SOLIDS WILL
EVENTUALLY HAVE TO BE REMOVED TO PRESERVE THE
POTABILITY OF DRINKING WATER. AT PRESENT, REVERSE
OSMOSIS TECHNIQUES ARE THE MOST PROMISING
METHODS FOR DISSOLVED SOLIDS REMOVALS. ALSO, IN-
CREASING ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE MATERIALS HAVE
STEADILY DECREASED THE COST OF REVERSE OSMOSIS TO
THE POINT THAT A REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM COUPLED
WITH PRIMARY AND SAND FILTRATION ONLY HAS AN
ESTIMATED COST OF 35.4 CENTS/1000 GALLONS. THIS
FIGURE IS EQUAL TO THE COST OF CONVENTIONAL AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT PLUS FILTRATION AND
CARBON ADSORPTION. (PB-199 067) (W7 1-07756).
00540. CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT - KEHR AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
FISHER, R.A.
EPA REPORT 12060EZP-09/70. 67 P.
THE KEHR MODIFICATION OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS USES A COMPLETELY MIXED AERATION TANK
WITH NO INTENTIONAL SOLIDS WASTING. AFTER THE
AERATION TANK STABILIZED AT BETWEEN 4000 AND
12,000 MG/L OF MLSS, A 40 DAY INVESTIGATION USING
MUNICIPAL AND CANNERY WASTES OF STRENGTHS FROM
200 TO 2000 MG/L BODS WAS CONDUCTED. 90% BODS AND
80% TOO REDUCTIONS WERE ACHIEVED, BUT LITTLE OR
NO REDUCTION WAS DETECTED IN NITRATES AND
PHOSPHATES AND THE EFFLUENT WAS COLORED AND
TURBID. PERIODS OF LITTLE OR NO LOADING FOR AS
LONG AS 48 HOURS CAUSED NO DECREASE IN TREATMENT
EFFICIENCY WHEN FLOW WAS RESUMED. FROM THE
ABOVE INFORMATION, KASP WAS RECOGNIZED AS BEING
WELL SUITED TO INDUSTRIAL WASTE PRE-TREATMENT
PRIOR TO DISCHARGE TO A MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANT. THE ABILITY TO HANDLE INTERMITTENT FLOWS,
PROVIDE 90% BODS REMOVAL, AND PROVIDE AEROBIC
DIGESTION OF SOLIDS IN THE AERATION TANK IS ESSEN-
TIAL FOR PRE-TREATMENT DEVICES AND ALL ARE POS-
SESSED BY KASP. EXCLUSIVE OF PRIMARY TREATMENT
TREATMENT OF 10 MGD OF A 250 MG/L BODS WASTE
WOULD COST 7 CENTS/1000 GALLONS USING GRAVITY SET-
TLING. BECAUSE OF OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS AND HIGH
POWER DEMAND, THE USE OF THE ELECTROFLOTAT1ON
INSTEAD OF GRAVITY SETTLING WOULD INCREASE COSTS
TO 29 CENTS/1000 GALLONS TREATED. IN EACH INSTANCE
HOWEVER, THE VARIABILTTY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES DE-
MANDS PILOT PLANT STUDIES TO DETERMINE ACTUAL
DESIGN CRITERIA AND COST ESTIMATES (PB-199 071) (W71-
07757).
00541. TREATMENT OF SOLE LEATHER VEGETABLE
TANNERY WASTES.
EYE, J.D.
EPA REPORT 12120-09/70, SEPT 1970.
A THREE YEAR STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE
THE FEASIBILITY OF TREATING TANNERY WASTES
BIOLOGICALLY. A PILOT PLANT WAS OPERATED FIRST TO
DETERMINE THE DESIGN PARAMETERS, AFTER WHICH A
FULL SCALE SYSTEM WAS CONSTRUCTED. THE FULL
SCALE SYSTEM CONSISTED OF SPECIALIZED PRE-TREAT
MENT OF SEGREGATED WASTE STREAMS, PRIMARY
CLARIFICATION, AND AN ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC LAGOON
SYSTEM. 10 MG/L OF ANION1C POLYELECTROLYTE WAS
ADDED TO THE PRIMARY CLARIFIER TO ENHANCE SET-
TLING. AT CLARIFIER OVERFLOW RATES RANGING FROM
1600 TO 25OO GPD/SO FT, 80 TO 90% REMOVAL OF
SUSPENDED LIME PARTICLES WAS OBTAINED. LOADING
ON THE LAGOONS RANGED FROM 2-20 LBS BOD/DAY/1000
CU FT WITH REMOVALS RANGING FROM 80 TO 95% EX-
CEPT DURING COLD WEATHER, WHEN REMOVALS IN THE
65-75% RANGE WERE OBSERVED. ODORS EMANATING
FROM THE LAGOONS WERE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED
THROUGH THE ADDITION OF SPENT VEGETABLE TAN
LIQUORS. FOAMING PROBLEMS WERE SOLVED THROUGH
USE OF HIGH PRESSURE NOZZLES. HOWEVER, THESE NOZ-
ZLES COULD NOT BE USED WHEN THE TEMPERATURE WAS
BELOW FREEZING. THE MAIN CONCERN OF TANNERIES
SHOULD BE DIRECTED TOWARDS WASTE FLOW MINIMIZA-
TION AND PRETREATMENT. 70% OF THE POLLUT1ONAL
LOAD IS PRESENT IN 30% OF THE WASTE VOLUME. EDUCA-
TION OF OPERATING PERSONNEL IS OF PRIME IM-
PORTANCE IN REDUCING FLOWS TO REDUCE COSTS. THE
TOTAL COST OF THE SYSTEMS AS INSTALLED AT MARLIN-
TON WAS $40,000, WITH OPERATING COSTS AVERAGING
$15,000/YEAR OR $. 07/HIDE PROCESSED WITH A FLOW OF 1
MILLION GALLONS/WEEK. FURTHER, WORK IS NECESSARY
IN COLOR REMOVAL AND DISINFECTION. STUDIES ON
COMBINED TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL AND TANNERY
WASTES ARE ALSO NEEDED SINCE BOTH THE TANNERY
AND MUNICIPALITY COULD CONCEIVABLY BENEFIT FROM
SUCH AN ARRANGEMENT. (PB-199 068) (W7 1-07758).
00542. PHENOLIC WASTE RE-USE BY DIATOMITE
FILTRATION.
MERRILL, E.I.
EPA REPORT 12080 EZF-09/70, SEPT 1970. 125 P.
FIBERGLASS PRODUCTION INVOLVES THE USE OF AN EX-
PENSIVE PHENOLIC RESIN. A 28 MONTH STUDY WAS CON-
DUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF RECLAIMING
WATERS WHICH HAD BEEN USED FOR WASHING RESINS
OFF OF CONVEYOR LINES TO PREVENT FOULING. THE
SYSTEM DEVELOPED REDUCES WATER CONSUMPTION BY
UTILIZING AN 8 GPM, 1000 PS1 SPRAY CLEANER. AFTER
THE CONVEYORS ARE WASHED, THE WATER FLOWS
THROUGH TWO STAGES OF SCREENING, OR PRIMARY FIL-
TRATION AND A SECONDARY DIATOMITE FILTRATION
UNIT SINCE MOST OF THE SOLIDS ARE LARGE, THE
113
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
DIATOMITE FILTERS ACCOMPLISH THE REMOVAL OF
ONLY . 6% OF THE TOTAL SOLIDS LOAD, WITH THE MAJOR
REMOVALS TAKING PLACE AT THE PRE-SCREENING EQUIP-
MENT. THE WATER RE-USE SYSTEM WILL USE THE SAME
WATER 4-5 TIMES BEFORE IT IS COMPLETELY
EVAPORATED, REQUIRING 1 LB OF DIATOMITE/500 GAL-
LONS OF WATER FILTERED. THE SYSTEM PROVIDES
WATER AT A NET COST OF $. 37/1000 GALLONS AS COM-
PARED TO $. 75/1000 GALLONS FOR CITY WATER. SUB-
STANTIAL OPERATIONAL SAVINGS HAVE BEEN REALIZED
THROUGH CONSERVATION OF THE EXPENSIVE PHENOLIC
BINDER. A NET'BEFORE TAX' INCOME RETURN OF 9.5%
HAS BEEN OBTAINED ON THE APPROXIMATELY $165,000
INVESTED. IN ADDITION, WASTE PHENOLIC DISCHARGES
HAVE DROPPED 80%, SUSPENDED SOLIDS HAVE
DECREASED 83%, AND DISSOLVED SOLIDS HAVE
DECREASED BY 50%. IN THIS INSTANCE, THEREFORE,
WASTE DISCHARGE CONTROL HAS BOTH PROTECTED THE
ENVIRONMENT AND PROFITED THE INDUSTRY. (PB-199
069) (W71-07759).
OOS43. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING
PHOSPHORUS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS.
CONVERY, J.J.
EPA REPORT 17010-01-70, JAN 1970. 35 P.
BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE, CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION OF SOLU-
BLE PHOSPHORUS, AND SETTLING OR FILTRATION OF PAR-
TICULATE PHOSPHORUS ARE THE MAJOR REMOVAL
MECHANISMS USED IN PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. AT
PRESENT, CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION IS THE MOST
UNIVERSALLY APPLIED METHOD. THE WIDE VARIETY OF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHICH LEAD TO PHOSPHORUS
PRECIPITATION ALLOWS MUCH FLEXIBILITY OF OPERA-
TION TO PLANT OPERATORS. IN DEALING WITH RAW
SEWAGE, PRIMARY EFFLUENT, OR SECONDARY EFFLUENT
THE SIZE OF THE PLANT, INFLUENT WASTE WATER
CHARACTERISTICS, PHOSPHORUS DISCHARGE STANDARD,
AND THE TYPES OF OTHER PROCESSES USED IN THE
TREATMENT TRAIN MUST ALL BE CONSIDERED. IN ADDI-
TION TO PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, HIGHER LEVELS OF BOD
AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVALS ARE CUSTOMARILY
OBTAINED WHEN SOME TYPE OF PHOSPHATE REDUCTION
MECHANISM IS EMPLOYED. EACH OF THE MECHANISMS
DESCRIBED HERE HAVE BEEN ANALYZED BOTH WITH
RESPECT TO TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILI-
TY. COSTS RANGED FROM 13 CENTS /1000 GALLONS FOR
TWO-STAGE LIME TREATMENT OF 1 MOD TO ACHIEVE 97%
REMOVAL, TO A POTENTIAL LOW OF $. 015/1000 GALLONS
USING WASTE PICKLE LIQUOR TO ACHIEVE REDUCTION OF
80%. (PB-199 072) (W71-07760).
00544. FLOW REDUCTION OF WASTE WATER FROM
HOUSEHOLDS.
BAILEY, J.; WALLMAN, H.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 118(3), 68-70, MAR
1971.
VARIOUS SOURCES WERE UTILIZED TO ESTABLISH A
WATER USE PATTERN FOR AN AVERAGE AMERICAN FAMI-
LY OF 2 ADULTS AND 2 CHILDREN. 70% OF THE TOTAL
HOUSEHOLD WATER INTAKE IS CONSUMED IN TOILET
FLUSHING AND BATHING. THEREFORE, SINCE THIS IS THE
LARGEST SINGLE AREA OF WATER USE, THE GREATEST
SAVINGS FROM APPLIED CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES
SHOULD BE ACCOMPLISHED HERE. SEVERAL PLUMBING
INNOVATIONS THAT REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF WATER
REQUIRED TO TRANSPORT WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE
HOME ARE PRESENTED, AS WELL AS WATER-CONSERVING
DEVICES FOR SHOWERS AND WASHING MACHINES. A COST
ANALYSIS REVEALED, HOWEVER, THAT WATER RE-USE
WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL HOME UNIT IS NOT ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE. WATER CONSERVATION, THEN, IS IM-
PORTANT IN REDUCING THE TOTAL VOLUME OF FLOW
WHICH REQUIRES EXTENSIVE TREATMENT, THEREBY EAS-
ING THE BURDEN ON MANY OVERLOADED TREATMENT
FACILITIES. THE FOLLOWING CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN
FROM THE PRECEDING STUDY: (1) CURRENTLY AVAILA-
BLE WATER SAVING DEVICES CAN REDUCE WASTE FLOWS
FROM 30 TO 50% AT LITTLE ADDITIONAL COST TO THE
HOMEOWNER: (2) LIMITED SURVEYS INDICATE GENERAL
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE OF SUCH DEVICES: AND (3)
COMPLETE WASTE TREATMENT AND WATER RE-USE ON A
SINGLE UNIT SCALE DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE PRACTICAL
AT THIS TIME. (W71-O7777).
00545. CATCH BASINS CLEANED FOR $3.00.
PUBLIC WORKS, 101(8), 81, AUG 1970.
TEANECK, NEW JERSEY'S SWITCH FROM BUCKET CLEAN-
ING OF CATCHBASINS TO SUCTION CLEANING WITH A
GOOD ROADS SCAVENGER HAS REDUCED COSTS OF THE
TWICE-A-YEAR JOB BY 80%. THE RATE OF CATCHBASIN
CLEANING HAS ALSO INCREASED CONSIDERABLY. THE
SUCTION MACHINE IS ALSO USED TO CLEAN OUT MAN-
HOLES, TO CLEAN STREETS, AND TO PICKUP AND DISPOSE
OF LEAVES ON STREETS AND PARK GROUNDS DURING AU-
TUMN. (W71-07856).
00546. STORM SEWER ASSESSMENTS.
DAGUE, R.R.
PUBLIC WORKS, 101(8), 62-66, 118, 1970.
THE AUTHOR PRESENTS A METHOD OF STORM SEWER AS-
SESSMENT WHICH WAS APPLIED TO A PROJECT IN DBS
MOINES, IOWA. FOUR BENEFIT FACTORS CONSIDERED IN
APPORTIONING PROPERTY COSTS CAN BE UTILIZED IN
STORM SEWER ASSESSMENT IF THE RELATIVE WEIGHT OF
EACH FACTOR IS DETERMINED BY THE RELATIVE BENEFIT
TO BE ACCRUED. OTHER FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
REFLECTING COSTS AND THEREFORE BENEFIT ARE; (1)
THE AREA DRAINED, (2) THE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT, (3)
THE RAINFALL INTENSITY, (4) THE DISTANCE TO THE
OUTLET, (5) THE UNIT PIPE COST, AND (6) THE SLOPE OF
THE SEWER. EACH OF THESE FACTORS IS DISCUSSED IN
RELATION TO A SUB-AREA. ONCE THE DOLLAR BENEFIT
TO EACH SUB-AREA IS DETERMINED, THE BENEFIT TO IN-
DIVIDUAL PROPERTIES WITHIN SUB-AREAS MUST BE
ASCERTAINED. ALSO, IN ARRIVING AT STORM SEWER AS-
SESSMENT, THE BENEFIT ACCRUING TO PUBLIC PROPERTY
MUST BE CONSIDERED. MEANS FOR EVALUATING ALL OF
THESE FACTORS ARE THOROUGHLY DESCRIBED. THE DBS
MOINES PROCEDURE OUTLINED IN THIS ARTICLE DOES
NOT NECESSARILY HAVE APPLICATION TO ALL STORM
SEWER SPECIAL ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS THE TEST OF
THE METHOD WILL COME THROUGH ITS APPLICATION TO
A VARIETY OF STORM SEWER ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS
ALONG WITH SUCCESS IN THE COURTS. (W71-07863).
00547. THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
NATION'S CITIES, 8(8), 8-9, 1970.
THE NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES (NLC) AND THE UNITED
STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS (USCM) ESTIMATED
BETWEEN $33 BILLION AND $37 BILLION WILL BE NEEDED
TO COMBAT WATER POLLUTION BETWEEN 1970 AND 1976
AS REPORTED BY SENATOR MUSK1E, IN COMPARISON WITH
FWQA REPORTS OF $10 BILLION OVER THE FIVE YEAR
SPAN, 1970-1974. THE NLC-USCM SURVEY ASKED FOR
SPECIFIC COST DATA CATEGORIZED IN THE FOLLOWING
MANNER: (1) NEEDS FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TREATMENT FACILITIES; (2) NEEDS FOR TERTIARY TREAT-
114
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REFERENCE LIST
MENT FACILITIES; AND (3) NEEDS FOR INTERCEPTOR AND
STORM SEWERS, INCLUDING PROJECTED COSTS OF
SEPARATING STORM AND SANITARY SEWERS, AND/OR
STORING STORM WATER OVERFLOWS. THE SURVEY
COVERED 1,008 COMMUNITIES WITH A COMBINED POPU-
LATION OF APPROXIMATELY 89.4 MILLION. BASED ON THE
PROJECTION FROM THIS SURVEY, THE NLC AND USCM
ESTIMATED THE TOTAL NATIONAL NEEDS FOR STATE AND
LOCAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES FOR THE
NEXT SIX YEARS WHICH INCLUDES A FIVE PERCENT IN-
FLATION FACTOR. DISCUSSION ON PAST, PRESENT, AND
FUTURE LEGISLATIVE ACTION IS INCLUDED, AND A COST
CHART BASED ON SURVEY RESULTS IS GIVEN. (W71-07867).
00548. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A.
DAVID, E.L.; DAVIS, P.N.; FOX, I.K.; DORSEY, A.H.J.;
FAULKNER, C.H.
OWRR TECHNICAL REPORT, 1971. 165 P.
A CASE STUDY WAS MADE TO DETERMINE LEAST-COST
SYSTEMS FOR ACHIEVING SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY
LEVELS OF THE WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN (WISCONSIN). TO
INITIATE LEAST-COST SYSTEMS, INSTITUTIONAL
PREREQUISITES WERE ANALYZED AND ALTERNATIVE IN-
STITUTIONAL STRUCTURES CONSIDERED. BY APPLICATION
OF A PREDICTIVE WATER QUALITY MODEL BASED ON DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN AND ANALYSIS OF COSTS INFLUENCING
DO LEVELS, COSTS OF SYSTEMS TO MEET SPECIFIED OB-
JECTIVES ARE DETERMINED INDICATING THAT SUBSTAN-
TIAL ECONOMIES CAN BE REALIZED BY UTILIZATION OF A
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. ALTERNATIVE POLI-
CIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ARE AS-
SESSED. POTENTIAL AND EQUITABLE ECONOMIES COULD
BE REALIZED WITH SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES IN POLICY
FRAMEWORK; AN EFFLUENT-CHARGE SYSTEM WOULD
PROVE UNNECESSARILY COSTLY AND ITS ADMINISTRA-
TION DIFFICULT; EFFECTIVE RESULTS CAN BE ACHIEVED
BY A COMBINATION OF REGULATION AND COST SHARING
OF SYSTEM MANAGEMENT BY WASTE PRODUCERS.
CRITERIA OF ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN ARE ESTABLISHED
AND APPLIED TO THREE ALTERNATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS. AN ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEM INCLUD-
ING A QUASI-JUDICIAL BODY (TO ESTABLISH STANDARDS),
A STATE WATER RESOURCES AGENCY (TO .MONITOR EN-
VIRONMENTAL INTERESTS), AND A REGIONAL IMPLE-
MENTING AND OPERATING AGENCY WOULD MOST EFFEC-
TIVELY MEET THE DESIRED CRITERIA. (PB-199 268) (W71-
07972).
00549. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR
PAPERS.
PAPERS PRESENTED AT SEMINAR AT HUDSON-
DELAWARE BASINS OFFICE, ED/SON, NJ, NOV 4-
5, 1969, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RESEARCH SERIES DAST-37, MAR 1970, 199 P.
A LARGE NUMBER OF CITIES STILL HAVE COMBINED SANI-
TARY AND STORM WATER SEWERS. DURING STORMS, THE
OVERFLOW FROM THESE SEWERS PASSES DIRECTLY TO
THE RECEIVING WATERS, SINCE THE VOLUME IS TOO
GREAT FOR THE TREATMENT PLANT TO HANDLE. THE
EVER-PRESENT EMPHASIS ON POLLUTION HAS FOCUSED
MUCH ATTENTION ON NOT ONLY COMBINED SEWERS, BUT
ON UNTREATED STORM WATER FROM SEGREGATED
SEWERS AS WELL. IN FALLING THROUGH THE AT-
MOSPHERE, AND IN WASHING DOWN BUILDINGS AND
STREETS WHICH ARE COVERED WITH ORGANIC POLLU-
TION, THE STORM WATERS BECOME NEARLY AS POL-
LUTED AS SANITARY FLOWS, AND OFTEN TIMES MORE SO.
ALL OF THE PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CONFERENCE
ARE CONCERNED SPECIFICALLY WITH THE ABATEMENT
OF POLLUTION STEMMING FROM THE USE OF COMBINED
SEWERS. HOWEVER, RATHER THAN REPORTING ON
METHODS OF CHANGING THE SEWER SYSTEMS, MOST
RESEARCH BEING DONE CALLS FOR TREATING BOTH
FLOWS ANYWAY. METHODS DISCUSSED RANGE FROM
M1CROSTRAINING TO AIR FLOTATION TO TUNNELS FOR
STORAGE BEFORE SUBSEQUENT SEA DISPOSAL. COMBINED
SEWER WASTES CAN BE TREATED AT COSTS REPORTED
HERE RANGING FROM 4 CENTS TO 29 CENTS PER 1000 GAL-
LONS. FROM THESE REPORTS AND INVESTIGATIONS IT
BECOMES APPARENT THAT THE TECHNOLOGY TO CLEAN
UP STORMWATER POLLUTION IS AVAILABLE. THE ONLY
THING LACKING IS ITS IMPLEMENTATION. (PB 199 361)
W71-07978).
00550. MICROSTRAINING WITH OZONATION OR
CHLORINATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
KEILBAUGH, W.A.; GLOVER, G.E.; YATSUK, P.M.
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR PAPERS,
P 59-99, MAR 1970.
MICROSTRAINING HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED AS A POSSIBLE
TREATMENT METHOD FOR STORMWATER OVERFLOWS
FROM COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS. SUSPENDED SOLIDS
REMOVALS RANGED ROM 78% TO 98%, WITH 80% THE
AVERAGE. VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVALS
WERE DIRECTLY CORRELATED WITH SUSPENDED SOLIDS.
BOD, ON THE OTHER HAND, ACTUALLY INCRRE: (1) NATU-
RAL PREDATORS OF THE BACTERIA ARE REMOVED BY
THE SCREEN; (2) LARGE BEASED IN 8 TO 17 MEASURE-
MENTS. THREE POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF THESE
PHENOMENA AACTERIAL COLONIES ARE SUBDIVIDED
INTO LARGER NUMBERS BY STRAINING; (3) THE SCREEN-
ING PROCESS MAKES THE BACTERIAL FOOD SUPPLY MORE
AVAILABLE. THE LAST EXPLANATION SEEMED MOST LIKE-
LY. ALSO, INCREASED OXIDATION AT THE POINT OF
ENTRY WILL CAUSE DOWNSTREAM EFFECTS TO BE LESS
PERSISTENT. FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO DETER.
MINE THE EFFECTS OF USING A STILL HIGHER DIF-
FERENTIAL HEAD. AT THIS TIME, NO OPERATIONAL
PROBLEMS HAVE DEVELOPED. A COST ANALYSIS SHOWS
BARSCREENING, MICROSTRAINING AND CHLORINATION
TO COST FROM $10,500 TO $12,800 PER ACRE OF AREA
SERVED. THE COST OF CONSTRUCTION OF SEPARATED
SEWERS ALONE WAS ESTIMATED TO BE BETWEEN $20,000
TO $23,000 PER ACRE. SINCE STORM WATER, BECAUSE OF
SUSPENDED AND DISSOLVED SOLIDS PICKED UP FROM
STREET, HOUSES, AND THE ATMOSPHERE, HAS COME TO
BE REGARDED AS A POLLUTANT IN ITSELF, THE
SEGREGATED SEWERS HAVE LITTLE OR NO VALUE.
THEREFORE, DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF THE
MICROSTRAINING TECHNIQUES SHOULD LEAD TO
WIDESPREAD APPLICATIONS IN BOTH COMBINED AND
SEPARATED SEWER SYSTEMS. (W71-07983).
00551. ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON,
D.C.
DEFILIPPI, J.A.
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR PAPERS,
P 123-138, MAR 1970.
DURING PERIODS OF HEAVY RAINFALL, SEWER SYSTEMS
COLLECTING BOTH SANITARY WASTES AND STORMWATER
OVERLOAD THE TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY AND
CAUSE THE DIRECT DISCHARGE OF AN ESTIMATED 9.5
MILLION LBS OF BOD, 224 MILLION LBS OF SUSPENDED
SOLIDS, 3.5 MILLION LBS OF TOTAL PHOSPHATES, AND 1.0
MILLION LBS OF TOTAL NITROGEN TO RECEIVING WATERS
115
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. THESE ESTIMATES WERE
OBTAINED FROM EXTENSIVE SAMPLING STUDIES PER-
FORMED AT THREE MONITORING INSTALLATIONS IN THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DURING 1969. THE STUDIES WERE
PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
STORMWATER RUN-OFF, BOTH IN SEGREGATED SEWERS
AND COMBINED SEWERS. RESULTS INDICATED THAT SIG-
NIFICANT POLLUT1ONAL LOADS ARE DISCHARGED FROM
BOTH TYPES OF SEWERS. FOUR ALTERNATIVE METHODS
OF ABATING THE POLLUTION FROM STORMWATER RUN-
OFF INCLUDE; (I) SEWER SEPARATION; (2) OFF-SYSTEM
STORAGE; (3) IN-LINE TREATMENT, AND (4) MISCELLANE-
OUS. HOWEVER, BASED ON THE INITIAL SAMPLINGS
SEPARATION WAS RULED OUT. THE REMAINING METHODS
WERE ANALYZED ACCORDING TO THE OVERALL
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ENTIRE AREA. FINAL COSTS
ESTIMATES ARE NOT YET AVAILABLE, BUT THESE STUDIES
HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE FEASIBILITY OF THE RE-
GIONAL SEWERAGE PLANT IN THIS INSTANCE. (W71-07986).
METHODS. TERTIARY TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE
MICROSTRAINING, SLOW AND RAPID GRAVTrV SAND FIL-
TRATION, LAND IRRIGATION, LAGOONING AND UPFLOW
PEBBLE BED CLAR1FIERS, WHILE FLOCCULATION, FOAM-
ING, ADSORPTION, REVERSE OSMOSIS, AND ELECTROLYSIS
ARE IN THE EXPERIMENTAL STAGE. SLUDGE TREATMENT
HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN ACCOMPLISHED WITH DRYING
BEDS. LACK OF LAND HAS STIMULATED MUCH INTEREST
IN MECHANICAL DEWATER1NG DEVICES, NAMELY PRES-
SURE OR VACUUM FILTRATION, POLYELECTROLYTE CON-
DITIONING, HEAT TREATMENT, AND WET OXIDATION, AND
INCINERATION. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE
WATER TREATMENT ARE NOT EXPERIENCING THE SAME
RAPID SOLUTIONS AS OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
MORE EFFECTIVE CONTROL AND RECLAMATION PRAC-
TICES ARE NEEDED TO AVOID SERIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS, AND PROGRESS WHICH HAS BEEN SLOW UP TO
NOW MUST BEGIN TO SPEED UP IF THE ENVIRONMENT IS
TO BE SAVED. (W7 1-07996).
00552. MIDDLE LEE SETS THE STANDARDS.
BEAUMONT, P.
SURVEYOR, 136 (4075), 45^6, 1970.
NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT IN THE LEE VALLEY CAUSED
GREAT CONCERN THAT THE ALREADY OVERLOADED
RIVER LEE WOULD DETERIORATE FURTHER AND BECOME
MERELY AN OPEN SEWER. THIS PROBLEM WAS ESPE-
CIALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE RIVER LEE EMPTIES
INTO THE CHINGFORD RESERVOIR, WHICH SUPPLIES 19%
OF THE WATER SUPPLY OF METROPOLITAN LONDON.
FINAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS SET IN 1955 REQUIRED
THAT THE EFFLUENT CONTAIN LESS THAN 5 MG/L SS IN
SUMMER, AND 10 MG/L SS IN WINTER, AND A FREE AM-
MONIA CONTENT OF LESS THAN 10 MG/L UNDER BOTH
SUMMER AND WINTER CONDITIONS. CONSTRUCTION WAS
ACCOMPLISHED IN THREE STAGES, THE FIRST STAGE HAV-
ING A CAPACITY FOR 8 MGD. STAGE 2 WAS OF THE SAME
SIZE AS STATE 1. HOWEVER, THE PLANT CAPACITY HAD
TO BE REDESIGNED BEFORE COMPLETION OF STATE 2.
THE FINAL CAPACITY OF THE FINISHED PLANT WAS SET
AT 30 MGD TO COMPENSATE FOR RAPID POPULATION
GROWTH. THE TREATMENT WORKS CONSISTED OF
SCREENING, MACERATION, GRIT REMOVAL, AND PRIMARY
SEDIMENTATION. SECONDARY TREATMENT OF AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE USING DIFFUSED AIR WAS PROVIDED,
AND TERTIARY TREATMENT WAS ASSIGNED TO RAPID
GRAVITY SAND FILTERS. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
SLUDGE IS DIGESTED ANAEROBICALLY, AND THE SLUDGE
IS DISTRIBUTED FREE AS A TOP DRESSING OR SOIL CONDI-
TIONER. TOTAL PLANT COST WAS ESTIMATED AT 6 MIL-
LION POUNDS STERLING. WATER QUALITY RAPIDLY IM-
PROVED AFTER THE NEW PLANT WAS PUT INTO OPERA-
TION, MORE THAN JUSTIFYING THE INVESTMENT. (W71-
07995).
00554. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BLEACH PLANT
WASTES.
CHARLES, G.E.; DECKER, G.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(10), 1725-1739, 1970.
CANADA'S FRASER RIVER IS A MAJOR SALMON PRODUC-
ING WATERSHED. WHEN SEVERAL PULP AND PAPER MILLS
WERE BUILT, EFFLUENT STANDARDS WERE IMMEDIATELY
SET WHICH INCLUDED: (1) AN AERATED BASIN OF 5 DAY
RETENTION TIME; (2) 60% BODS REMOVAL; (3) MAXIMUM
EFFLUENT BODS OF 80 MGL. AND (4) EFFLUENT DILUTED
TO 65% CONCENTRATION WITH RIVER WATER SHALL NOT
CAUSE MORTALITY TO YEARLING SALMON IN A 96 HOUR
PERIOD. A LOW-RATE ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT
SYSTEM CONSISTING OF NEUTRALIZING, SEEDING, AND
AERATING WAS CHOSEN FOR BLEACH PLANT WASTES,
WITH THE COMBINED SYSTEM HAVING A DETENTION TIME
OF 24 HOURS. A TWO YEAR STUDY INDICATED THAT BOTH
BOD AND TOXICITY LEVELS WERE WITHIN THE STIPU-
LATED LIMITS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SEVERAL
PERIODS OF UPSET OF THE SYSTEM. UNSCHEDULED SHUT
DOWNS WERE FOUND TO DECREASE THE LOAD ON THE
SYSTEM ENOUGH TO UPSET THE OPERATION AFFER LOAD-
ING RESUMED. THIS PROBLEM WAS SOLVED BY THE ADDI-
TION OF AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE TO THE SYSTEM AT A
REDUCED RATE. NUTRIENT ADDITIONS WERE ALSO
FOUND TO BE NECESSARY, WITH THE RATIO OF BODS
REMOVED TO NITROGEN TO PHOSPHORUS OF 100 TO 5 TO
1 FOUND TO ACHIEVE THE BEST RESULTS. A D. O.
RESIDUAL OF 0.5 MG/L WAS MAINTAINED AT ALL TIMES
TO FACILITATE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. THE TREAT-
MENT COSTS FOR THE SYSTEM AVERAGED S1.40/TON OF
PRODUCT, THE BULK OF WHICH GOES TOWARD
NEUTRALIZATION AND NUTRIENT ADDITION. (W7 1-07999).
00553. WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN GREAT
BRITAIN.
GRANT, R.J.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 117(8), 266-270, 1970.
65% OF tHE DOMESTIC SEWAGE OF GREAT BRITAIN IS
TREATED AND DISCHARGED TO INLAND WATER COURSES,
WHILE THE REMAINING 35% IS DISCHARGED DIRECTLY TO
ESTUARIES OR THE SEA, RECEIVING LITTLE OR NO TREAT-
MENT. ANALYTICAL TESTS PERFORMED ARE THOSE
RECOMMENDED IN 'STANDARD METHODS', WITH FEW EX-
CEPTIONS. WASTE WATER CONSTITUENTS OF BRITAIN'S
DOMESTIC SEWAGE DIFFER FROM THOSE OF THE UNITED
STATES, BECAUSE OF THE DIFFERENCE IN DIET. AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE, PASVEER OXIDATION DITCHES, AND
LOW RATE TRICKLING FILTERS COMPRISE THE BULK OF
THE WIDELY ACCEPTED SECONDARY TREATMENT
00555. A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE FILTRA-
TION OF METAL HYDROXIDES.
CUTHBERTSON, R.S.; HETTWER, E.B.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 17TH, NIAGARA FALLS, ONTARIO P
178-193, JUNE 7-10, 1970.
NORTHERN ELECTRIC CO. PRODUCES TELEPHONE SET
PARTS PLATED WITH COPPER, NICKEL, CHROME, ZINC
TIN, GOLD, AND SILVER. PLATING WASTES INCLUDE ALL
THESE METALS PLUS CYANIDE, CHROMIC ACID, AND HOT
MINERAL ACIDS. STANDARD CHEMICAL PRECIPITATIONS
ARE USED TO REMOVE THE HEAVY METAL AND THEIR
SALTS, BUT HIGH SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS
PREVENT DIRECT DISCHARGE OF THE EFFLUENT TO A
RECEIVING WATER. A PRESSURE FILTRATION UNIT
116
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REFERENCE LIST
DESIGNED FOR A LOADING OF . 17 GPM/FT SO. AND USING
A 1200 GALLON PRE-COAT TANK, A 150 GPM, 50 PS1 HEAD
PRE-COAT PUMP AND A 300 GALLON BODY FEED TANK
AND 350 FT SO OF FILTER AREA WERE CONSTRUCTED.
THE SYSTEM WAS A TOTAL FAILURE BOTH FROM OPERA-
TIONAL AND FINANCIAL STANDPOINT. AFTER CONSULT-
ING OTHER PRODUCERS ABOUT TREATMENT OF PLATING
WASTES, AND ENGAGING A CONSULTANT, THE FOLLOW-
ING MODIFICATIONS WERE DEVELOPED : (1) FILTER SEP-
TUMS OF DACRON WERE CHANGED TO STAINLESS STEEL
MESH; (2) ASBESTOS FIBRES WERE USED AS PRE-COAT
BECAUSE OF EASE OF MAINTENANCE; (3) FLOW WAS
REGULATED FROM 4-50 GPM; (4) A STAND-BY SEDIMENTA-
TION TANK WAS CONSTRUCTED TO ALLOW AS MUCH AS
60% OF FLOW TO SETTLE BY GRAVITY AND BY-PASS THE
FILTER; (5) POLYELECTROLYTE FLOCCULANT AID WAS
ADDED TO FACILITATE SETTLING. COSTS FOR THIS
SYSTEM ARE ESTIMATED AT J77/WEEK, WHICH, BASED ON
A 300,000 GALLON FLOW, IS $. 23/1000 GALLON OF EF-
FLUENT WITH A DRY SLUDGE PRODUCTION OF 1 TON OF
SOLIDS. FUTURE WORK IS TO BE DIRECTED TOWARD EN-
LARGING THE SETTLING TANK FOR INCREASED DETEN-
TION TIME, AND INCREASED SLUDGE HOLDING FACILITIES
ARE ALSO PLANNED. (W71-08012).
00556. CHRYSLER CANADA LTD. INDUSTRIAL WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT, WINDSOR, ONTARIO.
OSMUN, D.O.
ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE, 17TH,
NIAGARA FALLS, ONTARIO, P 194-213, JUNE 7-10,
1970.
EXPANSION OF THE CHRYSLER CANADA LTD., WINDSOR,
ONTARIO PLANT NECESSITATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
WASTE WATER TREATMENT FACILITY. THE PRELIMINARY
STUDIES ON THE PROBLEM WERE CONDUCTED BY A CON-
SULTING ENGINEERING FIRM. THE PLANT WAS DESIGNED
AND BUILT AT A TOTAL COST OK $3,140,000, AND CLOSE
SUPERVISION OF DETAIL WAS PROVIDED BY CHRYSLER
CANADA LTD IN AN EFFORT TO KEEP COSTS DOWN
WITHOUT SACRIFICING PLANT EFFICIENCY OR CAPACITY.
A THREE STAGE SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED TO TREATEF-
FLUENTS CONTAINING WELDING COOLANTS, ACID WASH-
WATER, PHOSPHATE DIP, CAUSTIC DIP, ANT1-FREEZE,
GASOLINE, EMULSIFIED CLEANERS, PAINTS, FREE AND
SOLUBLE OILS, AND HEAVY SUSPENDED SOLIDS. STAGE
ONE CONSISTS OF 4 BATCH CLARIFIER TANKS UTILIZING
SULFURIC ACID TO BREAK OUT THE OIL. THE RESULTANT
SOLIDS ARE THEN SETTLED, FILTERED AND TRUCKED TO
A MUNICIPAL LANDFILL. STAGE TWO INVOLVES REMOVAL
OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS BY CHEMICAL REACTION AND AIR
FLOTATION. THE FLOATED FLOC IS REMOVED BY
SKIMMING, CONCENTRATED, AND INCINERATED. STAGE
THREE IS A SOLIDS CONTACT CLARIFIER EMPLOYING
ALUM AND COAGULATE AID TO FORM A SLUDGE, AND
LIME OR CAUSTIC SODA TO CONTROL PH. PLANT CAPACI-
TY IS RATED AT 2.200,000 GALLONS ON A 16 HOUR DAY
WHICH CAN BE INCREASED TO 3.000,000 GALLONS BY
RUNNING 24 HOURS/DAY ALL SLUDGE WASTE MATERIALS
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF GRIT AND HEAVY SOLIDS ARE
INCINERATED. CHEMICAL COST AVERAGES 15 CENTS TO
30 CENTS/1000 GALLONS. SAMPLING ON INFLUENT AND
EFFLUENT IS AUTOMATIC, AND ALL SAMPLES ARE
ANALYZED FOR: (I) SS; (2) OILS, (3) PH, (4) SETTLING
RATE, (51 ALKALINITY; (6) TEMPERATURE, (7) OTHER
CHEMICALS IF SUSPECTED. WATER WHICH DOES NOT
MEET EFFLUENT REQUIREMENTS IS STORED AND
TREATED AGAIN. (W7 I-OKO'13).
00557. OPERATIONAL GROWING PAINS OF AN IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT.
COX, H.G.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, I7TH, NIAGARA FALLS, ONTARIO, P
214-222, JUNE 7-10, 1970.
THE RCA LTD. PLANT AT MIDLAND, ONTARIO, IS SITU-
ATED IN A HIGHLY SCENIC RECREATIONAL AREA WHERE
POLLUTION CONTROL OF BOTH AIR AND WATER IS ESSEN-
TIAL. THE PLANT PRODUCES ONLY COLOR TELEVISION
PICTURE TUBES. EFFLUENTS FROM THE PLANT CONTAIN
MOSTLY ACID AND ALKALI WASH AND RINSE WATERS.
THE SEWERS ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO CATEGORIES: (1)
SANITARY SEWERS CONNECTED TO THE TOWN OF
MIDLAND SEWERAGE SYSTEM; (2) CLEAR WATER DRAINS
FOR ROOF DRAINS AND UNTREATED COOLING WATERS;
(3) CAUSTIC DRAINS; AND (4) SARAN-L1NED STEEL PIPE
ACID DRAINS. THE TREATMENT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
HOLDING TANKS, CHROME REDUCTION TANKS,
NEUTRALIZATION TANKS, THREE DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
PRESSURE FILTERS, AND STORAGE LAGOONS. THE
PROBLEMS INVOLVED WITH THE START UP, AND THE CON-
TINUED OPERATION OF THE PLANT ARE DISCUSSED
ALONG WITH THE REMEDIAL ACTION TAKEN. PROBLEMS
RANGED FROM THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH OVERFLOW
CAUSED BY UNDERSIZED LINES TO THOSE STEMMING
FROM LAUNDRY SHRINKING OF DACRON FILTER BAGS. 50
MILLION U. S. GALLONS WERE TREATED IN 1969 AT A
TOTAL COST INCLUDING DEPRECIATION AND OVERHEAD
OF ABOUT $1.40 PER THOUSAND GALLONS. OPERATIONAL
IMPROVEMENTS AND INCREASED MAIN PLANT LOAD ARE
EXPECTED TO REDUCE THE COST TO SOMEWHERE
AROUND $1.00/1000 GALLONS IN THE NEAR FUTURE. (W7I-
08014).
00558. TECHNIQUES OF DEEP WELL DISPOSAL - A
SAFE AND EFFICIENT METHOD OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
STEWART, R.S.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 15TH, P 37-43, JUNE 9-12, 1968.
THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
SYSTEM ARE: A SUBSURFACE HORIZON, PREFERABLY OF
SANDSTONE FILLED WITH SALT WATER, AND LOCATED AT
A SUFFICIENT DEPTH AND SUITABLE GEOLOGICAL
SEQUENCE SO THERE MIGHT BE NO CONTAMINATION OF
ANY WATER SOURCES THE PRIMARY DISADVANTAGE OR
DANGER OF THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL IS THE POLLUTION
OF GROUNDWATER WHICH COULD BE LIMITED THROUGH
ORIGINAL PROGRAM DESIGN. THE TECHNIQUES OF
DRILLING A DEEP WELL DISPOSAL SYSTEM AND
EQUIPPING IT IN A SATISFACTORY MANNER ARE DERIVED
FROM THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY BUT WITH THE PRIMA-
RY CONCERN THAT THIS WELL SHOULD BE FREE OF ANY
POSSIBLE DEFECTS THAT COULD ALLOW CONTAMINATION
OF POTABLE WATER OR MINERAL SOURCES. THIS COULD
BE ACHIEVED BY AN ELABORATE CONTROL OVER THE
DRILLING, CASING AND CEMENTING PROGRAM. A SCHE-
MATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING ALL THESE FACTORS IS GIVEN.
IN GENERAL THE COST OF THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL IS
ABOUT ONE THIRD OF ANY OTHER METHOD OF
NEUTRALIZATION. (W71-08015).
117
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00559. INCINERATION
WASTES.
OF PROCESS INDUSTRY
LOMBARD, W.K.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
TERENCE, 15TH, P 43-60, JUNE 9-12, 1968.
COMBUSTION, OR INCINERATION, IS ONE OF THE EFFEC-
TIVE METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
ANALYSIS OF THE WASTES INVOLVED COULD DETERMINE
THE POSSIBILITY OF THIS METHOD. INCINERATION EQUIP-
MENT SHOULD HAVE AIR FOR OXYGEN AND TEMPERA-
TURE, TURBULENCE AND TIME FOR GOOD COMBUSTION.
THE TYPES OF WASTES THAT COULD BE HANDLED BY
THIS METHOD ARE: (1) RICH LIQUIDS, (2) WEAK LIQUIDS,
(3) HALOGENATED LIQUIDS, (4) FUMES AND HIGH HEAT-
ING, VOLUME BULK MATERIALS. THESE WASTES ALONG
WITH THE SUITABLE INCINERATOR ARE DISCUSSED IN
DETAIL INCLUDING COST. AN EXAMPLE OF THE COST
RANGE FOR A RICH LIQUIDS INCINERATOR OF A 500 LB/HR
BURNING CAPACITY IS $10-15,000 WHILE THE COST OF A
2000 LB/HR WEAK LIQUIDS INCINERATOR IS $35-40,000 AND
WOULD REQUIRE 8 MILLION BTU/HR OF AUXILIARY FUEL.
HEAT RECOVERY FROM THESE INCINERATORS IS RECOM-
MENDED ONLY IF THE SAVINGS OR BY PRODUCTS
CREATED WILL PAY FOR THE ADDITIONAL INITIAL COST
IN NO MORE THAN ONE YEAR. AN EXAMPLE CASE OF A
CENTRAL DISPOSAL FACILITY WHICH IS BEING CON-
STRUCTED ON THE ST. CLA1R RIVER IS REVIEWED. (W71-
08016).
00560. SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT IN A LARGE
INDUSTRIAL PLANT.
LIVINGSTONE, D.D.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, I5TI-I, P 146-156, JUNE 9-12, 1968.
FOR ACCURATE DESIGN OF NEW POLLUTION CONTROL
FACILITIES, AND MORE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF
THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE OF THE TREATMENT FACILI-
TIES, A SURVEY SCHEME WAS DEVELOPED IN 1967 TO
MEASURE ALL IMPORTANT DISCHARGES AND IDENTIFY
THE SOURCES OF THESE STREAMS. THE ALLOWABLE
ERROR WAS UM. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT AND THE
TREATMENT FACILITIES WITH A PLAN LAYOUT IS GIVEN.
A RECOMMENDED EIGHT POINT SURVEY PLAN IS OUT-
LINED. THE MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT USED IN THIS
SURVEY WAS THE PORTABLE TYPE, AT A COST LESS THAN
$500. THE DOLL FLOW TUBE, THE CURRENT METER, THE
PILOT TUBE, BL'CKEI AND STOP WATCH (BUCKET WAS
USED FOR SETTLING BASIN) AND THE SALT DILUTION
METHODS GAVE THE REQUIRED RESULTS WITHIN THE AL-
LOWABLE ERROR AND AT A LOW COST. (W7 1-08020).
00561. A PRELIMINARY 'LEAST COST' STUDY OF FU-
TURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
MOENCH, A.F.; VISOCKY, A.P
STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRA-
TION AND EDUCATION, SPRINGFIFELD, CIRCU-
LAR 102, 1971. 19 P
AN ESTIMATE WAS MADE OF THE AVERAGE COST OF
PRODUCING GROUNDWATER IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS
AND TO TREAT IT IO MAKE IT COMPARABLE IN QUALITY
WITH TREATED LAKE MICHIGAN WAFER. A DIGITAL SIMU-
LATION MODEL WAS USED. THE COST OF RAW AND
TREATED GROUNDWATER PRODUCED IN QUANTITIES SUF-
FICIENT, IN MOST CASES, TO MEET THE PROJECTED DE-
MAND TO 2020 WAS ESTIMATED FOR EACH TOWNSHIP IN
THE SIX-COUNTY AREA. THREE SOURCES OF GROUND-
WATER WERE CONSIDERED: THE SHALLOW SAND AND
GRAVEL AQUIFERS, THE SHALLOW DOLOMITE AQUIFERS,
AND THE DEEP SANDSTONE AQUIFERS. UNIT COSTS OF
WELLS, PUMPS, AMD REHABILITATION WERE OBTAINED
FOR EACH AQUIFER IN EACH TOWNSHIP. THESE INCLUDED
BOTH AMORTIZED CAPITAL COSTS AND OPERA! ION-MAIN-
TENANCE-REPAIR COSTS (IN 1970 DOLLARS). THE COSTS
OF STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION TO CONSUMERS WERE
NOT CONSIDERED. RESULTS SHOWED TAHT RAW WATER
VARIED IN COST FROM AS LITTLE AS 2 CENTS PER 1000
GALLONS TO AS MUCH AS 147 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS
DEPENDING UPON THE DEPTH TO THE DEEP SANDSTONE
WATER. THE UNIT COST OF TREATED WATER VARIED
FROM 22 TO 53 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS, THE LOWER
COSTS APPLYING TO THE LARGEST USERS BECAUSE OF
THE ECONOMY OF SCALE IN TREATMENT. ALSO BECAUSE
OF THIS ECONOMY OF SCALE, THE COST OF TREATED
WATER TENDED TO DECREASE WITH TIME; THE COST OF
RAW WATER INCREASED WITH TIME. FOURTEEN
TOWNSHIPS WERE FOUND TO BE DEFICIENT IN GROUND-
WATER IN 2020. BY A TOTAL OF 147 MILLION GALLONS
PER DAY, AND WILL HAVE TO FIND ALTERNATIVE
SOURCES. (W7I-08123).
00562. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
GIBBS, J.P.
ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND
EDUCATION, SPRINGFIELD, CIRCULAR 104, 1971.
23 P.
COST INFORMATION IS GIVEN FOR PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL
GROUNDWATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN ILLINOIS. GRAPHS
CAN BE USED TO MAKE REASONABLY ACCURATE COST
PREDICTIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES AND DEPTHS OF
WATER SUPPLY WELLS. A TYPICAL DOMESTIC WELL IN IL-
LINOIS MAY BE EXPECTED TO COST ABOUT $575. COST
DATA FOR PUMPING SYSTEMS EQUIPPED WITH 10-GPM.
SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS SHOW THAT THE AVERAGE COST OF
THESE SYSTEMS IS ABOUT $585. THE COSTS OF TREATING
WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE ALSO ARE SUMMARIZED. TWO
GRAPHS ILLUSTRATE THE MONTHLY COSTS OF SOFTENING
AND REMOVING [RON AT VARYING MONTHLY CONSUMP-
TION RATES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF HARDNESS-FORM-
ING MINERALS AND IRON. THE MONTHLY COST OF CON-
TINUOUS CHLOR1NATION IS CALCULATED. USE OF THE.
DATA PRESENTED MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO ESTIMATE THE
MONTHLY COSTS OF RAW AND TREATED WATER FROM A
DOMESTIC GROUNDWATER SUPPLY TWO MAPS SHOW THE
PROBABLE COSTS OF DOMESTIC RAW WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS FROM SAND AND GRAVEL WF.LLS AND BEDROCK
WELLS THROUGHOUT THE STATE. FOR A TYPICAL INSTAL-
LATION AND DOMESTIC USE RATE IN ILLINOIS, THE
MONTHLY COST OF RAW WATER IS ABOUT $11.00, SOF-
TENED WATER $15.40, SOFTENED TREATED FOR IRON
$22.00, AND SOFTENED WATER TREATED FOR IRON AND
CHLORINATED $25.00. SIMILAR CALCULATIONS FOR ANY
TYPE AND DEPTH OF WELL, WATER QUALITY, AND
TREATMENT CAN BE MADE FROM THE INFORMATION IN
THIS REPORT. THIS MATERIAL SHOULD PROVIDE
ADEQUATE INFORMATION FOR PLANNING PURPOSES AND
DECISION MAKING IN DEVELOPING A DESIRED DOMESTIC
SUPPLY. (W7I-08129).
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
BUTTS, T.A.; EVANS, R.L.
ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND
EDUCATION, SPRINGFIELD, CIRCULAR 99 1970
37 P
CONSTRUCTION COSTS ARE SUMMARIZED FOR 291 MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS BUILT IN ILLINOIS
BETWEEN 1957 AND 1968. MOST OF THE PLANTS WERE
118
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REFERENCE LIST
T IN
BUILT UNDER THE FEDERAL CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PRO-
GRAM (PUBLIC LAW 660). LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION
ANALYSIS WAS USED TO RELATE DESIGN POPULATION
EQUIVALENTS TO EITHER UNIT COSTS IN TERMS OF DOL-
LARS PER DESIGN EQUIVALENT OR TOTAL COSTS IN
TERMS OF DOLLARS. THE DATA WERE CATEGORIZED INTO
EIGHT CLASSIFICATIONS FOR NEW PLANTS AND TWO FOR
PLANT ADDITIONS, ALSO, REGRESSION EQUATIONS WERE
DEVELOPED FOR ESTIMATING LAGOON LAND COSTS,
PLANT OPERATING COSTS, AND FWPCA. CONSTRUCTION
COST INDEXES. USE OF INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THIS
CIRCULAR SHOULD PROVIDE REASONABLE ESTIMATES OF
THE INITIAL INVESTMENTS INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTING
AND EQUIPPING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN THE
STATE. SAMPLE COST ESTIMATES ARE GIVEN FOR EACH
TYPE OF PLANT ANALYZED. THESE ESTIMATES ARE NOT
ALTERNATIVES TO DETAILED ENGINEERING COST
ANALYSES; RATHER THEY ARE INTENDED TO PERMIT
REASONABLE ESTIMATES WITH A MINIMUM OF EFFORT
FOR COMPARATIVE PURPOSES. COST FIGURES AND DESIGN
CRITERIA WERE SUPPLIED BY CONSULTING ENGINEERS,
THE ILLINOIS SANITARY WATER BOARD, AND THE GREAT
LAKES REGIONAL OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION. APPROXIMATELY 325
PROJECTS WERE REVIEWED, AND THE DATA FOR 291
WERE CONSIDERED ADEQUATE FOR STATISTICAL ANALY-
SIS. (W71-08130).
00564. COST OF DEHYDRATING POULTRY MANURE.
POULTRY DIGEST, P 143. MAE 1971.
CONVENTIONAL DEHYDRATING EQUIPMENT IS AVAILA-
BLE FOR DRYING POULTRY MANURE. HOWEVER, THE
COST OF THE PROCESSED MANURE IS LIKELY TO EXCEED
$20 PER TON. A TWO-STAGE DRYING PROCESS HAS BEEN
DEVELOPED THAT BRINGS THE COST DOWN TO $7.60 PER
TON FOR A PRODUCT WITH 10% MOISTURE. THE FINAL
PRODUCT IS A FINE POWDER, FREE OF OFFENSIVE ODORS,
HAS SHELF LIFE AND IT HAS THE QUALITIES REQUIRED
FOR SALE AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER. IT CONTAINS 4 TO
5% NITROGEN, 3% PHOSPHORIC ACID, AND 2.5% POTASH.
(W71-082II).
00565. DISTILLATION OF WASTE WATERS: A WATER
RESOURCE FOR ARID REGIONS.
CYWIN, A.; KEY, G.; DBA, S.; BERNARD, H.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN
ARID REGIONS, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RESEARCH SERIES, 13030 DYY, 6/69, OCT 1970, P
85-94.
THE AUTHORS PROPOSE DISTILLATION OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LOW MINERAL
CONTENT WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES, PARTICU-
LARLY FOR THOSE INDUSTRIES WHICH REQUIRE SUCH
WATER IN LARGE QUANTITIES. DISTILLATION HAS PREVI-
OUSLY BEEN LIMITED !N ARID REGIONS TO APPLICATIONS
USING SALINE WATERS AS A FEEDWATER SUPPLY. THE
USE OF WASTE WATER MAY VERY POSSIBLY RESUL.
LESS COSTLY DISTILLED WATER. A PART OF THE WASTE
WATER RENOVATION COSTS CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO POL-
LUTION CONTROL. DILUTION OF TERTIARY-TREATED EF-
FLUENTS WITH A LOWER MINERAL CONTENT MUNICIPAL
WATER CAN ALSO PRODUCE A PRODUCT WATER OF AC-
CEPTABLE MINERAL CONTENT. THE LOWER CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF SULFATE AND TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN
WASTE WATER EFFLUENTS ARE ALSO ADVANTAGEOUS.
TOTAL TREATMENT COSTS FOR THE PROCESSES IN-
VOLVED ARE GIVEN. (W71-08227).
00566. STORM SEWER SYSTEMS.
POERTNER, H.G.
PUBLIC FACILITY NEEDS, WASHINGTON DC 1966
P 152-174.
A DESCRIPTION IS PRESENTED OF THE NATURE AND COM-
POSITION OF STORM SEWER SYSTEMS, THEIR FUNCTIONS,
AND THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED. THE
SERVICES RENDERED BY SUCH SYSTEMS, PARTICULARLY
AVGJDANCE OF ECONOMIC LOSS FROM FLOODING AND IN-
ADEQUATE RUNOFF, ARE CSTED, ALONG WITH DANGERS
AND DAMAGES THAT CAN EXIST. BOTH QUANTITATIVE
•\ND QUALITATIVE STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE AND
DESIGN ARE DISCUSSED. A BRIEF HISTORY OF STORM
SEWERS IS INCORPORATED INTO A DISCUSSION OF EXIST-
ING CAPITAL PLANT OF THE SEWERS, AND CAPITAL IN-
VESTMENT IN URBAN DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENTS IS
PRESENTED BY BOTH REGIONAL AND STATE BREAK-
DOWNS, INDICATING BOTH SEWER SYSTEM AGE AND
OWNERSHIPS. COSTS, CHARGES, AND BENEFITS OF THE
SEWER SYSTEM PRESENT THE ECONOMIC BASIS FOR THE
SYSTEMS, AND TRENDS OF CAPITAL OUTLAY ARE
PRESENTED ACCORDING TO EXPENDITURES AND SOURCES
OF FINANCING. ESTIMATED CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
PRESENT A PROJECTION FOR NEEDS AND PROSPECTIVE
CAPITAL OUTLAYS IN THE STORM SEWER SYSTEMS AND
INDICATE THE MAJOR SOURCES TO BE TAPPED FOR SUCH
FINANCING. (W71-08285).
00567. SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
ROWAN, P.
PUBLIC FACILITY NEEDS, WASHINGTON, DC, 1966,
P 137-151.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY IS PRESENTED OF SANITARY
SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS AS THE MEANS OF REMOV-
ING WASTES. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SUCH SYSTEMS IS PRESENTED, WHICH INCORPORATES A
DISCUSSION OF POLLUTION IN ADDITION TO PRESENTING
VARIOUS MEANS OF WASTE REMOVAL. THE PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS AND THE STANDARDS OF PER-
FORMANCE OF THE SEWER SYSTEMS ARE PRECISELY
DESCRIBED, AND THE EXISTING CAPITAL PLANT FOR SUCH
FACILITIES IS DISCUSSED. PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS
GIVEN TO GROWTH, DISTRIBUTION, AND OWNERSHIP PAT-
TERNS. CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
COSTS ARE JUXTAPOSED WITH USER CHARGES, AND
TRENDS IN CAPITAL OUTLAY ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO AN-
NUAL OUTLAYS AND SOURCES OF FINANCING. NEEDS AND
PROSPECTIVE CAPITAL OUTLAYS FOR THE FUTURE ARE
PRESENTED, AND ESTIMATED CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
ARE SUGGESTED, ALONG WITH POTENTIAL MEANS OF
FINANCING. THE ROLE OF FEDERAL ASSISTANCE IN THE
FUTURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEWER COL-
LECTION SYSTEMS IS ALSO DEALT WITH IN SOME DETAIL.
(W71-08286).
00568. COOLING TOWERS FOR LARGE STEAM-ELEC-
TRIC GENERATING UNITS.
WOODSON, R.D.
ELECTRIC POWER AND THERMAL DISCHARGES;
THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PRODUC-
TION OF ELECTRIC POWER, GORDON AND
BREACH, NEW YORK, P 351-380, 1971.
ALL FEASIBLE TYPES OF COOLING TOWERS HAVE BEEN
CONSIDERED AND THE COST OF EACH TYPE IS ILLUS-
TRATED FOR A TYPICAL 800 MEGAWATT UNIT. MECHANI-
CAL DRAFT WET TOWERS ARE THE MOST ECONOMICAL
TYPE OF COOLING TOWERS FOR NEARLY ALL APPLICA-
TIONS ALTHOUGH APPARENTLY FEASIBLE, DRY TYPE
COOLING TOWERS ARE NOT ECONOMICALLY COMPETI-
119
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
T1VE DUE TO HIGH INVESTMENT COSTS AND LOWER
STEAM CYCLE EFFICIENCY DUE TO HIGH CONDENSER
PRESSURES. SOME MAY BE INSTALLED UNDER SPECIAL
CIRCUMSTANCES. SOPHISTICATED DESIGN AND OPTIMIZA-
TION OF BOTH COOLING TOWER AND COOLING SYSTEMS
ARE BEING DONE AND WILL CONTINUE TO DEVELOP, IN-
CLUDING DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL MANAGEMENT OF
COOLING TOWER OPERATION. (W71-08314).
00569. COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC ANB
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED
SLUDGE.
GRAHAM, J.L.; FILBERT, J.W.
PROCEEDINGS, FIRST NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES, APRIL 6, 7, 8, 1970,
PORTLAND, OREGON, WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL RESEARCH SERIES NO 12060-04/70, P 91-
117,
CONVENTIONAL APPROACHES TO TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN HAVE BEEN FOUND INADEQUATE TO PROVIDE
THE NECESSARY DEGREE OF TREATMENT, THE OPERA-
TIONAL FLEXIBILITY, AND THE SYSTEM STABILITY
REQUIRED. THE NEED FOR A NEW SYSTEM LED TO THE IN-
VESTIGATION OF A COMPLETELY AEROBIC SCHEME OF
TREATMENT. SUCH A PLANT WAS CONSTRUCTED TO HAN-
DLE WIDELY VARIABLE COMBINED MUNICIPAL AND IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES, MAINLY CANNERY WASTES. AVERAGE
FLOW THROUGH THE PLANT WAS 2 MOD, WITH A BODS
LOADING OF 7,080 LB/DAY DURING THE CANNING SEASON,
AND 2,080 LB/DAY DURING THE OFF SEASON. VARIOUS
ML/L LEVELS WERE EXPERIMENTED WITH, RANGING
FROM 700 MG/L TO 3000 MG/L IN THE AERATION TANK.
ALKALINITY IN THE INFLUENT FLOW WAS FOUND TO BE
SUFFICIENT TO BUFFER THE SYSTEM. 95% OF THE TIME,
EFFLUENT BODS WAS 7 MG/L OR LESS. TOTAL CONSTRUC-
TION COST OF THE PLANT, CONSISTING OF AERATION
BASINS, FINAL CLARIFIER, AEROBIC DIGESTION,
CHLOR1NATION, AND SLUDGE LAGOONS, WAS $506,300, AS
COMPARED TO $950,000 FOR A CONVENTIONAL PLANT, OR
A SAVINGS OF 47%. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
COSTS WERE FOUND TO BE $20/1,000,000 GAL. TREATED,
OR A 70% SAVINGS OVER CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT.
THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL CONCLUSIONS WERE
DRAWN FROM THE INITIAL DATA: (1) ENOUGH PROCESS
FLEXIBILITY IS PROVIDED TO HANDLE SHOCK ORGANIC
LOADS AND ABRUPT LOADING CHANGES; (2) NO SPECIAL
OPERATING PROBLEMS WERE CAUSED IN THIS INSTANCE
BY ELIMINATION OF PRIMARY CLARIFICATION AND GRIT
REMOVAL; (3) DESPITE LARGE FLOW AND ORGANIC
LOADING FLUCTUATIONS, EFFLUENT QUALITY REMAINED
CONSISTENTLY GOOD; (4) AEROBIC DIGESTION PROVIDED
ADEQUATE STABILIZATION FOR THIS COMBINATION OF
SLUDGES AT A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION IN COST OVER
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT.
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00573. WASTE WATER CONTROL FACILITIES IN A
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT.
RUCKER, J.E.; OEBEN, R.W.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, 66(11), 63-
66, 1970.
THE UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION'S PETROCHEMICAL
PLANT ADDITION AT PONCE, PUERTO RICO, IS PLANNED
TO INCLUDE INSTALLATION OF A PRIMARY AND SECON-
DARY BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANT FOR WASTE
WATER FROM BOTH EXISTING AND NEW FACILITIES. NEW
FACILITIES CONTAIN EQUIPMENT FOR RECYCLE AND
PRODUCT RECOVERY. ENGINEERING EFFORTS TO
FURTHER MINIMIZE WASTE EFFLUENTS CONTINUE
THROUGH ALL PHASES OF DESIGN FOR EACH PRODUC-
TION UNIT AND OPERATION OF THE NEW UNITS. AQUEOUS
POLLUTION CONTROL REPRESENTS A TOTAL IVNESTMENT
OF $12.8 MILLION. OPERATING POLLUTION CONTROL PER-
SONNEL, TRAINING, AND DESIGN CRITERIA ARE TABU-
LATED. METHODS USED FOR DETERMINING WASTE LOADS
AND PROCESS DESIGN OF THE TERMINAL FACILITIES, IN-
CLUDING INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
PROCEDURES, ARE DESCRIBED. DETERMINATION OF
TOTAL WASTE WATER LOAD WAS BASED ON FLOW MEA-
SUREMENT AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF WASTE
STREAMS FROM THE EXISTING PLANT PLUS ESTIMATES OF
AQUEOUS WASTE LOADS FROM NEW UNITS. WASTE
WATER LOAD REMOVAL DESIGN WAS PLANNED TO AVOID
TAKING WASTE STREAMS INTO THE TERMINAL TREAT-
MENT PLANT WITHOUT FIRST INVESTIGATING KNOWN AL-
TERNATIVE DISPOSAL METHODS. THE SEWER SYSTEM IS
DESIGNED TO SEGREGATE STORM OR FIRE WATER FROM
PROCESS WASTE WATER STREAMS. MONITORING IS PRO-
VIDED AT THE TREATMENT FACILITIES BY AN OPERATOR
ON DUTY AROUND-THE-CLOCK. (W71-08676).
00575. WATER RECLAMATION AND ALGAE HAR-
VESTING.
MCGARRY, M.G.; TONGKASAME, C.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 43(5), 824-835, 1971.
APPLICATION OF HIGH RATE OXIDATION PONDS EQUIPPED
WITH ALGAE HARVESTING MAY HELP TO AUGMENT THE
DWINDLING WATER SUPPLIES OF LARGE METROPOLITAN
AREAS BY RECLAIMING WASTE WATER FOR VARIED USES,
WHILE AT THE SAME TIME PRODUCING A USABLE ALGAL
FEED SUPPLEMENT. CONDITIONS FOR OPTIMAL OPERA-
TION INCLUDE: (1) 200 LB BOD/ACRE/DAY; (2) 17.7 IN.
DEPTH; AND (3) 1 DAY DETENTION TIME. PONDS
OPERATED IN THIS MANNER PROVIDE AN AVERAGE EF-
FLUENT BOD (AFTER ALGAE REMOVAL) OF LESS THAN 10
MG/L, AND ONE ACRE OF POND CAN PRODUCE 100,000 LB
PER YEAR OF ALGAE CONTAINING 60% PROTEIN. CHEMI-
CAL COAGULATION AND PRECIPITATION CHEMICALS STU-
DIED INCLUDED LIME, ALUM, AND 50 DIFFERENT
POLYELECTROLYTES. POLYCATIONS WERE FOUND TO BE
MOST ECONOMIC, BUT USAGE OF POLYELECTROLYTES AS
AIDS CONTRIBUTED A GREATER CHEMICAL COST THAN
USAGE OF ALUM ALONE AT PH 6.5. THE DOWNFLOW
SOLIDS CONTACT SYSTEM WAS EXAMINED FOR REMOVAL
OF THE ALGAE. EITHER BY THE SPLIT FLOW, DISSOLVED
AIR, OR SUPERSATURATED OXYGEN PRINCIPLES, THE
ALGAL PASTE WAS SUN DRIED ON UNDRAINED FLAT
PLATES, TO LESS THAN 10% MOISTURE. AT SOLAR ENERGY
LEVELS OF 480 G CAL/SQ CM/DAY, 2800 LBS/DAY OF DRIED
ALGAE COULD BE PROCESSED ON ONE ACRE. THE
RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATIONS WERE INCORPORATED
INTO AN URBAN MODEL WHICH INCLUDES RECYCLING OF
CLARIFIED POND EFFLUENT FOR HOUSEHOLD CLEANING
PURPOSES. (W71-08951).
00574. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL
MEASURES.
MICHALSON, E.L.
SPEECH AT ANNUAL MEETING OF SOIL CONSER-
VATION SOCIETY OF AMERAICA, BOISE, IDAHO,
NOV 21-22, 1969. 12 P.
WHEN THE WASTE LOAD OF A STREAM IS TOO GREAT FOR
THE STREAM TO ASSIMILATE, THERE ARE FOUR ALTERNA-
TIVE METHODS AVAILABLE TO CONTROL WATER POLLU-
TION: (A) LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION, (B) PREVENTION,
(C) TREATMENT, (D) RECYCLING OF EFFLUENTS. IN AN
ECONOMIC SENSE THERE ARE TWO CHARACTERISTAICS
OF WATER QUALITY THAT CREATE PROBLEMS: ( 1) VARIA-
BILITY OF THE WATER SUPPLIES, (2) DIFFERENTIATION OF
DEMAND FOR WATER OF VARIOUS QUALITIES ACCORDING
TO USES. ANOTHER PROBLEM IS THAT BENEFITS ARE DIF-
FICULT TO IDENTIFY AND ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO QUAN-
TIFY. FOR THESE REASONS THE MAJOR ECONOMIC IN-
TERESTS REVOLVE AROUND THE COSTS OF CONTROL
MEASURES. COSTS TO SOCIETY AND THE INDUSTRIAL POL-
LUTER NEED TO BE DETERMINED. SOME FORM OF
GOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION ON WATER QUALITY AT
THE FEDERAL LEVEL IS NECESSARY TO INSURE STAN-
DARDS. WHEN THE PROBLEM OF WATER QUALITY CON-
TROL IS ADEQUATELY DEFINED, THEN ENGINEERS,
ECONOMISTS AND OTHER RESEARCH WORKERS CAN FOR-
MULATE OPTIMAL PLANS. (W7 1-08807).
00576. NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT BUDGET IN THE
BAY OF QIUNTE, LAKE ONTARIO.
JOHNSON, M.G.; OWEN, G.E.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 43(5), 836-853, 1971.
ALGAE BLOOMS IN THE BAY OF QUINTE, LAKE ONTARIO,
HAVE BEEN INCREASING IN SEVERITY AND LENGTH OVER
THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS. EXAMINATION OF AQUATIC
LIFE IN THE BAY REVEALED AN OVERWHELMING
PREDOMINANCE OF ORGANISMS WHICH READILY FUNC-
TION IN ORGANICALLY RICH WATERS. INPUT TO THE BAY
WAS MONITORED IN 1968. DURING THAT TIME, THE BAY
RECEIVED 9.7 MILLION LBS OF NITROGEN AND 731,000 LBS
OF PHOSPHATES FROM ALL SOURCES. APPROXIMATELY
90% OF THE ENTERING NITROGEN ENTERED VIA THE
RIVERS WHICH EMPTY INTO THE BAY, AND THESE SAME
RIVERS ACCOUNTED FOR 60% OF THE PHOSPHORUS INPUT.
THE REMAINING 10% OF THE NITROGEN AND 40% OF THE
PHOSPHORUS WERE CONTRIBUTED FROM MUNICIPAL-IN-
DUSTRIAL SOURCES. HOWEVER, MUNICIPAL-INDUSTRIAL
FLOWS ARE HIGH STRENGTH LOW VOLUME EFFLUENTS
WHICH DISPLACE ONLY A SMALL VOLUME OF WATER
FROM THE LAKE. ON THE OTHER HAND, RIVER FLOWS
ARE EXTREMELY LOW STRENGTH HIGH VOLUME ADDI-
TIONS TO THE BAY WHICH DISPLACE LARGE VOLUMES OF
WATER. THEREFORE, IT WAS ESSENTIAL TO CONSIDER
THE NET ADDITIONS OF P AND N RATHER THAN THE
TOTAL ADDITIONS, THE NET ADDITION BEING THE
AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT CONTAINED IN AN INPUT %VHICH IS
IN EXCESS OF THE AMOUNT OF NUTRIENTS CONTAINED IN
THE VOLUME OF WATER DISPLACED AT THE OUTLET. ON
THIS BASIS, 50% OF THE NET NITROGEN AND 85% OF THE
NET PHOSPHORUS WERE CONTRIBUTED BY MUNICIPAL-IN-
DUSTRIAL SOURCES. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM HIGH
CONCENTRATION, LOW VOLUME INPUTS, AT A COST OF
$200,000 PER YEAR WAS RECOMMENDED. (W71-08953).
121
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00577. SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 16TH, JUNE 1969, NIAGARA FALLS,
ONTARIO, P 6-17.
THE TWO MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN EFFLUENTS FROM
PHOSPHATE-CONTAINING FERTILIZER PLANTS ARE
FLUORIDES AND GYPSUM. THE FLUORIDES ARE PRESENT
AS 3 TO 4% BY WEIGHT OF THE PHOSPHATE ROCKS WHICH
ARE USED TO PRODUCE PHOSPHATES. THE GYPSUM IS
PRODUCED IN ACID SPLITTING OF THE PHOSPHATE FROM
THE PHOSPHATE ROCK AND IS COLLECTED AS FILTER
CAKE. GYPSUM IS FORMED AT A RATE OF 1.5 TO 1.6 TONS
PER TON OF ROCK DIGESTED, OR 4.6 TO 5.2 TONS PER TON
OF P SUB 2 O SUB 5 PRODUCED. TOTAL EFFLUENT FLOW
AVERAGES 3500 IGPM, AND CONTAINS 27 TPD P SUB 2 O
SUB 5, 68.7 TPD FLUORIDES, AND 2400 TPD GYPSUM. THIS
EFFLUENT IS TREATED WITH LIME TO NEUTRALIZE THE P
SUB 2 O SUB 5 AND FLURORIDES, SETTLED TO REMOVE
THE PRECIPITATED PHOSPHATES AND FLUORIDES ALONG
WITH THE BY-PRODUCT GYPSUM, AND DISCHARGED INTO
THE GRAND RIVER AFTER CLARIFICATION. RECURRING
PROBLEMS WITH OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE LED TO
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A $270,000 ADDITION TO RECYCLE
THE PLANT WATER. SIGNIFICANT OPERATION AND MAIN-
TENANCE SAVINGS ARE BEING REALIZED, AND EFFLUENT
FLOW HAS BEEN REDUCED FROM 30OO TO 4OOO IGPM TO
APPROXIMATELY 200 IGPM. (W71-08961).
00578. TREATMENT OF BRASS MILL EFFLUENTS AT
ANACONDA TORONTO PLANT.
MCGRATH, J.J.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 16TH, JUNE 1969, NIAGARA FALLS ON-
TARIO, P 82-89.
A WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT, CONSISTING OF A
COLLECTION SUMP, AN EQUALIZATION BASIN, IRON CON-
TACT LAUNDERS, COPPER SETTLING PITS, A CLAR1F1ER, A
THICKENER TANK, AND A CONTROL BUILDING, WAS CON-
STRUCTED AT A COST OF $750,000 TO TREAT SPENT ACIDS
FROM A BRASS MILL. DUMPING VOLUME OF SPENT ACID
SOLUTIONS AVERAGES 3500 CU FT ANNUALLY, WHILE
1300 CU FT OF D1CHROMATE IS DUMPED PER WEEK.
COPPER RECOVERY IS PRACTICED IN THE IRON LAUNDERS
AND THE COPPER SETTLING TANKS. APPROXIMATELY 5
TONS OF SCRAP IRON TUBE ARE USED PER MONTH TO
FORM 5 TONS OF COPPER CEMENTATE FROM WHICH
COPPER METAL IS RECOVERED. SULFUR DIOXIDE IS
AVAILABLE TO ASSIST IN THE REDUCTION IN THE IRON
LAUNDERS, BUT BECAUSE OF THE USE OF SHORTER
LENGTHS OF IRON TUBE, AND GREATER TURBULENCE,
THE SULFUR DIOXIDE IS ONLY A SUPPLEMENTARY PRO-
TECTION. 22 TONS OF HYDRATED LIME ARE USED EACH
MONTH BOTH FOR PH CONTROL AND COAGULANT AID. 5
LBS 10 OZ. OF COAGULANT AID X 1633 ARE ALSO USED
DAILY TO REDUCE THE PINPOINT FLOC ESCAPING IN THE
EFFLUENT. TREATED EFFLUENT IS RE-USED AS COOLING
WATER IN THE PLANT. EFFORTS ARE CONTINUING IN THE
HOPE OF DISCOVERING NEW AND BETTER CHEMICALS
FOR COAGULATION AND NEUTRALIZATION DEVELOPING
IMPROVED RECOVERY TECHNIQUES, AND FINDING A MAR-
KET FOR 28 TONS PER MONTH OF FILTER CAKE SLUDGE.
(W71-08963).
00579. TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
SLATER, R.W.; GUILLAME, F.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 16TH, JUNE 1969, NIAGARA FALLS,
ONTARIO, P 124-140.
MANY REFERENCES CONTAIN DESIGN CRITERIA WHICH
ARE GEARED TO THE AVERAGE INDUSTRIAL WASTE OF A
PAPER MILL, OR A CHEMICAL PLANT, ETC. HOWEVER, NOT
ONLY DO THESE CRITERIA LACK VALIDITY, BUT THE
ANALYTICAL TESTS UPON WHICH THEY WERE BASED ARE
ALSO INVALID. SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND BODS ARE BOTH
OUTDATED PARAMETERS WHICH MUST BE REPLACED BY
PARTICLE SIZE CHARACTERIZATION AND CARBON
BALANCES RESPECTIVELY, BEFORE ANY PROGRESS CAN
BE MADE IN ACHIEVING TRUE OPTIMAL DESIGNS. THREE
CASE HISTORIES ARE PRESENTED, INCLUDING GRAPHS OF
BOTH THE VALUES EXPECTED BY CONVENTIONAL
DESIGN, AND THE VALUES OBTAINED BY USING EQUIP-
MENT WHICH SIMULATES THE ACTUAL COMPONENTS. IN
ADDITION, THE VARIABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
NECESSARILY LEADS TO A VARIABILITY OF THE WASTES
PRODUCED. CHANGES IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY MAY
CAUSE THE TYPE OF WASTE DISCHARGED TO LITERALLY
CHANGE OVERNIGHT. TREATABILITY STUDIES WILL SAFE-
LY PREDICT THE EFFECT OF SUCH CHANGES BEFORE
THEY ARE ALLOWED TO UPSET THE PLANT AND
JEOPARDIZE THE RECEIVING WATERS. IN THIS MANNER,
THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT UNIT OPERA-
TIONS CAN ALSO BE EVALUATED SO THAT MORE RA-
TIONAL DECISIONS AND DESIGNS WILL RESULT IN
CLEANER WATER AT LESS COST TO BOTH THE POPULACE
AND THE INDUSTRY. (W71-O8967).
00580. PRE-TREATMENT OF WASTES AT BARRIE
TANNING LIMITED, BARRIE, ONTARIO.
YATABE, M.
PROCEEDINGS, ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 16TH, JUNE 1969, NIAGARA FALLS,
ONTARIO, P 176-187.
THE TREATMENT PLANT OF THE CITY OF BARRIE EX-
PERIENCED PROBLEMS INCLUDING: (1) OPERATIONAL
PROBLEMS IN TREATMENT DUE TO EXTREMELY HIGH AND
VARIABLE BOD LOADS; (2) HIGH SUSPENDED SOLIDS
LOADS RESULTING IN SLUDGE HANDLING PROBLEMS; (3)
ODOR PROBLEMS; AND (4) EXCESSIVE MAINTENANCE OF
THE SEWER DOWNSTREAM OF THE TANNERY. A COM-
PREHENSIVE PROGRAM OF WATER CONSERVATION WAS
EMPLOYED AT THE TANNERY, RESULTING IN A 30%
REDUCTION OF THE WASTE FLOW. THE DAILY VOLUME OF
WASTE TO BE HANDLED STABILIZED AT 185,000 GALLONS.
THE PLANT WAS DESIGNED FOR PRIMARY TREATMENT
ONLY, INCLUDING SCREENING, FLOW EQUALIZATION, PRE-
AERAT1ON, SETTLING, SLUDGE REMOVAL AND STORAGE,
SCUM REMOVAL, FLOW METERING, TANK TRUCK
REMOVAL OF SCUM AND SLUDGE, AND DEWATERING.
LIMITS ESTABLISHED FOR THE EFFLUENT WERE: (1) 300
PPM BOD; (2) 350 PPM SUSPENDED SOLIDS; (3) 100 PPM
ETHER SOLUBLES; AND (4) PH RANGE OF 5.5 TO 9.5. FROM
THE LIMITED DATA AVAILABLE SO FAR, FOR BOD AND SS
THE RANGES ARE FROM 290 TO 600 PPM AND 300 TO 760
PPM RESPECTIVELY IN THE EFFLUENT. TOTAL COST OF
THIS INSTALLATION WAS $195,000, WITH FINANCING AR-
RANGED BY THE CITY. MUCH IMPROVEMENT IN THE CITY
TREATMENT PLANT HAS BEEN NOTED, WITH A REDUC-
TION IN SLUDGE HAULAGE FROM 15 TO 5 TRUCK LOADS
PER DAY. (W71-08969).
122
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REFERENCE LIST
00581. SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING FROM
WASTE WATER.
ROESLER, J F.; SMITH, R.; EILERS, R.G.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, 97(SA3),PROC PAPER 8182, P 269-286, 1971.
A COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT CAN BE USED FOR THE
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING AND
FILM PACKED COOLING TOWERS WAS DESCRIBED. THE
AMMONIA STRIPPING PORTION OF THE PROGRAM WAS EM-
BEDDED IN THE COOLING TOWER CIRCULATION IN ORDER
THAT THE VARIATION OF HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT WITH
WATER TEMPERATURE COULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.
THE LOGIC OF THE PROGRAM WAS ARRANGED FOR: (1)
DESIGN OF COOLING TOWERS; AND (2) FOR DESIGN OF
AMMONIA STRIPPING TOWERS WITH TEMPERATURE COR-
RECTION. TWO TOWER CONFIGURATIONS WERE INCLUDED
IN THE PROGRAM: (1) COUNTERCURRENT IN WHICH THE
LIQUID FLOWS DOWN AND THE AIR MOVES UPWARD; AND
(2) CROSSCURRENT IN WHICH THE LIQUID FLOWS DOWN
AND THE AIR MOVES HORIZONTALLY AT RIGHT ANGLES
TO THE FLOW OF THE LIQUID. REGRESSION EQUATIONS
RELATING THE HEIGHT OF A TRANSFER UNIT AND GAS
AND LIQUID FLOW RATES WERE DEVELOPED FROM PILOT
AND FULL SCALE PLANT DATA. DETAILED CAPITAL AND
OPERATING COST DATA WERE TAKEN FROM THE LITERA-
TURE. THE COMPUTED RESULTS INDICATED THAT FOR A
CROSSFLOW TOWER AN OPTIMUM GAS TO LIQUID RATIO
IS ABOUT 1.75, AND FOR COUNTERFLOW THE OPTIMUM IS
AT ABOUT 4. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE HEIGHT OF THE
TOWER, PERCENT REMOVAL COST, AND INFLUENT FLOW
WERE ALSO EXAMINED. IT WAS SHOWN THAT THE TOTAL
TREATMENT COST LEVELS OFF BETWEEN 7 MOD AND 10
MOD. (W71-08998).
00582. AUTOMATIC PLANNING OF THE LEAST-COST
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK.
RALLY, E.
WATER AND WATER ENGINEERING, 75(902), 148-
152, 1971.
WITH THE ADVENT OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS, THE
PLANNING OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS WAS
RADICALLY CHANGED BY BEING MADE AN AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER OPERATION AND BY PRODUCING THE MOST
ECONOMIC AS WtLl. AS THE MOST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION
TO THE PLANNER'S PROBLEM. TO ILLUSTRATE THIS
PLANNING METHOD THE USE OF AN ELECTRONIC COM-
PUTER WAS NEEDED AND WAS BASED ON A COMBINATION
OF 2 TECHNIQUES: (I) THE COMPUTATION OF THE
HYDRAULIC DATA OF THE NETWORK BY THE HARDY
CROSS METHOD; AND (2) FINDING THE OPTIMUM SOLU-
TION FOR A WATER SUPPLY NETWORK WITH THE AID OF
LINEAR PROGRAMMING. THE RESULTS WERE THE FOL-
LOWING: (I) THE SPECIAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS- THE
'NETWORK OPTIMIZER' - PRODUCED CHEAPLY AND
RAPIDLY THE BEST COST PLAN OF BOTH LOOPED AND
TREE-LIKE NETWORKS; (2) IN THE CASE OF A TREE-LIKE
NETWORK, THE OPTIMIZER SELECTED THE OPTIMAL (I. E.
THE LEAST COST) PIPE ALIGNMENT (OUT OF A SET OF
GIVEN POSSIBILITIES) AND ALSO DETERMINED THE OP-
TIMAL COMBINATION OF DIAMETERS; (3) IN A LOOPED
NETWORK, WHERE THE ROUTES WERE FIXED, AND NONE
OF THEM WAS TO BE ELIMINATED, THE OPTIMISER IN-
DICATED THE BEST SELECTION OF PIPELINE DIAMETERS;
AND (4) WHEN SOME OR ALL OF THE NETWORK INFLOWS
WERE BOOSTED BY A PUMP, THE OPTIMAL PUMPING HEAD
WAS ALSO DETERMINED BY 'THE OPTIMIZER. SO THAT THE
WHOLE SET OF PIPELINE DIAMETERS PLUS INFLOW HEADS
WAS AN OPTIMAL ONE. (W71-09223).
00583. ECONOMICS OF COMPOSTING MUNICIPAL
REFUSE IN EUROPE AND ISRAEL.
KUPCHIK, G.J.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
CIVIL ENGINEERS JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY
ENGINEERING DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF
ASCE, 92(SA6), 41-56, 1966.
THIS REPORT CAME FROM A SURVEY OF VARIOUS COM-
POSTING SYSTEMS USED IN EUROPE AND ISRAEL, UNDER
DIFFERENT CLIMATIC, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CONDI-
TIONS, BY THE AUTHOR IN 1965. THE MOST COMMON COM-
POSTING PROCESSES ARE VAN MAANEN PROCESS, RASP-
ING SYSTEM, VENTILATED CELL COMPOSTING, DANO
SYSTEM, AND BUHLER SYSTEM. COST AND INCOME DATA
COLLECTED FROM 14 COMPOSTING PLANTS INCLUDED
AMORTIZATION, INTEREST, RESERVE FUND, LAND
RENTAL, PERSONNEL, UTILITIES, MAINTENANCE AND
REPAIRS, DISPOSAL OF REJECTS, MISCELLANEOUS COSTS,
SALVAGE, AND COMPOST PRODUCTION AND SALES. COST
ANALYSIS WAS MADE TO DETERMINE FACTORS FAVORING
SUCCESSFUL OPERATION. TABULATED DATA WERE COSTS
OF PROCESSING RAW REFUSE, COSTS OF PROCESSING RAW
REFUSE UTILIZING DIFFERENT COMPOSTING SYSTEMS,
PRODUCTION AND SALE OF COMPOST, AND COMPARISON
OF COSTS FOR PULVERIZING AND COMPOSTING RAW
REFUSE. APPLICABILITY OF COMPOSTING REFUSE TO THE
UNITED STATES WAS DISCUSSED. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH
AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS IN REFUSE DISPOSAL
METHODS ARE URGENTLY NEEDED. (W7 1-09417.
00584. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
BRUNNER, C.A.
PROCEEDINGS, PITTSBURGH SANITARY ENGINEER-
ING CONFERENCE, 8, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYL-
VANIA, NUTRIENT REMOVAL AND ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT, FEB 1970, P 131-134.
THE THREE MAJOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL MECHANISMS
DISCUSSED ARE: (1) SORPTION ON ACTIVATED ALUMINA:
(2) PRECIPITATION WITH LANTHANUM SALTS: AND (3)
ANION EXCHANGE. ABSORPTION HAS BEEN MORE EXTEN-
SIVELY INVESTIGATED. PHOSPHORUS IS THE ONLY
NUTRIENT REMOVED, AND A PRELIMINARY COST ESTI-
MATE IS 5-6 CENTS/1000 GALLONS, BASED UPON
REGENERATION OF THE ALUMINA, AND LIME PRECIPITA-
TION OF THE ELUTED PHOSPHATE AND OTHER IMPURITIES
ALLOWING RE-USE OF THE NAOH REGENERANT.
LANTHANUM PRECIPITATES ONLY ORTHOPHOSPHATES,
AND USING A LA: P RATIO OF I: I, RESIDUAL P CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF . 01 MG/L CAN BE OBTAINED AT PH
BETWEEN 5 AND 9.0. SUFFICIENT LANTHANUM HYDROLY-
SIS TAKES PLACE TO PREVENT ANY LANTHANUM FROM
BEING LOST IN THE EFFLUENT. A RECOVERY METHOD FOR
RECOVERING THE EXPENSIVE LANTHANUM MUST BE
DEVELOPED, IF SUCH A RECOVERY SCHEME EXISTS, BE-
FORE THE PROCESS BECOMES ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE.
ANION EXCHANGE COLUMNS HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO
REMOVE BOTH PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN. PRESENCE
OF OTHER ANIONS IN DOMESTIC WASTE WATER WAS
SHOWN TO HAVE NO EFFECT ON THE RATE AT WHICH
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ION WERE EXCHANGED.
HOWEVER, LIME PRECIPITATION OF THE REGENERANT
WOULD REMOVE ONLY THE PHOSPHATES CAUSING A
NITROGEN BUILDUP, NECESSITATING DISPOSAL OF SOME
OF THE BRINE, AND RESULTANT DISPOSAL PROBLEMS.
PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES HAVE SET COSTS FOR
ANION EXCHANGE AT 10 CENTS/1000 GALLONS FOR A 10
MGD PLANT. PILOT SCALE STUDIES ARE CONTINUING TO
PROVIDE MORE ACCURATE INFORMATION. (W7 1-09454).
123
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00585. REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF ALUM AND LIME
SLUDGES.
DEAN, R.B.
PROCEEDINGS, PITTSBURGH SANITARY ENGINEER-
ING CONFERENCE, 8, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYL-
VANIA, FEB 1970, P 135-145.
BOTH LIME AND ALUM PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
PRODUCE SLUDGE WHICH MUST BE HANDLED IN SOME
MANNER. FIRST OF ALL, THE CHOICE MUST BE MADE AS
TO WHETHER THE SLUDGE IS TO BE DISPOSED OF OR
TREATED FOR RE-USE OF THE CHEMICALS IN IT. 250 MG/L
OF LIME PRODUCES 500-600 MG/L OF SLUDGE WITH AN UN-
DERFLOW CONCENTRATION OF 2-3% OR 2 TONS OF
SLUDGE SOLIDS PER MOD. THIS SLUDGE MAY BE USED
FOR SOIL STABILIZATION, FILL FOR ROADS, OR IN
AGRICULTURE. HOWEVER, BY HEATING THE
PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE, CALCIUM OXIDE
CAN BE RECOVERED AND RE-USED. THE COST OF LIME
RECOVERY IS THE SAME AS THE COST OF NEW LIME, BUT
DISPOSAL COSTS ARE SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. COSTS
REPORTED FROM DAYTON, OHIO, ARE $IO-$12 PER TON,
WHILE THE LAKE TAHOE PLANT REPORTS LIME
RECOVERY AS COSTING $20/TON. THE RESULTS OF TEST-
ING .4 LABORATORY SCALE, 75 LITER TREATMENT
SYSTEMS ARE REPORTED AND COMPARED WITH REGARD
TO PHOSPHATE REMOVAL, SLUDGE DEWATERABILITY,
SLUDGE FILTERABILITY, AND SLUDGE COMPOSITION.
ALUM SLUDGES CONTAIN 2 AL: IP AND PROBABLY SOME
CA PLUS SOME ORGANIC MATTER. THE SLUDGE WILL SET-
TLE TO 10% SOLIDS, AND IS AMENABLE TO CONCENTRA-
TION BY FREEZING. THE SLUDGE IS NOT BIODEGRADABLE,
AND CAN SOMETIMES CAUSE CLOGGING OF THE SOIL
WHEN DISPOSED ON THE LAND. LIME TREATED ALUM
SLUDGE CAN BE FILTER PRESSED TO REMOVE IN EXCESS
OF 5(« AS SOLUBLE ALUMINATE, HOWEVER, INCINERA-
TION OF ALUM SLUDGE LEAVES LITTLE OR NO RESIDUE
FOR DISPOSAL, SO FOR ALUM, DISPOSAL MAY BE LESS EX-
PENSIVE THAN RE-USE. (W71-09455).
00586. NITROGEN REMOVAL BY BREAKPOINT
CHLORINATION.
BISHOP, D.F.; PRESSLEY, T.A.
PROCEEDINGS, PITTSBURGH SANITARY ENGINEER-
ING CONFERENCE, 8, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYL-
VANIA FEB 1970, P 239-247.
AMMONIA OXIDATION BY 'BREAKPOINT' CHLORINATION
PROVIDES A PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL MEANS FOR REMOVING
AMMONIA AND COMPLETING THE NATURAL NITROGEN
CYCLE (I. E..' OXIDATION OF THE AMMONIA TO N2):
CHLORINE IS ADDED TO THE AMMONIA WATER UNTIL
CHLORINE RESIDUAL HAS REACHED A MINIMUM AND AM-
MONIA NITROGEN HAS ENTIRELY DISAPPEARED. THIS
METHOD HAS BEEN USED FOR MANY YEARS IN THE
WATER INDUSTRY AND HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE PH DE-
PENDENT. WITH EFFICIENT BREAKPO1NTING OCCURRING
ONLY AT PH 7-8.5. IN NATURAL WATER, NON-AMMONIA
CHLORINE DEMAND MAY CALL FOR A CHLORINE TO AM-
MONIA-NITROGEN WEIGHT RATIO OF 15 TO 1 OR
GREATER. DISADVANTAGES OF THE METHOD INCLUDE: (I)
SATISFACTORY NITROGEN REMOVALS MAY NOT BE
ACHIEVED IF GREATER THAN I MG/1 OF PERMANENT
RESIDUAL NITROGEN COMPOUNDS OCCUR SUCH AS NO3-;
(2) LARGE CHLORINE DOSES PRODUCE MORB ACID BY
CHLORINE HYDROLYSIS THAN CAN BE NEUTRALIZED BY
MOST WASTE WATERS. NECESSITATING THE ADDITION OF
CAUSTIC TO MAINTAIN A FAVORABLE PH RANGE; (3) HIGH
CHLORINE DEMANDS REOUIRE INCREASED SUPPLIES OF
STORED CHLORINE WHICH REPRESENT A POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS CONDITION; AND (4) AT CHLORINE COSTS OF
S0.05/LB AND A 2(10 MG/1 DOSE, THE COST FOR THE
CHLORINE ALONE IS 8.3 CENTS/1000 GALLONS, HOWEVER,
IF PILOT PLANT STUDIES ESTABLISH THAT ACCEPTABLE
REMOVALS CAN BE OBTAINED, ON-SITE CHLORINE
GENERATION FROM BRINES, WHICH PRODUCES BOTH
CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC, MAY OVERCOME THE CAUSTIC
AND STORAGE PROBLEMS IN LARGE PLANTS. THE OPERA^
TION SIMPLICITY ALONE RECOMMENDS THE METHOD FOR
SMALL PLANTS. (W7 I-09462).
00587. AEROBIC SECONDARY TREATMENT OF
POTATO PROCESSING WASTES.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
DEC 1970. 110 P.
THE R. T. FRENCH COMPANY, OF SHELLEY, IDAHO, HAS
DEMONSTRATED THE FEASIBILITY OF USING A COMPLETE
MIX ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNIT FOR SECONDARY TREAT-
MENT OF POTATO PROCESSING WASTES. DURING THE
1969-1970 PROCESSING SEASON, BOTH THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS AND A FLOW-THROUGH AERATION
PROCESS WITHOUT SECONDARY CLARIFICATION WERE
STUDIED. THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNIT WAS DEMON-
STRATED TO BE CAPABLE OF BOD REMOVALS, IN EXCESS
OF 90% OVER EXTENDED PERIODS, WITH COLIFORM
REMOVALS IN EXCESS OF 96%. WITH THE FLOW-THROUGH
SYSTEM, BOD REMOVALS RANGED BETWEEN 70 AND 80%.
ANALYSIS OF DATA OBTAINED REVEALED THAT BOTH
THE QUANTITY OF EXCESS SLUDGE PRODUCED AND THE
AMOUNT OF OXYGEN REQUIRED WERE FUNCTIONS OF
THE BOD REMOVAL RATE AND THE MIXED LIQUOR
VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOUDS CONCENTRATION. THE SUB-
STRATE REMOVAL RATE COEFFICIENT WAS SHOWN TO BE
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT. THE PREVAILING LOW AIR
TEMPERATURES AT THE SHELLY LOCATION DID NOT
CAUSE SYSTEM FAILURE, BUT DATA OBTAINED DEMON-
STRATED THE NEED TO CONSIDER TEMPERATURE LOSS IN
SYSTEM DESIGN. TOTAL ANNUAL TREATMENT COSTS, EX-
CLUSING COSTS FOR WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
DISPOSAL, WERE ESTIMATED TO BE $. 038 PER LB BOD AP-
PLIED, AND $. 021 PER LB COD APPLIED. OPERATION OF
THICKENER CLARIFIER ON COMBINATIONS OF SILT AND
BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL. FAILURES
WITH THIS UNIT DEMONSTRATED A NEED FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL SILT REMOVAL AND HAN-
DLING EQUIPMENT FOR POTATO PROCESSING. (PB-200 623)
(W7 1-09526).
00588. A TECHNIQUE FOR IRRIGATING BOTTOM
LAND HARDWOOD TREES WITH PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT IN NORTH LOUISIANA.
AHMED, I.
MASTER'S THESIS, MAY 1970. 68 P.
BOTTOM LAND HARDWOOD TREES IN LOUISIANA WERE IR-
RIGATED WITH BOTH BLACK WATER AND WHITE WATER
EFFLUENTS FROM LOCAL PAPERMILLS. ANALYSES WERE
PERFORMED ON THE WATERS TO DETERMINE THE IN-
DIVIDUAL CONSTITUENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
EACH. WHITE WATER WAS FOUND TO BE PREDOMI-
NANTLY SODIUM, WHILE THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF
BLACK WATER WAS FOUND TO BE SODIUM BICARBONATE.
AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR THE AREA WAS
FOUND TO BE 53 INCHES PER YEAR. TESTS WERE CON-
DUCTED, WHICH ESTABLISHED 19.3 INCHES/YEAR THE
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE AMOUNT OF MILL EFFLUENT AND
MIXED 9 PARTS OF WHITE WATER TO 1 PART OF BLACK
WATER, WHICH COULD BE USED TO IRRIGATE THE
FORESTS TO OBTAIN OPTIMUM GROWTH. THE OPTIMUM
GROWTH RECORDED WAS 6.03* PER YEAR. TREES WOULD
BE IRRIGATED FROM APRIL THROUGH SEPTEMBER THE
TIME WHEN MOST FREE GROWTH OCCURS. BASED ON A
LIFE EXPECTANCY OF 20 YEARS, THE COST OF THE PRO-
JECT WAS DETERMINED TO BE $7.43 PER ACRE PER YEAR
FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED IN THE FORM OF A TREE-
IMPROVING PROGRAM TO DETERMINE THE OPTIMUM
124
-------
REFERENCE LIST
TREE SPECIES FOR THIS PARTICULAR APPLICATION. VARY-
ING PROPORTIONS OF WHITE WATER TO BLACK WATER
SHOULD ALSO BE EXPERIMENTED WITH IN ORDER TO
ACHIEVE OPTIMAL CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT THE
SYSTEM. (W71-09527).
00589. TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM FOOD MANU-
FACTURE AND COFFEE PROCESSING.
CHALMERS, R.K.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
22, 52(2), $66-878, 1968.
WHEN AN ENGLISH GENERAL FOODS FACTORY WAS
MOVED FROM A LARGE CITY TO A SMALL TOWN, IT WAS
FACED WITH THE NEED FOR A MEANS OF TREATING
WASTE. ESPECIALLY FROM COFFEE MANUFACTURE,
WHICH COULD NOT BE TREATED IN THE EXISTING
SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS AT THE NEW SITE, BANBURY,
WARWICKSHIRE. AFTER INVESTIGATING POSSIBLE TREAT-
MENT METHODS, IT WAS DECIDED THAT PHYSICAL MEANS
OF REDUCING THE EFFLUENT WOULD E MOST AD-
VANTAGEOUS. THE TREATMENT USED WAS PRIMARILY
BASED ON SEGREGATION OF THE WEAK EFFLUENT AND
THE STRONG EFFLUENT WHICH CONTAINED THE WASTE
FROM THE COFFEE PLANT. THE PRODUCT OF THE TREAT-
MENT WAS SATISFACTORILY BELOW THE MAXIMUMS SET
PREVIOUSLY BY BANBURY AUTHORITIES. THE PLANT
ORIGINALLY COST 220,000 POUNDS WITH AN OPERATING
COST OF 50,000 POUNDS PER YEAR.
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
OOS93. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY POLLUTION.
GRATTO, C.
33RD ANNUAL FORUM, NATIONAL FARM IN-
STITUTE, FEE 1971, DES MOINES, IOWA, P 1-6.
PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WOULD BE
EASIER TO SOLVE IF WE KNEW THE TOLERABLE LEVELS
OF CONCENTRATION FOR ALL KINDS OF MATTER AND
ENERGY THAT ARE RELEVANT TO MANAGING THE EN-
VIRONMENT. PUBLIC POLICIES FOR REACHING A DESIRED
LEVEL OF QUALITY INCLUDE LEARNING, FINES AND
PENALTIES, THE ADVERSARY SITUATION, INDUCEMENTS
AND COOPERATION, TAXATION, AND THE PRICE SYSTEM.
(W7 1-09753).
OOS94. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL.
TSMMQNS, J.F.
33RD ANNUAL FORUM, NATIONAL FARM IN-
STITUTE, FEB 1971, DES MOINES, IOWA, P 77-85.
THE PAPER SUGGESTS SOME IDEAS AND METHODS THAT
APPEAR USEFUL IN UNDERSTANDING AND IN RESOLVING
SOME OF THE DIFFICULT BUT IMPORTANT ISSUES
EMANATING FROM THREE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
QUESTIONS. FIRST, WHAT ARE THE STANDARDS OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY THAT CAN SERVE AS POLICY
AND PROGRAM GOALS AND AT THE SAME TIME EN-
GENDER WIDESPREAD AND CONTINUING PUBLIC UN-
DERSTANDING AND SUPPORT. NEXT, WHAT ARE THE
COSTS, BOTH MONETIZED AND NON-MONETIZED, OF BOTH
ACHIEVING AND FAILURE TO ACHIEVE THE STATED STAN-
DARDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. THIRDLY, WHO
PAYS THE COSTS BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT ACHIEVE-
MENT OF THE STANDARDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
AND WHO GETS THE BENEFITS. (W7 1-09761).
00595. AGRICULTURAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN
POLLUTION CONTROL.
SHAEFFER, J.R.
33RD ANNUAL FORUM, NATIONAL FARM IN-
STITUTE, FEB 1971, DES MOINES, IOWA, P 101-
107.
A PILOT WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR
MUSKEGON COUNTY, MICHIGAN, IS OUTLINED. SEWAGE IS
FIRST PUMPED TO THE SURROUNDING COUNTRYSIDE
WHERE TREATMENT CALLS CONVERT THE WASTE TO AN
ODORLESS CLEAR LIQUID BY USING ALL THE FORCES OF
NATURE AIR, AEROBIC BACTERIA, GRAVITY, SUNLIGHT,
AND TIME. THE LIQUID IS THEN USED AS IRRIGATION
WATER AND THE SOU. REMOVES THE REMAINING
NUTRIENTS, HEAVY METALS, AND VIRUSES. AN UNDER
DRAINAGE SYSTEM PICKS UP THE PURE WATER AND
BRINGS IT TO A STREAM. FOR 42 MILLION GALLONS OF
MUSKEGON COUNTY SEWAGE A DAY, 10 THOUSAND
ACRES OF LAND WERE NEEDED. THE COSTS FOR THE NEW
SYSTEM ARE LESS THAN BRINGING THE EXISTING PLANTS
UP TO A SECONDARY LEVEL OF TREATMENT. (W7i-09764).
00596, ALTERNATIVE OXYGENATION POSSIBILITIES
FOR LARGE POLLUTED RIVERS.
WHIFFLE, W.JR; YU, S.L.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 7(3), 566-579, 1971.
THIS PAPER DESCRIBES TESTS OF AERATION EQUIPMENT
ON A MAJOR RIVER, THE DELAWARE ESTUARY, AND
DISCUSSES TRANSFER EFFICIENCY, SUITABLE AERATOR
SYSTEM DESIGN, AND COST COMPARISONS. NAVIGA-
TIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DEEPER, MORE TURBU-
LENT WATER CAUSE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR LARGE
RIVERS TO DIFFER CONSIDERABLY FROM THE REQUIRE-
MENTS FOR SMALL RIVERS. REINFORCED AERATORS AT
THE SURFACE APPEAR FAVORABLE FOR UNCROWDED
RIVER AREAS, BUT AIR DIFFUSERS ON THE BOTTOM AP-
PEAR MORE PRACTICABLE AND COMPARABLY ECONOMI-
CAL FOR PORT AREAS. DIFFUSERS CAN BE PLACED ONLY
ON CHANNEL MARGINS AND ANCHORAGE AREAS, BUT
DISPERSION STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE OXYGENATED
WATER WILL STILL REACH THE CENTER OF THE RIVER
WITHIN A REASONABLE DISTANCE. THE COST OF ADDING
ONE UNIT OF DISSOLVED GX^OEN BY AERATION DEVICES
APPEARS TO BE JUST ABOUT ONE-FOURTH THAT OF AD-
DING IT BY WASTE TREATMENT ONLY. THERE ARE POSSI-
BILITIES OF LOWERING CCKTi FURTHER BY USING OX-
YGEN DIFFUSERS. (W7 1-09821).
00597. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
PUBLIC FACILITY NEEDS, WASHINGTON,, US
GOVERNMENT PRINT OFFICE, 1966, P 105-124.
THE NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE INDUSTRY IS
BROKEN DOWN SNTO A DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS, THE SERVICES RENDERED, THE STAN-
DARDS OF PERFORMANCE, AND THE EXISTING CAPITAL
PLANT. THE COSTS AND USER CHARGES ARE THEN DEALT
WITH, PARTICULAR ATTENTION BEING GIVEN TO CON-
STRUCTION COSTS, INCREMENTAL COSTS OF WATER
FACILITIES, TYPICAL WATER UTILITY COST INDEXES,
PLANT INVESTMENT, AND ANNUAL EXPENSE OF OPERA-
TIONS AND MAINTENANCE. THE WATER UTILITY FINANC-
ING AND USER CHARGES INCORPORATE EXPLANATIONS
OF BOTH SELF-SUPPORTING ENTERPRISES AND TAX-SUP-
PORTED ENTERPRISES. TRENDS IN CAPITAL OUTLAYS ARE
INDICATED, AND PROJECTIONS ARE MADE FOR WATER IN-
DUSTRY NEEDS AND PROSPECTIVE CAPITAL OUTLAYS, IN
TERMS OF POPULATION GROWTH, DEPRECIATION, DEFI-
CIENCIES, WATER RATES, PRIVATE INVESTMENT CAPITAL,
AND FEDERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS IN THE FUTURE.
(W71-09867).
00598. THE USE OF STANDARDS AND PRICES FOR
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
BAUMOL, W.J.; GATES, W.E.
SWEDISH JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 73(1), 42-54,
1971.
THE OPTIMAL1TY PROPERTIES AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
OF A PROPOSED PRICING PROCEDURE ARE PRESENTED,
AND IT IS INDICATED TAUT THIS PARTICULAR METHOD
WILL ACHIEVE THE DESIRED REDUCTION IN POLLUTION
AT MINIMUM COST TO THE ECONOMY. THE PRICING AND
STANDARDS METHOD PROPOSED IS CONTRASTED WITH
THE PIGOUVIAN TECHNIQUE OF IMPOSITION OF TAXES OF
SUBSIDIES ON EXTERNALITY-GENERATING ACTIVITIES,
AND THE FORMER IS SHOWN TO BE MORE READILY
WORKABLE FOR SOMEWHAT THE SAME EFFECT. PROJEC-
TIONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE STANDARDS AND PRIC-
ING METHOD ARE MADE. (W7 1-09900).
00599. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS.
DAHMEN, E.
SWEDISH JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 73(1) 67-75
1971.
THE CAUSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IS INDUSTRI-
ALIZATION AND THEREFORE IS PRESENT IN BOTH A
CAPITALISTIC AND SOCIALISTIC ECONOMY. A MAJOR FAC-
TOR IN THE FAILURE OF BOTH SYSTEMS TO COMBAT POL-
LUTION HAS BEEN INACCURATE COST CALCULATIONS
WHICH HAS BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR MISALLOCAT1ON OF
RESOURACES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION. AC-
126
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REFERENCE LIST
CURATE COST CALCULATIONS WOULD ENCOURAGE THE
CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES FAVORABLE
TO PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENT. REGULATIONS ARE
SUGGESTED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CHARGES FOR EF,
FECT1VE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY COMPLIANCES. (W71-
09902).
00600. EVALUATING URBAN CORE USAGE OF
WATERWAYS AND SHORELINES.
WHITMAN, I.L.; DAVIS, R.M.; GOLDSTONE, S.E.;
MOLHOLM, L; MILSTEAD, RJ.
BATTELLE, COLUMBUS LABOR ATORES,RESEARCH
REPORT TO OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCES
RESEARCH CONTRACT NUMBER 14-31-0001-3178,
92 PAGES, APRIL 30, 1971.
CLEVELAND'S WATER RESOURCES INCLUDE THE LAKE
ERIE WATERFRONT AND THREE SMALL RIVERS, AROUND
WHICH THE REGION'S MAJOR PARK SYSTEM IS DESIGNED.
IN RELATION TO INNER CITY WATER-RELATED RECREA-
TION, IT WAS FOUND THAT UNDER THE PRESENT SET OF
INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL CONSTRAINTS RECREATION
AGENCIES WOULD BE UNABLE TO IMPLEMENT NEW
PROCEDURES IN RECREATION PLANNING FOR THE PUR-
POSE OF PROVIDING MORE EQUITABLE RECREATION OP-
PORTUNITIES TO THE RESIDENTS OF THE INNER CITY. A
STRATEGY FOR INTRODUCING NEW RECREATION
PLANNING METHODS IN THE CLEVELAND SYSTEMS WAS
RECOMMENDED. THE BROAD SUBJECT OF 'SOCIAL QUALI-
TY' AS IT MAY RELATE TO URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT
WAS DEFINED AND CONCEPTUALIZED. IT WAS CON-
CLUDED THAT APTITUDES ON THE RELATIONSHIP IN OUR
SOCIETY BETWEEN SOCIAL QUALITY AND URBAN WATER
DEVELOPMENT MUST BE UNDERSTOOD IN ORDER TO
FORM A BASIS FOR DEVELOPING WATER RESOURCES FOR
THE BENEFIT OF THE URBAN CORE CITIZEN. (PB-201 054)
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
THE COST OF THE CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF LAND IN-
VOLVED. (PBd201 745} CW71-10654).
00605. DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
HAYNES, C.D.; GRUBBS, D.M.
ALABAMA UNIVERSITY, NATURAL RESOURCES
CENTER, AND ALABAMA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
REPORT, MAY 1970. 120 P.
ELEMENTS OF THE COST OF WASTE WATER INJECTION
WELLS INCLUDE CAPITAL OUTLAY, MAINTENANCE, AND
OPERATION. DESIGN IS CRITICAL TO INITIAL CAPITAL IN-
VESTMENT AND IS A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN OTHER
COST ELEMENTS. THE COMPUTER-DERIVED COST OF DEEP-
WELL DISPOSAL SYSTEMS IS TEMPERED TO MEET THE
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DICTATED BY THE GEOLOGY OF
ALABAMA. AN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO CONSERVE
THE FRESH-WATER RESOURCE OF THE STATE IF FEASIBILI-
TY OF THIS METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL CAN BE
ESTABLISHED. VARIABLE SITE COST FACTORS INCLUDE
DEPTH OF THE WELL, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
RECEPTIVE HORIZON, MECHANICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE
WELL DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT, AND ALSO MANAGEMENT
DECISIONS WITH REFERENCE TO INVESTMENT IN THE
DISPOSAL WELL AND ITS COMPONENTS RELATED TO
WASTE VOLUME AND ALTERNATE OR STANDBY DISPOSAL
MEANS. A COMPUTER PROGRAM AFFORDS A FLEXIBLE
PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN AND ESTIMATION OF COSTS OF
DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. ALTHOUGH THE PRO-
GRAM IS KEYED TO COSTS DICTATED BY THE GEOLOGY
OF ALABAMA, IT IS APPLICABLE TO ANY AREA BY MODIFI-
CATION OF TABLES PERTAINING TO DRILLING COSTS. (PB-
194 113) (W70-09772).
00606. WATER WORKS RECORD KEEPING.
BOURLON, B.J.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 42ND ANNUAL WATER AND
POLLUTION CONTROL SCHOOL, OKLAHOMA
STATE UNIVERSITY, NOVEMBER 18-22, 1968,
STILLWATER (1969), P 71-81.
THIS ARTICLE BRIEFLY STATES THE REASONS FOR KEEP-
ING RECORDS IN A MUNICIPAL WATER AND WASTE
WATER TREATMENT DEPARTMENT. RECORDS SERVE AS A
DATA SOURCE FOR ANALYSIS, PLANNING, AND CONTROL.
RECORDS CAN Hli KF.PT IN THREE MAIN AREAS; PROGRESS,
PLANNING, AND BUDGET SUPPORT. RECORDS SHOULD BE
SIMPLE, CLEAR, CONCISE, AND SHOULD CONTAIN ALL
NECESSARY AND PERTINENT DATA. UNUSED RECORDS
ARK A WASTE OK TIME AND MONEY RECORDS CAN BE
KEPT IN MANY ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING
WHICH ARE DISCUSSED IN SOME DETAIL: ACTIVITY EX-
PENDITURE CONTROL WHICH COVERS COST CONTROLS IN
PERSONNEL SERVICES, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION,
CONTRACTUAL SERVICES, AND CAPITAL OUTLAYS; TIME
STUDIES WHICH YIELD COMPARISON RECORDS OF TIMES
FOR USE IN JUDGING THE EFFICIENCY OK OPERATION OF
EMPLOYEES AND PROCEDURES; PERSONNEL RECORDS,
BOTH BACKGROUND AND ON-I HE-JOB; RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT; JOB ANALYSIS AND WORK ORDERS,
WHICH ENABLE THE DK I ERMINA ITON OK EFFICIENCY OF
MAN-HOURS AND MATE-RIALS: MAINTENANCE RECORDS;
PRODUCTION RECORDS: LABORATORY ANALYSIS
RECORDS ON WATER QUALITY TESTS, I-TC. ONU OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT USES OF RECORDS LIES IN THE AREA
OF BUDGET PREPARATION.
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REFERENCE LIST
THAT FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IS PROVIDED FOR. (AD-
722 736) (W71-10671).
00610. MEASURES OF THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC
LOSS FROM OIL POLLUTION.
KUZMACK, R.A.
CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES, ARLINGTON, VA.
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 67, 15 MARCH 1971, 13 P
THE SPECIFIC PROBLEM ADDRESSED IS THAT OF EMPIRI-
CALLY ESTIMATING THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF A LARGE
SCALE OIL SPILL INTO THE PUBLIC WATERS ON THE
ECONOMY OF A NEARBY COASTAL COMMUNITY. TAKING
TWO AREAS AS CASE STUDIES, THE SENSITIVITY OF THEIR
ECONOMIES TO EXOGENOUS CHANGES IN INCOME IS ESTI-
MATED USING AN ECONOMIC BASE MODEL. THE POTEN-
TIAL LOSS IS THEN CALCULATED FROM THE AMOUNT OF
INCOME DIRECTLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO OIL POLLUTION
DAMAGES. (AD-722 378) (W71-10673).
00611. STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION
SOURCES AND ABATEMENT-ATLANTA,
GEORGIA.
EPA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SE-
RIES, JANUARY 1971. 181 P.
RAINFALL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION
TECHNIQUES WERE UTILIZED TO OBTAIN DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR ALTERNATIVE POLLUTION ABATEMENT
SCHEMES. HIGH FREQUENCY STORMS CAUSE THE WORST
IMPACT AND MOST OF THE POLLUTION FROM COMBINED
SEWER AREAS. OVERFLOWS AND BYPASSED FLOWS HAVE
SEVERE IMPACT UPON THE SOUTH RIVER, DUE TO THEIR
HIGH DEOXYGENATION RATES AND COLIFORM CONCEN-
TRATIONS. ANNUAL BOD REDUCTION FROM COMBINED
SEWER AREAS OF 57 PERCENT MAY BE ACHIEVED FOR A
TOTAL ANNUAL COST OF $165,000, BY MODIFYING THE
THREE REGULATORS AND TREATING 80 PERCENT OF THE
OVERFLOWS, IN CONJUNCTION WITH STORAGE SUFFI-
CIENT TO CONTAIN A TWO-WEEK STORM. ALTERNATE,
LESS FAVORABLE SOLUTIONS INCLUDE STORAGE AND
TREATMENT AT EXISTING TREATMENT PLANTS, AND
STORAGE WITH RELEASE TO RECEIVING STREAMS AFTER
CHLOR1NATION. SEPARATION OF COMBINED SEWERS
WOULD ACHIEVE 60 PERCENT BOD REMOVAL FOR
$3,030,000/YEAR. (PB-201 725) (W71-10749).
00612. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE
BISHOP SYSTEM FOR OPEN OCEAN OIL
SPILLS.
COAST GUARD TECHNICAL REPORT 71403/AJ006, 25
NOV 1970, 89P.
AN ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE BISHOP
SYSTEM INDICATED EFFECTIVENESS FOR OCEAN OPERA-
TION AT LOW COST WITH CAPABILITY OF REMOVING ALL
TYPES OF OIL SPILLS FROM OCEAN SURFACE. THE SYSTEM
CONSISTS OF A BUOYANT APPARATUS, 21 FEET WIDE,
PROPELLED AHEAD OF A SUPPORT VESSEL, WHICH CLOSE-
LY TRACKS THE SEA SURFACE TO REMOVE, THE OIL FILM.
HYDRAULIC PUMPING CAPACITY IS 5000 GPM AND SYSTEM
IS CAPABLE OF OPERATING AT 4 KNOT SPEED AND UP TO
SEA STATE 4 AT REDUCED SPEED. CALCULATED SYSTEM
EFFECTIVENESS IS 240 BARRELS PER HOUR FOR 1/16
INCHES THICK OIL FILM IN SMOOTH WATER AT 4.0 KNOTS.
SYSTEM EFFICIENCY IS 5% OIL TO WATER PICKED UP FOR
A 1/16 INCHES OIL FILM AND 100% FOR A 1 INCH OIL FILM.
COST FACTORS FOR SKIMMING 1/16 INCHES OIL FILM IN
SMOOTH WATER HAVE BEEN ESTIMATED AT $0.50/BBL.
(AD-723 600) (W71-10766).
00613. PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE
PROCESS.
HUMMEL, R.L.; SMITH, J.W.
WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL, 108(2) 28-31
1970.
A POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESS-PHOSPHATE
RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY SEWAGE WASTE-IS CON-
SIDERED ONLY FOR ITS DIRECT ECONOMIC RETURN.
COSTS FOR SUCH A VENTURE ARE COMPRISED PRIMARILY
OF OPERATING COSTS AND CAPITAL COSTS. OPERATING
COSTS ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO CHEMICALS (WHICH ALSO
PROVIDE THE SOLE SOURCE OF REVENUE IN THE MAR-
KETABILITY OF EXTRACTED NH3 AND P205 IN THE FINAL
PRODUCT), STEAM COSTS, AND LABOR COSTS. ESTIMATED
DOLLAR EXPENDITURES ARE ASSIGNED TO THE OPERAT-
ING COSTS AND THE CAPITAL COSTS WHICH INCLUDE THE
RELATIVELY UNCERTAIN COST OF THE RECIPROCATING
FLOW ION EXCHANGE SYSTEM AND THE REMAINING CON-
VENTIONAL EQUIPMENT WHICH CAN BE COSTED QUITE
ACCURATELY. THE ECONOMICS OF THE PROCESS ARE EX-
PRESSED IN TERMS OF THE NET RETURN ON 1NVESTMENT-
-OR THE RATIO OF REVENUE TO CAPITAL COSTS. A TABLE
OF THE % RETURN FOR VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF
CASES FOR LABOR AND STEAM ARE LISTED WHICH YIELD
RETURNS THAT RANGE BETWEEN 12% AND 30%. THUS THE
ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE PROPOSAL DEPENDS UPON THE
COMBINATION EMPLOYED AND ANY GOVERNMENT
ASSISTANCE IN FINANCING AND/OR SUBSIDY IN OPERA-
TION. (W71-10840).
00614. FURTHER THOUGHTS ON TRADE EFFLUENT
CHARGES.
LAWSON, H. MCD.; FEARN, R.J.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 69(4), 436-444, 1970.
MANY CITIES HAVE BEEN ATTEMPTING TO DETERMINE A
FAIR TRADE EFFLUENT CHARGE WITH WHICH TO FINANCE
ADDITIONAL TREATMENT FACILITIES WHICH MUST BE
CONSTRUCTED TO HANDLE INDUSTRIAL WASTES. THE
CITY OF NOTTINGHAM HAS DEVELOPED A SCHEDULE
WHEREBY COSTS FOR EACH INDUSTRY ARE BASED ON: (1)
ADDITIONAL SEWERAGE CAPACITY NEEDED FOR INDUS-
TRIAL FLOWS; (2) ADDITIONAL TREATMENT PLANT
CAPACITY BASED ON BOTH ON FLOW AND ON OXYGEN
DEMAND; AND (3) ADDITIONAL SLUDGE HANDLING AND
DISPOSAL BASED PRIMARILY ON SUSPENDED SOLIDS
TESTS. CHARGES WERE NOT LEVIED FOR TOXIC CON-
STITUENTS AS LONG AS THEY NEITHER UPSET THE
BIOLOGICAL PORTION OF THE SYSTEM NOR CAUSED THE
TREATED EFFLUENT TO EXCEED STANDARDS SET BY THE
TRENT RIVER AUTHORITY. (W71-10842).
00615. CLEAN WATER DAY PROMISES IMPROVED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
STENMAN, A.
PUBLIC WORKS, 101(9), 64-85, 1970.
WITH THE AID OF A $357,000 GRANT FROM THE FEDERAL
WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION FOR WASTE WATER
SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENTS AND A BOND ISSUE VOTED BY
THE CITY, MONEY WAS APPROPRIATED FOR THE NEEDED
WORK, THE NEW DESIGN CALLS FOR RETAINING SOME OF
THE OLD TREATMENT STRUCTURES. MODERNIZING THE
WHOLE TREATMENT PLANT, AND ADDITIONS OF NEW
EQUIPMENT TO ENLARGE THE AVERAGE FLOW CAPACITY
OF THE PLANT FROM 1.1 MGD TO 2.2 MGD. PROVISIONS
ARE TO BE MADE FOR EXPANSION OF THE FACILITIES TO
HANDLE AN AVERAGE FLOW OF 4.4 MGD SOME TIME IN
THE FUTURE. THE DESIGN BASIS CONSIDERED 130 GAL.
PER CAPITA PER DAY FROM A POPULATION OF 17,000 IN
COMPARISON TO PASO ROBLES'S PRESENT POPULATION
129
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
OF 8,100. THE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF A BAR SCREEN
CHAMBER, PREAERATOR, PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
BASIN WITH PROVISION TO BE MADE FOR MECHANICAL
SLUDGE AND SCUM REMOVAL, TRICKLING FILTER,
CHLORINATOR, OXIDATION PONDS, PERCOLATION PONDS,
AND SLUDGE DRYING BEDS. THE LOW BID OF $765,000
WAS WELL WITHIN THE ENGINEERS ESTIMATE OF $875,000.
THE SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT WAS A RESULT OF THE
COMMUNITY'S THOROUGH PREPARATION AND PAINS-TAK-
ING EFFORT. (W71-10843).
00616. COSTS FOR EQUIVALENT UPSTREAM REDUC-
TION IN WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.
HEANEY, J.P.; CARTER, B.J.; PYATT, E.E.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 7(3), 458-462, 1971.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRADE-OFF BETWEEN MORE INTEN-
SIVE UPSTREAM BOD REMOVAL AND BOD REMOVAL AT
THE POINT OF DISCHARGE WAS PRESENTED FOR A RE-
GIONAL RIVER SYSTEM. THE PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS
WAS TO PROVIDE AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF THE
INTERACTIONS AMONG THESE INTERRELATED DECISION
MAKING UNITS. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MAR-
GINAL COST OF WASTE TREATMENT AT THE POINT OF
DISCHARGE AND THE MARGINAL COST OF MORE INTEN-
SIVE WASTE TREATMENT UPSTREAM WAS EXPLORED. THE
OPTIMAL SOLUTION WAS ANALYZED FROM THE POINT OF
VIEW OF COMPARING THE EFFICACY OF INCREASED UP-
STREAM TREATMENT. AS THE VALUE OF UPSTREAM
WASTE TREATMENT TO THE INDIVIDUAL DISCHARGER
DIMINISHED, THE FURTHER UPSTREAM ONE MOVED. A
RELATIONSHIP FOR EVALUATING THIS TRADE-OFF WAS
PRESENTED. POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE SITUATIONS IN A RE-
GIONAL SYSTEM WERE THEN ANALYZED.
-------
REFERENCE LIST
ING AREAS, AND NEWLY CONSTRUCTED DISPOSAL SITES
WERE SAMPLED AS WELL AS MATERIAL FROM SOURCES
RELATED TO DREDGES, DIKES, BARRIERS, ETC., FOR ANAL-
YSIS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES POSSIBLY
AFFECTING BIOTA AND WATER QUALITY. RELATION OF
DREDGING TO POLLUTANTS, ESPECIALLY MERCURY, WAS
CONSIDERED. SEVERAL PROCESSES AND COMBINATIONS
OF PROCESSES FOR TREATMENT OF DREDGED MATERIAL
WERE STUDIED. MOST TREATMENT' PROCESSES ARE NOT
VERY EFFECTIVE FOR REMOVAL OF MANY POLLUTANTS,
SUCH AS HEAVY METALS. DISPOSAL BEHIND ENCLOSED
DIKES IS EXPENSIVE, BUT GENERALLY IS LESS COSTLY
THAN OTHER MEANS OF HANDLING DREDGING EXCEPT
LAKE DISPOSAL. FACTORS OF DESIGN, COMPOSITION, AND
LOCATION OF DIKED AREAS VARY WIDELY IN DIFFERENT
LOCALITIES (DISPOSITION OF DREDGED MATERIAL ON
LAND OR IN MARSHY AREAS MAY HARM WILDLIFE AND
THE ENVIRONMENT; FILLED-IN AREAS MIGHT BE USED
BENEFICIALLY). 'BENEFITS' OF HALTING OPEN-LAKE
DISPOSAL INCLUDE IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ECOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT WHERE POLLUTED DREDGINGS ARE
DEPOSITED, REMOVAL OF SOME UNDESIRABLE SEDIMENT
MATERIAL WHICH COULD PENETRATE THE ECOSYSTEM,
AND THE ADVANTAGE OF REDUCING TURBIDITY, ODOR,
AND OIL SLICKS WHICH APPEAR DURING OPEN-LAKE
DISPOSAL. (W71-11035.
00621. LIGHT CATALYZED CHLORINE OXIDATION
FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
MEINERS, A.F.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
SEPT 1970, 105 P.
A SMALL SCALE BATCH REACTOR AND A LARGER SCALE
BATCH-RECYCLE REACTOR WERE USED TO DETERMINE
OPTIMUM ILLUMINATION AND CHLORINE DOSE FOR OX-
IDATION OF THE SOLUBLE ORGANICS IN SECONDARY
WASTE WATER EFFLUENT. PRIMARY VARIABLES STUDIED
INCLUDED WAVELENGTH EFFECTS, INTENSITY-TIME RELA-
TIONSHIPS, QUANTUM EFFICIENCIES, CHLORINE CONCEN-
TRATION, AND THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN. FOR
OPTIMAL OPERATION, LIGHT OF LOW INTENSITY AND
LESS THAN 300 WAVELENGTH, AND CHLORINE OF LESS
THAN 5 MG/L SHOULD BE USED. PROCESS COST ESTIMATES
WERE MADE FOR A IO MOD PLANT. INITIAL INVESTMENTS
WERE ESTIMATED AT $990,000. FIXED CHARGES WERE
ESTIMATED AT 3.42 CENTS/1000 GAL, AND OPERATING
COSTS WERE FIGURED AS: (1) LABOR 2.79 CENTS/1000 GAL;
(2) LAMP REPLACEMENT $1.70/1000 GAL, AND (3)
CHLORINE $2.09/1000 GAL. WITH AN ADDITIONAL
$1.77/1000 GAL FOR MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES. TOTAL
OPERATING COSTS WERE $8.35/1000 GAL. MAJOR ASSUMP-
TIONS USED FOR COST ESTIMATION WERE: (I) 15 MG/1
COD DECREASE REQUIRED; (2) 1.30 QUANTUM EFFICIEN-
CY; (3) A STOICH1OMETRIC AMOUNT OF CHLORINE, AND
(4) CONTINUOUS ADDITION OF CAUSTIC. ESTIMATED
OVERALL COSTS WERE 11.77 CENTS/1000 GALS. FURTHER
COST DECREASES MAY OCCUR AS THE RESULT OF
DEVELOPMENTS IN: (1) MORE INTENSE AND/OR MORE EF-
FICIENT LIGHTING: (2) UTILIZATION OF HIGHER QUANTUM
EFFICIENCIES DUE TO IMPROVED OPERATING CONDITIONS,
AND (3) WAYS OF REDUCING THE DOSAGES OF CHLORINE
AND CAUSTIC REQUIRED (PB-202 230) (W7I-11364).
00622. USE OF FUNGI IMPERFECT! IN WASTE CON-
TROL.
CHURCH, B.D.; NASH, H.A.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
JUL 1970. 84 P.
TRICHODERMA VIRIDE, GLIOCLADIUM DELIQUESCENS
AND EITHER ASPERGILLUS ORZAE OR G. DEL1QUES CENS
WERE SELECTED FROM A FIELD INCLUDING 45 SPECIES OF
21 GENERA OF THE FUNGI IMPERFECT! AS OPTIMAL OR-
GANISMS FOR THE DEGRADATION OF CORN, SOY, AND SO2
CONTAINING SOY WHEYS RESPECTIVELY. CRITERIA FOR
SELECTION INCLUDED RAPID GROWTH, EASE OF
REMOVAL FROM SOLUTION BY COARSE FILTRATION, AND
BOD REDUCTION CAPABILITIES. OPTIMAL GROWTH FOR
ALL THREE WASTES INCLUDED: (1) PH BETWEEN 3.2 AND
3.5; AND (2) A TEMPERATURE OF 30 DEO C. ADDITION OF
BOTH NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS WAS NECESSARY FOR
THE CORN WASTES, AND PH IN ALL WASTES WAS AD-
JUSTED WITH SULFURIC ACID. INITIAL STUDIES WERE
DONE IN 125 ML FLASKS CONTAINING NON-STERILE CORN
OR SOY WASTES. AFTER SELECTION OF OPTIMAL ORGAN-
ISMS FOR EACH WASTE, FINAL STUDIES UTILIZED REAC-
TORS OF 20 LITERS IN VOLUME. 24 HOURS INCUBATION
TIME WAS SUFFICIENT TO REDUCE CORN WASTE BOD
FROM 1600 MG/L TO 25 MG/L, WHILE THE REDUCTION OF
SOY WASTE BOD FROM 6200 MG/L TO 125 MG/L REQUIRED
36 HOURS. OVERALL MYCELIAL YIELDS WERE APPROXI-
MATELY 50 TO 60 G OF DRY MYCELIUM PER 100 G COD
UTILIZED. THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF CORN WASTE
MYCELIUM WAS 45% AND THE PALATABILITY TO WE-
ANLING RATS WAS 90%. NO TOXICITY WAS EVIDENT
AFTER. THREE WEEKS, AND THE GROWTH RESPONSE WAS
SIMILAR TO THAT OBTAINED WITH A STANDARD DIET.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT SOY WASTE
MYCELIUM WOULD PROVIDE A PROFIT MARGIN, WHILE
TREATMENT OF CORN WASTES WOULD CAUSE A SLIGHT
LOSS. (PB-202 231) (W71-11365).
00623. GELLING CRUDE OILS TO REDUCE MARINE
POLLUTION FROM TANKER OIL SPILLS.
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, JANUA-
RY 1971, 137 P.
ALL AVAILABLE INFORMATION CONCERNING THE
GELLING OR SOLIDIFYING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS WAS
GATHERED TO PROVIDE A STARTING POINT FOR TESTING
OF MATERIALS INTENDED TO GEL OILS FOR THE REDUC-
TION OF OIL LOSS AND RESULTANT MARINE POLLUTION.
LABORATORY EVALUATIONS OF BOTH FOREIGN AND
DOMESTIC OILS USING A WIDE RANGE OF GELLING
AGENTS WERE PERFORMED. MEASUREMENTS OF GEL
STRENGTH BY THE ROTARY VISCOSIMETER, THE
PENETROMETER, THE RHEOGRAM AND OTHERS WERE
COMPARED TO DETERMINE THEIR VALIDITY AND ACCU-
RACY. FOR THE PURPOSES OF COMPARISON AND BECAUSE
OF THE EASE OF OPERATION, THE PENETROMETER WAS
USED FOR THIS WORK. AN AM1NE/ISOCYANATE COMBINA-
TION WAS FOUND TO HAVE THE BEST GELLING PROPER-
TIES OF THE COMPOUNDS TESTED. HOWEVER, THE GEL
PRODUCED STILL DID NOT COMPLETELY FULFILL THE
NEEDS SINCE OIL COULD STILL ESCAPE FROM A RUP-
TURED TANKER. HOWEVER, THE RATE AT WHICH THE OIL
ESCAPED WOULD BE CONSIDERABLY LESS, AND THE
GELLED OIL WOULD BE IN THE FORM OF CLUMPS AND
WOULD NOT FORM A SLICK. TWO SYSTEMS, A
HELICOPTER-BORNE SYSTEM SERVING A GEOGRAPHICAL
AREA AND A SHIP-BORNE SYSTEM SERVING EACH IN-
DIVIDUAL SHIP, WERE EVALUATED ON A BASIS OF ADDI-
TIONAL TOTAL COST PER TON-MILE. AN AVERAGE IN-
CREASE OF . 051 MILS PER TON MILE FOR THE SHIP-BORNE
SYSTEM WAS REPORTED, WHILE THE AIR-BORNE SYSTEM
COST ONLY . 002 MILS/TON MILE. CLEAN-UP COSTS HAVE
BEEN ESTIMATED AT $150 TO $200/BBL, SO AVERAGE
DELIVERY TIME IS A CRITICAL FACTOR IN OIL LOST. (PB-
202 239) (W71-11374).
131
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00624. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF
AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTES-SECOND PROGRESS REPORT.
DUGAN, G.L.; GOLUEKE, C.G.; OSWALD, W.J.; RIX-
FORD, C.E.
CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY, SANITARY ENGINEER-
ING RESEARCH LABORATORY, REPORT NO. 70-1,
165 P
A 36-WEEK STUDY WAS INITIATED TO PROVIDE INFORMA-
TION ON THE ECONOMICS OF TREATING ANIMAL WASTES.
CHICKENS WERE CHOSEN, MAINLY FOR CONVENIENCE
SAKE, AS THE ED IN CAGES. THE TREATMENT SYSTEM
USED CONSISTED OF INCLINED TROUGHS UNDER THE
CAGES WHICH WERE FLUSHED WITH WATER FROM A
FLUSHING BUCKET, GRIT REMOVAL, SEDIMENTATION, AN
OXIDATION LAGOON FOR THE SEDIMENTATION TANK SU-
PERNATANT, AND AN ANAEROBIC DIGESTER FOR THE
SOLIDS. THE SYSTEMS APPROACH WAS USED, AND SYSTEM
BALANCES WERE PERFORMED FOR TOTAL SOLIDS,
VOLATILE SOLIDS, TOTAL UNOXIDIZED NITROGEN AND
ENERGY FOR THE CHICKENS, SEDIMENTATION TANK,
DIGESTER, AND ALGAE. ALL BALANCES WERE PER-
FORMED FROM WEEK 5 THROUGH WEEK 36 EXCEPT FOR
THE DIGESTER, WHERE OPERATION WAS TERMINATED AT
WEEK 24 AND THE SOLIDS DEWATERED, DRIED, AND STU-
DIED FOR POSSIBLE FURTHER REUSE. AN ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF 100,000 LAYING
HENS REVEALED A COST OF APPROXIMATELY 2
CENTS/DOZEN EGGS FOR A SYSTEM BASED ON THE ONE
TESTED. HOWEVER, CONSIDERATION OF AN EXTREMELY
CONSERVATIVE ALGAE HARVESTING RATE OF 12
TONS/ACRE/YEAR AT A PRICE OF 5 CENTS/LB (DRY
WEIGHT) DROPPED THE OVERALL WASTE HANDLING OUT-
LAY TO APPROXIMATELY 1 CENT/DOZEN. (W71-11375).
00626. HANDLING DYE WASTES IN A MUNICIPAL
PLANT.
WILLIAMSON, R.
PUBLIC WORKS, 102(1), 58-59, 1970.
THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT AT TARBORO,
NORTH CAROLINA, WAS DESIGNED TO HANDLE 1.3 MOD
OF MUNICIPAL WASTES, EMPLOYING SEDIMENTATION,
BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION BY TRICKLING FILTER, AND
CHLORINATION. COMMISSIONED IN 1960, THE PLANT
FUNCTIONED WELL EVEN WITHOUT THE CHLORINE
FACILITIES UNTIL THE AREA BECAME A CENTER FOR
FABRIC DYEING. BY LATE 1969, THE INDUSTRY CON-
TRIBUTED 295,000 GPD OF DYE WASTE, OR 40% OF THE
TOTAL INFLUENT. REDUCTIONS OF BOTH BOD AND
SUSPENDED SOLIDS HAD DROPPED FROM THE 80% RANGE
TO THE 60% RANGE. IN FEBRUARY OF 1970, CHLORINA-
TION OF THE EFFLUENT AT 20 MG/L WAS INSTITUTED AS A
CORRECTIVE MEASURE. BOD REDUCTIONS OBTAINED
RANGED FROM 85 TO 95%. IN JUNE 1970, FLOCCULATION
TESTS WERE BEGUN, USING ALUM AS THE FLOCCULANT.
BOD REDUCTION THROUGH THE PLANT WAS 90% BEFORE
CHLORINATION, AND 97% AFTER CHLORINATION.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVALS AVERAGED IN EXCESS OF
97%. ONCE THE FACT THAT A HIGH DEGREE OF TREAT-
MENT COULD BE ACHIEVED WAS ESTABLISHED, A COST
ANALYSIS WAS MADE. COSTS FOR ALUM FLOCCULATION
PLUS CHLORINATION RANGED FROM $50-75 PER DAY.
CHLORINATION ALONE AMOUNTED TO $10 TO $15 PER
DAY BUT DID NOT REDUCE SUSPENDED SOLIDS. ALUM
FLOCCULATION, ON THE OTHER HAND, DID PROVIDE AC-
CEPTABLE REMOVALS BOTH OF BOD AND SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AT A COST OF $35 TO $60 PER DAY WHEN USED
ALONE. FURTHER COST COMPARISONS USING POLYELEC-
TROLYTE COAGULANT AIDS ARE CONTINUING. (W7I-
11388).
00625. MEAT PACKING WASTES RESPOND TO MANY
TREATMENT METHODS.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
5(7), 590-592, 1971.
137 MILLION COWS, PIGS, AND LAMBS WERE
SLAUGHTERED IN 1970. WASTE PRODUCTS FROM A MEDI-
UM SIZED PACKING PLANT WERE SHOWN TO HAVE A
POPULATION EQUIVALENT OF 100,000 PEOPLE. A GALLON
OF BLOOD ALONE, WITH A BOD IN EXCESS OF 150,000 PPM,
HAS THE SAME OXYGEN DEMAND AS THE DAILY WASTES
FROM 7 TO 8 PEOPLE. HOWEVER, MUCH OF THE BLOOD,
SCRAP, AND GREASE PRODUCED IS OF SUFFICIENT
ECONOMIC VALUE TO JUSTIFY RECOVERY. NEARLY ALL
PACKING PLANTS HAVE A CATCH BASIN OR HOLDING
TANK PROVIDING AT LEAST A 20 MIN. DETENTION TIME
FOR RECOVERY OF SCRAPS AND GREASE. FURTHER
TREATMENT METHODS HAVE BEEN WELL DOCUMENTED,
AND INCLUDE LAGOON SYSTEMS, AIR FLOTATION, AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE, TRICKLING FILTERS, ROTATING
BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS, OXIDATION DITCHES, AND
ANAEROBIC CONTACTORS FOLLOWED BY POLISHING
LAGOONS. SEVERAL CONSTRUCTION OPTIONS ARE ALSO
AVAILABLE, DEPENDING UPON THE SITUATION: (1)
PLANTS MAY CONSTRUCT THEIR OWN, IN-HOUSE TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES; (2) PLANT EFFLUENT MAY BE
DISCHARGED DIRECTLY TO A MUNICIPAL SEWER IN CASES
WHERE THE MUNICIPAL PLANT HAS SUFFICIENT CAPACI-
TY; AND (3) THE MUNICIPALITY MAY BUILD A NEW
TREATMENT PLANT FOR THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTES,
OPERATE IT, AND CHARGE THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE FOR
THE SERVICES. AN EXAMPLE OF THE THIRD ALTERNATIVE
IS PRESENTED. (W71-1 1387.
00627. FILTER PRESS COSTS VERSUS LAND DEMAND.
EDMONDSON, B.R.
SURVEYOR, 134(4075), 1970.
SLUDGE DRYING IS A LOW COST MEANS Op SEWAGE
TREATMENT WHICH HAS BEEN VERY POPULAR ESPE-
CIALLY SINCE IT ONLY REQUIRES ENOUGH LAND TO
ALLOW FOR DRYING AND LAGOONS TO RECEIVE WHAT
THE BEDS CANNOT HANDLE. WALSALL CORPORATION
AND LATER THE UPPER THAMES DRAINAGE AUTHORITY,
WHICH ASSUMED THE CORPORATION'S RESPONSIBILrTIES
FOR SEWERAGE, WAS USING THE SLUDGE DRYING
PROCESS WHEN DIFFICULTIES AROSE. THE SLUDGE DRY-
ING AREA WAS FULLY LOADED, OTHER SITES WERE HARD
TO FIND, LAND COSTS HAD RISEN STEEPLY, AND A MO-
TORWAY WAS ROUTED THROUGH THE AREA IN WHICH
THE LAGOONS WHICH HELD THE EXCESS SLUDGE WERE
SITUATED. IN ADDITION, SLUDGE ACCUMULATION DUR-
ING THE WINTER MONTHS, ANNUAL INCREASES IN
STOCKPILES OF DRIED SLUDGE, DANGER OF INCREASES IN
POLLUTION DUE TO SMELL NUISANCE, AND FIRE
HAZARDS WERE PROBLEMS. IN 1969, THE FILTER PRESS
METHOD OF DRYING WAS INSTALLED. THE MECHANICAL
DRYING METHOD WAS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN NATURAL
DRYING, BUT IT ALSO HAD ADVANTAGES. TESTS WERE
MADE TO DISCOVER THE MOST PRACTICAL PRESS SIZE TO
USE IN THE NEW SYSTEM, AND IT WAS SHOWN THAT A
SMALL 51 SQ IN PLATE WAS IN GENERAL BETFER THAN
THAT OF A PRESS WITH A LARGER PLATE. THE CAKE THUS
PRODUCED HAS A MOISTURE CONTENT SOME 4-5% LOWER
THAN THAT PRODUCED BY THE OTHER PRESS. THE COST
PER TON OF DRIED SOLIDS FROM THE DRYING BEDS WAS
57-7 SHILLINGS PER TON, WHILE THE PRESS PLANT COSTS
WERE 149-9 SHILLINGS PER TON OF DRY SOLIDS
ALTHOUGH THE FILTER PRESS METHOD MAY SEEM MORE
EXPENSIVE, THE EXPENSES SEEM NEGLIGIBLE WHEN COM-
132
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REFERENCE LIST
PARED TO THE REDUCED NEED FOR AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL OF SMELL AND SMOKE, IMPROVEMENTS OF THE
AESTHETICS OF THE AREA AND REDUCTION OF THE DE-
MAND FOR LAND. (W71-11391).
00628. GROWN-UP COMPANY TOWN COPES WITH
POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
MCLANE, F.C.
PUBLIC WORKS, 101(9), 99-100, 1970.
THE PEOPLE OF WARE SHOALS, SOUTH CAROLINA, WERE
FACED WITH THE DOUBLE TASK OF DEALING WITH POL-
LUTION AND ORGANIZING A NEW CITY GOVERNMENT IN
1967, WHEN IT WAS INCORPORATED. PRELIMINARY EN-
GINEERING PLANS WERE MADE AND A BOND ISSUE OF
$800,000 WAS VOTED. IN 1968, RIEGEL TEXTILE CORPORA-
TION, THE COMPANY WHICH ORIGINALLY ESTABLISHED
THE TOWN AND HAD PROVIDED MANY SERVICES BEFORE
INCORPORATION, OFFERED THE IDEA OF BUILDING A
JOINT INDUSTRIAL/DOMESTIC LAGOON FOR THE DISPOSAL
OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES. WARE
SHOALS WILL BUILD, OWN, AND OPERATE THE FACILITY,
WHILE RIEGEL HAS CONTRACTED TO PAY APPROXIMATE-
LY 90% OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS.
THIS PROPOSAL WAS ADVANTAGEOUS TO THE CITY IN
MANY WAYS: (I) THE SITE OFFERED WAS THE ONLY
PRACTICAL ONE FOR THE LOCATION OF THE LARGEST
LAGOON IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM, THEREBY SAVING A
SWITCH TO ANOTHER TYPE OF SYSTEM, (2) THE TOWN
SAVED $60,000 IN CONSTRUCTION COSTS. RIEGEL ALSO
BENEFITED IN THAT IT WOULD SAVE $300,000 IN COSTS
DUE THE TOWN'S BEING ABLE TO OBTAIN FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL GRANTS. ALTHOUGH THE
TOWN HAD A WATER SYSTEM OF SORTS, IT WAS VERY IN-
ADEQUATE DUE TO AGE, CORROSION, AND SMALL PIPES.
THERE WAS NO TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE AT
ALL, AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WAS EMPTIED INTO THE
SALUDA RIVER AFTER ONLY PARTIAL TREATMENT. PLANS
CALL FOR EXTENSION OF WATER LINES, REPAIR AND
REPLACEMENT OF OTHER LINES. EXTENSION OF THE
SEWER SYSTEM TO ALMOST ALL AREAS OF TOWN, AND
CONSTRUCTION OF TWO LAGOONS ON ONE SIDE OF TOWN
AND THE LARGE COMBINED LAGOON ON THE RIVER.
(W7I-I1394).
00629. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
RITTER, L.E.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 42(10), 1782-1791, 1970.
THREE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, HAVING MODIFICA-
TIONS OF THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS AND AERO-
BIC SLUDGE DIGESTION WITH DIFFUSED AERATION. WERE
STUDIED TO DETERMINE THE ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
AND COST FIGURES OF SUCH SYSTEMS. TWO OF THE
SYSTEMS RECEIVED LITTLE OR NO INDUSTRIAL WASTE,
WHILE INDUSTRIAL, WASTES CONTRIBUTED NEARLY 70%
OF THE INFLUENT TO THE THIRD PLANT. THE PLANTS-
POPULATION EQUIVALENTS SERVED RANGED FROM 7,500
FOR THE LARGEST TO 3,650 FOR THE SMALLEST. ALL
THREE PLANTS WERE LOADED AT OR NEAR THEIR DESIGN
CAPACITY, AND ALL PRODUCED A STABLE, READILY DE-
WATERABLE SLUDGE, USEFUL KOR SOIL CONDITIONING
AND FERTILIZING. AEROBIC DIGESTION, ALTHOUGH NOT
PRODUCING AS GREAT A REDUCTION OF VOLATILE
SOLIDS AS DID ANAEROBIC PROCESSES, WAS NEITHER IN-
HIBITED AS EASILY NOR WAS IT PLAGUED BY FOUL ODOR
PROBLEMS. PRESENT DESIGN CRITERIA OF 3.0 TO 5.0 CU
FT/POPULATION EQUIVALENT OF DIGESTER VOLUME AND
1.0 SO FT/POPULATION EQUIVALENT OF DRYING BED
AREA WERE SHOWN TO BE SUFFICIENT WITHIN THE
LIMITATIONS OF PREVAILING WEATHER CONDITIONS.
AERATION RATES IN ACTUAL PRACTICE HAVE BEEN
FOUND TO VARY BETWEEN 25 AND 30 CFM/1000 CU FT,
SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE RECOMMENDED 20 CFM/1000 CU FT.
AVERAGE POWER COSTS WERE COMPUTED AND FOUND
TO BE S2.18/YR/LB OF BOD RECEIVED/DAY, OR $.
37/YR/POPULAT1ON. BELOW POPULATION OF 8,000,
OPERATING COSTS FOR AEROBIC DIGESTION WERE LESS.
AT 8,000 OR ABOVE, THE SITUATION REVERSED. (W71-
11395).
00630. THE FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATING SOFTWOOD
AND HARDWOOD FOR DISPOAL OF PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT.
WILSON, C.W.
PAPER NO 71 - 245, 1971 ANNUAL MEETING, AMER-
ICAN SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS,
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, PULLMAN,
WASH., JUNE 27-30, 1971. 31 P.
THE FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATING TREES WITH KRAFT
PAPERMILL EFFLUENT TO REDUCE STREAM POLLUTION
DURING THE LOW FLOW PERIOD OF THE SUMMER
MONTHS, AND THE POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE
SOIL WERE DETERMINED. FOR SOFTWOODS THE POSSIBILI-
TY OF DISPOSING OF PAPERMILL EFFLUENT BY IRRIGA-
TION SEEMS PROMISING AND WOULD REDUCE POLLUTION
OF LOCAL STREAMS. COST OF THE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
STUDIED WAS $137.00 PER ACRE PER YEAR. BLACK WATER
AND WHITE WATER COULD PROBABLY BE USED IN THE
RATIO THAT THEY ARE DISCHARGED (80% BLACK WATER
AND 20% WHITE WATER). WITH THE BOTTOM LAND HARD-
WOODS IT WAS DETERMINED THAT 19.3 INCHES OF PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT COULD BE APPLIED DURING THE SUMMER
GROWING SEASON. HOWEVER, IT WAS RECOMMENDED
THAT A MIXTURE OF 90% WHITE WATER AND 10%, BLACK
WATER BE USED FOR IRRIGATION. A FLOOD IRRIGATION
SYSTEM WOULD COST $7.43 PER YEAR. THE AVERAGE IN-
CREASE RELATIVE TO HARDWOOD GROWTH WAS FOUND
TO BE APPROXIMATELY 6 PERCENT. (PB-202 561) (W71-
11644).
00631. ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS: AN
INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION OF
THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS.
CHAPMAN, D.; O'NEILL, R.V.
ORNL-4641 DECEMBER 1970. 36 P.
A HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME HAS BEEN
USED TO DEVELOP THE CONCEPT OF A FUNCTIONAL
SYSTEM LINKING RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE IN BOTH
ECONOMICS AND ECOLOGY. AS AN EXAMPLE, POWER
PRODUCTION IS DESCRIBED WITHIN A MATRIX CONSIST-
ING OF (A) FIVE ENERGY SOURCES, (B) SIX STAGES OF
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION, AND (C) THEIR IN-
TERACTIONS WITH ECOSYSTEMS AND NONMARKET COSTS.
NONMARKET COSTS ARE THE BASIS FOR ANTICIPATING
DIVERGENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL AND MARKET EQUILIBRIA:
EXAMPLES ARE BROWNOUTS, POWER PLANT SITING CON-
TROVERSIES, AND VARIOUS FORMS OF POLLUTION. THE
THEORY OF EXPECTED UTILITY MAXIMIZATION IS USED
HEREIN TO SUGGEST THAT UNCERTAINTY PERTAINING TO
POWER NEEDS INCREASES THE EXPECTED SOCIAL COST
OF NEW CAPACITY. WE CONCLUDE WITH THE SUG-
GESTION THAT THIS RESEARCH MAY SERVE AS AN IN-
TRODUCTION TO A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF POWER
PRODUCTION AND PUBLIC POLICY. (ORNL-4641) (W71-
I 1673).
133
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00632. EVALUATION OF A NEW ACID
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PROCESS.
MINE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
FEBRUARY 1971. 155 P
A TWO-STAGE COMBUSiON PROCESS HAS BEEN
DEVELOPED TO UTILIZE COAL REFUSE IN THE RENOVA-
TION OF ACID MINE WATER TO POTABLE WATER. THE
COAL REFUSE IS DISSOLVED IN MOLTEN IRON SO THAT
COMBUSTION TAKES PLACE ONLY AT THE SURFACE. CAR-
BON MONOXIDE FORMED THERE IS ALSO BURNED. ENER-
GY SUPPLIED BY THE COMBUSTION MAY BE USED EITHER
FOR DISTILLATION OR REVERSE OSMOSIS UNITS.
ALTHOUGH THE COAL REFUSE IS USUALLY HIGH IN SUL-
FUR CONTENT, THE TWO STAGES OF THE COMBUSTION
PROCESS INSURE THAT THE SULFUR DOES NOT ESCAPE TO
POLLUTE THE AIR, SINCE THE REFUSE SULFUR IS EVEN-
TUALLY TRAPPED IN THE SLAG AND RECOVERED FOR
SALE. LABORATORY EVALUATIONS WERE MADE ON THE
VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE PROCESSES. AND FROM
THESE DETERMINATIONS A COST ESTIMATE WAS FORMU-
LATED. DEPENDING ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE ACID
MINE WATER (COAL REFUSE) USED AND ON THE SULFUR
SELLING PRICE ($20 TO S30/TON), THE BREAKEVEN PRICE
FOR WATER FOR A 5 MOD PLANT VARIES FROM $. 42 TO $.
16/1000 GAL WHEN A 147r CAPITAL INTEREST CHARGE IS
USED IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE KINETICS OF SLAG
DESULFUR1ZA ITON, CALCIUM SULFATE TO CALCIUM SUL-
FIDE REDUCTION, AND CARBON SOLUBILITY RATE BE
MORE THOROUGHLY INVESTIGATED AND ELUCIDATED IN
I HE LABORATORY, ALONG WITH AN EVALUATION OK THE
REFRACTORIES USED. AFTER THESE INVESTIGATIONS, A
REVISION IN THE COST ESTIMATES SHOULD BE POSSIBLE.
(PB-2D2 571 ] (W71-I 1795.
00633. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT, - OPERATION OF
THE MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
PLANT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO. 645,
MAR 1971,296 P
THE GENERAL DISCUSSION CONCERNS THE MANAGE-
MENT. OPERATION, MAINTENANCE, PHYSICAL PLANT,
AND INFORMATION GAINED IN THE OVERALL PROGRAM
OF ADVANCING THE STATE OF THE ART OF DESALTING
I i.CHNOLOGY THE PLANT IS A 2,500.000 GALLON PER DAY
FULL SIXE MODULE OF A 50,000,000 GALLON PER DAY
MIT.TLSTAGE FLASH SEA WATER DESALINATION PLANT.
THE MODULE IS OPERATED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A
UTILITY ELECTRIC' POWER PLANT. THE PLANT IS
DESIGNED TO PROVIDE MEANINGFUL DATA CONCERNING
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALINATION
PLANTS INCLUDING SUCH ITEMS AS HEAT TRANSFER,
EQUIPMENT AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN, MATERIALS, COST
OF PROVIDING FRESH WATER. PROCESS ENGINEERING,
OPERATION OF MULTIPURPOSE PLANTS, AND EQUIPMENT
PERFORMANCE. (GPO $2.50) (W7I-1IS69).
00634. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
HINOMOTO, H.
ILLINOIS WATER RESOURCES CENTER, URRANA,
RESEARCH REPORT NO. .19, 45 P
THE ECONOMIES OF SCALE. WHICH LOWER THE COST PUR
UNIT VOLUME WITH INCREASING FACILITY SIZE, HAVE
NECESSITATED MUCH PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION
WITH FUTURE NEEDS IN MIND. REQUIRING THE FORMULA
TION OF A CAPACITY EXPANSION MODE!,. THE MODEL AS-
SUMES SEVERAL CONDITIONS, NAMELY: (1) THE SCALE
EFFECTS IN BOTH CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS OF A
TREATMENT PLANT OR DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIR ARE
REPRESENTED BY CONCAVE FUNCTIONS OF CAPACITY IN
EXPONENTIAL FORM; (2) DEMAND CONTINUOUSLY IN-
CREASES OVER A FINITE PERIOD BEYOND WHICH IT STAYS
AT THF MAXIMUM LEVEL ATTAINED AT THE END OF THE
PERIOD; AND (3) FACILITIES EXISTING AT THE OUTSET
AND THOSE INSTALLED DURING THE PLANNING PERIOD
ARE PLACED BY PERMANENT CHAINS OF FACILITIES
IDENTICAL WITH THEM. MINIMIZATION OF TOTAL COST
OF INVESTMENT AND OPERATION AND A SET OF CON-
STRAINTS ON THE TREATMENT AND STORAGE CAPACITIES
ARE THE BASIS FOR THE MODEL FORMULATION. THE DE-
MANDS TO BE SATISFIED INCLUDE THE EXPECTED DAILY
MAXIMUM DEMAND, EQUALIZATION DURING THE DAILY
PEAK PERIOD, AND FIRE FIGHTING. AS AN EXAMPLE, THE
MODEL WAS APPLIED IN THE CHAMPAIGN-URBANA AREA
IN ILLINOIS. THE PERIOD 1970 TO 1985 WAS USED FOR
FORECASTING DEMANDS AND PLANNING NEW INSTALLA-
TIONS, AND AN INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS IS
PRESENTED. (W71-12040).
00635. OZONATION, NEXT STOP TO WATER PURIFI-
CATION.
BENDER, R.J. '
POWER, 114(8), 58-60, 1970.
BECAUSE OZONE IS PROVING TO BE A VERY GOOD OXIDIZ-
ING AGENT, IT IS VERY USEFUL IN PURIFICATION OF
WATER BY OXIDATION. IT IS USED MOSTLY IN PREPARA-
TION OF MUNICIPAL POTABLE WATER IN INCREASING
NUMBERS OF CITIES AND PURIFYING DRINKING WATER,
MAINLY IN EUROPE. ALTHOUGH CHLORINATION HAS
DONE A GOOD, ECONOMICAL JOB IN INITIALLY REDUCING
BACTERIAL COUNT, LABORATORY TESTS HAVE SHOWN
THAT A SUPPLEMENTARY TREATMENT WAS NEEDED. THE
PURIFICATION PROCESS CALLS FOR CHLORINATION AND
THOROUGH FILTRATION BEFORE OZONATION. OZONATION
OF DRINKING WATER OFFERS SEVERAL ADVANTAGES
OVER SIMPLE CHLORINATION; (1) BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
ARE KILLED COMPLETELY IN SHORTER CONTACT TIME
WITH LESSER CONCENTRATIONS: (2) OZONE DOES NOT AF-
FECT WATER TASTE; (3) OZONATION COMPLETELY
DESTROYS PHENOLS AND COUNTER-ACTS THE ACTION OF
DETERGENTS. THE COST OF THE OZONATION PROCESS IS
FROM 0.1 CENT TO 0.2 CENTS/1000 GALLONS. AN OZONA-
TION PLANT COSTS ABOUT $5.000 PER MGD FOR EACH PPM
OF OZONE, AND A CONCENTRATION OF 1-2 PPM IS
USUALLY SATISFACTORY. OZONATION IS NOW BEING
USED TO PURIFY WASTE WATER AND AS A TERTIARY STEP
FOLLOWING SECONDARY TREATMENT FOR SEWAGE
WASTE WATER. (W7I-12052).
00636. AN ASSESSMENT OF POLYELECTROLYTES
FOR SLUDGE CONDITIONING AT
WORTHING.
SLEETH, R.E.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 69(1) 31-38.
RETEN, FLOCCOTAN, MAGNAFLOC, AND DECAPOL WERE
STUDIED IN FULL SCALE PLANT EXPERIMENTS TO ASSESS
THEIR RELATIVE MERITS FOR SLUDGE CONDITIONING.
SLUDGE WAS COLLECTED FROM TWO TREATMENT
PLANTS, ONE WITH A 1.3 MGD CAPACITY, AND ONE OF 4 8
MGD CAPACITY. THE TESTS WERE PERFORMED TO DETER-
MINE THE VALIDITY OF CLAIMS MADE ABOUT THE
POLYELECTROLYTES. THESE ADVANTAGES INCLUDED- (1)
POLYELECTROLYTES ARE INERT AND THEY WOULD BE
LESS SUSCEPTIBLE TO BACTERIAL INHIBITION; (2) ONLY A
SINGLE CHEMICAL WOULD BE USED, FACILITATING CON-
TROL; (3) REDUCED CHEMICAL DOSAGE WOULD REDUCE
STORAGE AND COST REQUIREMENTS; (4) POLYELEC-
134
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REFERENCE LIST
TROLYTES, IN A CLEAN WHITE POWDER FORM, WOULD
IMPROVE HANDLING CONDITIONS; AND (5) EXISTING
PLANTS COULD USE POLYELECTROLYTES WITHOUT EX-
TENSIVE MODIFICATION. DISADVANTAGES KNOWN TO
EXIST WERE: (HA SPECIAL PROCEDURE WAS NEEDED TO
PREPARE SOLUTIONS OF THE CHEMICAL FOR INTRODUC-
TION TO THE WASTE; AND (2) DIFFICULTIES MIGHT BE EN-
COUNTERED IN CONTROLLING THE ADDITION OF SMALL
AMOUNTS OF AN EXPENSIVE MATERIAL. TEST RESULTS
SHOWED THAT ALL POLYELECTROLYTES PERFORMED
BETTER THAN LIME AND COPPERAS, WITH FLOCCOTAN
BEING THc OPTIMUM FOR THIS PARTICULAR APPLICA-
TION. IN ADDITION, ESTIMATED SAVINGS BASED ON INI-
TIAL PERFORMANCE WOULD BE APPROXIMATELY 1500
POUNDS PER YEAR. THE VALIDITY OF ALL ORIGINALLY
CLAIMED ADVANTAGES WAS SUBSTANTIATED, WHILE THE
DISADVANTAGES PROVED TO BE INSIGNIFICANT. (W71-
120551
00637. OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF TWO WATER PU-
RIFICATION SYSTEMS.
DENCHFIELD, T.D.
SELECTED PORTIONS OF A MASTER'S THESIS, KAN-
SAS STATE UNIVERSITY, 1967, P 102-170.
THE AMERICAN OIL COMPANY'S SUGAR CREEK REFINERY
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOON WAS THE PARTIAL PATTERN
FOR A MATHEMATICAL LAGOON MODEL, WITH SEVERAL
OF THE MODEL'S CONSTANTS BEING DERIVED FROM THE
OPERATIONAL DATA OF THE LAGOON. SEPARATE MODELS
WERE INITIALLY DEVELOPED FOR THE BIODEGRADATION
KINETICS, FLOW THROUGH THE LAGOON, AND
ECONOMICS OF THE PROCESS. BOTH THE BIODEGRADABLE
AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE COMPONENTS, AS WELL AS
THE CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, WERE ACCOUNTED
FOR IN THE KINETICS MODEL. THE ECONOMICS MODEL IN-
CLUDED LAND COST, AERATOR SIZING AND COST, ELEC-
TRIC POWER, AND STRUCTURES. THE OBJECTIVE OF THESE
PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS WAS TO DETERMINE THE
VOLUME PER STAGE, THE AERATOR MOTOR SIZE, AND
THE NUMBER OF STAGES REQUIRED FOR THE
BIODCGRADATION SECTION OF AN AERATION, AT THE
SAME TIME MINSMiZING THE COST. THE SUGAR CREEK
AERATION BASIN IS USED AS A SAMPLE PROBLEM, AND
AM. COMPUTATIONAL ROUTINES USED ARE ILLUSTRATED.
(W7I-I2059).
00638, REMOVAL OF ORGANICS FROM WASTE
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON.
ENGLISH, J.N.; MASSE, A.N.; CARRY, C.W.; PiTKIN,
J.B.; RASKINS, J.E.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, SYMPOSIUM
SERIES, 67(107';, 147-153, 1970.
A i) 3 MILLION GAL. /DAY, FOUR-STAGE, FIXED-BED,
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON PILOT PLANT, COMPLETE
WITH THERMAL REGENERATION FACILITIES, CONTINU-
OUSLY TREATED UNFILTERED, ACTIVATED SLUDGE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT FOR A
FOUR-YtAR PERIOD. HIGH QUALITY PRODUCT WATER
CHARACTERIZED BY A COD OF 10 MG. /LITER WAS
PRODUCED ON A ROUTINE BASIS. A 17% DECREASE IN
CARBON CAPACITY OCCURRED BETWEEN THE FIRST AND
FOURTH CYCLES (ONE CYCLE PER YEAR), AT WHICH TIME
A STEADY STATE CONDITION WAS ESTABLISHED AT A
CAPACITY BETWEEN 45 TO 50 I.B. OF DISSOLVED COD PER
100 I.B. OF CARBON. REGENERATION OF THE CARBON WAS
SHOWN TO BE A FEASIBLE PROCESS AND SUCCESSFUL
BACKWASHING OF THE FIRST STAGE CARBON, WHICH
SERVES AS A FILTER AND AN ADSORBER, MADE
PRETREATMENT OF THE WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT UNNECESSARY. THE ESTIMATED COST
OF $86 PER MILLION GALLONS, FOR A 10-MILLION
GAL/DAY CARBON PLANT IS BASED ON A FOURTH CYCLE
DOSAGE OF 350 LB. OF CARBON PER MILLION GALLONS OF
WATER AND A CONSERVATIVE CARBON LOSS OF 10% PER
CYCLE. (W71-12195)
00639. PHOSPHOROUS REMOVAL FROM WASTE
WATER BY ACTIVATED ALUMINA
COLUMNS.
CUL?, G.L.; AMES, L.LJR.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS SYMPOSIUM
SERIES, 67(107), 304-309, 1971.
ALUMINA, A PHOSPHORUS SELECTIVE ADSORBENT, WAS
USED IN A TERTIARY CHEMICAL PROCESS FOR
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM WASTE WATER. THE
PROCESS WAS SCALED UP FROM LABORATORY SIZE TO A
25 GAL/MIN MOBILE PILOT PLANT. THE PILOT PLANT WAS
DESIGNED TO FIT A STANDARD 40 FT, VAN TRAILER.
SECONDARY EFFLUENT WAS PASSED THROUGH A MUL-
TIMEDIA FILTER BED AND STORED IN AN EXTERIOR 2,500
GAL. SURGE TANK. OF COLLAPSIBLE PLASTIC. FROM THIS
TANK, FILTERED SEWAGE WAS PUMPED TO COLUMNS
CONTAINING 150-160 GAL OF ALUMINA. AFTER
PHOSPHORUS LOADING AN ALUMINA COLUMN WAS
TAKEN OFF THE LINE AND 800 GAL OF 1 M NOAH WAS
USED TO REMOVE THE ADSORBED ACID BY RECIRCULA-
TION. COLUMN WASHING FOLLOWING THE ELUTION
CYCLE WAS PH CONTROLLED. USED NAOH WAS PUMPED
FROM THE CAUSTIC MAKEUP TANK TO THE MIXING TANK
AND LIME ADDED TO PRECIPITATE PHOSPHORUS IN THE
FORM OF SOLID HYDROXLAPAT1TE, THE SOLIDS WERE
REMOVED IN A CONTINUOUS CENTRIFUGE AND THE NAOH
RETURNED TO THE MAKEUP TANK FOR REUSE. INITIAL
OPERATING COSTS FOR THE STUDY WERE 5.8 CENTS/1000
GAL. OPERATION OF AN ALUMINA PILOT PLANT IN
SEVERAL GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS WOULD BE DESIRABLE
TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF INFLUENT COMPOSITION,
AND OTHER OPERATING CONDITIONS, ON PROCESS PER-
FORMANCE AND ECONOMICS. (W71-I2201).
00640. OPTIMIZING A KRAFT MILL WATER REUSE
SYSTEM.
LYONS, D.N.; ECKENFELDER, W.W.JR.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, SYMPOSIUM
SERIES, 67(107), 381-387.
IN DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM QUALITY OF WATER
RECOVERY AND REUSE A GENERALIZED MATHEMATICAL
MODEL WAS DEVELOPED. THE MODEL AND ASSOCIATED
METHODOLOGY WERE APPLIED TO THE WATER MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEM OF A MEDIUM SIZE BLEACHED KRAFT PULP
MILL. THROUGH THE OPTIMIZATION OF THIS PROBLEM,
THE REUSE OF WATER RECLAIMED FROM INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATER WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY UTILIZING THE
MATHEMATICAL MODEL DEVELOPED. THE COST SOLU-
TION CONSIDERED THE EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN
PRODUCTION PROCESS WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS,
COST AND QUALIFY OF FRESHWATER AND RECLAIMED
WATER AND THE COST OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT. THE
APPLICATION OF THE MODEL TO THE PULP AND PAPER
MILL INDICATED THAT HIGH LEVELS OF RECYCLE COULD
BE ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIED IF STRINGENT COLOR STAN-
DARDS FOR WASTE WATER EFFLUENTS REQUIRED A HIGH
DEGREE OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. THE KEY TO THE
PROCESS OF RECLAIMING USABLE WATER FROM THE PULP
AND PAPER MILL WAS COLOR REMOVAL. (W7I-12207).
135
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00641. TAHOE AND WINDHOEK: PROMISE AND
PROOF OF CLEAN WATER.
SEBASTIAN, P.P.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, SYMPOSIUM
SERIES. 67(107), 410-412, 1971.
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN WATER
RECLAMATION HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN FULL-
SCALE OPERATIONS AT LAKE TAHOE, CALIFORNIA, AND
WINDHOEK, SOUTH WEST AFRICA. AT THESE LOCATIONS
IT HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT SEWAGE EFFLUENT CAN BE
SAFELY 7!>.-ATED TO PRODUCE DRINKING QUALITY
WATER. THE PLANT AT TAHOE CONSISTS OF A CONVEN-
TIONAL, ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT WITH AN ADDED TER-
TIARY SYSTEM. A SIGNIFICANT STEP IN COMPATIBILITY OF
THERMAL RECLAMATION PROCESSED USED AT TAHOE IS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXHAUST GAS CLEANING DEVICES
THAT COOL AND CLEAN THE GASES SO EFFECTIVELY
THAT PARTICULATE MATTER IS UNMEASURABLE. IN THE
FIRST YEARS OF OPERATION THE EFFLUENT WAS BETTER
THAN THE STANDARDS SET, THE MEDIAN BOD WAS 0.98
MG/L1TER AND THE MEDIAN COD WAS 10.83 MG/LITER.
THE TOTAL OPERATING COST OF THE TERTIARY PROCESS
BASED ON 1.5 MILLION GAL/DAY IS 14 CENTS/1000 GAL.
AND THE AMORTIZATION COST IS 8.75 CENTS/1000 GAL,
WHILE THE INCREMENTAL COST ABOVE SECONDARY
TREATMENT IS ! .5 CENT/PERSON/DAY. DURING TRIAL
RUWS UNDERTAKEN TO STUDY THE OVERALL PER-
FORMANCE OF THE PLANT, TEST WORK INCLUDED A
DETERMINATION OF THE FATE OF POLIO VIRUSES, BAC-
TERIA, AND PARASITES. TESTS SHOWED LITTLE OR NO
VIRUSES WERE PRESENT PASSING INTO THE CHLORINA-
T1ON TANK, GIVING NO INDICATION AS TO THE EFFEC-
TIVENESS OF THE LEVELS OF CHLORINE USED. AS A
RESULT OF THE TESTS !T WAS SHOWN THAT COMPLETELY
ACCEPTABLE WATER COULD BE PRODUCED FROM
SPECIFIED SEWAGE EFFLUENTS. (W71-I2209).
00642. ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WASTE TRANS-
PORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
TOMPSON, T.L.; SNOEK, P.E.; WASP, E.J.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, SYMPOSIUM
SERIES, 67(107), 413-422, 1971.
A STUDY WAS SPONSORED BY THE FEDERAL WATER
QUALITY ADMINISTRATION DETERMINING THE TECHNI-
CAL FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS OF TRANSPORTING
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE AND OTHER
SELECTED WASTES BY AVAILABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
FOR LAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL. THE GENERAL REGION
SELECTED FOR STUDYING LAND DISPOSAL WAS THE
GREAT LAKES MEGALOPIS EXTENDING FROM BUFFALO TO
MILWAUKEE, WHILE OCEAN DISPOSAL WAS INVESTIGATED
ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST MEGALOPOLIS FROM
BOSTON TO NORFOLK. EVALUATION OF REGIONAL
SLUDGE TRANSPORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS WAS TAKEN
OF THE NORTHEAST OHIO AREA. AN AREA EVALUATION
DISPLAYED THE ULTIMATE DISPOSAL SYSTEM AS BEING A
12 IN. PIPELINE EXTENDING FROM THE CLEVELAND AREA
SOUTHERLY TO HARRISON. 5-MILE OUTFALL TO SHELF
WATERS (60 FT. DEPTH) AND AN 80 MILE OUTFALL TO
THE EDGE OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF (650 FT DEPTH)
WERE EVALUATED. CHE OCEAN DISPOSAL SYSTEM
WOULD HAVE 2 PIPELINE COLLECTION BRANCHES MAIN-
LINING FROM AN IS IN. DIAMETER LINE. IN CONCLUSION
UTILIZATION OF LONG DISTANCE PIPELINES CAN EXTEND
THE RADIUS OF POTENTIAL SITES BY HUNDREDS OF
MILES. TWO MAJOR POINTS MENTIONED WERE (I) LAND
RECLAMATION AND UPGRADING OF MARGINAL LANDS
WITH DIGESTED SLUDGE IS AN ECONOMICAL AND
ECOLOGICALLY DESIRABLE METHOD OF SLUDGE
DISPOSAL, AND (2) PIPELINES OFFER LOW COSTS MEANS
OF TRANSPORTING WASTES TO AREAS WHERE THEY CAN
BE USED IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY BENEFICIAL MANNER
AT RATES OF $1.60/TON/25 MI. (W71-J2210).
00643. PILOT DEMONSTRATION OF BASIC DESIGNS
FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES.
FISHER, J.A.; HOVIOLS, J.C.; KUMKE, G.W.; CON-
WAY, R.A.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS, SYMPOSIUM
SERIES, 67(107) 485-494, 1971.
IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE SCOPE OF STUDY ON
ANAEROBIC SYSTEMS AND TO DEVELOP AND DIS-
SEMINATE INFORMATION IN A FORM USEFUL TO OTHERS,
A RESEARCH GRANT WAS AWARDED BY THE FEDERAL
WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION FOR PARTIAL SUP-
PORT OF IN-DEPTH ANAEROBIC TREATMENT STUDIES BY
UNION CARBIDE. ANAEROBIC FILTERS AND LAGOONS
OPERATING AT LOW MICROORGANISM CONCENTRATIONS
WERE USED. AN ANAEROBIC LAGOON EXPERIMENT WAS
PERFORMED AT UNION CARBIDE'S TEXAS CITY PLANT
UTILIZING ACTUAL WASTE STREAMS. 50 GAL. UNITS WERE
USED TO TREAT CONCENTRATED WASTES OF 15,000
MG/LITER COD AT DETENTION TIMES OF 20-40 DAYS. THE
EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED IN THE STUDY SHOWED THAT
THE ANAEROBIC LAGOON PROVIDED AN ECONOMICAL
METHOD FOR DECREASING OXYGEN DEMAND OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTE WATERS BY ABOUT 40-60% AT
LOADING LESS THAN 10 LB. COD/1000 CU FT. /DAY. THE
LAGOON IS ALSO UNIQUELY SUITABLE FOR UTILIZING
SULFATES FOUND IN PETROCHEMICAL WASTEWATERS
PROVIDING ORGANIC REDUCTION BY A SULFUR REDUC-
TION OXIDATION CYCLE. THE CAPITAL AND OPERATING
COSTS OF THE SYSTEM ARE SIGNIFICANTLY LOW. (W71-
12222).
00644. WASTE MANAGEMENT...WHAT DOES IT COST.
BERGE, O.I.
HOARD'S DAIRYMAN, VOL 116, APRIL 10, 1971, P
420.
THIS ARTICLE IS AN ECONOMIC PREDICTION OF THE* COST
FACTORS INVOLVED IN HANDLING WASTES BY DAILY
HAULING, STACKING OR LIQUID MANURE. DAILY HAULING
REQUIRES THE LEAST INVESTMENT AND LIQUID MANURE
SYSTEMS THE MOST. THE ANNUAL COSTS FOR EACH OF
THE SYSTEMS ARE MUCH CLOSER THAN THE INVESTMENT
FIGURES. THE COST OF THE WASTE HANDLING SYSTEMS
MAY BE OFFSET TO A CONSIDERABLE EXTENT BY THE
FERTILITY VALUE OF THE WASTES. (W7 1-1 2244).
00645. RECONNAISANCE STUDY: FINANCE, OR-
GANIZATION, MANAGEMENT-NASHUA
RIVER WATER QUALITY DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAM.
PAGE, P.; PERETTI, D.; SCHNEIDER, A.
UNIV. OF MASSACHUSETTS, AMHERST, WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER, 1971. 30.
THE NASHUA RIVER WATER QUALITY DEVELOPMENT PRO-
GRAM IS EVALUATED AFTER A FOUR-MONTH SURVEY IN-
CLUDING FINANCING, ORGANIZATION, AND MANAGERIAL
ASPECTS. RESULTS INDICATE THAT WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS CAN BE MET AT LOWER COSTS OF BOTH BUSI-
NESS AND PUBLIC SECTORS THROUGH COORDINATION
AND COOPERATION. THE CONFLICTING INTEREST OF CON-
SERVATIONISTS AND DEVELOPERS CAN BE RECONCILED
BY COOPERATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN BELTS
ALONG THE NASHUA RIVER (MASSACHUSETTS-NEW
HAMPSHIRE) WHICH WILL PROVIDE BOTH ENVIRONMEN-
TALLY PROTECTED RECREATION AREAS AND HIGHER
136
-------
REFERENCE LIST
LAND VALUES ADJACENT TO IT. ADVANTAGES AND POSSI-
BILITIES OF A REGIONAL PLANNING APPROACH ARE
POINTED OUT. (PB-202 697) (W71-12332).
00646. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
BRIMMER, A.F.
PRESENTED AT 1971 COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES
OF MIAMI ' UNIV., CORAL GABLES, FLORIDA,
JUNE 1971. 19 P,
AN ECONOMETRIC COMPUTER SIMULATION STUDY BY
THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD INDICATES THAT IT WlLL.
TAKE $16 BILLION TO FINANCE ANTI-POLLUTION CAPITAL
INVESTMENTS OVER THE NEXT FOUR OR FIVE YEARS AS
SUMING A $3 B1LLIQN INVESTMENT PER YEAR IN POLLU
TION ABATEMENT DEVICES FOR BOTH NEW AND EXISTING
EQUIPMENT. THESE COSTS MAY PRODUCE A SUBSTANTIAL
DRAG ON THE IMPROVEMENT IN THE MATERIAL CONDI-
TIONS OF LIFE OF MANY AMERICANS. WHILE POLLUTION
ABATEMENT INVESTMENTS WOULD CREATE MANY NEW
JOBS THE RESULTING LOWER PRODUCTIVITY WOULD
REDUCE THE GNP GROWTH WHICH WOULD AFFECT PER
CAPITA INCOMES OF THOSE UNDERDEVELOPED SECTORS
OF OUR ECONOMY WHICH ARE LEAST ABLE TO BEAR IT-
THE POOR, THE D1SADVANTAGED, AND THE HARD
PRESSED URBAN COMMUNITIES. OTHER PROJECTED EF-
FECTS OF INCREASED INVESTMENT IN POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT WERE SLIGHT REDUCTIONS IN EXPENDITURES FOR
PLANT AND RESIDENTIAL HOUSING, SIZABLE DROPS IN
PERSONAL CONSUMPTION AND, MOST DISTURBING, A
STRONG INFLATIONARY PRICE TREND. (W7 1-12341).
00647. WATER QUALITY ASPECTS OF INTERMIT-
TENT SYSTEMS USING SECONDARY
SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
BOUWER, H.
PAPER NO 8 OF ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE CONFERENCE, UNIVERSITY OF
READING, ENGLAND, SEPTEMBER 21-24, 1970:
THE WATER RESEARCH ASSOCIATION, MARLOW,
ENGLAND. 19 P.
AN EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT ON RECLAIMING WATER
FROM SECONDARY SEWAGE EFFLUENT BY GROUND-
WATER RECHARGE WITH INFILTRATION BASINS IN THE
DRY SALT RIVER BED NEAR PHOENIX, ARIZONA, SHOWS
THAI THE INFILTRATION RATE IN GRASS-COVERED
BASINS IS 259! HIGHER, AND IN GRAVEL-COVERED BASINS
5(Wf LOWER. THAN IN A BARE SOIL BASIN. ALTERNATING
2-WEEK INUNDATION PERIODS WITH 10 DAY DRY-UP
PERIODS (17 DAYS IN WINTER) YIELD AN ANNUAL INFIL-
TRATION RATE. OF ABOUT 100 M (330 FT). THE
HYDROGEOI.OGICAL CONDITIONS OK THE SALT RIVER
BF.D, ABOUT 0.9 M (3 FT) OF FINE, LOAMY SAND UNDER-
I.AYED BY SAND AND GRAVEL LAYERS TO GREAT DEPTH
AND A GROUNDWATER TABLE OF ABOUT 3 M (10 FT)
DEPTH, ARE FAVORABLE FOR HUGH-RATE WASTE WATER
RECLAMATION BY GROUNDWATER RECHARGE.
RECLAIMED WATER. PUMPED FROM 9 M (30 FT) DEPTH IN
THE CENTER OF THE RECHARGE AREA. HAS A BIOCHEMI
CAL OXYGEN DEMAND OF ABOUT 0.5 MG/LITER (BOD OF
THE SEWAGE EFFLUENT IS ABOUT 15 MG/LITER) AND A
MEDIAN FECAL COLIFORM DENSITY OF I PER 100 ML.
NITROGEN, WHICH IS ALMOST ALL IN THE AMMONIUM
FORM AT A CONCENTRATION OF 25 PPM N IN THE
SEWAGE EFFLUENT, IS ESSENTIALLY ALL CONVERTED TO
THE NITRATE FORM IN THE RECLAIMED WATER IF
SE0UENCES OF SHORT INUNDATION PERIODS (3 DAYS OR
LESS) ARE HELD. PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION IN THE
RECLAIMED WATER PUMPED FROM 30 FOOT DEPTH IN
THE CENTER OF THE'RECHARGE AREA IS AROUND 10 PPM
P. AS COMPARED TO 26 PPM IN THE EFFLUENT. TO
RECLAIM THE SEWAGE FLOW OF 370 MILLION CU M PER
YEAR THAT IS EXPECTED IN THE PHOENIX AREA BY THE
YEAR 2000, ABOUT 370 HA (950 ACRES) OF 1NF1LTATION
BASINS WOULD RE REQUIRED. COST OF RECLAIMING
WATER IN THIS MANNER WOULD BE ABOUT $4 PER 1000
CU M. (W7M2411).
00648. TAXING U.S. POLLUTERS.
MOSS, L.
SATURDAY REVIEW, AUGUST 7, 1971, P 51.
A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF POLLUTION is CAUSED BY
THE EMISSION OF SULFUR OXIDES. NO METHOD IS
PRESENTLY AVAILABLE TO REDUCE SUCH EMISSIONS. ST IS
UNLIKELY THAT INDUSTRY DESIRES SUCH TECHNOLOGY
AS THEY WOULD HAVE TO PAY THE COST OF IMPLEMEN-
TATION. POLLUTION TAXES, HOWEVER, WOULD
MOTIVATE INDUSTRY TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT POL-
LUTION REDUCTION DEVICES. THIS APPROACH WOULD
ALSO BE THE CHEAPEST METHOD OF ACHIEVING EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY. THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDS
THE FOLLOWING PROPOSALS: (1) A TAX OF 20 CENTS PER
POUND OF SULFUR, (2) A UNIFORM APPLICATION OF THE
TAX THROUGHOUT THE NATION, AND (3) REVENUE FROM
THE SULFUR TAX SHOULD GO INTO A GENERAL FUND
RATHER THAN A TRUST FUND. OTHER CANDIDATES FOR
POLLUTION TAXES ARE NITROGEN OXIDES, CARBON
MONOXIDES, HYDROCARBONS, PARTICULATE MATTER IN
THE A!R, AND THE BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND MADE
BY EFFLUENTS :IN WATER. (W71-12893).
00649. REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH POLICY
ON EUTROPHICATION PROBLEMS.
DOWNING, A.L.
JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR WATER TREAT-
MENT AND EXAMINATION, 19, PART 3, 223-238,
1970.
FOR NEW WATER SUPPLIES AND FOR GREATER RECREA-
TIONAL EXPLOITATION OF NATURAL WATERS IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM, APPROPRIATE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY
AND LINES OF INQUIRY ARE NEEDED. COST INCURRED AS
A RESULT OF EUTROPHICATION WILL PROBABLY NOT IN-
CREASE TO MORE THAN ABOUT DOUBLE THE PRESENT
EXPENDITURES BY THIS CENTURY'S END. IF ALGAL
GROWTH WERE FULLY UNDERSTOOD, PERHAPS SOME
COMPARATIVELY SIMPLE PREVENTIVE MEASURES COULD
BE APPLIED FOR ELIMINATING THESE NUISANCES. A
BALANCED PROGRAM IS REQUIRED FOR BASIC RESEARCH
AND FOR EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONS, ESPECIALLY ON
STATIC WATERS. SINCE FACTORS INFLUENCING ALGAL
GROWTH VARY GEOGRAPHICALLY, EXAMINING THE IN-
FLUENCES OF LOCATION OF WATER MAY SHOW THAT
ONE METHOD OF CONTROL MAY BE MORE APPROPRIATE
THAN ANOTHER. THOUGH IT IS UNLIKELY ELIMINATION
OF PHOSPHATES FROM DETERGENTS WOULD MATERIALLY
REDUCE ALGAL PROBLEMS, SEARCH FOR TROUBLE-FREE
SUBSTITUTES SHOULD CONTINUE. PROCESSES USED IN
REMOVING NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FROM EF-
FLUENTS SHOULD BE EXAMINED FOR SUITABILITY OF
REMOVING OTHER SUBSTANCES (CARBON ADSORPTION,
OZONATION), AND ABILITY OF EFFLUENTS TO SUPPORT
ALGAL GROWTH BY UNSUSPECTED COMPONENTS IS
PROFOUNDLY IMPORTANT. GROWTH OF WEEDS IN RIVERS
AND EFFECT OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT ON CLADOPHORA
NEEDS INVESTIGATION. INSURING THAT PRESENT EFFORTS
ARE WELL, COORDINATED TAKES PRECEDENCE OVER EM-
BARKING ON MANY NEW INITIATIVES. (W71-13172).
137
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00650. DEMINERALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
DRYDEN, F.D.
INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, 8(7) 24-26,
1971.
THE POMONA, CALIFORNIA, PILOT STUDY FOR RECLAIM-
ING WASTE WATERS PROVIDED A COMPARATIVE EX-
AMINATION OF THREE DEMINERALIZATION PROCESSES:
REVERSE OSMOSIS, ELECTRODIALYSIS, AND ION
EXCHANGE. RESULTS INDICATE THAT WASTEWATER
DEMINERALIZATION IS AN ECONOMICAL ALTERNATIVE
TO SEAWATER DEMINERALIZATION. STRONG ACID-WEAK
BASE ION EXCHANGE SO FAR APPEARS MORE ECONOMI-
CAL AND RELIABLE THAN THE REVERSE OSMOSIS AND
ELECTRODIALYSIS SYSTEMS, FOR THE TDS RANGE OF IN-
TEREST. PRACTICAL REDUCTIONS IN DISOLVED SOLIDS
CAN BE OBTAINED AT COSTS OF 20-30 CENTS/1000 GAL
WHERE BRINES CAN BE DISCHARGED INTO THE OCEAN.
SINCE EACH OF THE THREE PROCESSES SUBJECT TO FOUL-
ING IN THE PRESENCE OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF OR-
GANIC MATTER, ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION IS
CONSIDERED AN INTEGRAL PART OF THESE
DEMINERALIZATION SCHEMES. THE COST OF ACTIVATED
CARBON TREATMENT IS ESTIMATED AT 9 CENTS/1000 GAL
FOR A 10 MOD FACILITY, WHICH MUST BE ADDED TO THE
SEPARATE DEMINERALIZATION COST. (W71-I3291).
00651. INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL PROCESS.
SOFFER, L.M.; LOWELL, J.R.JR; LORAN, B.I.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
NOVEMBER 1970. 75 P
TWO NEW TYPES OF RESINS WERE SUBJECTED TO
LABORATORY EVALUATIONS OF THEIR TECHNICAL AND
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY FOR USE IN PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL. MULTI-VALENT METAL DERIVATIVES OF SUL-
FONIC ACID RESINS WERE FOUND TO HAVE GOOD
PHOSPHORUS CAPACITIES. THE IRON (III) FORM OF AM-
BERLITE 200 STRONG ACID CATION EXCHANGE RESIN, FOR
EXAMPLE, EXHIBITED CAPACITIES OF UP TO 9.5 MG P/ML
OF WTET RESIN, AND IN TESTS WITH SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT, A 2.7 MG P/ML CAPACITY WAS OBTAINED. EX-
HAUSTED RESIN WAS EASILY REGENERABLE WITH DILUTE
FERRIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION, AND AFTER TEN EX-
HAUSTION-REGENERATION CYCLES WERE PERFORMED ON
ONE SAMPLE, NO DETECTABLE LOSS OF PHOSPHORUS
CAPACITY WAS OBSERVED. THE IRON AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVED FROM THE WASTE WATER AND CONCEN-
TRATED IN THE WASTE BRINE WERE SUBSEQUENTLY
REMOVED FROM THE WASTE BRINE BY LIME ADDITION
AND SETTLING. A THOROUGH COST ANALYSIS INCLUDING
BOTH FIXED CONSTRUCTION COSTS AS WELL AS OPERA-
TION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS, ESTABLISHED THE PRICE
OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY THIS METHOD AS 34.38
CENTS/1000 GAL. THE SECOND RESIN TYPE REMOVED
ONLY 25 TO 35tf AS MUCH PHOSPHORUS AS COMMER-
CIALLY AVAILABLE RESINS AND WAS THEREFORE
DISMISSED. (PB-203-Ofi9) (W71-I3309).
00652. DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT.
CUMM1NGS. P.W.JR.
MASTER'S THESIS. UNIVERSITY OF MAS-
SACHUSETTS. AUGUST 1969. 171 I"
THE BASIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT WAS SIMULATED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
ROBERT SMITH AT THE CINCINNATI WATER RESEARCH
LABORATORY. THIS COMPUTER SIMULATION WAS THEN
USED AS THE BASIS FOR FURTHER MODIFICATION AND
REFINEMENT. FOLLOWING CONCEPTION. CONSTRUCTION,
AND TESTING OF THE MODIFICATIONS, NEW SUBROUTINES
INCORPORATING THE MODIFICATIONS WERF- INTEGRATED
INTO THE ORIGINAL PROGRAM. DEVELOPMENTS
MODELED IN THIS MANNER INCLUDED: (1) THE EXCLU-
SION OF PRIMARY SETTLING; (2) AEROBIC SLUDGE DIS-
ESTION; AND (3) A MORE THOROUGH ANALYSIS OF SAND
BED SLUDGE DEWATER1NG TECHNIQUES. COST ANALYSES
INDICATED THAT OMISSION OF PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION
WOULD RESULT IN OVERALL SAVINGS OF FROM 7.53% TO
11.01% AS COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WITH PRIMARY TREATMENT. SAND BED SLUDGE
DRYING WAS COMPARED WITH VACUUM FILTRATION AND
INCINERATION AND AT 2.4 CENTS/1000 GALLONS, WAS
FOUND TO BE CONSIDERABLY MORE ECONOMICAL.
ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTION WERE OF
NEARLY THE SAME COST, BUT IF SAND BED SLUDGE DRY-
ING WAS TO BE USED, A SUBSTANTIAL FINAL SAVINGS
WOULD BE REALIZED FROM AEROBIC DIGESTION DUE TO
THE BETTER DEWATERING CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROBI-
CALLY DIGESTED SLUDGES. (W71-13316).
00653. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
BESIK, F.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 118(7), 213-219, 1.971.
A CLOSED WATER-WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
WAS ASSEMBLED FROM COMPONENTS PRESENTLY
AVAILABLE. THE FIRST STEP WAS COAGULATION-CLARIFI-
CATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS WITH
THE PARALLEL REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATES. LIME AND
ALUM WERE FOUND SUITABLE FOR USE AS PRIMARY
COAGULANTS, WITH OR WITHOUT POLYELECTROLYTE
COAGULANTS, WITH OR WITHOUT POLYELECTROLYTE
COAGULANT AIDS. NEXT, AIR STRIPPING WAS EMPLOYED
TO REMOVE SOLVENTS (SUCH AS ACETONE,
METHYLETHLKETONE, AND OTHER LOW MOLECULAR
WEIGHT HYDROCARBONS), VOLATIVE GASES (HYDROGEN
SULFIDE, METHANE, CARBON DIOXIDE, CHLORINE, AND
AMMONIA), AND THEIR ASSOCIATED TASTES AND ODORS.
HARDNESS AND ORGANIC CARBON ARE ALSO REMOVED
TO A CERTAIN EXTENT. REVERSE OSMOSIS UNITS ARE
THEN USED TO PROVIDE 90 TO 98% REMOVAL OF
BIVALENT IONS AND 70 TO 90% REMOVALS OF
MONOVALENT IONS. REMAINING MATERIAL WAS THEN
SHOWN TO CONSIST MOSTLY OF MONOVALENT IONS
(SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, NITRATES, ETC. ) AND
LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ORGANICS. EFFLUENT FROM
THE REVERSE OSMOSIS UNITS WAS CHEMICALLY OX-
IDIZED WITH OZONE AND SUBJECTED TO CARBON AD-
SORPTION POLISHING. COST ESTIMATES REVEALED A 55%
INITIAL COST SAVINGS AND A 45% YEARLY OPERATIONAL
SAVINGS FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM AS OPPOSED TO CONVEN-
TIONAL SEPARATE WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES. (W71-
13406).
CONDITIONING OF
00654. POLYELECTROLYTE
ALUM SLUDGE.
ARGO, D.G.
MASTER'S THESIS, MARCH 1971, 94 P.
LIME SLUDGES, ONE FROM A PHOSPHORUS PRECIPITATION
PROCESS AND ONE FROM AN EXCESS LIME COLOR
REMOVAL PROCESS, WERE CONDITIONED WITH VARIOUS
POLYELECTROLYTES. ANALYTICAL TESTS INCLUDED
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE, COD, TOTAL AND VOLATILE
SOLIDS, PH. AND /ETA POTENTIAL. POLYELECTROLYTE
CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED SAMPLES WERE AP-
PLIED TO BENCH-SCALE SAND BEDS TO DETERMINE THE
EFFECT OF CONDITIONING ON GRAVITY DEWATERING
AND AIR DRYING. SPECIFIC RESISTANCE WAS DETER-
MINED TO BE AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL PARAMETER AND
IT WAS REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY ONLY BY ANION1C
138
-------
REFERENCE LIST
POLYELECTROLYTES. SLUDGES SO CONDITIONED
PRODUCED A POROUS, OPEN FLOC STRUCTURE, PRIN-
CIPALLY THROUGH CHEMICALLY BRIDGING, WHICH
FACILITATED GRAVITY DRAINING AND AIR DRYING.
ADEQUATE POLYMER DISPERSION WAS REQUIRED, BUT
EXCESS TURBULENCE DESTROYED THE FLOC STRUCTURE.
PH WAS SHOWN TO HAVE NO DETECTABLE EFFECT,
WHEREAS THE EFFECTS OF VARYING SOLIDS CONCENTRA-
TIONS WERE QUITE NOTICEABLE. AN AVERAGE COST OF
$934 PER MILLION GALLONS OF SLUDGE TREATED WAS
REPORTED. A FIGURE LOW ENOUGH TO JUSTIFY THE
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF THE PROCESS. (W71-13530).
0065S. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL:
METHODS AND COSTS.
BAYLEY,R.W.
WATER TREATMENT AND EXAMINATION, VOL 19,
294-319, 1970.
IN SOME PARTS OF WESTERN EUROPE AND THE USA
WHERE EUTROPH1CATION OF SURFACE WATERS HAS BEEN
A PROBLEM, METHODS OF REMOVING NUTRIENTS,
PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN, FROM EFFLUENTS HAVE
BEEN STUDIED EXTENSIVELY. A FEW FULL-SCALE PLANTS
NOW DISCHARGE TREATED EFFLUENTS WITH LOW CON-
CENTRATIONS OF THESE ELEMENTS. MOST OF THESE
METHODS COULD BE APPLIED IN BRITAIN IF THE COST-
BENEFIT ANALYSIS PROVED FAVORABLE. SEVERAL
PROCESSES FOR REMOVING PHOSPHORUS ARE PRESENTED
AND DISCUSSED: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, CHEMICAL
PRECIPITATION AND SELECTIVE ION EXCHANGE.
PROCESSES FOR REMOVING NITROGEN FROM WASTE
WATERS ARE PRESENTED AND DISCUSSED: BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT^ NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION, AIR
STRIPPING AND ION EXCHANGE. COSTS FOR THESE
PROCESSES ARE ESTIMATED AND THE EFFICIENCIES TO BE
EXPECTED ARE PRESENTED. ADVANCED TREATMENT
PROCESSES, REVERSE OSMOSIS, DISTILLATION AND ELEC-
TROLYSIS, ARE MENTIONED BRIEFLY. LONG TERM
PROSPECTS FAVOR ENHANCING BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT,
ESPECIALLY NITRIFICATION FOLLOWED BY DENITRIFICA-
TION, TO REMOVE NUTRIENTS. HOWEVER, THERE IS
GREAT INTEREST IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-BIOLOGI-
CAL WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS AND PHYSICO-CHEMI-
CAL PROCESSES MAY BE USED TO A GREATER AD-
VANTAGE IN ONE OF THESE. (W7I-13544).
00656. ROTARY PRECOAT FILTRATION OF SLUDGE
FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE NEUTRALIZA-
TION.
BROWN, T.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, MAY
1971. 121 P.
A TWO YEAR STUDY WAS CONDUCTED AT 4 LOCATIONS
IN PENNSYLVANIA TO TEST THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS AL-
KALIES AND FILTER AIDS ON ROTARY VACUUM PRECOAT
FILTRATION FOR DEWATERING OF LIME NEUTRALIZATION
SLUDGE. THE PROCESS CONSISTED OF NEUTRALIZATION,
AERATION, SEDIMENTATION AND FILTRATION. ALKALIES
INVESTIGATED WERE LIMESTONE, LIMESTONE WITH
HYDRATED LIME, CALCINED MAGNESITE, PARTIALLY AND
FULLY CALCINED DOLOMITE, AND HYDRATED LIME.
FILTER AIDS TESTED INCLUDED HYFLO, SUPER-CEL, AND
CELITE 501, 503, AND 545. RESULTS FROM THE FIRST
THREE LOCATIONS INDICATED LIMESTONE AND
HYDRATED LIME WERE PREFERRED ALKALIES AND
CELITE 501, THE PREFERRED FILTER AID. AT THE 4TH SITE
A 27 RUN FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECT OF FLOW RATE, LIMESTONE FEED LEVEL, AERA-
TION LEVEL. AND SLUDGE RECIRCULATION LEVEL ON
EQUIPMENT OPERATION AND PROCESS COST WAS CON-
DUCTED. SLUDGE SOLIDS CONTENT, FILTRATION RATE
AND SLUDGE RECIRCULATION LEVEL ON EQUIPMENT
OPERATION AND PROCESS COST WERE CONDUCTED
SLUDGE SOLIDS CONTENT, FILTRATION RATE, AND
SLUDGE RECIRCULATION WERE FOUND TO BE SIGNIFI-
CANT VARIABLES AFFECTING PROCESS COST. ESTIMATED
OPERATING COSTS FOR A 1.5 MOD TREATMENT PLANT
USING LIME NEUTRALIZATION WERE $1.16/1000 GALLONS
TREATED OR $8.02 PER 100 LBS OF ACIDITY TREATED. (PB-
203 190) (W71-13516).
00657. DEVELOPMENT OF A FROTH PROCESS FOR
THE TREATMENT OF SOUR WATER.
WILSON, D.B.
OWRR COMPLETION REPORT, (1970). 30 P
THE PURIFICATION OF SOUR (H2S) WATER AND THE
RECOVERY OF SULFUR WAS ACCOMPLISHED USING A SUR-
FACTANT-CATALYST ONE STEP TREATMENT PROCESS.
THE SURFACE ACTIVE MATERIALS WERE CAPABLE OF
FORMING STABLE INTERMEDIATES WITH THE H2S, AND
THE FOAM GENERATED BY THE SURFACTANT CAUSED
THE INTERMEDIATES TO BE CONCENTRATED AT THE AIR-
LIQUID INTERFACES OF THE BUBBLES. SUBSEQUENT
REMOVAL, COLLAPSE OF THE FOAM, AND SEPARATION OF
THE SULFUR PARTICLES ALLOWED THE SURFACTANT TO
BE RECYCLED. OF THE THREE SURFACTANT AND SURFAC-
TANT CATALYST SYSTEMS TESTED, SODIUM LAURYL
SULFATE PLUS AN ION CATALYST PRODUCED MAXIMUM
SULFUR RECOVERY OF 16% BY WEIGHT. ALTHOUGH
HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONTENT WAS REDUCED TO LESS
THAN 0.1 PPM, RESIDUAL SURFACTANT CONTENT WAS 40
TO 80 PPM, MAKING THE OPERATION ECONOMICALLY UN-
FEASIBLE BECAUSE OF THE COST OF THE SURFACTANT
LOST. UNDER THE OPTIMUM OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS,
16% BY WEIGHT SULFUR RECOVERY AND 40 PPM
RESIDUAL SURFACTANT, THE OPERATING EXPENSE WAS
DETERMINED TO BE 3.5 MIL/BBL OF 200 PPM H2S WATER
TREATED. (PB-203 193) (W71-13519).
00658. WATER CUSTOMERS, CRITERIA, AND COSTS.
FAUST, R.J.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ELEVENTH SANITARY EN-
GINEERING CONFERENCE, FEB 5-6, 1969, UR-
BANA, ILLINOIS; ILLINOIS DEPT OF PUBLIC
HEALTH AND UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, DEPT
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, P 1-8.
THE DEMAND FOR CLEAN, SAFE WATER HAS A LONG HIS-
TORY OF BATTLES FOUGHT TO CONVINCE THE PUBLIC
AND CITY OFFICIALS OF THE VALUES OF FINANCIAL SUP-
PORT TO MEET THE STANDARDS OF QUALITY WATER. THE
LOW STANDARDS OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
HAVE EVOLVED TO THE U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE'S
'DRINKING WATER STANDARDS' WHICH SERVE AS THE
MINIMUM FOR ALL PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES. WHILE
ADEQUATE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH, THESE STANDARDS SAY
LITTLE ABOUT SUCH CRITERIA AS TASTE, TURBIDITY,
COLOR, RADIOLOGICAL STANDARDS, CORROS1VENESS,
AND HARDNESS. TO REMEDY THIS THE AMERICAN WATER
WORKS ASSOCIATION HAS APPROVED 'QUALITY GOALS
FOR POTABLE WATER. ' THE COST OF MEETING T^HESE
GOALS IS STILL A GREAT FACTOR WHICH VARIES WT1H
THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE CURRENT SUPPLY
AND THE POLLUTION CONTROL OF THE RAW WATER
SOURCE AND IS ESTIMATED AT FROM 0 TO 20 CENTS PER
MONTH PER PERSON OVER A 20-YEAR PERIOD. (W71-
13650).
139
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00659. APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL DECISION
THEORY TO GREAT LAKES MANAGEMENT.
CHAMBERLAIN, S.G.
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION GREAT LAKES
RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS 13TH CONFERENCE
GREAT LAKES RESEARCH, P 145-148, 1970.
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE, SUCH
AS THE GREAT LAKES BASIN, PRODUCES DECISIONS THAT
MINIMIZE OBJECTIVES AT MINIMUM COST. SUCH OP-
TIMIZATION, HOWEVER, MUST OVERCOME THE COMPLEXI-
TIES AND UNCERTAINTIES INTRINSIC TO ALL LARGE
NATURAL RESOURCES. STATISTICAL DECISION THEORY
(SDT), ALSO CALLED 'VALUE' OR 'UTILITY THEORY', PRO-
VIDES A METHODOLOGY FOR COMBINING THE PERTINENT
COMPLEXITIES AND UNCERTAINTIES SO THAT THE CON-
SEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE DECISIONS BECOME CLEAR.
IN SDT, A DECISION TREE DISPLAYS THE PATHS FROM
GIVEN STATES OF NATURE TO CONSEQUENCES OF ALTER-
NATIVE DECISIONS; PROBABILITIES ARE ASSIGNED TO UN-
CERTAINTIES IN THE STATES, PATHS, AND CON-
SEQUENCES. UTILITY VALUES ARE ATTACHED TO EACH
POTENTIAL ACTION AND CONSEQUENCES TO QUANTIFY
COSTS AND BENEFITS; ACTIONS MAXIMIZING EXPECTED
UTILITY ARE THEN CHOSEN AS OPTIMAL. TO ILLUSTRATE
SDT, A SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
IN THE GREAT LAKES BASIN IS GIVEN. REASONABLE COSTS
AND PROBABILITIES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH FOUR POTEN-
TIAL ACTIONS: (1) BUILD AN EFFICIENT TREATMENT
PLANT, (2) RESEARCH AND DEVELOP A SECONDARY
PROCESSOR, (3) STOCK THE LAKES WITH ROBUST SPECIES,
(4) OR DO NOTHING. POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF THESE
ACTIONS ARE DEFINED AND UTILITIES ASSOCIATED WITH
THEM. EXPECTED UTILITY FUNCTIONS FOR EACH ACTION
ARE FOUND, AND THE RESULTING MAXIMIZATION DETER-
MINED WHEN EACH ACTION WOULD BE OPTIMAL! (W71-
13654).
00660. WASTEWATER REUSE.
GAVIS, J.
REPORT NWC-EES-71-003, JULY 1971. 161 P
THE REPORT EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR WASTE-
WAFER REUSE THROUGH RECLAMATION OF EFFLUENTS
FROM ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS AND REFERENCES INDICATE THE EX-
TENT OF SUCH PRACTICE AT THE PRESENT TIME AND
LIKELY POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.
EMPHASIS IS ON THE RESOURCE VALUE OF WASTEWATER.
POTENTIAL FOR RECLAMATION OF USED MUNICIPAL AND
INDUSTRIAL WATER IS DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF DIRECT
REUSE (REC1RCULAT1NG) AND INDIRECT REUSE
(EFFLUENT FROM UPSTREAM USE MIXES WITH STREAM-
FLOW AND IS WITHDRAWN DOWNSTREAM). ADVANCED
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY IS DESCRIBED BY PROCESSES
FOR THE REMOVAL OF CONSTITUENTS IN THE EFFLUENTS,
WITH COST DATA AND A REVIEW OF MAJOR PROBLEMS.
COMPARISON WITH DESALINATION AND INTERBAS1N
TRANSFER COSTS IS SUGGESTED. NEED FOR RESEARCH IN
F;VALUATION AND CONTROL OF VIROLOGICAL HAZARDS
IS STRESSED. RELATIONSHIP OF ADVANCED TREATMENT
PROCESSES TO SECONDARY TREATMENT PROCESSES IS IN-
CLUDED. AN OPTIMISTIC VIEW IS PRESENTED FOR THE
GROWTH OF POPULATION AND INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED
STATES. (PB-201 535) (W7I-13871).
00661. RADIATION TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.
MYTELKA, A.!.
ISOTOPES AND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY, 8(4),
444-449,1971.
THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF USING RADIATION AS A
PRETREATMENT METHOD FOR INCREASING THE
B10DEGRADIBILITY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES PRIOR TO
THEIR DISCHARGE INTO INDUSTRIAL OR MUNICIPAL
BIOLOGICAL WASTE-TREATMENT PLANTS IS IN-
VESTIGATED. THE METHOD USED WAS TO ASSUME AN AC-
CEPTABLE RANGE OF TREATMENT COSTS (BASED ON THE
COST OF PROCESS WATER) AND THEN TO DESIGN AND
ESTIMATE THE COST OF A PLANT TO PROVIDE TREAT-
MENT AT THESE COSTS (BASED ON THE COST OF THE
ENERGY SOURCE, COBALT-60, AND ACTUAL PLANT
DESIGN). A REACTION RATE THAT WOULD ALLOW THE
USE OF RADIATION TREATMENT TO MEET EACH COST
WAS THEN CALCULATED. FINALLY, THE CALCULATED
REACTION RATE WAS COMPARED TO THAT OBTAINED IN
THE LABORATORY. THE TWO WASTES TREATED WERE 2-
NAPHTHALENE SULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT AND
CHLORANTINE FAST RED. DEPENDING ON THE WASTE
CONSIDERED AND THE ALLOWABLE TREATMENT COSTS,
OVERALL OXIDATION-REACTION EFFICIENCIES
PRESENTLY OBTAINABLE MUST BE INCREASED BY FAC-
TORS VARYING FROM 2 TO 25 BEFORE RADIATION TREAT-
MENT WILL BE ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE. THIS WILL
NECESSITATE A MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH AND INDICATES
A NEED FOR FURTHER WORK ON UNDERSTANDING THE
BASIC CHEMISTRY INVOLVED. (W71-I3951).
00662. COMBINED WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT FACILITY, MOUNT CLEMENS,
MICHIGAN.
MAHIDA, V.U.
PREPRINT, 44TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, SESSION 4,
NO 4, OCTOBER 3-8, 1971, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL,
11 P.
THE CITY OF MOUNT CLEMENS, MICHIGAN, HAS 50 MILES
OF COMBINED SEWERS SERVING 3.06 SQUARE MILES, AND
10 MILES OF SANITARY SEWERS PLUS 6 MILES OF STORM
SEWERS SERVING AN ADDITIONAL 0.8 SQUARE MILES. IN-
TERCEPTORS WERE DESIGNED TO COLLECT STORM"WATER
OVERFLOWS FROM TWO LOCATIONS ON THE COMBINED
SEWERS, SERVING 212 ACRES, AND PUMP IT TO A SMALL
LAKE. THIS FIRST LAKE PROVIDED SETTLING, NATURAL
AND MECHANICAL SURFACE AERATION, AND BOTH AERO-
BIC AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION. STORM OVERFLOWS
COULD THEN BE DRAWN OFF AT A CONTROLLED 1.0 MGD
RATE TO A MICROSTRAINER. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
EQUIPMENT FOR ALGAE CONTROL WAS ALSO INSTALLED
WITH THE MICROSTRAINER, SO THE TWO COMBINED PRO-
VIDED MECHANICAL FILTRATION, SUSPENDED SOLIDS
AND INCIDENTAL BOD REMOVAL, AND ALGAE REMOVAL.
BEFORE ENTERING THE SECOND,LAKELET, THE EFFLUENT
ALSO IS SUBJECTED TO CHLORINE-CHLORINE DIOXIDE DIS-
INFECTION. LAKELET 2 WAS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE
CHLORINE CONTACT TIME, NATURAL SURFACE AERA-
TION, AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGENATION WHILE
LAKELET 3 PROVIDED MECHANICAL AS WELL AS SURFACE
AERATION. A PRESSURE SAND FILTER WAS THEN
DESIGNED AS A POLISHING STEP. THE ENTIRE TREATMENT
SYSTEM WAS INCLUDED AS PART OF AN INNER-CITY
PARK. COST OF THIS SYSTEM WAS $7000 PER ACRE
BENEFITED, WHEREAS COST OF SEWER SEPARATION ONLY
WAS ESTIMATED AT $15,000 PER ACRE. (W72-00042)
140
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00663. DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL AT GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN.
CURTIS, J.; EYCK, M.V.
PREPRINT, 44TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION SESSION 2,
NO. 3, OCTOBER 3-8, 1971, SAN FRANCISCO,
CALIFORNIA. 8 P.
AT CURRENT BOND PRICES, IT IS FINANCIALLY ATTRAC-
TIVE TO SPEND UP TO $100,000 IN CAPITAL COST IN ORDER
TO SAVE THE COST OF ONE MAN-SHIFT PER DAY. IF THE
PROPOSED 50-25-25 (FEDERAL-STATE-LOCAL) FINANCING
OF CAPITAL COST IS ACHIEVED, THE RATIO OF CAPITAL
COST PER MAN-SHIFT CHANGES TO $400,000: 1. TO
ACHIEVE THIS REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF MAN-
SHIFTS A DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM WAS
DESIGNED FOR THE CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN,
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES. THE SYSTEM
WOULD PROVIDE BOTH MONITORING AND CONTROL OF
THE PLANT. A DUAL CHANNEL TECHN1CON AUTO
ANALYZER, A PERKIN ELMER ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPEC-
TROPHOTOMETER, AND A PRECISION SCIENTIFIC COD
ANALYZER WERE SELECTED FOR MONITORING OF THE
WASTE STREAM, AND THEY WILL INPUT DIRECTLY TO
THE MAIN COMPUTER FOR STORAGE OF THE DATA. CON-
TROL OVER THE PLANT FUNCTIONS IS ACCOMPLISHED
THROUGH FLOW CONTROL AND REDUCTION OF OVER-
FLOWS FROM STORMS. COST OF THE SYSTEM WAS AP-
PROXIMATELY $800,000, AND THE PLANT WILL TENTA-
TIVELY BE IN FULL OPERATION BY EARLY 1972. (W72-
00043).
00664. BIOLOGICAL--GAMMA-RADIATION
FOR SEWAGE PROCESSING.
SYSTEM
MANN, L.A.
ISOTOPES AND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY, 8(4),
439-444, 1971.
A BIOLOGICAL-GAMMA-RADIATION METHOD FOR PURIFY-
ING SEWAGE WAS DEVELOPED, AND BOTH A PILOT AND
COMMERCIAL PLANT WERE DESIGNED, CONSTRUCTED,
AND TESTED. THE PLANT DESIGN INCORPORATES
SEVERAL MODULES INCLUDING A WET WALL, A BIOLOGI-
CAL TREATMENT UNIT, AN 1RRADIATOR, A PRIMARY
FILTER SYSTEM, AND AN ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL
(POLISHING) FILTER. AT DIFFERENT FLOW RATES ON NOR-
MAL SEWAGE, TESTS INDICATE THAT ALMOST ALL
CO1.IFORM BACTERIA WERE KILLED, AND BOTH
BIODEGRADABLE AND NONBIODEGRADABLE DETERGENTS
WERE MORE THAN 90* DESTROYED. LIMITED TESTS ON
PARATHION IN WATER RESULTED IN 25-30* DESTRUCTION
OF THIS INSECTICIDE. THERE IS SOME INDICATION THAT
ALGAE WILL NOT GROW IN THE EFFLUENT. FURTHER-
MORE, SETTLEABLEi SOLIDS CONCENTRATION AND TUR-
BIDITY WERE DECREASED, AND A SATISFACTORY BOD
LEVEL WAS MAINTAINED IN THE TWO PLANTS. THE COST
OF BUILDING AND OPERATING A PLANT USING A BIOLOGl-
CAL-GAMMA-RADIATION SYSTEM DEPENDS ON THE
QUALITY OF WATER DESIRED AND THE MODULES
SELECTED FOR THE PLANT. ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT
THE COST OF TREATMENT PLANTS CONSISTING OF A CON-
VENTIONAL SECONDARY TREATMENT PLUS 1RRADIATOR
AND PRIMARY FILTRATION MODULES IS LESS THAN THE
COST OF CONVENTIONAL ADVANCED-TREATMENT
PLANTS. (W72-00383).
0066S. APPLICATIONS OF PROGRAM BUDGETING TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
HALDI, J.
SOCIAL SCIENCIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT, CON-
FERENCE ON THE PRESENT AND POTENTIAL
CONTRIBUTION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES,
JANUARY 31-FEBRUARY 2, 1967. UNIVERSITY OF
COLORADO PRESS, P 195-210.
THE PLANNING-PROGRAMMING-BUDGETING (PPB) SYSTEM
IS DISCUSSED BY FIRST GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE
SYSTEM AND THEN BY APPLYING IT TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS. PPB CONCEIVES OF BUDGETING BY PROGRAMS
RATHER THAN BY OBJECT CLASSES. I. E., PERSONNEL,
PROCUREMENT, TRAVEL, ETC. IT HAS TWO BASIC COM-
PONENTS: (1) DEFINITION OF A PROGRAM STRUCTURE
AND MAINTENANCE OF A MULTI-YEAR PROGRAM AND
FINANCIAL PLAN, AND (2) ANALYSIS, EVALUATION,
REVIEW, AND DECISION MAKING ON MAJOR PROGRAM IS-
SUES. WHEN APPLYING PPB TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS, DEFINITION OF OBJECTIVES IS AN EXTREMELY
IMPORTANT PROCEDURE. TOO FREQUENTLY THE ANALY-
SIS NEEDED FOR SUCH DEFINITION IS NON-EXISTENT. THE
AUTHOR CONCLUDES THAT A SYSTEM OF COMPARATFVC
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, SUCH AS THAT PROVIDED BY
PPB, COULD PROVIDE THE KIND OF ANALYSIS THAT !S
NEEDED TO MAKE THE BEST KIND OF JUDGMENTS IN
DECISION MAKING. COMPARATIVE COST-BENEFIT ANALY-
SIS, OR COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS. WOULD: (!) COMPARE
PROGRAMS THAT AIM AT SIMILAR ENDS, (2) WOULD GIVE
A RANK OF EFFECTIVENESS TO EACH PROGRAM, AND (3}
WOULD COMPARE DIFFERENT MIXES OF PROGRAMS. SUCH
A SYSTEM WOULD LEAD TO TREMENDOUS IMPROVE-
MENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS. (W72-00391).
00666. CONTROLLING POLLUTION: THE ECONOMICS
OF A CLEANER AMERICA.
GOLDMAN, M.I.
PRENTICE-HALL, INC., ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NEW
JERSEY, (1967). 175 P
A SERIES OF ARTICLES EXAMINES THE SOCIAL COSTS
AMERICANS MUST EXPEND IN ORDER TO CONTROL
PRESENT SOURCES OF WATER AND AIR POLLUTION AND
TO ABATE FUTURF. SOURCES. THE TASK AHEAD TO CON-
TROL POLLUTION IS EXPLAINED AND SOLUTIONS ARE
SUGGESTED ON AN INTRA-AND-INTERSTATE LEVEL. THE
BOOK IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE TOPICS: (!) PART ONE EX-
AMINES BOTH THE GENERAL NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
AND THE SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF THE GREAT LAKES; (2)
PART TWO IS AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS O!-' THE COST OF
CONTROLLING POLLUTION BY USING SEVERAL ECONOMIC
INDICATORS, PRIMARILY THE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; (3)
CURRENT CASES ARE ANALYZED TO DEMONSTRATE
RECENT EFFORTS IN CONTROLLING AMD ABATING WATER
POLLUTION IN INTERSTATE RIVERS THROUGH DISPOSAL
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES, THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF WATER POLLU-
TION; (4) PART FOUR PROVIDES A BRIEF LOOK AT SOVIET
EFFORTS TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION; AND (5) EX-
CERPTS ARE SET FORTH FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF
THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISORS, 1966, A POLICY
STATEMENT FOR THE ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION. (W72-
00459).
00667. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT.
FALKNER, C.H.; STOREY, G.G.; DAVID. E.L.;
QUIGLEY, J.T.; MACCORMICK, A.
WISCONSIN WATER RESOURCES CENTER, MADIS-
ON, 1970. 356 P.
THIS VOLUME PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF SIX STUDIES TO
ANALYZE THE VARIATIONS IN WASTE REDUCTION
REQUIREMENTS ALONG A 180-MILE REACH OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER. THE VARIATION OF WASTE REDUCTION
REQUIREMENTS IS STUDIED AS A FUNCTION OF SPECIFIED
141
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MINIMUM CONCENTRATIONS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN,
LEVELS OF WASTE DISCHARGE BY VARIOUS SOURCES, THE
DESIGNATION OF VARIOUS USES FOR SPECIFIED SUB-
REACHES OF THE RIVER, THE RISK THAT DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN STANDARD WILL BE CONTRAVENED, A PRIORI POLI-
CIES SUCH AS PRIMARY TREATMENT PLUS CHLORJNATION
OR SECONDARY TREATMENT FOR ALL MUNICIPALITIES,
PRIOR PROCESS CHANGES FOR SEVERAL INDUSTRIAL.
SOURCES, TURBINE AND MECHANICAL AERATION, AND
PLANS FOR REDISTRIBUTION OF WASTE DISCHARGE
POINTS. THE TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN FLOW AUGMENTA-
TION, WASTE REDUCTION, RECREATION, /SJ-JD POWER Af'_E
EXAMINED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT A MiNIMUM COST
WASTE REDUCTION PLAN DEPENDS CRITICALLY ON THE,
ASSUMED BASES, AND THUS IT IS NECESSARY FOR THE
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AGENCY TO CAREFULLY
ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF THESE ASSUMPTIONS. (PB-204
579) (W72-01486).
00668. SEWERAGE AUTHORITY SOLVES THE CREDIT
CRUNCH.
MARTIN, W.
PUBLIC WORKS, 101(1), 74-75, 1970.
AMONG THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN HARDEST HIT BY THE
RECENT RISE IN INTEREST RATES ON MUNICIPAL BONDS
ARE SEWERAGE AUTHORITIES. THE PENNSVILLE
SEWERAGE AUTHORITY IN SALEM COUNTY, NEW JERSEY,
WAS FACED WITH A SITUATION WHERE EXTENSIONS OF
THE EXISTING COLLECTION SYSTEM WERE REQUIRED BUT
THE TOTAL COST FOR THE IMPROVEMENTS WERE
BEYOND THE MEANS OF THE AUTHORITY DUE TO THE
GREATLY INCREASED INTEREST RATES. THE SUPERINTEN-
DENT OF THE AUTHORITY, HOWARD, H. JOHNSON,
PROPOSED TO DO THE WORK 'IN-HOUSE1 ON A PIECEMEAL
BASIS USING CURRENT REVENUES. A LIMITED, INITIAL
PROJECT WAS APPROVED AS A TRIAL OF THE CONCEPT.
OVER 3,800 FEET OF 4, 6, AND 8 INCH SEWER LINES WERE
LAID AT A TOTAL COST OF $21,005 OR $6.63 PER FOOT.
THIS IS APPROXIMATELY 1/3 TO 1/2 OF THE ESTIMATED
COSTS, HAD THE WORK BEEN CONTRACTED OUT WITH
MONEY RAISED BY A BOND ISSUE. RECEIPTS FROM THE
SERVICES PROVIDED BY THESE IMPROVEMENTS SHOULD
PAY FOR THE COSTS IN 4-5 YEARS. THE AUTHORITY HAS
MADE PLANS TO COMPLETE THE REQUIRED EXTENSIONS
OVER A PERIOD OF 7 1/2 YEARS USING GENERAL REVENUE
TO FINANCE THE WORK AS IT IS DONE. IT SHOULD BE
MADE CLEAR THAT SUCH A PROCEDURE CAN BE USED
ONLY WHEN THE TALENT IS AVAILABLE AND WILLING TO
DO THIS SORT OF WORK AND WHEN THE WORK TO BE
DONE IS WITHIN THE CAPABILITY OF THE TALENT AT
HAND. (W72-01502).
00669. 0ESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SHALLOW
WATER SEDIMENT CORE SAMPLER.
DANIEL, T.C.; CHESTERS, G.
ENVIRONMENTAL LETTERS, 1(3), 225-228, 1971.
A SHALLOW WATER CORE SAMPLER WAS CONSTRUCTED
FROM PLUMBING MATERIALS AND EXTRUDED PLEXIGLAS
TUBING. CONSTRUCTION OF THE SAMPLER IS SIMPLE AND
THE TOTAL COST OF MATERIALS IS APPROXIMATELY $35.
THE SAMPLER IS CAPABLE OF TAKING CORES AT WATER
DEPTHS UP TO 6 M AND BY MODIFICATION AT GREATER
DEPTHS. THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE SAMPLER IS 12 KG; IT
IS EASY TO OPERATE AND CAN BE USED FOR SEDIMENTS
RANGING FROM SAND TO HIGHLY ORGANIC CLAYEY
MATERIAL. CORE SAMPLES VARYING IN LENGTH AND
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA CAN BE OBTAINED BY CHANGING
THE DIMENSIONS OF THE PLEXIGLAS TUBE. (W72-OI738).
60670. IMPROVING MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES IN
COIXMADO BY DESALTING.
AGARDY, F.J.; DAUBERT, H.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO. 702,
JUNE 1971. 114 P.
THIS IS A PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC AS-
SESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY AND COST OF APPLYING
VARIOUS DESALTING TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE THE
QUALITY OF COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLIES IN THE HIGH
PLAINS REGION OF COLORADO. SIX COLORADO COMMUNI-
TIES, ViZ. BRIGHTON, FT. LUPTON, FT. MORGAN, LA
JUNTA, LAS ANIMAS, AND LAMAR, WERE SELECTED BY
THE COLORADO WATER CONSERVATION BOARD AS THE
CANDIDATES FOR ASSESSMENT. IT WAS FOUND THAT
SEVERAL DESALTING METHODS ARE TECHNICALLY FEASI-
BLE FOR USE AT EACH COMMUNITY TO CORRECT WATER
QUALITY DEFICIENCIES. A PREREQUISITE TO FINAL
DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC PROCESS THAT WOULD
BEST SERVE EACH COMMUNITY WOULD BE THE PER-
FORMANCE OF A MORE RIGOROUS ENGINEERING ANALY-
SIS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERED PLANS, AND THE
PROCUREMENT OF ESTIMATES FROM REPUTABLE DESALT-
ING PLANT VENDORS. ON A BATTERY LIMITS BASIS, THE
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT COSTS AS DEVELOPED IN
THIS STUDY RANGE FROM A LOW OF 37 CENTS PER 1000
GALLONS FOR SUPPLYING 2.6 MGD TO FT. MORGAN TO A
HIGH OF 57 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS FOR SUPPLYING 1.4
MGD TO LAS ANIMAS. THE ADDED COSTS OF FEEDWATER
SUPPLY, PRODUCT WATER DISTRIBUTION AND BRINE
DISPOSAL ARE INCLUDED. (GPO $1.00) (W72-01839).
00671. WATER QUALITY STUDY, REPORT 4, WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND CON-
CEPTUAL PLAN.
COASTAL SEND REGIONAL PLANNING COMMIS-
SION, CORPUS CHR1ST1, TEX. 1971. 129 P
A COMPREHENSIVE WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR THE COASTAL BEND AREA
UNTIL 1990 WAS DEVELOPED. THE DEVELOPMENT CON-
SISTED OF THREE STAGES, THE FIRST OF WHICH WAS A
REVIEW OF CURRENT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
METHODS FOR PRIMARY, SECONDARY, DISINFECTION,
AND TERTIARY TREATMENT. THE ADVANTAGES AND DIS-
ADVANTAGES OF EACH PROCESS WERE LISTED ANK
EVALUATED TO DETERMINE THEIR APPLICABILITY TO
SPECIFIC INSTALLATIONS. A CONCEPTUAL FLAN WAS
THEN DEVELOPED TO ACCOUNT FOR ALL AREAS IN BOTH
COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF THE WASTES
PRODUCED. THE CONCEPTUAL PLAN WAS DEVELOPED ON
A COUNTY BY COUNTY BASIS, AND THE RESULTS ARE SO
PRESENTED. FACILITIES WERE DESIGNED FOR ESTIMATED
1990 WASTEWATER PRODUCTIONS, ACCOUNTING FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, AND MUNICIPAL EXPANSION.
A SUMMARY WAS THEN MADE OF THE OVERALL PLAN IN-
CLUDING THE TIMETABLES FOR EACH ADDITION AND IN-
STALLATION. COSTS FOR EACH COUNTY WERE COMPUTED
INDIVIDUALLY. FOR THE 12 COUNTY AREA, TOTAL COST
WAS ESTIMATED AT $43,761,000. (PB-20! 202) (W72-02393).
00672. THE USE OF PILOT PLANT STUDIES IN THE
DESIGN OF A MAJOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT.
SAMWORTH, R.B.; BETHEL, J.S.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT 44TH ANNUAL CON-
FERENCE OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
142
-------
REFERENCE LIST
TEMS FOR AD-
FEDERATION, SESSION 26, NO 5, OCT 7, 1971. 14
P.
PILOT PLANT STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO PROVIDE
DESIGN AND COST DATA FOR A WASTE TREATMENT
PLANT TO BE LOCATED AT WASHINGTON, D. C., TO MEET
NEWLY ADOPTED WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR THE
POTOMAC RIVER. THREE MAJOR SYSTEMS WERE PILOTED
AND ALTERNATIVES WITHIN EACH SYSTEM EVALUATED
TO SEEK OPTIMUM PROCESS CONFIGURATION COMPARING
BOTH PERFORMANCE AND COST. THE SYSTEMS WERE: (1)
INDEPENDENT PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL SYSTEM WITH TWO-
STATE LIME PRECIPITATION FOR ORGANIC AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, FOLLOWED BY FILTRATION AND
ACTIVATED CARBON FOR FURTHER ORGANIC AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, AND ION EXCHANGE, AIR
STRIPPING, OR BREAKPOINT CHLOR1NATION FOR
NITROGEN REMOVAL; (2) CONVENTIONAL TERTIARY
TREATMENT WITH CONVENTIONAL PRIMARY AND SECON-
DARY BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY SINGLE OR
TWO-STAGE LIME PRECIPITATION FOR PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL, AND FILTRATION AND ION EXCHANGE, AIR
STRIPPING, OR BREAKPOINT CHLOR1NATION FOR
NITROGEN REMOVAL. ALTERNATIVES EVALUATED DIF-
FERED IN METHOD OF ACHIEVING BIOLOGICAL SECONDA-
RY TREATMENT; AND (3) BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT COM-
BINING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TREATMENT WITH
BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION-DENITRIFICATION FOR
NITROGEN REMOVAL FOLLOWED BY FILTRATION.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL WAS BY EITHER CHEMICAL
PRECIPITATION WITH METAL SALTS WITHIN THE SECON-
DARY, OR SEPARATE LIME PRECIPITATION FOLLOWING
DENITRIFICATION. ALL SYSTEMS COULD MEET THE EF-
FLUENT OBJECTIVES, BUT COST COMPARISONS FAVORED
A MODIFIED AERATION, BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION-
DENITRIFICATION, AND FILTRATION WITH TWO-POINT
ALUM ADDITION FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. (W72-
02394).
00673. FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIES
TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
PALANGE, R.C.; DILDINE, E.D.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT 44TH ANNUAL CON-
FERENCE OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, SAN FRANCISCO, OCTOBER 6,
1971. SESSION 16, NO 1. 14 P.
THE COST OF MAINTAINING THE ENVIRONMENT MUST BE
INCLUDED IN THE COST OF DOING BUSINESS. THE
FEDERAL REGULATIONS OF JULY 2, 1970, THROUGH THE
PLANNING REQUIREMENT, WILL. AVOID INEFFICIENT USE
OF PUBLIC FUNDS BY REQUIRING A COORDINATED AT-
TACK ON WATER POLLUTION BY ALL COMMUNITIES
ALONG A WATERWAY BEFORE PUBLIC MONEY MAY BE
SPENT ON MUNICIPAL TREATMENT FACILITIES. MU-
NICIPALITIES, WHICH IN THE PAST HAVE OFFERED FREE
SEWAGE TREATMENT TO LOCAL INDUSTRIES, NO LONGER
WILL BE ABLE TO DO THIS. THE NEW REGULATION INSISTS
THAT MUNICIPALITIES RECOVER INDUSTRY'S FAIR SHARE
OF THE TOTAL INITIAL COSTS AS WELL AS A PRO-RATA
SHARE OF OPERATIONAL COSTS TO QUALIFY FOR
FEDERAL ASSISTANCE. (W72-02399).
00674. THE WAR ON POLLUTION: ECONOMIC AND
FINANCIAL IMPACTS.
SIHLER, W.W.; MEIBURG, C.C.
BUSINESS HORIZONS, P 19-30, AUGUST, 1971.
VIEWED OVER THE LONG RUN, EXPENDITURES FOR EN-
VIRONMENTAL CONTROL MAY BE THE MOST PRODUCTIVE
FOR SOCIETY, BUT THEY DONT FIT INTO THE TRADI-
TIONAL CONCEPT OF INVESTMENT. THEY DO NOT IN-
CREASE OUR CAPACITY TO PRODUCE CONSUMER GOODS
IN THE FUTURE. USING A $7-8 BILLION ESTIMATE OF AN-
NUAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL,
IT WAS ESTIMATED THAT GNP MAY FALL FROM ITS
PRESENT 3.5-4% YEARLY INCREASE TO A 3.0-3.5% IN-
CREASE PER YEAR. THESE EFFECTS ON GNP COULD BE
REDUCED IF FUNDS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL WERE
SHIFTED FROM OTHER INVESTMENT AREAS SUCH AS
DEFENSE. ALTERNATIVES FOR FINANCING POLLUTION
CONTROL INCLUDE (1) DIRECT FEDERAL GRANTS, (2)
AUTHORITY FINANCING BY DIRECT FUNDING OR FEDERAL
LOAN GUARANTEES AND (3) TAX POLICY CHANGES IN-
CLUDING TAX CREDITS, POLLUTION CHARGES, AND
RETIREMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEBT. (W72-02445).
00675. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF PROPOSED SOUTH CAROLINA TAX
CREDIT FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL FACILITIES.
STEPP, J.M.
PAPER PRESENTED AT: COUNCIL ON WATER POLI-
CIES, WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
FEBRUARY 15, 1971, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY,
CLEMSON, SOUTH CAROLINA, 22 P.
EFFECrS OF A PROPOSED TAX CREDIT ARE EVALUATED IN
TERMS OF THE COST TO THE STATE, PROPENSITY FOR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND INFLUENCE UPON INDUS-
TRIAL LOCATION. BY SETTING A FIVE-YEAR TIME LIMIT
FOR THE COMPLETION OF TAX CREDO FACILITIES, THIS
LAW WOULD SUBSTANTIALLY EXPEDITE POLLUTION
ABATEMENT TO OFFICIALLY ACCEPTABLE LEVELS. THE
COST TO THE STATE IN TERMS OF REDUCED CORPORA-
TION INCOME TAX REVENUES IS TENTATIVELY ESTI-
MATED AT A MAXIMUM OF $18 MILLION A YEAR. FAC-
TORS AFFECTING THIS ESTIMATE ARE DISCUSSED IN
DETAIL. MANUFACTURING PLANTS WITH SERIOUS AND
EXPENSIVE POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEMS WILL BE AT-
TRACTED TO LOCATE IN SOUTH CAROLINA AT THE EX-
PENSE OF FIRMS WITH FEWER PROBLEMS. FEWER LOCA-
TION SITES, DEGRADED ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND
INCREASED TAXES OR DECREASED STATE SERVICES
NECESSARY TO PAY THE TAX CREDIT SUBSIDY
DISCOURAGE LOCATION OF THE LATTER FIRMS. INDUSTRI-
AL POLLUTION CONTROL EFFORTS OF OTHER STATES ARE
DISCUSSED AND COMPARED AND ALTERNATIVE COURSES
OF ACTION TO THE TAX CREDIT LAWS ENUMERATED.
(W72-02453).
00676. INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE: FUTURE POLLU-
TION SOLUTION.
REY, G.; LACY, W.J.; CYWIN, A.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
VOL 5, P 760-465, 1971. (W72-20454.
00677. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYS.
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
OASIM, S.R.; DROBNY, N.L.; VALENTINE, B.W.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, VOL 118, P R/92-
R/100, 1971.
A TOTAL OF 11 DIFFERENT TREATMENT PROCESSES
AVAILABLE FROM 19 DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS MET
THE MINIMUM CRITERIA AND WERE INCLUDED IN THE
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS. BOTH CONSTRUCTION
AND OPERATING COSTS WERE INCLUDED IN THE ANALY-
SIS DATA USED WAS THAT SUPPLIED BY THE MANUFAC-
TURERS THE ENTIRE SELECTION PROCESS IS PRESENTED
ALONG WITH EVALUATIONS FROM EACH SEGMENT.
BASED UPON THIS ANALYSIS, THE FIVE MOST COST-EFFEC-
TIVE SYSTEMS FOR INSTALLATION AND USE AT THE AD-
143
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
VANCED MILITARY BASES ARE: (1) OXIDATION PONDS; (2)
AERATED LAGOONS USING A PLASTIC-LINED EARTHEN
BASIN; (3) A CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION SYSTEM; (4) A
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR; AND (5) A MODIFIED
TRICKLING FILTER WITH FORCED VENTILATION (W72-
02663).
00678. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER.
WOLLMAN, N.; BONEM, G.W.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1971.
THIS BOOK PRESENTS A MODEL OF WATER QUALITY CON-
TROL AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACTS. THE BASIC MODEL IS
BASED ON A 2 PERCENT CHANCE OF FLOW DEFICIENCY,
AN ANNUAL FACTOR OF 0.0425, AND AN INSTREAM QUALI-
TY STANDARD OF 4 MG/L OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN. THIS
REPORT EXAMINES THE EFFECT OF CHANGING ONE OR
MORE OF THESE PARAMETERS, WHILE THE UNDERLYING
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ARE KEPT UNCHANGED. THE
COSTS OF EXISTING STORAGE, RECIRCULATION, AND COL-
LECTION (SEWERAGE) ARE INVARIANT. THEREFORE,
'TOTAL COSTS' REFER TO COSTS OF TREATMENT (BOD)
PLUS NEW STORAGE, UNLESS IT IS OTHERWISE INDICATED.
SINGLE VARIATIONS OF THE PARAMETERS OF CHANCE OF
DEFICIENCY, THE ANNUAL FACTOR, AND DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN ARE DISCUSSED AND EVALUATED. THREE SPECIFIED
COMBINATIONS (REFERRED TO AS 'PROGRAMS') OF FLOW
AND STORAGE ARE ANALYZED IN THIS STUDY: (1) THE
PROGRAM THAT MINIMIZES STORAGE (REQUIRED FLOW),
(2) THE PROGRAM [HAT MINIMIZES LEVEL OF TREAT-
MENT, AND (3) THE PROGRAM THAT MINIMIZES THE COM-
BINED COST OF NEW STORAGE AND TREATMENT. THE
TWENTY TABLES IN THIS REPORT PROVIDE FIGURES AND
PROJECTIONS GAINED FROM APPLICATION OF THE BASIC
MODEL TO THE FOLLOWING AREAS OF CONCERN FOR
WATER MANAGEMENT: REQUIRED STORAGE, MINIMUM
TREATMENT PROGRAM, LEVEL OF TREATMENT, EXPENDI-
TURES FOR QUALITY STANDARDS AND FLOW REGULARI-
TY, REGIONAL SHORTAGES AND AGGREGATE GROSS
DEFICITS, AND REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN COST--ALL IM-
PLICATIONS DERIVED FROM THE BASIC MODEL. (W72-
02608).
00679. MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEMS FOR
RIVERS AND PONDS.
HOGAN, W.T.; REED, F.E.; STARBIRD, A.W.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
NOVEMBER 1970. 134 P
THE TOTAL ANNUAL COST OF PROVIDING SUPPLEMENTAL
AERATION OF STREAMS AND LAKES BY TESTED AND UN-
TESTED AERATION EQUIPMENT IS ESTIMATED. ANALYTI-
CAL AND EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE VARIOUS DEVICES USED TO AERATE NATURAL
BODIES OF WATER. FOR THE EXAMPLE STREAM EVALU-
ATED IN THIS STUDY, THE MOST ECONOMICAL MEANS OF
ARTIFICIAL AERATION GENERALLY POSSIBLE WAS FOUND
TO BE MECHANICAL AERATORS WHICH GENERATE A
HIGHLY TURBULENT WHITE-WATER SURFACE. FOR THE
EXAMPLE LAKE EVALUATED, THE MOST ECONOMICAL
TECHNIQUE FOR THE CONTINUAL INPUT OF OXYGEN INTO
A LAKE WAS FOUND TO BE DIFFUSED AERATION USING
AIR BUBBLES; WHEREAS THE MOST ECONOMICAL
TECHNIQUE FOR RAPID INPUT OF OXYGEN, OPERATING
ONLY WHILE THE LAKE IS BEING DESTRATIFIED, WAS
FOUND TO BE A HYBRID SYSTEM CONSISTING OF A LARGE
DIAMETER DUCTED PROPELLER WHICH DRAWS WATER
FROM THE LAKE BOTTOM AND DISCHARGES IT AT THE
SURFACE WHERE IT IS AERATED BY A MECHANICAL
AERATOR. (PB-206 218) (W72-0378I).
00680. VIRUS CONTROL AT THE SANTEE, CALIF.,
PROJECT.
MERRELL, J.C.; WARD. P.C.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 60(2), 145-453, 1968.
SINCE 196! THE SANTEE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT HAS
SUPPLIED RECLAIMED WATER FOR USE IN RECREATIONAL
LAKES AND AS A SOURCE OF RAW WATER FOR A FLOW-
THROUGH SWIMMING BASIN. PROGRAMS FOR THE CON-
TROL OF VIRUS CONTAMINATION HAVE BEEN EFFECTIVE;
THE MOST EFFICIENT BACTERICIDAL AND VERICIDAL
TREATMENT WAS PROVIDED BY THE OXIDATION POND
AND PERCOLATION ZONE. THESE UNITS CANNOT BE
BYPASSED IN THE CHAIN OF TREATMENT, THUS PROVID-
ING SAFETY. THE WATERS SUPPLIED TO THE SWIMMING
AREA WERE FURTHER TREATED BY COAGULATION, FIL-
TRATION, AND HEAVY CHLORINATION; NO VIRUS WAS
FOUND NOR ANY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF ILL-
NESS. NO VIRUS WAS FOUND IN THE RECREATION LAKE
WATERS, WHICH DID NOT RECEIVE THESE TREATMENTS.
EXCEPTIONAL DEGREE OF EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING
NECESSARY FOR LABORATORY PERSONNEL IS NOTED,
ALSO THE HIGH COSTS OF PROCESSING SAMPLES (MORE
THAN $200 EACH), AND THE NEED FOR A FURTHER STEP
FOR CONTROL, NAMELY QUANTITATION OF THE VIRUSES.
(W72-04002).
00681. WATER RESOURCES POLICY IN WISCONSIN:
GENERAL SUPPORTING STUDIES, VOLUME
II.
FAIT, R.G.
WISCONSIN WATER RESOURCES CENTER, MADIS-
ON, PARTIAL COMPLETION REPORT, 1971. 139 P.
INFORMATION RELATING TO THE TECHNOLOGY AND
COSTS OF NUTRIENT REMOVAL IS SCATTERED AND
LIMITED. A BROAD RECAPITULATION OF CURRENT PRIMA-
RY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY PROCESSES FOR
PHOSPHORUS CONTROL IS PRESENTED. AN EXTENSIVE
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE IS CARRIED OUT TO
ESTABLISH THE RANGE AND COSTS OF REMOVAL POSSI-
BILITIES. ALTERNATIVE PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL DECI-
SIONS ARE SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED FOR EXISTING
FACILITIES IN THE WISCONSIN PORTION OF THE LAKE
MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASIN. THE SURVEYED LITERATURE
INFORMATION IS AUGMENTED BY AN INVESTIGATION OF
LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS TO DETERMINE DISCRETE
REMOVAL POSSIBILITIES AND ASSOCIATED AVERAGE
COSTS. THE ALTERNATIVE REMOVAL CHOICES SERVE AS
INPUT INTO A LEAST-COST, EFFICIENCY MODEL OF
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL POLICIES DEVELOPED IN A
SEPARATE STUDY. (PB-206 222) (W72-04079).
00682. ECONOMICS OF WATER SOFTENING.
HOWSON, L.R.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 54(2), P 161-166, 1962.
THE GROWTH IN MUNICIPAL WATER SOFTENING IS
TRACED, ALSO THE GROWTH IN USE OF HOME SOFTENERS
OR RENTAL SOFTENING. COSTS, BENEFITS AND SOME DIF-
FICULTIES INVOLVED IN BOTH TYPES OF SOFTENING ARE
DESCRIBED. IN FOUR MAJOR WISCONSIN CITIES CON-
SUMERS SPEND MORE TO INDIVIDUALLY SOFTEN ABOUT
20 PER CENT OF THE WATER THAN THE CITIES COLLECT
FOR DEVELOPING, PURIFYING AND DELIVERING ALL OF
THE WATER. THESE CITIES COULD SOFTEN THEIR ENTIRE
SUPPLIES AT A COST CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN THAT
NOW SPENT TO SOFTEN A SMALL PERCENTAGE MU-
NICIPAL SOFTENING OF HARD WATER IS ECONOMICAL
AND IN THE CONSUMER'S INTEREST AND IT SHOULD BE
PART OF A GOOD WATER SUPPLY SERVICE. GENERALLY
144
-------
REFERENCE LIST
WHERE THE HARDNESS OF THE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
EXCEEDS 250 PPM, MORE THAN 50 PERCENT OF THE CON-
SUMERS HAVE INDIVIDUAL SOFTENERS. (W72-O4096).
00683. DETERGENTS: A STATUS REPORT.
SUB-COUNCIL REPORT MARCH 1971. 16 P.
THE USE OF THE MOST PROMISING SUBSTITUTE FOR
PHOSPHATES IN DETERGENTS, NITR1LOTRIACETIC ACID
(NTA), HAS BEEN SUSPENDED PENDING FURTHER STUDY
AT THE REQUEST OF THE U S SURGEON GENERAL AND
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. THE
SEARCH FOR PHOSPHATE SUBSTITUTES CONTINUES.
EUTROPHICAT1ON IS DEFINED AS SIMPLY THE
OVERABUNDANCE OF A NATURAL AND NECESSARY
PROCESS-TROUBLESOME INDEED WHEN IT OCCURS, BUT,
BY NO STRETCH OF THE IMAGINATION, A FORM OF
WATER POLLUTION. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE WHATEVER
THAT THE REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATES FROM DETERGENTS
WILL STOP ACCELERATED EUTROPHICATION. ADEQUATE
TECHNOLOGY EXISTS TO REMOVE PHOSPHORUS FROM
SEWAGE BY MEANS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT. FOR
RELATIVELY MODEST COSTS, CHEMICAL SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT PERMITS THE REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS FROM ALL
SOURCES WITHOUT THE CAPITAL COST OF SECONDARY
OR TERTIARY SEWAGE PLANTS AND IT IS HIGHLY FLEXI-
BLE, IN THAT IT CAN BE EMPLOYED IN ONLY THOSE LO-
CALITIES WHERE CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION IS A
PROBLEM. (COM-71-50084) (W72-04266).
00684. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BY
GRANULAR-CARBON FILTRATION.
HAGER, D.G.; FLENTJE, M.E.
JOURNAL OF AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIA-
TION, 57(11), 1440-1450, 1965.
CARBON FILTRATION IS AN EFFECTIVE PROCESS FOR
REMOVING DETERGENTS, INSECTICIDES, VIRUSES,
SPECIFIC CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS, AND TASTE AND ODOR
POLLUTANTS. GRANULAR-CARBON BEDS ARE MORE EFFI-
CIENT THAN PULVERIZED CARBON USED WITH CONVEN-
TIONAL PLANT PROCEDURES. THIS ADVANTAGE COMPEN-
SATES FOR THE COST DIFFERENTIAL OF THE CARBONS.
ADSORPTION AND REMOVAL EXPERIENCES WITH THE
VARIOUS POLLUTANTS ARE DISCUSSED, ALSO FILTRA-
TION-ADSORPTION, CHLORINE ADSORPTION, AND DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR GRANULAR-CARBON BEDS. FURNACE
EQUIPMENT WILL REACTIVATE GRANULAR-CARBON AT A
COST OF 2.1 CENTS PER POUND. EXPENDITURE FOR SUCH
EQUIPMENT WOULD BE ABOUT $50,000. INVESTMENT AND
OPERATING COSTS FOR AN AVERAGE 10 MGD PLANT ARE
REVIEWED. (W72-04276).
00685. SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
BROWN, A.; LEIGHTON, J.
PAPER PRESENTED AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT, ENGLAND, AUGUST 10, 1966. 15 P.
DESIGN AND COST DATA ARE PRESENTED FOR THE FILTER
PRESSING, FREEZING, POLYELECTROLYTE CONDITIONING,
AND LAGOONING OF CLARIFICATION SLUDGE. THE
SLUDGE DEWATERING FACILITIES INCLUDE SLOW STIR-
RING THICKENERS, SLUDGE RETENTION BUNKERS, AND
FREEZING TANKS. SLUDGE SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS AND
QUANTITIES ARE LISTED. OPERATIONAL DIFFICULTIES
ARE DISCUSSED. THE THICKENER DID NOT FUNCTION
ADEQUATELY. THE THICKENER WAS MODIFIED AND TEST-
ING WAS INIATED WITH A DAVY PAXMAN VACUUM
FILTER, WALMSLEYS LTD. ROTOKLENE STRAINER, FILTER
PRESS, AND POLYELECTROLYTE SLUDGE CONDITIONING
AGENTS. DESIGN, OPERATION, AND CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS OF A POLYELECTROLYTE CONDITIONING SYSTEM
ARE PRESENTED. DESIGN PARAMETERS AND OPERATION
EXPERIENCE ARE DISCUSSED FOR THE FILTER PRESS.
LENGTHY CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS ARE ENU-
MERATED FOR THE FREEZING TANK DESIGN. THE FREEZ-
ING CYCLE TIME IS RELATED TO SLUDGE VOLUME
REFRIGERATION AREA, AND FREEZING EFFICIENCY^
CAPITAL, OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE, POWER, AND
CHEMICAL COSTS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE MAJOR
PROCESSES EMPLOYED. (W72-04414).
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
BANKS, H.O.; INERFIELD, A.J.; WOLFE, C.G.;
TUCKER, D.L.; HARRIS, P.G.
OWRR C-1912 (NO. 3177) (1), 171P, DEC 1971.
METHODOLOGY WAS DEVELOPED FOR SELECTING THE
OPTIMUM SIZE, CONFIGURATION, AND TIMING OF A
WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT JOINTLY UN-
DERTAKEN BY A WASTE DISPOSAL AND WATER SUPPLY
AGENCY. THE PROCEDURE IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO
RECLAMATION PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY A SINGLE
AGENCY HAVING BOTH WASTE DISPOSAL AND WATER
SUPPLY FUNCTIONS. A SEPARATE PROCEDURE WAS
DEVELOPED FOR ALLOCATING PROJECT COSTS BETWEEN
DISPOSAL AND SUPPLY FUNCTIONS, AND, IF THE PROJECT
INCLUDES RECREATION, TO THAT FUNCTION AS WELL.
THE OPTIMIZATION AND COST ALLOCATION PROCEDURES
ARE MOST COMPLETELY DEVELOPED FOR RELIABLE,
DIRECT USE RECLAMATION PROJECTS PRODUCING A NON-
POTABLE SUPPLY. GUIDELINES ARE INCLUDED FOR
ANALYZING 1NTERRUPTIBLE PROJECTS AND THOSE
PRODUCING POTABLE SUPPLIES. SUGGESTIONS ARE ALSO
INCLUDED FOR SUITABLE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGE-
MENTS WHICH WOULD BE NECESSARY FOR JOINT RECLA-
MATION PROJECTS TO OPERATE EFFICIENTLY. A BASIC
CONSIDERATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC FEASI-
BILITY OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECTS MUST
BE AN EVALUATION OF THE COSTS BORNE BY CON-
SUMERS OF INFERIOR QUALITY WATER. THE REPORT
DISCUSSES THIS SUBJECT IN DEPTH AND PRESENTS SOME
REPRESENTATIVE CONSUMER COST DATA. THE REPORT
ALSO DISCUSSES QUANTITY AND QUALITY REQUIRE-
MENTS FOR VARIOUS USES OF RECLAIMED WATER, AND
PRESENTS INFORMATION ON THE METHODS, EFFICIENCIES,
AND TYPICAL COSTS OF VARIOUS RECLAMATION
PROCESSES. AN EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INCLUDED.
(W72-04420) (PB-206 522).
00687. STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF MAN-MADE
EUTROPHICATION.
GRUNDY, R.D.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
5(12), 1184-1190, 1971.
ON A NATIONAL BASIS, DETERGENTS PROVIDE 30 TO 40
PERCENT OF ALL THE PHOSPHORUS ENTERING THE
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, THIS FIGURE IS
SHOWN TO VARY ON A REGIONAL BASIS. BECAUSE THERE
ARE MANY OTHER SOURCES OF PHOSPHATES, THEIR CON-
TROL IN DETERGENTS IS NOT IN ITSELF A SUFFICIENT
STRATEGY TO CONTROL EUTROPHICATION. ALSO, ANY
REGULATION ON PHOSPHATES IN DETERGENTS SHOULD
NOT BE UNDERTAKEN WITHOUT CAREFUL CONSIDERA-
TION OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IM-
PLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE FORMULATIONS. VALID
CONTROL STRATEGIES SHOULD INCLUDE ADVANCED
WASTE WATER TREATMENTS, DIVERSION, DILUTION, AND
145
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
LAND DISPOSAL. WASTE WATER TREATMENT USING
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION PROCESSES NOT ONLY
REMOVES PHOSPHORUS BUT ALSO FACILITATES THE
REMOVAL OF BOD, TOXICANTS, AND OTHER NUTRIENTS.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS SHOW THAT 90 PERCENT OF
MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER COULD BE TREATED FOR
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL AT LESS COST TO THE CONSUMER
THAN THE INCREASED PRODUCT COSTS FOR DETERGENT
PHOSPHATE SUBSTITUTES. IT IS ALSO SIGNIFICANT THAT
TREATMENT REDUCES TOTAL PHOSPHATE LEVELS WHILE
PRODUCT CONTROLS AFFECT DETERGENT PHOSPHATE
ALONE. (W72-04734).
00688. RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION:
PART 1.
ROSSIE, J.P.; CECIL, E.A.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
NOVEMBER 1970. 321 P.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IS MADE FOR THE USE OF DRY
COOLING TOWERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN THE
UNITED STATES. TWENTY-SEVEN SITES WERE EXAMINED
PROVIDING IN EACH CASE CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST
FOR NATURAL AND MECHANICAL DRAFT SYSTEMS BOTH
FOR FOSSIL AND NUCLEAR PLANTS. SYSTEM OPTIMIZA-
TION WAS BASED ON CAPITAL COST, AUXILIARY POWER
COST, COST DUE TO LOSS OF CAPACITY, AND FUEL COST.
COMPARISON WAS MADE WITH WET COOLING TOWER
SYSTEMS. WITH ALL FACTORS CONSIDERED, DRY TOWERS
WOULD BE ECONOMICALLY COMPETITIVE WITH WET
COOLING TOWER SYSTEMS. (PB-206 954) (W72-04829).
00689. AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
MOZES, D.
THE ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, 3(1), 115-124,
1969.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR DESALTING SEA WATER,
SEWAGE TREATMENT, AND RECLAMATION ARE BEING
DEVELOPED, AS THE COSTS OF BOTH WATER SUPPLY AND
SEWAGE DISPOAL RISE. WITH THE ECONOMY OF SCALE,
THE COST OF DESALINATION AND RECLAMATION IS EX-
PECTED TO REACH A LEVEL OF ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH IS NEEDED, EVALUATING THE
NEW POSSIBILITIES IN WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE DISPOSAL,
RECLAMATION, AND DESALINATION TO PRODUCE AN OP-
TIMAL SOLUTION TO WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE
DISPOSAL OF URBAN AREAS. LONG RANGE PLANNING FOR
URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL WITH THE
INCREMENTAL COST OF INDEPENDENT SOLUTIONS TO
WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS MUST
BE CONSIDERED TOGETHER. AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION
MUST COMPARE THE INCREMENTAL COST OF INDEPEN-
DENT SOLUTIONS TO WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE
DISPOSAL WITH THE INCREMENTAL COST OF INCOR-
PORATING THE TWO SYSTEMS. IT MUST FURTHER COM-
PARE THE INCREMENTAL COST OF INTRODUCING DESALT-
ING UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF SEA WATER DESALTING
RECLAMATION BLENDING AND RECYCLING OF
RECLAIMED WATER. FREQUENTLY, INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS
CAN BE ECONOMICALLY SUPERIOR TO THE TRADITIONAL
METHODS OF SUPPLYING ADDITIONAL WATER AND
SATISFACTORY DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE. FACTORS INCLUDE.
THE INCREASING COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY, THE INCREAS-
ING COSTS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL, THE ECONOMIC FEASI-
BILITY OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN RECLAMATION AND
DESALTING, THE OPEN ALTERNATIVES FOR URBAN
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, AND SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF
AN INTEGRAL WATER SUPPLY SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
(W72-05565).
00690. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY, AUGUST 1971.
COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY,
WASHINGTON, D.C. 360 P. 1971.
THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE STATE OF THE ENVIRON-
MENT AND THE EFFORTS TO IMPROVE IT. IT REVIEWS
MANY OF THE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREA OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY WHICH HAVE OCCURRED DURING THE
PAST YEAR ON THE INDIVIDUAL, LOCAL, STATE, FEDERAL,
AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS. IT ALSO DESCRIBES BOTH
THE STATUS AND TRENDS IN THIS AREA AND DISCUSSES A
NUMBER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS PRESENT IN THE
INNER CITY. A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF TWO
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IS
INCLUDED. THE FIRST OF THESE ASPECTS IS ECONOMICS:
(1) THE DAMAGES CAUSED BY POLLUTION, (2) THE COSTS
AND BENEFITS OF POLLUTION CONTROL, (3) THE PAR-
TICULAR IMPACTS OF COSTS ON THE ECONOMY, AND (4)
THE STRATEGIES AVAILABLE BOTH FOR ATTAINING EN-
VIRONMENTAL GOALS AND DEALING WITH ECONOMIC
ADJUSTMENTS. THE SECOND ASPECT EXAMINED IS THE
LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT, ON BOTH THE FEDERAL
AND THE STATE LEVELS, INCLUDING: (1) THE NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969 AND ITS EFFECTS;
(2) LEGAL TECHNIQUES IN FEDERAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL; (3) CITIZEN CHECKS ON AGENCY ACTIONS AFFECT-
ING THE ENVIRONMENT, SUCH AS THE CITIZEN'S RIGHT TO
KNOW ABOUT, PARTICIPATE IN, AND CHALLENGE SUCH
ACTIONS; AND (4) SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTS IN STATE
LAW. (GPO $2.00) (W72-05520).
00691. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POULTRY
PROCESSING WASTEWATER IN DELAWARE.
HUDSON, B.L.; COLE, G.L.; SMITH, R.C.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN
383, DECEMBER 1970. 18 P.
THE AMOUNT OF WASTE AND WASTEWATER CREATED BY
DELAWARE'S POULTRY PROCESSING PLANTS IS ENOR-
MOUS: MAIN EFFLUENT VOLUMES RANGE FROM ONE-
QUARTER TO ONE-HALF MILLION GALLONS PER DAY PER
PLANT. THE UNRECOVERED WASTE REPRESENTS A COST
SINCE WASTE TREATMENT MUST BE PROVIDED IN AC-
CORDANCE WITH GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS TO
PREVENT OR ABATE POLLUTION OF DELAWARE'S WATER-
WAYS. AVERAGE MAIN EFFLUENT VOLUMES PER
PROCESSED BIRD RANGED FROM 3.2 TO 8.2 GALLONS.
THERE SEEMED TO BE SOME ECONOMIES OF SCALE IN-
VOLVED IN REDUCING PER UNIT WASTEWATER VOLUMES
SINCE THE WASTE WATER PER BIRD WAS FOUND TO BE IN-
VERSELY RELATED TO KILL RATE AND PLANT SIZE. (W72-
05659).
00692. RATE SURCHARGES: FRIEND OR FOE.
DECKER, C.T.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 8(11), F-2 TO
F-4, 1971.
TIGHTER CONTROLS ON BOTH THE EFFLUENT CRITERIA
AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT WILL MEAN A GREATER
CAPITAL INVESTMENT BY INDUSTRY WITH A MUNICIPALI-
TY. THESE CONTROLS WILL PLACE MORE SIGNIFICANCE
ON THE RATE SURCHARGE AS A MEANS FOR REIMBURSE-
MENT OF THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE EXPENSES.
ALSO, THEY WILL SERVE AS A LIMITING DEVICE ON WHAT
INDUSTRY WILL PAY THE MUNICIPALITY TO TREAT AND
HANDLE ITS WASTES. ADVANTAGES TO AN INDUSTRY OF
GOING TO THE CITY WITH UNTREATED WASTEWATER IN-
CLUDE (I) PASSING THE TREATMENT RESPONSIBILITY ON
TO THE CITY; (2) SAVINGS ON CONSTRUCTION COSTS- (3)
PASSING THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS
146
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REFERENCE LIST
ON TO THE CITY; AND (4) THE POSSIBILITY OF ENHANCING
ITS PUBLIC IMAGE AS A SUPPORTER FOR CLEANING UP
THE WASTES. POSSIBLE DISADVANTAGES INCLUDE (1) MU-
NICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS HAVE TRADITIONALLY
BEEN OVERDESIGNED AND EXPENSIVELY OVERBUILT; (2)
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COMPANY AND THE CITY
MAY REQUIRE MANY MILES OF SEWERS; AND (3) THE NU-
NICIPAL SEWERAGE COMMISSION MAY RAISE THE RATE
SURCHARGE AT ANY TIME. THE MEANS OF REIMBURSE-
MENT FOR A SANITARY DISTRICT INCLUDE (1) AD
VALOREM TAXES, (2) PERCENTAGE OF WATER BILL TAX,
(3) SPECIAL ASSESSMENT CHARGES, (4) VOLUME OF
SEWAGE CHARGES, (5) 'READY TO SERVE' CHARGES, AND
(6) VOLUME PLUS A RATE SURCHARGE FOR BOD,
SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND OTHER SPECIAL CONSTITUENTS.
(W72-05663).
00693. BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY ENHANCE-
MENT.
ENVIRONMENTAL. PROTECTION AGENCY, WATER
QUALITY OFFICE, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RESEARCH SERIES, DECEMBER 1970. 201 P.
THE THREE FOLLOWING AREAS PERTAINING TO WATER
QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL ARE CONSIDERED:
(I) THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLLUTION INDEX FOR
BENEFIT ANALYSIS, (2) MEASUREMENTS OF THE TOTAL
DOLLAR BENEFIT OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, AND
(3) BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT. A POL-
LUTION INDEX IS DEVELOPED FOR SPECIFIC WATER USES
WHEN SUCH MULTIPLE ITEMS OF WATER QUALITY AS BOD
OR DO ARE INVOLVED. THE INDEX IS SPECIFIC FOR ONE
OF THREE WATER USES, (1) HUMAN CONTACT, (2) 1N-
DRECT CONTACT, AND (3) REMOTE CONTACT. THESE
THREE SPECIFIC INDICES MAY BE COMBINED INTO AN
OVERALL POLLUTION INDEX. THE DOLLAR BENEFIT OF A
WATERWAY AT A GIVEN QUALITY LEVEL IS DETERMINED
BY LISTING ALL USES WHICH BOTH AFFECT AND ARE AF-
FECTED BY WATER QUALITY, BY VALUING EACH USE IN-
DIVIDUALLY, AND BY SUMMING THE RESULTANT VALUES.
MEASURABLE BENEFICIAL WATER USES INCLUDE RECREA-
TION, WASTEWATER DISPOSAL, WITHDRAWAL WATER
USES, BORDERING LAND USES, AND IN-STREAM USES.
FINALLY, THE STUDY SUGGESTS THAT WATER POLLUTION
ABATEMENT PROGRAMS CAN BE ADMINISTERED MOST EF-
FICIENTLY AT THE REGIONAL RATHER THAN STATE OR
FEDERAL LEVEL. EFFICIENCY CONSIDERATIONS ALSO
IMPLY THAT THE REGIONAL AGENCIES SHOULD SELL THE
POLLUTION-CARRYING CAPACITY OF WATER BASED ON
BENEFITS FOREGONE DUE TO POLLUTION. (PB-207 358)
(W72-05666).
00694. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION.
HARL, N.E.; BALDWIN, R.A.; HUBLY, D.W.
IOWA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
AMES, COMPLETION REPORT ISWRRI-43,
NOVEMBER 1971.261 P.
THE LITERATURE OF WATER ALLOCATION IS REVIEWED
AND THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATIVE ALLOCA-
TION IS ANALYZED IN TERMS OF RATIONAL GUIDELINES
FOR ALLOCATING WATER AS A SCARCE RESOURCE
AMONG COMPETING ALTERNATIVES. SPECIAL ATTENTION
WAS GIVEN TO THE IOWA PERMIT SYSTEM, WITH THE
CONCLUSION THAT THE SYSTEM ACKNOWLEDGES ONLY
TWO CONSISTENTLY IDENTIFIED POINTS ON A WATER
USER'S PRODUCTION FUNCTION (I) THE POINT OF ZERO
OUTPUT AND ZERO WATER USE, AND (2) THE POINT OF
MAXIMUM TOTAL PRODUCT WHERE THE MARGINAL
PHYSICAL PRODUCT BECOMES ZERO. THE SYSTEM
GUIDELINES ARE INSUFFICIENT FOR ALLOCATING WATER
ON EFFICIENCY BASES IF SUPPLY IS LIMITED AND MAX-
IMUM PHYSICAL PRODUCTIVITY FROM WATER AS A VARI-
ABLE INPUT IS UNATTAINABLE. IN AN EFFORT TO
GENERATE INFORMATION ABOUT WATER PRODUCTIVI-
TIES, TO THE END THAT ADDITIONAL POINTS ON THE
PRODUCTION FUNCTION MIGHT BE IDENTIFIED ADMINIS-
TRATIVELY AS PERMITS ARE GRANTED UNDER CONDI-
TIONS OF LIMITED WATER SUPPLY IN A PARTICULAR
AREA, A GENERAL MODEL IS CONSTRUCTED IN PART II
USING A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO
RESOURCE ALLOCATION WITHIN AN IDENTIFIED
HYDROLOGIC AREA. (PB-207 476) (W72-05839).
00695. THE ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
UPTON, C.
SELECTED PAPERS NO. 36, 1970. 11 P.
THERE ARE COSTS OF ELIMINATING POLLUTION AS WELL
AS COSTS OF MAINTAINING IT. THE FIRST PROBLEM IS TO
CHOOSE THE LEVEL OF POLLUTION THAT BALANCES THE
COSTS OF POLLUTING AGAINST THE COSTS OF NOT POL-
LUTING. THE SECOND PROBLEM IS TO DEFINE STANDARDS
OF ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF POLLUTION. ALL RECENT
DEBATES ON THE GOAL OF CLEAN AIR AND WATER HAVE
IGNORED THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING CLEAN. ANSWERS
TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ARE DISCUSSED. (1) WHY
IS POLLUTION A PROBLEM; (2) HOW SHALL WE ACHIEVE
THE DESIRED LEVEL OF POLLUTION; (3) HOW MUCH POL-
LUTION DO WE WANT. THE UNSUCCESSFUL ALLOCATION
OF THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES OCCURS BECAUSE
THERE IS NO APPROPRIATE PRICING MECHANISM FOR THE
RIGHTS TO NATURAL RESOURCES. IN ADDITION, TYPES OF
POLLUTION NEED TO BE CLASSIFIED AND THE COSTS OF
POLLUTION MEASURED. THE EVENTUAL SOLUTION TO
PROBLEMS OF CONTROL IS THE SETTING OF THE STAN-
DARD WHERE THE COST OF A MARGINAL UNIT OF POLLU-
TION IS EQUAL TO COST OF CLEANING UP THAT UNIT OF
POLLUTION. THE LACK OF PROPERTY RIGHT IN THE CASE
OF THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES SUGGESTS THE
NECESSITY OF SOME GOVERNMENTAL INTERVENTION TO
SET THE LEVEL OF POLLUTION AT SOME STANDARD AND
TO SEE THAT THE STANDARD IS ACHIEVED AND MAIN-
TAINED. THREE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE ACHIEVE-
MENT OF THIS POLLUTION STANDARD ARE CONTROL BY
FIAT, CONTROL BY TAXATION, AND CONTROL BY PROPER-
TY RIGHT. (W72-05934).
00696. DISCUSSION OF THE RECLAMATION OF
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS FOR DOMESTIC USE.
PARK.HURST, J.D.
PROCEEDINGS, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON
WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH CONFERENCE,
3RD, MUNICH, GERMANY, 1966, P 27-32.
IN PARALLEL WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WIND-
HOEK RECLAMATION SCHEME, A RECLAMATION SCHEME
TO PROVIDE RECREATIONAL WATER FOR LANCASTER,
CALIFORNIA, HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. THE LANCASTER
SYSTEM FEATURES: (1) 60 DAY RETENTION OF PRIMARY
EFFLUENT IN OXIDATION PONDS, PERMITTING 50% TOTAL
NITROGEN REDUCTION, STABILIZATION OF ORGANICS,
AND DIE-OFF OF VIRUSES, PATHOGENS, AND PARASITES;
(2) ALUMINUM SULFATE COAGULATION; (3) ALGAE
REMOVAL BY EITHER FLOTATION OR SEDIMENTATION; (4)
SAND FILTRATION; (5) CHLOR1NATION AT 15 MG/L
DOSAGE AND 12 HOUR CHLORINE CONTACT TIME; AND (6)
DISCHARGE TO RECREATIONAL LAKE. AVERAGE EF-
FLUENT COD OF 41 MG/L OBTAINED WITHOUT CARBON
FILTRATION IS COMPARED TO A REPORTED 35 MG/L COD
IN THE EFFLUENT AT WINDHOEK AFTER CARBON FILTRA-
TION COSTS FOR THE LANCASTER FACILITIES HAVE BEEN
REPORTED AS 3 CENTS/1000 GALLONS FOR CAPITAL
147
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FACILITIES AND 11.5 CENTS/1 COO GALLONS FOR OPERA-
TION AND MAINTENANCE FOR A 3 MOD PLANT. COSTS
FOR PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FACILITIES OF THE SAME
SIZE WERE REPORTED AS 8.3 CENTS/1000 GALLONS, SO
THE SYSTEM COST WOULD BE 22.8 CENTS/1000 GALLONS,
COMPARING FAVORABLY TO THE 46.5 CENTS/1000 GAL-
LONS REPORTED AT WINDHOEK. (W72-06019).
00697. PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION PROCESS.
ALBERTSON, O.E.; SHERWOOD, R.J.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 41(8), 1467-1489, 1969.
A COMPLEMENTARY LIQUID AND SLUDGE HANDLING
TREATMENT SYSTEM WAS TESTED FOR THE CHEMICAL
REMOVAL OF PHOSPHATE AND INCREASED BIOCHEMICAL-
OXYGEN DEMAND REMOVAL FOLLOWED BY THE AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS. THE SYSTEM REDUCED
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL OPERATING COSTS TO A LEVEL
COMPARABLE TO THAT FOR CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT.
THE COMBINATION OF LIME MUD WITH WASTEWATER
SLUDGE WAS PRACTICAL. THE SYSTEM, TOO, IS ABLE TO
AFFECT AMMONIA NITROGEN REMOVAL WITH THE SAME
BASIC APPROACH, ALTHOUGH COSTS ARE GREATER. AN
ADDITIONAL BENEFIT WAS THE ELIMINATION OF SULF1DE
ODORS IN THE PRIMARY PORTION OF THE PLANT. (W72-
06110).
00698. ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM POTABLE WATER.
BELLACK, E.
JOURNAL OF AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIA-
TION, 63(7), 454^458, 1971 .(W72-06198.
CHEMICAL COSTS FOR SIMULTANEOUSLY REMOVING
FLORIDE AND ARSENIC FROM WATER ARE $15-
$50/MILLIONGAL..
00699. COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN IN-
DUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANTS: SIX CASE STUDIES.
SOUTH CAROLINA WATER RESOURCE INSTITUTE,
CLEMSON, REPORT NO. 27, MARCH 1972, 64P.
DATA ON OPERATIONS AND COSTS OF MANUFACTURING
AS WELL AS WASTEWATER TREATMENT WERE OBTAINED
FROM 6 TEXTILE MILLS WHICH EMPLOYED 9,150 WORKERS
AND TREATED APPROXIMATELY 5.9 BILLION GALLONS OF
WASTEWATER IN 1968, AND ON THE OPERATIONS OF 26
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE PLANTS WHICH IN 1967 TREATED THE
LIQUID WASTES OF 98 TEXTILE MILLS. ELEVEN OF THE
MUNICIPALITIES PROVIDED COST DATA THAT WERE COM-
PARABLE WITH THE DATA OBTAINED FROM THE INDUS-
TRIAL FIRMS. TREATMENT COSTS PER UNIT OF WASTE-
WATER WERE QUITE HIGH FOR 2 FIRMS WHICH HAD VERY
SMALL VOLUMES OF WASTEWATER, BUT IN NO CASE DID
TREATMENT COSTS AMOUNT TO AS MUCH AS ONE PER-
CENT OF TOTAL MANUFACTURING COSTS. MEASURED IN
1969 PRICES, COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN 11
MUNICIPAL FACILITIES RANGED FROM 10.05 TO 53.54
CENTS PER 1,000 GALLONS. THE COMPARABLE RANGE IN
THE 6 INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES WAS FROM 2.4 CENTS TO
$12.28. HOWEVER, THE UNIT COSTS OF 3 OF THE 6 INDUS-
TRIAL FACILITIES WERE BELOW 10 CENTS PER 1,000 GAL-
LONS, AND THE UNIT COSTS OF ANOTHER WERE LOWER
THAN THOSE OF 9 OF THE 11 MUNICIPALITIES USED AS
THE BASIS FOR COMPARISON. TECHNICAL AND INSTITU-
TIONAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT OF IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES IN MUNICIPAL FACILITIES ARE ALSO
DISCUSSED. (PB-208021) (W72-06601).
00700. EFFLUENT TAXES AND REGULATION.
RESOURCES, NO. 39, P. 9-10, JANUARY 1972.
PRESENT GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS TO COMBAT EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DEPEND HEAVILY ON EN-
FORCEMENT ACTION AGAINST INDIVIDUAL POLLUTERS
AND SUBSIDIES FOR TREATMENT PLANT CONSTRUCTION.
MANY ECONOMISTS FAVOR GREATER RELIANCE ON EF-
FLUENT CHARGES. THIS WOULD BE MORE EFFICIENT AND
EQUITABLE BECAUSE SOCIAL COSTS WOULD BE
REFLECTED AND COSTS WOULD BE INTERNAL TO THE
POLLUTER. THIS WOULD CREATE AN INCENTIVE TO
REDUCE POLLUTION BY ANY MEANS LESS EXPENSIVE
THAN THE TAX. IT WOULD ALSO REDUCE CONSUMPTIVE
DEMAND THROUGH HIGHER PRICES. UNIFORM REGIONAL
RATES WOULD BE NEEDED. INTEGRATED REGIONAL AND
RIVER BASIN INSTITUTIONS ARE NEEDED TO REDUCE
TREATMENT COSTS THROUGH ECONOMIES OF SCALE.
SEVERAL PROMINENT CONSERVATION GROUPS HAVE
RECENTLY ANNOUNCED THEIR SUPPORT FOR EFFLUENT
CHARGES BECAUSE CURRENT ABATEMENT METHODS ARE
INEFFECTIVE. (W72-06884).
00701. RECLAIMING WATER FROM WATER PLANT
SLUDGE.
SCOLARI, E.
PUBLIC WORKS, 99(6), P 100, 1968.
THE RECOVERY OF SUPERNATANT FROM SLUDGE DRYING
BEDS PRODUCED A TREATED WATER COST SAVINGS.
WATER TREATMENT INCLUDED LIME-SODA SOFTENING,
CLARIFICATION, RECARBONATION, AND VACUUM TYPE
DIATOMITE FILTRATION. SOME SLUDGE IS RECIRCULATED.
THE HIGHLY TREATED SLUDGE SUPERNATANT IS
RECLAIMED RATHER THAN DISCHARGED TO THE SEWER
SYSTEM. AN ASBESTOS-CEMENT LINED PIPE INTERCEPTED
DECANTED WATER AND RETURNED IT TO RECEIVING
WELLS BY GRAVITY FLOW. PUMPS, AUTOMATICALLY
OPERATED BY FLOAT SWITCHES, RETURNED THIS WATER
TO THE FLOCCULATING SECTION OF THE TREATMENT
FACILITIES. FINAL INSTALLED COSTS WERE LESS THAN
$6526. THE FIRST YEAR THE PLANT RECLAIMED 36 MGD
OF WATER WITH A TREATED WATER VALUE OF $8394.
SECOND YEAR RECOVERY EXCEEDED 43 MGD WITH A
TREATED WATER VALUE OF $10,563. (W72-06822).
00702. TWO METHODS OF STUDYING THE EFFECT
OF MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES.
ETHRIDGE, D.E.; SEAGRAVES, J.A.
ECONOMICS RESEARCH REPORT NO. 18,
DECEMBER 1971. 27 P.
WASTE TREATMENT CHARGES TRADITIONALLY HAVE
BEEN BASED ON THE VOLUME OF WATER CONSUMED.
SURCHARGES BASED ON THE STRENGTH OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES DISCHARGED INTO SEWER SYSTEMS ARE RAPIDLY
BECOMING MORE COMMON. ESTIMATES OF THE RESPONSE
OF TWO INDUSTRIES TO SEWER SURCHARGES ARE
PRESENTED AND TWO DIFFERENT EMPIRICAL
PROCEDURES USED TO MAKE SUCH ESTIMATES ARE ILLUS-
TRATED. A BUDGETING APPROACH WAS USED TO ESTI-
MATE THE RESPONSES OF SUGAR BEET PROCESSING FIRMS
TO SEWER CHARGES BASED ON WASTE STRENGTH. A TYPI-
CAL BEET PROCESSING PLANT COULD PROFITABLY
REDUCE ITS WATER CARRIED WASTES BY 75 PERCENT IF
FACED WITH A CHARGE OF $. 02 PER POUND OF BOD
REGRESSION ANALYSIS WAS USED TO ESTIMATE THE
RESPONSE OF POULTRY PROCESSING FIRMS TO CHARGES
BASED ON WASTE STRENGTH. FIRMS HAVE RESPONDED AS
ONE WOULD EXPECT TO INCREASES IN SURCHARGES AND
148
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REFERENCE LIST
THE PRICE OF WATER - REDUCING WASTES AND USE OF
WATER. (W72e06976).
00703. EVALUATION OF EXTENDED AERATION
TREATMENT AT RECREATION AREAS,
PROGRESS REPORT.
CLARK, B.D.
WORKING PAPER NO 68, REPORT NO PR-8, MARCH
1970. 90 P.
IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT, WHERE SECONDARY TREAT-
MENT IS THE DESIRED STANDARD, THE USE OF EXTENDED
AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS FOR THE TREAT-
MENT OF RECREATION WASTES BE DISCOURAGED UNLESS
ADEQUATE ASSURANCE CAN BE GIVEN THAT THE PLANT
WILL BE PROPERLY OPERATED AND MAINTAINED, IN-
CLUDING PROPER SLUDGE WASTING FACILITIES, AND/OR
AN ADEQUATELY DESIGNED SOLIDS REMOVAL PROCESS IS
ADDED TO THE SYSTEM EITHER IN THE FORM OF A
POLISHING POND OR A FILTRATION UNIT. (PB-208 436)
(W72-07248).
00704. HOUSEBOAT WASTES: METHODS FOR COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT.
CLARK, B.D.
FWPCA PROGRAM 15020—06/67. JUNE 1967. 84 P
PUMPING ALL WASTES TO A SHORE SEWER IS THE LEAST
EXPENSIVE AND MOST PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVE WHER-
EVER THIS IS POSSIBLE. AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL TREAT-
MENT UNITS WITH DISINFECTION FACILITIES WOULD PRO-
VIDE SATISFACTORY TREATMENT; COSTS FOR A FLOAT-
ING UNIT WOULD RANGE FROM $1800 TO TREAT THE
WASTES FROM A SINGLE HOUSEBOAT, TO $200 PER
HOUSEBOAT FOR THE WASTES FROM 50 HOUSEBOATS. PRI-
MARY SETTLING WITH SLUDGE REMOVAL FACILITIES AND
CHLORINATION OF THE EFFLUENT COULD BE CON-
SIDERED AS AN INTERIM METHOD OF TREATMENT. A
SYSTEM ADEQUATE TO SERVE UP TO 25 TO 35
HOUSEBOATS COULD BE FABRICATED FOR $500 TO $700,
EXCLUDING LABOR COSTS. A SYSTEM DESIGN WITH
THREE ALTERNATIVES WAS MADE FOR A TYPICAL
MOORAGE IN THE PORTLAND, OREGON, AREA. THE
DESIGN CONSIDERED: (1) PUMPING WITH CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS DIRECTLY TO A CITY SEWER, (2) PUMPING WITH
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS DIRECTLY TO A CITY SEWER FROM
EACH HOUSEBOAT, AND (3) PUMPING WITH PNEUMATIC
EJECTORS TO A FLOATING TREATMENT FACILITY. THE
COST TO THE INDIVIDUAL HOUSEBOAT OWNER FOR EACH
PLAN WAS $935, $1560, AND $1460, RESPECTIVELY. THE
FIRST COST TO THE MOORAGE OWNER FOR EACH PLAN
WAS $7500, $4600, AND $8700, RESPECTIVELY. THESE
FIGURES DO NOT INCLUDE ANNUAL COSTS FOR FINANC-
ING, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE. (PB-208 439) (W72-
07251).
00705. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES.
BARNARD, J.R.; LOFGREEN, H.A.
IOWA STATE WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH IN-
STITUTE, AMES, COMPLETION REPORT ISWRRI-
42, DECEMBER 1971.19 P.
THE POTENTIAL COST OF COMMITMENTS TO WATER
QUALITY IS EXPLORED AS WELL AS WAYS IN WHICH THAT
COST MIGHT BE MINIMIZED WITHIN FEDERAL AND STATE
GOVERNMENT GUIDELINES OF IMPROVED WATER QUALI-
TY. COST ESTIMATES OF CONTROLLING INDUSTRIAL AND
MUNICIPAL POLLUTION ARE DEVELOPED FROM EN-
GINEERING SOURCES FOR A NUMBER OF TREATMENT
SEQUENCES WHICH ARE USED AS PROXIES FOR VARYING
LEVELS OF WATER QUALITY. ESTIMATES OF COSTS OF
CAPITAL FACILITIES, OPERATING COSTS, AND AVERAGE
COSTS ARE MADE FOR THE UNITED STATES AND IOWA
THE EMPHASIS IS ON THE ESTIMATION OF THE POTENTIAL
BURDEN OF WATER QUALITY DECISIONS AS WELL AS EX-
PLORING WAYS IN WHICH THAT BURDEN MAY BE
MINIMIZED. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT IT WOULD REQUIRE AN
EXPENDITURE OF ABOUT $8 BILLION IN NEW CAPITAL
FACILITIES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR THE
URBAN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, AND
NEARLY $15 BILLION FOR AN EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROGRAM. THE ESTIMATED
AGGREGATE ANNUAL AVERAGE COST FOR 1968 IS $4,519
MILLION, OR ABOUT $22.50 PER CAPITA. (PB-208 611) (W72-
07362).
00706. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT: EXEMPLIFIED BY SPECIFIED POLLU-
TANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF.
JACOBS, J.J.
PH.D. THESIS, 1972. 208 P.
SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF
WERE THE POLLUTANTS SELECTED IN DEPICTING THE
ROLE OF ECONOMICS IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
THE AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE NISHNABOTNA RIVER
BASIN IN SOUTHWESTERN IOWA WAS THE STUDY AREA.
THIS LAND WAS SPLIT UP ACCORDING TO SIX CAPABILITY
CLASSES, SUPPLIED BY THE CONSERVATION NEEDS INVEN-
TORY. THESE CAPABILITY CLASSES IN COMBINATION WITH
CROP ROTATIONS TILLAGE METHODS AND CONSERVA-
TION PRACTICES ARE REGARDED AS A CROPPING SYSTEM.
FOR EACH SYSTEM THE ANNUAL COSTS AND RETURNS IN
ADDITION TO SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS LOSSES WERE
ESTIMATED. WITH THIS INFORMATION THE MINIMUM COST
OF ACHIEVING SPECIFIED LEVELS OF WATER QUALITY, I.
E., SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS, WAS OBTAINED. THE
STUDY RESULTS POINT UP THE DOMINANCE OF MINIMUM
TILLAGE AND CONTINUOUS ROW CROPS IN THE OPTIMAL
SOLUTIONS. THE RESULTS ALSO INDICATE THAT THE
MAGNITUDE OF THE DELIVERY RATIO AND THE
PHOSPHORUS CONSTRAINTS HAVE A RELATIVELY SMALL
IMPACT ON THE COST OF THE PROGRAM. FURTHERMORE,
IT WAS SHOWN THAT THE MOST STRINGENT CONSTRAINT
COULD BE MET AT AN ESTIMATED COST OF ABOUT $4.75
PER ACRE WITH A DELIVERY RATIO OF . 25. WHILE THIS
COST DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE UNREASONABLE, COMPAR-
ING THE CONTROL COST WITH THE BENEFITS TO A MU-
NICIPAL USE INDICATES THAT THIS LEVEL OF QUALITY
CONTROL CAN ONLY BE JUSTIFIED ECONOMICALLY IF
THERE IS A LARGE REUSE OF THE WATER (80-400: 1) OR
SUBSTANTIAL AESTHETIC BENEFITS. (W72-07365).
00707. SEWER MAINTENANCE COSTS.
°SANTRY, I.W. JR.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT 44TH ANNUAL CON-
FERENCE OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION. SESSION 15, NO. I, SAN FRAN-
CISCO, CALIFORNIA, OCTOBER 6, 1971. 30 P
DESIGN OF RECORD-KEEPING OPERATIONS FOR SANITARY
AND STORM SEWERS IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF MUNICIPAL
PUBLIC WORKS, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER OR NOT A
COMPUTER IS USED. SUFFICIENT INFORMATION REGARD-
ING LENGTH OF SERVICE, COST OF MAINTENANCE, EASE
OF REPAIR, AND OTHER PARAMETERS MUST BE ACQUIRED
FOR EACH STRETCH OF SEWER LINE IN ORDER TO FORM
RATIONAL DECISIONS FOR REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT,
AND TO EVALUATE THE MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP
OF PREVIOUS INSTALLATIONS. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
REVIEWED SHOWED THAT REPAIRS ON BOTH MAINS AND
BUILDING SERVICE LINES BY A MUNICIPALITY REFLECT
149
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ABOUT THE SAME PERCENTAGES FOR LABOR, MATERIALS,
EQUIPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. CLEANING AND
PERIODIC 1SPECT1ON COSTS MUST ALSO BE ACCOUNTED
FOR IN ANY COMPREHENSIVE COST ANALYSIS. INCLUSION
OF EACH OF THESE ITEMS IN DETAIL, AS WELL AS ANY
OTHER PERTINENT INFORMATION IN AN AVAILABLE BODY
OF DATA, WILL PROVIDE MANAGEMENT WITH A RA-
TIONAL BASIS FOR BOTH BUDGETARY AND OPERATIONAL
DECISION MAKING. (W72-07805).
00708. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EROSION AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL FOR WATERSHEDS
UNDERGOING URBANIZATION.
BRANDT, G.H.; CONYERS, E.S.; LOWES, F.J.;
MIGHTON, J.W.; POLLACK, J.W.
OWRR C-1677 FINAL REPORT, 1972. 181 P
ECONOMIC BENEFITS ARE EXPECTED FROM CONTROLLING
EROSION AND SEDIMENT DURING URBAN CONSTRUCTION,
BUT CONTROL COSTS HAVE NOT BEEN PREVIOUSLY RE-
LATED TO BENEFITS. THIS STUDY RELATES COST TO EF-
FECTIVENESS AND DAMAGE VALUES FOR MANY EROSION
AND SEDIMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS. THE SENECA CREEK
WATERSHED, NEAR WASHINGTON, D. C., WAS USED AS A
MODEL. ESTIMATED MAXIMUM SOIL EROSIAN RATES AP-
PROACH 200 TON/ACRE/YEAR OR 128,000 TON/SO.
MILE/YEAR. SEDIMENT DAMAGES FROM SUCH UNCON-
TROLLED EROSION ON URBAN CONSTRUCTION SITES IN
THE SENECA WATERSHED COULD POTENTIALLY REACH
$1,500/ACRE. PRESENT CONTROL PRACTICE INCLUDES
SEDIMENT BASINS, DIVERSION BEAMS, LEVEL SPREADERS,
GRADE STABILIZATION STRUCTURES, SODDED DITCHES,
SEEDING AND STRAW MULCH TACKED WITH ASPHALT OR
DISKED. THE AVERAGE CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM IS ESTI-
MATED TO COST J1.125/ACRE AND TO CONTROL 91% OF
THE POTENTIAL EROSION. CONTROL SYSTEMS INCOR-
PORATING LARGE SEDIMENT BASINS CAN BOOST CON-
TROL TO 96% AT LESS TOTAL COST. MULTIPURPOSE IM-
POUNDMENTS DESIGNED WITH SEDIMENT FOREBAYS FOR
CHEMICAL FLOCCULATION CAN BOOST URBAN SEDIMENT
CONTROL TO 99%, AND, IN ADDITION, CONTRIBUTE SIG-
NIFICANTLY TO CONTROLLING SEDIMENT FROM OTHER
LAND. (PB-209 212) (W72-08246).
00709. EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
BALDEN, A.R.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT 44TH ANNUAL CON-
FERENCE OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, SESSION 16, NO. 2, OCTOBER 6,
1971, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA,, 6 P.
CURRENT LEGISLATION PROVIDES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
TO SMALL MUNICIPALITIES WHO WISH TO BUILD WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS, BUT CANNOT AFFORD
THEM. HOWEVER. INDUSTRIES ARE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR
SUCH ASSISTANCE. AND SINCE IT IS A WELL-RECOGNIZED
FACT THAT LARGER, MORE CENTRALIZED FACILITIES ARE
USUALLY MORE ECONOMICAL THAN EACH INDUSTRY
HAVING ITS OWN TREATMENT PLANT, SOME FORMULA IS
NEEDED KOR CHARGING THE INDUSTRIES FOR TREAT-
MENT OF THEIR WASTES IN A MUNICIPAL FACILITY. THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY HAS DEVELOPED
SUCH A FORMULA. DIRECT SUPERVISION AND ENFORCE-
MENT OF THE FORMULA SHOULD REVERT TO THE STATE,
WITH THE WITHDRAWAL OF ALL FEDERAL REGULATORY
PERSONNEL, EXCEPT WHEN REQUESTED TO ASSIST. THIS
WOULD ELIMINATE THE MULTIPLICITY OF EFFORT AND
ITS ASSOCIATED PYRAMIDING COSTS. (W72-08361).
00710. SPLIT TREATMENT LIME SOFTENING
REDUCES OPERATING COSTS AT AMES,
IOWA.
ROSKOPH, R.; CLEASBY, J.L.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 114(12), 477-480,
1967.
AT AMES, IOWA, THE DESIRED WATER QUALITY OF 85 PPM
TOTAL HARDNESS, 35 PPM TOTAL ALKALINITY WAS
PRODUCED BY SPLIT TREATMENT. A STABLE EFFLUENT
WAS PRODUCED AND NO HARDNESS WAS REMOVED ON
THE FILTERS, IN CONTRAST TO REMOVAL OF 1 5 TO 30 PPM
WITH CONVENTIONAL AND TWO-STAGE SOFTENING.
FILTER RUNS WERE TRIPLED WITH A SAVINGS IN
BACKWASH WATERS. ABOUT 25 PERCENT BY-PASSING WAS
FOUND DESIRABLE. ADDING SOME SODA ASH TO THE
SECOND STAGE PERMITTED A SMALL REDUCTION IN
REQUIRED LIME FEED. VALUE OF HIGH SLUDGE CONCEN-
TRATION (BY USE OF RETURN SLUDGE) IN THE SOFTENING
REACTION ZONE WAS CONFIRMED. A MIXTURE OF FIRST-
AND SECOND-STAGE SLUDGE WAS RETURNED TO THE
SECOND-STAGE SOFTENING, ALSO SOME TO THE FIRST
STAGE. THE SPLIT-TREATMENT SINGLE-STAGE COM-
PARISON AT AMES INDICATED THAT SPLIT-TREATMENT
REQUIRED 10 PPM LESS LIME. 6 PPM LESS SODA ASH, 4.29
CU. FT. /1000 GAL LESS NATURAL GAS (NONE USED WITH
SPLIT TREATMENT), AND LESS BACKWASH WATER OR
ABOUT 15 PERCENT REDUCTION IN CHEMICAL COSTS, AND
PRODUCED 20 PPM SOFTER WATER THAN THE SINGLE
STAGE SOFTENING PROCESS. (W72-08873).
00711. USE OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
JANUARY, 1972. 162 P.
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS IS SHOWN TO BE A
FEASIBLE TOOL FOR ESTIMATING THE OPTIMAL LEVEL OF
PUBLIC GOODS IN A REGIONAL ECONOMY AND THE OP-
TIMAL ALLOCATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS TO OBTAIN THE
DESIRED LEVEL. THIS ANALYSIS PROVIDES A
METHODOLOGY FOR INVESTIGATING THE EXTERNALITIES
ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS FORMS OF PRODUCTION. AN
INTERACTION OR TRADE MECHANISM IS PRESENTED
WHICH WILL FORCE A REGIONAL ECONOMY INTO
EQUILIBRIUM WITH THE ECONOMY IN WHICH IT IS EM-
BEDDED: RELATIVE PRICES WILL BE IDENTICAL IN THESE
ECONOMIES FOR THEIR COMMON COMMODITIES. A
TECHNIQUE IS PRESENTED BY WHICH ALL PUBLIC GOODS
CAN BE TREATED IN A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
FRAMEWORK. THE RESULTS OF SOME NUMERIC COMPUTA-
TIONS INDICATE HOW THE METHODOLOGY WORKS WITH
A REGIONAL ECONOMY WHICH HAS A PUBLIC GOOD.
SINCE ONE OF THE CONCLUSIONS FROM A GENERAL
EQUILIBRIUM APPLICATION IS THE OPTIMUM SUPPLY OF
ANY COMMODITY, THIS TECHNIQUE CAN BE USED TO
DETERMINE EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL METHODS OF
CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION IN A GIVEN REGION.
(PB-209 893) (W72-09228).
00712. POLLUTION: CLEANING UP COSTS MONEY.
GASKELL, P.
ATLANTIC COMMUNITY QUARTERLY, VOL. 10 P 84-
93, 1972.
INDUSTRY SPENDS CLOSE TO 10% OF THE COST OF A NEW
PLANT ON POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT. IN EUROPE
WHERE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IS COMMON INDUSTRIES
IN NATIONS WITH LESS STRINGENT POLLUTION CONTROLS
ARE ABLE TO REDUCE COSTS AND THUS OUTSELL NA-
TIONS WITH HIGHER ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
150
-------
REFERENCE LIST
ALTHOUGH INTERNATIONAL SOLUTIONS WOULD BE AN
IDEAL METHOD OF RESOLVING THIS PROBLEM, INTERNA-
TIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ARE STILL ONLY STUDYING IT.
WHETHER POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS SHOULD BE PAID
THROUGH TAXES ON POLLUTERS OR INCENTIVES FOR
CLEAN INDUSTRIES IS CURRENTLY BEING DEBATED. GER-
MANY HAS IMPOSED STIFF PENALTIES ON ITS WATER POL-
LUTERS. HOWEVER, CRITICS OF TAXING EFFLUENTS SAY
THIS WILL NOT ENCOURAGE INDUSTRY TO DEVELOP
CLEANER PROCESSES. (W72-09461).
00713. FILTRATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
1VES, K.J.
CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CON-
TROL, 2(2), 293-335, 1971.
A REVIEW OF THE RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN FILTRA-
TION TECHNOLOGY WAS CONDUCTED, DEALING PRIMARI-
LY WITH SLOW SAND FILTERS, RAPID SAND FILTERS,
PRECOAT FILTERS, AND MICROSTRAINERS. APPLICATIONS,
MODES OF OPERATION, MAINTENANCE REQUIRED, AND
COST FIGURES WERE ASSEMBLED FOR EACH TYPE OF
FILTER. SOME GENERAL RULES FOR FILTRATION WHICH
WERE SELECTED FROM THE TECHNICAL LITERATURE IN-
CLUDE: (1) HEAVY TURBIDITY LOADS CANNOT BE
SUSTAINED BY EITHER SLOW SAND OR PRECOAT FILTERS;
(2) ALUM FLOC WILL CLOG SLOW SAND FILTERS
WHEREAS MICROSTRAINERS WILL NOT RETAIN IT; (3)
SLOW SAND AND PRECOAT FILTERS RETAIN FINE TURBIDI-
TY, RAPID SAND FILTERS RETAIN IT IF IT IS PREVIOUSLY
FLOCCULATED, AND MICROSTRAINERS CANNOT RETAIN
IT; (4) ALL 4 FILTERS RETAIN PLANKTON, ALTHOUGH
SMALLER ALGAE ARE NOT RETAINED BY MICROS-
TRAINERS AND RAPID FILTERS; (5) ONLY MICROS-
TRAINERS AND RADIAL FLOW RAPID FILTERS OPERATE
CONTINUOUSLY; (6) MICROSTRAINER HEADLOSS IS 0.15 M
COMPARED TO 1 TO 20 M FOR THE OTHER FILTER TYPES;
AND (7) RAPID FILTERS HAVE THE WIDEST APPLICABILITY
TO BOTH WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT. COSTS
PRESENTED WERE NOT FOR OPTIMUM FILTERS, SINCE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS, NOT TREATMENT COMPONENTS,
ARE OPTIMIZED. (W72-09393).
00714. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
SMITH, R; EILERS, G.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, 86.
THE NATIONAL AVERAGE PER CAPITA COST FOR COLLEC-
TION AND TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IS
COMPUTED BASED ON THE 1968 INVENTORY OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES IN THE UNITED
STATES AND PER CAPITA COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR
BUILDING AND OPERATING COLLECTION AND TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES. ALL COSTS ARE GIVEN PER CAPITA
SERVED WITH TREATMENT FACILITIES USING THE LEVEL
OF TREATMENT EXISTING IN 1968. TOTAL COST WAS COM-
PUTED AS $19.80 PER CAPITA PER YEAR. OF THIS TOTAL,
$15.31 REPRESENTS AMORTIZATION CHARGES AND $4.40
REPRESENTS CURRENT CHARGES. THE TOTAL COST CAN
ALSO BE BROKEN DOWN AS $13.34 FOR COLLECTION, $4.38
FOR TREATMENT AND $2.08 FOR OVERHEAD SUCH AS
CUSTOMER SERVICES, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND GENERAL.
THE COST OF COLLECTION IS, THEREFORE, ABOUT THREE
TIMES AS EXPENSIVE AS TREATMENT. NATIONALLY,
ABOUT 23% OF THE TOTAL COST IS PAID AS SEWERAGE
USAGE CHARGES. THIS REPRESENTS ABOUT 0.1% OF NA-
TIONAL PERSONAL CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES. EXPEN-
DITURE FOR WATER SUPPLY AVERAGED $13.42 PER
CAPITA PER YEAR AND THIS IS ABOUT EQUAL TO THE
AMOUNT PAID BY THE CONSUMER IN USER CHARGES FOR
WATER SUPPLY. THE CURRENT STATUS OF COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT IN THE UNITED STATES IS DISCUSSED
AND ESTIMATES ARE MADE OF NEEDED ADDITIONAL EX-
PENDITURE. (PB-210 199) (W72-09826).
00715. ECONOMICS OF WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINED LIVESTOCK.
MORRIS, W.H.M.
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT, PROCEEDINGS INTERNA-
TIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LIVESTOCK WASTES
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 19-22 1971 P
195-196.
THE COSTS OF HANDLING LIVESTOCK WASTES MUST BE
CONSIDERED IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE TOTAL
PRODUCTION SYSTEM, AND THIS MAY CHANGE THE LOCA-
TION, VOLUME, CONSISTENCY, AND COMPOSITION OF THE
WASTE. FURTHERMORE, SUCH ITEMS AS SLOTTED FLOORS
AND OXIDATION DITCHES OFTEN COMPRISE A LARGE
PART OF THE TOTAL COST OF A BUILDING . UNDER U. S.
CONDITIONS, THE COST OF DISPOSAL OF LIVESTOCK
WASTES EXCEEDS THEIR VALUE. NO ONE SYSTEM OF
DISPOSAL IS THE LEAST COSTLY OR THE MOST PROFITA-
BLE UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES. FACTORS SUCH AS THE
COST OF LABOR AND OF CAPITAL AND AVAILABILITY OF
LAND IN DIFFERENT SEASONS DETERMINE THE ECONOMI-
CALLY OPTIMAL SYSTEM. NO PROFITABLE METHOD CAN
BE FORESEEN FOR INDUSTRIAL OR DOMESTIC UTILIZA-
TION OF ANY SIGNIFICANT PART OF THE LIVESTOCK
WASTE PRODUCED. IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE PRODUCER
WILL CONTINUE TO USE THE PRESENTLY AVAILABLE
SYSTEMS OF DISPOSAL FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE.
SPREADING ON LAND, ANAEROBIC, AND AEROBIC TREAT-
MENT AND FEEDING ALL SEEM PRACTICAL ALTERNA-
TIVES. THE ECONOMIC CHOICE DEPENDS ON THE SPECIES,
THE ENVIRONMENT, AND MANY OTHER FACTORS. (W72-
09994).
00716. THE ECONOMICS OF SWINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
OKEY, R.W.; BALAKRISHNAN, S.
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT, PROCEEDINGS INTERNA-
TIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LIVESTOCK WASTES,
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 19-22, 1971, P
199-203.
POSSIBLE TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE (1) GROUND
DISPOSAL, (2) LAGOON STORAGE, (3) TOTAL OXIDATIVE
TREATMENT, (4) ORGANIC SOLIDS SEPARATION AND
TREATMENT OF THE LIQUID STREAM, (5) PRIMARY TREAT-
MENT PLUS NITROGEN AND/OR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
AND/OR DISSOLVED SOLIDS REMOVAL. THE COSTS FOR
WASTE TREATMENT FOR A 5,000 ANIMAL SWINE SYSTEM
RANGED FROM $17,600 FOR A 'SOLIDS SEPARATION PRIOR
TO OXIDATIVE CONVERSION OF AMMONIA' SYSTEM TO
$35,500 PER YEAR FOR A 'BASIC OXIDATION TREATMENT
WITH NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL1 SYSTEM. IF
TOTAL SOLIDS REMOVAL WAS REQUIRED, THE OVERALL
MANAGEMENT COSTS OF EITHER SYSTEM WOULD BE IN-
CREASED BY $7,300 BY ADDING A MEMBRANE SYSTEM TO
REMOVE ALL THE INORGANICS. IN ADDITION, A SATISFAC-
TORY POINT OF ULTIMATE DISPOSAL MUST BE FOUND FOR
THE SOLIDS WHICH WERE SEPARATED OUT. FOR SMALL
LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS, THE COST PER UNIT WILL BE IN-
CREASED SLIGHTLY FOR MOST TREATMENTS. (W72-09996).
151
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00717. DISPOSAL OF BEEF MANURE BY DEEP PLOW-
ING.
REDEELL, D.L.; JOHNSON, W.H.; LYERLY, P.J.;
HOBGOOD, P
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT, PROCEEDINGS INTERNA-
TIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LIVESTOCK WASTES,
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 19-22, 1971, P
235-238.
FOUR TILLAGE TECHNIQUES FOR DEEP PLOWING LARGE
QUANTITIES OF MANURE INTO THE SOIL WAS EVALUATED
AT EL PASO AND PECOS, TEXAS, DURING THE SUMMER OF
1970. THE SOIL AT EL PASO IS A SANDY LOAM, WITH A
SANDY SUBSOIL. THE SOIL AT PECOS IS A SILTY CLAY
LOAM. UP TO 900 TONS OF MANURE PER ACRE CAN BE
PLOWED UNDER WITH A 30-INCH MOLDBOARD PLOW AT A
MINIMUM COST OF 4.5 CENTS PER TON. IN SANDY SOILS,
THE DISK PLOW SHOULD BE ABLE TO PLOW UNDER AT
LEAST 600 TONS PER ACRE WITH A MINIMUM COST OF 2.1
CENTS PER TON. THE 18-INCH PLOW IS LIMITED TO ABOUT
300 TONS PER ACRE. THE TRENCHER SEEMS MOST VER-
SATILE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF HIGH RATES AND SOIL
PENETRATION DEPTHS. THE COSTS WILL BE HIGH AND IN
THE ORDER OF 50 CENTS PER TON AT THE 900 TON LEVEL.
THE COMPLETE MIXING OF MANURE AND SOIL AS DONE
BY THE TRENCHER IS IMPRESSIVE. AT THIS TIME, THE
WATER QUALITY PROGRAM SHOWS NO SERIOUS POLLU-
TION PROBLEM FOR SURFACE WATER RUNOFF. THE SOIL
WATER SAMPLES AT THE 4-FOOT DEPTH INDICATE THAT
DEN1TR1F1CATION IS TAKING PLACE. THE MAJOR GROUND-
WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION PROBLEM WOULD APPEAR
TO BE FROM SODIUM CHLORIDE. (W72-10006).
00718. CONVENTIONAL USE OR REUSE--A COST
COMPARISON.
KOENIG, L.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH ANNUAL CON-
FERENCE ON WATER FOR TEXAS, 'URBAN
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGE-
MENT, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, SEPTEMBER 9-10,
1971, TEXAS WATER RESOURCES INSTITUTE, P
129-152.
THIS STUDY EXPLORES WHAT WOULD HAPPEN AND WHAT
WOULD HAVE TO BE DONE IF ALL THE SEWAGE FLOW OF
A MUNICIPALITY WAS TREATED TO MAKE IT POTABLE
AND IT WAS RECYCLED TO THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. IN
PARTICULAR, IT COMPARES THE QUANTITIES AND COSTS
OF THIS SCHEME AS AGAINST THE OTHER EXTREMES,
NAMELY CONVENTIONAL SUPPLY FROM THE NEXT
AVAILABLE SOURCE AND CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE
TREATMENT AND DISCHARGE. USING SAN ANTONIO,
TEXAS, AS AN EXAMPLE, TWO EXTREME CASES ARE COM-
PARED: DISCHARGE ALL WATER, RECYCLE NONE AND
RECYCLE ALL WATER, DISCHARGE NONE. IN THE
RECYCLENG EXAMPLE, A FOUR-STATE ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT PROCESS WAS CONSIDERED: LIME CLARIFICA-
TION, WITH RECALCINAT1ON, AMMONIA REMOVAL BY
CLINOPT1LOLITE ION EXCHANGE, ACTIVATED CARBON AB-
SORPTION AND FINALLY ELECTRODIALYSIS FOR
DEMINERALIZAT1ON. REUSE IN THESE FIRST APPROXIMAT-
ING COMPUTATIONS PROVES MORE EXPENSIVE THAN
CONVENTIONAL SUPPLY FOR SAN ANTONIO, BUT THE SUR-
PRISING THING IS HOW CLOSE IT COMES TO BEING COM-
PETITIVE, THE DIFFERENCE IN COST BEING ABOUT 10%.
(W72-10108).
00719. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TYPICAL
WATER WORKS TELEMETERING SYSTEMS.
COBB, E.B.; DANEKER, J.; NUSBAUM, W.E.; BAR-
ROW, R.; MULLER, G.D.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 55(10), 1297-1331, 1963.
REPRESENTATIVES OF VARIOUS WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
HAVE DEVELOPED ESTIMATES OF COSTS INVOLVED IN
ESTABLISHING TELEMETERING DEVICES. INITIAL COSTS
COVER THE EQUIPMENT TO MONITOR EACH OF SELECTED
FUNCTIONS, INSTALLATION CHARGES, AND NEW
TELEPHONE LINES. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS INVOLVE
POWER, RENTAL OF TELEPHONE LINES, EQUIPMENT
FAILURES, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ROUTINES, AND A
SPARE PARTS INVENTORY. CONSIDERATIONS IN SHIFTING
TO TELEMETERING INCLUDE THE ADVANTAGES OF RELIA-
BILITY, BETTER CONTROL, AND FLEXIBILITY, THE
REQUIREMENT FOR FEWER PERSONNEL BUT BETTER PAID
PERSONNEL, ACCEPTANCE OF A SUPPLIER SERVICE CON-
STRACT OR TRAINING A MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN. ONE
PART OF THE DISCUSSION BRIEFLY DESCRIBES TYPES OF
TELEMETERING EQUIPMENT. (W72-10378).
00720. ECONOMICS DICTATES FRESH LOOK AT AN
ENGINEERING PROBLEM.
TEALE, J.M.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, 9(3), B^t B-6,
B-14, 1972.
AS THE EXPERIENCE OF ONE VITAMIN MANUFACTURER
SUGGESTS, WASTE DISPOSAL IS INFLUENCED BY BOTH EN-
GINEERING AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. ENGINEER-
ING DICTATED THE METHODS BY WHICH THE FIRM COULD
DISPOSE OF ITS LIQUID WASTE STREAM CONTAINING 25%
METHANOL. THE ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS PROPOSED
WERE (1) FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION TO RECOVER A
PRODUCT SUITABLE FOR REUSE; (2) FRACTIONAL DISTIL-
LATION TO RECOVER A PRODUCT OF PURITY HIGHER
THAN 55% FOR RESALE; (3) FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
AND BURNING IN AN INDUSTRIAL INCINERATOR; (4) FRAC-
TIONAL DISTILLATION TO REDUCE THE COST OF SHIPPING
OUT OF THE PLANT; (5) SHIPPING IT OUT OF THE PLANT
WITHOUT ANY PRIOR TREATMENT. THE CHOICE BETWEEN
THESE ALTERNATIVES WAS MADE BY APPEALING TO
ECONOMICS. THE NET COST OF EACH PROPOSAL WAS
COMPUTED ON AN ACTUAL COST BASIS AND AN INCRE-
MENTAL COST BASIS. THE REUSE ALTERNATIVE SHOWED
A PROFIT UNDER BOTH COST BASES AND WAS, THUS,
TANKED FIRST AMONG THE FIVE PROPOSALS. THE SELL
ALTERNATIVE SHOWED A PROFIT WITH INCREMENTAL
COSTING AND A LOSS WITH ACTUAL COSTING, AND
RANKED SECOND UNDER BOTH BASES. THE BURN, DISTILL,
AND TRUCKING ALTERNATIVES WERE RANKED FIFTH,
FOURTH, AND THIRD, RESPECTIVELY, UNDER ACTUAL
COSTING AND FOURTH, THIRD, AND FIFTH, RESPECTIVELY,
UNDER INCREMENTAL COSTING. (W72-1C421).
00721. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL.
CASE, F.E.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS,
VOL. 98(SA2), 427-434, 1972.
IN THE PAST, WATER WAS TREATED AS A TREE' GOOD
HOWEVER, POPULATION INCREASES AND TECHNOLOGI-
CAL CHANGES HAVE INCREASED THE DEMAND FOR
WATER TO THE EXTENT THAT IT IS NOW ONE OF OUR
SCARCEST NATURAL RESOURCES. AS AN ECONOMIC
GOOD, WATER IS VALUABLE IN CREATING OTHER GOODS
152
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REFERENCE LIST
AS A NATURAL FORCE FOR PRODUCING ENERGY, OR AS
AN AGENT FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIVING AND
THE ENVIRONMENT. UNFORTUNATELY, THE PRIVATE
MARKETPLACE TENDS TO UNDER-PR1CE WATER. THE OP-
TIMIZING INDIVIDUAL OR FIRM USES WATER AND
CREATES WASTEWATER WITHOUT REGARD FOR THOSE
SOCIAL COSTS NOT INCLUDED IN THE PRICE OF WATER.
THIS MARKET FAILURE PROVIDES A RATIONALE FOR
PUBLIC INTERVENTION WHICH MAY TAKE SUCH FORMS AS
REGULATIONS OR TAX-SUBSIDY SCHEMES. WATER
PRODUCTION MUST INCLUDE CONSIDERATION OF WASTE-
WATER DISPOSAL PROBLEMS SO1 THAT PRIVATE PROFITS
MAY BE MAINTAINED WITHOUT CREATING UNDUE SOCIAL
COSTS AND SO THAT OPTIMAL USES MAY BE MADE OF
THE WATER. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY WOULD REQUIRE
THAT WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT BE
TREATED IN TERMS OF A SYSTEM. THAT IS, A SYSTEM
USING WATER AND WASTEWATER MUST PROVIDE WAYS
BY WHICH THE WATER CAN BE FED BACK INTO THE
SYSTEM. (W72-10426).
00722. REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND TREAT-
MENT COSTS IN TEXAS.
CLASSEN, N.W.; SCALF, B.C.; COPELAND, J.B. JR.
PUBLIC WORKS MAGAZINE, APRIL, 1970. 21 P.
THE GREATER WATER QUALITY AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS
REALIZED THROUGH IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION
OF A REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEM OVER THAT EX-
PERIENCED BY A SMALLER SYSTEM ARE DEMONSTRATED.
BY USING THE REGIONAL PLAN THE POSSIBILITY OF HAV-
ING TO BYPASS RAW OR PARTIALLY TREATED SEWAGE IS
DIMINISHED. ADDITIONAL SAVINGS ARE ACCRUED
THROUGH THE CONSOLIDATION OF OPERATIONAL MAIN-
TENANCE FACILITIES, THIS BEING ESPECIALLY TRUE CON-
CERNING LABORATORY FACILITY COSTS. THE REGIONAL
SYSTEM APPROACH TO WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE A MOST EFFICIENT
AND EFFECTIVE WAY TO HANDLE THIS SERVICE. HIGHER
QUALITY EFFLUENT IS PRODUCED WHILE TOTAL COST
PER PERSON DECREASES AS THE SIZE AND CAPACITY OF
THE FACILITIES INCREASE. EVEN GREATER SIGNIFICANCE
IS BEING ATTACHED TO THIS METHOD BECAUSE OF THE
FACT THAT TERTIARY TREATMENT FACILITIES DOUBLE
THE COST OF A PARTICULAR INSTALLATION. GREATER
ECONOMIES WILL BE REALIZED BY THE AREA-WIDE AP-
PROACH WHERE ADVANCED TREATMENT IS REQUIRED TO
MAINTAIN ACCEPTABLE WATER QUALITY. AN AREA-WIDE
SYSTEM MUST BE JUSTIFIED ON THE BASIS OF ECONOMIC
FEASIBILITY AND MUST BE SHOWN TO SERVE THE BEST IN-
TEREST OF THE PEOPLE AND THE WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL NEED OF THE PARTICULAR AREA. THE END
RESULT IS THE PRODUCTION OF A HIGHER QUALITY EF-
FLUENT AND A GREATER DEGREE OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT AT LESS COST PER UNIT VOLUME OF WASTEWATER
COLLECTED AND TREATED. (W72-10853).
00723. COST AND PERFORMANCE OF RETENTION
BASINS IN THE TREATMENT OF WET-
WEATHER SEWAGE FLOWS.
WALLER, D.H.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT 6TH INTERNATIONAL
WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH CONFERENCE,
SESSION 9, PAPER NO. IS, JUNE 21, 1972, 10 P.
INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED ABOUT THE COMPOSITION
AND FLOW RATES OF COMBINED SEWAGE AND SURFACE
RUNOFF FROM A 168 ACRE DRAINAGE AREA AT HALIFAX,
NOVA SCOTIA. SURFACE RUNOFF WAS THE MAJOR
SOURCE OF COMBINED SEWAGE SOLIDS FROM THIS AREA.
THESE FINDINGS, WHICH INDICATED THAT STORM RU-
NOFF, DISCHARGE UNTREATED, COULD BE A SIGNIFICANT
SOURCE OF POLLUTION, LED TO THE DESIGN AND CON-
STRUCTION OF A COVERED CONCRETE CATCH BASIN
WITH 0.9 MILLION GALLON STORAGE VALUE. THE TANK
WAS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE TREATMENT BY CHLORINA-
TION AND SEDIMENTATION FOR COMBINED SEWAGE THAT
IS DISCHARGED TO THE RECEIVING WATER WHEN THE
TANK IS FILLED. THE RETENTION TANK WAS ALSO
EQUIPPED WITH A TRASH SCREEN AND DESIGNED SO
THAT THE ROOF BEAMS WOULD BE SUBMERGED ENOUGH
WHEN THE TANK WAS FULL TO ACT AS SKIMMERS.
ANALYSESSHOWED THE SEPARATE SYSTEM PRODUCED A
TOTAL LOAD OF 590 LBS SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND 196 LBS
BOD PER ACRE PER YEAR, WHILE THE COMBINED SYSTEM
REDUCED THESE LOADS TO 218 AND 157 LBS/ACRE/YEAR,
RESPECTIVELY. COST ANALYSES COMPARING SEWER
SEPARATION TO RETENTION BASINS ARE ALSO
PRESENTED. (W72-I1043).
00724. COST RELATIONSHIP OF BIOLOGICAL AND
THERMAL PROCESSES FOR THE TREAT-
MENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS.
LOHMAN, J.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT 6TH INTERNATIONAL
WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH CONFERENCE,
SESSION 8, PAPER NO. 16, JUNE 21, 1972. 9 P.
WASTEWATER FROM A PLASTICS PLAN, ASSUMED TO BE
REPRESENTATIVE OF A BROAD SECTION OF THE PLASTICS
INDUSTRY, WAS TREATED IN THE LABORATORY IN 5 DIF-
FERENT TREATMENT SCHEMES. THE FIVE METHODS IN-
CLUDED: (I) ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM, (2) PLASTIC
TRICKLING FILTER, (3) SERIES COMBINATION OF TRICK-
LING FILTER AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE; (4) HIGH RATE AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE; AND (5) INCINERATION. CAPITAL EX-
PENDITURE FOR EACH SUGGESTED PLANT WAS BASED ON
COST FACTORS CURRENTLY PREVAILING IN THE FEDERAL
REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, AND INVESTMENT COSTS WERE
ASSUMED TO BE 17% OF TOTAL ANNUAL CAPITAL EXPEN-
DITURE. RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT: (1) TRICKLING
FILTRATION IS PARTICULARLY AMENABLE TO SITUATIONS
WHERE PARTIAL TREATMENT IS REQUIRED; (2) EXTEN-
SIVE PURIFICATION IS BEST ACHIEVED BY THE SERIES
COMBINATION OF TRICKLING FILTER FOLLOWED BY AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE; (3) THE HIGH RATE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS IS PREFERABLE TO CONVENTIONAL AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE WHEN EXTREMELY HIGH DEGREES OF
BOD REDUCTION ARE REQUIRED; AND (4) INCINERATION
IS RECOMMENDED FOR WASTES WITH CONCENTRATIONS
OF BODS GREATER THAN 30,000 TO 50,000 MG/L. (W72-
I 1044).
00725. DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY.
ANDERSON, D.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 117(7), IW/12-IW/22.
DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT RELATED TO
THE FOOD INDUSTRY IN ENGLAND WERE DISCUSSED.
TRADE WASTES MAY BE DISCHARGED INTO LOCAL
AUTHORITY SEWERS AND A TREATMENT FEE BASED ON A
MOGDEN TYPE FORMULA HAS BEEN CHARGED. OPERA-
TIONS DEPENDENT ON VOLUME ONLY, REMOVAL OF
SOLID MATTER AND OXIDATION PROCESSES HAVE BEEN
CONSIDERED BY THIS COST FORMULA. THE BASIC CHARGE
HAS MORE THAN DOUBLED DURING THE PERIOD FROM
1962 TO 1968 AS SHOWN BY THE INCREASE FROM 7.16 TO
15.72 CENTS/1000 IMPERIAL GALLONS. TREATABILITY STU-
DIES OF EFFLUENTS RELYING ON CHEMICAL TESTS MUST
BE CONSIDERED. ALSO, WATER RECYCLE SYSTEMS MUST
BE CONSIDERED DUE TO THE INCREASING COSTS OF RAW
WATER AND WASTE DISCHARGES. THE COMBINED COST
OF RAW WATER AND WASTE DISCHARGES HAS INCREASED
153
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FROM 25 TO APPROXIMATELY 50 CENTS/1000 IMPERIAL
GAL. DURING THE 1961-1969 PERIOD. THE PROCESS OF
COUNTERFLOW RINSING SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN AN
ATTEMPT TO SAVE WATER. TWO EXAMPLES OF EFFLUENT
PRE-TREATMENT FACILITIES UTILIZING HIGH-RATE BIOFIL-
TERS WERE PRESENTED. (W72-11052).
00726. AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES.
NEIGHBOR, J.B.
CIVIL ENGINEERING, VOL 40, P 59-61, 1970.
A MULTIPLE-CELL AERATED LAGOON SYSTEM WAS
DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED TO TREAT MUNICIPAL
WASTES FROM THE TOWN OF WINSTED, MINNESOTA,
WASTES FROM A SMALL CREAMERY, AND WASHWATERS
FROM MINNESOTA'S LARGEST CHEESE PRODUCER. THREE
LAGOONS IN SERIES, EQUIPPED WITH DIFFUSED AIR AERA-
TION, NOW HANDLE 311,000 GPD OF INFLUENT CONTAIN-
ING 3600 LBS BODS. ALL THREE LAGOONS MEASURE 120
FT. WIDE BY 1070 FT. LONG BY 10 FT. DEEP, WITH A COM-
BINED HOLDING CAPACITY OF 12,397,000 GALLONS AND A
TOTAL RETENTION TIME OF 46 1/2 DAYS. DURING THE
PAST 2 YEARS, REMOVAL OF BOD HAS AVERAGED 93 TO
99% AND REMOVAL OF VOLATILE DISSOLVED SOLIDS HAS
AVERAGED 80 TO 98%. CONSTRUCTION COSTS WERE ONLY
$224,000, AS COMPARED TO $485,000 ESTIMATED FOR A
CONTACT STABILIZATION PLANT. OPERATING COSTS
WERE S7000/YR AS COMPARED TO J17.000/YR FOR THE
CONVENTIONAL PLANT. THE LAGOON SYSTEM ALSO
PRODUCES NO SLUDGE HANDLING PROBLEMS AND PRO-
VIDES A CONSISTENTLY HIGH DEGREE OF TREATMENT TO
A WIDELY VARYING WASTE. (W72-11092).
00727. THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECT OF CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATION COSTS IN
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
S1CKERT, E.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT 6TH INTERNATIONAL
WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH CONFERENCE,
SESSION 7, PAPER NO 13, JUNE 21, 1972. IS P.
THE COST OF WAGES IN THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
INDUSTRY HAS RIS1N 100% AND COST OF CONSTRUCTION
HAS RISEN 65% IN THE LAST TEN YEARS ALONE. ONE OF
THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF RUNNING A WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT IS TO KEEP BOTH INITIAL AND OPERA-
TIONAL COSTS TO A MINIMUM. FIRST, LARGER PLANTS
COST LESS TO BUILD PER UNIT OF AVAILABLE CAPACITY,
AND ALSO COST LESS TO OPERATE, INDICATING CEN-
TRALIZATION OF FACILITIES AS A LOGICAL COST SAVING
STEP HOWEVER. SHARED CENTRALIZATION FACILITIES
AND MANPOWER BY MANY PLANTS IN A CERTAIN DIS-
TRICT CAN ALSO REALIZE COST SAVINGS. IN ADDITION,
SINCE POWER COST HAS BEEN NEARLY STABLE AND IS
PREDICTED TO CONTINUE SIMILARLY, REPLACEMENT OF
LABOR BY AUTOMATION IS ANOTHER LOGICAL MEASURE.
BY POINTING OUT THESE MEASURES AND ASSIGNING A
WEIGHT TO THEIR INFLUENCE, AN EVEN HIGHER ECONO-
MY MAY BE ACHIEVED. ALTHOUGH THE LIST IS FAR FROM
COMPLETE, THERE ARE MANY FUNDAMENTAL POSSIBILI-
TIES OF IMPROVEMENT WHICH CAN BENEFIT FROM PREVI-
OUS EXPERIENCE AND JUDGMENT. (W72-1 1096).
00728. THE RIVER BASIN MODEL: ECONOMIC SEC-
TOR.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
DECEMBER, 1971. 151 P
THE RIVER BASIN MODEL IS NOT PRIMARILY A WATER
MANAGEMENT MODEL. IT IS A HUMAN INTERACTION,
COMPUTER-SIMULATION DECISION-MAKING TOOL,
REPRESENTING THE ENTIRE COMPLEX ECONOMIC, SOCIAL,
AND GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES OCCURRING WITHIN A
SPECIFIED LOCAL SYSTEM. ITS USERS REPRESENT THE
MAJOR ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND GOVERNMENTAL DECI-
SION-MAKERS WHO CAUSE THE REGIONAL SYSTEM TO
FUNCTION ON A YEAR-TO-YEAR BASIS. AS PART OF THE
FUNCTIONING OF THIS SYSTEM, WATER IS DEMANDED BY
INDUSTRIES AND MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIERS AND POL-
LUTION IS GENERATED 0Y MANUFACTURING AND COM-
MERCIAL ACTIVITIES, BY PEOPLE, AND BY FARM ACTIVI-
TIES. THE MODEL PROVIDES COMPUTER PROGRAMS
WHICH SIMULATE THE MAJOR PROCESSES. MODEL USERS
PROVIDE INPUTS TO THESE PROGRAMS ON BEHALF OF
BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN THE ECONOMIC SECTOR, GROUPS
OF PEOPLE OR POPULATION UNITS IN THE SOCIAL SEC-
TOR, AND GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS IN THE GOVERN-
MENTAL SECTOR. A GAMING FORMAT IS EMPLOYED;
ECONOMIC SECTOR TEAMS CONTROL REGIONAL
ECONOMIC ASSETS: CASH, LAND, MANUFACTURING
PLANTS, OUTSIDE INVESTMENTS, COMMERCIAL ACTIVI-
TIES, AND/OR RESIDENCES. ECONOMIC DECISION-MAKERS
ARE THOSE BUSINESSMEN WHO OPERATE COMMERCIAL,
INDUSTRIAL, RESIDENTIAL AND FARM ESTABLISHMENTS.
WATER DECISIONS ARE MADE WITHIN THEIR REALISTIC
CONTEXT OF INTERACTION WITH THE REGIONAL
PROCESSES. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES USE SURFACE WATER
AND ALL OTHER ECONOMIC BUSINESSES HAVE SOME
NEED FOR MUNICIPALLY SUPPLIED WATER. (PB-210 861)
(W72-11274).
00729. PAC-PCT PROCESS
TREATMENT.
FOR WASTEWATER
SHELL, G.L.; BURNS, D.E.
PUBLIC WORKS, 103(2), 71-73, 1972.
THE SANITARY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPART-
MENT OF ENVIROTECH CORPORATION IS ENGAGED IN A
COMPREHENSIVE APPLIED RESEARCH STUDY DEMON-
STRATING THE EFFECTIVENESS AND ECONOMICS OF
TREATING MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER BY A VARIATION OF
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT (PCT), USING POW-
DERED ACTIVATED CARBON (PAC) AS A PRIMARY STEP IN
REMOVAL OF ORGAN1CS. THE PROCESSES WHICH ARE
BEING EVALUATED ARE: CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION OF
PHOSPHOROUS COMPOUNDS, COAGULATION-FLOCCULA-
TION OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS SEPARATION, REMOVAL OF
ORGANICS AND SOLIDS DESTRUCTION. THE ADVANTAGES
OF THIS PROCESS OVER CONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL
METHODS ARE: (1) SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED LAND AREA
IS REQUIRED, (2) TREATMENT EFFICIENCY IS NOT LOST
WHEN BIOLOGICALLY TOXIC WASTES OR H1GH-STRENGHT
WASTES ARE ENCOUNTERED, (3) THE ABILITY TO
PRODUCE A HIGH QUALITY EFFLUENT, AND (4) THE POSSI-
BILITY OF INCREASED AUTOMATION WITH THE PCT
PROCESSES. (W72-1 1479).
00730. POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON APPLICA-
TION, REGENERATION AND REUSE IN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
SHELL, G.L.; BURNS, D.E.
PREPRINT, PRESENTED AT SIXTH INTERNATIONAL
WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH CONFERENCE,
154
-------
REFERENCE LIST
SESSION 10, HALL C, PAPER NO 20, JUNE 21,
1972. 10 P.
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING OPERATING DATA AND COST ESTI-
MATES INDICATED THAT THE GREATEST POTENTIAL AP-
PLICATION OF POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON (PAC)
SYSTEMS IS FOR: (1) MODERATE TO WEAK SOLUBLE OR-
GANIC WASTES; (2) MODERATE QUALITY EFFLUENT
REQUIREMENTS; AND/OR (3) PLANT SIZES LESS THAN 5
MGD. A 2 YEAR STUDY OF A 100 GPM PILOT PLANT WAS
CONDUCTED TO EVALUATE THE APPLICABILITY OF PAC
FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY:
(l)ESTABLISHING GRAVITY THICKENING AND VACUUM
DEWATERING CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATING
PARAMETERS; (2) ESTABLISHING FLUIDIZED BED
REGENERATION OPERATING PARAMETERS; (3) DETERMIN-
ING THE REGENERATED PAC EFFECTIVENESS BY REUSE,
WITH A SAND BED TEMPERATURE OF 154 DEC F. THE
RESULTING FREEBOARD TEMPERATURE WAS 151 DEG F,
FURNACE OPERATION WAS STABLE, AND CARBON LOSSES
AMOUNTED TO 17%. SIX WEEK AVERAGES OF PILOT
PLANT OPERATION COMPARING VIRGIN CARBON WITH
ONCE TO TWICE REGENERATED CARBON SHOWED ESSEN-
TIALLY NO DEGRADATION OF THE CARBON WITH REGARD
TO COD REMOVAL EFFECTIVENESS. THE MAJOR PROBLEM
ENCOUNTERED WITH THE FLUIDIZED BED REGENERATION
FURNACE, THAT OF NON-PREFERENTIAL IGNITION OF BED
INJECTION GAS IN DEFERENCE TO CARBON, MUST BE
SOLVED BEFORE ANY FURTHER PROGRESS CAN BE MADE
(W72-11615).
00731. COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
SMITH, R.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 40(9), 1546-1574, 1968.
THE COST ASSOCIATED WITH BUILDING AND OPERATING
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN INDIVIDUAL
WASTE WATER PROCESSES IS PRESENTED. THE INFORMA-
TION FROM SEVERAL SOURCES IS BROUGHT TOGETHER,
USING A CONSISTENT SET OF ASSUMPTIONS AND OMIS-
SIONS, FOR A USEFUL WORKING DOCUMENT. THE MAJORI-
TY OF THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED GRAPHICALLY WITH
THE COST IN CENTS PER THOUSAND GALLONS PLOTTED
AGAINST DESIGN CAPACITY IN MILLION OF GALLONS PER
DAY. MOST OF THE CURVES VARY BETWEEN 1 AND 100
MILLION GALLONS PER DAY. SOME OF THE COSTS
PRESENTED INCLUDE PRIMARY, ACTIVATED SLUDGE, AND
TRICKLING FILTER PLAN! CAPITAL, OPERATION, AND
MAINTENANCE COSTS; COAGULATION AND SEDIMENTA-
TION COSTS; FILTRATION, ADSORPTION, DO, AND
CHLORINATION COSTS; CONTROL HOUSE COSTS; AND
MANY OTHERS. < W70-06869).
00732. A STUDY OF WATER PLANT ISOLATION FROM
CONTAMINATION.
CREVER, F.E.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO 526, 147
P, 1969.
POTENTIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIOACTIVE
NUCLIDES IN THE WATER PLANT BRINE, EFFLUENT, AND
PRODUCT WATLR WERE DETERMINED FOR DUAL PURPOSE
POWER GENERATION AND DESALTING PLANTS USING
NUCLEAR STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEMS. THE NUCLEAR STEAM
SUPPLY SYSTEMS CONSIDERED WERE THOSE USING THE
LIGHT WATER COOLED AND MODERATED REACTORS. THE
DIRECT CYCLE SYSTEM USING THE BOILING WATER REAC-
TOR AND THE PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR USING THE
INDIRECT CYCLE WERE BOTH CONSIDERED. A DESIGN
BASIS WAS STUDIED FOR A PRESSURIZED, DEMINERALIZED
WATER LOOP TO BE INSERTED BETWEEN THE HEATING
STEAM FROM A NUCLEAR STEAM SUPPLY AND THE BRINE
IN A MULTISTAGE FLASH SEA WATER DESALTING PLANT
TO ALLOW EXTENDED OPERATION AT FULL CAPACITY
WITH BRINE HEATER LEAKAGE. THE LOOP IS TO BE PRES-
SURIZED TO ABOUT 10 PSI ABOVE BOTH THE HEATING
STEAM AND THE BRINE SO THAT ANY LEAKAGE THAT OC-
CURS IN THE HEAT EXCHANGERS WOULD BE EITHER INTO
THE NUCLEAR STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEM OR INTO THE
WATER PLANT BRINE. THE LEAKAGE WOULD BE PURE
WATER, WHICH WOULD NOT BE HARMFUL TO EITHER THE
STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEM OR THE WATER PLANT. A DESIGN
BASIS WAS ALSO STUDIED FOR AN ISOLATING LOOP USING
STEAM AS THE WORKING FLUID BETWEEN A NUCLEAR
STEAM SUPPLY AND A MULTISTAGE FLASH SEA WATER
DISTILLATION PLANT. WITH HORIZONTAL BRINE HEATERS,
THE STEAM TERMPERATURE WOULD HAVE TO BE RAISED
TO 273 DEG F WHICH WOULD GIVE A STEAM PRESSURE OF
43.8 PSI IN ORDER TO INSURE STEAM PRESSURE ABOVE
BRINE PRESSURE AT ALL POINTS OF POTENTIAL LEAKAGE.
(GPO $1.50).
00733. THERMAL POLLUTION: THE EFFECT OF THE
PROBLEM.
WURTZ, C.B. .
ENVIRONMENTAL
1968, P 131-145.
PROBLEMS, LIPPINCOTT CO.
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIALLY IN-
CREASED WATER TEMPERATURES. ONE OF THE GREATEST
IMPEDIMENTS TO CONTROLLING THERMAL POLLUTION IS
THE COST INVOLVED. THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE
DIRECT RELATION BETWEEN COST AND WATER QUALITY
AND GIVES SOME EXAMPLES OF THE DIFFICULTY OF
DECIDING WHICH INVESTMENT TO MAKE. THE PAPER
ALSO DISCUSSES THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INCREASED
WATER TEMPERATURE. THE AUTHOR DISPUTES SOME OF
THE CURRENT THINKING AND ANALYZES THE EFFECT OF
THERMAL POLLUTION ON DISSOLVED OXYGEN, AND THE
METABOLIC RATES OF LIVING ORGANISMS. HEAT ADDED
TO THE WATER WILL INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF
THAT WATER, AND, IN THE LONG RUN, BRING HIGHER
FISH YIELDS. THE AUTHOR CONCLUDES WITH AN ANALY-
SIS OF THE COSTS OF CONTROLLING WATER POLLUTION
AND ARGUES FOR REALISTIC GOALS IN CONTROL REGU-
LATIONS. (W70-087I9).
00734. REVERSE OSMOSIS CAN CUT COST OF WATER
TREATMENT.
MEYERS, J.H.
INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, 7(3), 25-30,
1970.
THE MASS PRODUCTION OF UNIFORM QUALITY MEM-
BRANES WAS SAID TO BE THE MAIN ITEM RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE POPULARITY AND COMPET1VENESS OF INSTAL-
LATION OF INDUSTRIAL REVERSE OSMOSIS. THE MEM-
BRANE AS THE HEART OF THE RO SYSTEM HAD THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERMITTING THE PASSAGE OF
WATER WHILE ACTING AS A BARRIER TO THE PASSAGE OF
DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS. LONG TERM PER-
FORMANCE WAS BASIC TO THE VALUE OF THE REVERSE
OSMOSIS SYSTEM AND IT WAS IMPORTANT THAT THE
TOTAL INSTALLATION, INCLUDING PRETREATMENT, BE
DESIGNED FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE AND HIGH
AVAILABILITY. 1N-PLANT EXPERIENCE GATHERED OVER
THE PAST TWO YEARS SERVED AS A BASIS TO HELP IN-
SURE GOOD OVERALL DESIGN AND DETERMINE
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY. THE PRIMARY FACTORS THAT
DETERMINED PERFORMANCE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS WERE:
(1) APPLIED PRESSURE; (2) CONCENTRATION OF THE DIS-
SOI VED SOLIDS IN THE FEED: (3) TEMPERATURE OH THE
FEED- AND (4) THE POROSITY OR PERMEABILITY OF THE
155
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MEMBRANE TO FILTRATION AND CHEMICAL ADDITION.
THE MAJOR USE FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS WAS FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF HIGH PURITY DEMINERAL1ZED WATER.
THE APPLICATION OFFERED FLEXIBILITY IN PRODUCING
WATER OF MANY QUALITIES FOR VARIOUS PLANT
REQUIREMENTS. THE COMPONENTS OF THE RO SYSTEM
INSTALLATION WERE DESCRIBED. THE CAPITAL AND
OPERATING COSTS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS EQUIPMENT
DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AS SIZE INCREASED. TYPICAL
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS FOR A RANGE OF
CAPABIT1ES WERE SHOWN. (W70-0885 1).
00735. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES.
LOF, G.; WARD, J.
INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, 7(1) 12-18,
1970.
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES
WERE EXAMINED. THE DISCHARGES FROM POWER PLANTS
AND THE POTENTIAL EFFECT THAT THE DISCHARGES
HAVE ON DOWNSTREAM WATER USERS, THAT IS ON
DOWNSTREAM WATER USED FOR COOLING PURPOSES,
WERE DESCRIBED. IT WAS POINTED OUT IN THE LITERA-
TURE THAT THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER USED FOR
COOLING PURPOSES WAS OFTEN OF MORE SIGNIFICANCE
THAT THE COMPOSITION AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF
WATER. THE MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS TO INDICATE THE AP-
PROXIMATE RANGE OF COSTS INVOLVED IN COMPLETELY
PREVENTING THERMAL DISCHARGE; I. E., BY CIRCULAT-
ING WATER THROUGH COOLING TOWERS, AND TO SHOW
THE APPROXIMATE COSTS TO A DOWNSTREAM POWER
PLANT BEING FORCED TO USE COOLING WATER CONTAIN-
ING THERMAL DISCHARGES FROM AN UPSTREAM ELEC-
TRIC STATION. THE COST OF COOLING WATER RECIRCU-
LATION INCLUDED CAPITAL COSTS, PRIMARILY OF THE
COOLING TOWER INSTALLATION, AND OPERATING COSTS,
WHICH WERE THE MAKE-UP WATER, CHEMICALS, AND
POWER FOR OPERATING FANS AND PUMPS. THE CAPITAL
COSTS WERE DEPENDENT UPON WATER FLOW REQUIRED,
PREVAILING WET BULB TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR, THE
WATER TEMPERATURE CHANGE THROUGH THE TOWER,
AND THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER DELIVERY FROM THE
COOLING TOWER TO THE CONDENSER. THE CAPITAL COST
OF THE COOLING TOWER INSTALLATION WAS ESTIMATED
FROM CHARTS AND TABLES AND AN EXAMPLE WAS
GIVEN. ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THERMAL
DISCHARGE, SUCH AS WATER LOSS BY EVAPORATION,
WERE DISCUSSED. (W70-08852).
00736. WASTE WATER CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
WOOD, R.
INDUSTRIAL WATER ENGINEERING, 7(1), 22-29,
1970.
A DESCR1FIION OF CHARGES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE
TREATMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN WHICH SERVE AS A
MEANS OF CONTROLLING THE QUALITY OF THE WASTES
DISCHARGED TO THE SEWER, THEREBY CONTROLLING IN
TURN THE INFLUENT QUALITY AT THE MUNICIPAL TREAT-
MENT PLANT, WAS GIVEN. THE AUTHORIZATION OF A
CHARGE FOR THE SERVICE OF SEWERAGE AND TREAT-
MENT PLANT WAS GIVEN. THE AUTHORIZATION Or A
CHARGE FOR THE SERVICE OF SEWERAGE AND TREAT-
MENT AT THE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT WAS IN-
ITIATED IN 1937 AND IN 1961 THE POWERS OF THE LOCAL
AUTHORITIES WERE EXTENDED. THE POLICY DESCRIBED
IS THAT OF THE INSTITUTE OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL. AN EXAMPLE GIVEN WAS THAT OF THE MOGDEN
WORKS OF THE MIDDLESEX COUNTY COUNCIL WHERE
THEY FIRST DEVISED A VOLUME/STRENGTH/SOLIDS FOR-
MULA WHICH PROVED WORKABLE OVER A WIDE RANGE
OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES. TO BE EFFECTIVE THE FORMULA
GIVEN STEMMED FROM AN ACCURATE CALCULATION OF
THE NET COSTS OF TREATMENT AT THE MUNICIPAL
TREATMENT PLANT. RATES THEMSELVES WERE IN-
CLUDED AND ADMINISTRATIVE OVERHEADS DIVIDED
BETWEEN CAPITAL AND REVENUE EXPENDITURE. THE
SHMDA HAD OPERATED A CHARGING SCHEME BASED ON
THIS FORMULA FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS. FOR NON-IN-
HIBITING WASTES, THE USE OF THE MCGOWAN STRENGTH
IN VOLUME/STRENGTH/SOLIDS FORMULA ASSESSED
TREATABILITY TO SOME EXTENT. THIS WAS A CALCULA-
TION OF THE OXYGEN REQUIREMENT FOR COMPLETE OX-
IDATION. EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THIS METHOD WERE
GIVEN. PROCESS OXYGEN DEMAND (POD) WAS SUG-
GESTED BY SIMPSON AS CHARGES FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT BASED ON REQUIREMENTS OF THE
PROCESS TO EFFECT TREATMENT. HE INDICATED THE
POSSIBLE BREAKDOWN OF UNIT PROCESSES AND HIS FOR-
MULA WAS SHOWN. CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
COULD ACHIEVE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITION A,
THE TREATMENT PLANT AND A MINIMUM CHARGE TO
BOTH THE GENERAL RATE PAYERS AND THE INDUSTRIAL
WASTE DISCHARGE ACHIEVED. (W70-08853).
00737. CATTLE, SWINE AND CHICKEN MANURE
CHALLENGES WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS^
LAAK, R.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 117(4), 134-138, 1970.
IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY APPROXIMATELY 0.66 BIL-
LION LBS PER DAY OF MANURE MUST BE EXTENSIVELY
TREATED OR DESTROYED. THE TRENDS IN AGRICULTURE
INDICATE THAT MORE LIVESTOCK WILL BE CONFINED IN
THE FUTURE, THE CONCENTRATION OF THE WASTES IN-
CREASED, AND THE VOLUME OF MANURE PER ANIMAL
SLOWLY REDUCED. EXTENSIVE DATA WAS COLLECTED
AND IS PRESENTED GIVING THE GENERAL CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF FECES AND URINE OF CATTLE, SWINE, AND
POULTRY AS WELL AS THE QUANTITATIVE CONSUMPTION
OF FEED, NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, AND POTASH. THE
MANURE CHARACTERISTICS ARE SAID TO BE CHANGING
AND THEREFORE THE TREATMENT PROCESS PRINCIPLES
MUST ALSO BE CHANGED. COSTS AND LAND REQUIRE-
MENTS ARE GIVEN FOR MANURE DISPOSAL AND AN EX-
TENSIVE OUTLINE ENUMERATES THE LARGE VARIETY OF
AVAILABLE DISPOSAL METHOPS ALONG WITH EACH
ONE'S PARTICULAR DRAWBACK. THE AVERAGE COST OF
MANURE SEPARATION AND FINAL DISPOSAL MUST BE A
FRACTION OF $30 TO $40 PER TON. (W70-06866).
00738. PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL DM GREATER CHICAGO.
BACON, V.W.; DALTON, F.E.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 40(9), 1586-1600, 1968.
THE METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER
CHICAGO, FORMED IN 1889, HAS SUCCESSFULLY KEPT POL-
LUTION OUT OF THE AREA'S WATER SUPPLY AND WATER
RECREATION. THE INITIAL PHASE INVOLVED CONSTRUC-
TION OF CANALS TO CONVEY WASTES OVER A LOW DI-
VIDE AWAY FROM LAKE MICHIGAN TO TRIBUTARIES OF
THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM. THE NEED FOR LESSENING
POLLUTION IN THESE CHANNELS LED TO CONSTRUCTION
OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS, THE LARGEST OF
WHICH TREATS ONE BILLION GALLONS A DAY. BECAUSE
OF URBAN GROWTH AND HIGHER WATER QUALITY STAN-
DARDS $713,000,000 WORTH OF NEW FACILITIES WILL BE
NEEDED BY THE YEAR 2000. THESE WILL INCLUDE SOLIDS
DISPOSAL BY RECLAMATION OF MARGINAL AND STRIP
MINE LAND AND UNDERGROUND STORAGE SYSTEM FOR
COMBINED SEWER STORM FLOWS, TERTIARY TREATMENT
AND CHLORINAT10N. PROFFESSIONALISM IS NEEDED TO
GUIDE THESE DEVELOPMENTS AND TO MAKli PROBLEMS
AND RECOMMEND SOLUTIONS UNDERSTOOD BY PUBLIC
OFFICIALS. (W70-0687 1).
156
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REFERENCE LIST
00739. CASE HISTORY OF WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT ON A GENERAL ELECTRIC AP-
PLIANCE PLANT.
ANDERSON, J.W.; IOBST, E.H.JR.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 40(10), 1786-1795, 1968.
WASTE WATER DISCHARGES FROM A SMALL APPLIANCE
PLANT ARE TREATED TO REMOVE METAL IONS, ACIDS,
AND ALKALI. THE CURRENT AVERAGE FLOW IS 230 MIL-
LION GALLONS PER YEAR. THE INITIAL EQUIPMENT IN-
STALLED AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TREATMENT
SYSTEM HAD BEEN EXPANDED TO KEEP PACE WITH EX-
PANDING MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS ARE DISCUSSED.
SPECIFICALLY COVERED ARE: (1) DESCRIPTION OF THE
SOURCES OF WASTE WATERS GENERATED, (2) VOLUMES
OF WASTE WATER, (3) ANALYSIS OF WASTE STREAMS, (4)
TREATMENT PLANT PERFORMANCE, (5) COSTS, AMOUNTS
AND FREQUENCY OF USE, (6) LABOR, MAINTENANCE, AND
UTILITY EXPENSES, AND (7) ANNUAL FIXED COSTS OF
OPERATION. (W70-06876).
00740. SOME SEWAGE PROBLEMS IN EUROPE
TODAY.
BAARS, J.K.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(5) P 529-534,
1969.
SEVERAL EUROPEAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PROBLEMS INCLUDING EUTROPHICATION, NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, DETERGENTS, INSECTICIDES, AND
PHENOLS ARE DISCUSSED. THE FACILITIES, CAPITAL AND
OPERATING COSTS OF SEVERAL EUROPEAN TREATMENT
PLANTS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. SOME 10,000 METRIC TONS
OF PHENOLS OR ABOUT TWO THIRDS OF THE PHENOLS
RELEASED BY THE COKING PLANTS IN THE EMSCHER AND
LIPPE RIVER BASINS ARE INTERCEPTED AND TREATED
YEARLY IN 25 DEPHENOLATING PLANTS. THE INHABITANT
EQUIVALENT, WIDELY DEFINED AS EQUAL TO 51 G
BOD/DAY, IS NOT REGARDED AS RELIABLE FOR DESIGN.
INSTEAD, THE ACTUAL LOADING SHOULD BE USED FOR
DESIGN. SEVERAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAVE OUT-
LAWED THE USE OF HARD DETERGENTS DUE TO THEIR
RESIDUAL EFFECTS IN WATER. SURFACE ACTIVE SUB-
STANCES HAVE BEEN FOUND TO INFLUENCE THE OXYGEN
EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT IN WATER. UNDESIRABLE ALGAE
GROWTHS OCCUR WHEN THE PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRA-
TION EXCEEDS 0.1 MG/L AND THE NITROGEN CONCENTRA-
TION EXCEEDS 0.3 MG/L. THE AVERAGE DAILY HUMAN
EXCRETIONS CONTAIN 0.7-3.7 G OF P, OF WHICH 50-60% IS
IN THE URINE. MODERN DETERGENTS CONTAIN 37-48%
PHOSPHATES ON A DRY BASIS. EXPERIMENTATION IS IN
PROGRESS TO REPLACE PHOSPHATES BY NITR1LO
TRIACETATE. PHOSPHORUS CAN BE EFFECTIVELY
REMOVED BY CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION. USING LIME
CA(OH)2 AS A COAGULANT, 93.4% P REMOVAL WAS OB-
TAINED AT A DOSAGE OF 1.5 TIMES THE CARBONATE
HARDNESS AS CACO3. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON
A RIVER BASIN OR REGIONAL SCOPE IS NEEDED TO CURB
POLLUTION IN EUROPE. (W70-0688I).
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT.
ZUCKERMAN, M.M.; MOLOG, A.H.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, VOL.42(3) 437-456, 1970.
WITH THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR HIGH QUALITY
WATER FOR REUSE, AN EFFORT IS MADE TO MAXIMIZE
THE EFFECTIVENSS OF ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION.
INCREASING THE PH TO A VALUE OF 11.5 IS REPORTED TO
CAUSE CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS. THIS HYDROLYSIS PRE-
TREATMENT BEFORE ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION
RESULTS IN A BETTER QUALITY WATER FOR RAW WASTE
WATER THAN FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE EFFLUENT WHEN
BOTH ARE SUBJECTED TO THE SAME PRE-ADSORPTION
CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS. THE CONVENTIONAL TERTIARY
TREATMENT WHICH INCLUDES ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT WAS FOUND TO BE INFERIOR BOTH
QUALITATIVELY AND ECONOMICALLY TO THE CHEMICAL
PRE-TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY ACTIVATED CARBON
TREATMENT. (W70-06882).
00742. A CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
SMITH, D.R.; BERGER, H.F.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 40(9) 1575-1581, 1968.
THE NATURE OF PULP AND PAPER WASTES MAKES IT DIF-
FICULT TO OBTAIN THE NECESSARY REDUCTION OF BOD,
COLOR, AND DISSOLVED SOLIDS WITH A SINGLE TREAT-
MENT PROCESS. PROPOSED IS AN OVERALL TREATMENT
SCHEME WHICH HANDLES THE WASTE WATER STEPWISE
TO PRODUCE A REUSABLE PROCESS WATER. A FOUR
STAGE PROCESS UTILIZING LIME DOSING, BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT, ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION, AND
DEMINERALIZATION WAS USED ON BLEACHED AND UN-
BLEACHED CRAFT, TOTAL MILL EFFLUENT. A THREE
STAGE SYSTEM WITHOUT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT ALSO
WAS TESTED. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) AND
COLOR REMOVAL WERE 97% AND 99.5%, RESPECTIVELY,
FOR FOUR STAGE; AND 85.5% AND 99.5%, RESPECTIVELY,
FOR THREE STAGE. COST COMPARISONS ARE MADE. THE
FOUR STAGE PROCESSED REUSABLE WATER WOULD COST
APPROXIMATELY 4.5 CENTS/1000 GALLONS, AND THE
THREE STAGE PROCESS WOULD COST APPROXIMATELY 10
CENTS/1000 GALLONS. (W70-06889).
00743. AERATION SWEETENS HARBOR BASIN IN LOS
ANGELES.
CRUSE, H.
WATER AND POLLUTION CONTROL, 108(4) P 42-44,
1970.
A VEGETABLE OIL REFINERY IS DISCHARGING ABOUT
10,000 POUNDS OF BOD PER DAY TO SLIP NUMBER 5 IN
THE LOS ANGELES HARBOR. THIS, ALONG WITH AN ESTI-
MATED 14,000 POUNDS OF BOD PER TIDAL CHANGE,
CAUSED A POLLUTION PROBLEM. IN 1968 A WIDER PRO-
GRAM OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL WAS ENFORCED
AND IT WAS NECESSARY TO PROVIDE TREATMENT. THE
COST OF ON-SITE BOD TREATMENT WAS PROHIBITIVE, ON
THE ORDER OF A QUARTER OF A MILLION DOLLARS, AND
FORCED MAIN PUMPING TO THE NEAREST TREATMENT
PLANT WOULD COST $420,000 FOR CONSTRUCTION AND
$40,000 ANNUALLY. FINALLY IT WAS DECIDED TO TREAT
THE ENTIRE BODY OF POLLUTED WATER. THE
AVOIDANCE OF NAVIGATIONAL PROBLEMS ELIMINATED
THE USE OF A SURFACE AERATOR AND A NOVEL AIR DIF-
FUSER HAD TO BE USED. THE AIR DIFFUSER IS ANCHORED
TO THE BOTTOM OF THE BODY OF WATER AND IS HELD
ERECT BY THE VERTICAL FLOW OF AIR. WHEN THE AIR
FLOW IS SHUT OFF THE DIFFUSER WILL SINK TO THE BOT-
TOM AND THUS ALLOW SHIPS TO PASS OVER. NOT THE
LEAST OF THE CONSIDERATIONS WAS THE ESTIMATED
COST OF $130,000 CAPITAL COST, AND $20,000 ANNUAL
COST VERY MUCH LOWER THAN THE OTHER METHODS
CONSIDERED. SLIP NUMBER 5 SHOWED AN UNEQUIVOCAL
AND MARKED IMPROVEMENT. THIS ACHIEVEMENT WAS
FOUND TO BE DUE TO TWO DIFFERENT EFFECTS EXERTED
BY THE SYSTEM. FIRST, IT ACTED AS A MIXING DEVICE IN-
CREASING THE DILUTION FACTOR TEN FOLD, AND
157
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
SECOND, IT INCREASED SUPPLY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN
THE ORDER OF 1 LB OXYGEN PER HORSEPOWER HOUR.
(W70-06897).
00744. DIVISION OF COST RESPONSIBILITY FOR
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS.
JOHNSON, J.A.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 42(3), 341-353, 1970.
COST OF WASTE WATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
SYSTEMS ARE HIGH AND ARE LIKELY TO REMAIN SO
BECAUSE OF EMPHASIS ON HIGH WATER QUALITY. THEY
ARE MET BY A COMBINATION OF GENERAL REVENUE, SPE-
CIAL ASSESSMENTS, SERVICE CHARGES AND GRANTS;
BECAUSE COSTS ARE HIGH IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THEY
BE ALLOCATED FAIRLY AMONG USERS, PROPERTY
OWNERS, AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC. A NUMBER OF FOR-
MULAS, NAMELY, PUBLIC UTILITIES, DIFFERENTIAL
BENEFITS, HISTORICAL, ADDED EXPENDITURE, ALTERNA-
TIVE REVENUE, CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST, RELA-
TIVE USE, AND JOINT COMMITTEE FORMULAS HAVE BEEN
PROPOSED FOR THE COST ALLOCATION. THESE VARY
GREATLY IN THE BURDEN ASSIGNED TO EACH GROUP.
CONSIDERATION OF THE NATURE OF WASTE WATER SER-
VICE, BENEFITS RECEIVED BY GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY
AND RESPONSIBILITY OF DISPOSING OF WASTE GOVERN
THE ALLOCATION. (W70-06903).
00745. WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND RENOVA-
TION STATUS OF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT.
STEPHAN, D.G.; SCHAFFER, R.B.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 42(3), 399^10, 1970.
THE ADVANCED WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLO-
GY BEING DEVELOPED AND STUDIED IN THE UNITED
STATES AT THE CURRENT TIME IS TABULATED. OVER 350
STUDIES IN 95 CATEGORIES OF ADVANCED WASTE TREAT-
MENT ARE LISTED. SOME OF THE PROCESSES, ALTHOUGH
STUDIED MANY YEARS AGO, HAVE FOUND RENEWED
PROMISE DUE TO SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGH. OTHERS,
SUCH AS ULTRAFILTRAT1ON, ELECTRO-OSMOSIS, AND
PLASMA ARC ARE INDICATIVE OF THE DEVELOPING
TECHNOLOGY OF THE WASTE WATER TREATMENT FIELD.
THE STUDY OF MODIFIED ACTIVATED SLUDGE HAS IN-
CREASED MORE THAN THREE-FOLD IN TWO YEARS. AD-
VANCES HAVE BEEN SEEN SINCE 1967 WITH THE USE OF
ACTIVATED CARBON AND THE NUMBER OF PROJECTS ON
NUTRIENT REMOVAL HAS DOUBLED IN TWO YEARS. THE
INDEPENDENT PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
PROCESS, UNDER STUDY AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS, IS
DISCUSSED EXTENSIVELY. INCLUDED IN THE TABULATION
ARE THE TREATMENT PROCESSES, SCALE, AND LOCATION.
(W70-06908).
00746. TREATMENT OF COMBINED KRAFT AND
NEWSPRINT EFFLUENTS AT AN ALABAMA
PAPER MILL.
COTTLE, B.J.JR; NEWBAUER, H.; BUCK, J.;
BILLINGS, R.M.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 40(7) 1314-1331, 1968.
THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF WATER SUPPLIED TO THE
PAPER MILL ON THE COOSA RIVER, ALABAMA, WILL BE
GREATLY REDUCED WHEN CONSTRUCTION OF A POWER
DAM IS COMPLETED. ALSO, THE RAISING OF THE HEIGHT
OF A DAM DOWNSTREAM WILL REDUCE THE REAERATION
CAPABILITIES OF THE RECEIVING WATERS. A 274 FOOT
DIAMETER PRIMARY CLARIF1ER, AND 370 ACRE FINAL
LAGOON WERE ADDED TO THE EXISTING FACILITIES (A
CONVENTIONAL LAGOONSYSTEM) AND WILL PERMIT
REMOVAL OF 97% OF THE EFFLUENT SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
AND 35% AND 78% OF THE BOD IN WINTER AND SUMMER,
RESPECTIVELY. THE SLUDGE IS THICKENED FROM 5% TO
18% THROUGH THE USE OF CENTRIFUGES. THE CONSTRUC-
TION OF UNDER WATER WEIRS ABOVE THE TWO UP-
STREAM DAMS HAS INCREASED THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE WATER SUPPLIED TO THE MILL. THE FINAL
LAGOON ALLOWS RELEASE TO THE RJVER TO BE COOR-
DINATED WITH THE RIVER FLOWS. THE RIVER REQUIRE-
MENTS ARE SUCH THAT A MINIMUM OF 4 MG/L DO IS TO
BE MAINTAINED. CAPITAL COST OF THE TREATMENT IS
APPROXIMATELY 2.5 MILLION DOLARS, OPERATING COSTS
ABOUT 5125,000 PER YEAR. (W70-06910).
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE-THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN.
PARTHUM, C.A.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 42(4), 500-510, 1970.
A DEEP-TUNNEL STORAGE PLAN HAS BEEN PROPOSED TO
PREVENT POLLUTION DUE TO DISCHARGE OF WASTE-
WATER OVERFLOWS AND MIXED WASTEWATER AND
STORMWATER FROM THE COMBINED SEWERS OF BOSTON
AND ADJACENT MUNICIPALITIES. OTHER METHODS SUCH
AS COMPLETE SEWER SEPARATION, CHLORINATION
TANKS, AND HOLDING TANKS WERE CONSIDERED, BUT
THE DEEP-TUNNEL SYSTEM APPEARED MOST ECONOMI-
CAL. CONSTRUCTION COSTS WERE ESTIMATED AT $430
MILLION AND CAPITALIZED OPERATION AND MAIN-
TENANCE AT $66 MILLION. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM CON-
SISTS OF 17.2 MILES OF 33-FT DIAM DEEP TUNNELS IN A
RADIAL PATTERN, A PUMPING CAPACITY OF 2,400 CFS
AND A 45,000-FT OCEAN OUTFALL WITH D1FFUSERS. THE
SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO HANDLE RUNOFF FROM THE 15-
YR-FREQUENCY STORM OF 24-HR DURATION WITHIN 2
DAYS, WITHOUT SURCHARGING, AND THE MAXIMUM
RECORDED STORM FOR BOSTON IF SURCHARGING IS PER-
MITTED. (W7O-07364).
00748. REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR WATER
REUSE APPLICATION.
CHANNABASAPPA, K.C.
WATER-I969, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS
SYMPOSIUM SERIES 97, VOL 65, PUBLISHED BY
AMERICAN INSTITUE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS,
NEW YORK, 140-147, 1969.
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE REVERSE OSMOSIS WASTE
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS AND AN ECONOMIC
EVALUATION OF ITS APPLICATION TO THE TREATMENT
AND REUSE OF SECONDARY SEWAGE EFFLUENTS OR IN-
DUSTRIAL WATER WASTES ARE PRESENTED UNDER
PRESENT CONDITIONS, COSTS RANGE FROM 20 TO 35
CENTS/1,000 GAL; ADVANCES IN REVERSE-OSMOSIS MEM-
BRANE TECHNOLOGY IN THE NEAR FUTURE ARE EX-
PECTED TO LOWER THESE COSTS FURTHER. (W70-07389).
00749. THE ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF
REVERSE OSMOSIS AS A METHOD OF
PROCESSING SPENT LIQUORS OF THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
AMMERLAAN, A.C.F.; WILEY, A.J.
WATER-1969, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS
SYMPOSIUM SERIES 97, VOL 65, PUBLISHED BY
158
-------
REFERENCE LIST
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL EN-
GINEERS, NEW YORK, P 148-155, 1969. 8.
EVALUATION OF DATA FROM THE FIRST OF SIX, 3-MO. TRI-
ALS OF A LARGE (50 TO 100,000 GAL/DAY) PILOT SCALE
REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESSING UNIT OPERATING AT VARI-
OUS PULP MILLS AND ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPENT
LIQUORS, CONFIRMS 90% OR BETTER RECOVERY OF HIGH
QUALITY WATER AND REJECTIONS OF DISSOLVED OR-
GANICS AND INORGANICS AT THE 90 TO 99% LEVEL IN
THE CONCENTRATE. THE UNIT OPERATED 46% OF AVAILA-
BLE TIME TO PROCESS 1,260,000 GAL. OF CALCIUM BASE
SULF1TE WASH WATER CONTAINING 1% SOLIDS AND CON-
CENTRATED TO THE 7 TO 16% RANGE. PROBLEMS EN-
COUNTERED INCLUDED RELIABILITY OF MECHANICAL
EQUIPMENT, PUMPS, PH CONTROL, MEMBRANE MODULE
FAILURES AND PROCESSING PROBLEMS FOR CONTROL OF
GYPSUM SCALE, AND MEMBRANE FOULING WITH SIL-
ICATE-PITCH COMPLEXES. ALL PROBLEMS EXCEPT LIFE OF
MEMBRANE MODULES WERE FOUND CAPABLE OF BEING
HANDLED SATISFACTORILY. MEMBRANE EQUIPMENT LIFE
REQUIRES FURTHER DEVELOPMENT BY SUPPLIERS. COSTS
WERE FOUND TO BE WELL BELOW OTHER METHODS OF
CONCENTRATION SUCH AS BY EVAPORATION. (W70-07390).
00750. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF UPWARD-
FLOW CLARIFIERS AT WORKS OF THE
LICHFIELD RDC.
PULLEN, K.G.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, 68(6), 635-638, 1969.
DURING A TWO AND ONE-HALF YEAR PERIOD CLARIFIERS
WERE INSTALLED AT THREE SMALL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS (7000-24,500 IMPERIAL GALLONS/DAY). IN TWO
CASES THE CLARIFIERS WERE INSTALLED IN THE HUMUS
TANKS WHILE IN THE OTHER CASE A SEPARATE UNIT WAS
CONSTRUCTED. INFORMATION CONCERNING THE DESIGN,
INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE CLARIFIERS IS
GIVEN. SATISFACTORY EFFLUENTS WERE PRODUCED AT
SURFACE LOADINGS OF LESS THAN 20 IMP GAL-
LONS/HOUR. THE USE OF SMALL STONE OR PEA GRAVEL
IN THE BOTTOM OF THE CLARIFIER RESULTED IN THE
NEED TO BACKWASH DAILY; WHILE IF LARGER MEDIA, 3/4
TO 1 INCH, WERE USED BACKWASH1NG WAS NECESSARY
AT TWO-WEEK.
00751. OZONE: THE COMMING TREATMENT?
MCNABNEY, R.; WYNNE, J.
WATER & WASTES ENGINEERING, 8, 46-48, 1971.
00752. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT COSTS AND CHARGES.
STONE, R.; SCHMIDT, C.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23RD, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P 49-62,
1968.
A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS WAS PRESENTED OF THE EX-
TENT TO WHICH THE CITIES OF AMERICA HAVE MET THE
CHALLENGE OF PROVIDING INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL
ON AN EQUITABLE COST BASIS. ESTIMATES WERE PRO-
JECTED FOR WASTE QUANTITIES GENERATED, SEWER USE,
AND CAPITAL OUTLAYS ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIAL
WASTE. APPROXIMATELY ONE THIRD OF THE CITIES PRO-
VIDED FOR SEPARATE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CHARGES WITH
THE MAJORITY OF THESE USING VOLUME AS THE ONLY
CRITERION. IT WAS REPORTED THAT THE AVERAGE AN-
NUAL COST OF SEWAGE SF,RVICES TO A CITIZEN LIVING IN
A COMMUNITY OF UNDER 100,000 POPULATION WAS AP-
PROXIMATELY $20 AND THE AVERAGE ANNUAL PER
CAPITA COST IN LARGE COMMUNITIES WAS $14. THE
RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE WERE ANALYZED TO
DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF FOUR TYPICAL SEWER
CHARGE METHODS ON THE ALLOCATION OF COSTS TO IN-
DUSTRIAL FIRMS GENERATING VARYING VOLUMES OF
WASTE WATER AND BOD. IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT
PROBABLY THE MOST EQUITABLE ARRANGEMENT WAS
THAT IN WHICH A PART OF THE REVENUES WAS OB-
TAINED BY CHARGES BASED ON BOD, SUSPENDED SOLIDS,
AND VOLUME OF WASTES DISCHARGE TO THE SEWER AND
ANOTHER PORTION AND CIVIC PROMOTIONAL GROUPS
SHOULD BE SOLICITED IN DRAWING UP AN INDUSTRIAL
SEWER SERVICE CHARGE PROGRAM. (W70-07470).
00753. THREE YEARS OPERATION OF AERATED STA-
BILIZATION BASINS FOR PAPERBOARD
MILL EFFLUENT.
HAYNES, F.D.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23RD, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P 361-
373, 1968.
BECAUSE OF PROBLEMS CAUSED BY OVERLOADING, THE
WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS OF PACKAGING CORPORA-
TION OF AMERICA WERE CONVERTED TO AERATED STA-
BILIZATION BASINS. THE TREATMENT NOW CONSISTS OF
SCREENING AND PRIMARY SETTLING, AERATED LAGOONS
FOLLOWED BY SETTLING LAGOONS AND POST AERATION
BEFORE DISCHARGE. NINETY PERCENT OF THE SS AND 25
PERCENT OF THE BOD WERE REMOVED IN PRIMARY
TREATMENT. WITH AN ELEVEN DAY DETENTION TIME,
THE BOD WAS REDUCED FROM 468 MG/L TO 69 MG/L AND
SUSPENDED SOLIDS WERE REDUCED FROM 3.2 LB/MG TO
2.0 LB/MG IN THE AERATION BASINS ON THE AVERAGE.
THE SETTLING LAGOONS FURTHER REDUCED THE BOD
AND SS TO 63 MG/L AND 1.1 LB/MG RESPECTIVELY. THE
FINAL DISCHARGE, FOLLOWING POST AERATION, CON-
TAINED AN AVERAGE OF 56 MG/L BOD, 3.8 MG/L DO AND
1.9 LB/MG SUSPENDED SOLIDS. DURING THE THREE YEARS
OF OPERATION, BOD REDUCTION RANGED 69 TO 95 PER-
CENT. ALTHOUGH SAMPLING SHOWED LITTLE VARIATION
OF BOD, DO, OR SS WITHIN AN AERATION BASIN, AN ESTI-
MATED 720 TONS OF SLUDGE ACCUMULATED IN THE
AERATION BASINS DURING 1967. THE EFFECT OF TEM-
PERATURE VARIATION AND NUTRIENT ADDITION IS ALSO
DISCUSSED. THE COST OF OPERATION INCLUDING
NUTRIENTS AND LABOR BUT EXCLUDING TAXES AND
AMORTIZATION WAS 6.4 CENT/MG IN 1967. (W70-07478).
00754. LONG-TERM AERATION OF KRAFT PULP AND
PAPER MILL WASTES.
WHITE, M.T.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23RD, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P
THE RIEGELWOOD PAPER MILL ORIGINALLY PRODUCED
2(X) TONS/DAY OF BLEACHED KRAFT PULP. THE ORIGINAL
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES CONSISTED OF A 230 ACRE
RETENTION BASIN THAT PERMITTED STORAGE OR THE 14
MGD OF WASTE FOR 39 DAYS. THE BASIN PROVIDED
SATISFACTORY TREATMENT FOR ONLY A SHORT TIME, AS
THE PRODUCTION RATE OF THE MILL HAS INCREASED
CONTINUOUSLY SINCE ITS INITIATION. STREAM STAN-
DARDS FOR THE CAPE FEAR RIVER REQUIRE A MINIMUM
DO OF 3.0 MG/L. A PILOT PLANT WAS INSTALLED TO
EVALUATE THE TREATABILITY OF THE MILL WASTES
WITH SUPPLEMENTAL SURFACE AERATION. BIOCHEMICAL
OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) REMOVAL OF 84 PERCENT WAS
POSSIBLE WITH THE PILOT PLANT AND LABORATORY
DETERMINATIONS INDICATED THAT THE WASTE HAD AN
ALPHA VALUE OF 0.7, WHICH WAS USED IN DESIGNING
THE TREATMENT SYSTEM. FOURTEEN 60 HP AERATORS
WERE INSTALLED AND ACHIEVED AN 88 PERCENT BOD
159
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY DURING THE SUMMER-FALL
PERIOD. THE AERATORS ARE NOT OPERATED DURING THE
WINTER MONTHS, WHEN RIVER OXYGEN RESOURCES ARE
SUFFICIENT TO ASSIMILATE THE TOTAL WASTE LOAD
WITHOUT TREATMENT. THE TOTAL COST OF THE SUR-
FACE AERATION SYSTEM WAS $260,000 AND THE ANNUAL
OPERATING COSTS ARE ABOUT $56,000. THE TOTAL COST
OF ALL EQUIPMENT INSTALLED TO DATE FOR MONITOR-
ING AND TREATING THE MILL WASTE IS A LITTLE OVER
ONE AND A QUARTER MILLION DOLLARS. SINCE THE IN-
STALLATION OF THE AERATOR SYSTEM, THERE HAS BEEN
A GRADUAL INCREASE IN MILL PRODUCTION WHICH HAS
INCREASED THE VOLUME OF WASTE TO ABOUT 40 MGD.
FIFTEEN 20 HP AERATORS WERE INSTALLED TO EXTEND
THE AERATION TIME. THROUGH THE USE OF ADDITIONAL
AERATORS, THE BASIN IS EXPECTED TO PROVIDE
ADEQUATE TREATMENT FOR A WASTE VOLUME UP TO 100
MGD. (W70-07481).
00755. RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL EXTRACTED
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER.
SCHUTT, G.J.; KEIL, C.C.; HOLASZ, S.J.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23RD, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P 493-
496, 1968.
TWO INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS ARE MAIN-
TAINED TO TREAT THE PROCESS WASTES OF THE TWO
CLEVELAND ENGINE PLANTS OF THE FORD MOTOR COM-
PANY. THE OUTPUT OF THESE TREATMENT PLANTS CON-
SISTS OF CLARIFIED WATER, SLUDGE SLURRY, AND SKIM
OIL. THE SKIM OIL CONTAINED 70% WATER, AND THE
MAJOR COST OF DISPOSAL WAS HAULING IT AWAY. EX-
PERIMENTATION WITH A COMMERCIAL DE-EMULSIFYING
AGENT RESULTED IN COMPLETE SEPARATION OF THE
EMULSIFIED OIL AND WATER MIXTURE. THE OIL
RECOVERED WAS OF SUCH GOOD QUALITY THAT IT WAS
REUSED AS A SOLUBLE EMULSIFIED CUTTING OIL IN THE
ENGINE PLANTS. COSTS OF CUTTING OIL COULD BE
REDUCED FROM $0.90/GAL TO $0.16/GAL BY REUSE OF THE
SKIM OIL. RECLAIMED OIL BASE COOLANTS LAST 40-50%
LONGER THAN VIRGIN OIL BASE COOLANTS. CORROSION
INHIBITION IS BETTER ALSO. MACHINERY STAYS CLEANER
WITH RECLAIMED OIL. NEW FACILITIES BEING BUILT WILL
SUPPLY THE FULL SOLUBLE OIL BASE DEMAND FOR BOTH
ENGINE PLANTS. IN THE FACILITIES SOLIDS WILL BE
REMOVED BY FILTRATION, RATHER THAN GRAVITY SET-
TLING AS WAS THE CASE IN THE PILOT PLANT STUDY.
(W70-U7485).
00756. POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS.
GRIFFITH, C.C.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23RD, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P 537-
539, 1968.
THE POULTRY WASTE EMANATING FROM THE STERLING
PROCESSING CORPORATION OF OAKLAND, MARYLAND, IS
TREATED IN TWO AERATED PONDS IN SERIES. PRODUC-
TION IS SEASONAL, BEING DOUBLE IN THE FALL. DAILY
PRODUCTION IN THE FALL IS APPROXIMATELY 200,000 LBS
LIVE WEIGHT PER DAY WITH A BOD LOADING OK 1600 LBS
PER DAY AVERAGE MAXIMUM AND 1900 LBS PER DAY
PEAK MAXIMUM. AERATION IS SUPPLIED BY POSITIVE DIS-
PLACEMENT BLOWERS DISCHARGING THROUGH FIXED
CIRCULATORS IN THE TWO PONDS. WASTE WATER CIRCU-
LATES AT 1 FPS AND HAS AN AVERAGE RETENTION TIME
OF 14 HOURS. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) IN
THE FIRST POND IS REDUCED FROM AN INFLUENT CON-
CENTRATION OF 800-1000 MG/L TO 70-100 MG/L, AND TO
LESS THAN 30 MG/L IN THE SECOND POND. SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AND COD REDUCTION ARE COMMENSURATE WITH
BOD REDUCTION. E. COLI (MPN)WAS REDUCED IN EXCESS
OF 99.9% AT A CHLORINE DOSAGE OF 20 LBS PER DAY.
STERLING PROCESSING'S WASTE LOAD ACCOUNTS FOR
ABOUT 60% OF THE TOTAL WASTE LOAD WITHIN THE
GARRETT COUNTY SANITARY DISTRICT. ORIGINAL PLANS
CALLED FOR AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNIT TO TREAT THE
WASTES FROM THREE COMMUNITIES AND STERLING, WITH
STERLING PAYING $194,000 OF THE $690,000 TOTAL COST,
AND AN OPERATING COST OF $14,000/YR. VOTERS IN THE
DISTRICT REJECTED THE FACILITY, AND STERLING WAS
FORCED TO BUILD ITS OWN FACILITIES AT A COST OF
$84,000, FOR A SAVINGS OF $109,000. (W70-07488).
00757. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
TO COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE DE-
WATERING BY VACUUM FILTER AND CEN-
TRIFUGE.
QUIRK, T.P.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23RD, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P 691-
, 709, 1968.
ANALYSES ARE PRESENTED WHICH RECOGNIZE THE IN-
TERMEDIATE NATURE OF THE DEWATERING OPERATION
AND PROVIDE FOR ACCEPTANCE OF THE VARIOUS LIMITA-
TIONS AND CONTROLS IMPOSED BY UPSTREAM PRETREAT-
MENT AND DOWNSTREAM FINAL DISPOSAL. SYSTEM
ANALYSIS APPROACH IS TAKEN TO ALLOW FOR BOTH
GENERALIZATION AND SPECIFICITY NEEDS TO BE SERVED.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CENTRIFUGE AND VACUUM
FILTER COSTS IS MADE BASED ON SYSTEM ANALYSIS
PROCEDURE FOR BOTH GENERAL AND SPECIFIC INSTAL-
LATIONS. THE PROCEDURE EMPLOYED INVOLVES THE
FOLLOWING STEPS: (1) DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE
MODEL FOR THE UNIT OPERATION AND/OR THE EQUIP-
MENT UNDER STUDY, (2) USE OF FIELD PERFORMANCE
DATA TO DEFINE THE CONSTANTS IN THE PERFORMANCE
MODEL, (3) DEVELOPMENT OF A COST MODEL FOR THE
UNIT OPERATION AND/OR EQUIPMENT UNDER STUDY, (4)
RELATION OF COST OF PERFORMANCE AND, (5) USE OF
COMPUTER FACILITIES TO EXECUTE THE COST OF PER-
FORMANCE RELATIONSHIP FOR ANY CONDITION DESIRED.
COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS FOR A CONTINUOUS
SLUDGE PRODUCTION RATE OF 750 LB/HOUR FOR THE
CASE STUDIED FAVORS THE CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING.
(W70-07494).
00758. DECISION FACTORS-SEPARATE INDUSTRY OR
JOINT MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT.
SANDERS, F.A.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE CON-
FERENCE, 23RD, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, P 1021-
1028, 1968.
THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ARE DISCUSSED
TO BOTH INDUSTRY AND COMMUNITIES CONCERNING THE
QUESTION OF WHETHER AN INDUSTRY SHOULD TREAT ITS
OWN WASTES OR SEND THEM TO A COMMUNITY SEWAGE
SYSTEM. THERE ARE DEFINITE ECONOMICAL AD-
VANTAGES TO INDUSTRY IN THE LATTER CASE, SINCE
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS CAN BE ELIMINATED AS
AN INDUSTRY EXPENSE FOR THE WASTE FACILITIES CON-
STRUCTED AND OPERATED BY THE COMMUNITY. GOOD
RELATIONS ARE MAINTAINED WHEN AGREEMENTS CAN
BE REACHED TO THE SATISFACTION OF THE COMMUNITY
AND INDUSTRY. VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH PLAY A VERY
IMPORTANT PART IN MAKING THE DECISIONS ARE
DISCUSSED. THESE INCLUDE AVAILABILITY OF LAND FOR
INDUSTRIES TO BUILD TREATMENT FACILITIES TYPE OF
WASTES, PRETREATMENT REQUIREMENTS THE AMENA-
BILITY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES TO BIOLOGICAL TREAT-
160
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REFERENCE LIST
MENT, TOXICITY, EFFECT OF CERTAIN WASTES UPON
SEWER MATERIAL AND THE DISTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY
FROM COMMUNITY TREATMENT PLANTS. FURTHER THE
METHOD OF FINANCING, STATUES, LAWS, LEGAL IMPLICA-
TIONS, AND EQUITABLE SERVICE CHARGES SHOULD ALL
BE CONSIDERED IN MAKING THE FINAL DECISION. (W70-
07502).
00759. ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
FRANKEL, R.J.
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT OF
AQUIFERS, SYMPOSIUM OF HAIFA, MARCH 19-26,
1967, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SCIEN-
TIFIC HYDROLOGY, PUBLICATION NO 72, P 289-
301, 1967.
A RESEARCH PROJECT WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE
WHETHER OR NOT WASTE RECLAMATION COULD BE
ECONOMICALLY COMPETITIVE WITH OTHER WATER
SOURCES FOR MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY. NUMEROUS AD-
VANCED WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS AND RECYCLE
SCHEMES WERE EVALUATED. WASTE-WATER RENOVA-
TION THROUGH GROUNDWATER RECHARGE PROVED TO
BE THE MOST FEASIBLE SOLUTION TO RECLAMATION OF
THE EFFLUENT OF ANY TYPE TREATMENT PLANT TODAY.
FURTHER STUDY HAS EVALUATED THE CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE USING
MUNICIPAL WASTES; THE ECONOMIC TRADE-OFFS
BETWEEN ADDITIONAL TREATMENT PRIOR TO RECHARGE
AND GREATER LAND UTILIZATION; AND THE BREAK-EVEN
POINT FOR LAND VALUES AS A FUNCTION OF ECONOMICS
OF SCALE. FINALLY THE ECONOMICSOF A PARTICULAR
CASE-STUDY IN THE ARID WEST OF THE UNITED STATES IS
DISCUSSED ASWELL AS PROPOSED SCHEME FOR CONVERT-
ING THE NATION'S CAPITAL, WASHINGTON, D. C., IN THE
HUMID EAST FROM USING SOLELY SURFACE WATER SUP-
PLIES TO USING ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF UNDEVELOPED
AQUIFERS FOR FUTURE EXPANSION OF WATER SUPPLIES.
(W70-04614).
00760. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
SE1DEN.L.; PATEL, K.
ROBERT A. TAFT WATER RESEARCH CENTER RE-
PORT NO TWRC-14, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, SEPTEMBER
1969.69 P
THE STATUS OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM SECONDA-
RY EFFLUENTS BY LIME ADDITION IS PRESENTED. BASED
ON THE EMPIRICAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE, A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL OF THE PROCESS WAS DEVELOPED. THE
FACTOR WHICH BEST CORRELATED WITH PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL WAS THE PH OF THE TERTIARY EFFLUENT.
COST INFORMATION FOR THE MODEL WAS GENERATED
BASED ON A SOLIDS-CONTACT TYPE PRECIP1TATOR SUCH
AS THE INF1LCO DENSATOR. A COMPUTER PROGRAM, IN
FORTRAN IV, DERIVED FROM THE MODEL, WAS
DEVELOPED FOR USE AS A SUBROUTINE IN THE FWPCA
EXECUTIVE CALLING PROGRAM. GIVEN THE INPUT
STREAM FLOW RATE AND ANALYSES, AND THE FINAL PH,
THE PROGRAM COMPUTES THE NECESSARY DOSES OF
LIME AND COAGULANT, THEIR COSTS, THE SIZE AND COST
OF THE EQUIPMENT, THE DEGREE OF PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL, AND THE OUTPUT STREAM ANALYSES. (PB-190
170) (W70-04547).
OF DESIGN VARIABLES. PHASE 3. EN-
GINEERING DESIGN.
COVER, A.E.; PIERONI, L.J.; WOOD, C.D.
ROBERT A. TAFT WATER RESEARCH CENTER RE-
PORT NO TWRC-12, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION, MAY 1969. 109 P.
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF TERTIARY WASTE WATER
TREATMENT GIVES SPECIAL ATTENTION TO ACTIVATED
CARBON ADSORPTION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
(COD), ALLOWABLE CAPACITY (LOADING) OF CARBON
WITH ORGANIC WASTE MATTER, CARBON PARTICLE SIZE,
AND NUMBER OF REGENERATION CYCLES ON ADSORP-
TION CAPACITY AND RATE. THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
SHOP FABRICATION AND FIELD ERECTION OF VESSELS,
SURGE DESIGNS, PLANT SIZE, IDLE CARBON INVENTORY,
VELOCITY, CONTACT TIME, PARTICLE SIZE, REGENERA-
TION LOSS, CARBON CAPACITY, MATERIAL COSTS,
NUMBER OF CONTACTING STAGES, AND IN-PLACE
REGENERATION ARE DISCUSSED. MOST OF THE DATA
WERE COLLECTED FROM CARBON TREATMENT PLANTS
AT POMONA (CALIFORNIA), LAKE TAHOE (CALIFORNIA),
NITRO (WEST VIRGINIA), WASHINGTON (NEW JERSEY),
AND LEBANON (OHIO). RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE
FOR FURTHER EVALUATION AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK.
(PB-190 168) (W70-04548).
00762. THE OPERATION OF SALT WATER DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS.
ABBOTT, W.G.
SOUTHWESTERN PETROLEUM SHORT COURSE,
13TH ANN., PROC.: LUBBOCK, TEX., TEXAS TECH.,
DEPT. PETROLEUM ENG., 141-143, 1966.
RICE ENGINEERING AND OPERATING, INC., HAS DESIGNED
AND NOW OPERATES 9 COOPERATIVE SALT WATER
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS IN THE W. TEXAS AND NEW MEXICO
AREA. THESE SYSTEMS HANDLE PRODUCED BRINE FROM
2,900 WELLS THROUGH ABOUT 260 MILES OF GATHERING
LINE INTO 20 DISPOSAL WELLS. THE VOLUME OF WATER
DISPOSED DAILY INTO THESE WELLS IS OVER 100,000 BBL.
IT IS NECESSARY TO INJECT THIS WATER BY PRESSURE
PUMPS IN ONLY 3 OF THESE 20 WELLS. THE REMAINING 17
WELLS TAKE WATER BY GRAVITY FLOW WITH A VACUUM
SHOWING ON THE TUBING GAGE UNDER USUAL OPERAT-
ING CONDITIONS. THE COST PER WELL FOR DISPOSAL
AVERAGES APPROXIMATELY $1,700 FOR THESE 9
SYSTEMS. THIS INCLUDES ALL COSTS SUCH AS CONSTRUC-
TION OF GATHERING LINES, THE DRILLING OR WORKOVER
OF DISPOSAL WELLS, THE PURCHASE OF NECESSARY
RIGHT-OF-WAY, AND ALL ENGINEERING FEES. THE
DISPOSAL WELLS DISCUSSED HEREIN RANGE IN TOTAL
DEPTH FROM 4,753 TO 13,837 FT AND ARE ALL
COMPLETED IN A LIMESTONE OR DOLOMITE FORMATION.
ALL OF THE DISPOSAL WELLS ARE EQUIPPED WITH INJEC-
TION TUBING THAT HAS BEEN INTERNALLY PLASTIC
COATED. TO PROTECT THE EXTERIOR OF THE TUBING
AND THE INTERIOR OF THE CASING FROM CORROSION AN
'OIL-BALANCE' METHOD IS USED
00761. APPRAISAL OF GRANULAR CARBON CON-
TACTING: PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF THE
LITERATURE. PHASE 2. ECONOMIC EFFECT
161
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00763. DEEP WELL INJECTION IS EFFECTIVE FOR
WASTE DISPOSAL.
ENVIR.SCl. & TECHNOL., 2(6), 406-410, 1968.
00764. INJECTION WELL INCORPORATES MANY
SAFEGUARDS.
GROUND WATER AGE, 2(10), 34-37, 1968.
00765. REPLENISHING THE AQUIFER WITH TREATED
SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
GROUND WATER AGE, 2(8), 30-35, 1968.
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
HAS BEEN PROVED FEASIBLE AND ACCEPTABLE IN THE
NEW ORLEANS AREA BY SEVERAL INDUSTRIES INCLUDING
SHELL OIL COMPANY'S NORCO REFINERY AND CHEMICAL
PLANT WHERE THREE OF THE SIX SUCCESSFUL DISPOSAL
WELLS IN THIS AREA ARE OPERATING. WELL DESIGN AND
PROCEDURES FOR RESTORATION OF CAPACITY ARE
BASED, IN MOST CASES, ON THE PRINCIPLES OF BRINE IN-
JECTION DEVELOPED BY OIL PRODUCERS IN SOUTH LOUI-
SIANA. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN THE GULF COAST
AREA ARE SUITED TO THIS TYPE OF INJECTION BECAUSE
RECEIVING STRATA ARE POROUS, ISOLATED FROM
SOURCES OF POTABLE WATER AND THEIR WATER IS COM-
PATIBLE WITH THE LIQUID WASTES TO BE INJECTED. THIS
METHOD OF DISPOSAL IS A SIMPLE, COMPLETE AND
ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS PRESENTED
BY CERTAIN HARD-TO-TREAT WASTES.
00766. PRODUCTION WORK GOES UNDERGROUND
AT HOLLAND-SUCO.
CIVIL ENGINEERING, 36(5), P 92, 1966.
SOME 36,000 GPD OF WASTE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF
COLOR PIGMENT WILL BE PUMPED INTO A POROUS SAND-
STONE THROUGH A 5,896-FT DEEP WELL AT THE HOL-
LAND-SUCO COLOR CO. (A CHEMETRON CORP. SUBSIDIA-
RY) PLANT IN HOLLAND, MICH. THE DEEP WELL COST
$100,000 AND ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR EXPENSIVE
NEUTRALIZATION OF WASTE PRIOR TO DISPOSAL. THE
MICHIGAN STATE WATER RESOURCE COMMISSION IS
SATISFIED WITH THE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST CONTAMINA-
TION OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATERS. THE DETAILS
OF WELL CONSTRUCTION AND PREINJECT1ON WASTE
TREATMENT ARE DESCRIBED.
DICTIONS OF ACTIVITY AND VOLUME BUILDUP IN A
NUCLEAR POWER ECONOMY; POTENTIAL HEALTH
HAZARDS OF FISSION AND TRANSMUTATION PRODUCTS;
WASTE STORAGE, DECAY, AND SHIPMENT PRIOR TO ULTI-
MATE DISPOSAL; FISSION PRODUCT RECOVERY PROCESSES
AND UTILIZATION; TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF INTER-
MEDIATE- AND LOW-LEVEL WASTES; REVIEWS OF EN-
GINEERING STUDIES OF PROBLEMS AT EXISTING
PROCESSING PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL SALT-DOMES, UN-
DERGROUND FORMATIONS, AND THE OCEAN; SELF-SIN-
TERING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AS A METHOD OF
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL; AND A MASTER REFERENCE LIST OF
PERTINENT DOCUMENTS.
00768. WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTTVTnES IN THE
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION.
BELTER, W.G.
GROUND WATER, 1(1), 17-24, 1963.
THE VARIETIES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES ARE
CATEGORIZED IN A GENERAL WAY ON THE BASIS OF
THEIR HAZARD POTENTIAL TO EMPHASIZE THAT THE
PROBLEM OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT HAS
NUMEROUS FACETS AND IS NOT AMENABLE TO A SINGLE,
UNIVERSAL SOLUTION. THE ROLE OF SPECIFIC ENVIRON-
MENTS IN WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES IS SUMMARIZED
AND THE BASIC APPROACHES ('DILUTE AND DISPERSE'
AND 'CONCENTRATE AND CONTAIN') TO EFFLUENT CON-
TROL ARE DEFINED. DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN
BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS OR GUIDES,
AND OPERATING OR PERFORMANCE CRITERIA THAT MUST
BE ESTABLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH EFFLUENT CON-
TROL OPERATIONS IN ORDER TO ASSURE THE PROTEC-
TION OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY. EXAMPLES OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICE AND EX-
PERIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES FOR DIFFERENT1 TYPES
OF WASTES ARE DESCRIBED AND TENTATIVE CONCLU-
SIONS ARE DRAWN REGARDING THE CAPABILITIES AND
LIMITATIONS OF THESE PRACTICES. THE SCOPE AND OB-
JECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRO-
GRAM IN THIS FIELD ARE SUMMARIZED. THE STATUS OF
WORK IN MAJOR WASTE DISPOSAL DEVELOPMENT PRO-
JECTS IS NOTED. ECONOMIC FACTORS RELATED TO HAN-
DLING AND DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES ARE
NOTED, INCLUDING RELATION OF NUCLEAR PLANT LOCA-
TION TO DISPOSAL REQUIREMENTS. IT IS POINTED OUT
THAT, ALTHOUGH TOTAL COSTS FOR TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL ARE SUBSTANTIAL, THE COST PER UNIT OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCED IS A RATHER SMALL
PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL COST PER UNIT OF ENERGY.
00767. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
ARNOLD, E.D.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN, CF-57-2-20, 295
P, 1957.
A SUMMARY OF WASTE PROCESSING, TREATMENT, AND
DISPOSAL INFORMATION AS EXTRACTED FROM MANY
DOCUMENTS ON THE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE GENERAL
PROBLEM IS MEASURED. THE MATERIAL IN THIS REPORT
IS INTENDED TO SERVE AS BACKGROUND FOR A PRO-
GRAM PROPOSAL AT ORNL COVERING WASTE PROCESSING
FOR FISSION PRODUCT RECOVERY, WASTE TREATMENT
AND HANDLING, AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF HIGH-
LEVEL, INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL, AND LOW-LEVEL
RADIOACTIVE WASTES. IN ADDITION TO AN INTRODUC-
TION TO THE COMPLEX OF PROBLEMS IN WASTE TREAT-
MENT AND HANDLING, A SUMMARY OF VARIOUS ULTI-
MATE DISPOSAL SCHEMES, AND RELATED STUDIES, THE
REPORT CATALOGS INFORMATION PAPERS ON PHASES OF:
WASTE SOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS: ECONOMICS; PRE-
00769. THE FEASIBILITY OF DEEP WELL INJECTION
OF WASTE BRINE FROM INLAND DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
BOEGLY, W.J. JR; JACOBS, D.G.; LOMENICK, T.F.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., 84 P, 1969 (PB-
203 852.
DEEP-WELL INJECTION WAS PROPOSED AS A METHOD FOR
DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM INLAND DESALTING
PLANTS. A REVIEW OF PERTINENT LITERATURE REVEALS
THAT DEEP-WELL INJECTION IS TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE,
IF SATISFACTORY PRETREATMENT IS PROVIDED. INDUS-
TRIAL WASTE CAN BE DISPOSED OF IN THIS MANNER FOR
ABOUT $1.00 TO $2.00 PER 1000 GALLONS. BRINE DISPOSAL
FROM OIL-FIELD OPERATIONS IS LESS COSTLY, RANGING
FROM $0.25 TO $0.70 PER 1000 GALLONS PRIMARILY
BECAUSE OF THE MAGNITUDE OF THE OPERATION AND
BECAUSE LESS EXTENSIVE PRETREATMENT IS REQUIRED
IN ORDER TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE RECEIVING FOR-
MATION, IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO INJECT WASTE SOLU-
TION WITHOUT PLUGGING THE FORMATION THIS
REQUIRES THAT THE SOLUTION BE FREE OF SUSPENDED
162
-------
REFERENCE LIST
SOLIDS AND BE CHEMICALLY STABLE WITH REGARD TO
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATES. TREATMENT MAY ALSO BE
REQUIRED TO PREVENT BIOLOGICAL GROWTHS THAT CAN
PLUG THE INJECTION FACE. A SUITABLE SITE FOR DEEP-
WELL INJECTION REQUIRES A PERMEABLE SEDIMENTARY
FORMATION, SUCH AS SANDSTONE OR LIMESTONE,
CAPPED BY AN IMPERMEABLE FORMATION, SUCH AS
SHALE, TO PREVENT POLLUTION OF NEIGHBORING POTA-
BLE WATERS. SUCH SEQUENCES OF FORMATIONS ARE
MOST LIKELY TO BE SITUATED IN THE CLOSED BASINS,
BUT SUITABLE SITES MAY BE FOUND THROUGHOUT WIDE
GEOGRAPHIC AREAS OF THE COUNTRY. EVEN WHEN
PRELIMINARY SCREENING SUGGESTS THAT THE GENERAL
AREA IS HIGHLY FAVORABLE FOR DEEP-WELL INJECTION,
MORE DETAILED GEOLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC IN-
VESTIGATIONS WILL BE REQUIRED TO ASSURE THAT THE
SITE IS SATISFACTORY AND TO PROVIDE DATA TO BE
USED AS THE BASIS FOR DESIGNING AN INJECTION
SYSTEM.
00770. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT
OF AQUIFERS.
COHEN, P; DURFOR, C.N.
SYMPOSIUM OF HAIFA, MAR. 19-26, '67 INTERNA-
TIONAL ASSN. OF SCIENTIFIC HYDROLOGY,
PUBLICATION NO. 72, P 193-199, 1967.
THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, IN COOPERATION WITH
THE NASSAU COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, IS
CONDUCTING A SERIES OF ARTIFICIAL-RECHARGE EXPERI-
MENTS ON LONG ISLAND, N. Y. THE EXPERIMENTS ARE
DESIGNED TO OBTAIN SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC DATA
NEEDED TO EVALUATE THE FEASIBILITY OF INJECTING
HIGHLY TREATED SEWAGE-PLANT EFFLUENT INTO A
PROPOSED NETWORK OF 'BARRIER' INJECTION WELLS
THAT ARE INTENDED TO PREVENT OR RETARD THE LAND-
WARD MOVEMENT OF SALTY WATER FROM THE ATLAN-
TIC OCEAN INTO MAJOR AQUIFERS BENEATH LONG
ISLAND. A TERTIARY SEWAGE-TREATMENT PROCESS HAS
BEEN DEVELOPED TO UPGRADE THE QUALITY OF THE EF-
FLUENT SO THAT IT MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS THAT
ARE COMMONLY ACCEPTED FOR POTABILITY IN THE
UNITED STATES. IN ADDITION, A UNIQUELY DESIGNED EX-
PERIMENTAL INJECTION WELL AND INJECTION PLANT
HAVE BEEN COMPLETED. THE INJECTION-WELL COMPLEX,
WHICH IS ABOUT 500 FEET DEEP. CONSISTS OF TWO AD-
JACENT FIBERGLASS CASINGS THAT SURMOUNT STAIN-
LESS-STEEL SCREENS AND OF SEVEN AUXILIARY PLASTIC
PIPES THE CASINGS AND PIPES, EQUIPPED WITH REMOTE-
SENSING DOWN-HOLE GEOCHEMICAL PROBES, PERMIT THE
MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC-HEAD CHANGES AND RE-
LATED GEOCHKMICAL CHANGES AT SEVERAL POINTS
WITHIN THE INJECTION WELL AND THE FILTERPACK.
DATA FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL INJECTION WELL AND
FROM 13 NEARBY OBSERVATION WELLS ARE PROVIDING
INFORMATION REGARDING SEVERAL ASPECTS OF THE
PROPOSED ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE, MOST NOTABLY. (I)
THE DESIGN AND HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IN-
JECTION WELLS. (2) HYDRAULICS OF THE LEAKY ARTE-
SIAN AQUIFERS, AND (3) GEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS ON
ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WAFER RECHARGE THROUGH
WELLS.
00771. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL BY HYDRAU-
LIC FRACTURING.
DELAGUNA, W.
GROUND WATER, 6(6), P47, 1968.
00772. THE DISPOSAL OF POWER REACTOR WASTE
INTO DEEP WELLS.
DELAGUNA, W.; BLOMEKE, J.O.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., CF-57-6-23 18
P, 1957.
DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM THE PROCESSING OF SOLID
FUEL ELEMENTS AND FROM SOLID BLANKET ELEMENTS IS
DISCUSSED. THE SUBJECTS CONSIDERED INCLUDE EX-
TRACTION OF URANIUM BY SEVERAL METHODS, THE
REMOVAL OF ELEMENT JACKETS, THE TREATMENT OF
URANIUM-ZIRCONIUM FUEL ELEMENTS, DISPOSAL INTO
DEEP WELLS, THE HYDRAULICS OF WELLS, THERMAL
CONSIDERATIONS OF DISPOSAL AQUIFERS, REGIONAL
HYDROLOGY, POTENTIAL DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL AREAS IN
THE U. S., AND THE COST OF DISPOSAL.
00773. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAU-
LIC FRACTURING AS A METHOD FOR PER-
MANENT DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES.
DELAGUNA, W.; TAMURA, T.; WEEREN, H.O.; ST.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., 261 P, AUG
1969.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESS TO DISPOSE OF
RADIOACTIVE WASTE BY INJECTION IN THE EARTH IS
DESCRIBED. SUBSEQUENT EXPERIMENTS ARE EXPLAINED.
THE GEOLOGIC SETTING IN THE EXPERIMENTAL OAK
RIDGE WASTE INJECTION AREA IS DESCRIBED. THE EN-
GINEERING DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES IS
GIVEN.
00774. A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
ELLISTON, H.W.; DAVIS, W.B.
OIL AND GAS JOUR. 43(4), 59-61, 1944.
A SURVEY OF 256 SALT-WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS HAV-
ING AN INITIAL INVESTMENT OF $4,204,965.86 AND 86
SYSTEMS HAVING AN OPERATING COST OF $1,213,253.05 IS
REPORTED. THE OPEN TYPE OF DISPOSAL SYSTEM
GENERALLY INVOLVES THE STEPS OF: (I) AERATION, (2)
COAGULATION, (3) SEDIMENTATION, AND (4) FILTRATION.
IN SOME AREAS WHERE BACTERIA ARE THOUGHT TO BE
AIDING IN PLUGGING LINES, CHLORINATION IS ALSO A
STEP IN THE TREATING PROCESS. EACH OF THESE STEPS IS
DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. THE CLOSED TYPE SYSTEM,
SEMICLOSED SYSTEM AND STABILIZATION OF WATER ARE
ALSO DISCUSSED BRIEFLY. PERTINENT DATA ON 22
SELECTED DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ARE TABULATED.
00775. UNDER THE RUG.
EVANS, D.M.; BRADFORD, A.
ENVIRONMENT, 11(8), 3-31, 1969.
RAPIDLY INCREASING NUMBERS OF INDUSTRIES AND
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE TAKING ADVANTAGE OF
THE PRESENT GAP IN POLLUTION LAWS TO DUMP DIVERSE
TYPES OF WASTE UNDERGROUND THROUGH INJECTION
WELLS. ALTHOUGH PROPONENTS OF WASTE INJECTION
WELLS SUGGEST THAT ONLY CONCENTRATED AND UN-
163
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TREATABLE WASTES SHOULD BE INJECTED UN-
DERGROUND, MANY WASTES NOT IN EITHER CATEGORY
ARE BEING PUMPED DOWN WELLS BECAUSE IT IS THE
CHEAPEST MEANS OF DUMPING. ALTHOUGH THE CON-
CEPT OF DEEP-WELL INJECTION IS THEORETICALLY
SOUND, THE REQUIRED GEOLOGICAL AND ENGINEERING
CONDITIONS ARE PRACTICALLY NONEXISTENT. SEVERAL
EXAMPLES ARE CITED TO SHOW THE KINDS OF PROBLEMS
THAT CAN OCCUR WHEN WASTES ARE INJECTED UNDER
PRESSURE INTO THE SUBSURFACE. SOME EXPERTS SUG-
GEST THAT MOST OF THE PROBLEMS CAN BE OVERCOME
BY THE EXERCISE OF PROPER PRECAUTIONS AND AD-
VANCED TECHNOLOGY, BUT THE COST OF SUCH CARE-
FULLY MADE WELLS WOULD MAKE THEM LESS ATTRAC-
TIVE TO OPERATORS THAN CHEAPER METHODS OF SUR-
FACE TREATMENT.
00776. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE IN LOUISIANA.
GRAVES, B.S.
SOCIETY OF MINING ENGINEERS, PREPRINT NO.
64-H-315, 1964, 7 P
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
HAS BEEN PROVED FEASIBLE AND ACCEPTABLE IN THE
NEW ORLEANS AREA BY SEVERAL INDUSTRIES INCLUDING
SHELL OIL COMPANY'S NORCO REFINERY AND CHEMICAL
PLANT WHERE THREE OF THE SIX SUCCESSFUL DISPOSAL
WELLS IN THIS AREA ARE OPERATING. WELL DESIGN AND
PROCEDURES FOR RESTORATION OF CAPACITY ARE
BASED, IN MOST CASES, ON THE PRINCIPLES OF BRINE IN-
JECTION DEVELOPED BY OIL PRODUCERS IN SOUTH LOUI-
SIANA. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN THE GULF COAST
AREA ARE SUITED TO THIS TYPE INJECTION BECAUSE
RECEIVING STRATA ARE POROUS, ISOLATED FROM
SOURCES OF POTABLE WATER AND THEIR WATER IS COM-
PATIBLE WITH THE LIQUID WASTES TO BE INJECTED. THIS
METHOD OF DISPOSAL IS A SIMPLE, COMPLETE AND
ECONOMICAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS PRESENTED
BY CERTAIN HARD-TO-TREAT WASTES.
00777. CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES.
GRUBBS, D.M.; HAYNES, C.D.; TUCKER, W.E.
ALABAMA UNIVERSITY, 85 P, MAY 1973, (PB-194
112.
00778. DEEP WELL FLUID WASTE DISPOSAL.
HALLIGAN, E.G.
GROUND DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES
CONFERENCE, 2ND ATOMIC ENERGY OF
CANADA LIMITED AND US AEC, CHALK RIVER,
CANADA, PROC., BOOK 2: TID-7620, 363, 373, 1961.
THIS PAPER TRACES THE HISTORY OF EARLY OIL-FIELD
BRINE DISPOSAL OPERATIONS AND DESCRIBES THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CORROSION-RESISTING MATERIALS
AND PRACTICES USED IN GATHERING AND INJECTING OIL-
FIELD BRINES INTO DISPOSAL OR INPUT WELLS. THE FIVE
METHODS GENERALLY USED TO MITIGATE CORROSION IN
WATER FLOODS OR BRINE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ARE (1) USE
OF COATED OR NONMETALLIC PIPES AND EQUIPMENT, (2)
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF EQUIPMENT, (3) USE OF
CHEMICAL INHIBITORS, (4) TREATMENT TO CHANGE THE
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BRINE, AND (5) USE OF
METALS THAT RESIST CORROSION. THE USE OF COATED
OR NONMETALLIC EQUIPMENT IS THE MOST POPULAR,
BUT ITS SUCCESS IS DEPENDENT ON THE QUALITY OF
WORKMANSHIP IN THE MANUFACTURE OF THE EQUIP-
MENT. CONSTANT REPLACEMENT OF EQUIPMENT IS
OFTEN THE RESULT OF INADEQUATE PLANNING FOR COR-
ROSION PROTECTION. THIS IS EVIDENT IN THE OPERATION
OF MANY DISPOSAL SYSTEMS WHERE LESS THOUGHT IS
GIVEN TO CORROSION THAN IS GIVEN TO CHEMICAL
TREATMENT TO AVOID FORMATION PLUGGING. SUCH
EMPHASIS SEEMS IMPRACTICAL BECAUSE FORMATION
PLUGGING IS GENERALLY LESS EXPENSIVE THAN COL-
LAPSED CASING CAUSED FROM CORROSION.
00779. DEEP WELL WASTE DISPOSAL AT MIDWEST
STEEL.
HARTMAN, C.D.
IRON AND STEEL ENG., 43(12), 118-121, 1966.
DETAILS ARE GIVEN FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DEEP
WELL BELOW THE MIDWEST PLANT OF NATIONAL STEEL
CORP. AT PORTAGE, IND., FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL. THE
WELL WENT INTO OPERATION IN FEBRUARY 1965 AND
SINCE THEN 2.3 X 10.7 GALLONS OF ACID HAVE BEEN
DISCHARGED INTO IT. THUS WASTE ELEMENTS ARE
ELIMINATED BY STORING IN A SUITABLE UNDERGROUND
FORMATION WHICH WILL RETAIN THE SOLUTIONS AND
NOT GIVE RISE TO CONTAMINATION OF POTABLE WATER
AND MINERAL RESOURCES. A DESCRIPTION OF THE PUMP-
ING MECHANISM IS GIVEN AND COST COMPARISON OF THE
INSTALLATION INDICATES A CONSIDERABLE SAVING
OVER NORMAL METHODS OF DISPOSAL.
00780. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF STEEL MILL
WASTES.
HARTMAN, C.D.
J. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40(1), 95-
100, 1968.
THE COST OF OPERATING WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
AT THE MIDWEST STEEL MILL IN PORTAGE, IND., HAS
BEEN SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BY THE USE OF DEEP
WELLS TO DISPOSE OF WASTE PICKLE ACIDS. THE WELL IS
FINISHED IN "THE MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE, A POROUS
AND PERMEABLE WATER-FILLED SANDSTONE THAT OC-
CURS AT A DEPTH OF 1,900 FEET BENEATH THE MILL SITE
AND HAS ADEQUATE SHALE COVER TO PREVENT VERTI-
CAL MIGRATION. THE DETAILS OF WELL CONSTRUCTION
INCLUDE THE USE OF ACID-RESISTANT CEMENT, FIBER-
CAST INJECTION TUBING AND EXTERNAL PRESSURE
AROUND THE INJECTION TUBE. NUMBER 6 FUEL OIL IS
PUMPED INTO THE WELL TO PROTECT THE CEMENT SEAL
AT THE TOP OF THE MOUNT SIMON SANDSTONE. ON
COMPLETION OF THE WELL, 35 MILLION GALLONS OF
FRESH WATER TREATED WITH BOTH CHLORINE AND A
B1OCIDE WERE PUMPED INTO THE WELL TO PROVIDE A
BUFFER ZONE BETWEEN THE INJECTED WASTE AND THE
NATIVE WATER IN THE INJECTION ZONE. DURING THE
FIRST 18 MONTHS OF OPERATION OF THE DEEP-WELL
SYSTEM, SOME 23 MILLION GALLONS (87,000 CU M) OF
ACID WASTE HAS BEEN INJECTED INTO THE MOUNT
SIMON SANDSTONE WITH NO APPARENT CHANGE IN
WELL-HEAD INJECTION PRESSURE. THE WASTE STREAM IS
COMPOSED OF SULFURIC PICKLING ACID, SODIUM DICHRO-
MATE, AND CHROMIC ACID SOLUTIONS. THE USE OF THE
DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL METHOD HAS REDUCED THE ACCU-
MULATION OF SLUDGE BY 70 PERCENT AND VIRTUALLY
ELIMINATED THE COST OF OPERATING THE LIME
NEUTRALIZATION FACILITIES.
164
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REFERENCE LIST
00781. A SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE DISPOSAL.
HAWKINS, D.B.
US AEC COMM., IDAHO OPERATIONS OFFICE, 1966,
46 P, (IDO-12052.
A SYSTEM IS DISCUSSED WHICH ATTEMPTS TO COMBINE
THE COST-HAZARD ASPECTS OF A WASTE-DISPOSAL
OPERATION IN A LOGICAL AND USEFUL MANNER AND
WHICH SHOWS PROMISE FOR THE EVALUATION OF A
DYNAMIC WASTE DISPOSAL OPERATION IN A LOGICAL
AND USEFUL MANNER AND WHICH SHOWS PROMISE FOR
THE EVALUATION OF A DYNAMIC WASTE-DISPOSAL
OPERATION. A TEST CASE IN WHICH WASTE IS
DISCHARGED EITHER TO THE GROUND VIA A SEEPAGE
POND OR TO THE WATER TABLE VIA A WELL WAS EVALU-
ATED. IN THIS EXAMPLE, THE HAZARDS WERE APPRAISED;
THE FIXED COSTS INCLUDING MONITORING COSTS WERE
TABULATED; AND THE PROBABLE COSTS, I. E., THOSE
COSTS WHICH ENSUE IF A GIVEN EVENT OCCURS, WERE
EVALUATED USING ESTIMATES OF THE PROBABILITY OF
OCCURRENCE OF VARIOUS HAZARDOUS EVENTS. THE
PROBABILITY ESTIMATES WERE SUBJECTIVE ESTIMATES
OF THE EVALUATOR WHO DREW UPON THE GEOLOGIC,
HYDROLOGIC, AND CHEMICAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE.
THE PROBABLE COSTS AND FIXED COSTS WERE TABU-
LATED IN A STATISTICAL COST TABLE, WHICH WAS USED
IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE HAZARD EVALUATION TO
CHOOSE THE OPTIMUM METHOD OF DISPOSAL.
00782. SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
HOCHHAUSEN, E.
CANADIAN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRIES, 12(1), 79-80,
1959.
IN THE LAST TEN YEARS THE QUANTITY OF OIL FIELD
BRINE PRODUCED IN ALBERTA (CANADA) HAS RISEN
FROM A NEGLIGIBLE AMOUNT TO 1,500,000 BBL MONTHLY.
WATER CONTAINING MORE THAN 100O PPM OF DISSOLVED
SALTS IS REGARDED AS SALINE IN ALBERTA, AND ALL
SALINE WATER IS EITHER DISPOSED OF IN ALREADY CON-
TAMINATED AREAS, E. G., SALT BEDS, ALKALI LAKES,
ETC., OR RETURNED TO SUBSURFACE SALT WATER BEAR-
ING FORMATIONS OR THE FORMATION FROM WHICH IT
WAS PRODUCED. IN GENERAL, THE COST OF A GRAVITY
SYSTEM FOR WELLS ON 40-ACRE SPACING WITH DISPOSAL
CAPACITY FROM 150 TO 300 BBL OF WATER PER DAY WILL
BE BETWEEN $2500 AND $3500 PER PRODUCING WELL.
CORROSION IS A PROBLEM IN MAINTAINING A DISPOSAL
WELL. WOODEN TANKS ARE GENERALLY THE MOST EFFI-
CIENT SETTLING TANKS, AS STEEL TANKS ARE SUBJECT
TO CORROSION, AND POURED CONCRETE PITS ARE MOST
COSTLY AND DIFFICULT TO INSTALL. SEVERAL DIFFERENT
MATERIALS AND ARRANGEMENTS ARE USED FOR
GATHERING SYSTEMS.
00783. A DISPOSAL WELL FOR SPENT SULFURIC
ACID FROM ALKYLATING ISO-BUTANE AND
BUTYLENES.
HOLLAND, H.R.; CLARK, F.R.
IND. WASTE CONF., 19TH, LAFAYETTE, IND. PROC.,
PT. 1, 195-199, 1964.
THE PROBLEM OF DISPOSING OF 1,500 TONS PER YEAR OF
SPENT SULFURIC ACID FROM A CALGARY, ALBERTA
(CANADA), PLANT FOR THE ALKYLATION OF ISOBUTANE
AND BUTYLENES WAS SOLVED BY THE CONVERSION OF A
WELL IN AN ABANDONED OIL FIELD INTO A WASTE INJEC-
TION WELL. THE WELL, WHICH IS LOCATED IN THE JOFFRE
FIELD AT RED DEER ON THE EDMONTON HIGHWAY
ABOUT 90 MILES NORTH OF CALGARY, HAD BEEN
PLUGGED WITH CEMENT, BUT THE CASING HAD NOT BEEN
PULLED, SO THAT RECONDITIONING WAS RELATIVELY
CHEAP. PERMISSION TO USE THE WELL FOR THE DISPOSAL
OF SPENT ACID AT A RATE NOT EXCEEDING 1,000 BAR-
RELS PER MONTH WAS OBTAINED FROM THE ALBERTA
OIL AND GAS CONSERVATION BOARD. THE CEMENT PLUG
WAS DRILLED OUT TO A DEPTH OF 5,128 FT AND PER-
FORATED WITH FOUR SHOTS PER FOOT FROM 5,087 TO
5,103 FEET IN THE VIKING FORMATION. THE FIRST INJEC-
TION OF SPENT ACID WAS MADE WITH HIGH PRESSURE
PUMPS TO FRACTURE THE FORMATION. THE MAXIMUM
WELL HEAD PRESSURE OBTAINED WAS 2,OOO PSI AT A
RATE OF OVER 200 BARRELS PER HOUR. SUBSEQUENTLY,
A SATISFACTORY RATE OF INJECTION HAS BEEN OB-
TAINED WITH A CONSTANT PRESSURE OF 50 PSI. THE
CHIEF VARIABLES IN THIS METHOD ARE THE COST OF THE
WELL AND TRANSPORTATION OF THE WASTES. BY RECON-
DITIONING AN ABANDONED WELL AND MOVING THE
SPENT ACID AT A BACKHAUL RATE IN THE TRUCKS WHICH
CARRY FRESH ACID FROM EDMONTON TO CALGARY,
TOTAL FIXED AND OPERATING COSTS ARE LESS THAN THE
COST OF FUEL FOR INCINERATION.
00784. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL-
LUTION.
HOROWITZ, S.
CENTER FOR NAVAL ANALYSES, ARLINGTON, VA.
REPT. NO. CNA-PROF. PAPER -56, 1971.
00785. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FTELD
BRINES.
JESSEN, F.W.
CHEM. ENG. PROG., 45(1), 11-16, 1949.
INJECTION OF OIL WELL BRINES INTO THE SUBSURFACE
OF THE EAST TEXAS OIL FIELDS DISPOSES OF THE BRINES
AND AT THE SAME TIME INCREASES OIL PRODUCTION.
THE WATER IS INJECTED AT DEPTHS VARYING FROM A
FEW HUNDRED TO 6,000 OR 7,000 FT. A HALF MILLION
BBL/DAY ARE RETURNED, WHICH REPRESENTS ABOUT 90
PERCENT OF ALL THE WATER PRODUCED. AVERAGE SUR-
FACE TREATING INSTALLATIONS IN THE EAST TEXAS
AREA COST APPROX. $60,000 PLUS AN ADDITIONAL WELL
COST OF $30,000. SUCH AN INSTALLATION CAN HANDLE
15,000 BBL/DAY OF SALT WATER. THE OVERALL INJEC-
TION COST VARIES FROM 2 TO 3 MILLS TO 1-1/2 TO 2
CENTS PER BBL.
00786. SUBSURFACE BRINE DISPOSAL.
JONES, O.S.
OIL WEEKLY, 120(10), 27-29, 1946.
DEEP DISPOSAL OF OILFIELD BRINES IN DISPOSAL WELLS
OF 4500 FT. OR MORE IS FAVORABLE TO BOTH CONSERVA-
TION OF OIL AND GAS IN THE FIELD, AND THE PROTEC-
TION OF FRESH WATER AND FARM LANDS IN THE AREA.
AFTER SUITABLE TREATING, THE WATER MAY BE USEFUL
IN THE FLOODING OF STRIPPER WELLS, GREATLY AIDING
SECONDARY RECOVERY. IN A FIELD, A NUMBER OF
OPERATORS MAY USE A COMMUNITY INPUT WELL, THUS
REDUCING THE COST TO LESS THAN ONE CENT PER BBL.
OF BRINE. THE COOPERATION OF OPERATORS AND LAN-
DOWNERS TO AID THIS SYSTEM OF WASTE DISPOSAL IS
URGED.
165
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00787. FEASIBILITY OF RETURNING SALT WATER.
KING. H.H.
OIL WEEKLY, 91(12), 23-24, 26, 28, 1938.
THE FEASIBILITY OF RETURNING SALT WATER TO THE
FORMATION BY SPECIAL INPUT WELLS IS SHOWN ON THE
BASIS OF THE EXAMPLE OF SUN OIL CO. OPERATING IN
THE EAST TEXAS FIELDS. DATA ARE CITED ON INPUT
WELLS AND OTHER EQUIPMENT, WITH EMPHASIS ON COST
ACCOUNT, AND ILLUSTRATED BY DIAGRAMS AND
GRAPHS.
00788. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER.
LEE, M.
OIL AND GAS J., 34(44), 41-44, 1936.
THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE MEASURES TAKEN BY OIL
COMPANIES IN KANSAS TO DISPOSE OF SALT WATER AND
PRODUCTION WASTES IN SUCH A WAY AS TO AVOID
DAMAGES TO OTHERS AND LOSSES TO THE PRODUCERS.
LEGISLATION ENABLING THE PRODUCERS TO INJECT
THEIR WASTES UNDERGROUND HAS OPENED THE WAY TO
AVOID DAMAGE TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES AND TO IN-
CREASE OIL PRODUCTION BY WATER-FLOODING
TECHNIQUES. THE REGULATIONS, PROCEDURES, COSTS,
AND BENEFITS ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED.
00789. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATER.
LOCKETT, D.E.
INDUSTRIAL WATER AND WASTE CONF., 7TH,
TEXAS WATER POLL. CONTROL ASSN., JUNE 1, 2,
1967, TEXAS U., AUSTIN, TEX..
THIS PAPER DESCRIBES THE DEEP WELL SYSTEM THAT IS
USED FOR THE DISPOSAL OF EXCESS INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER AT THE PETRO-CHEMICAL COMPLEX NEAR ODES-
SA, TEX. THE INJECTION WELL IS 5,802 FEET DEEP. IT IS
CASED TO A DEPTH OF 4,900 FEET AND FINISHED IN THE
BRINE-SATURATED SAN ANDRES LIMESTONE. UPON
COMPLETION, THE WELL WAS ACIDIZED TO IMPROVE ITS
INJECTION CAPACITY. CORES AND BRINE SAMPLES FROM
THE SAN ANDRES WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE COM-
PATIBILITY OF THE WASTE STREAM WITH THE INJECTION
ZONE. DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE-WATER AL-
TERNATES FROM SMALL DAILY INJECTIONS TO MAXIMUM
RATES OF 33,000 BARRELS PER DAY AT 1,100 PSIG, DE-
PENDING ON DEMAND. ALTHOUGH THE SYSTEM IS SUC-
CESSFUL, IT HAS PROVEN TO BE EXPENSIVE-EQUIVALENT
TO 2 CENTS PER BARREL.
00790. THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A PRIVATE
WASTE DISPOSAL PLANT NEAR SARNIA,
ONTARIO.
LOMBARD, W.K.
PROC., 24TH IND. WASTE CONF., PURDUE U. MAY
6-8, 1969, P6-12.
CAL ENGINEERING. THE OIL REFINERY POLLUTION
PROBLEM IS NARROWED DOWN NOW TO THE TASK OF
SEPARATING WASTE OIL FROM WASTE WATER AND
DISPOSING THE OIL MATTER BY BURNING. OIL FIELD
BRINE POLLUTION IS SECOND IN IMPORTANCE ONLY TO
PULP WASTES. THE MOST SATISFACTORY METHOD OF
ABATEMENT IS THE USE OF DRILLED WASTE DISPOSAL
WELLS. THIS METHOD OF ABATEMENT IS THE USE OF
DRILLED WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS. THIS METHOD
REQUIRES A GREATER INITIAL EXPENDITURE DUE TO
COST OF DRILLING, PUMPING EQUIPMENT, AND GATHER-
ING SYSTEMS. IT REQUIRES CAREFUL SUPERVISION TO
PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF FRESH WATER SANDS, AND
IT USUALLY REQUIRES COMPLETE SEPARATION OF OIL
AND WATER BEFORE DISPOSAL. ONE REFINERY HAS
ADAPTED THIS METHOD TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF
REFINERY WASTE DISPOSAL. AT PRESENT, THE 47
DISPOSAL WELLS IN LOUISIANA HANDLE ABOUT 140,000
BBLS. DAILY.
00792. DISPOSAL OF SPENT CAUSTIC AND PHENOLIC
WATER IN DEEP WELLS.
MACLEOD, I.C.
ONTARIO INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE, 8TH,
1961, PROC.: HONEY HARBOUR, ONT., ONTARIO
WATER RESOURCES COMM., WATER AND POLLU-
TION ADVISORY COMM., 49-58, 1961.
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE FACTORS THAT MUST BE CON-
SIDERED WHEN WASTE DISPOSAL IN DEEP WELLS IS
PROPOSED AND SUMMARIZES THE DISPOSAL WELL PRO-
JECT AT THE IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED'S REFINERY AND
CHEMICAL PLANT AT SARNIA, ONT. (CANADA). TO AVOID
CONTAMINATION OF THE ST. CLAIR RIVER, FIVE INJEC-
TION WELLS WERE DRILLED TO INJECT THE WASTES INTO
THE DETROIT RIVER GROUP, A SEQUENCE OF POROUS
DOLOMITES AND ANHYDRITES BETWEEN DEPTHS OF 500
AND 1,000 FEET BELOW THE REFINERY SITE. INJECTION
PRESSURES ARE RESTRICTED TO SELF-IMPOSED LIMITS OF
400 PSIG. AT THIS PRESSURE, RATES OF INJECTION
RANGED FROM 10 BARRELS PER HOUR TO 130 BARRELS
PER HOUR. AFTER WELL STIMULATION TECHNIQUES WERE
USED, THE TOTAL INJECTION CAPACITY OF FOUR OF THE
WELLS WAS INCREASED FROM 200 BARRELS PER HOUR TO
250 BARRELS PER HOUR. THE TOTAL COST OF THE ENTIRE
PROJECT INCLUDING SURFACE FACILITIES WAS ABOUT
$190,000. IN ALL PROBABILITY, SEVERAL MORE WELLS
WILL BE DRILLED TO HANDLE THE ANTICIPATED VOLUME
OF WASTES.
00793. GROUND WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES AT
THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT.
MARTER, W.L.
DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INTO THE
GROUND INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY
AGENCY AND EUROPEAN NUCLEAR ENERGY
AGENCY, VIENNA, 1967, SYMPOSIUM PROC., 95-
106, 1967 (ST1/PUB/156.
00791. ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF RESEARCH
AND STATISTICS.
FOURTEENTH BIENNIAL REPORT (1938-1969),
LAST ATE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION, 282^
313, 1940.
AMONG THE TOPICS DEALT WITH IN THE 14TH BIENNIAL
REPORT FOR 1938-39 OF THE LOUISIANA DKFF. OF CONSER-
VATION ARE: THE ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF
RESEARCH AND STATISTICS IN PETROLEUM AND CHEMI-
00794. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AS A WASTE
DISPOSAL METHOD.
MCCLAIN, W.C.
AEC OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., 20 P, 1967.
A METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR THE SUBTERRANEAN
DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE. THE METHOD WHICH
IS BASED ON HYDRAULIC FRACTURING CONSISTS OF
PUMPING A MIXTURE OF AQUEOUS WASTE AND CEMENTS
INTO A NEARLY HORIZONTAL FRACTURE LOCATED IN A
DEEP SHALE FORMATION. AFTER INJECTION OF THE MIX-
166
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REFERENCE LIST
TURE, THE CEMENTS SERVE AS A CONFINING SEAL FOR
THE RADIOACTIVE WASTE. THE MOST ECONOMIC CEMENT
SOLUTION WAS FOUND TO CONSIST OF PORTLAND CE-
MENT (TYPE II), FLY ASH, ATTAPULOITE CLAY TO
PREVENT PHASE SEPARATION, ILLITE (GRUNDITE) TO
SERVE AS RETENTION OF RADIOCESIUM, AND A RE-
TARDER (DELTA GLUCONOLACTONE). ANALYSIS OF THE
STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS INDUCED AROUND THE IN-
JECTED MIXTURES INDICATES THAT ANY FAILURE OF THE
ROCK BARRIER WILL CAUSE A VERTICAL FRACTURE
RATHER THAN AN EXTENDED HORIZONTAL FRACTURE. A
METHOD OF CALCULATING THE MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF
A FRACTURE FACILITY IN TERMS OF ALLOWABLE
STRESSES IS PRESENTED. DATA ON COST ANALYSIS AND
EVALUATION PROCEDURES FOR POSSIBLE SITES ARE ALSO
PRESENTED.
00795. HOW TO FORECAST ACCURATE DRILLING
COSTS.
MECHAM, O.E.; LEGGE, M.S.
WORLD OIL, 151(5), 112-116, 1960.
DRILLING CONTRACTORS ARE FINDING IT IMPERATIVE TO
DETERMINE, WITH THE GREATEST ACCURACY POSSIBLE,
COST FACTORS ON WHICH DRILLING BIDS WILL BE BASED.
EXPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT UNDER NORMAL
DRILLING CONDITIONS, NET DRILLING DAYS AND DRILL
BIT NEEDS CAN BE FORECAST CONSISTENTLY WITH AN
ACCURACY OF 95 TO 97 PERCENT, USING THE PROFILE
METHOD OF ESTIMATING DRILLING PENETRATION RATES
AND DRILL BIT REQUIREMENTS. THIS METHOD MAKES USE
OF DRILLING ANALYSIS CHARTS ON WHICH ARE PLOTTED
PROFILES OF (1) OVERALL DRILLING PROGRESS, (2) NET
DRILLING PROGRESS, AND (3) ROTATING PROGRESS, AS
WELL AS OTHER DRILLING DATA ON PREVIOUSLY
DRILLED WELLS. FROM THIS INFORMATION A
REASONABLY ACCURATE ESTIMATE CAN BE MADE OF
THE DRILLING TIME AND BITS THAT WILL BE NEEDED TO
COMPLETE THE PROPOSED WELL. THE PROFILE METHOD
OF FORECASTING DRILLING COSTS HAS BEEN TIME-
TESTED IN MANY AREAS AND FOUND TO BE VERY ACCU-
RATE WHEN PROPERLY APPLIED.
00796. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
MOFFETT, J.G. JR.
SHORT COURSE FOR SUPERINTENDENTS AND
OPERATORS OF WATER AND SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS, 23RD ANN., GEN. EXT. DIV AND COL-
LEGE OF ENG1N. OF LA. STATE U., BSTON
ROUGE, 1960, PROC., LA. STATE U. ENG. EXPT.
STA. BULL 64, 155-162, I960.
SHELL CHEMICAL COMPANY'S FIRST DEVELOPMENT VEN-
TURE WITH UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE UTILIZING A MINIMUM CAPITAL INSTALLATION
HAS BEEN A SUCCESSFUL ONE. A SECOND DISPOSAL WELL
HAS BEEN DRILLED FOR CONTINUATION OF DEVELOP-
MENT STUDIES AND TO DISPOSE OF ALL THE WASTE
WATER FROM NEW ACROLEIN AND GLYCERINE UNITS TO
BE COMPLETED AT NORCO (LA. ) IN I960. FOR THOSE WHO
ARE CONSIDERING UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL, IT MUST BE
EMPHASIZED THAT SUCCESS IN UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL
O'F INDUSTRIAL WASTE WILL BE EXPENSIVE AND WILL DE-
PEND ON A SUITABLE INSTALLATION, FACILITIES, AND
ABILITY TO PREPARE PROPERLY THE WASTE STREAM TO
BE COMPATIBLE WITH UNDERGROUND FORMATIONS AND
WATERS.
00797. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN
THE EAST TEXAS FIELD.
MORRIS, W.S.
PETROLEUM ENGINEER, 14(11), 41-49, 53, I960.
IN DISCUSSING THE SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF SALT
WATER IN THE EAST TEXAS FIELD BY INJECTING IT INTO
THE WOODBINE SAND, THE AUTHOR DOES THE FOLLOW-
ING: TRACES THE HISTORY OF THESE DISPOSAL PROJECTS,
BOTH THOSE OWNED BY INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES AND BY
THE EAST TEXAS SALT WATER DISPOSAL CO., WHICH IS
OWNED BY 249 COMPANIES; MAPS THE ENCROACHMENT
OF WATER IN THE FIELD; GRAPHS AND TABULATES THE
SALT WATER AND OIL PRODUCTION SINCE 1931, THE
RESERVOIR PRESSURE, THE NUMBER OF INJECTION
SYSTEMS, THE AMOUNT OF SALT WATER INJECTED, AND
THE COST OF INJECTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE INJEC-
TION RATE; LISTS THE OWNERSHIP AND OPERATING DATA
OF THE 56 INJECTION WELLS; AND DESCRIBES THE
METHOD OF DRILLING INJECTION WELLS, THE TREAT-
MENTS GIVEN THE WATER TO OXIDIZE THE IRON, KILL
THE BACTERIA, AND REMOVE FOREIGN MATTER, THE
SALT WATER GATHERING SYSTEMS OF CEMENT-LINED
ASBESTOS OR WOOD FIBER COAL TAR-IMPREGNATED PIPE,
AND THE SALT WATER PITS, USUALLY MADE OF GUNITE.
ALTHOUGH THE COSTS OF INJECTION VARY GREATLY
THROUGHOUT THE FIELD, THEY ARE ALWAYS REASONA-
BLE. THE AUTHOR'S COMPANY CHARGES 1.8 CENTS PER
BBL., A COST THAT IS OFFSET BY THE TEXAS RAILROAD
COMMISSION'S ALLOWING THE PRODUCTION OF AN ADDI-
TIONAL BARREL OF OIL FOR EACH 50 BBL. SALT WATER
RETURNED TO THE FORMATION.
00798. RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
MOSELEY, J.C. II; MALINA, J.F. JR.
AUSTIN, U. TEXAS CTR. FOR RCH. IN WATER
RESOURCES KEPT. CR WR 28, 276 P, 1968.
THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS INVESTIGATION WERE: (A) TO
DEVELOP THE EQUATIONS AND THE SYSTEMS OF EQUA-
TIONS GOVERNING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INJECTION
WELL, (B) TO COLLECT ECONOMIC DATA ON THE COM-
PONENTS OF SUCH A SYSTEM, (C) TO DEVELOP A COMPU-
TERIZED DESIGN AND COST MODEL GIVING THE COST
RESPONSES TO THE INPUT VARIABLES, (D) TO TEST THIS
MODEL ON MANY FEASIBLE INPUT DATA COMBINATIONS,
AND (E) TO DEVELOP GENERALIZED RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND THE COSTS OF IN-
JECTION. PHYSICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN COMMON USAGE IN
THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY WERE MODIFIED WHERE
NECESSARY AND USED TO DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF
THE INJECTION SYSTEM. KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION
FROM OTHER DISCIPLINES, INCLUDING GEOLOGY, CHEMI-
CAL ENGINEERING, AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, WERE UTIL-
IZED WHERE APPLICABLE. COST DATA WERE COLLECTED
FROM A VARIETY OF SOURCES, ESPECIALLY THE
PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL ENGINERING FIELDS. THE
RESULTING MODEL WAS TESTED ON DATA COLLECTED
FROM PUBLISHED SOURCES AND OTHER SELECTED
VALUES. THE RESULTING INFORMATION WAS ANALYZED
AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INPUT VARIABLES AND
COST RESPONSES WERE DEVELOPED. THE RESULTS OF
THIS PRELIMINARY STUDY INDICATE THAT DEEP-WELL IN-
JECTION OF AQUEOUS WASTES IS BOTH TECHNICALLY
AND ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE UNDER CERTAIN CONDI-
TIONS. THE COST OF THIS OPERATION MAY RUN UPWARD
FROM A MINIMUM OF 25 CENTS TO 40 CENTS PER
THOUSAND GALLONS, INCLUDING MINIMAL PREINJECTION
TREATMENT AND AMORTIZATION OF THE INITIAL
CAPITAL INVESTMENT. CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THIS OPERA-
167
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TION DIFFER SUFFICIENTLY FROM THOSE OF THE OIL IN-
DUSTRY TO MERIT FURTHER INVESTIGATION. THESE IN-
CLUDE (A) THE EVALUATION OF CERTAIN COMMON
PETROLEUM PRACTICES IN THE LIGHT OF CONSTRAINTS
PLACED ON INJECTION OPERATIONS, (B) THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF A METHOD TO BETTER PREDICT FLUID INCOM-
PATIBILITY, (C) THE EVALUATION OF VARIOUS FORMA-
TIONS AND WASTES TO DETERMINE IF THEY ARE SUITA-
BLE FOR THIS TYPE OF DISPOSAL, AND (D) A DETAILED
STUDY OF POSSIBLE LONG-TERM EFFECTS.
00799. AN APPRAISAL OF GASEOUS WASTE
DISPOSAL INTO THE LITHOSPHERE AT THE
NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION,
IDAHO.
MUDRA, P.J.; SCHMALZ, B.L.
AEC, IDAHO OPERATIONS OFFICE, 141 P. (1DO-
12024.
A SERIES OF GAS-INJECTION FIELD TESTS WERE PER-
FORMED AT THE NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION,
IDAHO, DURING THE SUMMER OF 1964, TO DETERMINE
THE FEASIBILITY OF DISCHARGING RADIOACTIVE GASE-
OUS WASTE TO THE LITHOSPHERE. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
INCLUDED THE DETERMINATION OF THE: (A) STORAGE
CAPACITY OF THE LITHOSPHERE, (B) DIRECTION AND
VELOCITY OF MIGRATION OF THE INJECTED GAS, (C)
DILUTION AND DISPPERS1ON EFFECTS ON THE INITIAL
CONCENTRATION OF THE INJECTED GAS, AND (D) PRES-
SURES REQUIRED FOR INJECTION. A COST ESTIMATE
USING THIS CONCEPT UNDER HYPOTHETICAL CIRCUM-
STANCES WAS ALSO DEVELOPED. HELIUM WAS USED AS A
TRACER GAS TO IDENTIFY APPROXIMATELY 33 MILLION
STANDARD CUBIC FEET OF AIR INJECTED INTO POROUS
ZONES BOTH ABOVE AND BELOW THE REGIONAL WATER
TABLE WITHIN THE SUBSURFACE BASALTS UNDERLYING
THE STATION AND INFO THE UNCONSOLIDATED SANDY
REGLOITH MATERIALS. THE MAXIMUM DEPTH OF INJEC-
TION WAS 400 FEET BELOW LAND SURFACE. A MEAN
PRESSURE OF 15 PSIG WAS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN AN IN-
JECTION RATE OF 1000 CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE INTO THE
UNSATURATED BASALT ZONES. OBSERVATIONS IN-
DICATED THAT NO FINITE GEOLOGICAL RESERVOIR EX-
ISTED IN THE SUBSURFACE AND THAT THE REGOLITH
MATERIALS OFFERED THE MOST RESTRICTIVE BARRIER
TO VERTICAL MOVEMENT. ALTHOUGH INJECTED GAS
COULD EVENTUALLY ARRIVE AT LAND SURFACE, THE
AMOUNT OF DISPERSION AND DILUTION OBSERVED IN-
DICATES THAT LITHOSPHERIC GAS DISPOSAL IS FEASIBLE
AT THE NRTS FOR SINGLE INJECTION VOLUMES OF UP TO
6 MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET. THE COST FOR LITHO-
SPHERIC DISPOSAL SYSTEM IS ESTIMATED AT A MAXIMUM
OF $250,000.
00800. DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR
WASTES BY INJECTION INTO DEEP WELLS.
PECSOCK, D.A.
AEC OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN.. CF-54-10-
64, 24 P, 1954.
EXPERIENCE IN THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF VARIOUS
CHEMICAL WASTES HAS DEMONSTRATED CERT
HERENT ADVANTAGES OF THIS MODE OF DISPOSAL,
NAMELY, THE COMPARATIVE LOW COST OF INSTALLA-
TION, MAINTENANCE, AND OPERATION AND THE ELIMINA-
TION OF THE WASTE FROM SURFACE WATERS. TO ENSURE
THE FEASIBILITY OF THIS DISPOSAL METHOD FOR A PAR-
TICULAR WASTE, EXPERIENCE IN THE CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY HAS INDICATED THAT THE GEOLOGICALAINREA
UNDER QUESTION MUST BE PROPERLY SURVEYED AND
FOUND SATISFACTORY AND THAT THE CHEMICAL COM-
PATIBILITY OF THE WASTE AND UNDERGROUND MEDIA
MUST BE APTLY DEMONSTRATED. ONE OF THE INHERENT
DISADVANTAGES OF THE METHOD IS THE LOSS OF CON-
TACT WITH THE WASTE MATERIAL, AND CONSEQUENTLY,
THE POSSIBILITY OF CONTAMINATION OF SOME UN-
DERGROUND STRATA OF VALUE TO MANKIND. AS TO THE
FEASIBILITY OF DISPOSING OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR
WASTES INTO DEEP WELLS, GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS
MUST BE SOUGHT WHICH PROVIDE SUFFICIENT PHYSICAL
CAPACITY FOR CONTAINMENT OF THE WASTE AND WHICH
ENSURE THE PREVENTION OF HEALTH HAZARD RESULT-
ING FROM MIGRATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
FROM THE DISPOSAL SITE. GEOLOGICAL AND GROUND
WATER CONDITIONS APPEAR MOST SUITABLE FOR SUCH
DISPOSAL AREAS IN THE CENTRAL STATES, BOUND BY
THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS ON THE EAST AND THE
GREAT PLAINS REGION ON THE WEST.
00801. DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTES BY INJECTION
UNDERGROUND-NEITHER MYTH NOT MIL-
LENNIUM.
PIPER, A.M.
USGS, WASH., GEOL. SURVEY CIRCULAR 631, 1969,
15 P
INJECTING LIQUID WASTES DEEP UNDERGROUND IS AN
ATTRACTIVE BUT NOT NECESSARILY PRACTICAL MEANS
FOR DISPOSING OF THEM. FOR DECADES, LARGE VOLUMES
OF UNWANTED OIL-FIELD BRINE HAVE BEEN INJECTED.
CURRENTLY THE INJECTION RATE IS ABOUT 10,000 ACRE-
FEET YEARLY, AND THE RATE IS INCREASING RAPIDLY
WITH TIME. EFFECTS OF DEEP INJECTION ARE COMPLEX
AND NOT ALL ARE UNDERSTOOD CLEARLY, BUT IN A
RESPONSIBLE SOCIETY, INJECTION CANNOT BE ALLOWED
TO PUT WASTES OUT OF MIND. INJECTION IS NO MORE
THAN STORAGE IN UNDERGROUND SPACE OF WHICH LIT-
TLE IS ATTAINABLE IN SOME AREAS AND WHICH IS EX-
HAUSTIBLE IN MOST AREAS. LIQUID WASTES RANGE WIDE-
LY IN CHARACTER AND CONCENTRATION- SOME ARE IN-
COMPATIBLE ONE WITH ANOTHER OR WITH MATERIALS
OF THE PROSPECTIVE INJECTION ZONE; SOME WHICH ARE
REACTIVE OR CHEMICALLY UNSTABLE WOULD REQUIRE
PRETREATMENT OR COULD NOT BE INJECTED. STAN-
DARDS BY WHICH TO CATEGORIZE THE WASTES ARE UR-
GENTLY DESIRABLE. FEW, IF ANY, STATE AGENCIES CUR-
RENTLY HAVE THE STAFF SKILLS, CENTRALIZED
AUTHORITY, AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO REGULATE
DEEP INJECTION. THEREFORE, SOME NEW INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENT WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE AP-
PEARS TO BE ESSENTIAL TO ASSURE A UNIFIED POLICY
NATIONWIDE.
00802. DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD BRINES.
REED, P
OIL AND GAS J., 37(46), 174-175, 1939.
A CONTINUOUS SYSTEM FOR THE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES BY PRESSURE INJECTION IN CONNECTION WITH A
CLOSED SYSTEM HAS BEEN DESIGNED BY THE RYAN CON-
SOLIDATED PETROLEUM CORP. AND INSTALLED IN THE
BEMIS POOL IN KANSAS TO HANDLE A DAILY SALT WATER
PRODUCTION OF 1,877 BBL. WHICH IS ENCROACHING AT
THE RATE OF 8% MONTHLY. IN OPERATION, THE BRINE
FLOWS BY GRAVITY FROM TANK BATTERIES TO A
VACUUM-RESISTANT TANK EQUIPPED WITH A VACUUM
GAUGE, BAFFLED INLETS AND OUTLETS, GAUGE GLASSES,
DRAINS, AND A SEPARATOR SWITCH TO CONTROL THE
PUMP. FROM THE TANK THE BRINE IS INJECTED INTO THE
CHEYENNE SANDSTONE AT 235 LBS. PRESSURE AT THE
PUMP AT A RATE OF 186 BBL. /HOUR. OPERATIONS ARE
JUDGED BY A RECORDING PRESSURE GAUGE WHICH IS
CHANGED DAILY AND FROM CURVES WHICH MAY BE
COMPUTED SHOWING THE QUANTITY OF SALT WATER IN-
JECTED INTO THE DISPOSAL WELL ANALYSES OF BRINE
168
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REFERENCE LIST
SAMPLES TAKEN AT AN OIL WELL BLEEDER AND AT THE
HEAD OF THE SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELL ARE TABU-
LATED. THE COSTS OF THE PUMPING STATION, LEAD
LINES, AND OF DRILLING AND EQUIPPING THE DISPOSAL
WELL ARE GIVEN.
00803. DISPOSAL OF WASTE RADIOACTIVE GASES IN
POROUS UNDERGROUND MEDIA.
REIST, P.C.
NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS, 3(8), 474-480, 1967.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE AS A DISPOSAL METHOD FOR
LONG-LIVED RADIOACTIVE GASES IS AN ATTRACTIVE POS-
SIBILITY. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT RADIOACTIVE GASES
COULD BE DISPOSED OF UNDERGROUND FOR ABOUT
$2/1000 CU FT (ATM) OF WASTE GAS, POSSIBLE PROBLEMS
WHICH MIGHT ARISE WITH THIS TYPE OF DISPOSAL ARE
DISCUSSED.
00804. DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN THE EAST
TEXAS FIELD.
RHEA, A.S.; MILLER, E.B. JR.
PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY,
1151, P 1-10.
3(J), TECH. PAPER
BECAUSE OF THE GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF
SALT WATER PRODUCED IN THE EAST TEXAS FIELD, THE
PRESENT PRODUCTION AMOUNTING TO 200,000 BBL. PER
DAY, EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO ATTEMPT SUB-
SURFACE INJECTION OF SALT WATER INTO THE WOOD-
BINE SANDS, THEREBY DISPOSING OF THE WATER AND
SIMULTANEOUSLY INCREASING THE OIL RESERVOIR PRES-
SURE, ENABLING A GREATER RECOVERY OF OIL. IT WAS
FOUND THAT THE CLOSED SYSTEM TYPE OF DISPOSAL
WAS IMPRACTICABLE BECAUSE OF PLUGGING, AP-
PARENTLY DUE TO PRECIPITATION OF THE IRON IN THE
WATER. THE OPEN SYSTEM WORKED SATISFACTORILY,
BUT IT WAS NF.CESSARY TO KEEP THE AERATED WATER,
WHICH IS VERY CORROSIVE, FROM TOUCHING ANY METAL
SURFACES BY LINING THE PIPES WITH CEMENT OR CE-
MENT-ASBESTOS. COPPER SULFATE IS ADDED TO PREVENT
GROWTH OF ALGAE, AND CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND
CHLORINE ARE ADDED TO STOP BACTERIAL ACTION.
USING THE OPEN SYSTEM TYPE, INJECTION WAS CARRIED
ON FOR ABOUT 10 MONTHS, WITH A DECREASE IN EFFEC-
TIVE PERMEABILITY BEING NOTICED AFTER THE 8TH
MONTH. AT THE 10TH MONTH, THE WELL WAS STILL TAK-
ING ABOUT 2200 BBL. WATER/DAY WITH A SURFACE PRES-
SURE OF 40 LB. A CHART OF PERFORMANCE DURING IN-
JECTION IS PRESENTED. IT WAS FOUND THAT (1) THE
OPEN SYSTEM IS THE BEST METHOD OF DISPOSAL, BUT
THAT PLUGGING CAUSES A DECLINE IN INJECTION RATE,
DUE TO THE IRON AND SUSPENDED MATTER, AND OTHER
UNKNOWN CAUSES; (2) THE DISPOSAL WELL MUST BE
CAREFULLY CLEANED TO REMOVE ALL FOREIGN MATTER
FROM THE SAND SURFACES; AND (3) COMPLETING THE
WELL BY SETTING A NONCORROS1VE PERFORATED LINER
AND GRAVEL PACKING OR BY SETTING A NONCORROSIVE
BLANK LINER AND PERFORATING OPPOSITE THE SAND
ZONES FOR INJECTION MAY BE NECESSARY. THE COST OF
A SALT WATER DISPOSAL PLANT IS BETWEEN $20,000 AND
$30,000. COSTS PER BARREL HAVE NOT BEEN COMPUTED
SINCE FIGURES ON THE LIFE OF THE PLANT ARE NOT YET
AVAILABLE. A PLANT FOR THE CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF
WATER, TO REMOVE INTERFERING SUBSTANCES, IS UNDER
CONSIDERATION.
00805. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
SELM, R.P.; HULSE, B.T.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONF., 14TH, LAFAYETTE,
INC., 1959. PROC.: PURDUE U. ENG. EXT. SER.
104, 44(5), ENG. BULL, 566-587, 1970.
DEEP WELLS CAN BE VERY EXPENSIVE DISPOSAL FACILI-
TIES. THE COSTS DEPEND UPON THE NATURE OF
PRETREATMENT REQUIRED, DEPTH OF THE HOLE, COR-
ROSIVITY OF THE WASTE, STATE REGULATIONS, NATURE
OF THE FORMATION, AND MANY OTHER FACTORS. DEEP
WELL DISPOSAL WILL NOT ORDINARILY COMPETE WITH
SURFACE DISPOSAL PROCESSES, CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGI-
CAL, UNLESS HIGH TOTAL DISSOLVED SALTS CONCENTRA-
TIONS ARE PRESENT. A VERY ROUGH RULE WOULD BE
THAT A SINGLE WELL INSTALLED SHOULD BE ABLE TO
DISPOSE OF 500 MILLION GALLONS OF WASTE TO BE ON
AN EQUAL FIRST COST BASIS WITH A BIOLOGICAL OR
CHEMICAL TREATMENT FACILITY. IN SOME CASES THE
WASTE MAY REQUIRE MORE EXTENSIVE CHEMICAL
TREATMENT FOR INJECTION THAN MAY BE REQUIRED
FOR SURFACE DISPOSAL. COMPATIBILITY TREATMENT TO
PREVENT CLASS 1 PRECIPITATES IS SELDOM REQUIRED OF
WASTES FOR SURFACE DISPOSAL, AND SUCH TREATMENT
CAN CAUSE INJECTION TO BE CONSIDERABLY MORE
COSTLY FOR SOME WASTE DISPOSAL PROJECTS. WASTE
DISPOSAL WELLS NORMALLY COST BETWEEN $50,000 AND
$250,000 FOR COMPLETION OF EACH WELLHEAD. THE
AVERAGE FLOW CAPACITY TO BE MAINTAINED FOR A 4-
INCH WELL STRING RECEIVING CONDITIONED WATER
SHOULD BE ESTIMATED AT ABOUT 200 GPM (286 BBL/HR),
ALTHOUGH THESE FIGURES DEPEND ON SO MANY FAC-
TORS THAT THEY ARE LITTLE MORE THAN A GUIDE. CER-
TAINLY THE OLD RULE THAT EVERY WASTE SHOULD BE
TREATED AT THE PROCESS FIRST SHOULD BE IN-
VESTIGATED BEFORE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL. THE
PRESENCE OF INTOLERABLE AMOUNTS OF DISSOLVED
SALTS IS ALMOST MANDATORY BEFORE DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL IS DEFINITELY MORE ECONOMIC THAN SUR-
FACE DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES.
00806. EAST TEXAS SALT WATER DISPOSAL PRO-
JECT MAY SET PATTERN FOR FUTURE.
SIMONS, H.F.
OIL AND GAS J., 41(39), 38^1.
THE EAST TEXAS SALT-WATER DISPOSAL CO., CAPITAL-
IZED FOR $2,000,000, HAS BEEN FORMED BY THE 249 COM-
PANIES AND OPERATORS IN THE EAST TEXAS FIELD FOR
OPERATION OF THE COOPERATIVE PROJECT OF RETURN-
ING THE SALT WATER PRODUCED FROM THE WOODBINE
FORMATION BACK TO THE SAME FORMATION. THE INJEC-
TION PAYS FOR ITSELF FROM THE BONUS PERMITTED BY
THE TEXAS RAILROAD COMMISSION OF 1 BBL. OF OIL FOR
EACH 50 BBL. OF SALT WATER INJECTED. AT THE SAME
TIME IT MAINTAINS THE NATURAL WATER DRIVE.
00807. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL BY SUBSURFACE
INJECTION CALIFORNIA OIL FIELDS.
SMITH, E.R.; OLSON, E A.
DALLAS, TEX.: AM. PETRO. INST., DIV. PROD.
PAPER NO. 801-35F, 9 P, 1959.
PRIMARILY THIS PAPER PRESENTS FACTUAL DATA PER-
TAINING TO DISPOSAL WELL AND INJECTION SANDS, SUR-
FACE FACILITIES, CHEMICAL TREATMENT, INJECTION HIS-
TORY, REMEDIAL OPERATIONS, COST DATA (BOTH
ORIGINAL INVESTMENT AND OPERATING), AND WATER
ANALYSIS OF 44 WELLS AND 42 SYSTEMS IN 5 AREAS OF
THE STATE. THE MORE OBVIOUS CONCLUSIONS OF THESE
DATA ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED AND TABULATED,
169
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TOGETHER WITH AN ESTIMATED MINIMUM EXPENDITURE
FOR INVESTMENT AND DISPOSAL COSTS TO DATE TO THE
OPERATORS OF THESE SYSTEMS.
00808. DISPOSAL LINE COST COMPARISON.
STEARNS, G.M.
OIL AND GAS J., 42(11), 47, 1943.
THE CONCEPT OF DISPOSING OF LIQUID INDUSTRIAL
WASTES BY DEEP-WELL INJECTION IS NOT A NEW ONE.
BRINES ASSOCIATED WITH CRUDE OIL LONG HAVE BEEN
DISPOSED OF IN THIS MANNER, WITH THE ADDITIONAL
BENEFIT OF AIDING SECONDARY OIL RECOVERY. MORE
RECENTLY, WITH THE EXPANSION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY,
THE LETHAL, HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE WASTES WHICH ARE
BY-PRODUCTS OF THE FISSION PROCESS HAVE CREATED
SEVERE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS. DURING THE PAST 10 YR, A
VARIETY OF INDUSTRIES HAS RESORTED TO SUBSURFACE
DISPOSAL. THE LIST REVEALS WIDE VARIATIONS IN INJEC-
TION RATE, PUMPING PRESSURE, COST, AND WASTE
DISPOSITION. ENACTMENT OF MORE RESTRICTIVE CLEAN
WATER LEGISLATION IN PENNSYLVANIA RECENTLY HAD
A GREAT IMPACT ON THE COAL INDUSTRY. AMONG ITS
PROVISIONS WAS THE RECLASSIFICATION OF MOST MINE
WATER AS INDUSTRIAL WASTE WHOSE DISPOSAL IS
PROHIBITED IN ANY STREAM OF THE COMMONWEALTH.
THIS HAD THE EFFECT OF ACCELERATING RESEARCH IN A
VARIETY OF AREAS ALTHOUGH TREATMENT METHODS
STILL RETAIN PRIMARY INTEREST. WHEN A FEASIBILITY
STUDY OF DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL WAS PROPOSED TO THE
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINERAL
INDUSTRIES, THE COAL RESEARCH BOARD APPROVED IT.
THE EFFORTS ON THIS PROJECT ARE SUMMARIZED.
TO WATER WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO USE A DEEP
AQUIFER AS A LARGE ION EXCHANGE BED, RATHER THAN
JUST AS A STORAGE BASIN. A STUDY WAS MADE OF THE
FEASIBILITY OF DISPOSING OF LIQUID RADIOACTIVE
WASTE BY MIXING WITH CEMENT, OR SOME OTHER
HARDENING AGENT, AND THEN INJECTING THE SLURRY
DEEP INTO BEDDED ROCK THROUGH A SPECIALLY CON-
STRUCTED WELL. THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF
SUITABLE MIXES ARE DISCUSSED AND RESULTS ARE RE-
PORTED FROM A THREE-YEAR FIELD TEST. THE FEASIBILI-
TY OF DISPOSAL OF SOLIDIFIED HIGH-LEVEL LIQUID
WASTES IN SALT FORMATIONS WAS ALSO INVESTIGATED.
CANNED FUEL ASSEMBLIES WERE USED TO SIMULATE THE
SOLIDIFIED WASTES IN HEAT GENERATION AND RADIOAC-
TIVITY. LABORATORY STUDIES WERE MADE ON THE EF-
FECTS OF TEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 80 C ON THE
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SALT. STUDIES WERE CON-
TINUED ON THE FATE OF RADIOISOTOPES RELEASED TO
THE CLINCH RIVER, THE DILUTING CAPACITY OF THE
RIVER SYSTEM, AND THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF
RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION ON THE FLUVIAL EN-
VIRONMENT. A MAP OF THE CLINCH RIVER BASIN, SHOW-
ING LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS, IS INCLUDED.
DATA ARE INCLUDED FROM AN INTENSIVE STUDY OF
SOURCES OF CONAMINATION AND MOVEMENT OF
RADIONUCLIDES IN THE WHITE OAK CREEK DRAINAGE
AREA. STUDIES WERE CONTINUED ON ION EXCHANGE
REACTIONS OF FISSION PRODUCTS WITH VARIOUS
MINERALS, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE REMOVAL OF CS 137
AND SR 90 FROM WASTE SOLUTIONS. A STUDY WAS UN-
DERTAKEN TO EVALUATE THE ECONOMICS AND HAZARDS
ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ULTI-
MATE DISPOSAL OF HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE LIQUID AND
SOLID WASTES. PRELIMINARY DATA ARE PRESENTED.
00809. COST ESTIMATES FOR REINJECTTNG SALT
WATER TO THE EAST TEXAS WOODBINE
SAND.
STORMONT, D.H.
OIL WEEKLY, 104(2), 24, 26, 1941.
COST ESTIMATES FOR REINJECTING SALT WATER INTO
THE EAST TEXAS WOODBINE SAND TOTAL $3,307,740,
$3,067,169 AND $2,770,873 FOR THREE PLANS WHICH IN-
VOLVE, RESPECTIVELY, (1) USING PRESENT INJECTION
FACILITIES, VALUED AT $1,250,000 AND DRILLING 28 NEW
INJECTION WELLS MOSTLY OUTSIDE THE FIELD; (2) USING
PRESENT FACILITIES AND DRILLING 37 NEW INJECTION
WELLS, MOSTLY INSIDE THE FIELD; AND (3) LEAVING
PRESENT INJECTION FACILITIES AT THEIR CURRENT RATE
OF INJECTION AND PROVIDING FACILITIES FOR THE
REMAINING INJECTION REQUIREMENTS, INVOLVING THE
DRILLING OF 39 NEW WELLS, MOSTLY OUTSIDE THE
FIELD. THE 46 INJECTION SYSTEMS NOW IN OPERATION
HANDLE ABOUT 72,500 BBL. OF THE FIELD'S 456,000 BBL.
DAILY SALT WATER PRODUCTION.
00810. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL.
STRUXNESS, E.G.; MORTON, R.J.; PARKER, F.L.
HEATH PHYSICS DIVISION ANNUAL PROGRESS RE-
PORT FOR PERIOD ENDING JULY 31, 1962. AEC
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., Pl-46, 1962
(ORNL-3347).
IT NOW SEEMS LIKELY THAT INITIAL APPLICATION OF
DEEP-WELL LIQUID INJECTION TECHNIQUES WILL BE IN
THE DISPOSAL OF HIGH-VOLUME, LOW-LEVEL PROCESS
WASTE WATER THAT WILL REQUIRE CONTAINMENT FOR
ABOUT 200 YR DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF SR90. STUDIES
ON THE EXCHANGE PROPERTIES OF SR, CA, CS, AND RU
WITH SOILS LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT THE
RESTRICTED MOVEMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES COMPARED
00811. THE DEEP WELL METHOD OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
TALBOT, J.S.; BEARDON, P.
CHEM. ENG. PROG., 60(1), 19-52, 1967.
THE DEEP WELL METHOD IS A PROVEN TECHNIQUE, AND
HAS BEEN USED FOR MANY YEARS BY OIL AND GAS
PRODUCERS IN DISPOSING OF OIL FIELD BRINES AND BY
VARIOUS PROCESS INDUSTRIES. IT IS CAPABLE OF HAN-
DLING A GREAT VARIETY OF WASTES, AND IS A SAFE
METHOD OF WASTE CONTROL. IT IS NOT A HAZARD TO
POTABLE GROUNDWATERS OR TO COMMERCIAL MINERAL
DEPOSITS. A PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED DISPOSAL WELL
SHOULD EXCEED THE LIFE OF THE PLANT ITSELF, WITH 40
YR BEING A REASONABLE WELL LIFE. SEVERAL FACTORS
MUST BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGNING A DISPOSAL SYSTEM:
(1) LAWS OF STATES WHERE DISPOSAL IS CONTEMPLATED;
(2) OVERALL LEGAL ASPECTS; (3) SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY;
(4) GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY; (5) ESTIMATED INJEC-
TION PRESSURES AND VOLUMES; (6) CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL PROBLEMS OF INJECTION; (7) PRELIMINARY
DISPOSAL WELL DESIGN AND ESTIMATED COSTS; (8)
PRELIMINARY SURFACE EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND ESTI-
MATED COSTS; AND (9) ESTIMATED COSTS OF OPERA-
TION.
00812. SOME BASIC FACTORS IN THE CONSIDERA-
TION AND INSTALLATION OF DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
TALBOT, J.S.
IND. WATER AND WASTE COW., 7TH, TEXAS
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ASSN., AUSTIN,
TEXAS, JUNE 1-2, 1967; PROC., AUSTIN, TEXAS U.,
P HI-7-II1-24, 1968.
THE BASIC DISPOSAL FACTORS OF DEEP INJECTION WELLS
AND THE HAZARDS OF WELL DISPOSAL ARE DISCUSSED
170
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REFERENCE LIST
WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO PREVENTION OF
DAMAGE TO POTABLE GROUNDWATER, COMMERCIAL
MINERAL DEPOSITS, AND MINING ACTIVITIES. ECONOMIC,
PUBLIC RELATIONS, AND LEGAL FACTORS ARE ALSO
MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANY WASTE DISPOSAL
TECHNIQUES. MOST STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS EITHER
ENCOURAGE OR DO NOT DISCOURAGE DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL, BUT THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF TRESPASS ON UN-
DERGROUND PROPERTY AND DAMAGES TO PROPERTY BY
DISPOSAL NEED LEGAL CLARIFICATION. WELL DESIGN
AND SURFACE EQUIPMENT FOR DEEP WELL DISPOSAL ARE
DESCRIBED. A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE RADIUS
OF INJECTION AND FORMATION CAPACITY FOR INJECTION
IS GIVEN. GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS WHICH MIGHT CAUSE
CONTAMINATION OF POTABLE WATER ARE BRIEFLY
DESCRIBED.
00813. TYPICAL OIL FIELD BRINE-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS, PREPARING BRINE FOR SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION.
TAYLOR, S.S.; WILHELM, C.J.; HOLLIMAN, W.C.
U.S. BUR. MINES, REPT. 1NV. 3434, 71 P, 1939.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS ARE GIVEN OF THE CONSTRUC-
TION AND OPERATION OF SOME TYPICAL BRINE-CONDI-
TIONING AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS FOR PREPARING BRINE
FOR SUBSURFACE INJECTION. DATA ARE GIVEN ON THE
CHEMICAL AND CORROSIVE CHARACTERISTAICS OF
BRINES, BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER CONDITIONING IN
VARIOUS TYPES OF SYSTEMS FOR SUBSURFACE INJECTION.
SEVERAL MODIFICATIONS OF STANDARD METHODS OF
WATER ANALYSIS ARE DESCRIBED. CLOSED, OPEN AND
SEM1CLOSED TYPES OF SYSTEMS THAT ARE USED TO CON-
DITION THE SOUR BRINE AS WELL AS THE STABLE BRINES
CONTAINING IRON ARE DISCUSSED. BRINES FROM FOUR
TYPICAL FORMATIONS WERE STUDIED. COST DATA ARE
INCLUDED FOR SEVERAL OF THE SYSTEMS.
00814. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
THIS, K.R.
OIL WEEKLY, 100(5), 16-22, 24, 1941.
A COMPREHENSIVE OUTLINE OF THE PROCEDURE AND
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF
OIL FIELD BRINES BY UTILIZING THE ABANDONED OR UN-
PROFITABLE OIL WELLS AS INPUT WELLS INCLUDES A
TABULATED SUMMARY OF INPUT WELL DATA OF 73 KAN-
SAS AND OKLAHOMA WELLS, INCLUDING A GROUP OF 18
WELLS AVERAGING MORE THAN 3700 BBL. /DAY/WELL
DAILY INPUT. TREATMENT OF THE BRINE IN CLOSED- OR
OPEN-TYPE TREATING SYSTEMS BY AERATION, CHEMICAL
TREATMENT, SEDIMENTATION OR FILTERING IS SAID TO
BE USUALLY REQUIRED WHEN LARGE QUANTITIES OF
BRINE HAVE TO BE RETURNED TO DEEP WELLS HAVING
TIGHT OR SIEVE FORMATIONS. THE USE OF CORROSION-
RESISTANT CONDUITS SUCH AS PITCH-IMPREGNATED
WOOD FIBER CONDUIT, SALT-GLAZED VITRIFIED CLAY
SEWER PIPE, CONCRETE PIPE, CEMENT-ASBESTOS PIPE, OR
CEMENT-LINE STEEL PIPE IS RECOMMENDED. OPERATING
EXPENSES OF THE FITTS POOL DISPOSAL PLANT IN 1938
AND 1939 ARE TABULATED AND THE POOL AGREEMENT
UNDER WHICH THIS PROJECT IS OPERATED IS OUTLINED
IN DETAIL. A COOPERATIVE APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS
OF BRINE DISPOSAL, ON THE PART OF GOVERNMENT
REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, IS SUG-
GESTED.
00815. SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
TROEMPER, A.P.
INDEPENDENT MONTHLY, 12(9), 17-19; 12(10), 19-
24, 1942.
PART I OF A THOROUGH REVIEW OF THE ENTIRE SUBJECT
OF SALT WATER DISPOSAL FROM OIL FIELDS AND STREAM
POLLUTION, WRITTEN IN TERMS OF ILLINOIS PRACTICE,
DEALS WITH THE INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF OIL-FIELD
BRINES, DISPOSAL FORMATIONS, AND THE ILLINOIS
PROBLEM OF BRINE DISPOSAL. PART II SUMMARIZES
DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT, TYPES OF BRINE TREATMENT, THE
ECONOMICS OF SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL, AND POSSIBILI-
TIES OF FURTHER EXPERIMENTATION.
00816. CELANESE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PRACTICES.
VEIR, B.B.
IND. WATER AND WASTE CONF., 7TH, TEXAS
WATER POLL. CONTROL ASSN., AUSTIN., TEXAS,
JUNE 1-2, 1967; PROC. AUSTIN, TEXAS U, P I/W21-
I/W24,111125-111/36: 116(5), 1969.
THIS PAPER DEALS PRIMARILY WITH THE DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL EXPERIENCE OF THE CELANESE CHEMICAL CO.
IN BAY CITY, TEX. AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON BETWEEN
A BIOLOGICAL-TREATMENT SYSTEM AND A DEEP-WELL
SYSTEM SHOWED THAT THE PROPOSED DEEP-WELL
SYSTEM WOULD COST TWICE AS MUCH IN CAPITAL OUT-
LAY, BUT THE ANNUAL OPERATING COST WOULD BE
HALF AS MUCH. AFTER A STATE PERMIT FOR THE DEEP-
WELL SYSTEM WAS GRANTED, A WELL WAS DRILLED TO
INJECT WASTES INTO A BRINE-SATURATED MIOCENE SAND
BETWEEN THE DEPTHS OF 3,350 AND 3,550 FEET BELOW
THE PLANT SITE. SAMPLES OF NATIVE BRINE AND CORES
WERE OBTAINED TO CHECK THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE
WASTES WITH THE INJECTION FORMATION. A HEAVY
WALL, BAKED-ON, EPOXY FIBERGLASS TUBING WAS USED
IN THE WELL TO REDUCE CORROSION ATTACK OF THE
WASTE TO A MINIMUM. PREINJECT1ON TREATMENT OF
WASTE IS DESCRIBED. THE SUCCESS OF THE INITIAL WELL
SYSTEM HAS PROMPTED THE CONSTRUCTION OF A
SECOND SYSTEM AND PLANS ARE IN PROGRESS FOR A
THIRD TO HANDLE WASTES FROM OTHER PLANT PROCESS
AREAS.
00817. DEEP WELL WASTE INJECTION-REACTION
WITH AQUIFER WATER.
WARNER, D.L.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 92(SA4), 45-69,
AUG. 2966.
DEEP-WELL INJECTION IS A PROMISING METHOD FOR PER-
MANENTLY STORING SOME LIQUID WASTES. THE IN-
FLUENCE OF REACTIONS BETWEEN INJECTED AND IN-
TERSTITIAL WATERS ON AQUIFER PERMEABILITY IS A
PROBLEM OF SIGNIFICANT INTEREST. A THEORETICAL
AND LABORATORY STUDY HAS SHOWN THAT, UNDER
SPECIFIED CONDITIONS, THE AMOUNT OF REACTION
BETWEEN INJECTED AND INTERSTITIAL SOLUTIONS CAN
BE ANTICIPATED IF THE DISPERSIVE CHARACTER OF THE
POROUS MEDIUM IS KNOWN. LABORATORY EVIDENCE
ALSO SHOWED THAT PERMEABILITY LOSS RESULTING
FROM THE FORMATION OF SOME PRECIPITATES MAY NOT
BE AS GREAT AS HAS BEEN SUGGESTED. OTHERS HAVE
PROPOSED THAT, WHERE REACTION BETWEEN INJECTED
WASTE AND INTERSTITIAL WATER IS UNDESIRABLE, A
ZONE OF NONREACTIVE WATER CAN BE INJECTED
BETWEEN THE WASTE AND THE AQUIFER WATER. THIS
BUFFER-ZONE CONCEPT WAS SUBSTANTIATED IN THE
LABORATORY AND EQUATIONS ARE PROPOSED FOR THE
DESIGN OF SUCH ZONES IN FIELD SITUATIONS.
171
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00818. SUBSURFACE INJECTION OF LIQUID WASTES.
WARNER, D.L.
WESTERN RES. PAPERS, V, BOULDER, COLO., U.
COLO, PRESS, P 107-125, 1966.
SEVERAL PROCESSES FOR PERMANENT DISPOSAL OF
UNUSABLE INORGANIC WASTE SOLUTIONS ARE SPREAD-
ING ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, PIPELINE CON-
VEYANCE TO THE OCEAN, DEEP-WELL INJECTION, AND
PLACEMENT IN UNDERGROUND CAVITIES. CONCEN-
TRATED ORGANIC WASTES THAT CANNOT BE BIOLOGI-
CALLY TREATED CAN BE WET-OXIDIZED OR IN-
CINERATED, BUT SOME RESIDUE USUALLY REMAINS TO BE
DISPOSED OF. THESE METHODS ARE LISTED IN A TABLE IN
THEIR APPROXIMATE ORDER OF COST, PIPELINE CON-
VEYANCE TO THE OCEAN OR SURFACE SPREADING BEING
THE MOST ECONOMICAL UNDER FAVORABLE CIRCUM-
STANCES, AND INCINERATION BEING THE MOST EXPEN-
SIVE. THE ESTIMATED COST OF DISPOSAL PER 1,000 GAL
OF LIQUID WASTE IS $0.50 FOR A TYPICAL DEEP-WELL IN-
JECTION SYSTEM, AS COMPARED WITH $0.01 FOR SURFACE
SPREADING AND $10 FOR INCINERATION. NOT A NEW
METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL, DEEP-WELL INJECTION HAS
LONG BEEN IMPORTANT IN THE DISPOSAL OF OIL-FIELD
BRINES BROUGHT TO THE SURFACE DURING THE PRODUC-
TION OF OIL AND GAS. HOWEVER, INTEREST IN USING IN-
JECTION WELLS FOR DISPOSAL OF OTHER LIQUID WASTES,
PARTICULARLY INDUSTRIAL WASTES, HAS INCRESASED IN
RECENT YEARS AND IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE GREATLY
IN THE FUTURE. IN ADDITION TO MORE CONVENTIONAL
INDUSTRIAL WASTES, DEEP WELLS HAVE ALSO BEEN CON-
SIDERED FOR THE DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES,
WASTES FROM SALINE WATER CONVERSION PLANTS, AND
WASTES FROM ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
00819. FEASIBILITY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
DISPOSAL IN SHALLOW SEDIMENTARY
FORMATIONS.
WATKINS, J.W.; ARMSTRONG, F.E.; HEEMSTRD, R.J.
NUCLEAR SCIENCE ENG., 7(2), 133-143, 1970.
ONE OF THE PRESSING PROBLEMS OF THE POTENTIAL
NUCLEAR-POWER INDUSTRY IS' THE NECESSITY FOR
DISPOSING OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INCIDENT TO
OPERATING REACTORS AND RECOVERING FISSIONABLE
MATERIAL FROM EXPENDED FUEL ELEMENTS. THE BU-
REAU OF MINES HAS MADE A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE
FEASIBILITY OF SOLVING THIS PROBLEM, IN AREAS
WHERE THE GEOLOGY PERMITS, BY INJECTING LIQUID
WASTES INTO SHALLOW, PERMEABLE, SEDIMENTARY
ROCK FORMATIONS. LABORATORY AND FIELD RESEARCH
PROBLEMS PERTINENT TO THE DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES BY INJECTION ARE OUTLINED. LABORATORY
PROBLEMS INCLUDE ION EXCHANGE AND ADSORPTION OF
FISSION PRODUCTS, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL REACTIONS
BETWEEN INJECTED WASTES AND RESERVOIR SOLIDS AND
FLUIDS, CORROSIVITY OF WASTES AND CORROSION RE-
SISTANCE OF SPECIAL METALLIC ALLOYS, INJECT1VITY OF
SOLUTIONS OF WASTE FISSION PRODUCTS, POTENTIAL
HEAT GRADIENTS, AND TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING
MIGRATION OF INJECTED WASTES. FIELD RESEARCH
PROBLEMS INCLUDE HANDLING TECHNIQUES, INJECTIVI-
TY, AND HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MIGRATION OF IN-
JECTED RADIOACTIVE WASTES. A HYPOTHETICAL EXAM-
PLE IS GIVEN OF A PILOT PLANT FOR SECONDARY TREAT-
MENT AND INJECTION OF DILUTE FISSION PRODUCTS INTO
A SHALLOW, LENTICULAR SANDSTONE FORMATION WITH
WELL-DEFINED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. MONITORING
FACILITIES AND TECHNIQUES DESIGNED TO DETERMINE
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MIGRATION AND DIF-
FERENTIATION OF THE MIGRATING RADIOISOTOPES ARE
DESCRIBED. A PARTIAL COST ANALYSIS IS MADE OF THE
PILOT SYSTEM. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF A FULL SCALE SYSTEM OF THIS TYPE, AS COMPARED
WITH OTHER METHODS OF DISPOSAL, ARE DISCUSSED. IT
IS CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF SHALLOW SEDIMENTA-
RY FORMATIONS, INCLUDING PARTLY DEPLETED OIL-
PRODUCTIVE SANDS, FOR DISPOSING OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES IN SOME AREAS WHERE GEOLOGY PERMITS, IS
FEASIBLE AND THAT FIELD PILOT PLANTS TO DEMON-
STRATE THAT FEASIBILITY MIGHT BE INSTITUTED WITH
INFORMATION AVAILABLE AT THIS TIME.
00820. EXPERIENCE IN BURIAL OF LIQUID RADIOAC-
TIVE WASTES IN DEEP GEOLOGICAL FOR-
MATIONS.
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATION RESEARCH SERVICE, 10
P, 1968 (PB-146 535.
00821. WATER FACILITIES.
REPT. NO. 13, HUD-NJ-P-125-13, 32 P, 1970.
THE REPORT DOES THE FOLLOWING: ANALYZES THE
WATER RESOURCES IN THE COUNTY ON LOCAL AND RE-
GIONAL BASES; PROJECTS POPULATION AND WATER DE-
MANDS FOR THE STUDY PERIOD; ESTABLISHES DESIGN
CRITERIA FOR THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF THE WATER
SYSTEMS; ANALYZES THE EXISTINGWATER SYSTEMS IN
THE COUNTY INCLUDING THE ADEQUACY OF EACH TO
MEET THE PROJECTED WATER DEMANDS OVER THE STUDY
PERIOD; PROPOSES A REGIONAL SOLUTION OF THE WATER
SUPPLY PROBLEMS FOR THE MUNICIPALITIES IN THE
NORTHWEST SECTION OF THE COUNTY BYCREATION OF A
NORTHWEST SERVICE AREA; DESCRIBES METHODS OF AD-
MINISTERING THE FACILITIES AND THE FINANCIAL AID
AVAILABLE FROM STATE AND FEDERAL SERVICES; ESTI-
MATES CONSTRUCTION, PROJECT AND ANNUAL AMOR-
TIZATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS; ESTI-
MATES COST PER MILLION GALLONS CONSUMED; AND
BASED UPON THE FINDINGS OF THE STUDY, DRAWS CON-
CLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WITH THE INTENT OF
PROVIDING A GUIDE FOR THE COUNTY TO CONSIDER IN
SEEKING A LONG RANGE SOLUTION OF THE WATER SUP
PLU PROBLEMS. (PB-200 561).
00822. SEWER FACILITIES.
REPT. NO. 12 HUD-NJ-P-125-12, 43P, 1970.
THE REPORT DOES THE FOLLOWING: ANALYZES THE
WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL PROBLEM AND
RECOMMENDS A MASTER PLAN FOR WASTEWATER
FACILITIES IN THE COUNTY ON A REGIONAL CONCEPT;
ESTABLISHES DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE VARIOUS ELE-
MENTS OF THE SEWAGE SYSTEMS; ANALYZES THE EXIST-
ING WASTEWATER FACILITIES IN THE COUNTY; PROPOSES
A MASTER PLAN CONSISTING OF FOUR REGIONAL SERVICE
AREAS; DESCRIBES METHODS OF ADMINISTERING THE
FACILITIES AND FINANCIAL AID AVAILABLE FROM THE
STATE AND FEDERAL SOURCES; ESTIMATES CONSTRUC-
TION PROJECT AND ANNUAL AMORTIZATION, OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE COSTS; ESTIMATES COST PER MILLION
GALLONS AND PER EQUIVALENT SERVICE UNIT FOR COL-
LECTION AND DISPOSAL OF THE WASTEWATERS (PB-200
573).
00823. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DESALTING LITERATURE--
1969.
WONG, C.; GILLAM, W.S.
OSW-PR 552, 469P. 1970.
THE COMPREHENSIVE BIBLOGRAPHY IS IN THREE SEC-
TIONS. SECTION 1 IS CATEGORIZED WITH 4,925 CITATIONS
ARRANGED UNDER THE FOLLOWING MAJOR SUBJECTS:
DESALTING PROCESSES, CHEMICAL RECOVERY
PROCESSES, DYNAMIC PHENOMENA, DEVELOPMENT
172
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REFERENCE LIST
STATUS, MEMBRANES, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, WATER,
AND ENERGY SOURCES. EACH CITATION INCLUDES A
REFERENCE NUMBER WHICH IS ASSIGNED SERIALLY. SEC-
TION 2 IS AN AUTHOR INDEX WITH NAMES AND AUTHORS
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY, FOLLOWED BY TITLES AND
REFERENCE NUMBERS OF PERTINENT CITATIONS.
REFERENCE NUMBERS CAN BE USED TO LOCATE THE
REFERENCE IN SECTION 1, WHERE SOURCE AND DATE
PUBLISHED AS SHOWN. SECTION 3 IS A DESCRIPTOR INDEX
ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY AND WITH TITLES OF CITA-
TIONS AND REFERENCE NUMBERS GIVEN UNDER EACH
DESCRIPTOR. (PB-201 035).
00824. DESALTING
PROCEDURES.
COST
CALCULATING
PREHN, W.L. JR., ; MCGAUGH, J.L.; WONG, C.;
STROBEL, J.J.; MILLER, E.F.
Dl-14-01-0001-2260 REPT, 143 P, MAY 1970. (GPO
$1.25,11.88:555.
THE REPORT COMPRISES A MANUAL OF PROCEDURES FOR
THE ESTIMATION OF BRACKISH AND SEA WATER DESALT-
ING COSTS BY THE APPLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE
DESALTING PROCESSES UNDER DEVELOPMENT BY THE OF-
FICE OF SALINE WATER, U. S DEPARTMENT OF THE IN-
TERIOR. THE MANUAL WILL ENABLE THE USER TO CALCU-
LATE CAPITAL, OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS
FOR FIVE (5) PROCESSES AS A PRELIMINARY TO A MORE
DETAILED ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS. THE FIVE
PROCESSES FOR WHICH COSTING METHODOLOGY ARE
PROVIDED ARE: ELECTRODIALYS1S, REVERSE OSMOSIS,
MULTISTAGE FLASH, DISTILLATION, VACUUM FREEZE,
AND VAPOR COMPRESSION DISTILLATION. (PB 201 O38).
00825. THE ECONOMICS OF QUANTITY VS QUALITY
IN GREEN BAY.
ARNOLD, V.L.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE ON GREAT
LAKES RESEARCH (13TH), BUFFALO, N.Y. P141-
144, APRIL 1970.
GREEN BAY, A FRESHWATER ESTUARY OF LAKE
MICHIGAN, HAS BEEN SELECTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF
WISCONSIN SEA GRANT PROGRAM AS A CASE STUDY OF
THE EFFECTS OF MAN'S PURSUIT OF GOODS AND SERVICES
ON THE ENVIRONMENT. GREEN BAY SERVES AS A
RESOURCE BASE AS WELL AS A MECHANISM BY WHICH
GOODS AND SERVICES ARE DISTRIBUTED AND THROUGH
WHICH THE BYPRODUCTS OF MANUFACTURING AND
AGRICULTURE ARE DISSEMINATED. PHYSICAL. BIOLOGI-
CAL, CHEMICAL, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESEARCH IS
CURRENTLY BEING INTEGRATED THROUGH SYSTEM
ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY AND MEASURE IN ECONOMIC AND
PHYSICAL TERMS THE COMPLEX INTERRELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN RESOURCE USE OR ABUSE AND THE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT. PUBLIC POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ARE
INHERENT IN THIS ANALYSIS AND ALTERNATIVES ARE
BEING DEVELOPED WHICH ALLOW PUBLIC DECISION AND
POLICY MAKERS TO BE MORE FULLY AWARE OF THE
COMPLEX TRADEOFFS BETWEEN QUANTITY AND QUALI-
TY. METHODS FOR ACHIEVING VARIOUS LEVELS OF EACH
ARE BEING EXAMINED TO AID IN DECISION-MAKING.
(COM-7I-0076I).
00826. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE
DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS.
ASFUR, H.; YEH, W.W.G.
VCLA-ENG-7104 OWRR-C-1668 3154(1) 88 P. 1971.
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 126 REFERENCES IS
PRESENTED ON THE APPLICATION OF OPERATIONS
RESEARCH TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE THE BEST POSSI-
BLE SET OF COMPONENTS FOR REGIONAL COMPLEX, MUL-
TIPURPOSE WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS. THE OPTIMIZA-
TION WAS SUBJECTED TO SEVERAL CONSTR1ANTS AND
PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS. THE ABSTRACTS ARE
CATEGORIZED BY SUBJECT MATTER, INCLUDING AN
AUTHOR-SUBJECT INDEX. (W71-09938) (PB-201 005).
00827. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
SUB-COUNCIL KEPT, 29 P. 1971.
THE REPORT BRIEFLY SURVEYS THE POLLUTION FROM
AND THE POLLUTION CONTROL BY THE CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY. GPO S0.30/COPY AS 524-O027 (COM-71-50253).
00828. EVALUATION OF NEWLY DEVELOPED ION
EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS AND/OR TRANSPORT DEPLETION.
PLUMMER, C.W.; ENOS, J.; LACONTI, A.B.;
BOYACK, J.R.
OSW-PR-481,58 P. 1969.
EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON LONG-TERM ELEVATED TEM-
PERATURE EVALUATION OF THE FLUORINATED CATIONIC
MEMBRANES WITH RESPECT TO STABILITY AND PER-
FORMANCE DURING LIFE TESTS IN AN ELECTRODIALYSIS
STACK AND THE EXTENSIVE DETERMINATION OF THtIR
MECHANICAL, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND TRANSPORT
PROPERTIES. THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE MEMBRANES (EITHER CATIONIC OR ANIONIC)
AS END COMPARTMENT MEMBRANES WAS SHOWN TO BE
UNSATISFACTORY AT EITHER LOW OR HIGH CURRENT
DENSITIES, RESULTING IN POOR COULOMBIC EFFICIENCIES
AND CROSS-MEMBRANE LEAKAGE. THEIR LACK OF SUFFI-
CIENT ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL STABILITY IN
THE 70 DEG C ENVIRONMENT OF THE ANODE AND
CATHODE END COMPARTMENTS WAS FOUND TO BE THE
CAUSE OF THE POOR PERFORMANCEAND LEAKAGE. ON
THE OTHER HAND, BOTH TYPES OF FLUORINATED CA-
TIONIC MEMBRANES FOR END COMPARTMENT USE
RETAINED THEIR ACTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE FOR
REASONABLE LENGTHS OF TIME AT BOTH LEVELS OF
CURRENT DENSITIES. THE COST ANALYSIS, WHICH AS-
SUMES THE USE OF THESE MEMBRANES FOR END COM-
PARTMENTS, SHOWED A DISTINCT ADVANTAGE OVER
STANDARD REPORTED ELECTRODIALYSIS SYSTEMS.
ANOTHER IMPORTANT FINDING DURING THE INVESTIGA-
TION WAS THE UNIQUE ION SELECTIVITY PROPERTIES DIS-
PLAYED BY ONE TYPE OF MEMBRANE DURING ELEC-
TRODiALYSIS WEBSTER WATER OPERATION AND BI-IONIC
POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS MAKING THEM OF INTEREST
FOR ION ENRICHMENT OR DEPLETION. (PB-203 116) (GPO
$0.60 AS 11.88: 481).
00829. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR-COMPRESSION
PROCESS: ONE AND FTVE MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY DESALTING PLANTS.
CONSIE, R.; EMMERMANN, D.; FRASER, J.; JOHN-
SON, W.
OSW-PR-451, 72 P. 19699.
COST STUDIES HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR ONE AND FIVE
MILLION GPD VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
DESALTING PLANTS. THESE PLANTS USE 500,000 GPD FAC-
TORY ASSEMBLED UNITS IN GROUPINGS OF TWO AND TEN
TO FORM THE DESALTING PLANTS. COSTS FOR 1 AND 5
MILLION GPD PLANTS ARE 61.5 AND 51.3 CENTS PER 1000
GALLONS, RESPECTIVELY. CAPITAL COSTS OF THE PLANTS
ARE $1.26 AND $1.10 PER GALLON OF DAILY CAPACITY.
THE ESTIMATED POWER CONSUMPTION IS 27 KWH/1000
173
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
GALLONS. FULLY AUTOMATIC OPERATION OF THE
PLANTS IS ASSUMED THUS REDUCING THE LABOR COSTS
TO A MINIMUM. THE 500,000 GPD UNIT IS BASED ON THE
USE OF A DIRECT MELTING CONCEPT. (PB-203 382).
00830. PUMPING AND ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS
FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION
PLANTS.
HICKMAN, K.E.; TRAMONI, J.P.; GANLYE, J.T.;
FAHIMIAN, E.J.
OSW-PR^t57, 282 P. 1969.
THE REPORT COVERS A SURVEY OF PUMPING AND ENER-
GY RECOVERY EQUIPMENT FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS
DESALINATION PLANTS AND IDENTIFIED AREAS IN WHICH
FURTHER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WORK IS
DESIRED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS AND ECONOMICS OF THE RESPECTIVE
SYSTEMS. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WATER COST WERE
ANALYZED. (PB-203 836).
00831. DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OPTIMIZA-
TION OF VTE SALINE WATER PLANTS.
DUKLER, A.E.; HUANG, C.J.; LEE, M.L.
OSW-PR-404, 170 P- 1969.
TECHNIQUES AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS WERE
DEVELOPED FOR AN OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A VTE DESALT-
ING PLANT. THE OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM IS THEN PRO-
GRAMMED INTO AN ELECTRONIC COMPUTER WHICH AU-
TOMATICALLY SEARCHES AND ARRIVES AT AN OPTIMUM
DESIGN. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM IS VERY FLEXIBLE
AND VERSATILE. THE COMPLETE SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO
4 MAJOR SUBSYSTEMS WHICH ARE MULTISTAGE
EVAPORATOR PROCESS SIMULATION, ENGINEERING
DESIGN SIMULATION, CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST
CALCULATION, AND OPTIMUM SEARCHING TECHNIQUES.
THE ENGINEERING DESIGN SIMULATION AND THE
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST CALCULATION ARE
BASED ON THE DESIGN CONCEPT OF A MULTISTAGE
EVAPORATOR SYSTEM ARRANGED INTO THE CONCENTRIC
GEOMETRIC CONFIGURATION. MODIFICATION OF THESE
SUBSYSTEMS FOR OTHER GEOMETRICAL ARRANGEMENTS
CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED READILY AND WITH LITTLE DIF-
FICULTY. INSTRUCTIONS ARE GIVEN FOR PREPARING THE
INPUT DATA CARDS AS WELL AS OPERATING THE SYSTEM.
THE SOURCE PROGRAM IS WRITTEN IN FORTRAN IV. (PB-
203 839).
00832. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
WALKER, W.R.
HEW BULL-26, 256 P, 1969.
IN THE SEMINAR AN INITIAL EFFORT WAS MADE TO
BRIDGE A PORTION OF THE GAP BETWEEN THE TECHNI-
CAL AND ECONOMIC AREAS. THE TOPICS DISCUSSED IN-
CLUDE THE FOLLOWING: EXTERNALITIES AND THE QUALI-
TY OF AIR AND WATER; PUBLIC VS PRIVATE GOODS; MAR-
KET FAILURE- WHY EXTERNALITIES ARE NOT AC-
COUNTED FOR IN THE MARKET; EFFLUENT CHARGES; THE
USE OF SUBSIDIES FOR WASTE ABATEMENT; MARKET
MODIFICATIONS AND THE GOVERNMENT GRANTS ECONO-
MY; CONTROL-LAWS AND REGULATIONS-PROPERTY
RIGHTS; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS. (PB-195 423).
ALYSIS PROCESS FOR WATER DESALINA-
TION.
CHRISTODOULOU, A.P.; OLSSON, G.R.; MONN1K,
H.J.
OSW-PR-488, 271 P, 1969.
A PARAMETRIC ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS WAS PERFORMED IN
WHICH WATER COSTS WERE EXAMINED FOR THE
DEMINERALIZATION OF THREE REFERENCE BRACKISH
WATERS. CAPITAL COSTS WERE BASED ON SCALED-UP
STACK DESIGNS OF BOTH THE TORTUOUS PATH AND
SHEET FLOW TYPES AND ON DETAILED PLANT DESIGNS.
OPERATING COSTS WERE BASED ON BOTH STATE OF THE
ART TECHNOLOGY AND ON PROJECTED TECHNOLOGICAL
IMPROVEMENTS IN CRITICAL COMPONENTS AND PROCESS
PARAMETERS. A COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM FOR ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS PROCESS ANALYSIS AND COSTING WAS
DEVELOPED AND PROGRAMMED. (PB-203 123).
00834. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
DESALTING STATE-OF-THE-ART (1968).
OSW-PR-491, 65 P, 1969.
THE STATE OF VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
(VFVC) TECHNOLOGY IS EVALUATED AND ANALYZED,
CONSIDERING PROCESS THEORY, DESIGN, AND ECONOMIC
COST. THE VFVC PROCESS IS A FEASIBLE, RELIABLE
PROCESS FOR DESALTING BRACKISH AND SEA WATERS.
NO CHEMICAL TREATMENT IS REQUIRED TO CONTROL
SCALE FORMATION. THE COST OF A 100,000 GPD UNIT
OPERATING ON SEA WATER IS LESS THAN $3.00 PER GPD
OF INSTALLED CAPACITY. A 100,000 GPD VFVC PLANT IS
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE. THESE PLANTS WILL BE IM-
PROVED BY USING THE DIRECT MELTING CONCEPT WHICH
ALLOWS THE MAIN ASPECTS OF THE DESALTING PROCESS
TO BE PERFORMED IN ONE VESSEL. THIS IMPROVEMENT
WILL REDUCE THE OPERATING COST OF THE PROCESS.
(PB-203 126).
00835. ECONOMICS OF SEAWATER DESALTING IN
COMBINATION WITH AMMONIA AND
POWER PRODUCTION.
BRESLER, S.A.
OSW-PR-458, 191 P, 1969.
THE FEASIBILITY OF LOWERING THE OPERATING COST OF
PRODUCING DESALTED WATER BY COMBINING ITS
PRODUCTION WITH AMMONIA AND ELECTRICITY WAS EX-
AMINED. THE COST OF PRODUCING DESALTED WATER
FROM SEA WATER IN A SINGLE-PURPOSE MULTISTAGE
FLASH DISTILLATION (MSF) PLANT CAN BE REDUCED AL-
MOST 30% BY COMBINING ITS PRODUCTION WITH THAT OF
AMMONIA, TO ABOUT 27 TO 35 CENTS PER THOUSAND
GALLONS IN PLANTS OF CAPACITIES RANGING FROM 12.5
TO 150 MGD. THE USE OF A COMMON ENERGY CENTER
PERMITS THE DESIGN OF PLANTS HAVING A WIDE RANGE
OF RELATIVE CAPACITIES OF AMMONIA, DESALTED
WATER AND/OR ELECTRIC POWER, RESULTING IN
FURTHER POSSIBLE REDUCTIONS OF UNIT WATER COSTS.
THE USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY STARTS TO BECOME
ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE WHEN THE COST OF NATU-
RAL GAS OR OTHER HYDROCARBON FUEL EXCEEDS 25
CENTS PER MILLION BTU. (PB-203 269).
00833. PARAMETRIC ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING
EVALUATION STUDY OF THE ELECTRODI-
174
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REFERENCE LIST
00836. COORDINATION OF INDUSTRIAL AIR AND
WATER QUALITY PROGRAMS AS AN EFFEC-
TIVE MANAGEMENT POLICY.
TIHANSKY, D.P.
RAND CORP REPORT P-4551, 6 P, 1971.
THE PAPER RECOMMENDS THE COORDINATION OF AIR
AND WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN IN-
DUSTRY AS AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR THE MINIMIZA-
TION OF ABATEMENT EXPENDITURES AS WELL AS
SCHEDULE DELAYS IN MEETING POLLUTION CONTROL
REGULATIONS. COMPLEMENTARITY OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PROJECTS IS EVALUATED IN TERMS OF BOTH RE-
GIONAL (OUT-OF-PLANT) AND INTRAFIRM ADVANTAGES.
(AD-731 261).
00837. POLLUTION CONTROL
FACT OR FICTION.
IN STEELMAKING:
TIHANSKY, D.P.
RAND CORP REPORT P-4552, 7 P, 1971.
WITH CURRENT EMPHASIS AND LEGISLATION DIRECTED
TOWARD IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF ENVIRON-
MENT, THE PAPER BRIEFLY EXAMINES THE PROGRESS OF
ONE OF THE LARGEST WASTE GENERATORS-THE AMER-
ICAN STEEL INDUSTRY-IN ITS ABATEMENT RESEARCH
AND CONSEQUENT AIR AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL
PROGRAMS. PUBLIC CONCERN ABOUT STEELMAKING
WASTE DISCHARGES IS EMPHASIZED, AND SOME
ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES IN MEETING
ABATEMENT STANDARDS IN STEEL PLANTS ARE
IDENTIFIED. AGGREGATE COST DATA RELATED TO THE IN-
STALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF WASTE
CONTROL EQUIPMENT ARE REVIEWED, AND THE SIG-
NIFICANCE OF THESE EXPENDITURES REVEALS THE STEEL
INDUSTRY'S POSITIVE RESPONSE TO POLLUTION CONTROL
REGULATIONS. (AD-731 262).
00838. SECONDARY REFRIGERANT FREEZING
DESALTING PROCESS OPERATION OF A 15,
000 GPD PILOT PLANT.
GANIARIS, N.; LAMBIRIS, i.\ GLASSER, R.
OSW-PR-4I6, 108 P, 1969.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECONDARY REFRIGERANT
FREEZING PROCESS IN A 15,000 GPD PILOT PLANT IS
DESCRIBED. THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL PRO-
GRAM DEMONSTRATED THAT THE PROCESS WAS TECHNI-
CALLY FEASIBLE AT THE 15,000 GPD PILOT PLANT LEVEL.
PRODUCT WATER WITH LESS THAN 500 PPM TDS AND LESS
THAN 0.20 PPM OF DISSOLVED HYDROCARBON WAS
PRODUCED ON A CONTINUOUS BASIS. SPARGING
HYDROCARBON REFRIGERANT (BUTANE) INTO
PRECOOLED SEA WATER RESULTED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF ICE CRYSTALS GREATER THAN 1.0 MM DIAMETER
HIGHER VOLUMETRIC ICE PRODUCTION RATES, AND
LOWER ENTRAINMENT OF BUTANE IN THE ICE SLURRY.
WASHING THE ICE COUNTERCURRENTLY ACCORDING TO
THE HYDRAULIC PISTON-BED DISPLACEMENT METHOD
RESULTED IN THE PRODUCTION OF POTABLE WATER.
WASH COLUMN RATES OF ABOUT 2100 GPD/SQ FT WERE
ACHIEVED IN THE PILOT PLANT WASH COLUMN. ON THE
BASIS OF PILOT PLANT PERFORMANCE, THE COST OF
WATER FOR PLANTS WITH CAPACITIES OF 1.0 TO 10 MIL-
LION GPD IS IN THE RANGE OF $1.00 TO $0.45 PER 1000
GALLONS. (PB-203 841).
00839. A COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY ON
PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR MEM-
BRANE DESALTING PLANTS.
KNEALE, J.S.; KELLEY, E.M.
PERMUTIT CO., PRINCETON, N.J., 376 P, MAY 1969.
(GPO.
AN ENGINEERING STUDY HAS BEEN MADE TO DETERMINE
THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF PRETREATMENT SYSTEMS
FOR MEMBRANE DESALTING PROCESSES. THE REPORT
DETAILS THE EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED,
WASTE PRODUCTS PRODUCED, CHEMICAL OPERATING
COSTS, TOTAL OPERATING COSTS AND INSTALLED PLANT
EQUIPMENT COSTS FOR FLOW RATES OF 0.25, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0
AND 50.0 MGD. FOUR BRACKISH WATERS OF DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS ARE TREATED TO HARDNESS LEVELS
OF 50 PPM, 200 PPM AND A CALCIUM LEVEL TO AVOID
PRECIPITATION (BY EITHER THE HOT OR COLD PROCESS).
REDUCTION OF IRON AND MANGANESE IS CONSIDERED
SEPARATELY WITH NO HARDNESS REDUCTION INCLUDED.
(PB-203-849).
00840. POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT.
NEW ENGLAND REGIONAL COMMISSION, 495 P,
1969.
THE REPORT REVIEWS, ORGANIZES, AND ANALYZES IN-
FORMATION ON WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL FOR
USE IN POLLUTION MANAGEMENT IN NEW ENGLAND. THE
CONTENTS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING TOPICS: (1) SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT (INCINERATION, LANDFILLS, OPEN
BURNING, WASTE COLLECTION, COSTS, LEGISLATION,
FORECASTS, RECYCLING); (II) AIR POLLUTION MANAGE-
MENT (TYPES, AUTOMOBILES, POWER GENERATION, CON-
TROL, SULFUR DIOXIDE, NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS,
LEGISLATION); (111) WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT
(MUNICIPAL WASTES, PAPER INDUSTRY, TEXTILE MILLS,
POTATO PROCESSING, FISHING, METAL INDUSTRIES).
(COM-7 1-00061).
00841. SUMMARY OF COMMERCIAL WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS.
MAHONEY, J.A.
AIR FORCE WEAPONS LABORATORY, KIRKLAND
AIR FORCE BASE, NEW MEXICO, 60 P, SEP-
TEMBER 1969.
THE PURPOSE OF THE REPORT IS TO CATALOG AND
REVIEW CAPABILITIES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PACKAGED WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS FOR
POSSIBLE AIR FORCE APPLICATION IN LIMITED WAR AND
FIXED BASE INSTALLATIONS. DEFINITIONS OF THE VARI-
OUS METHODS OF TREATMENT ARE INCLUDED. SIMPLE
CURVES ARE FURNISHED FOR A QUICK ESTIMATE OF
COSTS, POWER REQUIREMENTS, ERECTION TIME, SHIPPING
VOLUME AND WEIGHT IN RELATION TO FLOW CAPACITY.
INCLUDED ARE TABLES WHICH RELATE THE PER-
FORMANCES OF A NUMBER OF PLANTS TESTED BY THE
NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION, BY THE MANUFAC-
TURER, AND BY THE FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.
A LIST OF FIRMS WHICH MANUFACTURE PACKAGED
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IS INCLUDED IN AN
APPENDIX. (AD-860 067).
175
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00842. COLLECTION, REDUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF
SOLID WASTE IN HIGH-RISE MULTIFAMILY
DWELLINGS.
EPA-SW-27C.2-71, 184 P, 1971.
THE REPORT DISCUSSES THREE ALTERNATIVE METHODS
OF HANDLING SOLID WASTE IN HIGH-RISE MULTIFAMILY
HOUSING: INCINERATION, COMPACTION, AND WET PUL-
VERIZATION. THIS INTERIM REPORT PRESENTS, IN NARRA-
TIVE FORM, THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST STUDY PERIOD OF
THE THREE-STUDY-PERIOD PROGRAM. CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS ARE YET TO BE FORMULATED. THE
REPORT COVERS: (1) THE OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE
PROJECT, (2) THE WORK TO BE ACCOMPLISHED DURING
EACH OF THE STUDY PERIODS, (3) THE METHOD OF CON-
DUCTING THE PROJECT, AND (4) THE TEST STRUCTURES
USED. IN ADDITION, THE EXISTING CONDITIONS AT THE
TEST STRUCTURES ARE ASSESSED, INCLUDING THE QUAN-
TITY AND COMPOSITION OF THE REFUSE, THE NUMBER
AND AGE OF THE TENANTS, THE CONTRIBUTION TO AIR
POLLUTION BY INCINERATORS, THE DEGREE OF VERMIN
AND INSECT INFESTATION, THE PERSONNEL AND POWER
REQUIREMENTS, THE COST, THE EFFECTIVENESS AND
LIMITATIONS, AND THE ACCEPTANCE BY OWNERS,
TENENTS, AND CUSTODIANS, THE TENTATIVE DATA-COL-
LECTION PROGRAM AND REFUSE-HANDLING EQUIPMENT
TO BE INSTALLED FOR THE SECOND STUDY PERIOD ARE
DISCUSSED. (PB-197 623).
00843. BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL.
DAY, M.E.; ARMSTRONG, E.L.; WONG, C.; SAVAGE,
W.F.; GRANSEE, C.L.
OSW-PR-588, 149 P, 1970.
THE MANUAL COVERS THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OF BRINE DISPOSAL PONDS FOR USE IN DISPOSING OF
WASTE BRINE FROM INLAND DESALTING PLANTS.
SPECIFIC DESIGN CR1TRIA ARE PRESENTED FOR A
HYPOTHETICAL BRINE DISPOSAL POND SYSTEM BASED ON
DATA FROM THE VICINITY OF ROSWELL, NEW MEXICO.
ESTIMATES OF THE COST OF VARIOUS SIZES OF MULTIPLE
POND SYSTEMS ARE MADE BASED ON THE DESIGN
CRITERIA ASSUMED FOR THE ROSWELL SITE. OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS WHICH AFFECT THE
PLANNING OF A BRINE DISPOSAL SYSTEM ARE INCLUDED.
THE MANUAL PRESENTS DATA ON VARIOUS LININGS CON-
SIDERED SUITABLE FOR PONDS AND GIVES CONSTRUC-
TION INFORMATION FOR LINING INSTALLATION. A SUM-
MARY OF THE REGULATIONS OF VARIOUS STATES WITH
RESPECT TO PONDING IS INCLUDED AS AN APPENDIX. (PB-
198 938).
00844. FUTURE WATER DEMANDS.
HOWE, C.W.; RUSSELL, C.S.; YOUNG, R.A.;
VAUGHAN, W.J.
NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION, NWC-EES-71-001,
116 P, 1971.
THE REPORT SUMMARIZES 3 STUDIES ON WATER DE-
MANDS: (I) URBAN, (2) INDUSTRIAL, AND (3) AGRICUL-
TURAL; IT ANALYZES THE EFFECTS OF LIKELY MARKET
TRENDS, PUBLIC POLICIES, AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
ON WATER USE AND WATER POLLUTION. PROJECTIONS
ARE GIVEN. (I) THE URBAN STUDY FOCUSES ON RE-
SIDENTIAL DEMANDS, BUT COMMERCIAL DEMANDS ARE
ALSO TREATED. WAYS TO REDUCE LOSSES FROM MU-
NICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS ARE ANALYZED THOROUGHLY.
(2) THREE INDUSTRIES ARE ANALYZED IN DETAIL: THER-
MAL ELECTRIC POWER, BEET SUGAR REFINING, AND
PETROLEIUM REFINING. IN EACH INDUSTRY THE
WITHDRAWALS, CONSUMPTION, AND WASTELOAD PAT-
TERNS OF A REPRESENTATIVE PLANT ARE STUDIED AS
FUNCTIONS OF WATER PRICE, WATER QUALITY STAN-
DARDS OR EFFLUENT CHARGES, INPUT QUALITIES, AND
OUTPUT MIXES. (3) THE RESPONSES OF WATER USE TO
WATER PRICING, FARM PROGRAMS, AND TECHNOLOGY
ARE TRACED FOR TYPICAL FARMS IN 3 MAJOR IRRIGA-
TION AREAS: THE LOWER COLORADO BASIN, CENTRAL
ARIZONA, AND THE HARD SOILS SECTION OF THE TEXAS
HIGH PLAINS. (PB-I97-877).
00845. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
KING, D.L.
REC-OCE-70-55, 140 P, 1970.
A LITERATURE SEARCH AND STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW
TO DETERMINE THE NEED FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN
REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS REVEALED A
LARGE NUMBER OF REFERENCES CONCERNING THE APPLI-
CATION OF AERATION METHODS AND EQUIPMENT TO
WASTE TREATMENT. GENERALLY, THE APPLICATION OF
THIS TECHNOLOGY TO AERATION OF LARGE VOLUMES OF
WATER SUCH AS RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS REMAINS TO BE
DEVELOPED. (PB-197 877).
00846. PRIORITY AND PLANNING ELEMENTS FOR
DEVELOPING ILLINOIS WATER
RESOURCES.
ILLINOIS STATE DEPT. OF BUSINESS AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 53 P, MAY 1970.
PRIORITIES AND TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS ARE
DEVELOPED IN A COORDINATED PLAN TO GUIDE ILLINOIS
INVESTMENT IN MAJOR WATER RESOURCE ACTIVITIES IN-
VOLVING STATE PROGRAMS OR DEVELOPMENTAL
RESPONSIBILITIES. STATE GUIDELINES FOR ADMINISTRA-
TIVE EVALUATION AND FOR EXPEDITING SPECIFIC
PROPOSALS ARE DEFINED. THESE ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS
ARE DESIGNED TO SPEED ACCURATE EVALUATION AND
PROCESSING OF BOTH STATE AND FEDERAL DEVELOP-
MENT ACTIVITIES. COORDINATED GUIDELINES AND A
SYSTEM OF PRIORITIES ARE PRESENTED TO FACILITATE
THE ADMINISTRATION OF FEDERAL OR STATE FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR EACH OF THE
WATER RESOURCE RELATED PROGRAMS. MAJOR EMPHA-
SIS IS PLACED ON THE SELF-HELP FINANCIAL NEED
VALUES. (PB-196 814.
00847. A STUDY ON DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS OF
A PROTOTYPE COAL CLEANING PLANT.
PART 1-6.
APTD-0606, 193 P, 1969.
THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH IN
WHICH THE FOLLOWING POINTS WERE TO BE IN-
VESTIGATED: TO STUDY APPROXIMATELY 2OO SETS OF
COAL WASHABILITY DATA FROM WHICH TO EVALUATE
AND CLASSIFY COAL SUITABLE FOR PRODUCING A CLEAN
COAL WITH DIFFERENT SULFUR CONTENT; TO DEVELOP A
SCHEME OF RANKING FOR THESE COALS; TO DEVELOP A
DESIGN FOR THE MOST APPROPRIATE, CONVENTIONAL
TYPE COAL CLEANING PLANT TO REMOVE SULFUR COM-
POUNDS; TO DEVELOP THE INSTALLED COST OF THE
PLANT, AND ESTIMATED COSTS FOR THE OPERATION OF
THE PLANT. (PB-196 631).
176
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REFERENCE LIST
00848. A STUDY ON DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS OF
A PROTOTYPE COAL CLEANING PLANT.
SUPPLEMENT.
APTD-0609, 14 P, 1969.
FOUR ALT2RNATE METHODS SUGGESTED IN THE REPORT
WHICH THIS ONE SUPPLEMENTS ARE EXPLAINED IN
DETAIL. THE MOST ECONOMICAL METHOD TO DETERMINE
THE REDUCTION OF SULFUR FROM A GIVEN RAW COAL IS
BASED ON BENEFIC1ATION EQUIPMENT CURRENTLY USED
BY COAL WASHING CONTRACTORS; IT INVOLVES EXTEN-
SIVE LABORATORY TESTING FROM SUITABLE RAW COAL
SAMPLES. (PB-196-634).
00849. AN ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
PORTER, J.W.; CHERNEY, S.
OSW-PR-470, 192 P, 1969.
THE ELECTRODIALYS1S PROCESS WAS STUDIED IN PLANTS
OF 1, 10, AND 50 MILLION GALLONS PER DAY CAPACITY,
TREATING EACH OF 3 REFERENCE BRACKISH WATERS.
THE PLANTS USED BOTH REINFORCED AND UNREIN-
FORCED MEMBRANES. A COMPUTER ALGORITHM WAS
DEVELOPED TO PERFORM NECESSARY PROCESS AND
PLANT DESIGN CALCULATIONS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE
CAPITAL AND WATER COSTS FOR EACH PLANT. THE CAL-
CULATED INFORMATION INCLUDES: THE EFFECT OF
POWER COST AND FEEDWATER TEMPERATURE ON
DESALTED WATER COSTS; AN ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL
COMPONENTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON DESALTED WATER
COSTS; AND THE EFFECT ON DESALTED WATER COSTS OF
CERTAIN PROJECTED TECHNOLOGY ITEMS. (PB-203 280).
00850. A STUDY OF DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
DESALINATION BRINE WASTE.
LEGROS, P.O.; GUSTAFSON, C.E.; NEVILL, G.L.;
MAJESKE, E.G., MATHEWS, R.D.
OSW PR-456, 271 P, 1969.
SEVEN INLAND U. S. COMMUNITIES WERE SELECTED AS
EXAMPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
FACILITIES FOR THE DESALINATION OF WASTE BRINES.
THE WATER NEEDS, THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES, AND
OTHER PERTINENT DATA WERE ACCUMULATED FOR
EACH OF THE SEVEN COMMUNITIES. ACTUAL VALUES
WERE USED WHEREVER AVAILABLE. INJECTION WELLS
AND SURFACE EQUIPMENT WERE DESIGNED FOR EACH
COMMUNITY, AND ESTIMATES WERE MADE OF THE COST
OF CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE DESIGNED
DISPOSAL SYSTEM IN EACH. THE DEVELOPED COSTS VARY
FROM A LOW OF 2.5 CENTS PER 1000 GALLONS OR
PRODUCT WATER AT ARKANSAS CITY TO A HIGH OF 25.1
CENTS AT FORT MORGAN. THIS SPREAD IN COSTS
REPRESENTS THE EXPECTED RANGES DUE TO VARIATIONS
IN GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY AND PLANT SIZE. (PB-203 268).
PLANTS INCLUDING SUCH ITEMS AS HEAT TRANSFER,
EQUIPMENT AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN, MATERIALS, COST
OF PROVIDING FRESH WATER, PROCESS ENGINEERING IN-
CLUDING HIGH TEMPERATURE OPERATION, OPERATION
OF MULTIPURPOSE PLANTS, AND EQUIPMENT PER-
FORMANCE. (PB-202 757).
00852. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY ON ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY MODULAR
UNIT DESIGN.
SCHECTER, J.; FORGACS, C.
OSW PR-681, 104 P, 1971.
TWO ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF A NEW ELECTRODIALYSIS
MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY MODULAR UNIT ARE PRESENTED.
THESE UNITS UTILIZE TWO CONCEPTS, NAMELY, THE
CROSS FLOW OF THE TWO PROCESS STREAMS AND THE
THIN AND SHORT D1LUATE COMPARTMENT. DETAILED
DESIGN PERFORMANCE DATA AND COST ESTIMATES ARE
GIVEN. THE NEW UNITS SEEM SUPERIOR TO THOSE IN CUR-
RENT PRACTICAL USE. THEIR MAIN FEATURE IS THAT
THEY ENABLE SINGLE STAGE DESALINATION OF ALMOST
ANY TYPE OF BRACKISH WATER. APPROXIMATE
ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS SHOW THAT BRACKISH WATER
CAN BE DESALINATED IN LARGE ELECTRODIALYSIS
PLANTS BASED ON THESE MODULAR UNITS AT A TOTAL
PRODUCTION COST OF 28-32 CENTS/1000 GAL (DEPENDING
ON MEMBRANE PRICE) IN 1 MGD PLANTS, AND AT 16-19
CENT/1000 GAL IN 50 MGD PLANTS (EXCLUDING SCALE
CONTROL). THE TOTAL CAPITAL COST PER GALLON PER
DAY PRODUCTION WOULD BE 47-53 CENTS. (PB-202 770).
00853. AN EVALUATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF SANI-
TARY SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN.
GEYER, J.C.; LENTZ, J.J.
FHA-564, 114 P, 1969.
GENERAL PROBLEMS FACING SEWER DESIGNERS HAVE
BEEN STUDIED USING FIELD DATA COLLECTED IN FOUR U.
S. COMMUNITIES. ANALYSIS OF THESE DATA INDICATES
THAT BASIC CAUSES OF MAINTENANCE DIFFICULTIES ARE
TREE ROOTS, ACCUMULATIONS OF DEBRIS IN THE
ABSENCE OF ROOTS, OTHER CAUSES, AND IN AREAS HAV-
ING COHESIONLESS SUBSOIL, SEWER CAVE-INS. PROPOR-
TIONATELY FEWER BLOCKAGES OCCUR WHEN GRADES
ARE MODERATE, AND PROPORTIONATELY FEWER
BLOCKAGES OCCUR WHEN GRADES ARE MODERATE, AND
PROPORTIONATELY MORE OCCUR AT THE UPPER TER-
MINALS OF THE SEWERS. IN EIGHT-INCH PIPE, MANHOLE
SPACING HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON THE LABOR COSTS OF
STOPPAGE RELIEF. EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON STAT1STT1CAL
TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING DOMESTIC SEWAGE FLOW.
FLOW OF RAINWATER AND GROUNDWATER WAS AT
TIMES FOUND TO BE EXCESSIVE IN ALL SYSTEMS STUDIED.
LIMITED DATA ON COSTS OF OPERATING AND MAINTAIN-
ING SEWAGE PUMPING STATIONS ARE REPORTED AND
EVALUATED. (PB-180 509).
00851. OPERATION OF THE MULTI-EFFECT
MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION PLANT
(CLAIRENGLE).
OSW-PR-668, 538 P, 1971.
THE DOCUMENT CONTAINS A GENERAL DISCUSSION CON-
CERNING THE MANAGEMENT, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE,
PHYSICAL PLANT, AND INFORMATION GAINED IN THE
OVERALL PROGRAM OF ADVANCING THE STATE OF THE
ART OF DESALTING TECHNOLOGY. THE PLANT IS A
1,000,000 GALLON PER DAY, HIGH PERFORMANCE, SEA
WATER DESALINATION PLANT. THE PLANT IS DESIGNED
TO PROVIDE MEANINGFUL DATA CONCERNING THE
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALINATION
00854. FEASIBILITY OF CURVILINEAR ALIGNMENTS
FOR RESIDENTIAL SANITARY SEWERS.
FHA-704, 224 P, 1959.
THE REPORT SUMMARIZES A STUDY COMPRISING AN IN-
VESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF THE USE IN THE
UNITED STATES OF CURVED OR CURVILINEAR ALIGN-
MENTS FOR RESIDENTIAL SANITARY SEWERS, AS DISTIN-
GUISHED FROM THE CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE WHEREIN
ONLY STRAIGHT RUNS ARE ALLOWED BETWEEN MAN-
HOLES. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE WAS TO ASCERTAIN THE
FEASIBILITY OF CURVED ALIGNMENTS ON THE BASIS OF
ACTUAL EXPERIENCE IN COMMUNITIES WHERE SUCH
ALIGNMENTS HAVE BEEN USED. (PB-180 868).
177
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
0085$. PRELIMINARY WATER PLAN FOR THE BAL-
TIMORE REGION.
LEARY, A.G.
REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL, BALTIMORE, MD.,
89 P, 1968.
THE REPORT PRESENTS A PRELIMINARY LONG-RANGE
WATER SUPPLY PLAN FOR THE BALTIMORE REGION,
ALONG WITH A CORRESPONDING TWENTY-YEAR CAPITAL
PROGRAM FOR CONSTRUCTION OF WATER TREATMENT
AND DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES. THE PLAN AND PROGRAM
INCLUDES FACILITIES OF REGIONAL AS WELL AS LOCAL
SIGNIFICANCE. THE TWENTY-YEAR CAPITAL PROGRAM IS
FURTHER SEPARATED INTO TWO STAGES: THE INITIAL
FIVE-YEAR PROGRAM, AND THE SUBSEQUENT FIFTEEN-
YEAR PROGRAM. (PB-182 124).
00856. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY SEWERAGE.
ANDERSON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE PLANNING
AND ZONING COMMISSION OF ANDERSON,
SOUTH CAROLINA, 47 P, 1968.
THE PURPOSE OF THE REPORT IS TO OUTLINE THOSE
FACILITIES WHICH WILL BE NEEDED TO PROVIDE POTA-
BLE WATER AND COLLECT AND PROPERLY DISPOSE OF
WASTED WATER IN THE ANDERSON URBAN AREA
BETWEEN THE PRESENT AND 1985. PREVIOUS SECTIONS OF
THE ANDERSON COMPREHENSIVE PLAN, PARTICULARLY
POPULATION AND LAND USE STUDIES, WERE USED AS A
BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING TH 1985 LIMITS OF SERVICE. (PB-
182 501).
00857. A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE COSTS OF
WATER IN INDUSTRIAL USES.
BRAMER, H.C.; MOTZ, D.J.
RICE AND CO., PITTSBURG, PA., 163 P, 1968.
COMPREHENSIVE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
REQUIRES EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES. ULTIMATELY,
SOME JUDGMENT AS TO THE OPTIMUM OR BEST OF THE
FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVES MUST BE MADE. COSTS AND
BENEFITS MUST BE EXPRESSED IN DOLLAR AMOUNTS IF
USEFUL ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS ARE TO BE MADE.
ECONOMIC STUDIES THAT ARE NOT QUANTITATIVE IN
THIS SENSE DO NOT GIVE THE RESOURCES PLANNER THE
INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DECISION-MAKING IN
SPECIFIC CASES. THE PRESENT STUDY HAS SOUGHT TO
PROVIDE A METHOD BY WHICH NEEDED QUANTITATIVE
COST INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED AND FORMATTED
INSOFAR AS INDUSTRIAL WATER USES ARE CONCERNED;
SUCH INFORMATION HAS NOT BEEN AVAILABLE EXCEPT
IN SUPERFICIAL, NON-CRITICAL TABULATIONS OR IN
SCATTERED REFERENCES TO UNDEFINED COSTS. EVEN
WITHIN FIRMS, INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS ARE USUALLY
UNKNOWN. AVAILABLE DATA ARE NOT IN ANY UNIFORM
FORMAT AND COST FACTORS ARE NOT WELL DEFINED.
THE METHODOLOGY HEREIN WILL BE OF USE IN DETER-
MINING WATER COSTS AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL WITHIN
THE FIRM, 1. E., AS A FACTOR IN DETERMINING AND CON-
TROLLING MANUFACTURING COSTS AND THUS RESULTING
IN MORE EFFICIENT USE OF WATER RESOURCES. (PB-182
856) (W69-03322).
00858. SANITARY SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT FOR AMARILLO, 1967.
AMARILLO PLANNING AND ZONING COMM1SION,
150 P, 1968.
THE REPORT SERVES AS A CONSOLIDATION OF CAPITAL
IMPROVEMENT COSTS AND TIMING OF CONSTRUCTION
FOR WATER, SEWER, AND SURFACE DRAINAGE. ALSO
CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT IS AN ANALYSIS OF THE
PRESENT RATE STRUCTURE FOR WATER AND SEWER.
RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE FOR RATE CHANGES AS
NECESSARY TO FINANCE THE FUTURE IMPROVEMENT
NEEDS. OTHER ITEMS SUCH AS OPERATION AND MAIN-
TENANCE COSTS, AND THE PRESENT INDEBTEDNESS ARE
TABULATED AND GIVEN CONSIDERATION REGARDING FU-
TURE FINANCING OF CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT ITEMS. (PB-
182 779).
00859. CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF EN-
GINEERING TECHNOLOGY TO THE
PROBLEMS OF APPALACHIA. VOLUME 3.
WATER RESOURCES.
WEST VIRGINIA UNIV., MORGANTOWN, COLL OF
ENGINEERING, 69 P, 1969.
THE DOCUMENT SURVEYS THE PROBLEMS OF THE AP-
PALACHIA REGION WITH RESPECT TO WATER POLLUTION,
WATER USE, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS RELATING TO THE
AREA'S WATER SUPPLIES. (PB-183 222).
00860. REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBU-
TION IN THE CENTRAL CONNECTICUT
PLANNING REGION.
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT REGIONAL PLANNING
AGENCY, PLA1NSV1LLE, 181 P, 1969.
THIS REPORT ANALYZES EXISTING WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS IN THIS REGION AND SUGGESTS GUIDELINES
AND CRITERIA FOR FUTURE PLANNING TO MEET THE
EVER INCREASING NEEDS OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE
YEAR 2020. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE
REPORT CAN BE OF DIRECT ASSISTANCE TO THE MU-
NICIPALITIES AND THE REGION FOR EFFICIENT FUTURE
PLANNING. (PB-I84 184).
00861. SOLAR DISTILLATION UTILIZING MULTIPLE-
EFFECT HUMIDIFICATION.
HODGES, C.N.; THOMPSON, T.L.; GROH, J.E.; FRIEL-
ING, D.H.
OSW PR-194, 174 P, 1966.
A MULTIPLE EFFECT SOLAR DISTILLATION SYSTEM IS
DESCRIBED. A PILOT PLANT WAS CONSTRUCTED AND
OPERATED AT PURERTO PENASCO, SONORA, MEXICO, THE
PILOT PLANT PRODUCED OVER 3,000 GALLONS PER DAY
OF DISTILLED WATER FROM A 10,400 SQUARE FEET OF
SOLAR COLLECTOR AREA. A PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS IS GIVEN WHICH COMPARES PROJECTED COSTS
WITH THOSE OF THE SIMPLE SOLAR STILL. (PB-206 086).
178
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REFERENCE LIST
00862. COMPREHENSIVE SEWERAGE PLAN. PART I.
DATA SUMMARY: PUBLIC SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS.
SMITH, D.B.; SCOTT, D.H.
PALM BEACH COUNTY AREA PLANNING BOARD.
WEST PALM BEACH. FLA. 57 P, 1968.
EXPENDITURE OF NEARLY $3,000,000 ANNUALLY RANKS
PALM BEACH COUNTY FIFTH OUT OF 67 FLORIDA COUN-
TIES IN TOTAL CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC SEWERAGE
FACILITIES. PUBLIC SEWERAGE FACILITIES INCLUDE 115
SEPARATE SYSTEMS IN PALM BEACH COUNTY, 34 OF
WHICH ARE CONSIDERED EXPANDABLE. SEPTIC TANK OR
OTHER PRIVATE SYSTEMS SERVE NEARLY 20% OF THE
COUNTY POPULATION. DELRAY BEACH, LAKE WORTH,
PALM BEACH, AND SOON BOCA RATON DISCHARGE
SEWAGE INTO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN THOUGH OCEAN
OUTFALLS WHICH EXTEND TO THE EDGE OF THE GULF
STREAM. APPROXIMATELY 10.5 MILLION GALLONS OF
SEWERAGE SYSTEM EFFLUENT DISCHARGES EACH DAY
INTO THE COUNTY'S FRESH WATER RESOURCE. THIRTEEN
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS DISCHARGE EFFLUENT INTO LAKE
WORTH OR THE INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY. CLUSTERS
OF SMALL, PRIVATELY OWNED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
SEPTIC TANK AREAS INDICATE THE NEED FOR ADDI-
TIONAL PUBLIC SEWER CONSTRUCTION. MUNICIPAL AND
PRIVATE UTILITY COMPANIES OPERATE THE PUBLIC
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS. THE FLORIDA PUBLIC SERVICE COM-
MISSION AND/OR THE PALM BEACH COUNTY BOARD OF
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS GRANT AND CONTROL
FRANCHISES OF THE 25 PRIVATE SEWERAGE UTILITY COM-
PANIES IN THE COUNTY. (PB-184 677).
00863. COST OF PUMPING WATER.
ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY, TECHNICAL
LETTER- 9, 4 P, 1968.
THE INFORMATION ON THE COST OF PUMPING WATER
REPRESENTS ONE PRODUCT OF RESEARCH CURRENTLY
UNDER WAY AT THE ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY ON
THE COST OF WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. USE OF
THIS MATERIAL WILL ASSIST IN THE DETERMINATION OF
COST OF PUMPING WATER, GIVEN THE QUANTITY OF
FLOW REQUIRED, THE TOTAL PUMPING HEAD, THE WIRE
TO WATER EFFICIENCY, AND THE UNIT COST OF POWER. A
TABLE OF CONVERSIONS IS PRESENTED TO AID IN REDUC-
ING THEORETICAL EQUATIONS TO SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS,
AND A FIGURE IS PROVIDED FOR GRAPHICAL SOLUTIONS
OF THE EQUATIONS. (PB-185 858).
00864. COSTS OF WELLS AND PUMPS.
ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY, TECHNICAL
LETTER-10, 9 P, JUL 1968.
THE LETTER CONCERNING THE COST OF WELLS AND
PUMPS REPRESENTS ONE PRODUCT OF RESEARCH CUR-
RENTLY UNDER WAY AT THE ILLINOIS STATE WATER SUR-
VEY ON THE COST OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT.
THE USE OF THIS MATERIAL WILL GIVE AN ESTIMATE OF
THE WELL AND PUMP COSTS FOR PROJECTS REQUIRING A
GIVEN CAPACITY. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY AS AN INSTRU-
MENT FOR ESTABLISHING ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS A
BASIS FOR COMPARISONS, AND OF COURSE DOES NOT SUB-
STITUTE FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING STUDIES. (PB-185
857).
00865. POLYMERS FOR SEWER FLOW CONTROL.
WESTERN CO. OF NORTH AMERICA, RICHARDSON,
TEX, WP-20-22 289 P, 1969.
SIX WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS WERE INVESTIGATED TO
DETERMINE THEIR EFFECTS UPON AQUATIC FLORA AND
FAUNA, FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF WATEWATER, AND
THE OPERATION OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT.
IT WAS FOUND THAT THE POLYMERS AND GELS, IN THE
MAGNITUDES TESTED, WERE NOT TOXIC TO BACTERIA,
ALGAE, OR FISH, AND DID NOT ACT AS A NUTRIENT FOR
ALGAE GROWTH, BASED UPON CALCULATIONS OBTAINED
FROM FLOW TEST DATA. (PB-185 681) (W69-10256).
00866. MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, NEW
YORK, 99 P, DEC.1968.
THIS REPORT IS PART OF AN OVERALL RESEARCH STUDY
BEING CONDUCTED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS (ASCE) TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF
SEPARATING COMBINED SEWERAGE BY USING A SYSTEM
OF PRESSURE CONDUITS TO CONVEY SANITARY SEWAGE
FROM INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURES TO AN EXISTING INTER-
CEPTOR. A COST ESTIMATE OF TWO ALTERNATIVE PRES-
SURE SEWER LAYOUTS HAS BEEN MADE AND COMPARED
TO THE COST OF ACCOMPLISHING IN-HOUSE SEPARATION
AND AREA COLLECTION OF WASTES BY THE CONVEN-
TIONAL GRAVITY SEWER SYSTEM. (PB-186 003).
00867. NON-MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN-
VOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING PRESSURIZED
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
WALKER, D.H.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, NEW
YORK, TM-12, 30 P, MAY 196, .
THE GENERAL CONCEPT INVOLVES THE DISCHARGE OF
COMMINUTED OR GROUND SEWAGE FROM BUILDINGS
AND/OR BUILDING COMPLEXES, VIA RELATIVELY SMALL
PRESSURE TUBING, INTO NEW PRESSURE SANITARY
SEWERS. THE NEW PRESSURE SANITARY SEWERS WOULD
DISCHARGE INTO EXISTING INTERCEPTORS THAT WOULD
CONVEY THE SANITARY SEWAGE TO TREATMENT WORKS;
STORM WATER WOULD BE CONVEYED IN WHAT WERE
FORMERLY COMBINED SEWERS. THE BASIC OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY WERE TO DETERMINE THE PHYSICAL FEASI-
BILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM AND TO ARRIVE
AT MEASURES OF COST FOR COMPARISON WITH THE
TRADITIONAL METHOD OF SEPARATION FOR EVALUATION
OF INVESTMENT FEASIBILITY. (PB-186 008).
00868. HYDRAULICS OF A PRESSURIZED SEWERAGE
SYSTEM AND USE OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS.
TUCKER, L.S.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, NEW
YORK, TM-6, 41 P, NOV 1967.
THE ASCE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT IS
SUPPORTED BY CONTRACT NO. 14-12-29 WITH THE
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION.
TASK 4 OF THAT CONTRACT RELATES TO FEASIBILITY
STUDIES OF HYPOTHETICAL PRESSURE SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS. THIS TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM IS ONE OF THE
REFERENCE BACKGROUND INPUTS FOR THE THREE
SYSTEM STUDIES UNDER TASK 4, COVERING THE GENERAL
HYDRAULIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BOTH STREET SEWERS
AND PUMPING FROM LARGER BUILDINGS. (PB-186 012).
179
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00869. AN INVESTIGATION OF LIGHT CATALYZED
CHLORINE OXIDATION FOR TREATMENT
OF WASTEWATER.
MEINERS, A.F.; LAWLER, E.A.; WHITEHEAD, M.;
MORRISON, J.I.
TWRC-3, TWRC-AWTRL-3, 128 P, DEC 1968.
A STUDY WAS MADE OF THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION ON THE RATE AND EXTENT OF CHLORINE OX-
IDATION OF ORGANIC MATERIAL IN HIGHLY NITRIFIED EF-
FLUENTS FROM BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION WILL VERY SIGNIFI-
CANTLY INCREASE THE RATE OF THIS REACTION. ALSO,
THE EXTENT OF OXIDATION WHICH CAN BE ACHIEVED BY
CHLORINE COMBINED WITH UV RADIATION IS USUALLY
MUCH GREATER THAN THAT WHICH CAN BE ACHIEVED
BY CHLORINE ALONE. (PB-I87 757).
00870. USE OF GRANULAR REGENERABLE CARBON
FOR TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT. ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
ECONOMIC EVALUATION.
ALLEN, J.B.; CLAPHAM, T.M.; JOYCE, R.S.; SU-
KENIK, V.A.
PITTSBURGH ACTIVATED CARBON CO., 66 P, 1964.
INDICATIVE CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST ESTIMATES
HAVE BEEN PREPARED FOR PLANTS TO TREAT EFFLUENT
FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS WITH GRANULAR
REGENERABLE ACTIVATED CARBON. THE CAPITAL COST
ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON PLANTS IN TYPICAL LOCA-
TIONS, WITH ALLOWANCES FOR SITE DEVELOPMENT,
PROVISIONS FOR SERVICES, ENGINEERING DESIGN, CON-
TRACTORS' PROFIT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
GENERAL QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION OF MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE WORKS. (PB-187 723).
PACTED BALES AT SEA, AND INCINERATION AT SEA,
POINTING OUT THE POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
INHERENT IN EACH SYSTEM, AND THE RELEVANT AVAILA-
BLE INFORMATION.
00873. A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE
SYSTEM AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF
LARGE SEA WATER DISTILLATION PLANTS.
BROWN, A.
OSW-PR-539, 106 P, MAR 1970.
THE REPORT DISCUSSES THE APPROACH USED IN
DEVELOPING THE PLANT EFFECTIVENESS MODEL AND IN
APPLYING COST/EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSES. THE RESULTS
OF APPLYING THE COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS TO
BOTH THE MULTISTAGE FLASH (MSF) TYPE AND THE COM-
BINED VERTICAL-TUBE-FLASH EVAPORATOR (VTE) TYPE
DESALTING PLANTS ARE GIVEN. EIGHTEEN VARIATIONS
OF THESE WERE FOUND TO BE COST-EFFECTIVE AND THE
INVESTMENT THRESHOLD WAS FOUND FOR FOUR OTHER
VARIATIONS AS A MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING THE
VALIDITY AND USEFULNESS OF THE METHODOLOGY
DEVELOPED. (PB-201 023).
00874. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF A ONE MGD
BRACKISH WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS
PLANT (SPIRAL MODULE CONCEPT).
MENZEL, H.F.
OSW-PR-236, 85, 1967.
THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE RESULTS OF A PARAMETRIC
ECONOMIC STUDY ON A ONE MILLION GALLON PER DAY
SPIRAL WOUND REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT DESALTING
BRACKISH WATER. THE COSTS OF WATER RECOVERY ARE
DISCUSSED. (PB-206 069).
00871. PUBLIC SERVICE AND FACILITIES ELEMENT:
SEWAGE DISPOSAL, THE CITY OF ANDER-
SON GENERAL PLAN.
HAHN, WISE AND ASSOCIATES, INC., SAN CARLOS,
CALIF. 24 P, JAN 1970.
THE REPORT COVERS THE FOLLOWING: A REVIEW OF EX-
ISTING REPORTS AND RECORDS RELATED TO THE CITY'S
SEWERAGE SYSTEM; STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDI-
TIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN RELATION TO PRESENT
AND PROSPECTIVE USES OF SEWERAGE FACILITIES; AN
ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SEWERAGE FACILITIES TO IN-
CLUDE LOCATION OF TRUNK SEWERS AND LIFT STATIONS,
THE PREPARATION OF MAPS, CHARTS, DIAGRAMS, AND
DRAWINGS SHOWING THE ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE
RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS; AND THE PREPARATION
OF COST ESTIMATES FOR THE RECOMMENDED IMPROVE-
MENTS. (PB-189 869).
00875. WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY.
PATTERSON, J.W.; MINEAR, R.A.
HEQ-71-4, 271 P, AUG 1971.
THE DOCUMENT IS A STATE OF THE ART SURVEY OF IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT LITERATURE PERTAINING
TO 22 MATERIALS FREQUENTLY FOUND IN INDUSTRIAL
WASTES: ARSENIC, BARIUM, BORON, CADMIUM, HEX-
AVALENT AND TRIVALENT CHROMIUM, COPPER, CYA-
NIDE, FLUORIDES, SOLUBLE AND TOTAL IRON, LEAD,
MANGANESE, NICKEL, OILY WASTES, PH CONTROL,
PHENOLS, SELENIUM, SILVER, TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS,
CHLORIDE, AND ZINC. INFORMATION ON EXISTING
METHODS OF TREATMENT, LEVELS OF TREATMENT AT-
TAINABLE, AND ASSOCIATED COSTS IS PRESENTED.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT WHICH SPECIFIC TREAT-
MENT PROCESSES MIGHT HAVE UPON EFFLUENT
DISCHARGE LEVELS HAS BEEN ATTEMPTED. (PB-204-521).
00872. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OCEAN ACTIVITIES.
VOLUME HI. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL AT SEA.
MASSACHUSETTS INST. OF TECH., MSC-7I-68, 134 P,
SEPT 1970.
THE REPORT CONCENTRATES ON THE ECONOMICS (IN A
SENSE WIDE ENOUGH TO INCLUDE ALL COSTS AND
BENEFITS) ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISPOSAL OF THE
SOLIDS NORMALLY FOUND IN THE REFUSE COLLECTED BY
LARGE COASTAL CITIES. IT COMPARES THE MARKET
COSTS OF VARIOUS DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES AND
DERIVES, THROUGH PRESENT VALUE ANALYSIS, UNIT
MARKET DISPOSAL COSTS FOR SANITARY LAND FILL VIA
RAIL HAUL, INCINERATION ON LAND, DUMPING OF COM-
00876. ECONOMIC INFORMATION FOR ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
PAIR, I.K.
UMTA-URT-37-(70) 71-5, 20 P, JUN 1971.
THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPER IS TO ESTABLISH AN INITIAL
OVERVIEW OF THE NEEDS FOR AN 1;>TTELLHJENT DEBATE
ON THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
MANAGEMENT. POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENYAL
CONTROL ON THE AGGREGATE ECONOMY ARE
DISCUSSED, AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES ARE SUG-
GESTED THAT CAN BE APPLIED TO ASSESS THEM. THE
GENERAL FRAMEWORK INTENDED TO HELP IN MEASUR-
ING COSTS AND BENEFITS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ARE
PRESENTED. FINALLY THE NEED FOR EVALUATING AND
180
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REFERENCE LIST
ANALYZING LEVELS OF DISAGGREGATION AND MANAGE-
MENT UNIT IS INVESTIGATED. (PB-203 284).
00877. PROPOSED DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR
DESALTING PLANT USING SINGLE EFFECT
DISTILLATION.
JONES, J.E. JR.; ANDERSON, T.D.
SYMPOSIUM ON WATER REUSE, AICHE, 63(78)
1967.
A NOVEL AND CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLE DUAL PURPOSE
NUCLEAR DESALTING PLANT IS PROPOSED. THE EVAPORA-
TOR IS PLACED BETWEEN THE TURBINE EXHAUST AND
THE CONDENSER OF A CONVENTIONAL NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE WATER PRODUCTION
COST FOR THE PROPOSED PLANT WOULD BE 38% LESS
THAN FOR THE BEST ALTERNATIVE DUAL PURPOSE PLANT
USING A HIGH TEMPERATURE MULTIEFFECT EVAPORA-
TOR. THE COST SAVINGS RESULT FROM LOWER HEAT
COST, ELIMINATION OF FEED-WATER TREATMENT,
REDUCED PUMPING POWER, AND THE USE OF ALUMINUM
TUBES AND A CONCRETE SHELL IN THE LOW-TEMPERA-
TURE EVAPORATOR. (ORNL-TM-2964).
00878. RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE.
DROBNY, N.L.; HULL, H.E.; TESTIN, R.F.
EPA SW-10C-71, 66 P, 1971.
THE REPORT COMPILES AVAILABLE COST AND PER-
FORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF PROCESSES THAT ARE,
OR MIGHT BE, EMPLOYED IN SOLID WASTE RECOVERY
AND UTILIZATION. THE INFORMATION WAS OBTAINED
FROM OPERATORS OF EXISTING SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT
MANUFACTURERS, AND SELECTED EXPERTS AND THE
STUDY IS FOCUSED ON SIZE REDUCTION, SEPARATION,
AND RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION. THE DEGREE TO
WHICH THE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES STUDIED CAN BE
ADOPTED IN PRACTICE IS NOT WELL ESTABLISHED
BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF SUITABLE COST AND PER-
FORMANCE DATA UPON WHICH TO BASE EVALUATIONS;
IN THE AREA OF RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF MIXED
SOLID WASTE, BYPRODUCT RECOVERY APPEARS TO HAVE
GREATER ECONOMIC POTENTIAL THAN DOES MATERIAL
SALVAGE. (PB-204 922).
00879. SOLVENTLESS EXTRUDED POWDER N-5
GENERAL WATER POLLUTION STUDY
(DENITRIFICATION).
GILKISON, T.M.
SUN-143-10, 71 P 1971.
THE BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION PROCESS WAS STU-
DIED TO DETERMINE ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN REMOVING
NITRATES FROM SUNFLOWER ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
(SAAP) WASTEWATER. LABORATORY AND PILOT PLANT
STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON BOTH BATCH AND CON-
TINUOUS OPERATIONS. SEWAGE AND SLUDGE FROM IM-
HOFF SETTLING TANKS WERE USED AS SOURCES OF BAC-
TERIA TO TREAT NEUTRALIZED WASTEWATERS THAT
WERE HIGH IN NITRATES, RANGING FROM 100 TO 230 MG/L
OF NITRATE NITROGEN. NITRATE REMOVAL RANGED
FROM 70% AT LOW TEMPERATURES TO AS HIGH AS 99% AT
HIGH TEMPERATURES. BACTERIAL DENITRIFICATION WAS
FOUND TO BE A FEASIBLE AND PRACTICAL METHOD TO
REDUCE THE CONCENTRATION OF NITRATES TO SAAP
WASTEWATER. (AD-724 866).
00880. STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR
REMOVING OR DISPERSING OIL FROM
OPEN WATERS.
HENAGER, C.H.; WALKUP, P.C.; BLACKLAW, J.R.;
SMITH, J.D.; POLENTZ, L.M.
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, RICHLAND,
WASHINGTON. NCEL-CR-71.001, 247 P, 1970.
A COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED FOR
EQUIPMENT MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE
TO THE REMOVAL OR DISPERSAL OF SPILLED OIL FROM U.
S. NAVY AO AND AOG VESSELS ON OPEN WATERS.
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS FORMULATED
FOR PRESENTLY AVAILABLE EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
INCLUDE: COMPLETENESS OF OIL REMOVL; RATE OF
REMOVAL; HAZARD AND POLLUTION; USE IN LIMITED AC-
CESS AREAS; SENSITIVITY TO EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS; SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE EXTREMES;
TOXICITY TO MARINE LIFE AND SYSTEM AVAILABILITY.
(AD-7I6792).
00881. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON THE
FIRM.
TIHANSKY, D.P.
RAND CORP, SANTA MONICA, CALIF. REPT NO. P-
4725, 14 P, 1971.
THE REPORT DISCUSSED THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION
CONTROL ON AN INDUSTRIAL FIRM. ALTHOUGH LEGAL
CONSTRAINTS MAY NOW NECESSITATE A FIRM TO CON-
TROL ANY POLLUTION IT GENERATES, THE AUTHOR
POINTS OUT THAT POLLUTION CONTROL EVEN IF NOT
LEGALLY REQUIRED CAN PROVE TO BE BENEFICIAL. THE
MONETARY EFFECTS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS ARE
DISCUSSED. (AD-737-681).
00882. AN EVALUATION OF SELECTED POLYELEC-
TROLYTES AS FILTER BED CONDITIONERS
IN WATER TREATMENT.
OLESEN, D.E.; SCHMIDT, R.L.; TOUHILL, C.J.
BATTELLE-NORTHWEST LAB. 35 P. MAY 1968.
THIS RESEARCH HAS SHOWN FIVE POLYELECTROLYTES TO
BE AS EFFECTIVE AS THOSE PRESENTLY USED AS FILTER
BED CONDITIONERS AT THE HANFORD WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS. COST COMPARISONS ARE PRESENTED FOR
THE POLYELECTROLYTES STUDIED. LABORATORY FILTRA-
TION DATA IS INCLUDED FOR TWENTY-TWO POLYELEC-
TROLYTES. (BNWL-734).
00883. STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR
REMOVING OIL FROM HARBOR WATERS.
WALKUP, P.C.; POLENTZ, L.M.; SMITH, J.D.; PETER-
SON, P.L.
BATTELLE MEMORIAL NORTHWEST LABS, CR-
70.001, 189 P. AUG 1969.
A COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED FOR
EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE
REMOVAL OF SPILLED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FROM THE
SURFACE AND HARBOR WATERS USED BY U. S. NAVAL
CRAFT. EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA, FORMULATED FOR
PRESENT METHODS AND PRESENTLY AVAILABLE EQUIP-
MENT AND MATERIALS, INCLUDED SPEED OF APPLICA-
TION, COMPLETENESS OF REMOVAL, EASE OF OPERATION,
EFFECT ON MARINE LIFE, OPERATING CNTINUITY, AND
AVAILABILITY. PARAMETERS FOR THE EFFECTIVNESS
STUDY WERE BASED ON THE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS NOW
IN USE OR THOSE PLANNED FOR FUTURE USE AND A
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
DETAILED REVIEW OF THE GEOGRAPHIC, HYDROGRAPH1C,
PHYSICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
PORTS USED BY THE U. S. NAVY. THE TWO MOST COST-EF-
FECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR BROAD APPLICATION WERE FOUND
TO BE MECHANICAL RECOVERY OF SPILLED MATERIAL BY
SURFACE SUCTION DEVICES, SUPPLEMENTED BY
MECHANICAL CONTAINMENT, AND THE APPLICATION OF
CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS BY PIER- OR VESSEL-MOUNTED
HIGH PRESSURE SPRAY EQUIPMENT. (AD-696 980).
00884. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DIRECT
FREEZE SEPARATION PROCESS USING
REFRIGERANT R-C318
(OCTAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE).
JOHNSON, C.A.; MOORE, S.J.; WAGAMAN, N.D.;
SANDELL, D.J.
OSW-PR-256, 134 P, 1967.
A LABORATORY STUDY WAS MADE TO DETERMINE THE
SIZE OF ICY CRYSTALS WHICH CAN BE MADE BY DIRECT
CONTACT OF SALINE WATER WITH THE REFRIGERANT R-
C318, OCTAFLUOROCYLOBUTANE. THE USE OF R-C318 AS
A SECONDARY REFRIGERANT IN A FREEZING PROCESS
FOR DESALTING WAS DEMONSTRATED AND A 37,000 GPD
PILOT PLANT WAS DESIGNED. A MULTISTAGE FLASH
PRECOOLER WAS OPERATED. BENCH-SCALE TESTS
DEMONSTRATE WATER HIGH IN CALCIUM SULFATE
(ROSWELL, NEW MEXICO, WATER). THE FREEZING
PROCESS OPERATED WITHOUT PRECIPITATION OF HARD-
NESS SALTS ON HEAT TRANSFER SURFACES. (PB-206 070).
00885. ANALYSIS OF COMPREHENSIVE WATER
SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE DISPOSAL STU-
DIES.
ULSTER COUNTY PLANNING BOARD, KINGSTON,
N.Y.,23 P, JUNE 1971.
THE REPORT REVIEWS THE ALTERNATIVES AND POLICY
IMPLICATIONS PRESENTED BY ENGINEERING CON-
SULTANTS IN THE COMPREHENSIVE WATER SUPPLY AND
SEWERAGE DISPOSAL PLANS FOR ULSTER COUNTY FOR
THE YEAR 2020. RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE ON NEW
LEGISLATION AND FUNDING NEEDED TO IMPLEMENT
THESE STUDIES. (PB-200 816).
00886. THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
HUNTER, J.A.; STROBEL, J.J.; MILLER, E.F.
OSW-PR-273, 148 P, 1967.
THE REPORT PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF
THE APPLICATION OF A LARGE-SCALE DESALTING SYSTEM
TO SERVE AN INTERMUNICIPAL AREA IN THE LOWER RIO
GRANDE VALLEY IN TEXAS. TOPICS INCLUDE: CURRENT
WATER AVAILABILITY AND WATER QUALITY IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY; THE PRELIMINARY TEXAS
WATER PLAN AND HOW IT WILL AFFECT THE LOWER RIO
GRANDE VALLEY; PROJECTED MUNICIPAL WATER DE-
MAND IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY TO THE YEAR
2000; MEETING THE PRESENT AND FUTURE MUNICIPAL
WATER REQUIREMENTS IN THE VALLEY WITH DESALTED
WATER; TYPES AND COMBINATIONS OF DESALTING
PLANTS AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS STUDIED; REDUC-
TION OF PRODUCT WATER UNIT COSTS THROUGH FEED-
WATER PREHEATING IN ELECTRODIALYSIS; WATER DIS-
TRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS AND COST DATA IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY; SUMMARY OF UNIT COSTS
AND CAPITAL COSTS FOR THE FIVE SELECTED CASES;
SPECIFIC ADVANTAGES OF THE VARIOUS CASES STUDIES;
DESALTING AS AN INTERIUM SOLUTION. (PB-178 524).
00887. NEW MINE SEALING TECHNIQUES FOR
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
FWPCA-140W-DMO, 177 P, MAR 1970.
TWO NEW PROCESSES WERE DEVELOPED. ONE INVOLVED
TECHNIQUE OF PLACING A PLUG OR GRADED LIMESTONE
AGGREGATE IN A MINE DRIFT OR PROTAL TO NEUTRAL-
IZE AN ACID MINE WATER DISCHARGE UNTIL A SEAL WAS
EFFECTED. THE SECOND PROCESS CONSISTED OF REMOTE-
LY CONSTRUCTING A MINE SEAL INCLUDING REAR AND
FRONT BULKHEADS OF A SELF-SUPPORTING, QUICK-
SETTING SODIUM SILICATE CEMENT SPECIFICALLY
DEVELOPED FOR THIS APPLICATION. (PB-196 735).
00888. MANUAL ON SOLAR DISTDLLATION OF
SALINE WATER.
TALBERT, S.G.; SIBLING, J.A.; LOF, G.O.G.
OSW-PR-546, 275 P, 1970.
THE MANUAL IS A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE ON THE
STATE OF THE ART OF SOLAR DISTILLATION FOR APPRAIS-
ING WATER SUPPLY POTENTIAL OF SOLAR STILLS AND
ASSISTING IN THE DESIGN OF PRACTICAL PLANTS. THE
MANUAL INCLUDES A HISTORICAL REVIEW, SOLAR STILL
TECHNOLOGY, DATA OF MEANINGFUL VALUE FROM
BASIN-TYPE SOLAR STILLS THAT HAVE BEEN OPERATED
FOR EXTENDED PERIODS, ECONOMICS, OVERALL AP-
PRAISAL OF SOLAR DISTILLATION, AND PROCEDURES FOR
SIZING AND BUILDING SOLAR STILLS. CAPITAL COSTS OF
LARGE STILLS HAVING AREAS LARGER THAN 1000 FT
SQUARED IS SHOWN TO BE AS LOW AS Sl.OO/SQ FT OF
BASIN AREA WITH WATER COSTS BETWEEN S3-S4.00 PER
1000 GALS. THE COSTS FOR SMALL FAMILY SIZE UNITS
ARE NEAR 34.OO/SQ FT OF BASIN AREA WITH WATER
COSTS BETWEEN S3-S4.OO PER 1000 GALS. THE COSTS FOR
SMALL FAMILY SIZE UNITS ARE NEAR S4.00/SQ FT OF
BASIN AREA AND WATER COSTS RANGE FROM $15 TO
$30/1000 GALLONS. LONG TERM TESTS OF BETTER MATERI-
ALS ARE RECOMMENDED IF COSTS ARE TO BE LOWERED..
00889. CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF OUTFALL
SYSTEMS FOR DESALTING PLANTS.
ZEITOUN, M.A.; MCILLHENNY, W.F.; REID, R.O.;
WONG, C.M.; SAVAGE, W.F.
OSW-PR-550, 151 P, 1970.
DESIGN CONCEPTS OF OUTFALL SYSTEMS FROM COASTAL
DESALTING PLANTS WERE DEVELOPED BASED ON BOTH
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ANALYSES OF THE
DISPERSION OF DENSE JETS OF VARIOUS CONFIGURA-
TIONS. A COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED TO
ALLOW CALCULATION OF THE DIFFERENT EFFLUENT
CONCENTRATION FACTORS AND PERFORMANCE RATIOS
FOR GIVEN AMBIENT CONDITIONS. FOR EACH DESIGN
CASE, THE REQUIRED DILUTION OF COPPER CONCENTRA-
TION IN THE MIXED EFFLUENT TO A VALUE OF 0.02 MILLI-
GRAMS PER LITER WAS CALCULATED AND USED AS THE
CRITERION FOR THE DESIGN OF THE DIFFUSER. DIFFUSER
DESIGN CHARTS WERE DEVELOPED FOR 2, 5, 10 AND 50
MILLION GPD PLANTS. CONCEFFUAL DESIGNS AND COST
ESTIMATES WERE MADE FOR THE ABOVE FOUR SIZES OF
PLANTS. (PB-201 033).
182
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REFERENCE LIST
00890. STUDY OF SEAWATER DESALTING AS EMER-
GENCY WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK
CITY.
SCHEFFER, S.L.; TERENZIO, V.J.; SENATORS, SJ-
MILLER, E.F.
OSW-PR-553, 310 P, 1970.
THE REPORT CONCERNS AN INVESTIGATION OF THE
PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY AND COST OF SUPPLYING 20
PERCENT OF THE NOMINAL WATER DEMAND OF A TYPI-
CAL BOROUGH OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK DURING
PERIODS OF PROLONGED DROUGHT OF THE KIND EX-
PERIENCED IN THE MID SIXTIES. MULTISTAGE FLASH
DESALTING MODULES OF 5, 1O AND 25 MOD CAPACITIES
WERE ASSUMED FOR APPLICATION IN MODULAR ARRAY
TO PROVIDE EMERGENCY BOROUGH NEEDS FOR PURE
WATER UP TO 125 MOD IN CAPACITY FOR A SINGLE PLANT
SITE. THE SPECIFIC PLANT STUDIED WAS ASSUMED TO BE
LOCATED ON AN ARTIFICIAL ISLAND CONSTRUCTED ONE
MILE OFF ROCKAWAY BEACH. EXTENSIVE COST DATA
ARE PROVIDED. (PB-201 036).
00891. PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES,
EPA-12020-GND-07/71, 166 P, 1871.
THE REPORT PRESENTS A DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANIC
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND THE COSTS THE INDUSTRY
WOULD INCUR IN ATTAINING VARIOUS LEVELS OF POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT OVER THE FIVE YEAR PERIOD
THROUGH 1974. THE REPORT PRESENTS IN CONSIDERABLE
DETAIL THE DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS PRODUCTION
PROCESSES, THE WASTE TREATMENT METHODS PRAC-
TICED, AND THE POSSIBLE IMPACT THAT CHANGES IN
PROCESSES MIGHT HAVE ON THE VOLUME AND
CHARACTER OF THE WASTES PRODUCED. (PB-206 429).
00892. OPTIMUM BRINE HEATER OUTLET TEMPERA-
TURE IN SEA WATER CONVERSION
EVAPORATORS.
DILUZ1O, F.C.; GILLAM, W.S.; SOLOMON, J.H.,
COLEY, F.H.
OSW-PR-175, 107 P, 1966.
LARGE SIZE NUCLEAR POWER AND WATER DESAL1TNG
PLANTS MAY ANSWER THE FUTURE NEEDS OF AN EX-
PANDING CIVILIZATION FOR POWER AND WATER, BUT
THE MORE IMMEDIATE PROBLEM OF PROVIDING INCRE-
MENTAL WATER SUPPLIES UP TO SO MOD WHERE NO
POWER IS NEEDED IS UNANSWERED. A SINGLE PURPOSE
FOSSIL FUELED DESALINATION PLANT WITH A CAPACITY
FROM 8 TO 50 MOD HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. A MODIFICA-
TION OF THIS PLANT WITH ACID PRETREATMENT AND
OPERATING AT 290 DEC F MAXIMUM BRINE TEMPERA-
TURE WILL PRODUCE 50 MGD OF WATER AT A REASONA-
BLE COST. TOTAL WATER COSTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED
FOR BRINE HEATER OUTLET TEMPERATURES FROM 250
DEC F TO 400 DEC F. FOR FUEL COSTS OF 20, 3O AND 40
CENTS/MBTU. FROM THESE, COSTS AFFORDABLE FOR
SCALE PREVENTION AT THE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
AND FUEL COSTS HAVE BEEN DETERMINED. (PB-206 489).
00893. A MANUAL ON WATER DESALINATION.
VOLUME II. ECONOMICS.
TAIOST-AN-67-4-2, 179 P, 1967.
THE REPORT PROVIDES GUIDELINES FOR THE INITIATION
OF A PROGRAM FOR DEFINING AND SOLVING THE WATER
SHORTAGE PROBLEMS OF A PARTICULAR NATION OR RE-
GION USING DESALINATION. ITS SCOPE INCLUDES THE
FORMULATION OF A LOGICAL AND FEASIBLE WATER
DEVELOPMENT PLAN; THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF PRELIMI-
NARY FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS,
AND THE DETERMINATION OF THE MOST PROMISING
COURSE OF ACTION BASED UPON THE RESULTS OF THESE
STUDIES; AND THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF A DETAILED EN-
GINEERING FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE
POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES. A SERIES OF ESTIMATING AIDS
AND NOMOGRAPHS FOR DETERMINING CAPITAL COSTS OF
DESALINATION PLANT FACILITIES IS INCLUDED (PB-206
550).
00894. STUDY OF ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR
ELECTRODIALYSIS.
BERGER, C.; CUTER, G.A.; BELFORT, G.
OSW-PR-238, 163 P, 1967.
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY WERE TO FORMULATE A
GENERAL MATHEMATICAL EQUATION FOR ELECTRODIAL-
YSIS BASED ON CONSIDERING THE PROCESS AS AN ELEC-
TRICAL NETWORK COMPOSED OF RESISTIVE ELEMENTS
REPRESENTATIVE OF VARIOUS ELECTROCHEMICAL
PROCESSES AND TO APPLY THE EQUATION TO SPECIFIC
SITUATIONS AND DETERMINE HOW VARIATIONS IN
OPERATING PARAMETERS AND OTHER VARIABLES IN-
FLUENCE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING COSTS. WHEN
THE EQUATION WAS APPLIED, THE MAJOR RESISTIVE FAC-
TORS WERE ELECTROLYTE RESISTANCE, OHMIC
POLARIZATION (DUE PRIMARILY TO SCALE) AND MEM-
BRANE POTENTIALS. THE MINOR RESISTIVE ELEMENTS
WERE ELECTRODE POLARIZATION, MEMBRANE RE-
SISTANCE, AND PARASITIC DUCT LOSSES. THE EQUATION
CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE THE ELECTRODIALYSIS
STACK RESISTANCE AND ELECTRICAL OPERATING COSTS
IF SUCH OPERATING PARAMETERS AS WATER COMPOSI-
TIONS, TEMPERATURE, TYPES OF MEMBRANES, STACK
DESIGN, LIMITING CURRENT, OPERATING CURRENT AND
FLOW RATES ARE KNOWN. (PB-207 655).
00895. INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE STACK RE-
SISTANCE INCREASE WITH A NATURAL
BRACKISH WATER.
FURUKAWA, D.H.
OSW-PR-285, 51 P, 1968.
THE OPERATION OF ELECTRODIALYSIS DEMINERALIZERS
ON NATURAL WATER HAS RESULTED IN INCREASES IN
MEMBRANE STACK ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE AFTER EX-
TENDED PERIODS. A PRIMARY RESISTANCE INCREASE
DEVELOPS RAPIDLY DURING THE FIRST HOURS OF OPERA-
TION AFTER WHICH A SECONDARY RESISTANCE INCREASE
OCCURS AT A SLOWER RATE. THE RESISTANCE INCREASES
ARE OF GREAT CONCERN BECAUSE OF THE INCREASE IN
POWER CONSUMPTION WHICH CONTRIBUTES TO A HIGHER
COST FOR PRODUCT WATER. LABORATORY INVESTIGA-
TIONS INDICATED THAT THE MAJOR CAUSE OF THE RE-
SISTANCE INCREASE IS AN ACCUMULATION OF AN IRON
RICH GEL, WHICH INVOLVED THE REACTION OF FERROUS
IONS IN THE FEED WATER WITH HYDROXIDE IONS WHICH
FORM ON THE DISSOCIATION OF WATER (WATER
SPLITTING). SULFURIC ACID INJECTED INTO THE DILUTION
STREAM ELIMINATED THE SECONDARY RESISTANCE IN-
CREASE WHEN THE PRODUCT ACIDITY WAS LOWERED TO
PH 5.1. A COST ESTIMATE OF USING THIS TREATMENT IS
GIVEN. (PB-207 656).
183
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00896. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE
ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
OSW-PR-325, 109 P, 1967.
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM WERE TO EXPAND
THE CONVENTIONAL ELECTRODIALYSIS DESIGN EXPRES-
SIONS AND USE THE IMPROVED EXPRESSIONS TO DETER-
MINE THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS HAVING
THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR PROCESS IMPROVEMENT.
AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL EXPRES-
SION WHICH ENCOMPASSED THE VARIOUS IMPORTANT
PARAMETERS, AN EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM WAS
DEVELOPED TO PERMIT THE FORMULATION OF THE
HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRODIALYSIS
SPACERS AND TO DEVELOP FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN THE LIMITING CURRENT DENSITY AND THE
GEOMETRY OF ELECTRODIALYSIS SPACERS. FINALLY, THE
ANALYTICAL PHASE OF THE WORK WAS CONCERNRED
WITH THE EFFECTS ON THE OPTIMAL ELECTRODIALYSIS
DESIGN AND MINIMUM COST OF CHANGES IN THE VARI-
OUS OPERATIONAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC
PARAMETERS. (PB-207 659).
00897. OPERATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS PILOT
PLANTS.
DEHAVEN, C.G.; JARVIS, M.A.; WUNDERLICH, C.R.
OSW-PR-356, 147 P, 1968.
THE PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM WAS THE SCALE-UP OF
REVERSE OSMOSIS FROM A LABORATORY PROCESS TO AN
ECONOMICAL SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POTABLE
WATER IN LARGE AMOUNTS. THREE SERIES OF TESTS
WERE CONDUCTED IN TWO 18 INCH CELLS AT THE NEW-
PORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA, SEAWATER SITE. T-SERIES'
MEMBRANES (CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANES BASED
ON ACETONE AS THE POLYMER SOLVENT) WERE UTIL-
IZED. NEXT, A NEW TYPE OF MEMBRANE USUALLY
REFERRED TO AS THE 'U-SERIES' WAS TESTED. FORMED
FROM A BLEND OF CELLULOSE DIACETATE AND
TRIACETATE AND CAST FROM A MIXED SOLVENT OF
ACETONE AND D1OXANE, THE U-SERIES MEMBRANES
WERE SUPERIOR TO THE T-SERIES BOTH WITH RESPECT TO
SALT REJECTION AND TO RESISTANCE TO COMPRESSION.
THE THIRD SERIES OF SEAWATER TESTS WAS CONDUCTED
TO EXAMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF TWO STAGE SEA WATER
DESALINATION. (PB-207 633).
00899. STUDY OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL ON THE IRON FOUNDRY IN-
DUSTRY. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
KEARNEY (A. T.) AND CO., CHICAGO, ILL. 20 P, 30
NOV 1971.
THE REPORT DISCUSSES ASPECTS OF THE IRON FOUNDRY
INDUSTRY AS RELATED TO A STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC
IMPACT OF POLLUTION CONTROL. THE CONTENTS IN-
CLUDE. STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY (DESCRIPTION OF
THE IRON FOUNDRY INDUSTRY, DEMAND FOR IRON
CASTINGS, SUPPLY OF IRON CASTINGS), OVERALL IMPACT
ON INDUSTRY (PRICE INCREASES, FACTOR DISLOCATIONS
WITHIN INDUSTRY, EFFECTS ON RELATED INDUSTRIES, IN-
DUSTRY DISLOCATIONS, COMPENSATORY FACTORS, NET
EMPLOYMENT IMPACT, IMPACT ON LOCAL ECONOMY).
(PB-207 147).
00900. THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON
THE NONFERROUS METALS INDUSTRIES.
LEAD. PART I. INTRODUCTION AND EXECU-
TIVE SUMMARY.
CHARLES RIVER ASSOCIATES, INC., CAMBRIDGE,
MASS., 32 P, DEC. 1971.
THE REPORT ON THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTION
CONTROLS ON THE LEAD INDUSTRY SUMMARIZES A
BROADER STUDY, PROVIDES A BROAD PROFILE OF THE
LEAD INDUSTRY AND OUTLINES THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS
OF POLLUTION CONTROLS ON THE INDUSTRY. THE IMPOR-
TANT POINTS AND CONCLUSIONS ARE PRESENTED. (PB-207
155).
00901. ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ON THE
BAKERY INDUSTRY. PART I.
ERNST AND ERNST, WASHINGTON, D.C., 6 P, DEC
1971.
THE REPORT SUMMARIZES PERTINENT INDUSTRY STRUC-
TURE AND TRENDS IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY AND THE
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE FINDINGS CONCERN-
ING THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS ON THE INDUSTRY OF
ABATEMENT CONTROL EXPENDITURES. (PB-207 169).
00898. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROLS ON THE FRUIT AND VEGETA-
BLE CANNING AND FREEZING INDUSTRIES.
PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
DUN LAP AND ASSOCIATES, P 585-PT-l, 23 P, 1971.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS
NORMALLY RESULTS IN ADDED COSTS AND MAY RESULT
IN ECONOMIC AND LOCATIONAL ADJUSTMENTS WITHIN
THESE INDUSTRIES. THE STUDY SUMMARIZES THESE AD-
JUSTMENTS AS THEY RELATE TO THE FRUIT AND VEGETA-
BLE PROCESSING INDUSTRIES IN TERMS OF COSTS,
CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, PROFITS, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
AND LOCATION, EMPLOYMENT, PRODUCT PRICES AND RE-
GIONAL AND NATIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS. (PB-207 140).
00902. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND WATER
DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME 1.
GOLDMAN, C.R.
NWC-EES-72-032-VOL-1, 597 P, 1971.
THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY IS TO BRING TOGETHER
WITHIN A SINGLE REPORT, AN EVALUATION OF THE
CAUSES OF CONFLICT BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALI-
TY AND WATER ASSOCIATED DEVELOPMENT IN THE
UNITED STATES. IT SURVEYS THE HISTORY OF WATER
DEVELOPMENT AND THE EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN
VALUES AND ATTITUDES TOWARD THE ENVIRONMENT.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION MOVEMENT IS
DEFINED IN TERMS OF ITS DEMAND FOR, INTERPRETATION
OF, AND ACCEPTANCE OF WATER RELATED AMENITIES,
THE REPORT SUGGESTS METHODS FOR BALANCING
HUMAN VALUES AGAINST COST BENEFIT ANALYSES.
ELEVEN ARTICLES CONCERNING VARIOUS WATER
PROBLEMS, SOURCES, AND IDEAS ARE ALSO PRESENTED.
(PB-207 113).
184
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REFERENCE LIST
00903. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL: THE GENERAL ECONOMY.
CHASE ECONOMETRIC ASSOCIATES, INC
PHILADELPHIA, PA., 124 P, 1972.
THE REPORT SERVES AS A GENERAL SUMMARY AND
BACKGROUND FRAME OF REFERENCE FOR THE DETAILED
INDUSTRY REPORTS PREPARED FOR THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY. IT ESTIMATES THE
MACROECONOMIC EFFECT OF THE SUM OF THE REQUIRE-
MENTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL STANDARDS FOR ALL
OF THE INDUSTRIES EXAMINED IN THOSE REPORTS. THE
COSTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL HAVE BEEN TAKEN, AS
ESTIMATED BY CEQ AND EPA, WHICH HAVE BEEN INCOR-
PORATED IN THOSE REPORTS, AND HAVE APPLIED PRICE
MARK UP FACTORS TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF
PRICE INCREASE AT THE INDUSTRY AND
MACROECONOMIC LEVELS. ALSO ANALYZED ARE THE EF-
FECTS OF INCREASED INVESTMENT WHICH WILL BE
REQUIRED BY EXISTING POLLUTION CONTROL LEGISLA-
TION. (PB-207 204).
350 F AND HIGH CONCENTRATION RATIOS. OPERATIONAL
PROBLEMS AND AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION ARE IN-
CLUDED. (PB-208 063).
00907. HYDROLYSIS LOSSES IN THE HYDRATE
PROCESS FOR DESALINATION: RATE MEA-
SUREMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.
COLTEN, S.L.; LIN, F.S.; TSAO, T.C.; STERN, S.A.;
BARDUHN, A.J.
INT-OSW-RDPR-72-753, 77 P, FEE 1972.
THE AGENTS USED IN THE HYDRATE PROCESS FOR
DESALINATION VERY SLOWLY DECOMPOSE BY HYDROLY-
SIS IN WATER AND THE RATE AT WHICH THIS OCCURS HAS
BEEN MEASURED FOR THE FOUR HYDRATING AGENTS.
DATA ARE AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE ON TWO ADDI-
TIONAL AGENTS, AND THE HYDROLYSIS RATES OF ALL
SIX AGENTS ARE SUBJECTED TO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TO
DETERMINE THE COST TO THE PROCESS OF THE LOST
AGENT. (PB-208 070).
00904. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL: A SUMMARY OF RECENT STU-
DIES.AN OVERVIEW.
CHASE ECONOMETRIC ASSOCIATES, INC.,
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 41 P, MARCH 1972.
THE PURPOSE OF THE OVERVIEW IS TO PUT INTO PER-
SPECTIVE STUDIES WHICH WERE CONDUCTED TO ASSESS
THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
ABATEMENT REQUIREMENTS ON A NUMBER OF INDUSTRI-
AL ACTIVITIES. (PB-207 205).
00905. EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BRINE DISPOSAL
USING FLUID BED EVAPORATION.
LAMONT, P.E.
OSW-RDPR-71-743, 113 P, NOV, 1971.
TO FACILITATE BRINE DISPOSAL AT INLAND SITES, AS
WELL AS TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT, IT MAY BE
NECESSARY TO CONVERT THE WASTE BRINE TO SOLID
SALTS. A NEW PROCESS USING FLUID BED EVAPORATION
TO OBTAIN SOLID SALTS IS PRESENTED. THIS PROCESS DIF-
FERS FROM ORDINARY FLUID BED EVAPORATORS IN THAT
THE SALT PARTICLES ARE FLUIDIZED BY SUPERHEATED
STEAM. THE STEAM IS CONDENSED TO FURNISH ADDI-
TIONAL PRODUCT WATER. EXPERIMENTAL DATA FROM A
FOUR INCH FLUID BED EVAPORATOR IS DISCUSSED. COST
ESTIMATES ARE GIVEN FOR A 2.5 MILLION GPD VERTICAL
TUBE EVAPORATOR OR REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT COM-
BINED WITH A FLUID BED EVAPORATOR. (PB-208 061).
00906. EVALUATION OF 75, 000 GPD SEA WATER
DESULFATING PILOT PLANT.
GARRISON, K.M.; GUGLER, J.E.
INT-OSW-RDPR-71-746, 199 P, NOV 1971.
AN EVALUATION IS GIVEN OF THE OPERATION OF A 75,000
GPD PILOT PLANT USING THE CONTINUOUS ION
EXCHANGE DESULFATION PROCESS FOR REMOVAL OF
SULFATES FROM SEA WATER AS SETTLED BARIUM
SULFATE. A COMMERCIAL STRONGLY ACID NUCLEAR SUL-
FONIC CATION EXCHANGE RESIN WAS USED TO
PRECIPITATE BARIUM SULFATE. RESIN WAS SEPARATED
BY DECANTATION AND CONVERTED BACK TO THE SODI-
UM FORM BY MEANS OF SOLUBLE BARIUM CHLORIDE.
DESULFATED SEA WATER WAS USED AS FEED TO THE
MULTISTAGE FASH DISTILLATION PLANT WHICH
RESULTED IN CONTINUOUS SCALE FREE OPERATION AT
00908. DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS.
HARPER, G.F.; LEIGH, J.H.
INT-OSW-RDPR-71-748, 79 P, OCT 1971.
LARGE SEA WATER DISTILLATION PLANTS DRIVEN BY
MULTIPLE PHASE EJECTORS (MPE) WERE EVALUATED
AND THE CHARACTERISTICS AND COSTS OF THE MOST
PROMISING CONFIGURATIONS DETERMINED. -THE OP-
TIMUM PLANT COMBINED A MULTISTAGE FLASH (MSF)
FEED HEATER WITH VERTICAL TUBE EVAPORATOR (VTE)
EFFECTS AND WAS SELECTED FOR MATHEMATICAL
MODELING. THE PLANT CONSISTS OF 16 VTE EFFECTS
WITH 42 MSF STAGES. A SINGLE EJECTOR DRIVES 4 OF THE
VTE EFFECTS. ENERGY FOR THE SYSTEM IS FURNISHED BY
A FOSSIL-FUEL FIRED BOILER. ELECTRICAL POWER IS FUR-
NISEHD BY A STEAM TURBINE DRIVEN GENERATOR IN-
TEGRAL WITH THE PLANT. THE WATER PRODUCTION, PER-
FORMANCE AND COSTS OF THE PLANT ARE REPORTED.
(PB-208 065).
00909. POSSIBLE IMPACT OF COSTS OF SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT ON THE
ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY AND CER-
TAIN POWER INTENSIVE CONSUMER IN-
DUSTRIES.
NATIONAL ECONOMIC RESEARCH ASSOCIATES,
INC., NEW YORK, 105 P, 5 JAN 1972.
THE REPORT DISCUSSES THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION CON-
TROL ON THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY. FIRST, THE
BASIC ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY IS
PRESENTED. THIS INCLUDES DEMAND, GOVERNMENT
REGULATION, FUELS USED, TRENDS, AND EMPLOYMENT.
NEXT, THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THESE CONTROLS IS
REVIEWED. THIS INCLUDES THE CAPITAL AND OPERATING
COSTS WHICH ARE BROKEN DOWN BY GEOGRAPHICAL RE-
GION. (PB-207 167).
00910. THE IMPACT OF COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS UPON
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY.
SOBOTKA (STEPHEN) AND CO., NEW YORK, 16 P, 23
NOV 1971.
THE STUDY SUMMARIZES THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POL-
LUTION ABATEMENT COSTS WHICH RESULT FROM REGU-
LATION OF PETROLEUM REFINERY OPERATIONS. IT IS
185
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AIMED AT DETERMINING THE IMPACT OF THE COSTS OF
CONTROLLING REFINERY AIRBORNE AND WATERBORNE
EMISSIONS. (PB-207 197).
00911. COMPUTER CODES FOR OFFICE OF SALINE
WATER PROGRAM ANALYSIS.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., 275 P, JAN
1972.
PART I. ECON-21. A FORTRAN CODE IS GIVEN FOR THE
CALCULATION OF COST EFFECTIVENESS INDEX AND AC-
CUMULATED BENEFITS EVALUATION OF IMPROVEMENTS
TO DESALINATION PROCESSES. (ORNL-TM-2525 PT. 1).
00912. COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF
SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL.
PIERSALL, C.H.JR; BORGSTROM, R.E.
REPT NO. CNA-PROFESSIONAL PAPER 91,31 P, JAN
72.
THE PAPER DISCUSSED FOUR OPTIONAL METHODS FOR
THE DISPOSAL OF SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTES. THE AN-
NUALIZED INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS AS-
SOCIATED WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EACH OF THE
OPTIONS ARE PRESENTED. ESTIMATES WERE DEVELOPED
ON A PER SHIP PER CLASS BASIS AND AGGREGATED FOR
THE TOTAL SURFACE FLEET. THIS APPROACH PERMITS
THE INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF
THE OPTIONS BY MERELY SPECIFYING THE NUMBER AND
TYPE OF SHIPS TO BE CONSIDERED IN ANY OPTION. (AD-
744 192).
00913. SYSTEM STUDY, VACUUM SEWAGE COLLEC-
TION.
WALLER, R.; MALLORY, C.W.
H1T-510-NCEL-CR-72.015, 114 P, 1971.
AN EFFECTIVENESS/COST COMPARISON WAS MADE
BETWEEN GRAVITY SEWER SYSTEMS AND VACUUM
SEWER SYSTEMS FOR USE IN NAVY ADVANCED BASES.
ESTIMATES OF THE DAILY AND PEAK WASTEWATER
FLOWS WERE DEVELOPED FOR A 500 MAN BASE FOR BOTH
VACUUM TOILETS AND FOR LOW FLUSH WATER TOILETS.
(AD-744 339).
00914. ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER: CONCEPTS
AND EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES.
YOUNG, R.A.; GRAY, S.L.; HELD, R.B.; MACK, R.S.
NWC-SBS-72-047, MAR 72, 348 P.
THE STUDY WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS. IN THE FIRST
PART, A NUMBER OF ISSUES ARE EXAMINED THAT MUST
BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DERIVING CONCEPTUALLY
VALID ESTIMATES OF THE VALUES OF WATER. THE
SECOND PART INVOLVES ANALYSIS OF WATER VALUES
FOR VARIOUS USES WITH ATTENTION TO REGIONAL DIF-
FERENCES. THIS ANALYSIS EMPLOYS THE CONCEPTUAL
APPROACH DEVELOPED INITIALLY AND CONSIDERS NU-
MEROUS PREVIOUS STUDIES FROM AN EXHAUSTIVE
LITERATURE REVIEW. (PB-210 356).
00915. ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER IN A SYSTEMS
CONTEXT.
BUTCHER, W.R.; WHtTTLESEY, N.K.; ORSBORN, J.F.
NWC-SBS-72-048, MAY 72, 188 P.
THE INTERDEPENDENT SYSTEM, IN WHICH WATER
RESOURCES OCCUR AND USES TAKE PLACE, MAKES IT IM-
PORTANT TO CONSIDER WATER VALUES IN A SYSTEMS
CONTEXT. SYSTEMS MODELS PROVIDE THE MOST SYSTE-
MATIC APPROACH TO ESTIMATING THE VALUES BUT
MUCH CAN BE LEARNED THROUGH A CAREFUL DESCRIP-
TION OF EFFECTS THAT EACH USE HAS NOT ONLY ON
QUANTITY OF WATER BUT ALSO ON QUALITY AND TIME
OR PLACE OF AVAILABILITY. (PB-210 357).
00916. THE CEMENT INDUSTRY: ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. VOLUME
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP, INC., MASS., IS P,
NOV 71.
THE REPORT SUMMARIZES THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
POLLUTION CONTROL ON THE CEMENT INDUSTRY. SUM-
MARIZED IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY ALONG
WITH AREAS TO BEAR THE MAJOR IMPACT. SUCH AREAS
INCLUDE PRICES, EMPLOYMENT, AND SHUTDOWNS. (PB-
207 150).
00917. THE LEATHER INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF THE
IMPACT OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS.
VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
URBAN SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING,
INC., CAMBRIDGE, MASS. DEC. 71, 27.
THE REPORT SUMMARIZES A REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF
POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS ON THE LEATHER TANNING
AND FINISHING INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. THE
SUMMARY PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF THE TOTAL
STUDY HIGHLIGHTING THE INDUSTRY TRENDS AND THE
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
TO THE FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY. (PB-207 1 52).
00918. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ANTICIPATED PAPER
INDUSTRY POLLUTION. ABATEMENT
COSTS. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
LITTLE (ARTHUR D.), INC., CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
ADL-C-73977-PT-1, 19 P, NOV 71.
THE ANALYSIS PROVIDES FOR ASSESSMENT OF THE
ECONOMIC IMPACT ON THE PAPER AND RELATED INDUS-
TRIES THAT WILL RESULT FROM THE AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL REQUIREMENTS ANTICIPATED
THROUGH 1976. THE ANALYSIS IS MEANT TO PROVIDE IN-
FORMATION THAT CAN BE USED IN FORMULATING
FEDERAL POLICY FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PRO-
GRAMS IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY OVER THE NEXT FIVE
YEARS. DISCUSSED ARE THE FOLLOWING: INDUSTRY
STRUCTURE; PROFITABILITY TREND; PRICE IMPACT; MILL
SHUTDOWN AND PROBABILITIES; EMPLOYMENT IMPACT;
INDIRECT IMPACTS. (PB-207 144).
00919. INTERIM DEVELOPMENT GUIDE AND PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER AND WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
HUD-CIR-332, 134 P, JUNE 71.
THE REPORT PRESENTS A BROAD PICTURE OF THE NORTH
LOS ANGELES COUNTY AREA FROM A REGIONAL
PLANNING VIEWPOINT AND SUMMARIZES THAT PRELIMI-
NARY STAFF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WILL
SERVE AS A DEVELOPMENT GUIDE DURING THE PERIOD
THAT FURTHER AND MORE DETAILED AIRPORT IMPACT
STUDIES ARE IN PROGRESS. MAJOR SYSTEM PLANS FOR
WATER DISTRIBUTION, DRAINAGE CONTROL AND
SEWERAGE FACILITIES ARE INVENTORIED, ANALYZED,
MAPPED, AND COSTS PROJECTED. (PB-210 802).
186
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REFERENCE LIST
00920. THE REUSE OF WATER IN MANUFACTURING:
AN EXPLANATORY ECONOMIC MODEL
WITH DATA ANALYSIS.
BROWN, F.L.
OSRR-B-017-NMEX (1), 32 P, JAN 1972.
AN EXPLANATORY ECONOMIC MODEL IS PROPOSED FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF WATER REUSE RATES BASED ON
THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF THE FIRM AS A COST
MINIMIZING INSTITUTION. THE FIRM'S WATER BEHAVIOR
IS CONCEPTUALIZED AS CONSISTING OF A FINITE SET OF
INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIPS WITH EACH RELATION-
SHIP REPRESENTING SOME SPECIFIC SEGMENT OF THE EN-
TIRE OPERATION. THE INDIVIDUAL RELATIONS WERE CON-
STRUED AS JOINTLY OR SIMULTANEOUSLY PROVIDING A
THEORETICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ENTIRE ONGOING
MANUFACTURING OPERATION. (PB-207 138) (W72-05093).
00921. COST OF RECLAMATION AND MINE
DRAINAGE ABATEMENT - ELKINS DEMON-
STRATION PROJECT.
SCOTT, R.B.; HILL, R.D.; WILMOTH, R.C.
EPA- 14010-10170, 29 P, 1970.
ACID MINE DRAINAGE, DISCHARGING FROM COAL BEDS,
POLLUTES STREAMS AND RIVERS. AN ACID MINE
DRAINAGE RECLAMATION PROJECT WAS ESTABLISHED IN
THE ROARING CREEK-GRASSY RUN WATERSHED NEAR EL-
KINS, WEST VIRGINIA. THE CONTROL COSTS ESTABLISHED
FROM THE PROJECT ARE PRESENTED. THE COSTS INCLUDE
THOSE FOR CLEARING, GRUBBING, RECLAMATION, AND
REVEGETATION. (PB-207 189) (W72-04587).
00922. REUSE OF CHEMICAL FIBER PLANT WASTE-
WATER AND COOLING WATER BLOW-
DOWN.
EPA-WQO-12090EUX-10I70, 70 P, OCT 1970.
A WATER REUSE PROGRAM WAS INSTITUTED WHICH CON-
SISTED OF : (I) PRETREATMENT OF COOLING WATERS FOR
REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS; (2) INPLANT MODIFICA-
TIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE EXISTING SYSTEM TO IN-
CREASE TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY; AND (3) A POST
TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR EFFLUENT POLISHING PRIOR TO
SELECTED REUSE. CHROMIUM WAS REMOVED FROM THE
COOLING TOWER BLOWDOWN FOR $. 21 PER POUND OF
CHROMATE REMOVED. THE 0.33 MGD INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC WASTE WATER WAS TREATED AND REUSED AT
A RATE OF 3.10 MGD FOR APPROXIMATELY 40 CENTS/1000
GALLONS. (PB-200 695) (W71-09524).
00923. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSING.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, FEB
1972. 164 P.
A TWO PHASE, FULL SCALE INVESTIGATION OF THE EF-
FECTS OF HIGH PURITY OXYGEN AERATION IN THE AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WAS CONDUCTED AT THE
BATAVIA, NEW YORK, MUNICIPAL POLLUTION CONTROL
PLANT, SOLIDS AND MASS BALANCES WfiRE PERFORMED
FOR EACH WEEK OF OPERATION TO EVALUATE IN DEFFH
THE SOLIDS PROFILE THROUGH THE OXYGENATION
SYSTEM. FILTERING CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE FROM THF. OXYGKNATION SYSTEM
WERE EXCELLENT. WASTE ACTIVATED SLUDGE WAS ALSO
AEROBICALLY DIGESTED IN 800 GALLON BATCHES USING
PURE OXYGEN. COSTS FOR BOTH SYSTEMS FOR 1 MGD
FLOWS WERE COMPARABLE, BUI SAVINGS OF AS MUCH
AS 20% WERF PROJECTED FOR 1(X) MGD PLANTS USING OX-
YOENATION.
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
1/2 HOURS OF SETTLING, THE OVERFLOW IS TREATED BY
A CATIONIC EXCHANGER CONSISTING OF SULPHONATED
LIGNO CELLULOSE, FOLLOWED BY A AN1ON EXCHANGER.
COMPARISONS BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL MECHANICAL-
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT AND DATA OBTAINED FROM A
4.5 CU M/HR PILOT WERE MADE. PRODUCT WATER
PRODUCED IS SUPERIOR IN QUALITY TO MOST SURFACE
WATER SUPPLIES. (W72-09830).
00928. HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS IMPROVES
ECONOMICS OF SLUDGE HANDLING AND
DISPOSAL.
SHERWOOD, R.; PHILLIPS, J.
WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING. 7(11), 42^4,
1970.
THE PORTEUS SLUDGE HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS IS
BEING SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED AT COLORADO SPRINGS,
COLORADO, FOR VOLUME REDUCTION OF MUNICIPAL
SLUDGE. THE PROCESS COMPONENTS INCLUDE A LARGE
GRINDER, HIGH PRESSURE (250 PS1G DISCHARGE) POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS, AND A STEAM HEATED PRESSURE
VESSEL WITH SUFFICIENT VOLUME TO PROVIDE 30 MIN.
RETENTION TIME. PRIOR TO INSTALLATION OF THE POR-
TEUS PROCESS, A 5% SOLIDS SLUDGE STEAM WAS DE-
WATERED DIRECTLY ON A VACUUM FILTER TO A 2O%
SOLIDS SLUDGE STREAM FOR HAULAGE TO A LANDFILL.
CHEMICAL COST ALONE FOR SLUDGE CONDITIONING
CHEMICALS WAS $18 TO $20 PER TON DRY SOLIDS
PRODUCED. VACUUM FILTER RATES OF 5 LB PER SO FT
PER HOUR WERE COMMON WITH THE PREVIOUS METHOD.
INSTALLATION OF THE PORTEUS SYSTEM HAS BOOSTED
VACUUM FILTRATION RATES TO AN AVERAGE OF 121 LB
PER SO FF PER HOUR, RESULTING IN A FILTER CAKE WITH
40 TO 50% SLUDGE SOLIDS CONTENT WITH NO CONDITION-
ING CHEMICALS NECESSARY. COST OF THE PORTEUS
PROCESS IS $2/TON DRY SOLIDS. (W72-09833).
00929. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN THE U S
A TODAY.
THIEME, R.W.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
25TH, MAY 7-9, 1970, PURDUE UNIVERSITY EN-
GINEERING EXTENSION SERIES NO. 137, P 725-
730.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES WERE COMPARED TO OTHER MAJOR
SOURCES OF POLLUTION, NAMELY MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
AND AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES. WASTE WATER
DISCHARGES FROM THE MAJOR INDUSTRIES EXCEED 13
TRILLION GALLONS ANNUALLY VERSUS 5 TRILLION GAL-
LONS OF DOMESTIC WASTE WATER FROM THAT PART OF
THE POPULATION SERVED BY SEWERS. THE INTERIOR DE-
PARTMENT HAS DEVELOPED A POLICY OF JOINT TREAT-
MENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES WHEN-
EVER POSSIBLE WITH INDUSTRY TO PAY ITS FAIR SHARE
OF THE COST OF TREATMENT. REUSE AND RECYCLING
CONCEFFS SHOULD RECESVE INCREASED CONSIDERATION
BY INDUSTRY. SINCE CHARGES RELATING TO THE
VOLUME AND STRENGTH WILL BE RENDERED FOR A
WASTE DISCHARGED INTO A MUNICIPAL SYSTEM, IT
SHOULD BE AN INCENTIVE TO INDUSTRY TO CUT DOWN
ON WASTES. (W72-09835).
00930. TREAT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES WITH BUTS.
SKOGEN, D.B.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
25TH, MAY 7-9, 1970, PURDUE UNIVERSITY EN-
GINEERING EXTENSION SERIES NO. 137, P 721-
724.
THE CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY HAS REDUCED MAJOR
POLLUTANTS IN THE WASTEWATER EFFLUENT OF ITS
BILLINGS REFINERY BY OVER 9O PERCENT BY THE USE OF
THREE WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT
SYSTEMS. THE FIRST SYSTEM TREATS SOUR WATER CON-
TAMINATED WITH PHENOLS, SULF1DES AND AMMONIA BY
STEAM STRIPPING, FOLLOWED BY TWO AERATED BIOLOGI-
CAL OXIDATION PONDS THAT OPERATE IN SERIES. THE EF-
FLUENT FROM THE BIOLOGICAL PONDS FLOWS INTO THE
FIRST OF TWO AERATED HOLDING PONDS. THE SECOND
SYSTEM TREATS ALL OILY WATERS BY THE USE OF AN API
OIL SEPARATOR WITH THE OIL FREE WATER PUMPED INTO
THE FIRST BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION POND. THE THIRD
SYSTEM TREATS THE BOILER PLANT SLOWDOWN AND
THE RECIRCULATING COOLING WATER SYSTEM BLOW-
DOWNS FOR SOLIDS REMOVAL BY SEDIMENTATION WITH
THE CLEAR WATER BEING PUMPED INTO THE SECOND
HOLDING 'POND FOR FURTHER AERATION. THE AMOUNT
OF WATER BIOLOGICALLY TREATED AVERAGED 22K GPM,
AND TOTAL DAILY OPERATING COSTS OF 145 DOLLARS
PER DAY WERE REPORTED ALONG WITH OPERATING
COSTS FOR EACH SEGMENT OF THE TREATMENT PLANT.
(W72-09837).
00931. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR WATER
RESOURCE PLANNING, ONTARIO.
CLOUGH, D.J.
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS, A SYMPOSIUM HELD IN
THE HAGUE, JULY 1969. THE ENGLISH UNIVERSI-
TIES PRESS, LTD., LONDON, 1971, M.G. KEN-
DALL, EDITOR, P 237-251.
THE APPLICATION OF COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS TO RIVER
SYSTEM PLANNING IS CIRCUMSCRIBED BY FOUR IMPOR-
TANT CONDITIONS. FIRST, WATER RESOURCE DEVELOP-
MENT PROJECTS ARE FINANCED BY FEDERAL, PROVIN-
CIAL, AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS. CONSEQUENTLY,
THE PROJECTS ARE ADMINISTERED BY A NUMBER OF
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, WITH EACH ESPOUSING ITS
OWN OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES. SECOND, VARIOUS NON-
GOVERNMENTAL GROUPS ENTER INTO THE DECISION-
MAKING PROCESS. THIRD, EXISTING THEORIES AND
MODELS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC VALUES
ARE INADEQUATE. NEVERTHELESS, THEY ARE NECESSARY
EXPEDIENTS FOR DECISION-MAKING. FOURTH, FEW
PROFESSIONAL ANALYSTS HAVE ENOUGH BROAD PROFES-
SIONAL COMPETENCE TO INTEGRATE AND ASSESS THE
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALL THE DISCIPLINES INVOLVED WITH
ANY PROJECT. THE PROBLEMS THESE FOUR CONSTRAINTS
POSE FOR COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ARE DISCUSSED
WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF RIVER SYSTEM PLANNING IN
ONTARIO, CANADA. (W72-10427).
00932. POLLUTION PRICES IN A GENERAL
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL.
RUFF, L.E.
INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESOURCES REF. NO. 72-3,
SEA GRANT PUBLICATION NO. 12, MAY 1970 25
P.
MANY PRESSING POLLUTION PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED
EFFICIENCY USING TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.
IT IS ARGUED THAT BENEFIT COST ANALYSIS AND DIRECT
REGULATION ARE TOTALLY INADEQUATE TOOLS FOR THE
MORE COMPLEX POLLUTION PROBLEMS. A POLITICAL
ECONOMIC PROCESS IS PROPOSED AND OUTLINED. ULTI-
MATELY, INSTITUTIONS MUST BE DESIGNED WHICH WILL
ALLOW EXPLICIT POLITICAL DECISIONS WHERE
REQUIRED, ALLOW ECONOMIC CALCULATION WHERE
188
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REFERENCE LIST
POSSIBLE, AND PROVIDE SUFFICIENT FEEDBACK BETWEEN
THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL MECHANISMS SO THAT
THE SYSTEM IS RESPONSIVE, STABLE, AND EFFICIENT. A
SIMPLE EXTENSION OF STANDARD GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
MODELS IS USED TO ANALYZE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM
WITH POLLUTION PRICES. A PRICE SYSTEM MAY BE ABLE
TO REDUCE POLLUTION EFFICIENTLY WITH A MINIMUM
OF INFORMATION AND INTERFERENCE, AND PROVIDE
ESTIMATES OF COSTS OF FURTHER REDUCTION, ALLOW-
ING POLITICAL DECISIONS ABOUT DESIRED POLLUTION
LEVELS TO BE MADE SIMPLY AND RATIONALLY, (COM-721
10118) (W72-09235).
00933. POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND UNEMPLOY-
MENT. A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY.
HOICKA, J.; TRUMBULL, T.; SCOTT, H.
APTD-0921, 154 P, 31 JAN 1972.
A REPORT IS PRESENTED OF A STUDY WHICH DEVELOPS A
METHODOLOGY TO ESTIMATE THE MAGNITUDE OF UNEM-
PLOYMENT THAT MAY BE EXPECTED AS A RESULT OF
PLANT CLOSURES CAUSED BY POLLUTION ABATEMENT
REQUIREMENTS. THIS STUDY IS DIRECTED AT THE VERY
SMALL MINORITY OF PLANTS THAT MIGHT REDUCE OR
CEASE OPERATIONS AND THEREBY LAY OFF THEIR EM-
PLOYEES. THE REPORT SPECIFIES THE TYPES OF FINAN-
CIAL ASSISTANCE REQUIRED TO AVOID CLOSURE, AND
DESCRIBES THE KINDS OF PLANTS AFFECTED AND PRO-
GRAMS WHICH MIGHT BE INSTITUTED. SHOULD THE NEED
ARISE, THE STUDY ALSO PROVIDED INSIGHTS INTO THE
APPROPRIATE TYPES OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
RESPONSE, SHOULD THE MAGNITUDE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
WARRANT ACTION. (PB-207 109).
00934. A COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION FOR
CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND
PROCESSES.
SMITH, R.
EPA-17090-12/67, 55 P, DEC 1967.
THE COST ASSOCIATED WITH BUILDING AND OPERATING
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS OR INDIVIDUAL
WASTEWATER PROCESSES HAS ALWAYS BEEN DIFFICULT
TO ESTIMATE FOR PLANNING PURPOSES. A GREAT DEAL
OF INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AND AN ATTEMPT HAS
BEEN MADE TO ASSEMBLE THIS INFORMATION IN ONE
PLACE USING A CONSISTENT SET OF ASSUMPTIONS AND
OMISSIONS. IT IS HOPED THAT THIS WILL PROVE A USEFUL
WORKING DOCUMENT FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
WORKING IN THE FIELD OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
COSTS FOR CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PLANTS IN-
CLUDE THOSE FOR PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION, AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE AND TRICKLING FILTER PLANTS. AD-
VANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES CONSIDERED IN THIS
COLLECTION ARE: SOLIDS REMOVAL BY COAGULATION
AND SEDIMENTATION; FILTRATION THROUGH SAND OR
GRADED MEDIA; AMMONIA STRIPPING, GRANULAR CAR-
BON ADSORPTION; ELECTRODIALYSIS, MICROSTRA1NING
OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT; AERATION OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT; CHLORINATION OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT; AND
PIPELINES FOR ULTIMATE DISPOSAL. ALSO, ADDED ARE
CONSTRUCTION COSTS FOR INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT,
STRUCTURES AND CONSUMABLE ITEMS. COSTS ARE NOR-
MALIZED TO JUNE 1967 AND ARE PRESENTED AS NA-
TIONAL AVERAGES TO ALLOW ADJUSTMENT OF THESE
FIGURES TO REFLECT CURRENT COST INDICES AND LOCAL
SITUATIONS. THIS IS NOT A COMPLETE CONSIDERATION OF
THE SUBJECT, BUT IS A COMPILATION OF A VERY LARGE
AMOUNT OF DATA IN ONE DOCUMENT AND IN A FORM
SUITABLE FOR USE BY THOSE IN THE WASTEWATER
TREATMENT FIELD. (W72-04298) (PB-206 430).
00935. ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN
STATE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING PRO-
GRAMS.
V1ESSMAN, W.JR.
OWRR-A-016-NEB (1), 36 P, SEP 1970.
THE PROJECT WAS DESIGNED TO EXPLORE THE
ECONOMICS OF INSTITUTING A SERIOUS MODELING EF-
FORT WITHIN A STATE WATER PLANNING AGENCY AND
TO ASSESS THE TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF
CURRENT MODELS FOR SOLVING PLANNING-ORIENTED
PROBLEMS. (PB-196 365) (W71-02879).
00936. CENTRIFUGE FOR DEWATEREVG SLUDGES.
ALBERTSON, O.E.; SHERWOOD, R.J.
WATER & WASTE ENG., 5, 56-57, APRIL 1968.
THIS ARTICLE GIVES COSTS OF DEWATERING DIGESTED
SLUDGES BY THE USE OF CENTRIFUGES..
00937. DENVER BUILDS
PLANT.
A WASTE TREATMENT
OMBRUNI, P.R.
WATER & WASTE ENG., 5, 52-55, FEB 1968.
A WASTE-TREATMENT PLANT FOR DENVER COLORADO
COST $17,300,000. AN ITEMIZED LIST OF EQUIPMENT AND
OTHER DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ARE GIVEN..
00938. EIGHTEENTH OKLAHOMA
WASTE CONFERENCE.
INDUSTRIAL
H. GLADYS SWOPE (ED), 115, 244-246, MAY 1968.
THIS ARTICLE, BASED ON PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE
CONFERENCE, CONTAINS COST DATA FOR MICROSTRAIN-
ING, ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT, REVERSE OSMOSIS,
DISTILLATION, AND OXIDATION..
00939. FLAME INCINERATION.
BREWE, G.C.
CHEM. ENG., 75, 160-165, OCT. 14, 1968.
CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR REMOVAL
OF ODOR-CAUSING GASES AND VAPORS BY FLAME, THER-
MAL, AND CATALYTIC INCINERATION.
00940. HEAT SYNERESIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGES.
HARRISON, J.; BUNGAY, H.R.; LORD, A.M.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 115, 268-273, JUNE 1968.
A BREAKDOWN OF CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS FOR
HEAT-TREATMENT SYSTEMS WITH AND WITHOUT HIGH-
PRESSURE PUMPING ARE GIVEN.
00941. OIL-SPILL CLEANUP: A MATTER OF $'S AND
METHODS.
PATTISON, D.A.
CHEM. ENG., 76, 50-54, FEB. 10, 1969.
COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR VARIOUS OIL-SPILL TREATMENTS
IN TERMS OF COST PER GALLON OF PRODUCT AND COST
PER GALLON OF OIL TREATED.
189
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00942. PRODUCTION COST FACTOR IN RATE-MAK-
ING.
HEANEY, J.P.; GEMMELL, R. S.
J AM. WATER WORKS ASSOC., 61, 102-106, MARCH
1969.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRODUCTION COSTS FOR
WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS AND RATES CHARGED FOR
WATER IS DISCUSSED.
00943. PROTECTING PUMPING STATION AGAINST
NUCLEAR ATTACK.
BECKER, E.W.
J AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION, 61, 392-
394, AUGUST 1969.
WATER PUMPING STATIONS OF THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE
HAD THE FOLLOWING COSTS: HOWARD AVE. STATION,
271-MGD, $1,557,486 IN 1962, OR $5,830-MILLION GAL. ;
TEXAS AVE. STATION, 140-MGD, $2,084,197 IN 1962 OR
$14,850/M1LLION GAL. ; NORTH POINT STATION, 165-MGD,
$2,376,000 IN 1963, OR $14,400/MILLION GAL..
00944. THE INDIRECT CYCLE OF WATER REUSE.
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G, ; ELIASSEN, R.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, 35-41 FEB. 1969.
UNIT COSTS IN S/ACRE-FT AND $/l,000 GAL. ARE GIVEN
FOR VARIOUS RECLAMATION PROCESSES.
009^5. THE RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER
FROM WASTEWATER.
STANDER, G.J.; VAN VUUREN, L.R.J.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41, 355-267,
1969.
A DISCUSSION, WITH COSTS OF POTABLE WATER RECLA-
MATION FROM HUMUS TANK EFFLUENT AND PRIMARY
CLARIFIED WASTEWATER IS GIVEN.
00946. TREAT SOUR WATER WATER BY ION
EXCHANGE.
POLLIO, F.X.; PETRALIA, J.W.
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING,
1969.
48, 124-126, MAY
A PLANT FOR PROCESSING 200,000 GAL/DAY OF SOUR
WATER BY ION EXCHANGE COSTS ABOUT $102,000 AND
PROCESSING COSTS ARE FROM $0.07 TO $0.81/1,000 GAL.
00947. WATER TREATMENT FOR REACTORS.
RYAN, L.F.; BROWN, R.M.
POWER ENG., 73, 36-39 JAN. 1969.
POWDERED ION-EXCHANGE RESIN SYSTEMS CAN BE USED
TO TREAT WATER FOR APPRECIABLY LOWER COST THAN
CAN CONVENTIONAL MIXED-BED UNITS.
00949. AN OPTIMAL METER MAINTENANCE PRO-
GRAM FOR THE WAUKESHA WATER UTILI-
TY.
KURANZ, J.H.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, 60-63 MAY 1969.
ANNUAL METERING COSTS ARE SHOWN FOR THE YEARS
1948-1963.
00950. COMPLETION OF THE FAIRFAX COUNTY
WATER AUTHORITY ACQUISTION PRO-
GRAM.
CORBALIS, J.J. JR.
J AM. WATER WORKS ASSOC., 61, 139-144, MARCH
1969.
A BREAKDOWN OF COSTS FOR A WATER SYSTEM IS GIVEN
AND WATER SERVICE CHARGES IN SEVERAL COMMUNI-
TIES ARE SHOWN.
00951. CONTINUOUS DEMINERALIZING FOR BOILER
FEED.
THORBORG, C.,.
POWER, 113, 76, 79, JUNE, 1969.
A COST COMPARISON IS SHOWN FOR CONTINUOUS ION-
EXCHANGE AND FIXED-BED SYSTEMSFOR DEMINERALIZ-
ING 440 GPM OF WATER. CAPITAL COSTS ARE $380,000
AND $525,000 FORTHE TWO SYSTEMS, RESPECTIVELY; AND
DAILY CHEMICAL COSTS ARE $956 AND $638.
00952. COOLING LAKES CAN BE A PLEASANT SOLU-
TION.
EICHER, G. J.
ELECTRIC WORLD, 171, 90-928 APRIL 14, 1969.
COOLING LAKES CAN PROVIDE AN ECONOMICAL SOLU-
TION TO WATER COOLING PROBLEMS AND, AT THE SAME
TIME, CREATE DESIRABLE RECREATIONAL AREAS.
CAPITAL COSTS IN $/KW ARE GIVEN FOR COOLING
TOWERS AND COOLING LAKES.
00953. COOPERATIVE CITY-COUNTY RATE STRUC-
TURES.
BADGER, W.A.; ROSE, J.C.
JOUR AWWA, 61, 581-584, NOV. 1969.
WATER RATE, SCHEDULES, MINIMUM CHARGES, AND
SYSTEM CONNECTION CHARGES ARE GIVEN FOR THE BAL-
TIMORE COUNTY METROPOLITAN DISTRICT.
00954. DETROIT DEVELOPS WATER SUPPLY FROM
LAKE HURON.
REMUS, G.J.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, 40-42, APRIL 1969.
COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR THE $140-MILLION PROJECT.
00948. WORLD'S LARGEST MICROSTRAINER AT
CHICAGO.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 116, 395, OCT. 1969.
A 15-MGD, FINE-MESH, ROTARY STRAINER FOR A TREAT-
MENT PLANT COST $227,632, INSTALLED.
00955. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY
PRICING IN HXINOIS.
AFIFI, H.H.
JOUR. AWWA, 61, 41-48, JAN. 1969.
COSTS OF WATER ARE GIVEN FOR PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
WATERS FOR POPULATIONS OF DIFFERENT SIZES.
190
-------
REFERENCE LIST
00956. FIELD USE OF A CATION1C POLYMER FOR
CLARIFICATION.
KLEBER, J.P.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, 42-44, JUNE 1969.
THE USE OF CATIONIC ORGANIC POLYMERS FOR WATER
CLARIFICATION CAN REDUCE TREATMENT COSTS, AS
SHOWN.
00962. ABSORPTION AND FILTRATION WITH GRANU-
LAR ACTIVATED CARBON.
HAGER, D.G.
WATER & WASTES ENG, 6, 39-43, AUG. 1969.
COST OF REGENERATING 2,500 LB/DAY OF ACTIVATED
CARBON IS $0.015/LB.
009S7. IMPROVED WATER QUALITY.
MATTSON, R.J.; TOMSIC, V.J.
CHEM. ENG. PROGR., 65, 62-68, JAN. 1969.
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS FOR 100,000 AND
1,000,000 GAL/DAY REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER PURIFICA-
TION PLANTS ARE GIVEN. FOR THE TWO PLANTS, CAPITAL
COSTS ARE $155,000 AND $1,000,000, RESPECTIVELY; AND
OPERATING COSTS ARE $0.75/1,000 GAL. AND $0.58/1,000
GAL..
00958. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
WRIGHT, C.D.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, 34-36, JUNE 1969.
AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT OF 4.5-MGD MAXIMUM
CAPACITY WOULD COST ABOUT $2-4 MILLION TODAY.
00959. STANLE, N.C., PLANT TREATS MUNICIPAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, 62, SEPT. 1969.
A 3 (MAX. ) MGD WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WAS
BUILT FOR $461,186..
00960. TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL IN VIR-
GINIA.
SUTHERLAND, E. R.
JOUR. AWWA, 61, 187-189, APRIL 1969.
THICKENED SLUDGE SUITABLE FOR LANDFILL CAN BE OB-
TAINED FOR FROM O.I CENTS/1,000 GAL. OF RAW WATER
PORCESSED IN A 32-MGD PLANT TO 2.6 CENTS/I,000 GAL.
IN A L-MGD PLANT. CAPITAL COSTS FOR THE TWO INSTAL-
LATION ARE $4,700/MGD AND $20,000 MGD, RESPECTIVE-
LY. VACUUM FILTRATION CAPITAL COSTS ARE $2,800/MGD
AND $64,000/MGD FOR 32-MGD AND I-MGD PLANTS,
RESPECTIVELY. OPERATING COSTS ARE 2-2.8 CENTS/1,000
GAL..
00961. WATER RECLAMATION, PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL METHODS: A LITERATURE
REVIEW.
COHEN, J.M.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41, 978-993,
JUNE 1969.
A TERTIARY TREATMENT PLANT CAN REMOVE
PHOSPHATE, NITROGEN, AND ORGANICS FROM WATER
FOR $0.15/1,000 GAL. A CARBON ADSORPTION PLANT
COSTS $0.08/1,000 GAL. TO OPERATF-. A PLANT FOR
RENOVATING SECONDARY WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS HAD
PROCESS COSTS OF $0.18/1 ,(X)0 GAL.
00963. AERATION OF STREAMS WITH AIR AND
MOLECULAR OXYGEN.
AMBERG, H.R.; WISE, D.W.; ASPITARTE, T.R.
TAPPI, 2, 1866-1871, OCT. 1969.
OXYGEN AND POWER COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR THREE
METHODS OF ADDING OXYGEN TO WATER.
00964. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL: THE STATE OF THE
ART.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41, 701-713,
MAY 1969.
METHODS FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL ARE DISCUSSED.
TREATMENT COSTS FOR DIFFERENT PROCESSES ARE ESTI-
MATED AT FROM $0.01 TO $10.15/1,000 GAL..
00965. PRESSING AND INCINERATION OF KRAFT
MILL, PRIMARY CLAROTER SLUDGE.
STOVALL, J.H.; BERRY, DA.
TAPPI, 52, 2093-2097, NOV. 1969.
A 60-TON/DAY SYSTEM FOR REMOVING, PRESSING AND
BURNING KRAFT PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTE SLUDGE
COSTS ABOUT $200,OOO-$300,000 INCLUDING FINAL SLUDGE
DISPOSAL IN BARK BOILERS. OPERATING COSTS ARE $2-
SIO/TON OF SLUDGE HANDLED. OPERATION OF CEN-
TRIFUGES COSTS $6-$9/TON, AND VACUUM FILTERS, $6-
S10/TON, BASED ON MOISTURE-FREE SOLIDS..
00966. SECONDARY TREATMENT WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
RIZZO, J. L.; SCHADE, R. E.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 116,307-312, AUG. 1969.
OPERATING COSTS FOR THE ADSORPTION PORTION OF
THE CLAR1FIFCAT1ON/CARBON PROCESS ARE ESTIMATED
AT $0.03/1,000 GAL. FOR A 10-MGD PLANT..
00967. SLUDGE/BOD RATIO IS KEY TO WASTE-
WATER CLEANUP.
CHEM. ENG., 76, 60-62, APRIL 21, 1969.
A $ 1.7 MILLION BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS OF THE
PETRATEX CHEMICAL CORP. REMOVE BOD FOR $0.82/LB..
00968. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FERMENTATION
WASTES.
WOODLEY, R. A.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, B14-B18, MARCH 1969.
EQUIPMENT FOR SPRAY IRRIGATION COSTS UP TO
$1,000/ACRE; LAND COSTS $200-$ 1,000/ACRE..
191
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00969. ALTERNATIVE FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
CAMIN, K.Q.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 116, IW/8-IW/13, JULY
1969.
AN INDUSTRIAL FIRM HAS SEVERAL ALTERNATIVES
COURSES OF ACTION FOR HANDLING ITS WASTE POLLU-
TION PROBLEM: (1) HAVE ALL WASTES TREATED IN MU-
NICIPAL PLANTS, (2) TREAT OWN WASTES, (3) PARTIALLY
TREAT OWN WASTES, FOLLOWED BY MUNICIPAL TREAT-
MENT, (4)ALTER MANUFACTURING PROCESS. THE ALTER-
NATIVES ARE ANALYZED; AND COSTS OF DIFFERENT
TREATMENT FACILITIES ARE GIVEN..
00970. CENTRALIZED WASTE-DISPOSAL FACILITY IS
ECONOMICAL.
FAATZ, JR, A. C.
OIL & GAS J., 67, 142-144, AUG. 1969.
COSTS ARE GIVEN FOK TRANSPORTING LIQUID AND SOLID
WASTES BY TRUCK AND BY BARGE.
00971. CLEAR WATER AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
SEBASTIAN, F.; SHERWOOD, R.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 116, 297-300, AUG. 1969.
COSTS OF SLUDGE VACUUM FILTRATION, INCINERATION
AND DISPOSAL PER TON OF SOLIDS ARE GIVEN, FOR THE
PERIOD 1939-1965, FOR THE SOUTH TAHOE PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL AND WATER RECLAMATION PLANT..
00972. COST ACCOUNTING FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
FORBES, M.C.
HYDROCARBON
1969.
PROCESSING, 48, 145-148, OCT.
THE PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES OF COST ALLOCATION
FOR POLLUTION CONTROL ARE PRESENTED. AN EXAMPLE
IS GIVEN..
00973. DEGRADATION OF WASTEWATER ORGANICS
IN SOIL.
THOMAS, R. E.; BENDIXON, T.W.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41, 808-814,
MAY, 1969.
LAND DISPOSAL OF LIQUID IS ECONOMICALLY COMPETI-
TIVE WITH OTHER DISPOSAL METHODS. SLUDGE TREAT-
MENT INCLUDING DRYING COSTS ABOUT S35/TON. LAND
DISPOSAL OF LIQIUD SLUDGE WOULD REDUCE DISPOSAL
COSTS TO SIO/TON. THE COST OF MAKING TOPSOIL WITH
SLUDGE IS $I,600/ACRE. THE COMPARABLE COST OF IM-
PROVEMENT WITH NATURAL TOPSOIL IS S4.500/ACRE.
00974. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PAYS OFF AT
CELANESE CHEMICAL PLANT.
VEIR, B.B.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 116, 1W/21-IW/24, MAY
1969.
AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON SHOWS THAT CAPITAL COSTS
FOR A DEEP WELL SYSTEM ARE HIGHER THAN FOR A
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM, BUT OPERATING COSTS ARE MUCH
LOWER.
00975. INCINERATOR PAYS FOR ITSELF BY PROVID-
ING FOR PLANT HEATING.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 116, 1WI28-IWI31, SEPT.
1969.
A WASTES INCINERATOR SYSTEM COST $102,000. IT CUT
PLANT HEATING COSTS BY $14,400/YR.
00976. INDUSTRIAL WASTES; PAPER AND ALLIED
PRODUCTS.
COVE, G.W.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41, 1135-
1157, JUNE 1969.
A FOAM FRACnONATION FOR PAPERMILL EFFLUENT
TREATMENT IS ESTIMATED AT $20,000 TO $245,000 FOR
PLANTS FROM 1 MGD TO 10 MOD. ANNUAL OPERATING
COSTS ARE $12,000 TO $88,000. TREATMENT PLANTS
COULD PRODUCE USABLE WATER FROM SOME EFFLUENTS
FOR $0.145/1,000 GAL., BUT TO PRODUCE USABLE WATER
FROM BLEACHED KRAFT EFFLUENT WOULD ADD ABOUT
$0.25/1,000 GAL. TO THE COST. A 2.5 MGD CARBON AD-
SORPTION PLANT WOULD HAVE ANNUAL COSTS OF
ABOUT $0.23/1,000 GAL. VARIOUS OTHER CAPITAL AND
OPERATING COSTS FOR WATER TREATMENT ARE GIVEN..
00977. MICHIGAN PROFESSOR UNVEILS WASTE
TREATMENT PROCESS.
ENG. NEWS-RECORD, 183, 50, OCT. 30, 1969.
A PHYSICOCHEMICAL WASTE TREATMENT PROCESS
CLAIMED TO REMOVE 97% OF ORGANIC WASTE MATTER
AND MOST OF PHOSPHATES AND NITRATE FROM SEWAGE
FOR $0.16/1,000 GAL..
00978. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWAGE STUDY.
VON1C, M.; BUMSTEAD, J.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41, 553-567,
APRIL 1969.
CONSTRICTION AND ANNUAL COSTS FOR 32.5 MGD AND
6.4 MGD WASTE-TREATMENT PLANTS ARE SHOWN..
00979. BRACKISH WATER TREATMENT.
SCHMIDT, K.A.
POWER ENG., 73, 51-52, MAY 1969.
COST OF PROCESSED BRACKISH WATER IN IOWA IS $0.77-
$1.11/1,000 GAL. PUMPING AND DISTRIBUTION COSTS IN
VARIOUS TOWNS VARIED FROM $0.30 TO $0.60/1,000 GAL.-
00980. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
COFFEY, P.J.; ORTOLANO, L.
JOUR. AWWA, 61, 237-241, MAY 1969.
A THEORETICAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK HAS BEEN CON-
STRUCTED WHICH MAXIMIZES NET ECONOMIC BENEFITS
OF SALINITY CONTROL AND INDICATES A CRITICAL LEVEL
OF WATER QUALITY ASSOCIATED WITH THAT GOAL.
192
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REFERENCE LIST
00981. ST. THOMAS DESALTING POWER PLANT
PRODUCES 2.5 MGD WATER.
TIDBALL, R.A.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 6, 28-30, JUNE 1969.
WATER IS PRODUCED FOR $0.78/1,000 GAL.
00982. SUCCESSFUL LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
WRIGHT, J.B.
POWER ENG., 73, 46-49, JULY 1969.
A SINGLE-UNIT, 50-STAGE, FLASH EVAPORATOR DESALT-
ING PLANT AT KEY WEST PRODUCES 2.62 MGD OF FRESH
WATER AT A COST OF $0.845/1,000 GAL. TOTAL CONSTRUC-
TION COST WAS $3,584,000; AND TOTAL PLANT COST, IN-
CLUDING LAND, FINANCING CHARGES, AND ARCHITECT-
ENGINEER SERVICES WAS $4,056,700.
00983. USSR DESALTING STUDY.
ENG. NEWS-RECORD, 183, 16, JULY 24, 1969.
A PROCESS BASED ON FREEZING IS EXPECTED TO
PRODUCE WATER FOR 41.5c/l,OOO GAL., COMPARED TO
22.lc-32.5c FOR WATER FROM CONVENTIONAL SOURCES.
00988. NEW BRIGHTON, PA., ACQUIRES 1-MGD
WATER PLANT.
WAYNE, M.A.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 32-34, JULY 1970.
A 6-MGD, S2.4-MILLION
BREAKDOWN OF COSTS FOR
WATER FILTRATION PLANT.
00989. NEW WATERWORKS INTAKE FOR HAMILTON,
ONTARIO.
TREDGETT, R.G.; FISHER, D.R.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, 32-34, FEB. 1970.
COST BREAKDOWN FOR $2 MILLION 96' DIAM. WATER-
WORKS INTAKE FOR HAMILTON, ONT,
00990. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WATER SALVAGE.
MYERS, L.E.
CIVIL ENG., 40, 41-44, JAN. 1970.
COST OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WATER IS $0.25-
$0.35/1,000 GAL. COSTS OF WATER SALVAGED BY VARIOUS
METHODS ARE GIVEN..
00984. WATER DESALTING PRESENT AND FUTURE.
ELIASSEN, R.
JOUR. AWWA, 61, 572-574, NOV. 1969.
A 100-MGD ELECTROD1ALYSIS PLANT WOULD DESALT
FROM 2,500 TO 500 MG/1 FOR ABOUT $0.23/1,000 GAL. ; AND
FROM 4,000 TO 500 MG/I FOR ABOUT $0.29/1,000 GAL. A
COST COMPARION FOR 150-MGD MULTISTAGE DESALTING
PLANTS USING FOSSIL AND NUCLEAR FUELS IS GIVEN.
COST OF WATER PER 1,000 GAL. IS ESTIMATED AT $0.685
FOR THE FOSSIL-FUEL PLANT, AND $0.626 FOR THE
NUCLEAR PLANT
0098S. HOW MUCH WILL THAT COST PER YEAR.
GRUMMAN, D.L.
ACHV, 66, 36-68, JULY 1969.
COMMON METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE TRUE AN-
NUAL COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES HAVING DIF-
FERENT INITIAL AND OPERATING COSTS INCLUDE:
EQUIVALENT ANNUAL COSTS; PRESENT WORTH; AND
PAYBACK PERIOD. THESE ARE ILLUSTRATED BY A COST
COMPARISON OF ROOFFOP AIR CONDITIONING UNITS VS.
CONVENTIONAL UNITS.
00986. INVESTMENT RETURN VIA THE ENGINEER'S
METHOD.
CHILTON, T. H.
CHEM. ENG. PROGR., 65, 29-34, JULY 1959.
THE RETURN-ON-1NVESTMENT METHODS FOR COMPARING
ALTERNATIVE INVESTMENT ARE ILLUSTRATED BY A
NUMBER OF EXAMPLES.
00987. MORRISVILLE, PA., BUILDS A NEW FILTRA-
TION PLANT.
SALVATORELLI, J.J.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, 40-42, JULY 1970.
COST BREAKDOWN AND INVENTORY FOR $1.47-MILLION, 3-
MGD FILTRATION PLANT.
00991. PROCESS COOLING SYSTEM: SYSTEM COSTS
SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING.
NICCOLI, L.G.; JASKE, R.T.; WITT, P.A.
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING, 49, 97-108, SECTION
1, OCT. 1970.
WATER-HANDLING CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ARE
GIVEN FOR A 100,000-BPSD REFINERY.
00992. REEVALUATION OF PRADO WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
BAIER, D.C.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 106-112, FEB. 1970.
IN ORANGE COUNTY, CALIF., SOFTENING WATER IN HOME
REGENERATED WATER SOFTENERS COSTS $95/ACRE-FT.
THE COST DUE TO SHORTENED LIFE OF HOUSEHOLD
FACILITIES AS THE RESULT OF SALINITY IS GIVEN IN
TERMS OF ANNUAL COST PER HOUSEHOLD.
00993. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
SHIH, C.S.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42, 1791-
1804, OCT. 1970.
AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR RIVER-BASIN WATER-
QUALITY MANAGEMENT, BASED ON THE MATHEMATICAL
PRINCIPLES OF DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING IS PRESENTED
AND COSTS ARE GIVEN.
00994. WATER.
BROOKE, M.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 135-138, DEC 1970.
FROM 1,060 TO 1,600 GAL. /M1N. OF CIRCULATING WATER
ARE REQUIRED FOR EACH $1-MILLION OF CAPITAL IN-
VESTMENT IN THE CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRY. TYPI-
CAL CAPITAL INVESTMENF AND OPERATING COSTS ARE
GIVEN FOR WATER-TREATMENT FACILITIES.
193
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00995. WATER FOR THE WEST.
GIANELLI, W. R.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 241-244, APRIL 1970.
COLORADO RIVER WATER FLOWING THROUGH THE
COLORADO RIVER AQUEDUCTS COSTS THE
METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT OF SOUTHERN CALIFOR-
NIA $0.10/1,000 GAL. WATER FROM THE STATE WATER
PROJECT OF CALIFORNIA, WHICH WILL BE COMPLETED IN
1972, WILL COST 0.15/1,000 GAL. A PROPOSED DESALTING
PLANT AT BOLSA ISLAND WILL PROVIDE WATER FOR
ABOUT $0.37/1,000 GAL..
00996. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: BASIC
TECHNIQUES.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 63-70, APRIL 27, 1970.
BASIC POLLUTION CONTROL METHODS ARE DISCUSSED.
COOLING TOWERS CAN BE USED TO ELIMINATE THERMAL
POLLUTION. COSTS OF TOWERS ARE GIVEN AS A FUNC-
TION OF WATER FLOW AND COOLING RANGE.
00997. WATER QUALITY PLANNING IN THE
PRESENCE OF INTERACTING POLLUTANTS.
DYSART, B.C. III.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42, 1515,
1970.
THE AUTHOR DEVELOPS AND DEMONSTRATES
METHODOLOGY FOR WATER QUALITY PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT WHERE THERE COULD BE SIGNIFICANT IN-
TERACTION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE STREAM. SYSTEM
COSTS ARE GIVEN.
00998. COST SAVING IN STEEL PICKLING AND
MINERAL PROCESSING.
THE COST ENGINEER BRIT., 9, 1, JULY 1970.
COSTS OF DESCALING STEEL WITH SULFURIC AND
HYDROCHLORIC ACIDS.
00999. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
REMUS, G.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 38-40, JAN. 1970.
CAPACITIES AND COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR DETROIT'S
WATER-TREATMENT PLANTS; AND A BREAKDOWN OF
WATER REVENUE DOLLAR DISTRIBUTION IN 1957 AND
1967 IS GIVEN.
01000. CARRY SAVES $ WITH NATURAL GAS ENGINE.
BROWN, R.W.; LEINEN, L.M.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 117, 169-170, MAY 1970.
A $4,000 NATURAL-GAS ENGINE, TO DRIVE A PUMP FOR A
WATER SYSTEM IS EXPECTED TO SAVE $150,000 OVER A
20-YEAR PERIOD, AS SHOWN BY A COST ANALYSIS.
01001. COMPUTER AIDS IN CRAG WATER PLAN.
CLARK, L.K.; KLEIN, A.M.; HARRISON, C.H.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, 49-51, APRIL 1970.
A COMPUTERIZED ECONOMIC ANALYSIS WAS USED TO
HELP FORMULATE A LONG-RANGE REGIONAL WATER
PLAN IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. COSTS OF WATER
FROM VARIOUS SOURCES ARE GIVEN.
01002. COST OF PROVIDING WATER FOR PROTEC-
TION.
COTE, D.R.; GOODMAN, A.S.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 407-411, JULY 1970.
TOTAL COST OF PROVIDING WATER FOR FIRE PROTEC-
TION WAS STUDIED FOR THREE COMMUNITIES OF 57,000,
55,000, AND 7,000 POPULATION. PER CAPITA COST VARIED
FROM $21.50 TO $9.50.
01003. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LEAKAGE SURVEY.
CAMPBELL, F. C.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 401^02, JULY 1970.
A LEAKAGE OF LESS THAN 3,000-GPD PER MILE OF WATER
PIPELINE WOULD COST MORE TO LOCATE AND REPAIR
THAN IT WOULD BE WORTH. A COST STUDY OF LEAKAGE
AND LEAKAGE SURVEY AND REPAIR IS PRESENTED.
01004. ELECTRODIALYSIS OF ESTUARINE WATER.
FULTON, G.P.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 549-554, SEPT. 1970.
CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR WATER
TREATMENT BY ELECTRODIALYSIS AND FOR TRANSPORT-
ING THE WATER 35, 50, AND 75 MILES.
01005. EMERGENCY SURGE CONTROL SYSTEM.
SWEENEY, G.; FRANK, J.A.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 117, 390-395, NOV. 1970.
COSTS OF A 60-MGD WATER PUMPING STATION AND DIS-
TRIBUTION SYSTEM ARE GIVEN.
01006. GENEVA, N.Y., IMPROVES
MENT PLANT.
WATER TREAT-
SMITH, R.J.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, 38-39, JULY 1970.
COST BREAKDOWN AND EQUIPMENT INVENTORY FOR A
SYSTEM UTILIZING SLOW SAND FILTERS WITH MICROS-
TRAINERS AND DIATOMITE FILTERS.
01007. MORE WATER FOR GREENSBORO, NORTH
CAROLINA.
PAPP, R.A.
WATER & SEWAGE WORK. 117,370-372, NOV. 1970.
BREAKDOWN OF COSTS FOR A RESERVOIR, DAM, AND
FILTER PLANT IS GIVEN. TOTAL COST OF PROJECT WAS
$7,935,580.
01008. THE SELECTION OF GRANULAR VERSUS POW-
DERED ACTIVATED CARBON.
HYNDSHAW, A.Y.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, 49-53, FEB. 1970.
FOR SOME WATER-TREATMENT PLANTS GRANULAR CAR-
BON IS MORE ECONOMICAL THAN POWDERED CARBON
FOR TASTE AND ODOR CONTROL, WHILE IN OTHER
PLANTS THE REVERSE IS TRUE. CARBON LEVELS, COST OF
CARBON, AND REGENERATION COSTS ARE GIVEN.
194
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REFERENCE LIST
01009. THE USE OF FLYASH IN WASTEWATER
TREATMENT AND SLUDGE CONDITIONING.
EYE, J.D.; BASU, T. K.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42, R124-
R135, PART2, MAY 1970.
FLYASH CAN BE USED AS AN ADSORBENT FOR REMOVING
MANY IMPURITIES FROM WASTEWATER. IN AN EXAMPLE
PRESENTED, COST OF FLYASH IS S950/YR, COMPARED TO
$4,175/YR FOR CONDITIONING WITH LIME AND FERRIC
CHLORIDE.
01010. UNIQUE DUAL LAGOON SYSTEM SOLVES DBF-
FICULT WINE WASTE TREATMENT
PROBLEM.
TOFFLEMIRE, T.J.; SMITH, S.E. ; TAYLOR, C.W.;
RICE, A.C.; HARTSIG, A.L.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, F2-F5, NOV. 1970.
INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR A
PLANT THAT REDUCES BOD CONCENTRATION 96% AND
BOD POUNDAGE 99.3%.
01011. WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY-
PART 1.
STEFFAN, A. J.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, B20-B22, MARCH 1970.
CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR TRICKLING
FILTER, ANAEROBIC CONTACT, AND ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC
LAGOON SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF CAPACITY.
01012. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN PLANT
CITY, FLA.
WALKER, R. E.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, A22-A23, JAN. 1970.
A BREAKDOWN OF COSTS FOR A $ I-MILLION MUNICIPAL
WASTE-TREATMENT PLANT.
01016. FLORIDA FIRM USES GAMMA RAYS TO
POLISH SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT.
ENG. NEWS-RECORD, 18S, 24-25, AUG. 13, 1970.
A $90,000 PLANT, DESIGNED FOR TREATING 10,000 GPD
USES 60,000 RADS OF GAMMA RAYS FROM COBALT 60 TO
TREAT EFFLUENT FROM SECONDARY TREATMENT. THE
COST-S3.30 PR HOUSEHOLD-IS CONSIDERED COMPETITIVE
WITH COSTS OF CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT METHODS.
01017. HEAVY METALS IN DIGESTERS: FAILURE AND
CURE.
REGAN, T.M.; PETERS, M.M.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42, 1832-
1839, OCT 1970.
HEAVY METALS CAUSED FAILURE OF DIGESTERS IN A
SEWAGE SYSTEM. THE TREATMENT AND ITS COST ARE
PRESENTED.
01018. IMPROVING BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
KNOWLES, JR., C. L.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 108-109, APRIL 27, 1970.
AN INDUSTRIAL WASTE-TREATMENT PLANT DESIGNED
FOR 2 MOD AND $1,000 MG/LB OF BOD COSTS ABOUT $3
MILLION. FLUID-BED SLUDGE INCINERATION COST $15-
$25/TON OF DRY SOLIDS (0.3-0.5 CENTS/LB BOD
DESTROYED).
01019. INCORPORATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN
SOLUBLE MEDIA.
BLANCO, R.E.; GODBEE, H.W.; FREDERICK, E.J.
CHEM. ENG. PROGR., 66, 51-56, FEB. 1970.
INCORPORATING RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN ASPHALT FOR
BURIAL IN LANDFILLS IS A POSSIBLE WASTE-DISPOSAL
METHOD. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS FOR A
SEWAGE-ASPHALT PLANT ARE GIVEN.
01013. WATER-POLLUTION CONCLAVE AIRS NEW
TREATMENT SCHEMES.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 40^2, SEPT. 7, 1970.
ANIMAL FOOD CAN BE PREPARED FROM THE SLUDGE
RESULTING FROM BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF RAW
SEWAGE. PRODUCTION COSTS ARE ABOUT O.OlSc/LB.
01014. CHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
MAYSTRE, Y.; GEYER, J.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42, 1277-
1291, JULY 1970.
SURCHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS IN A NUMBER OF CITIES ARE
GIVEN.
01015. COLDWATER CREEK WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT.
LARSON, J.W.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, 44-48, APRIL 1970.
AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT COST $5,691,360. DESIGN
CRITERIA AND A BREAKDOWN OF COSTS ARE GIVEN.
01020. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS.
RIDDLE, W. G.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42, 1676-
1683, SEPT 1970.
RESULTS OF A TWO YEAR SURVEY IN THE MATTER OF
ELIMINATING INFILTRATION AND STORMWATER IN
SEWAGE SYSTEMS IN WESTERN MISSOURI AND EASTERN
KANSAS ARE REPORTED. A QUESTIONNAIRE WAS MAILED
TO APPROXIMATELY 50 POLLUTION ABATEMENT FACILI-
TY MANAGERS AND 49 REPLIED. LOCATION OF STORM
WATER INLETS IS MADE BY A COMPREHENSIVE, ECONOMI-
CAL SMOKE TESTING PROGRAM WHICH ALLOWS VISUAL
IDENTIFICATION OF CONTRIBUTING ROOF LEADERS',
STREET INLETS, BROKEN PIPES, RUPTURED MANHOLES
AND YARD, DRIVEWAY OR AREA-WAY DRAINS. INFILTRA-
TION AND ITS CORRECTION ARE SEPARATE PROBLEMS.
VISUAL OBSERVATION IS PRACTICABLE ONLY BY TELEVI-
SION OR PHOTOGRAPHY; HOWEVER, A RECENT DEVELOP-
MENT WHICH IS RECEIVING CONSIDERABLE AND FAVORA-
BLE ATTENTION IS LOW PRESSURE AIR TESTING. ONCE
THE EXACT OR GENERAL LOCATION AND CHARACTER OF
INFILTRATION HAS BEEN DETERMINED THE EFFECTS MAY
BE CORRECTED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS: (1) EX-
CAVATION AND REPLACEMENT OR REPAIR, (2) LOCAL-
IZED PRESSURE GROUTING FROM WITHIN, (3) GENERAL-
IZED LOW PRESSURE SEALING FROM WITHIN, (4) LINING
TO A REDUCED DIAMETER, (5) PRESSURE GROUTING
FROM WITHOUT. COSTS FOR THE VARIOUS METHODS ARE
195
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PRESENTED. THE SUPPLIER OF SEALING CHEMICAL
CLAIMS SEALING EFFICIENCIES RANGE FROM 70 TO 95%.
COSTS OF TREATING AN 8 INCH SEWER RANGED FROM 80
CENTS TO A $1.00 A FOOT PLUS THE COST OF CHEMICAL.
IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THERE IS NO SATISFACTORY
REPAIR OR MAINTAINANCE SUBSTITUTE FOR HIGH QUALI-
TY INITIAL CONSTRUCTION. (W71-01852).
01021. NEW ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT FOR KNOX-
VILLE, TENNESSEE.
HILL, K.V.
WATER & WASTES ENG. 7, 32-34, JAN. 1970.
DESIGN DATA AND COSTS FOR A $2.5 MILLION ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PLANT.
01022. NUCLEAR-WASTES DISPOSAL:
SOLIDS SAVE SPACE.
FORMING
LOHSE, G.E.; MODROW, R.D.; WHEELER, B.R.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 94-96, FEB. 1970.
A NUCLEAR-WASTE DISPOSAL PROCESS INVOLVES
ATOMIZING FLUID WASTES INTO AN AIRFLUIDIZED BED OF
INERT GRANULAR SOLIDS. ANNUAL COSTS FOR A PLANT
HANDLING 372,000 GAL. OF ZIRCONIUM WASTE PER YEAR
ARE S4.90/GAL. OF WASTE.
01027. OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
BERTHOUEX, P.M.; POLKOWSKI, L.B.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42, 1588-
1613, SEPT 1970.
EQUATIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR ESTIMATING COSTS OF
CLARIF1ERS, AERATION BASINS, DIGESTERS, BLOWERSAND
SLUDGE PUMPS. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS
ARE GIVEN FOR DIFFERENT CONDITIONS.
01028. PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROJECTS.
PORTER, J.W.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 543-548, SEPT. 1970.
COST OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PER 1,000 GAL. ARE
GIVEN FOR PLANTS OF VARIOUS CAPACITIES AND FOR
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TREATMENT.
01029. PREFABRICATED DUAL LIFT STATION.
WRIGHT, C.D.; LILJEGREN, G.J.
WATER AND WASTES ENG., 7, 64-66, SEPT. 1970.
A SEWAGE LIFT STATION WITH FOUR 8' PUMPS, RATED AT
4.5 MOD, COST $150,000.
01023. O2 (OXYGEN) & O3 (O/ONE) RX FOR POLLU-
TION.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 46^8, FEB. 23, 1970.
OXYGEN AND OZONE WASTE-WATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES MAY PROVIDE AN ECONOMICAL ANSWER TO
INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTE-STREAM PROBLEMS.
CAPITAL INVESTMENT IS $1,080,000 FOR AN OZONE-TREAT-
MENT PLANT WITHOUT CLARIFICATION AND $2,270,000
WITH CLARIFICATION, FOR A 10 MILLION-GAL. /DAY
PLANT; AND OPERATING COSTS ARE 7.7 CENTS/1,000 GAL.
AND 15.8 CENTS/1,000 GAL., RESPECTIVELY.
01024. OCEAN DUMPING
PROBLEM.
POSES
GROWING
CHEM ENG. NEWS, 48, 40-41, NOV. 30, 1970.
LARGE QUANTITIES OF WASTES ARE DUMPED IN THE SEA.
DISPOSAL COSTS RANGE FROM $0.40/TON FOR DREDGE
SPOILS TO S24/TON FOR CONTAINERIZED INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN BULK SHIPMENT COST
AN AVERAGE OF $l.70/TON.
01025. OIL SKIMMER BELTS HELP CONTROL WATER
POLLUTION.
WASTE & SEWAGE WORKS, 117, IW/2-IW/11, NOV.
1970.
IT COST $0.226/1,000 GAL. OF WASTES TREATED FOR
CHEMICALS AND DISPOSAL OF TREATMENT BY-
PRODUCTS.
01026. OIL SPILLS-WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE
WE'RE GOING.
BACHMAN, W. A.
OIL & GAS JOURNAL, 68, 91-98, JUNE 1, 1970.
EFFECTIVENESS AND COST OF VARIOUS OIL-SPILL CON-
TROL SYSTEMS ARE GIVEN.
01030. PRETREATMENT OF WASTES FOR
DISCHARGE TO CITY SYSTEM.
ANDERSON, J.S.; BERGSTROM, R. G.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, D1-D4, JULY, 1970.
COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR A SYSTEM HANDLING A MIXTURE
OF RAW WASTEWATERS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
01031. PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANT KM THE WYOM-
ING VALLEY.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 117, OCT. 1970.
A 40-MGD PRIMARY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT COST
$27-MILLION, AND ANNUAL COSTS ARE $530,000.
01032. PURE OXYGEN CUTS COST OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT.
ENG. NEWS-RECORD, 184, MARCH 26, 1970.
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT A 100-MGD PLANT USING CONVEN-
TIONAL AIR WOULD COST $6.1 MILLION WHILE A COM-
PARABLE PLANT USING OXYGEN WOULD COST $4.95 MIL-
LION. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE WOULD BE $632,000
FOR THE CONVENTIONAL PLANT, AND $283,000 FOR THE
OXYGEN PLANT PER YR. COST PER 1,OOO GAL. WOULD
DROP FROM 8 CENTS TO 5.5 CENTS.
01033. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL.
BOWERMAN, F. R.
CHEM, ENG., 77, 147-151, APRIL 27, 1970.
COSTS PER 1,000 GAL. ARE GIVEN FOR ULTIMATE WASTE
DISPOSAL IN THE FORM OF LIQUID, SLUDGE, AND ASH.
196
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01034. ACTIVATED CARBON AIDS WATER TREAT-
MENT.
EWINO, R.C.
OIL & GAS J., 68, 134-135, MAY 4, 1970.
TOTAL OPERATING COST FOR A 10-MMO/D TERTIARY
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT USING ACTIVATED
CARBON IS 12.62 CENTS/1,000 GAL.
01035. ACTIVATED CARBON BIDS FOR WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT JOBS.
BROWNING, J, E,.
CHEM, ENG., 77,32-34, SEPT. 7, 7970.
ACTIVATED-CARBON ADSORPTION BIOLOGICAL WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT CAN COMPETE ECONOMICALLY WITH
CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED-SLUDGE SYSTEMS. AC-
TIVATED-CARBON SYSTEMS CAN PRODUCE PETROLEUM
REFINERY EFFLUENTS WITH LESS THAN 20 MG. /LITER
BOD AND LESS THAN 10 UNITS OF RECOGNITION ODOR
NUMBER. CAPITAL COSTS FOR 1-, S-, AND 10-MILLION GA.
/DAY PLANTS ARE ESTIMATED AT $540,000, $ 1,390,000, AND
$2,300,000, RESPECTIVELY. DIRECT OPERATING COSTS ARE
4.8-10.9 CENTS/1,000 GAL. FOR PRIMARY EFFLUENTS, AND
5.3-9.4 CENTS/1,000 GAL. FOR SECONDARY EFFLUENTS.
01036. ADVANCED WASTEWATER
OVERALL SURVEY.
TREATMENT-AN
SMITH, C.V.; DIGREGARIO, D.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 71-74, APRIL 27, 1970.
COSTS OF VARIOUS WATER-TREATMENT PROCESSES IN
PLANTS FROM I TO 100 MOD.
01037. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT-
REMOVING PHOSPHORUS AND SUSPENDED
SOLIDS.
GOODMAN, B.L.; MIKKELSON, K.A.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 75-83, APRIL 27, 1970.
COSTS OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL ARE GIVEN
SEVERAL PROCESSES.
FOR
01038. AN INDUSTRIAL SOLUTION TO INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION.
PARK, W.R.
CONSULTING ENGINEER, 34, 52-58, FEB. 1970.
ANNUAL COSTS FOR BOD REMOVAL AS A FUNCTION OF
PERCENT REMOVED; AND OPTIMUM TREATMENT LEVELS
AS A FUNCTION OF USE FEES.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE.
ENG. NEWS-RECORD, 184, 98-105, JUNE 18, 1970.
A SERIES OF COST CURVES AND TABLES FOR ESTIMATING
THE COST OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SEWAGE-TREATMENT
PLANTS AS A FUNCTION OF CAPACrTY, AND PER CAPITA.
01040. HYBRID SCHEME MAY LOWER DESALTING
COSTS.
CHEM. ENG. NEWS, 48, 38, APRIL 13, 1970.
STONE AND WEBSTER ENGINEERING CORP. HAS IN-
TRODUCED ITS DUO-CYCLE DESALTING PROCESS, WHICH
INVOLVES BOTH FLASH EVAPORATION AND REVERSE OS-
MOSIS. COSTS OF WATER IN A 131-MILLION-GALLON-PER-
DAY PLANT ARE ESTIMATED AT $0,46-$O.S6/1,000 GAL..
01041. HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION OF SALINE
WATERS.
BARTON, P.; FENSKE, M.R.
IND. ENG. CHEM. PROCESS DES. DEVELOP., 9, 18-
25, JAN. 1970.
POTABLE WATER CAN BE PRODUCED FROM SALINE
WATERS BY EXTRACTING WITH LIQUID HYDROCARBON
AT 650 F. AND 2,600 PSIA. A PLANT TO PRODUCE 10-MIL-
LION GAL. /DAY OF DESALTING WATER IS ESTIMATED TO
COST SIS-MILLION. OPERATING COSTS ARE $0.99/1,000
GAL.
01042. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DESALTING FOR
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY.
BOVET, E.D.
JOUR. AWWA, 62, 539-542, SEPT. 1970.
BESIDES PRODUCING POTABLE WATER, DESALTING
TECHNIQUES MAY BE USED TO RECOVER POTENTIALLY
VALUABLE BYPRODUCTS FROM EFFLUENTS IN MANY IN-
DUSTRIES.
01043. REVERSE OSMOSIS OFFERS USEFUL
TECHNIQUE FOR DESALTING.
CHANNOBASAPPA, K.C.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 7, A5-A8, JAN. 1970.
COSTS OF DISTILLATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALT-
ING PLANTS ARE GIVEN AS A FUNCTION OF CAPACITY;
AND WATER COSTS BY ELECTRODIALYSIS AND REVERSE
OSMOSIS. PRESENT COST OF INDUSTRIAL WATER IN THE U.
S. IS $0.125-$0.50/1,000 GAL.
01044. SOLAR DESALTING.
DELYANNIS, A.A.; DELYANNIS, E.A.
CHEM. ENG., 77, 136-140 OCT. 19, 1970.
A REVIEW OF SOLAR DESALTING AROUND THE WORLD.
COSTS OF SOLAR STILLS ARE $ 1.0-$ 1.15/SQ. FT.
01045. ZEROING IN ON DESALTING.
BROWNING, J.E..
CHEM. ENG., 77, 64-66, MARCH 23, 1970.
CAPITAL INVESTMENT FOR DESALTING PLANTS VARIES
FROM $0.48 TO $1.74/GAL. PER DAY DEPENDING UPON THE
PROCESS AND THE PLANT CAPACITY. WATER COSTS VARY
FROM $0.31 TO $0.90/1,000 GAL. DEPENDING UPON SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION OF FEEDWATER AND PLANT SIZE..
01046. BY-PRODUCT MARKETS AWAIT DESALTERS.
CHEM. ENG. NEWS, 48, 18-20, JULY 13, 1970.
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY PAYS DESALTING COSTS IN THE
FOLLOWING INDUSTRIES: COAL MINING (ACID MINE
DRAINAGE), CHEESE AND DAIRY, IRON AND STEEL,
NUCLEAR POWER, PLATING AND METAL FINISHING; AND
PULP AND PAPER..
197
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01047. IODINE FOR THE DISINFECTION OF WATER.
BLACK, A.P.
JOVR. AWWA, 60, 69-83, JAN. 1968.
THE COST OF IODINAT1ON FOR DISINFECTION IS 1/3 TO 1/2
THAT OF CHLORINATION.
01048. EFFECTS OF HIGHLY MINERALIZED WATER
ON HOUSEHOLD PLUMBING AND AP-
PLIANCES.
PATTER, W.L.; BANKER, R.F.
JOVR. AWWA, 60, 1060-1069, SEPT. 1968.
THE AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD HAS AN INVESTMENT OF
$1,123 IN WATER AND SEWAGE SYSTEMS AND RELATED
EQUIPMENT. THE HARDER THE WATER, THE SHORTER THE
SERVICE LIFE AND THE GREATER THE ANNUAL COST..
01049. INJECTION OF TREATED WASTE WATER INTO
AQUIFERS.
ROSE, J.L.
WATER & WASTE ENG., 5, 40^)3 OCT. 1968.
TREATED WASTE WATERS ARE INJECTED INTO AQUIFERS
TO RESTORE GROUND-WATER LEVELS. INVESTMENT AND
OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR A 10-MGD TREATMENT
PLANT..
01050. MICROSTRAINING AND OZONATION OF
WATER AND WASTEWATER.
DIAPER, E.W.J.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 5, 56-58, FEB. 1968.
A PLANT FOR TREATING WATER BY MICROSTRAINING
AND OZONATION IN LOCH TURRET, SCOTLAND COST
$1,436,400. THE ELECTRICAL LOAD IS 377.2 K.W..
010S1. MIXED-BED CONDENSATE POLISHING.
CRITS, G.J.
POWER ENG., 72, 48-51, MARCH 1968.
MIXED-BED DEMINERALIZERS ARE USED TO TREAT STEAM
CONDENSATE IN A POWER PLANT. COST OF OPERATION IS
GIVEN.
010S2. NEW CONDENSATE POLISHERS RETAIN AM-
MONIA.
CRITS, G.J.
POWER, 112, 84-87, NOV. 1968.
AMMONIATED MIXED-BED RESIN SYSTEMS ARE EFFECTIVE
FOR PURIFYING BOILER CONDENSATES. OPERATING COSTS
ARE GIVEN.
01053. NEW PUMPING AND WATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR AUGUSTA, MAINE.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 5, 45-50 DEC. 1968.
A BREAKDOWN OF COSTS IS GIVEN FOR TWO RECENT
PUMPING STATIONS.
01054. TOWNSHIP WATER RATES IN MICHIGAN'S
UPPER PENINSULA.
COURCHAINE, C.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 115, 52-156, APRIL 1968.
WATER COSTS VARY FROM $1.25 TO $15.00 PER MONTH.
AVERAGE DAILY COST IS $0.10 PER FAMILY.
01055. TRENDS: VENTURA WATER SUPPLY.
OWEN, P.E.
JOUR. AWWA, 60, 1240-1244, NOV. 1968.
MONTHLY MINIMUM METER RATES AND MONTHLY
WATER SUPPLY RATES ARE GIVEN FOR VENTURA, CALIF.
01056. WATER UTILITY COST TRENDS.
COHEN. S.L.; NORTH, E.G.; ADELMANN, C.B.
JOUR. AWWA, 60, 129-134 FEB. 1968.
AVERAGE PRICE OF MUNICIPAL WATER IS $0.30/1,000 GAL.
; IRRIGATION WATER COSTS $0.08-$0.1II1,000 GAL.
DELIVERED.
01057. TREATMENT OF MINK FOOD MANUFACTUR-
ING WASTES.
TORGERSON, G.E.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 115, 535-540, NOV. 1958.
A BREAKDOWN OF COSTS IS GIVEN FOR A WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEM.
01058. WASTEWATER PLANT EFFLUENT CHLORINA-
TION MADE EASY AND INEXPENSIVE.
DOROLEK, R.J.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 5, 48-50, OCT. 1968.
COSTS OF CHLORINATION FACILITIES ARE GIVEN. IN THE
CAPACITY RANGE OF 10-30 MOD, COSTS ARE $ 16,000/MGD..
01059. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AT SOUTH
TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITIES DISTRICT.
CULP, R.L.
JOUR. AWWA, 60, 84-94, JAN. 1968.
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR A 7.5-
MGD PLANT.
01060. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT.
DYE, E.O.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 115, 139-144, APRIL
1968.
THE COST OF A WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT AT
TUCSON, ARIZ. IS GIVEN.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
BRAMER, H.C.
CHEM. ENG. PROGR., 64, 35-69 MARCH 19689.
THE WATER QUALITY ACT OF 1965 WILL RESULT IN THE
EXPENDITURE OF LARGE SUMS FOR WASTE TREATMENT.
TYPICAL TREATMENT COSTS PER 1,000 GAL: PRIMARY
$0.10; SECONDARY, $0.20; TERTIARY, $0.40.
198
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REFERENCE LIST
01062. A POLICY FOR HYDRANT INSTALLATION.
JACKSON, L.A.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 5, 79-87, MAY 1968.
HYDRANT PURCHASING AND INSTALLATION PRACTICES IN
LfTTLE ROCK, ARK. THE HYDRANT RENTAL, OR PUBLIC
CHARGE, IS $35 PER HYDRANT PER YEAR..
01069. CAPITAL COSTS OF SEWAGE PLANTS.
KLEI, H.E.; TAMBORRA, J.M.; WOOD, R.T.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 5, 61, APRIL, 1968.
A CHART GIVES THE COST OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND
TRICKLING FILTER SEWAGE PLANTS FROM 0.1 TO 1 000
MGD.
01063. CALIFORNIA PLANT USES DIATOMTTE AND
CARBON FILTERS.
LAWRENCE, C.H.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 5, 46-49, JAN. 1968.
A BREAKDOWN OF CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND EQUIP-
MENT INVENTORY FOR A WATER-FILTRATION PLANT IN
CALIFORNIA.
01064. CHEMICAL REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS
FEASIBLE.
CHEM. ENG. NEWS, 46, 42^t3 FEB. 19, 1968.
COST OF REMOVING 90-95% OF PHOSPORUS FROM MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATERS IN A 10-MILLION-GAL. -PER-DAY
PLANT IS ESTIMATED TO BE $0.05/1,000 GAL. OR LESS..
01065. EVALUATING WATER QUALITY.
RAMBOW, C.A..
JOUR. AWWA, 60, 10-14, JAN. 1968.
INDUSTRIES USING WATER WITH MORE THAN 100 MG.
/LITER OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS INCUR COSTS OF
ABOUT 4c PER MG/LITER PER ACRE-FOOT; FOR COMMER1-
CAL AND DOMESTIC USE, INCREASED HARDNESS RESULTS
IN INCURRED COSTS OF APPROXIMATELY 2.2c PER MG.
/LITER HARDNESS PER ACRE-FT.
01066. IMPROVED COOLING WATER TREATMENT.
DONAHUE, J.M.; HALES, W.W.
HYDROCARBON PROCESSING,
1968.
47, 101-106, JUNE
A COMPARISON OF COSTS OF CHROMATE AND NONCHRO-
MATE TREATMENTS TO REDUCE SCALE AND CORROSION..
01067. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE IN 1967 ON
WASTEWATER AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
WEISS, C.M.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40, 897-1219,
JUNE 1968.
THIS EXTENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE CONTAINS
A NUMBER OF REFERENCES TO COSTS.
01070. A NEW RIVAL FOR FLASH DISTILLATION.
POWER, 112, 79, SEPT 1968.
PLANTS TO PRODUCE 1 MILLION GALLONS OF FRESH
WATER PER DAY COST AS FOLLOWS: FLASH EVAPORA-
TION, $143,300F VAPOR COMPRESSION, $184,000; FALLING-
FILM EVAPORATION, $185,800..
01071. DESALTING 7.5 MGD AT TIJUANA.
STEINBRUCHEL, A.A; BEAGLE, J.
POWER ENG., 72, 5., MARCH 1968.
A DUAL-PURPOSE UNIT, WHICH COUPLES A 300-MW
POWER PLANT WITH TWO 3.75 MGD DESALTERS,
PRODUCES WATER FOR $0.65/1,000 GAL.
01072. DESALTING SEA WATER WITH AMMONIA.
MURRAY, W.B.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, US, 482^87, OCT. 1968;
525-534, NOV. 1968.
SEA WATER DESALINATION USING AMMONIA CAN BE CAR-
RIED OUT BY ION EXCHANGE OR OSMOSIS. THE SYSTEMS
ARE DESCRIBED, AND SOME COSTS ARE GIVEN.
01073. GUIDELINES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THE FEASIBILITY OF DESALTING SEA
WATER.
WILSON, J.R.; CADWALLADER, E.A.
JOURNAL AWWA, 10, 103-108, JAN. 1968.
THIS ARTICLE GIVES PRODUCT WATER CONVEYANCE
COSTS, COSTS OF DESALTING PLANTS, UNIT COSTS OF
WATER, AND LABOR REQUIREMENTS.
01074. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGE APPLICA-
TION: MOCK HEARING.
ROBERTSON, J.H.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 40, PART 1,
805-834, MAY 1968.
AMC-NG THE COSTS IN THIS REPORT OF THE 40TH ANNUAL
CONFERENCE OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION ARE CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS FOR
VARIOUS DESALINATION PROCESSES.
01068. ACTIVATED SLUDGE VS. TRICKLING FILTER
PLANTS.
DYE, E.G.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 115, 499-504, NOV. 1968.
OPERATING COSTS OVER A 6-YEAR PERIOD ARE GIVEN
FOR SEWAGE PLANTS IN TUCSON, ARIZ.
01075. LOWERING THE COST OF REVERSE-OSMOSIS
DESALTING.
MILLER, E.F.
CHEM. ENG., 75, 153-158 NOV. 18, 1968.
DESALINATION OF BRACKISH WATER CAN BE ACCOM-
PLISHED FOR $0.35-$0.40/1,000 GAL. ; AND A COST OF $0.10-
$0.15/1,000 GAL. FOR DESALINATION OF SEAWATER IS
FORECAST FOR 300-MILL1ON GAL. /DAY PLANTS.
199
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01076. MEMBRANES COMPETE FOR SEPARATION
MARKETS.
PATT1SON, D. A..
CHEM. ENG., 75,38-42, JUNES, 1968.
MEMBRANE-TYPE SEPARATION PROCESSES ARE BECOM-
ING INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT. COSTS OF DESALINATION
ARE GIVEN.
01083. THE TRUE COST OF WATER.
SPFTZER, E.F.
JOUR. AWWA, 63, 325-328, JUNE 1971.
APPROXIMATELY 18% OF WATER UTILITIES IN THE U. S.
HAVE HIGH RATES IN ONE OR MORE OF THEIR SERVICE
AREAS. MOST RATES ARE IN THE RANGE OF $7.50-
$9.00/!0,000 GAL. PER MONTH, BUT SOME RATES ARE AS
HIGH ASS 136.50.
01077. NUCLEAR DESALTING FUTURE TRENDS, AND
TODAY'S COSTS.
STARMER, R.; LOWES, F.
CHEM, ENG., 75, 127-134, SEPT. 9, 1968.
ARE GIVEN FOR DESALTSNG WATER, STEAM AND
POWER FROM NUCLEAR PLANTS AND FOSSIL FUEL
PLANTS.
01084. UNIT PRICING CHALLENGES TRADITIONAL
BLOCK-RATE METHOD.
BRAMS, M.R.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 88 36-39, NOV. 1971.
A BREAKDOWN OF CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS, AND
PRICES PER 1,000 GAL FOR WATER SERVICE IN
DELAWARE.
01078. RECYCLE BOOSTS DESALTING EFFICIENCY.
WE1SMANTEL, G. E.
CHEM. ENG., 75, 86-88, JULY 15, 1968.
THE CLAIR ENGLE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALTING
PLANT AT CHULA VISTA, CALIF., PRODUCE 1 MILLION
GAL. OF FRESH WATER/DAY USING 1 LB OF STEAM PER 20
LB. WATER. COSTS ARE ABOUT $0.60/1,000 GAL.
01079. SOLAR DISTILLATION IN AUSTRALIA.
MORSE, R,N.
CIVIL ENG., 38, 39-41, AUG. 1968.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA WATER IS SCARCE AND HIGHLY
SALINE. SOLAR STILLS CAN BE BUILT FOR $0.50 PER SO.
FT/YR., AND WILL PRODCUE 24 IMPERIAL GAL. /SO. FT.
WATER COSTS ARE ABOUT $3/IMPERIAL GAL.
01080. STACKED DECK SEPARATES SALTS FROM
SOLUTION.
CHEM. ENG., 75, 110-111, OCT. 7, 196 .
ELECTROD1ALYSIS UNITS ECONOMICALLY TREAT FEEDS
CONTAINING 100 TO 15,000 PPM. DISSOLVED SOLIDS. COSTS
ARE GIVEN.
01085. WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW.
KEINATH, T.M.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1163-
1171, JUNE 1971.
COSTS OF RECLAMATION ARE $0.143-$0.16/1,000 GAL FOR
10-MGD PLANTS.
01086. ARTIFICIAL DESTRATDFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS.
JOUR. AWWA, 63, 597-604, SEPT. 1971.
INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR
VARIOUS TYPES OF RESERVIOR MIXING EQUIPMENT.
01087. CONSIDER RO FOR PRODUCING FEEDWATER.
ROWLAND, H.; NUSBAUM, I.
POWER, 115, 47-48 DEC. 1971.
CAPITAL COSTS AND MEMBRANE-REPLACEMENT COSTS
ARE GiVEN FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS/DEMINERALIZER
SYSTEMS FOR BOILER AND PROCESS WATER, IN CAPACI-
TIES FROM 10 TO 5,000 GPD.
01081. SELECTING DEMORALIZATION SYSTEMS.
ASKEW, A.A.
POWER ENG., 75, 45-47 DEC. 1971.
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS FOR THREE
DEM1NERAL1ZATION SYSTEMS OF 900-, 2,000-, AND 2,500^
GPM CAPACITY.
01082. SURFACE SUPPLY COSTS MORE, FARM BU-
REAU SHOWS.
STOLTENBERO, D.H.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, 23, FEB. 1971.
AVERAGE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR
NON-FHA FINANCED RURAL WATER SYSTEMS WERE
S2.38/USERS; AND FOR FHA-FINANCED SYSTEMS,
$2.74/USER. WELLS WERE CHEAPER THAN SURFACE SUP-
PLIES.
01088. CONTROLS FOR
UTILITY.
A MEDIUM-SIZED WATER
LEE, R.L.
JOUR. AWWA, 63, 527-529, AUG. 1971.
AUTOMATIC SUPERVISORY CONTROLS FOR THE MEDFORD,
ORE. WATER SYSTEM COST $69,000, OR 0.5% OF THE TOTAL
SYSTEM INVESTMENT.
01089. DIATOMITE SYSTEM GETS NOD.
STAUFF, J.
WATER <£ WASTES ENG., 8, 37-39, APRIL 1971.
ESTIMATED COSTS OF 10-MGD WATER-FILTRATION
PLANTS WERE: DIATOMITE, $948,800; PRESSURE SAND,
$1,459,500; GRAVITY SAND, $1,488,800. CORRESPONDING
ESTIMATED TOTAL ANN1AL COSTS PER MILLION GALLONS
WERE: $63, $80, AND $82. ACTUALLY, THE DIATOMITE
PLANT WAS BUILT FOR $842,000.
200
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01090. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF WATER MAIN EX-
TENSION.
JOUR. AWWA, 63, 669-670, OCT. 1971.
AVERAGE NET INCOME VS. CAPITAL EXPENDITURE FOR
PUBLIC-OWNED UTILITIES IS SHOWN.
01091. METROPOLITAN BANGKOK WATER PROJECT.
SULLIVAN. D.E.
JOUR. AWWA, 129-134, FEB. 1971.
WATER NEEDS, WATER SUPPLY CONSTRUCTION COSTS,
AND USER RATES ARE ESTIMATED FOR THE NEXT 25-30
YEARS.
01092. NITRATE REMOVAL FROM A GROUND WATER
SUPPLY.
HOLZMACHER, R. G.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 118, 210-213, JULY 1971.
AN ION-EXCHANGE PLANT CAPABLE OF REMOVING UP TO
40 MG/L OF NITRATE NITROGEN FROM 4 MGD OF WELL
WATER IS ESTIMATED TO COST $405,000. OPERATING
COSTS FOR 40 MG/L WATER AND A 40% UTILIZATION FAC-
TOR ARE $0.16/1,000 GAL.
01093. PLATING PLANT CUTS WATER BILL TWO-
THIRDS.
WOLFE, J.L.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, A18-A20, JAN. 1971.
TREATMENT AND RE-USE OF WASTEWATER SAVED A
PLANT $24,000/YR.
01094. QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN SUCCESSIVE
WATER USE.
LINSTEDT, K.D.; BENNETT, E.R.; WORK, S.W.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1681-
1694, AUG 1971.
THE COST OF POTABLE WATER RENOVATION PER 1,000
GAL IS SHOWN FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF TREATMENT.
01097. AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS-NEW
GROWTH.
ELLIOTT, T. C.
POWER 115, 88-90, AUG. 1971.
COOLING-WATER EQUIPMENT COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR THE
FOLLOWING SYSTEMS: ONCE-THROUGH, COOLING LAKES,
AND EVAPORATIVE AND AIR-COOLED NATURAL- AND
MECHANICAL-DRAFT TOWERS.
01098. COOLING WATER.
SILVERSTEIN, R.M.; CURTIS, S.D.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 84-86, AUG. 9, 1971.
TREATING COSTS ARE SHOWN FOR ONCE-THROUGH AND
OPEN-CIRCULATING COOLING-WATER SYSTEMS.
01099. DESIGNING OPTIMUM COOLING SYSTEMS.
WIGHAM, I.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 95-102, AUG. 9, 1971.
OPTIMIZATION OF TUBE-AND-SHELL HEAT EXCHANGERS
AND COOLING TOWERS IS SHOWN. CAPITAL AND OPERAT-
ING COSTS ARE GIVEN..
01100. DRYING COOLING TOWER SHOWS PROMISE.
ELECT. WORLD, 175, 60-61, JUNE 1, 1971.
COOLING-SYSTEM COSTS PER KW FOR 800-MW POWER
PLANTS ARE AS FOLLOWS: MECHANICAL DRAFT, $25 FOR
FOSSIL-FUELED AND $37 FOR NUCLEAR; NATURAL DRAFT,
$26 FOR FOSSIL-FUELED AND $40 FOR NUCLEAR.
01101. DRY-TYPE COOLING SYSTEMS.
ROSSIE, J.P.
CHEM. ENG. PROGR., 67, 58-63, JULY 1971.
CAPITAL COSTS PER KW OF DRY-TYPE COOLING SYSTEMS
FOR 800-MW POWER PLANTS ARE: FOSSIL-FUELED PLANTS,
$17 AND $20, RESPECTIVELY, FOR MECHANICAL-DRAFT
AND NATURAL-DRAFT TOWERS; NUCLEAR POWER
PLANTS, $24 AND $27, RESPECTIVELY, FOR MECHANICAL-
DRAFT AND NATURAL-DRAFF TOWERS.
01095. RECREATION BENEFITS RATE HIGH.
LAWRENCE, C.H.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, 36-39, MARCH 1971.
COSTS OF WATER-TREATMENT FOR 6 MGD NOMINAL
FLOW RATE WERE $1,532,000.
01096. RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY COSTS.
STOLTENBERG, D.H.
JOUR. AWWA, 63, 287-288, MAY 1971.
PROJECT OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE COSTS OF FHA-
FINANCED RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS IN IL-
LINOIS; AND USER RATES. AVERAGE MINIMUM BILL IS
J9.50 PER USER PER MONTH.
01102. MECHANICAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER.
KUNESCH, A. M.
THE CHEM. ENGINEER NO. 253, 337-341, SEPT.
1971.
RELATIVE COSTS OF TIMBER AND GLASS-FIBER REIN-
FORCED SHELL TOWERS FOR THE YEARS 1950-1970 ARE
SHOWN; AND WATER COSTS IN SEVERAL CITIES IN EN-
GLAND..
01103. WASTE HEAT DISPOSAL IN POWER PLANTS.
JIMESON, R. M.; ADKINS, G.G.
CHEM. ENG. PROG., 67, 64-69 JULY 1971.
UNIT COSTS, IN $/KW, OF COOLING-WATER SYSTEMS FOR
FOSSIL-FUELED AND NUCLEAR-FUELED POWER PLANTS
ARE GIVEN FOR THE FOLLOWING TYPES: ONCE-THROUGH,
COOLING PONDS, EVAPORATIVE MECHANICAL-DRAFT
AND NATURAL-DRAFT COOLING TOWERS, AND NON-
EVAPORATIVE MECHANICAL-DRAFT AND NATURAL-
DRAFT COOLING TOWERS.
201
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01104. WET-SURFACE AIR COOLERS.
KALS, W.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 90-94, JULY 26, 1971.
AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF A SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT
EXCHANGER WITH A WET PRIME-SURFACE AIRCOOUER.
COSTS AND POWER CONSUMPTION OF THE WET AIR-
COOLER ARE LOWER.
01105. OPERATING VS. CAPITAL COSTS: EVALUAT-
ING TRADEOFF BENEFITS.
BUEHLER, J.D.; FIGGE, G.J.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 96-102, FEB. 8, 1971.
THE AUTHORS PRESENT A PRESENT VALUE TRADEOFF
METHOD FOR RELATING CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS.
THE METHOD IS ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES INVOLVING
COSTS.
01106. QUARTERLY COST ROUNDUPS.
ENG. NEWS-RECORD, 186, MARCH 18, 1971; 186,
JUNE 17, 1970; 187, SEPT 16, 1971; DEC. 16, 1971.
INDEXES FOR BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT,
MACHINERY, LABOR, PUBLIC UTILITIES, PETROLEUM
REFINERIES, HIGHWAY, IRRIGATION AND HYDROELECTRIC
PLANTS, WATERWORKS, SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANTS
AND SEWER LINES. COST OF OFFICE BUILDINGS, INDUSTRI-
AL BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, HIGH-RISE APARTMENTS, PUBLIC
HOUSING, RAILROADS, INTEREST ON BONDS AND BUSINESS
LOANS, IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS, LUMBER, TIMBER,
PLYWOOD, WINDOW GLASS, EXPLOSIVES, PILES, HIGHWAY
TUNNELS, BRIDGES, IRRIGATION LINES, STORM DRAINS,
AND CANALS.
OHIO. ENGLAND PLANS FIRST FREEZE DESALTING.
CHEM. ENG. NEWS, 49, 57-58 MAY 10, 1971.
A FREEZE-DESALTING PLANT IN ENGLAND IS EXPECTED
TO PRODUCE WATER FOR $0.48/1,000 GAL..
01111. HIGH EFFICIENCY DESALTING.
HORNBURG, C.D.
POWER ENG., 75, 56-57, MARCH 1971.
THE FIRST STEP OF A S30-M1LLION POWER AND DESALT-
ING PLANT IN NASSAU IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION. WATER
AND POWER COSTS ARE EXPECTED TO BE 20% LOWER
THAN THE PRESENT Ic KWH AND SI. 10/1,000 U. S. GAL.
01112. REVERSE OSMOSIS: HOLLOW FIBERS GET
TRYOUTS.
CHOPEY, N.P.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 28-30 FEB. 8, 1971.
HOLLOW-FIBER REVERSE OSMOSIS LOOKS PROMISING FOR
DESALTING BRACKISH WATER. A 150,OOO-GAL/DAY PLANT
IS EXPECTED TO OPERATE AT ABOUT $0.45/1,000 GAL. IN-
CLUDING AMORTIZATION.
01113. 63 YEAR-OLD SEWERS UPGRADED.
BRISBIN, S.G.
WATER & WASTES ENG., S, 47-49 APRIL 1971.
AN ACTIVATED-SLUDGE SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT FOR
A POPULATION OF 20,000 (AVERAGE FLOW, 3.5 MGD) COST
$1,970,000. TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT, INCLUDING
SEWERS, WAS OVER $3-MILLION.
01107. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER
CONSTRUCTION COST INDEX.
JOUR. WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 1971.
INDEXES BY CITIES, AND NATIONAL AVERAGES,
PUBLISHED IN EACH MONTHLY ISSUE.
01108. BAHAMAS ON A SALT-FREE DIET.
HORNBURY, C. D. ; SAARINEN, JR., A.W.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, 32-34 AUG 1971.
A 2-MILL1ON IMPERIAL GAL/DAY DESALINATION PLANT
COST $4,323,000. A WATER POWER COMPLEX COST
$18,973,000.
01109. CONTROLLED FLASH-EVAPORATION.
ROE, R.C.; OTHMER, D.F.
MECH. ENG., 93, 27-32, MAY 1971; CHEM. ENG.
PROGR., 67, 77-79 JULY 1971.
CONTROLLED FLASH EVAPORATION, A VARIANT OF THE
MULTISTAGE FLASH-EVAPORATION PROCESS, HAS HIGHER
THF.RMAL F.FFICIENCY. WATER COST BY DESALINATION
WITH CONVENTIONAL MULTISTAGE FLASH EVAPORATION
IS $0.87/1,000 GAL. AT 100 F., CONTROLLED FLASH
EVAPORATION WILL PRODUCE WATER FOR $0.10/1,000
GAL LESS THAN F.OR THE CONVENTIONAL PROCESS; AND
AT 250 F., IT WILL PRODUCE WATER FOR $. 06/1,000 GAL.
LESS.
01114. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREAT-
MENT OF CANNERY WASTES.
GILDE, L.C.; KESTER, A.S.; LAW, J.P.; NEELEY, C.H.;
PARMLEE, D.M.
JOUR. WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 2011-2025,
OCT. 1971.
CONSTRUCTION COST WAS $l,007/ACRE, EXCLUSIVE OF
LAND COST; AND OPERATING COST WAS $0.052/1,000 GAL.
01115. ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM TREATMENT
OF COMBINED MUNICIPAL AND PAPER
MILL WASTE WARERS IN FITCHBURG,
MASS.
RIMER, A. E.; CALLAH, W. F.; WOODWARD, R.L.
TAPPI, 54, 1477-1483, SEPT. 1971.
A 12.5-MGD WASTE-TREATMENT PLANT HAD AN ESTI-
MATED COST OF $12,270,000, AND OPERATING COSTS FOR
THE FIRST YEAR WERE ESTIMATED AT $5 15,000.
01116. ADSORPTION/FILTRATION PLANT CUTS
PHENOLS FROM EFFLUENTS.
HENSHAW, T. B.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 47^9, MAY 31, 1971.
A PLANT USING ACTIVATED CARBON REDUCES TOXIC
PHENOLS IN WASTE EFFLUENT FROM 100 TO 1 MG/I. THE
150,000-GAL/DAY PLANT COST $300,000; AND OPERATING
COSTS ARE 35.6c/1,000 GAL.
202
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REFERENCE LIST
01117. AERATED LAGOON TREATMENT OF SULFTTE
PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.
AMBERG, H.R.; ASPITARTE, T. R.; BYINGTON, K.F
EHLI, J.J.; COMA, J.G.
TAPPI, 54, 1698-1707, OCT. 1971.
CAPITAL COST AND DIRECT AND INDIRECT OPERATING
COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR A SECONDARY-TREATMENT
PLANT.
01118. AERATED LAGOONS
ANSWER.
IN SERIES SEEM
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, E10-E11, SEPT. 1971.
OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR AERATED STABILIZA-
TION BASIN TREATMENT OF PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.
01119. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY LUXURY UP-
TAKE.
MULBARGER, M.C.; SH1FFLETT, D.G.; MURPHY,
M.C.; HUFFMAN, D.D.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1617-
1628, AUG. 1971.
A 1-MGD WASTEWATER-TREATMENT PLANT INVOLVING
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL WAS ESTIMATED TO COST
$1,439,000. AND TOTAL TREATMENT COST WAS ESTIMATED
AT $0.52/1,000 GAL.
01120. POLYMERS IN THE FILTRATION OF RAW
SLUDGE.
HOPKINS, G.J.; JACKSON, R.L.
J WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 689-698, APRIL
1971.
POLYELECTROLYTES ARE USED AS THE SOLE AGENT FOR
CONDITIONING WASTEWATER SLUDGE FOR VACUUM FIL-
TRATION. POLYELECTROLYTE COST IS S2.20/DRY TON OF
SOLIDS.
01121. PROCESS
REMOVAL.
EVALUATION-PHOSPHORUS
GEINOPOLOS, A.; VILEN, F.I.
JOUR. WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 1975-1990,
OCT. 1971.
PHOSPHORUS CONTENTS OF WASTE-TREATMENT EF-
FLUENTS ARE GIVEN; AND ESTIMATED CAPITAL COSTS
FOR PHOSPHORUS-REMOVAL TECHNIQUES, AND COST OF
DAILY CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS.
01122. PURE OXYGEN IMPROVES ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
BRIT. CHEM. ENG., 16, 567, 568, JULY 1971.
A CHART SHOWING COSTS OF OXYGENATION AND CON-
VENTIONAL AIR AERATION SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF
PLANT SIZE.
OF PLANT CAPACITY; AND THE VALUE OF RECOVERED
MATERIALS IS ALSO GIVEN.
01124. SOUR-WATER PROCESSING TURNS PROBLEM
INTO PAYOUT.
ANNESSEN, R.J.; GOULD, G.D.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 67-69 MARCH 22, 1971.
CHEVRON RESEARCH CO. HAS DEVELOPED A WASTE-
WATER-TREATMENT PROCESS FOR REFINERIES. INVEST-
MENT AND ANNUAL COSTS ARE GIVEN. PAYOUT TIME IS
0.5-0.8 YEAR.
01125. THE USES OF FILTER PRESSES FOR THE DE-
WATERING OF SLUDGES.
THOMAS, C.M.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 93-101,
JAN 1971.
IN GREAT BRTTIAN, AVERAGE CAPITAL COST OF DE-
WATERING PLANTS USING FILTER PRESSES IS S10.80/LB OF
DRY SOLIDS PER DAY ASSUMING ONE CYCLE PER DAY,
ALTHOUGH PLANTS CAN OPERATE ON 2 OR 3 CYCLES PER
DAY. AVERAGE OPERATING COSTS, INCLUDING SOLIDS
DISPOSAL, ARE $17.00/TON. THE ADVANTAGES OF THE
FILTER PRESS OVER ALTERNATIVE METHODS ARE SUM-
MARIZED. THE USE OF THEORY AND LABORATORY
EVALUATIONS TO PREDICT FILTER PRESS PERFORMANCE
AND OPTIMUM SIZE ARE DISCUSSED. STORAGE TANKS,
CHEMICAL CONDITIONING PLANTS, FEED PUMPS, FILTER
CLOTHS, AND FILTRATE COLLECTION TRAYS ARE COM-
MENTED ON. COST AND PERFORMANCE DATA ARE
PRESENTED. (EI-40563).
01126. THERMAL SYSTEM KEY TO PURE WATER
PROCESS.
POWER, 115, 77-79, JULY 1971.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SOUTH TAHOE WASTEWATER
RECLAMATION PLANT, WITH RELATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE
DISPOSAL BY SEVERAL METHODS.
01127. TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
ECKENFELDER, JR., W.W.; BARNARD, J.L.
CHEM. ENG., PROGR., 67, 76-85, SEPT. 1971.
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR VARI-
OUS TYPES OF WASTE-TREATMENT PLANTS.
01128. UNUSUAL SEWER SYSTEM ELEMENTS AT
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
WALTER, C. R.
JOUR. WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 1921-1928,
SEPT. 1971.
COST OF PUMPING PLANT AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
WAS $825,000. COST OF 4,000-FT LONG 60' SEWER LINE WAS
$I45/FT.
01123. RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
PARK, W.R.
CONSULTING ENG., 37, 58-62, NOV. 1971.
WASTE-DISPOSAL COSTS, IN $/TON, ARE GIVEN FOR IN-
CINERATION AND SANITARY LANDFILL, AS A FUNCTION
01129. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
BESIK, F..
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 118, 213-219, JULY 1971.
CONSTRUCTION AND TREATMENT COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR
VARIOUS TYPES OF WASTEWATER-TREATMENT PLANTS
OF 0.1,0.5, AND 1.0 MOD CAPACITY.
203
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01130. WASTEWATER
REVIEW.
TREATMENT: LITERATURE
COHEN, J.M.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1092-
1104, JUNE 1971.
TREATMENT COSTS FOR TERTIARY TREATMENT OF
SECONDARY EFFLUENT ARE $0.41, $0.147, AND $0.10/1,000
GAL FOR PLANTS OF 1,10, AND 100 MOD. PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL COSTS $0.05-$0.06/1,000 GAL. DEMINERALIZA-
TION BY OSMOSIS COSTS $0.20-$0.35/1,000 GAL.
01131. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 65-75, JUNE 21, 1971.
A DISCUSSION OF METHODS FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT. CAPITAL COSTS OF COOLING TOWERS ARE GIVEN,
AND THE COST OF THE BIOTA-TRON AERATION AND
CLARIFYING SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. OPERATING COSTS OF PRECOAT FILTERS ARE
ALSO GIVEN.
COST IS 5.05 CENTS/LB BOD REMOVED. IF BOD REMOVAL IS
INCREASED TO 92.5%, CAPITAL COSTS INCREASE BY
$2,200,OOO, BUT BOD REMOVAL COST PER LB REMAINS THE
SAME.
01137. DEEP-WELL INJECTION OF WASTEWATER.
TAFFLEMIRE, T.J.; BREZNER, G.P.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1468-
1479, JULY 1971.
A 3,000-FT DEEP INJECTION SYSTEM COSTS $200,000-
$300,000.
01138. DISPOSAL OF HYDROUS SLUDGES FROM A
PAPER MILL.
BISHOP, F.W.; DREW, A.E.
TAPPI, 54, 1830-1831, NOV. 1971.
IT COST ABOUT $20/TON TO DISPOSE OF 26 TON/DAY OF
SLUDGE.
01132. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AT THE ROHM
AND HAAS HOUSTON PLANT.
PARROTT, J.W.; SMITH, W.M.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 118, IWJ4-IW/8, JAN.
1971.
CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS OF WASTE-TREATMENT
FACILITIES ARE GIVEN. TREATMENT COST-INCLUDING
DEPRECIATION-IS $0.77/1,000 GAL.
01133. BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL
TREATMENT.
WASTEWATER
STUKENBERG, J.R.
JOUR. WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 1791-1806,
SEPT. 1971.
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR
VARIOUS TYPES OF 10-MGD WASTE-WATER-TREATMENT
PLANTS..
01134. CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL SURCHARGE OR-
DINANCE.
ANDERSON, N.E.; SASEW1TZ, B.
JOUR. WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 1591-1599,
AUG. 1971.
CAPITAL AND UNIT COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR SEWER
SYSTEMS AND WASTEWATER-TREATMENT PLANTS. COST
OF SLUDGE DISPOSAL IS APPROXIMATELY $40/TON.
01135. CHICAGO SHIPS ITS SLUDGE TO THE FARM-
LAND.
ENG. NEWS-RECORD, 186, 22-23 FEB. 4, 1971.
TO HEAT-DRY SLUDGE COSTS S50/TON; TO TRANSPORT IT
160 MILES AND SPRAY IT ON FARMLAND COSTS $43/TON
OF DRY SOLIDS.
01136. CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS-THE ENGINEER AS OPERATOR.
ANDREWS, J.F.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 118, 26-32, JAN. 1971.
A 10-MGD ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PLANT WITH 87.5% BOD
REMOVAL COSTS $22 MILLION, AND TOTAL TREATMENT
01139. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
WITT, JR., P.A.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 62-78, OCT. 4, 1971.
EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING COSTS FOR DISPOSAL OF
WASTES BY LANDFILL, MARINE DISPOSAL, AND INCINERA-
TION..
01140. EMULSION BREAKING SOLVES OILY-WASTE
DISPOSAL.
OIL & GAS J., 69, 76-77, NOV. 22, 1971.
AT A REFINERY WASTES WERE GENERATED AT A RATE OF
5,600 BBL/WEEK, AND HAULING COSTS WERE $0.60/BBL. A
RECOVERY SYSTEM SAVED $173,000 PER YEAR IN HAUL-
ING COSTS, AND ADDED $375,000/YR TO THE NET VALUE
OF THE REFINERY OPERATIONS..
01141. EUTROPHICATION-IJTERATURE REVIEW.
FOEHRENBACH, J.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1191-
1202, JUNE 1971.
OPERATING AND CHEMICAL COSTS FOR 90% PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL ARE $32/MILLION GAL WITH JUST COAGULA-
TION; AND $50/MILLION GAL WITH SAND FILTRATION AND
97% BOD REMOVAL..
01142. FILTER PLANT INCLUDED WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
JOHN, R.L.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 118, 96-98 APRIL 1971.
A 6-MGD PLANT COST $2.4-MILLION.
01143. HANDLING OF SOLID WASTES.
ALBERTSON, O.E.; VAUGHN, D.R.
CHEM. ENG. PROGR., 67, 49-54, SEPT. 1971.
DEWATERING OF SLUDGES WITH CENTRIFUGALS. SOME
COSTS ARE GIVEN.
204
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REFERENCE LIST
01144. JOB CORPS BUILDS RECREATION PARK
SEWAGE LAGOON.
WRIGHT, D.D.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 1!8, 21-22, JAN 1971,
A 3-ACRE LAGOON WAS CONSTRUCTED TO ACCOMODATE
WASTEWATER FROM A POPULATION OF 7,000 PEOPLE. A
BREAKDOWN OF COSTS IS GIVEN.
01145. LAGOONS AND OXIDATION PONDS: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW.
BOYLE, W.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1118-
1129,JUNE 1971.
WASTEWATER FROM FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS ARE
TREATED IN AERATED LAGOON FOR $0.04-50 067/LB BOD
REMOVAL.
01146. MASSIVE WASTE LOAD ELIMINATED BY
DRUG HOUSE.
ELLS, R.H.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, A26-A28, JAN. 1971.
WASTES FROM A PHARMACEUTICAL PLANT WERE
ELIMINATED FROM WASTEWATER BY MEANS OF A $3.89^
MILLION PLANT. OPERATING COSTS ARE $1,582,000/YR.
01147. MERCURY REMOVED FROM WASTE EF-
FLUENT VIA ION EXCHANGE.
GARDINER, W.C.; MUNOZ, F.
CHEM. ENG. 78, 57-59, AUG. 1971.
INSTALLED COSTS OF MERCURY-REMOVAL UN!TS TO HAN-
DLE BOTH LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES FROM 300-AND 600-
TON/DAY CHLOR-ALKALI PLANTS ARE $400,000 AND
$575,000, RESPECTIVELY, INCLUDING LICENSING FEE.
OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN.
THE ESTIMATED COST OF A WASTEWATER-TREATMENT
PLANT INVOLVING MICROSTRAINING IS $644,000, FOR A
MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF 2.5 MGD. ANNUAL COST FOR
FIRST-YEAR OPERATION IS ESTIMATED AT $32500 FOR
AVERAGE FLOW OF 0.74 MGD.
01151. MUNICIPAL, WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS.
VILL1ERS, R.V.; BERG, E.L,; BRUNNER, C.A MASSE
A.N.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 118, R62-R81, AUG.
1971.
ESTIMATED CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN
FOR 1-MGD, 10-MGD, AND 100-MGD LIME CLARIFICATION
AND CARBON ABSORPTOON MUNICIPAL WATEWATER-
TREATMENT PLANTS, AND 10-MGD CONVENTIONAL AC-
T1VATED-SLUDGE-TREATMENT PLANT WITH SLUDGE
DISPOSAL BY THICKENING, FILTRATION, AND INCINERA-
TION.
01152. NEW ION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM TREATS SOUR
WATER.
OIL & GAS J., 69, 88-89, FEB. 22, 1971.
EQUIPMENT, RESIN, AND PROCESSING COSTS ARE GIVEN
FOR A 200,000-GAL/DAY SOUR-WATER TREATING PLANT.
CAPITAL INVESTMENT IS $102,000. PROCESSING COSTS
VARY FROM $0.07/1,000 GAL USING WASTE HSO AND NOH
AND NO PHENOL TREATMENT, TO $0.81/1,000 GAL USING
FRESH HSO AND NAOH AND WITH PHENOL TREATMENT.
01153. NEW PROCESS TREATS ACID RINSE WATERS.
MELZER, S.F.; TAULK1N, T.L.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, F6, F8, NOV. 1971.
CAPITAL COSTS ARE SI,360,000 FOR A 550-1,000 GPM
PLANT. OPERATING COSTS, EXCLUSIVE OF SUPERVISION
AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL, ARE $0.24/1,000 GAL.
01148. METROPOLITAN SEWER DISTRICT
GREATER CINCINNATI PROGRAM.
OF 01154. NEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES.
COSTER, A.D.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 372-380,
MARCH 1971.
SEWER CHARGES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF ESTABLISH-
MENTS ARE GIVEN; AND A BREAKDOWN OF THE DEPT. OF
SEWERS BUDGET.
01149. MICROSTRAINING OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
DIAPER, E.W.J.; GLOVER, G.E
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 2101-
2113, OCT. 1971.
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR VARI-
OUS COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW TREATMENT SCHEMES
AND FACILITIES.
01150. MICROSTRAINING PAPER MILL WASTE-
WATER.
RIMER, A.E..
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 43, 1528-
1540,JULY 1971.
SWANSON. C.L.
CIVIL ENG., 41,49-54, SEPT. 1971.
CAPITAL AND ANNUAL COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR SEVERAL
SEWAGE-TREATMENT PROCESSES.
01155. NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
MULBARGER, M.C.
JOUR. WATER POLL. CONTROL FED., 43, 2059-2070,
OCT. 1971.
A COMPARISON OF CAPITAL COSTS ON A 10-MGD BASIS
ARE SHOWN.
01156. NUCLEAR WASTE HEAT TO TREAT MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8 46-48, NOV. 1971.
WASTE HEAT FROM A PROPOSED NUCLEAR PLANT COULD
BE USED TO COMPLETELY TREAT A MAJOR PART OF
RHODE ISLAND'S MUNICIPAL SEWAGE IN A $74-MlLLION
SYSTEM.
205
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01157. OCEAN POLLUTION AND MARINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
CHEM. ENG., 78, 60-66, FEB. 1971.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DUMPING OF WASTES
IN THE OCEAN. COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR HAULING AND
DUMPING VARIOUS TYPES OF WASTES IN THE ATLANTIC
AND PACIFIC OCEANS AND THE GULF OF MEXICO.
01158. OPTIMIZE SOLIDS CONTROL.
UNSTEDT, K.D.; COHEN, D.B.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, 46-48, MAY 1971.
CENTRIFUGE CONTROL, BY INCREASING SLUDGE CONCEN-
TRATION, CUT CHEMICAL AND DISPOSAL COSTS FROM
J32.75/TON DRY SOLIDS TO $25.20.
01159. OZONE: THE COMING TREATMENT.
MCNABNEY, R.; WYNNE, J.
WATER & WASTES ENG., 8, 46-48, AUG. 1971.
OZONATION IS THE LIKELY TERTIARY SEWAGE-TREAT-
MENT PROCESS OF THE FUTURE. CAPITAL AND OPERAT-
ING COSTS ARE GIVEN FOR 1-, 10-, AND 100-MGD PLANTS.
01160. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TECHNICO-
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION PLANTS.
LOGINOV, A.A.; CHERNYAEV, V.A.
DESALINATION 7(3), 323-342, 1970.
THE REVIEW AND ANALYSIS IS GIVEN OF THE EXISTING
METHODS OF APPORTIONING THE PRODUCTION COSTS AT
A COMBINED PLANT, PRODUCING ELECTRICITY AND
HEAT. THE FORMULATED GENERALIZED METHOD AND
THE METHODOLOGY OUTLINED ARE BASED ON THE
ECONOMIC CATEGORY OF 'EVALUATED EXPENDITURE',
COSTING COMPUTATIONS AND COMPARISON CRITERIA
FOR ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
TOTAL EVALUATED EXPENDITURE, METHODS OF DIS-
TRIBUTION OF TOTAL PRODUCTION EXPENDITURE AND
DETERMINATION OF COST OF ELECTRICITY, HEAT AND
DISTILLATE. (EI-54043).
01161. USING WASTE WATER TO CUT POLLUTION
CONTROL COSTS.
RIES, K.M.
MATER PROT9(3), 13-15, 1970.
THIS PAPER POINTS OUT THE POTENTIAL NECESSITY OF
WASTE WATER REUSE AS A MEANS OF CURBING POLLU-
TION CONTROL COSTS. COOLING WATER HAS ONE OF THE
GREATEST POTENTIALS AS BEING AN EFFECTIVE USE FOR
WASTE WATERS. FACTORS THAT MUST BE KNOWN IN
ORDER TO MAKE A PARTICULAR WATER SUITABLE FOR
COOLING PURPOSES ARE DISCUSSED, AND EXAMPLES OF
SUCCESSFUL INSTALLATIONS ARE PRESENTED. (EI-45602).
01162. INFLUENCE OF RAW WATER CHARAC-
TERISTICS ON MEETING REQUIREMENTS
FOR QUALITY WATER.
HARTUNG, H.O.; TUEPKER, J.L.
SANITARY ENG CONFERENCE, 11TH-PROC FEE 5-6
1969 P 43-53.
EXAMINES THE IMPORTANCE OF SOME OF THE DISSOLVED
MATERIALS IN RAW WATER THAT WILL AFFECT THE
PRODUCTION OF A QUALITY WATER AND THE IM-
PORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES IN
WATER. SOME QUESTIONS REGARDING THE CHOICE OF A
SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY ARE EXAMINED. THE IM-
PORTANCE OF A QUALITY WATER SOURCE IS EMPHASIZED
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A QUALITY POTABLE WATER
AT AN ACCEPTABLE COST TO THE COMMUNITY. (El-17573).
01163. INFLUENCE OF TOXIC MATERIALS ON MEET-
ING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY
WATER.
WOODWARD, R.L.
ILLINOIS, UNIV-COLLEGE OF ENG-SANITARY ENG
CONFERENCE, 11TH-PROC FEB 5-6 1969 P 37-9.
IT IS STATED THAT IN GENERAL, CONVENTIONAL WATER
TREATMENT PROCESSES ARE NOT VERY EFFICIENT IN
REMOVING OR DESTROYING TOXIC MATERIALS
ALTHOUGH CHLORINATION AND ACTIVATED CARBON
ARE EFFECTIVE IN DEALING WITH SOME MATERIALS.
AVOIDANCE OF THE PROBLEM BY CHOOSING HIGH QUALI-
TY RAW WATERS OR BY POLLUTION PREVENTION WILL
PROBABLY BE MORE ECONOMICAL THAN PROVIDING SPE-
CIALIZED TREATMENT PROCESSES. (EI-I7574).
01164. INFLUENCE OF WATER USER REQUIREMENTS
ON RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF RAW
WATER CHARACTERISTICS.
SONNEN, M.B.
SANITARY ENG CONFERENCE, 11TH, PROC., P 119-
36, FEB. 5-6, 1969.
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR
AIDING THE SELECTION OF WATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES, DEPENDING ON WHETHER OR NOT THE
WATER USERS' QUALITY DESIRES ARE TO BE GUARAN-
TEED SATISFACTION FROM THE START. LEAST-COST' SOLU-
TIONS ARE DISCUSSED FOR THE GUARANTEED-SATISFAC-
TION OF USERS' REQUIREMENTS. THE ANALOGY IS DRAWN
BETWEEN WATER TREATMENT DECISION ANALYTICS AND
THOSE FOR THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SELECTION
CASE. (EI-17712).
01165. CAN VE HELP SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
SHUPE, R.
J VALUE ENG, 70(1), 12-15, 1970.
IT IS PROPOSED THAT VALUE ENGINEERING CAN BE AP-
PLIED TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND PERHAPS
OTHER ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AS WELL. THE SCOPE OF
THE PROBLEMS IN AIR AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
PARTICULARLY FOR INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, IS OUTLINED.
TWO RECOMMENDED APPROACHES ARE FINDING BY-
PRODUCT USES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTES, AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. (EI-
46202).
01166. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
CHOW, V.T.; MEREDITH, D.D.
HYDRAULIC ENG SER 19, JULY 1969, SO P,
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
IS REVIEWED FOR APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF
STOCHASTIC PROCESSES IN HYDROLOGY AND TO
DEVELOP A PRACTICAL PROCEDURE BY WHICH THE
STOCHASTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE HYDROLOGIC CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF A HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM IS TO BE
ADEQUATELY SIMULATED MATHEMATICALLY.
HYDROLOGIC DATA SERVE AS AN INPUT TO THE WATER
RESOURCES SYSTEM. REVIEW INCLUDES 260 ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES. (El-19658).
206
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REFERENCE LIST
01167. OLD PLANTS REVIVED WITH NEW CONTROL
CENTER.
MARGON, J.M.; NEIDHART, J.F.
CHEM ENG, 76(15), 115-1120, 1969.
SUCCESS IN CONVERTING AN OLD PLANT FROM SEVERAL
INDIVIDUAL CONTROL CENTERS TO CENTRALIZED CON-
TROL DEPENDS ON ADOPTING NEW AND DIFFERENT CON-
CEPTS IN THE DESIGN OF CONTROL CENTERS AND ON
ABANDONING SOME OLD ONES. WHAT CONCEPTS ARE IN-
VOLVED, HOW THE CHANGE CAN BE MADE SYSTEMATI-
CALLY AND ECONOMICALLY, AND WHAT BENEFITS WILL
BE GAINED ARE DISCUSSED IN THIS ARTICLE. (EI-54106).
01168. DESIGN METHOD FOR SOUR WATER STEAM
STRIPPERS.
WALKER, G.J.
NAT PETROLEUM REFINERS ASSN TECH PAPER,
AM-69-35 FOR MEETING SAN ANTONIO, TEX,
MAR 23-29, 1969, 18 P
FROM COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS, A METHOD HAS BEEN
DEVELOPED FOR DESIGN OF REFLUXED AND NON
REFLUXED SOUR WATER STEAM STRIPPERS. STUDY IN-
DICATES THAT WHEN A CHOICE BETWEEN REFLUX1NG
AND NOT REFLUXING IS POSSIBLE, A NONREFLUXED
STRIPPER SHOULD BE USED. INVESTMENT AND OPERAT-
ING COSTS ARE LOWER, PHENOL REMOVAL IS HIGHER,
AND OVERHEAD SYSTEM PROBLEMS ARE MINIMIZED. (El-
21034).
01169. PROFITS FROM POLLUTANTS.
MALIM, T.H.
IRON AGE, 204(18), 93-96, 1969.
OPINION IS EXPRESSED THAT INDUSTRY IS ON THE
THRESHOLD OF CHANGE IN ATTITUDE ABOUT WASTE
TREATMENT; GREAT COST OF WASTE TREATMENT WILL
PROMPT REEVALUATION OF CONVENTIONAL METHODS
AND FACILITIES; ONE WAY WOULD BE TO SEE WHERE
WASTES CAN BE REUSED TO RECOVER AT LEAST PART OF
COST; PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY IS WELL AHEAD OF
METALS INDUSTRY, AS STATED BY ONE OFFICIAL AND EX-
AMPLES ARE GIVEN; USE OF SPENT HYDROCHLORIC ACID
PICKLE LIQUOR, FINE DUSTS OF BOF'S, OPEN HEARTHS
AND ELECTRIC FURNACES AND OTHER WASTE PRODUCTS
OF STEEL INDUSTRY. (EI-07937).
01170. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL. DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
ROESLER, J.F.; SMITH, R.
INDUS WATER ENG, 6(9), 46-49, 1969.
THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE TRICKLING FILTER
FINAL SETTLING PROCESS DESCRIBED CONSTITUTES A SIN-
GLE SUBROUTINE IN A COMPUTER PROGRAM INVOLVING
THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
SYSTEMS. THE SUBROUTINE SPECIFICALLY COMPUTES THE
RELATIONSHIP OF THE VARIOUS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
THE TRICKLING FILTER, BOD REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES,
AND COSTS. THE LATTER INCLUDES CAPITAL, OPERATING,
AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR TRICKLING FILTER, FINAL
SETTLER, AND RETURN PUMPS. THE PRINCIPAL WATER
CONTAMINANT REMOVED BY THE TRICKLING FILTER IS 5-
DAY BOD. (EI-45860.
01171. PLASTIC RELINING OF SMALL DIAMETER
PIPES.
BREMNER, R.M.
ASCE, J SANIT ENG DIV., 96(SA2), PAPER 7216 297-
317, 1970.
NEW METHOD DESCRIBED INVOLVES THE INSERTION OF A
HIGH DENSITY PLASTIC PIPE THROUGH THE OLD SEWER
THE EXTENSION OF ALL LIVE DRAINS INTO THE NEW
PLASTIC PIPE AND THE GROUTING OF THE ANNUALAR
SPACE BETWEEN THE LINER AND THE OLD SEWER THE
METHOD IS CARRIED OUT WITH A MINIMUM AMOUNT OF
EXCAVATION AND DISTURBANCE TO THE TRAVEL POR-
TION OF THE ROADWAY. IT IS SHOWN TO BE LESS EXPEN-
SIVE AND THREE TIMES FASTER THAN THE CONVEN-
TIONAL OPEN CUT METHODS. IT RESTORES THE PHYSICAL
CONDITION OF OLD SEWERS AND IMPROVES THEIR
HYDRAULIC CAPACITY. (El-47194).
01172. AQUEDUCT CONTROL SYSTEMS SAVES 100
MILLION DOLLARS.
GOLZE, A.R.
POWER ENG, 73(10), 30-35, 1969.
COMPUTER BASED REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM AND NEW
CONTROLLED VOLUME CONCEPT SAVE 100 MILLION DOL
LARS IN CONSTRUCTING THE CALIFORNIA AQUEDUCT
SYSTEM. IT IS THE FIRST STATEWIDE WATER RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. IT IS THE LAR-
GEST SINGLE HYDRO PROJECT IN THE WORLD TO BE
FINANCED AT ONE TIME. THE 450 MI CALIFORNIA
AQUEDUCT MAKES USE OF 21 PUMPING STATIONS. LAR-
GEST OF THE STATIONS (EDMONSTON) IS ALSO AMONG
THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD. IT WILL REQUIRE UP TO 6.2
BILLION KWH/HR TO OPERATE ITS HUGE PUMPS. (EI-461 16).
01173. DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM.
GRIEVES, R.B.; ETTELT, G.A.; SCHRODT, J.T.;
BHATTACHARYYA, D.
PURDUE UNIV., ENG. EXTENSION SERIES 132, PT.
1, P 154-164, 1969.
STUDY TO EVALUATE EFFICIENCY OF PILOT PLANT
SCALE, DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION UNIT FOR
REMOVAL AND CONCENTRATION OF D1CHROMATE;
EVALUATION IS BASED ON FRACTIONAL FLOTATION
(REMOVAL) OF DICHROMATE, ENRICHMENT RATIO FOR
D1CHROMATE, AND FRACTIONAL FLOTATION (REMOVAL)
OF SURFACTANT; EACH DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS RE-
LATED ANALYTICALLY TO FIVE INDEPENDENT VARIA-
BLES BY MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS; OPTIMUM
VALUES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE DETERMINED
AND CHEMICAL COST ESTIMATE IS CARRIED OUT, BASED
ON EXPERIMENTALLY VERIFIED PROCESS FOR SURFAC-
TANT RECOVERY AND REUSE. 10 REFS. (El-13443).
01174. IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY UNDER
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT.
REVELLE, C.; DIETRICH, G.; STENSEL, D.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 5(2), 507-513, 1969.
LIMITED FUNDS FOR BUILDING TREATMENT FACILITIES
ON RIVER BASIN ARE ALLOCATED TO SECURE LARGEST
POSSIBLE VALUE OF MINIMUM LEVEL OF DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN; LINEAR PROGRAMMING IS UTILIZED TO DETERMINE
CONFIGURATION OF EFFICIENCIES THAT ACHIEVE THIS
GOAL; AT OPTIMALITY, DUAL VARIABLE ASSOCIATED
WITH FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT INDICATES INSTANTANE-
OUS RATE OF CHANGE OF MINIMUM DISSOLVED OXYGEN
207
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
CONCENTRATION WITH RESPECT TO FUNDS AVAILABLE;
SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE FORMULATIONS OF PROBLEM
ARE DISCUSSED. (El-12523).
01175. JACKS LIFT WATER TANK 120 FT TO SAVE
CONSTRUCTION COST.
AUSTRALIAN CIV ENG., 10(6), 38-39, 1969.
100,000 GAL CONCRETE WATER TANK AT MELBOURNE'S
TULLAMARINE AIRPORT WAS JACKED TO THE TOP OF A
120 FT HIGH TOWER AFTER BEING CONSTRUCTED AT
GROUND LEVEL. JACKING EQUIPMENT SUPPORTED BY A
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CAP AT THE TOP OF THE 120 FT
HIGH SHAFT RAISED THE TANK TO ITS FINAL POSITION.
(EI-11712).
01176. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL. ARE SAFEGUARDS
BEING IGNORED.
SHELDRICK, M.G.
CHEM ENG, 76(7), 74-46, 18, 1969.
MOST STATES MUST GRANT PERMIT FOR DEEP WELL IF
APPLICANT CAN PROVE ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGIC
FEASIBILITY OF IT; MOST STATES HAVE NOT ORGANIZED
THEMSELVES TO EVALUATE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL AS
METHOD OF POLLUTION CONTROL; STATES GENERALLY
HAVE ADAPTED EXISTING LAWS TO COVER DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL APPLICATIONS, WITH PARTICIPATION IN DECI-
SION BY SEVERAL AGENCIES-HEALTH DEPARTMENT FOR
PROTECTION OF DRINKING WATER, OIL AND GAS DEPART-
MENT, FOR PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, AND
CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT FOR LAND USAGE. (El-
09847).
01177. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF RURAL WATER
SYSTEMS.
STOLTENBERG, D.H.
PUB WORKS, 100(8), 94-96, 130, 1969.
CONSTRUCTION COSTS AS REFLECTED BY BID TABULA-
TIONS RECEIVED ON MANY OF THE NEW WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEMS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES UNDER 5500 POPULA-
TION IN RURAL DISTRICTS IN ILLINOIS. COSTS OF TREAT-
MENT, DISTRIBUTION AND STORAGE ARE COVERED, AS
WELL AS GROUNDWATER TREATMENT FACILITY COSTS,
AVERAGE COSTS OF INSTALLATION OF WATER MAINS
AND STORAGE TANKS. (El-16503).
01178. TELEMETRY INSTALLATION FOR CENTRAL
CONTROL OF SUNDERLAND AND SOUTH
SHIELDS WATER SYSTEM.
PEPPER, R.A.; BANKS, W.
INSTN WATER ENGRS, J., 23(5), 299-349, 1969.
EVENTS IN ACTIVITIES OF SUNDERLAND AND SOUTH
SHIELDS WATER CO IN GREAT BRITAIN WHICH LED TO
CENTRAL CONTROL ORGANIZATION, USING LATEST
TELEMETRY TECHNIQUES ARE OUTLINED; PROBLEMS EX-
PERIENCED DURING COURSE OF CONTRACT ARE
DISCUSSED. TOTAL COSTS INCURRED, PRINCIPAL CON-
TRACTORS, AND FACILITIES PROVIDED ARE GIVEN, AS
WELL AS TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF TELEMETRY EQUIP-
MENT. (EI-25896).
01179. DESIGN AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE SOF-
TENING FOR 50-MGD SEA WATER EVAPORA-
TION PLANT.
KLEIN, G.; MAKAR, K.M.; TLEIMAT, B.W.; VERMEU-
LEN, T.
CALIFORNIA UNIV. SEA . WATER CONVERSION
LABORATORY, SALINE WATER CONVERSION
RESEARCH-REPORT 68, SEPT 2, 1968, 59 P. 6(3),
20-23, 1969.
REPORT DEALS WITH THE PRETREATMENT OF SEAWATER
TO AVOID SCALE FORMATION DURING DISTILLATION. ION
EXCHANGE IS USED FOR THE REMOVAL OF CALCIUM
FROM SEAWATER, FOLLOWED BY ACIDIFICATION AND
DEAERATION TO ELIMINATE CARBONATE IONS. COST OF
PRETREATMENT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED FOR AN ASSUMED
PLANT CAPABLE OF PRODUCING 50 MOD OF DISTILLED
WATER. DESIGNS OF THE ION EXCHANGE INSTALLATION
AND OF ITS OPERATINGCYCLE ARE BASED ON A BODY OF
PERTINENT EXPERIMENTAL DATA OBTAINED PREVIOUSLY
IN THIS LABORATORY. (El-14226).
01180. IMPROVEMENTS TO THE QUALITY OF
WASTEWATER FROM BUMBLE'S BATON
ROUGE REFINERY.
DENBO, R.T.
CHEM ENG PROGR SYMP SER, 65(97), 259-264,
1969.
SUBSTANTIAL INVESTMENT FOR WASTEWATER HAS BEEN
EXPENDED BY REFINERY DURING THE PAST 10 YR. NEW
INVESTMENT OF 30 MILLION DOLLARS FOR 400,000 PLUS
B/D REFINERY IS PLANNED ULTIMATELY TO REPLACE
ONCE THROUGH RIVER WATER SYSTEM, WHICH CUR-
RENTLY PROVIDES ABOUT 30% OF PRODUCT COOLING
CAPACITY, AND FOR SECONDARY TREATMENT FACILITIES.
THIS WATER CLEANLINESS PROGRAM IS IMPORTANT TO
PROTECT DOWNSTREAM COMMUNITIES USING RIVER
WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. PRIMARY CONTAMI-
NANTS DEALT WITH ARE OIL AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
IN RIVER WATER REPLACEMENT PROGRAM. (EI-4466I).
01181. ECONOMICS OF WASTE TREATMENT.
NEMEROW, N.L.
PROCEEDINGS OF FIRST MID-ATLANTIC INDUSTRI-
AL WASTE CONFERENCE, NOV 13-15 1967;
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, DEPT CIV ENG,
NEWARK, DEL, MAY 1968. EI-41486.
01182. EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ORGANIC
MATTER AND TOXIC MATERIALS ON
AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS.
PATRICK, R.
PROCEEDINGS OF FIRST MID ATLANTIC INDUSTRI-
AL WASTE CONFERENCE, NOV 3-15 1967;
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, DEPT CIV ENG,
NEWARK, DEL, MAY 1968. (EI-41486.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS.
BRAMER, H.C.; MOTZ, D.J.
INDUS WATER ENG., 6(3), 20-23, 1969.
THE GOAL OF STUDY CONDUCTED WAS TO DEVELOP
METHODOLOGY BY WHICH INDIVIDUAL FIRMS CAN
DETERMINE INDUSTRIAL WATER UTILIZATION COSTS IN A
CONSISTENT AND RELIABLE MANNER FOR SYSTEMS OF
ANY SIZE AND COMPOSITION. DATA FOR THE STUDY WAS
208
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REFERENCE LIST
OBTAINED FROM 22 PLANTS IN THE STEEL, PETROLEUM,
PAPER AND ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRIES, INDUSTRIES
WHICH ACCOUNT FOR THREE FOURTHS OF ALL INDUSTRI-
AL WATER USES. TOTAL WATER UTILIZATION COSTS
HAVE BEEN EXPRESSED IN 10 PARAMETERS. (EI-14876).
01184. WATER TREATMENT COSTS FOR SMALL
PLANT.
BURTON, F.L.; THEISEN, H.M.; SNOEYINK, V.L.
INDUS WATER ENG., 6(3), 24-26, 1969.
OVER 400 INTERVIEWS WERE CONDUCTED WITH INDUS-
TRIAL AND COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN NINE
URBAN AREAS, SELECTED BECAUSE OF THE WIDE RANGE
OF WATER QUALITY WHICH THEY AFFORDED. THE DATA
COLLECTED WAS CONVERTED TO ANNUAL COSTS WHICH
INCLUDED CAPITAL INVESTMENT, LABOR INVOLVED IN
THE TREATMENT, LABOR AND MATERIAL COSTS FOR
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE, COST OF CHEMICALS AND
SUPPLIES. THE DATA WAS ANALYZED FOR CORRELATIONS
BETWEEN THE ANNUAL COST OF THE TREATMENT AND
FACTORS SUCH AS THE QUANTITY OF WATER TREATED
AND VARIOUS QUALITY PARAMETERS. (El-14235).
01185. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, THE PRESENT AND
POSSIBLE PROGRESS.
HALL, M.W.; ENGELBRECHT, R.S.
SANITARY & WATER RESOURCES ENG CON-
FERENCE, 7TH-PROC MAY 30-31 1968 P 75-89.
PURPOSE OF PAPER IS TO REVIEW METHODS THAT ARE
CURRENTLY USED FOR REMOVING PHOSPHORUS FROM
WASTEWATERS AND TO EXAMINE CERTAIN OTHER
PROCESSES WHICH APPEAR TO OFFER PROMISE OF
PROVIDING FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS. COMPARISON IS
PRESENTED ON BASIS OF COST, EFFICIENCY AND TYPE OF
WASTE GENERATED BY THE PROCESS OF THE
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY USING METHODS OUTLINED IN
DISCUSSION. (EI-21322).
01186. WHAT IS QUALITY WATER.
BEAN, E.L.
UNIV. ILLINOIS, COLLEGE OF ENG, SANITARY ENG
CONFERENCE, 11TH PROC, FEB 5-6, 1969, P 9-16.
COST OF MEETING PRESENT DAY STANDARDS SET BY THE
'QUALITY GOALS FOR POTABLE WATER' COMMITTEE OF
AWWA CAN BE REDUCED BY POLLUTION CONTROL OF
THE WATER RESOURCE. THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF CON-
SISTENTLY HIGH QUALITY POTABLE WATER REQUIRES
FURTHER RESEARCH IN REGARD TO CHEMICAL AND OR-
GANIC POLLUTANTS, CORROSION, AND DISEASE CARRY-
ING BACTERIA. (EI-18156).
CAL WASTES, NEW AND CHARACTERISTIC METHODS ARE
UNDER DEVELOPMENT. (El)..
01188. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE EF-
FLUENTS.
BIGGS, A.I.
CHEM & INDUSTRY, 37. 1967 P 1536-1538.
ARTICLE CONCENTRATES ON INVESTIGATION AND
RESEARCH WHICH HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT IN FIELD OF
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT AND DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO
DEAL WITH PROBLEMS OF HARNESSING THESE RESULTS
TO PRACTICAL USE AT INDIVIDUAL PLANTS; MOST EF-
FLUENTS ARISE FROM WOOL INDUSTRY (SCOURING AND
FINISHING), COTTON INDUSTRY (PROCESSING, BLEACHING
AND FINISHING), JUTE INDUSTRY (BLEACHING AND
FINISHING) AND MAN-MADE FIBERS INDUSTRY
(PROCESSING AND FINISHING); FACTORIES CONCERNED
HAVE TO UNDERTAKE VERY CONSIDERABLE CAPITAL
COST OF INSTALLING THEIR OWN BIOLOGICAL TREAT-
MENT PLANT OR BECOME MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO
CAPITAL COST OF BUILDING NEW SEWAGE PLANT. (El).
01189. WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACT
STABILIZATION AT PENETANGUISHENE,
ONT.
JONES, P.H.
WATER & POLLUTION CONTROL, 106(2), 34-35, 38-
39, 1968.
STUDY OF CONCEPT, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION
AND PERFORMANCE OF MODIFIED ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS; BIODEGRADABILITY STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN
TO DETERMINE PARAMETERS OF DESIGN OF TREATMENT
PROCESS AND PLANT; RESULTS OF NUMBER OF TESTS
SHOWED THAT CONTRACT STABILIZATION PROCESS IS
ECONOMICAL IN CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS AND
ALSO IN SPACE REQUIRED; IT IS NOT SUITABLE FOR
EVERY TYPE OF WASTE AND IS AFFECTED CONSIDERABLY
BY SOLUBILITY INDEX: BOD SOLUBLE/BOD TOTAL. (El).
01190. SEWAGE EFFLUENT CHLORINATION PRAC-
TICES IN ILLINOIS AND INDIANA.
JULIANO, F.E.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 115(1), 27-32, 1968.
DETAILED TABLES AND ACCOMPANYING EXPLANATIONS
PROVIDE ACCURATE REPORT ON CHLORINATION PRAC-
TICES AND COSTS IN 1LLIONOIS AND INDIANA; TO COM-
PARE TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS OF LIQUID CHLORINE VS
SODIUM HYPOCHLOR1TE, INVESTIGATION INCLUDED
STUDY OF VARIOUS COST ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES OF
CHLORINATION. (El).
01187. REVIEW OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGE-
MENT IN WESTERN EUROPE.
DEJONGHE, P.
ATOMIC ENERGY REV, 5(5), 169-180, 1967.
METHODS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED OR ADAPTED CAPABLE
OF ENSURING RELIABLE OPERATION AND SATISFACTORY
DECONTAMINATION. THESE METHODS ARE AVAILABLE
FOR MOST KNOWN TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES;
WHERE NEW METHODS ARE UNDER DEVELOPMENT (E. G.,
FOAM SEPARATION, SOLAR EVAPORATION, APPLICATION
OF POLYELECTROLYTES), PURPOSE IS ESSENTIALLY IM-
PROVEMENT OF ECONOMICS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM; ECONOMIC ASPECT BECOMES LEADING FACTOR
IN WASTE MANAGEMENT AND IN DEVELOPMENT OF NEW
OR OPTIMIZED METHODS OF TREATMENT; FOR SOME TYPI-
01191. WATER TREATMENT PAYS OFF.
WATERS, C.E.
MODERN PLASTICS, 45(7), 1968, P 114, 116, 118.
ENGINEERING OF MOD COOLING SYSTEM SHOULD IN-
CLUDE EVALUATION OF WATER TREATMENT AS MEANS
OF REDUCING REFRIGERATION CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS,
POWER COSTS, MAINTENANCE, AND OTHER COSTLY FAC-
TORS- BECAUSE OF INTERRELATIONSHIP OF WATER AND
CHILLING TREATMENT, AND VARIABLES FOR EACH
PLANT IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO HAVE CHILLING
REQUIREMENTS AND WATER TREATMENT PROBLEMS
ANALYZED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH RESPECT TO EACH
OTHER. (El).
209
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01192. ARE DRY COOLING TOWERS ECONOMICAL.
RABB, A.
HYDROCARBON, 47(2), 122-124, 1968.
DESCRIPTION OF DRY COOLING TOWER SYSTEM ALREADY
SUCCESSFULLY USED IN POWER INDUSTRY: COMPARISON
OF ITS ECONOMY (INVESTMENT AND OPERATING COSTS)
WITH THAT OF CONVENTIONAL 'WET' SYSTEM FOR STEAM
TURBINE DRIVES WITH CAPACITY APPLICABLE TO
PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; SELECTED EXAM-
PLE INDICATES THAT DRY COOLING TOWWER SYSTEM
CAN COMPETE ECONOMICALLY WITH WET SYSTEM IF
CHEAP COOLING WATER IS NOT AVAILABLE. (El).
01193. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL- GEARING
PERFORMANCE TO PROMISE.
CLEARY, E.J.
CIV ENG., NY, 38(1), 62-64, 1968.
PERFORMANCE IN CURBING WATER POLLUTION IS NOT
MATCHING PUBLICIZED PROMISES: STATES AND COMMU-
NITIES, RATHER THAN BEING SPURRED TO ACTION BY
FEDERAL MONEY, WAIT FOR EVEN GREATER SUBSIDIES,
WHICH NOW MAY BE AS MUCH AS lOfc; INTERSTATE COM-
PACT AGENCIES OFFER MEANS OF CONTROLLING
WATERSHED; NEW AUTHORITIES WITHIN STATES MAY BE
MEANS TO ASSESS AND COLLECT COSTS EQUITABLY;
MIAMI (OHIO) CONSERVANCY DISTRICT IS UNDERTAKING
RIVER CLEAN UP IN SAME WAY IT SUCCESSFULLY SOLVED
ITS OWN FLOOD CONTROL PROBLEM MORE THAN 50 YR
AGO; MONEY WILL COME FROM MUNICIPALITIES, COUN-
TIES AND INDUSTRIES IN RIVER BASIN. (El).
01194. STUDYING BIODEGRATION POSSIBILITIES OF
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS: APPLICATION TO
BIODEGRATION OF PHENOLS. (IN FRENCH).
BREBION, G.; CABRIDENC, R.; HURIET, B.
INST FRANCAIS DV PETROLE ET ANNALES DES
COMBUSTIBLES LIQUIDES-REV. 22(6), 1029-1052,
1967.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF BIOLOGICAL PURIFICATION,
DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS AND BIOLOGY OF MAIN
MICRO ORGANISMS ARE DESCRIBED; LABORATORY STU-
DIES TO OBTAIN METHOD THAT CAN BE USED ALONE OR
IN COMBINATION FOR PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATER; RESULTS WERE APPLIED TO OPERATION
OF PILOT PLANT AND SEMI-INDUSTRIAL PLANT WITH
LEAST COSTS; RESULTS OF METABOLIZATION OF PHENOLS
(PHENOL, CRESOL, AND POLYSUBST1TUTED PHENOLS). IN
FRENCH WITH ENGLISH AND SPANISH ABSTRACTS. (EI-
00492).
01195. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. STATE OF ART.
NESBITT, J.B.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(5), 701-
713, 1969.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL METHODS BRINGS TO CONCLU-
SION THAT CURRENT METHODS OF MEASURING
PHOSPHORUS ARE INADEQUATE; REMOVAL PRACTICES
STUDIED ARE BIOLOGICAL METHODS, CHEMICAL TREAT-
MENT, AND CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT; ANALY-
SIS OF ALL METHODS SHOWS THEM TO BE FEASIBLE, BUT
AT PROBABLE DOUBLING OF NORMAL TREATMENT PLANT
COSTS. (EI-38307).
01196. OPERATIONAL COSTS OF TRICKLING FIL-
TERS IN SOUTHEAST.
FRANZMATHES, J.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(5), 814-
821, 1969.
OPERATIONAL COST DATA ARE TAKEN FROM PLANT
OPERATING REPORTS OF TRICKLING FILTER, POST
CHLORINATION WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN
SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES; GENERALIZED CONCEPT OF
OPERATING COSTS AND RATE OF INCREASE IS DEVELOPED
BY RELATING DESIGN AND ACTUAL FLOW TO TOTAL
COST; 42 PLANTS WERE INCLUDED IN STUDY; USING AC-
TUAL FLOW AS PARAMETER, COSTS INCREASED 55%
WHEN FLOW DOUBLED; USING DESIGN FLOW, INCREASE
WAS 64%. (EI-37017).
01197. SECONDARY PLANT EFFLUENT POLISHING.
GULP, G.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 115(4), 145-147, 1968.
MIXED MEDIA FILTRATION OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE EF-
FLUENT WITHOUT CHEMICAL COAGULATION PROVIDES
EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND RE-
LATED BOD; AT TOTAL COST (CAPITAL AND OPERATING)
OF ABOUT 1 CENT/1000 GAL, SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND BOD
OF LESS THAN 5 MG/LITER AND TURBIDITY OF LESS THAN
5 JTU CAN BE ACHIEVED; MIXED MEDIA CONCEPT HAS
BEEN INTEGRATED WITH LOW RESIDENCE TIME SETTLING
DEVICE TO PROVIDE EFFLUENT FILTRATION SYSTEM;
CHEMICAL COAGULATION FOLLOWED BY SEDIMENTA-
TION AND FILTRATION OF SECONDARY EFFLUENT IS MOST
ECONOMICAL PROVEN MEANS OF PROVIDING VERY LOW
PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS; FINAL EFFLUENT
PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION AND COST OF PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL ARE PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT OF COAGU-
LANT ADDED. (EI-04007).
01198. PLANNING COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTES
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
HICKMAN, H.L.JR.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 94(SA6), PAPER
6063, 1147-1152, 1968.
AUTHOR STRESSES THAT ALL AVAILABLE MANAGEMENT
TOOLS MUST BE USED BY ENGINEER IN PLANNING FOR
SYSTEM; PLANNING MUST BE APPROACHED BY EFFECTIVE
PROBLEM SOLVING TEAMS; THESE TEAMS MUST CONSIDER
DEFINITION OF GOALS, AND PLANNED DEVELOPMENT OF
STUDY AREA: EVALUATE EXISTING SYSTEMS IN STUDY
AREA; DETERMINE CONFIGURATION OF FUTURE SYSTEM;
HOW TO IMPLEMENT RESULTANT PLAN, AND COSTS AND
FINANCING OF SYSTEM. (EI-17091).
01199. NEW APPROACHES TO WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT.
STENBURG, R.L.; CONVERY, J.J.; SWANSON, C.L.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 94(SA6), PAPER
6296, 1121-1136, 1968.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WORK CARRIED OUT ON
WASTE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY BY CINCINNATI WATER
RESEARCH LABORATORY; PILOT PLANT ACTIVITIES AS
WELL AS LARGE SCALE TREATMENT PLANTS ARE IN-
CLUDED; PROJECT COVERS TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
EVALUATION OF PROCESS OR COMPLETE TREATMENT
SYSTEM OR DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR REDUCINNG
WATER POLLUTION OF GIVEN TYPE OR AT SPECIFIC LOCA-
TION; TREATMENT TECHNIQUES ARE TWO STAGE LIME
PRECIPITATION WITH LIME RECOVERY AND REUSE,
210
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REFERENCE LIST
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ABSORPTION, AND
VARIETY OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
FOR REMOVING ALGAL NUTRIENTS, NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS, (El-17199).
WATER FOR 0.215 AND 0.27 CENTS/1000 GAL FOR FINAL
SETTLING TANK AND PRIMARY CLARIFIED WASTEWATER
RESPECTIVELY. (EI-39325).
01200. CONTACT STABILIZATION.
JONES, P.M.
14TH ONTARIO INDUS WASTE CONFERENCE PROC
JUNE 18-21 1967. NIAGARA FALLS, ONT, P 225-
243.
CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS DESIGNED TO PROVIDE
FOR BRIEF CONTACT OR MIXING PERIOD BETWEEN IN-
COMING RAW SEWAGE AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE IS
DESCRIBED; SERIES OF BATCH STUDIES WERE UN-
DERTAKEN TO DETERMINE EFFECT OF SOLUBILITY, OP-
TIMUM SOLIDS CONCENTRATION, AND FULL SCALE
OPERATION OF CONTACT STABILIZATION PLANT; PROCESS
IS SHOWN TO OFFER ECONOMY OF FIRST COST, ECONOMY
AND FLEXIBILITY OF OPERATION AND MINIMUM OF
SKILLED ATTENTION. (EI-23532).
01201. LAGOONS FOR MILITARY SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT IN SOUTH VIETNAM.
DUTTWEILER, D.W.; BURGH, J.A.
CIV ENG (NY), 39(5), 47-49, 1969.
LAGOON TREATMENT OF MILITARY WASTE WATERS IN
SOUTHEAST AslA WAS FOUND TO BE EFFECTIVE,
ECONOMICAL, AND INNOCUOUS; SUCCESSFUL POND PER-
FORMANCE SUGGESTS THAT DESIGN CONCEPT WILL CON-
TINUE TO BE EMPLOYED TO PROVIDE MILITARY FACILI-
TIES FREE OF COMPREHENSIVE MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT;
U S MILITARY ASSISTANCE COMMAND, VIETNAM, DESIGN
CRITERIA ARE UNDER REVISION, IN LIGHT OF MILITARY
ENGINEER INVESTIGATIONS AND OPERATIONAL EX-
PERIENCE; SIMPLICITY OF CONSTRUCTION AND OPERA-
TION OF WASTE STABILIZATION AND LAGOONS IS SHOWN
TO BE MAJOR ADVANTAGE FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS
AND FOR CIVILIAN USE IN THIS AREA OF WORLD. (EI-
30665).
01202. RENOVATED WASTEWATERS.
PORTER, J.W.; HOPKINS, A.N.; FISHER, W.L.
AM CITY, 84(5), 140-142, 1969.
TREATMENT PROCESSES WERE SELECTED FOR FIVE
PLANTS TO PRODUCE PRODUCT WATER OF INCREASINGLY
BETTER QUALITY TO ESTIMATE COSTS OF INCREMENTAL
QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS; PROCESSES COMPRISED IN
EACH PLANT ARE SUMMARIZED AND ILLUSTRATIVE USES
FOR PRODUCT WATER ARE INCLUDED; ALSO GIVEN ARE
INFLUENT AND PRODUCT WATER ANALYSIS AND COST
DATA FOR 30 MOD PLANTS. (El 29399).
01204. COOLING TOWERS.
THOMPSON, A.R.
CHEMENG., 75(22), 100-102, 1968.
MORE USUAL APPLICATION CONCEPT OF COOLING
TOWERS FOR EXISTING PLANTS AND MANY NEW PLANTS
IS OPEN SYSTEM OR 'HELPER' OR 'PEAKING' TOWER CON-
CEPT; HELPER TOWER NEEDS TO BE OPERATED ONLY FEW
MONTHS EACH YEAR WHEN MAXIMUM STREAM TEMPERA-
TURES WOULD BE EXCEEDED BY PLANT HEAT LOAD;
TOWER COSTS CAN BE ESTIMATED FROM WATER-FLOW
AND COOLING-RANGE GRAPHS; IN APPLYING COOLING
TOWERS TO SATISFY THERMAL RESTRICTIONS ON NATU-
RAL WATERS, BOTH CLOSED AND OPEN SYSTEM SHOULD
BE ANALYZED TO SEE WHICH WILL BE MORE ECONOMI-
CAL BASED ON INSTALLED COST AND OPERATING COST
FOR EACH SPECIFIC INSTALLATION; PROPER SYSTEM WITH
CORRECT TOWER APPLICATION AND TEMPERATURE
SELECTION CAN RESULT IN OPTIMIZING COSTS. (EI-2184I).
01205. AUTOMATIC COOLING TOWER CONTROL.
FEITLER, H.; TOWNSEND, C.R.
CHEM ENG PROGRESS, 65(5), 63-67, 1969.
THIS PAPER REPORTS MAJOR FUNCTIONAL AND OPERA-
TIONAL CONCEPTS USED IN DESIGN OF WATER COOLING
TOWER CONTROL SYSTEMS; BOTH NORMAL AND EMER-
GENCY OPERATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SCALE
AND CORROSION CONTROL ARE EMPHASIZED; GENERAL-
IZED ECONOMIC DATA INDICATE THAT INSTALLATION OF
CONTROL SYSTEM DESCRIBED COULD PAY FOR ITSELF IN
I YR. (EI-39234).
01206. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT.
GLOYNA, E.F.; ECKENFELDER, W.W.JR.
UNIV OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN, 1968, 513 P
SYMPOSIUM PRODUCED THIRTY FOUR PAPERS GROUPED
IN THREE SECTIONS; SECTION ONE (EFFECTS OF POLLU-
TANTS ON STREAMS) IS DEVOTED WATER RESOURCE CON-
SERVATION, SPECIFICALLY TRANSPORT OF WASTES IN
STREAMS AND ECOLOGY OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT;
SECTION TWO IS SPECIFICALLY DIRECTED TO LATEST
CONCEPTS IN ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT; AND SECTION THREE PERTAINS TO CURRENT
TRENDS IN LOW COST TREATMENT PRACTICES; PRACTICES
IN USE OF WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS FOR BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT OF WASTE CONTAINING ORGANIC POLLU-
TANTS ARE CONSIDERED; ADVANCES IN DESIGN CRITERIA
ARE DESCRIBED. (EI-25479).
01203. RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER FROM
WASTEWATER.
STANDER, G.J.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(3), 355-
367, 1969.
BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL PILOT PLANT WAS INITIATED AT
WINDHOEK, SOUTH WEST AFRICA, FOR FUTURE 1-MGD
RECLAMATION PLANT TO HELP SOLVE WATER SHORTAGE
PROBLEM; PROCESSES INCORPORATED INCLUDE FLOTA-
TION, AMMONIA STRIPPING, RECARBONIZATION-STA-
3IL12ATION, SAND FILTRATION, FOAM FRACTIONATION,
CHLORINAT1ON, AND ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION;
COSTS OF EACH PROCESS ARE INCLUDED; STUDIES IN-
DICATE THAT THIS SYSTEM CAN PRODUCE POTABLE
01207. INTERLAKE'S WATER POLLUTION PROGRAM.
BAYR, R.B.
BLAST FURNACE & STEEL PLANT, 57(5), 370-373,
1969.
POLLUTION POLICIES AND PHILOSOPHY ARE ITEMIZED; AT
RIVERDALE PLANT, STEPS HAVE BEEN AND WILL BE
TAKEN TO PROVIDE TOTAL RECIRCULATION IN CLOSED
SYSTEM- COKE PLANT WILL INSTALL CLOSED RECIRCU-
LATING SYSTEM AT QUENCHING OPERATION AND
NAPTHALENE REMOVAL AT FINAL COOLERS; BLAST FU-
RANCES AND SINTER PLANT WILL INSTALL CLOSED
SYSTEM WHICH WILL REMOVE BOTH SUSPENDED AND DIS-
SOLVED SOLIDS; FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION AGENCY
211
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
HAS APPROVED GRANT TO COVER ONE-THIRD OF COST.
(El-26278).
01208. COST OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT IN MAUMEE RIVER
BASIN.
MATSON, J.V.; BENNETT, G.F
ASME-PAPER 69-PID-4 FOR MEETING JUNE 10-12
1969, 8 P
COSTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN RIVER BASIN
WERE BALANCED AGAINST BENEFITS ACCRUING FROM IM-
PROVEMENTS IN WATER QUALITY FOR VARIOUS DEGREES
OF TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL EF-
FLUENTS TO DETERMINE OPTIMUM BENEFIT COST POINT;
COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM, INCLUDING SECONDARY
TREATMENT OF ALL EFFLUENTS, TERTIARY TREATMENT
FOR NUMBER OF CITIES ON CRITICAL STREAM STRETCHES,
AND PHOSPHATE REMOVAL PROGRAM, PROVIDED
ECONOMIC OPTIMUM; AT THAT POINT, BENEFIT COST
RATIO APPROACHED UNITY. (El-24637).
CHEMICAL PLANT; SAVINGS COME FROM BOTH LOWER
AMOUNT OF ACID NEEDED TO REGENERATE NEW CATION
UNIT AND ELIMINATION OF CAUSTIC SODA NECESSARY TO
NEUTRALIZE EXCESS OF ACID REGENERANT FOR OLD
PLANT PRIOR TO DISCHARGE. (EI-48477).
01212. OPERATION AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE
CIRCULATION PLANT FOR TREATMENT OF
RINSING WATER FROM PICKLING DEPART-
MENT IN ROLLING MILLS.
PLUEMER, L.
WIRE WORLD INT., 10(4), 110-113, 1968.
ADVANTAGES OF CIRCULATION OF RINSING WATER IN
ROLLING MILLS ARE CITED; ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES
ARE EXTENSIVELY USED IN ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY
AND BEING INTRODUCED INTO IRON AND STEEL PLANTS;
OPERATION OF THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM IS DISCUSSED;
OPERATING COSTS ARE TABULATED TO SHOW ECONOMY
OF PROCESSING RINSING WATER BY ION EXCHANGE
SYSTEM. (El-04603).
01209. GUIDE TO COSTING OF WATER FROM
NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS.
INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY-TECH REPORTS ER
80, 196, 84 P
METHOD ENABLES PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF WATER
COST UTILIZING NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR ALMOST ANY SET
OF CONDITIONS; APPLIED RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
LIMITED WAS COMMISSIONED TO PREPARE SUCH METHOD
AND RESULTS ARE PRESENTED; SECTIONALIZED DATA
FROM WHICH POTENTIAL USER COULD BUILD UP COST OF
POWER AND WATER FOR PARTICULAR CASE ARE IN FORM
OF SERIES OF INDIVIDUAL COST AND PERFORMANCE
CURVES; HIGH PRESSURE STEAM LEAVING NUCLEAR OR
STEAM RAISING ISLAND HAS BEEN TREATED AS ONE SEC-
TION WITH COSTS BEING PRESENTED FOR LIGHT WATER,
GAS COOLED AND FAST BREEDER REACTOR SYSTEMS,
TOGETHER WITH COST OF STEAM FROM FOSSIL FUELED
BOILERS FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES, EXAMPLES
PRESENTED DEMONSTRATE METHOD. (EI-51625).
01210. HOW TO TREAT COOLING WATER.
DURKIN, J.
CAN CHEM PROCESSING 52(9), 83-84, 86, 88, 1968.
IF RAW MAKE-UP WATER CONTAINS ABOVE NORMAL
QUANTITIES OF SUSPENDED PARTICLES, COAGULATION
AND FILTRATION MAY BE REQUIRED TO OVERCOME
PROBLEM OF SCALE DEPOSITION; EFFECTIVE CORROSION
CONTROL PROGRAM MUST GIVE GENERAL CORROSION
RATES OF I TO 2 MILS/YR OR LESS; CHLORINE IS USED AS
BASIC TOXICANT IN MAJORITY OF COOLING WATER
SYSTEMS, AS IT IS EFFECTIVE, FAST-ACTING AND
ECONOMICAL; CONTROL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTACK
IN FLOODED SECTIONS OF TOWER IS POSSIBLE BY ADDI-
TION OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDES AND SLIM1CIDES TO CIRCU-
LATING WATER; THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH USE
OF NONOXIDIZING BJOCIDE SUGGESTED AS SUPPLEMENT
TO CHLOR1NATION TREATMENT. (EI-23147).
01211. NEW CATION BED CUTS NEUTRALIZING
COSTS.
APPLEBAUM, S.B.
POWER, 112(8), 82-83, 1968.
DUAL LAYER CATION BED, INSTALLED AS PART OF
DEMINERALIZER PLANT EXPANSION, SAVES ABOUT 11,000
DOLLARS PER YEAR IN CAUSTIC AND ACID FOR TEXAS
01213. ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
CHAMBERS, S.
NUCLEAR DESALINATION, JT SYMP OCT 30, 1967,
HELD AT INST CIV ENG BY BRIT NUCL ENERGY
SOC AND BRIT NUCL FORUM. BNES, LONDON,
1968 PAPER, 5 P, 29-39.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COSTING PROCEDURES ON TECHNI-
CAL SPECIFICATION OF WATER PLANT IN OPTIMIZED
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR MULTISTAGE FLASH DESALINA-
TION PLANT IS GIVEN, TOGETHER WITH CORRESPONDING
PRODUCT WATER COSTS; LIMITATIONS TO WATER/POWER
RATIO FOR GAS COOLED AND WATER COOLED REACTORS
ARE DISCUSSED AND EXTENSION OF RATIO BY COMBINED
WORK/HEAT DUAL PROCESS METHODS IS STUDIED; VAPOR
COMPRESSION COMBINED WITH MULTISTAGE FLASH
DISTILLATION PROMISES FLEXIBILITY AND POTENTIAL
ECONOMY ONLY WHEN COMPRESSORS OF LARGE SIZE
ARE DEVELOPED. (EI-22091).
01214. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS FOR
DISTILLATION PLANTS.
STEWART, J.M.
PROC OF CONF, ROLE OF COPPER AND ITS AL-
LOYS IN DESALINATION EQUIP, DEC 8, 1966,
COPPER DEVELOP ASS, LONDON, 1968, PAPER 3,
P 21-27.
SOME OF DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AFFECTING CHOICE OF
MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION OF DISTILLATION PLANTS
ARE GIVEN; IT IS SEEN THAT IN MOST CASES THERE IS
COMPROMISE BETWEEN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND
COST OF MATERIALS USED IN ORDER TO ARRIVE AT
PLANT HAVING MINIMUM CAPITAL OPERATING COST;
IDEA BEING TO GIVE PRODUCT WHICH CAN BE COMPETI-
TIVE WITH OTHER MEANS OF OBTAINING PURE WATER.
(EI-40790).
01215. DEEP WELLS.
TALBOT, J.S.
CHEM ENG., 75(22), 108-111, 1968.
DEPTHS OF WELLS VARY FROM FEW HUNDRED FEET TO
OVER 12,000 FF, WITH CAPACITIES FROM 10 TO 2000 GPM
OR MORE; WASTES HANDLED THIS WAY INCLUDE AL-
212
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REFERENCE LIST
KALIS, ACIDS, RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS, HIGH BOD
STREAMS, CHROMATES, CYANIDES, NITRATES
PHOSPHATES, CHLORIDES AND LIKE; CHARACTER OF
WASTE MAY BE LIMITATION TO DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
THOSE WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, OR
THOSE THAT ARE UNSTABLE OR INCOMPATIBLE WITH
FORMATION ARE USUALLY UNSATISFACTORY FOR INJEC-
TION; DEEP DISPOSALL SYSTEM CONSISTS OF WELL PLUS
SURFACE EQUIPMENT SUCH AS TREATERS, TANKS, FIL-
TERS, PUMPS, TRANSFER PIPING AND CONTROLS; WELLS
MAY BE INSTALLED FROM LESS THAN 20,000 DOLLARS TO
OVER 1,500,000 DOLLARS. (El).
01216. DEPHENOLIZATION OF WATER AND WASTE-
WATER.
EISENHAUER, H.R.
WATER & POLLUTION CONTROL, 106(9), 34, 38-41,
1968.
SUMMARY REVIEW OF METHODS USED TO REMOVE
PHENOLS FROM WASTE STREAMS AND FOR TREATMENT
OF PHENOLIC EFFLUENTS; DATA ON PHENOL REACTIVITY
WITH HYPOCHLOR1TE; OXIDATION SYSTEM COSTS;
BIOLOGICAL OXIDIZAB1LITY OF PHENOLS. (El-46785).
01217. ECONOMIC PLANNING
DEVELOPMENT.
FOR STAGED
SO'RENSEN, K.E.; JACKSON, R.D.
ASCE J HYDRAULICS, 94(H45), PAPER 6114, 1231-
1244, 2968.
VARIOUS REASONS FOR STAGED DEVELOPMENT, TYPES
THEREOF, ECONOMIC FACTORS INVOLVED, AND CONTEM-
PORARY ANALYTIC PROCEDURES ARE PRESENTED WITH
EXAMPLES OF KNOWN APPLICATIONS TO EVALUATE
ECONOMIC MERITS OF WATER PROJECTS. (EI-02522).
01218. SLUDGE DISPOSAL EXPERIENCES AT NORTH
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS.
ALFORD, J.M.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(2), 175-
183, 1969.
USE OF FLUID1ZED SAND BED REACTOR HAS BEEN
PROVED EFFECTIVE IN DISPOSAL OF SANITARY SLUDGES
FROM PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANT; ADVANTAGES OF
LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT, LOW OPERATING COST, AND
LOW MAINTENANCE COST SHOULD ENCOURAGE CAREFUL
CONSIDERATION OF THIS PROCESS AS ALTERNATE
METHOD OF SLUDGE DISPOSAL IN ANY FUTURE INSTALLA-
TION. (EI-3I2SI).
01219. DEEP DOWN WASTE DISPOSAL.
RAMEY, B.J.
MECH ENG., 90(8), 28-31, 1968.
DEEP WELL INJECTION METHOD DISPOSAL OF LARGE
VOLUMES OF LIQUID WASTE UNDERGRUND IS DESCRIBED,
THAT GAINED ACCEPTANCE AMONG CHEMICAL AND
PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSORS; GEOLOGICAL AND OTHER
FACTORS INFLUENCING FEASIBILITY OF WELL SYSTEM
ARE INDICATED; CONSTRUCTION COSTS ARE DISCUSSED;
ADAPTATION OF 'DEEP WELL" CONCEPT IS ILLUSTRATED
BY EXAMPLE OF INSTALLATION AT EL PASO PRODUCTS
CO, TEXAS, WHERE 40,000 GPD OF WASTE EFFLUENT IS
DISCHARGED INTO SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL ZONE; CORRO-
SION PROBLEMS ARE REVIEWED. (EI-47.131).
01220. PLATING WASTE TREATMENT-WHICH
SYSTEM.
MARTIN, R.W.
PRODUCTS FINISHING, 33(1), 61-66, 68, 70, 1968.
EVALUATION OF THREE SYSTEMS IN COMMON USE, NAME-
LY CHEMICAL DESTRUCTION, RECOVERY OF SOLUTIONS
BY EVAPORATION, AND RECOVERY BY ION EXCHANGE
THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES; ECONOMICS
OF RECOVERY VS DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ARE STUDIED AND
EXAMPLE GIVEN; TABLE GIVES FIGURES FOR BOTH
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS IN THEORETACAL
PLANT; RECOMMENDATIONS ON HOW TO DETERMINE
STARTING POINT FOR SYSTEM EVALUATION. (El-10525).
01221. METAL FINISHING WASTE TREATMENT-COM-
PARATIVE ECONOMICS.
YURONIS, D.
PLATING, 55(10), 1071-1074, 1968.
VARIOUS TREATMENT METHODS OF DESTRUCTION,
EXCHANGE, AND EVAPORATION ARE COMPARED;
GENERAL APPLICABILITY OF EACH, WITH RESPECT TO EF-
FLUENT FLOW RATES, CONCENRATIONS AND OTHER VARI-
ABLES ARE DESCRIBED; SPECIFIC EXAMPLES ARE
PRESENTED FOR ECONOMIC ANALYSIS EMPHASIZING FAC-
TORS INVOLVED IN TREATMENT METHOD SELECTIONS.
(EI-45588).
01222. ARCTIC HEATED PIPE WATER AND WASTE
WATER SYSTEMS.
GRAINGE, J.W.
WATER RESEARCH, 3(1), 47-71, 1969.
SANITATION PROBLEMS OF COMMUNITIES IN CANADIAN
NORTH ARE DISCUSSED; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
ARE EVALUATED; SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS IN SANITA-
TION IN SMALL CANADIAN COMMUNITIES BY PROVIDING
PIPED WATER AND SEWAGE SERVICES; TWO ORIGINAL,
RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE, ALL-WEATHER SYSTEMS
SUITABLE WHERE PIPES MAY NOT BE BURIED ON AC-
COUNT OF SOIL CONDITIONS ARE DESCRIBED; ANOTHER
SYSTEM DESCRIBED IS SUITABLE FOR SUMMER USE ONLY;
IDEAS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR PLANNING WATER AND
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS. (EI-23705).
01223. WATER CONSERVATION SAVES $250000.
STEVENS, H.A.
POWER, 112(4), 76-8, 1968.
WATER CONSERVATION METHODS THAT HAVE PROVIDED
ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES IN GROUP OF 40 MEAT PACKING
PLANTS INCLUDE: AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF JACKET
COOLING WATER FOR PUMPS AND COMPRESSORS, REUSE
OF JACKET WATER, COOLING TOWER SYSTEMS, CONSERV-
ING CONVEYOR WASH WATER, REUSE OF GREASE SEPARA-
TOR WATER AND AUTOMATIC FILLING OF STOCK WATER-
ING TROUGHS. (El).
01224. WATER-ITS ECONOMIC REUSE VIA CLOSED
CYCLE.
PARTRIDGE, E.P.; PAULSON, E.G.
CHEM ENG. 74(21), 244-8, 1967.
BECAUSE OF STRICTER ANTI POLLUTION REGULATIONS
AND FIERCER COMPETITION FOR AVAILABLE FRESH
WATER SUPPLIES, CONTAMINATED WATER WILL INCREAS-
INGLY BECOME TOO COSTLY TO THROW AWAY; BUT IN-
DUSTRY IS BEGINNING TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM
213
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ECONOMICALLY BY MULTIPLE REUSE OF SUCH WATER.
(El).
0122S. FREEZING METHOD FOR CONDITIONING AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
KATZ, W.J.; MASON, D.G.
SOUTHERN WATER RESOURCES&POLLUTION CON-
TROL CONFERENCE, PROC AT DURHAM, NC. APR
6-7 1967 P 119-28.
THE WORK DESCRIBED IN THE STUDY INDICATED THAT
DEWATERING OF THE FREEZE CONDITIONED SLUDGE
COULD BE ACCOMPLISHED BY GRAVITY DRAINAGE
THROUGH A SCREEN (40 TO 80 MESH) AND MECHANICAL
PRESSING OF THE RESULTING SLUDGE CAKE. PROCEDURE
ELIMINATES HIGH COST OF VACUUM FILTER EQUIPMENT
AND THE FILTER MEDIA BINDING PROBLEM. THE STUDY
WAS INITIATED TO INVESTIGATE THE DEWATERING
CHARACTERISTICS AND TO EXPLAIN SIGNIFICANT IN-
CREASE IN THE DEWATERING RATES OF FREEZE CONDI-
TIONED ACTIVATED SLUDGE. (EI-21314).
01226. CONTRIBUTION OF INPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS TO POLLUTION
ABATEMENT IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.
KLEPPE, P.J.
SOUTHERN WATER RESOURCES&POLLUTION CON-
TROL CONFERENCE, PROC AT RALEIGH, NC, APR
9-10 1969, P 85-100.
ATTEMPTS MADE TO MINIMIZE THE POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT COST AT THE DESIRED PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY
SELECTING THE OPTIMUM ECONOMICAL COMBINATION OF
INPLANT CONTROLS AND/OR PROCESS MODIFICATIONS
AND TREATMENTS OF THE WASTE TO MEET REQUIRED
STANDARDS ARE DISCUSSED. THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES,
THE TYPES OF POLLUTANTS AND THEIR FORMATION, AND
THE DEGREE TO WHICH POLLUTION CAN BE PREVENTED,
ARE DESCRIBED. STATUS AND TRENDS IN POLLUTION
ABATEMENT. (EI-24895).
01227. REMOVING HARDNESS FROM BRACKISH
WATERS.
FRADKIN, A.M.; SELBY, K.A.
INDUS WATER ENG. 6(5), 32-34, 1969.
ONCE THE TDS OF THE FEEDWATER BEGINS TO EXCEED
5000 MG/L, AN ALL SALT ION EXCHANGE SYSTEM CANNOT
REDUCE THE FINAL HARDNESS LEAKAGE TO 1 MG/L. SO,
FOR THE 10,000 MG/L AND HIGHER FEEDWATER, ONLY
THE CHELATING RESIN SYSTEM IS FEASIBLE, WHEN THE
TDS LEVEL REACHES 10,000 MG/L (1000 MG/L TH), ABOUT
609f OF CHEMICAL COST IS FOR SALT, 40% FOR ACID AND
CAUSTIC. DOUBLING THE TDS LEVEL INCREASES CHEMI-
CAL COSTS 2.7 TIMES, ABOUT HALF OF WHICH IS FOR
SALT, HALF FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND SODIUM
HYDROXIDE. (EI-22520).
01228. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. PAST, PRESENT,
AND FUTURE.
HALL, M.W.; ENGLEBRECHT, R.S.
WATER & WASTES ENG 6(8), 50-53, 1969.
REVIEW OF PUBLICATIONS ON METHODS USED AND
DEVELOPED. FLOW DIAGRAMS OF PROPOSED CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESS AND OF
LIME TREATMENT PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESS.
DATA ON COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL METHODS. (EI-22594).
01229. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND
DESALTING PLANTS.
FAN, L.T.; HWANG, C.L.; PERE1RA, N.C.; ERICKSON,
L.E.; CHENG, C.Y.
KANSAS STATE UNIV INSTITUTE FOR SYSTEMS
DESIGN & OPTIMIZATION - REPORT 16 APR 12
1969, 88 P
THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT IS TO PRESENT RESULTS OF
THE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A DUAL PURPOSE
PLANT. THE TOTAL COST OF THE SYSTEM FOR PRODUC-
ING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF POWER AND WATER DEMAND
IS MINIMIZED. THE OPTIMAL COST OF WATER IS DETER-
MINED AFTER ACCOUNTING FOR INCOME FROM POWER
SALE. IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT THE MATHEMATICAL
MODEL REPRESENTING THE OVERALL SYSTEM HAS FIVE
DEGREES OF FREEDOM. PRIOR TO CARRYING OUT THE OP-
TIMIZATION STUDY, SEVERAL TWO DIMENSIONAL SIMULA-
TIONS OF THE SYSTEM HAVE BEEN PERFORMED THE
FINAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE OVERALL COST INVOLVES A
FOUR DIMENSIONAL SEARCH CARRIED OUT BY THE
SEQUENTIAL SIMPLEX PATTERN SEARCH TECHNIQUE. (EI-
22559).
01230. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT INCLUDING CHEMICAL COAGULA-
TION FOR COLOR REMOVAL.
DAVIS, C.L. JR.
TAPPI 52(11), 2/32-2134, 1969.
THE DEGREE OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT IS DEFINED IN
TERMS OF COLOR UNITS AND IS LIMITED TO 30 PPM WITH
A MAXIMUM WASTE DISCHARGE OF 10 MILLION GPD.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, FIVE-DAY, IS LIMITED
TO 800 LB/DAY, AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS ARE LIMITED TO
10 PPM. A TREATMENT SYSTEM TO MEET THESE REQUIRE-
MENTS WAS PUT INTO OPERATION IN MAR 1968. THE
PROCESS IS DESCRIBED AND AN INTERIM REPORT OF
OPERATING RESULTS AND COSTS IS GIVEN. (El 27952).
01231. COST ANALYSIS OF LARGE EVAPORATIVE
TYPE COOLING TOWERS.
CHATFIELD, D.L.; STREETON, D.F
KERNTECHNIK 11(11), 679-652, 1969.
A METHOD IS GIVEN FOR PREDICTING THE COSTS OF
LARGE EVAPORATIVE TYPE NATURAL AND MECHANICAL
DRAFT COOLING TOWERS AS FUNCTIONS OF THE MAIN
DESIGN PARAMETERS. THE COSTS AND PARAMETER FAC-
TORS ARE ALSO EXPRESSED ANALYTICALLY FOR USE IN
POWER PLANT OPTIMIZATION PROGRAMS. (EI-30201).
01232. EXTENSIONS TO THE CHANIA. SASUMUA,
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR NAIROBI.
DIXON, H.H.; BERRY, D.W.
INSTN CIV ENGRS PROC 45 1970 P 35-64.
THE KIBURU RIVER WAS DIVERTED AND THE SASUMUA
DAM WAS RAISED TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL STORAGE. A
NEW METHOD WAS DEVELOPED TO DEAL WITH THE
RALATIVELY HIGH RATIO OF HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL
LOADING. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF THE VIRTUAL MASS
ANALYSIS USED FOR THE VALVE TOWER AND ACCESS
BRIDGE PIERS. TO IMPROVE THE STABILITY OF THE
RAISED VALVE TOWER, IT WAS NECESSARY TO LOWER
THE WATER LEVEL IN THE RESORVOIR. THE METHOD
USED TO DETERMINE THE MOST ECONOMICAL COMBINA-
TION OF INTAKE RESERVOIR CAPACITY AND PIPE LINE
SIZE TO DIVERT KIBURU RIVER INTO SASUMUA RESERVOIR
IS DESCRIBED. (EI-30640).
214
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REFERENCE LIST
01233. EXTERNAL CORROSION OF BURIED FERROUS
PIPELINES.
HOSFORD, H.W.
WATER & WASTES ENG. 6(11), 95, 1969.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE CORRO-
SION OF BURIED PIPE IS EMPHASIZED IN DISCUSSION OF
SOIL TYPES AND PROPERTIES, GALVANIC AND ELEC-
TROLYTIC MECHANISMS OF CORROSION, AND VARIATIONS
IN PIPE LINE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION. MATERIAL
THICKNESS, COATINGS AND RELATIVE COSTS OF PRO-
TECTING FORM TYPES OH BURIED PIPE LINES ARE
DISCUSSED IN CONNECTION WITH USE OF METHODS OF
CATHOD1C PROTECTION. (EI-26805).
01234. TREATMENT OF HIGH NITRATE WATERS.
ST AMANT, P.P.; MCCARTY, P.L.
AWWA-J 61(12), 1969.
A NEW PROCESS FOR REMOVING EXCESSIVE NITRATES
FROM WATERS DESCRIBED CONSISTS OF AN ANAEROBIC
FILTER IN WHICH BACTERIAL DENITRIFICATION IS EN-
COURAGED. SUMMARY OF THE PILOT PLANT STUDIES
WHICH WERE CONDUCTED TO ESTIMATE CHEMICAL
REQUIREMENTS, EVALUATE POSSIBLE FILTER MEDIA, AND
DETERMINE THE PROCESS DESIGN AND COST..
01235. ROLE OF EVAPORATION IN ECONOMICS OF
WASTE TREATMENT FOR PLATING OPERA-
TIONS.
CULOTTA, J.M.; SWANTON, W.F.
PLATING, 55(9), 957-967, 1968.
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF RECOVERY OF PLATING
CHEMICALS FROM RINSE WATER UTILIZING EVAPORATION
ARE PRESENTED; EFFECT OF COUNTER CURRENT RINSING
IS EXPLAINED; METHODS FOR ACHIEVING FULLY OR PAR-
TIALLY CLOSED LOOP OPERATIONS ARE DESCRIBED;
RELATIVE ECONOMICS OF EVAPORATIVE RECOVERY COM-
PARED TO CHEMICAL DESTRUCTION IS QUANTITATIVELY
DISCUSSED; IT IS SHOWN THAT RELATIVELY SMALL
EVAPORATOR CAN RECOVER OVER 99% OF DRAOOUT
CHEMICALS AND THAT CLOSED LOOP OPERATION AND
ADEQUATE RINSING CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH SMALL ION
EXCHANGER ON LAST RINSE. (El).
01238. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT BY PRES-
SURE FILTRATION.
MCGIBBON, V.R.
IRON & STEEL ENGER, 45(4), 93-96, 1968.
TESTING PROGRAM HAS SHOWN THAT DEEP BED PRES-
SURE FILTRATION WILL PRODUCE SATISFACTORY EF-
FLUENT FOR SECONDARY TREATMENT OF PLATE MILL
WASTE WATERS; FILTERS MUST INCORPORATE BACKWASH
CYCLE THAT EFFECTIVELY OVERCOMES MEDIA
CLOGGING TENDENCY INHERENT IN PLATE MILL WASTES-
IT IS CONCLUDED THAT FILTERS ARE BENEFICIAL IN
LOWERING CAPITAL COSTS, LOWER OPERATING COSTS
AND LESS LAND REQUIREMENTS WHEN COMPARED TO
CONVENTIONAL METHODS. (El).
01239. LEGAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
PROCESS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
. EVANS, R.R.
A.1.CH.E. WORKSHOP-INDUS PROCESS DESIGN FOR
POLLUTION CONTROL, V 1, FEE 9-10, 1967, P 1-5.
SURVEY INCLUDES INCONSISTENT LAW DECISIONS, PUBLIC
LAW 234, CLEAN RIVERS RESTORATION ACT, ABATEMENT
AT SOURCE, AND INCREMENTAL COSTS; WASTE EMISSION
VOLUMES OR CONCENTRATIONS CAN BE REDUCED OR
ELIMINATED BY PROCESS CHANGE, PROCESS MODIFICA-
TION, WATER REUSE, BY PRODUCT RECOVERY, AND GOOD
HOUSEKEEPING. (El).
01240. POLLUTION PROGRAM PAYS ITS WAY.
IRON AGE, 201(N4), 81-82, 1968.
AT FORD CLEVELAND ENGINE PLANT COMPLEX, UTILIZA-
TION OF OIL FROM WASTEWATER EFFLUENT WAS CON-
VERTED TO ASSET, WITH ONE OF ADVANTAGES BEING
CASH SAVING OF ABOUT 100,000 DOLLARS IN FIRST YEAR;
OIL DISCHARGED FROM MACHINING OPERATIONS, CON-
STITUTING ABOUT 3% OF TOTAL WASTE EFFLUENT, IS
DRAWN OFF WASTE THROUGH USE OF SKIMMERS;
SKIMMED PRODUCTS ARE DE-EMULSIFIED IN HOLDING
TANK UNTIL WATER AND OIL ARE SEPARATED; AFTER
SETTLING, OIL IS TRANSFERRED TO HOLDING TANKS AND
USED AS EMULSIFIABLE OIL IN CUTTING AND GRINDING
APPLICATIONS. (El).
01236. WHAT OPTIONS DO PLATERS HAVE IN POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
IRON AGE, 201(24), 76-78, 1968.
TWO BASIC QUESTIONS IN CONTROL OF PLATING WASTES
ARE SELECTION OF SYSTEM, AND ITS CAPITAL AND
OPERATING COSTS; FIVE FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE
DECIDING WHETHER TO RECOVERY OR DISPOSE OF
CHEMICALS AND WATER; TABLE PROVIDES FIGURES FOR
BOTH CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS IN THEORETICAL
PLANT WITH RINSE RATE OF 100 GPM CONTAINING 40 PPM
OF CHRONIC ACID (CRO3) IN ADDITION TO PLATING BATH
DUMPS. (El).
01237. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY OF STREAMS.
THOMANN, R.V.
DELAWARE ESTUARY COMPREHENSIVE STUDY,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND ANNUAL WATER
QUALITY RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM, ALBANY, NEW
YORK, 1970.
01241. TECHNIQUES FOR DECONTAMINATION OF
OIL FIELD CRUDE WATERS. (IN GERMAN).
ROENNEKE, H.
ERDOEL U KOHLE-ERDGAS-PETROCHEMIE, 21(3),
137-140, 1968.
BASED ON BASIC RESEARCH INTO PHENOMENON
(FLOTATION) AND EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL TESTS,
PROCESS WAS DEVELOPED FOR COMPLETE SEPARATION
OF OIL IN WATER EMULSIONS BY MEANS OF AIR INJEC-
TION- ODOR AND TASTE OF PURIFIED WATER CAN BE
RESTORED WITHOUT FURTHER PURIFICATION USING FIL-
TERS FLOCCULATION, SORBENTS OR EXTRACTION
AGENTS NO DEPOSITS OR SLUDGES OCCUR, AND OPERAT-
ING COSTS ARE LOWER, PROCESS PRINCIPLES, PLANT PER-
FORMANCE DATA, AND OPERATING COSTS, IN COM-
PARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL METHODS ARE GIVEN. IN
GERMAN WITH ENGLISH ABSTRACT. (El).
215
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01242. MINE WATER RESEARCH. PLANT DESIGN AND
COST ESTIMATES FOR LIMESTONE TREAT-
MENT.
MIHOK, E.A.
U.S. BVR MINES, REP INVEST 7368, APR 1970, 13 P.
PAPER PRESENTS PLANT DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATES
FOR LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE WATER
COVERING A WIDE RANGE OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY
CONDITIONS. THE TREATMENT PROCESS CONSISTS OF
LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION, AERATION, SOLIDS SET-
TLING, AND CONCENTRATION. THE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
THE VARIOUS OPERATION FUNCTIONS ARE BASED ON
PILOT PLANT PERFORMANCE, LABORATORY DATA, AND
ESTABLISHED MINE WATER TREATMENT STANDARDS.
UNIT COSTS HAVE BEEN ASSUMED AND ARE RELATED TO
GENERAL MARKET PRICES AND CONDITIONS. THESE ESTI-
MATES SERVE AS PRELIMINARY INDICATORS OF WHAT IT
WOULD COST TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE A MINE
WATER TREATMENT PLANT. (EI-35258).
01243. MAKE PLANT REFUSE PROFITABLE.
SCHROERING, J.B.
PLANT ENG., 24(1) 65-67. 1970.
INCINERATION OR DEEP WELL DISPOSAL IS THE MOST
STRAIGHTFORWARD AND, THEREFORE, THE MOST
ECONOMICAL MEANS OF DISPOSAL. USE OF EITHER
SYSTEM MAY DISREGARD THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF
RECOVERING COMPONENTS OF THE WASTE FOR REUSE OR
SALE THROUGHA REPROCESSING TECHNIQUE. A
REPROCESSING SYSTEM MIGHT COST MANY TIMES AS
MUCH AS THE DIRECT DISPOSAL OF THE WASTE, BUT THE
ULTIMATE VALUE OF A RECOVERED PRODUCT COULD
PROVE THIS APPROACH THE MOST ECONOMICAL SOLU-
TION. (EI-32250). '
01244. BIODEGRADABILITY AND TREATABILITY OF
COMBINED NYLON AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES.
POON, C.P.C.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION J.,
42(1), 100-105, 1970.
01245. SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
STATE OF THE ART ABSTRACTS. *01 01246
DESALINATION PROCESSES AND COSTS.
BAHARI, E.
CHEM & PROCESS ENG., 50(3), 71-75, 1969.
THE PROSPECT OF REVITALIZING THE SEMI-DESERT RE-
GIONS OF THE WORLD TOGETHER WITH THE PROBLEM OF
A FUTURE WATER SHORTAGE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
HAS LED TO CONSIDER RESEARCH INTO DESALINATION
PROCESSES. IN THIS ARTICLE THE IMPORTANT ONES ARE
REVIEWED: DISTILLATION METHODS, FREEZING, ELEC-
TROD1ALYSIS AND PROCESS COSTS SET OUT. TO BRING
WATER COSTS DOWN TO THOSE FOR NATURAL WATER
SOURCES, IT IS ENVISAGED THAT IN THE FUTURE ATOMIC
ENERGY WILL BE HARNESSED TO HUGE DESALINATION
PLANTS OF AROUND 50 MILLION GPD CAPACITY. (EI-
25269).
01247. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RECOVERY OF
MINERALS FROM EFFLUENTS.
TEWORTE, W.
CHEM AND INDUSTRY (LONDON), MAY 3, 1969, P
565-74.
TABLE LISTS A PARTIAL SURVEY OF CURRENT
BYPRODUCTS, MOSTLY RECOVERED FROM AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS. ONLY A LIMITED NUMBER OF THESE
PRODUCTS CAN BE RECOVERED AT A PROFIT OR BREAK
EVEN LEVEL. OF THE REMAINDER, THE LOSS MUST BE
BORNE BY THE MAIN PRODUCT OR BY THE EFFLUENT
TREATMENT COST OF OTHER PRODUCTS. ON THE OTHER
HAND, WE MUST SEE EFFLUENT PURIFICATION NOT ONLY
AS AN END IN ITSELF, BUT ALSO IN COMBINATION WITH
OBJECTIVE NEEDS. THAT IS, THE EFFLUENT FROM A
CHEMICAL PLANT CANNOT BE PURIFIED AS PURE AS
TECHNICALLY POSSIBLE WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF
THE COST, BUT MUST TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THE
CONDITION OF THE MAIN DRAIN OF THE CHEMICAL
PLANT AND BE AS PURE AS IS NECESSARY FOR THE CUR-
RENT REQUIREMENT. DATA AND FLOWSHEETS FOR
SEVERAL PROCESSES ARE INCLUDED. (EI-38167).
01248. REVERSE OSMOSIS FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER
AND WASTE TREATMENT.
MYERS, J.H.
ASME PAPER 70-PEM-21 FOR MEETING, MARCH 16-
18, 1970, 8P.
THE RAPID ADVANCE OF REVERSE OSMOSIS FOR INDUS-
TRIAL WATER AND WASTE PROCESSING IS DISCUSSED,
EMPHASIS IS ON EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE. (El).
01249. OPTIMAL RESERVOIR RELEASES FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
JAWORSKI, N.A.; WEBER, W.J.JR; DEININGER, R.A.
ASCE J SANIT ENG DIV., 69(SA3), PAPER 7361, 727-
742, 1970.
A GENERAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING
OPTIMAL FLOW RELEASE SEQUENCES FOR WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL FROM MULTIPLE RESERVOIR SYSTEMS IS
PRESENTED. THE MODEL DEFINES AN OPTIMAL RELEASE
SEQUENCE WHICH PROVIDES EITHER THE BEST QUALITY
OF WATER OR THE LEAST COST OF RESERVOIR STORAGE
FOR A GIVEN STREAM FLOW AT A PARTICULAR POINT IN
THE SYSTEM. THE FLOW RELEASE MODEL INCORPORATES
FORMULATIONS FOR BOD, DO, TEMPERATURE, AND PHYSI-
CAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR STREAM FLOW VELOCITY AND
DEPTH. (EI-38979).
01250. EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC DENITRIFICA-
TION PROCESSES.
SEIDEL, D.F.; CRITES, R.W.
ASCE J SANIT ENG DIV., 96(SA2), PAPER 7211, 267-
277, 1970.
NITRIFIED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT WAS
PASSED UPWARD THROUGH AN ANAEROBIC FILTER CON-
TAINING GRAVEL MEDIA TO EFFECT DEN1TRIFICATION.
USING MATHANOL AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CARBON
SOURCE FOR THE DENITRIFYING BACTERIA, 90%
NITROGEN REMOVAL WAS OBTAINED. THE ADVANTAGES
OF ANAEROBIC FILTER PROCESS OVER OTHER METHODS
OF DENITRIFICATION ARE LOW INITIAL AND OPERATING
COST, SIMPLICITY OF OPERATION, LONG SOLIDS RETEN-
TION TIMES, AND ABSENCE OF ANY SLUDGE RECYCLE OR
DISPOSAL EQUIPMENT. THE MAJOR OPERATING COST FOR
THE PROCESS IS FOR THE METHANOL. THE QUANTITY
REQUIRED INCREASES WITH INCREASING DISSOLVED OX-
YGEN AND NITRATE NITROGEN AND DECREASING EF-
FLUENT BOD. (El-38140).
216
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REFERENCE LIST
01251. TOTAL DOLLAR BENEFIT OF WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
NEMEROW, N.L.; FARO, R.C.
ASCE J. SANIT ENG D1V., 96(SA3), PAPER 7323 665-
674, 1970.
HOW TANGIBLE DOLLAR BENEFITS OF A LAKE OR STREAM
AT A GIVEN WATER QUALITY MAY BE ESTIMATED BY
DETERMINING ALL USES WHICH BOTH AFFECT AND ARE
AFFECTED BY WATER QUALITY, BY INDEPENDENTLY
VALUING EACH USE, AND BY SUMMING THE RESULTANT
VALUES. MEASURABLE BENEFICIAL WATER USES RE-
LATED TO WATER QUALITY INCLUDE RECREATIONAL
USES, WITHDRAWAL WATER USES, WASTEWATER
DISPOSAL USES, BORDERING LAND USES AND IN-STREAM
WATER USES. APPLICATION OF THE METHOD TO ONON-
DAGA LAKE AT SYRACUSE, NEW YORK, IS GIVEN. (El-
39128).
01252. STEAM GENERATING HEAVY WATER REAC-
TOR IN DUAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS.
CHAMBERS, S.
PROC OF SYMP BY IAEA, NOV 18-22 1968, MADRID,
SPAIN IAEA, 1969 PAP SMI 13/45 P 331-40.
IN VIEW OF THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF
MULTISTAGE FLASH (MSF) EVAPORATION PLANT, AND
THE DOUBTFUL ADVANTAGE OF INCREASING THE MAX-
IMUM BRINE TEMPERATURE, IT IS ARGUED THAT FOR
SOME YEARS TO COME COMMERCIAL PLANTS WILL NOT
EXCEED 12 MGD, NOR WILL THE MAXIMUM BRINE TEM-
PERATURE EXCEED 240 F A STUDY HAS BEEN MADE OF
THE BASE LOAD SGHWR-MSF EVAPORATION SYSTEM OVER
A RANGE OF WATER OUTPUTS FROM 100 TO 400 MW. OP-
TIMIZATION HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT ON THE BASIS ONF-
M1NIMUM TOTAL OPERATING COST, BUT, TO DERIVE THE
WATER COST, AN ELECTRICITY CREDIT APPROPRIATE TO
THEEQUIVALENT SINGLE PURPOSE POWER STATION HAS
BEEN ALLOWED. COST CONTOURS ARE DRAWN THERE-
FORE, FOR PLANT COMBINATIONS WHICH COULD BE
BUILT WITH CONFIDENCE ON CURRENT TECHNOLOGY,
AGAINST WATER PRODUCTION AND ELECTRICAL OUTPUT
FOR A RANGE OF CAPITAL CHARGE RATES AND LOAD
FACTORS..
01253. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY OF A 250 MIL-
LION GALLONS PER DAY COMBINED VER-
TICAL TUBE FLASH EVAPORATOR
DESALINATION PLANT.
HAMMOND, R.P.; HUNTER, J.A.; SIEDER, E.N.;
TOMALIN, P.O.
V.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 391 AVG 1968, 191 P.
THE OAK RIDGE NAT LABORATORY HAS DESIGNED A
DESALTING PLANT COMBINING A MULTISTAGE FLASH
(MSF) FEED HEATER WITH VERTICAL EVAPORATOR EF-
FECTS IN WHICH TUBES WITH FLUTED SURFACES ARE
USED TO OBTAIN HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE SIGNIFI-
CANTLY HIGHER THAN THOSE USUALLY OBTAINED WITH
SMOOTH TUBES. (EI-I8 I 16).
01254. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN EX-
PLOITING RESOURCES AND ENHANCING
THE QUALITY OF THE OCEAN ENVIRON-
MENT.
JOHNSON, M.G.
MARINE GEODESY, A PRACTICAL VIEW. 2ND SYMP
NOV 3-5 1969, NEW ORLEANS, LA. MAR TECHNOL
SOC, MAR GEOD COMM. 1970. 165-8. (El-17100.
01255. WHY PAY TWICE. SALVAGE YOUR WASTE.
GURNHAM, C.F.
A1CHE PAPER AT 63RD ANNUAL MEETING
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, NOVEMBER 29-DECEMBER
3, 1970, 8 P.
POLLUTION CONTROL IS NOW CONSIDERED AN INTEGRAL
PART OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS. THE COST OF TREAT-
ING MATERIALS LOST TO AN INDUSTRIAL WASTE STREAM
AS POLLUTANTS MUST BE CONSIDERED A SECOND
PURCHASE PRICE. BUT FOR THOSE INDUSTRIES THAT
ADOPT THE MATERIAL CONSERVATION APPROACH, THE
BENEFITS OF SUCH A PROGRAM CAN OUTWEIGH THE
COSTS OF TREATMENT. (EI-16240).
01256. TOOLS FOR WATER RESOURCE STUDY.
DAWES, J.H.
ASCE J IRRIG DRAIN DIV., 69(IR4), PAPER 7720,
403-424, 1970.
THE ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY IS DEVELOPING A
WATER RESOURCE MODEL TO EXAMINE THE ALTERNA-
TIVE SOLUTIONS TO MEET THE OBJECTIVES DETERMINED
BY ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CRITERIA.
SUBROUTINES ESTIMATE COSTS FOR RESERVOIRS, WATER
TRANSMITTING WELLS, PUMPS, MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
TREATMENT AND WATER PUMPING. COSTS FOR RESER-
VOIRS INCLUDE LAND CLEARING, DAM AND SPILLWAY
CONSTRUCTION, RELOCATIONS, ENGINEERING SERVICES,
CONTINGENCIES, AND LAND. OTHER CONSTRUCTION
COSTS OF WELLS, PUMPS AND SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. (El-22693).
01257. THERMOSORB PROCESS FOR DESALTING
WATER.
VENOL1A, A.W.; WONG, C.M.; GILLAM, W.S.; JOHN-
SON, S.; HOROWITZ, R.H.
U.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 502 DEC 1969,67 P.
THERMALLY CYCLED CARBON BEDS WERE SHOWN TO BE
CAPABLE OF DESALTING AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE IN
A REPRODUCIBLE WAY. INEXPENSIVE RAW MATERIALS,
STRAIGHTFORWARD PREPARATIVE METHODS AND
MODERATE TEMPERATURES WERE USED. RATES WERE
FAVORABLE AND THEY WERE CAPABLE OF BEING
MANIPULATED; RATE OPTIMIZATION WAS NOT AT-.
TEMPTED. NO EVIDENCE OP A DURABILITY PROBLEM WAS
ENCOUNTERED IN AN UNINTERRUPTED DESALTING RUN
OF MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND HOURS DURATION. BEDS
OF SALT SORPTIVE CARBONS APPEAR TO BE COMPETITIVE
AND BEDS OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS ON THE BASIS OF EF-
FECTIVE CAPACITY PER WEIGHT OF SORBENT. IT APPEARS
LIKELY THAT CARBONS WILL ALSO OUTPERFORM ION
EXCHANGE RESINS ON THE BASIS OF INITIAL COST AND
DURABILITY. (EI-21135.
01258. INVESTIGATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
PHENOMENA IN A THREE STAGE TEST
SYSTEM.
WILLIAMSON, W.R.; GILBERT, F.W.; WONG, CM.;
SIEDER, E.N.
U.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 525 JAN 1970, 117 P.
TO ARRIVE AT A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE
BEHAVIOR OF A FLASH STAGE BETWEEN ACTIVE FLASH-
ING STAGE THE NTH STAGE IN A MULTISTAGE PROCESS,
THE TEST EQUIPMENT SHOULD ANALYZE THE BEHAVIOR
OF A FLASH STAGE BETWEEN TWO ACTIVE STAGES. THIS
PRESENT STUDY ARRIVES AT A MORE TYPICAL VIEW OF A
217
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FLASH STAGE, PARTICULARLY AT THE LOWER TEMPERA-
TURE END OF THE PROCESS AND MAY PROVE VALUABLE
IN DETERMINING THE ECONOMIC OPTIMUM NUMBER OF
STAGES FOR A LARGE DESALINATION PLANT. (El-21378).
01259. A NEW DESALTING PROCESS UTILIZES
RECOVERABLE SOLID REGENERANT ION
EXCHANGE.
POPPER, K.
WATER WASTES ENG., 7(4), 61-63, 1970.
IN PROCESS DESCRIBED, SALINE WATER FLOWS ACROSS A
CATION EXCHANGER IN THE SODIUM AND CALCIUM FORM
AND ITS MAGNESIUM CONTENT IS REMOVED. THE DIS-
SOLVED LIME IS REMOVED FROM THE PRODUCT WATER
BY THE EXCHANGE OF THE CALCIUM FOR MAGNESIUM
WITH THE FORMATION OF INSOLUBLE MAGNESIUM
HYDROXIDE. INVESTMENT AND PRODUCTION COSTS ARE
GIVEN. (EI-21962).
01260. ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION
STUDY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
HARRIS, F.L.; HUMPHREYS, G.B.; ISAKARI, H.;
REYNOLDS, G.; WONG, C.M.; SAVAGE, W.F.;
CHANNABASAPPA, K.C.
U.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 509 DEC 1969, 505 P.
A PARAMETRIC ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
OF THE REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS WAS PERFORMED IN
WHICH WATER COSTS WERE EXAMINED FOR
DEMINERAL1ZING FEEDWATERS WITH SALINITIES OF 200,
3000 AND 5000 PPM IN PLANT SIZE OF 1, 10 AND 50 MOD
CAPACITY, PRODUCT WATER RECOVERIES OF 50, 60 AND
80%, AND OPERATING PRESSURES OF 400, 600 AND 800 PSI.
CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS WERE PREPARED USING
STATE OF THHE ART TECHNOLOGY FOR TUBULAR, PLATE
AND FRAME, SPIRAL WOUND, AND HOLLOW FINE FIBER
REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT DESIGN CONCEPTS. (EI-20841).
01261. DONNAN SOFTENING AS A PRETREATMENT
TO DESALINATION PROCESSES.
E1SENMANN, J.L.; SMITH, J.D.; WONG, C.M.; GIL-
LAM, W.S.; PODALL, H.E.; KINDLEY, L.M.
V S OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 506 FEE 1970, 73 P.
DONNAN MEMBRANE WATER SOFTENING IS A TECHNIQUE
DEVELOPED WHICH EXPLOITS THE EXCLUSION PROPER-
TIES OF ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES SELECTIVELY TO
REMOVE BIVALENT HARDNESS IONS FROM THE FEED
WATERS TO DESALINATION SYSTEMS. THE REMOVAL OF
SCALE FORMING CALCIUM AND/OR MAGNESIUM IONS
FROM THESE FEED WATERS THEREBY ENABLES THE
DESALTING PLANT TO OPERATE MORE EFFICIENTLY AND
RESULTS IN SUFFICIENT OVERALL COST REDUCTIONS NOT
ONLY TO JUSTIFY THE EXPENSE AND COMPLEXITY OF
THE ADDITIONAL PROCESS BUT TO PRODUCE LOWER
COST WATER. (EI-20861).
01262. MARINE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
GUNNERSON, G.; BROWN, R.P.; SMITH, D.D.
ASCE J SAN1T ENG D1V., 96(SA6), PAPER 7769, 1387-
1397, 1970.
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THAT IN 1968 APPROXIMATELY
48,000,000 TONS OF WASTES FROM THE CIVILIAN SECTOR
WERE DISPOSED IN U. S. COASTAL WATERS AT AN ESTI-
MATED COST OF 29 MILLION DOLLARS BY TUG AND
BARGE OPERATIONS, THE AUTHORS POINT OUT TO IN-
CREASING AMOUNTS IN THE FUTURE AND INDICATE THAT
THERE ARE CRITICAL NEEDS FOR BASELINE ENVIRONMEN-
TAL DATA, ADEQUATE MONITORING SYSTEMS, AND
ESTABLISHMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR REGULATING
DISCHARGES OF SOLID CONTAINERIZED WASTES AT SEA.
(EI-22663).
01263. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS. DETERMINATION, ECONOMIC
COST, AND CORRECTION METHODS.
RIDDLE, V.G.
J WATER POLLUT CONTR FED., 62(9), 1676-1683,
1970.
THE PAPER REPORTS OF A 2 YR SURVEY IN THE MATTER
OF ELIMINATING INFILTRATION AND STORM WATER IN
SEWER SYSTEMS IN WESTERN MISSOURI AND EASTERN
KANSAS SYSTEMS. A SUMMARY IS PRESENTED TO
DESCRIBE THE NATURE OF THE INFILTRATION AND
STORM WATER PROBLEM. COST DATA ARE PRESENTED
THAT SHOW THE RELATIVE EXPENSE OF HANDLING WET
WEATHER FLOW VS DRY WEATHER FLOW DETERMINING
INFILTRATION. TECHNIQUES DISCUSSED INCLUDE COLOR
SLIDES, LOW PRESSURE AIR TESTING, TELEVISION, AND
AUDIO PROCESS THAT DETECTS ACTIVE LEAKS, SMOKE
TESTING, AND INDIRECT METHODS. INFILTRATION
REMEDIES ARE PRESENTED. (EI-2305I).
01264. OPTIMIZING AN ACTIVATED CARBON WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANT.
COVER, A.E.; WOOD, C.D.
IND WATER ENG., 7(4), 21-23, 1970.
SEVERAL DESIGN VARIABLES ARE EXAMINED THAT AF-
FECT THE OPERATING AND CAPITAL COST OF A TERTIARY
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EMPLOYING GRANU-
LAR ACTIVATED CARBON. THE VARIABLES D1SCUSSEC IN-
CLUDE PLANT SIZE, CONTRACTOR SYSTEM, FLOW
VELOCITY, VELOCITY IN COMBINATION WITH CONTACT
TIME, ADSORBENT COST, REGENERATION LOSS, AND
NUMBER OF CONTACTING STAGES. (El-21005).
01265. DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER SUP-
PLIES FOR AGRICULTURE.
MALETIC, J.T,; SACHS, M.S.; KROUS, E.S.
NUCLEAR DESALINATION, PROC OF SYMP BY IAEA,
NOV 18-22 1968, MADRID, SPAIN, IAEA, 1969 PAP
SMI 13/37 P 207-24.
A CASE STUDY WAS PERFORMED TO EVALUATE POTEN-
TIAL APPLICATIONS OF MULTISTAGE DISTILLATION (MSF)
AND ELECTRODIALYSIS (ED) PROCESSES TO DESALTING
SALINE IRRIGATION WATER FOR AGRICULTURE. THE IN-
VESTIGATION DETERMINED THE COSTS AND BENEFITS AS-
SOCIATED WITH DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER
AT CONCENTRATIONS OF 2600 AND 5330 MG/LITER TO
CONCENTRATIONS OF 1500, 900, AND 400 MG/LITER. COSTS
ARE BASED ON PROJECT FEATURES SUCH AS DESALINA-
TION PLANTS AND STEAM GENERATING EQUIPMENT, RAW
WATER COLLECTION FACILITIES, STORAGE RESERVOIRS,
CONVEYANCE AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. (EI-34739).
218
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REFERENCE LIST
01266. FIFTEEN YEARS OF PROGRESS, A REVIEW OF
THE UNITED STATES DESALTING PRO-
GRAM.
EDWARDS, M.N.
NUCLEAR DESALINATION, PROC OF SYMP BY IAEA,
NOV 18-22 1968, MADRID, SPAIN IAEA, 1969 PAP
SMI 13/53 P41-9.
STATUS OF DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY AT THE TIME
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM WAS INITIATED, AND RE-
PORTS ON MAJOR ACTIVITIES THAT HAVE BEEN
ACHIEVED. THE PRESENT STATUS OF FREEZING METHODS
AND MEMBRANE PROCESSES IS DISCUSSED, BUT MAJOR
EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART
OF DISTILLATION TECHNIQUES AND THE UTILIZATION OF
NUCLEAR REACTORS AS AN ENERGY SOURCE FOR MULTI
MOD WATER ONLY OR DUAL PURPOSE POWER AND
WATER PLANTS. CONTINUED ADVANCES IN DESALINA-
TION PROCESSES' PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY THAT
ARE ANTICIPATED, ARE DESCRIBED TOGETHER WITH
COMS IMPROVED OIL SEPARATION, PREVENTS EVAPORA-
TION OF COLLECTED OIL, LEAVES RECOVEREMENTS ON
THE EFFECT THESE ADVANCES WILL HAVE ON THE COST
OF PRODUCT WATER. (El-31913).
01267. PARALLEL PLATE INTERCEPTOR.
SHAW, E.G.; CAUGHMAN, W.L.JR.
NLGI SPOKESMAN, 33( 11), 395-399, 1970.
OPERATION OF THE PARALLEL PLATE INTERCEPTOR (PPI)
IN OIL RECOVERY APPLICATIONS IS DESCRIBED. IN ADDI-
TION TO BEING REMARKABLY SIMPLE TO MAINTAIN, PPI
PROVIDED OIL WITH A LOWER WATER CONTENT, AND
BECAUSE OF REDUCED AIR POLLUTION AND FIRE
HAZARDS, THE SEPARATOR CAN BE SITUATED CLOSER TO
PROCESSING UNITS. BRIEF MENTION IS ALSO MADE OF
PPI'S SUCCESSOR, THE CORRUGATED PLATE INTERCEP-
TOR, LOWER IN INITIAL COST AND HAVING SUPERIOR
CORROSION RESISTANCE, WHILE RETAINING ALL THE
OTHER ADVANTAGES OF PPI. (EI-19837).
01268. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE OF THE ART (1968).
WONG, C.M.; STROBEL, J.J.; STURZA, H.L.
U.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 490 OCT 1969, 138 P.
THIS REPORT EVALUATES MSF PLANTS UTILIZED IN BOTH
SINGLE AND DUAL PURPOSE (POWER WATER) MODES OF
OPERATION OVER A POWER RANGE EXTENDING FROM 1
TO 150 MOD. THE REPORT WAS PREPARED BY REVIEWING
DATA ON ACTUAL PLANTS AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
STUDIES. A MAJOR PORTION OF THE REPORT IS CON-
CERNED WITH CAPITAL COST AND OPERATING COST
FACETS OF THIS PROCESS, 48 REFS. (El-25633).
01269. PILOT PLANT TESTS AND DESIGN STUDY OF A
2.5 MGD HORIZONTAL TUBE MULTIPLE EF-
FECT PLANT.
JELNIO, G.A.; WONG, C.M.; SEIDER, E.N.; CAL-
LAHAN, J.T.
U S OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 492 OCT 1969, 148 P.
A NEW CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE EFFECT DISTILLATION
EQUIPMENT HAVING HORIZONTAL HEAT TRANSFER TUBES
WITH STEAM CONDENSING ON THE INSIDE AND BRINE
BOILING ON THE OUTSIDE AND VERTICALLY ARRANGED
EFFECTS IS DESCRIBED. A 2.5 MGD PLANT HAS BEEN
DESIGNED IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL TO PREPARE RELIABLE
COST ESTIMATES. THE TOTAL INSTALLED CAPITAL COST
OF THE WATER SECTION OF THE 2.5 MGD DUAL PURPOSE
PLANT IS 63.6 CENT/GAL STREAM DAY. PRODUCT WATER
COST IS 53.4 CENT/1000 GAL WITH 25 CENT/MM BTU EX-
TRACTION STEAM. (EI-25695).
01270. COST ANALYSIS OF SIX WATER DESALTING
PROCESSES.
CLARK, C.F.; WONG, C.M.; STROBEL, J.J.; MILLER,
E.F.
U.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 495 NOV 1969, 100 P
THE CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS AND COST OF PRODUCING
FRESH WATER WERE DETERMINED FOR SIX LEADING
DESALINATION PROCESSES. THE MAJOR COST ELEMENTS
OF EACH CONVERSION PROCESS ARE IDENTIFIED. THE EF-
FECTS OF VARYING IMPORTANT PROCESS PARAMETERS
ON WATER COSTS ARE SHOWN FOR EACH PROCESS. THE
RELIABILITY OF COST DATA IS PROBABLY HIGHEST FOR
THE MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION PROCESS. SINCE
THE LARGEST DESALINATION PLANTS CONSTRUCTED TO
DATE HAVE BEEN OF THAT DESIGN, AND THE PROCESS
HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION FROM A
RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING STANDPOINT. THE COST RE-
LIABILITY WOULD PROBABLY BE PROGRESSIVELY
SLIGHTLY LESS FOR THE VAPOR COMPRESSION, VERTICAL
TUBE EVAPORATOR, ELECTRODIALYSIS, VACUUM FREEZE
VAPOR COMPRESSION, AND REVERSE OSMOSIS I XOCESSES.
(EI-25517).
01271. SMART WATER MANAGEMENT, NOT POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
STICKLEY, J.D.; BLAKELEY, C.P.
INSTRUMENTATION IN THE IRON AND STEEL IN-
DUSTRY, V 20, PROC OF 20TH INT ISA IRON AND
STEEL INSTRUM SYMP, MAR 23-25, 1970, PITT-
SBURGH, PA, ISA, 1970, P 67-74.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT LAWS PLACE A FINANCIAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN ON INDUSTRY. AS A RESULT IN-
DUSTRY MUST REGARD WATER AS AN INDISPENSABLE
RAW MATERIAL, APPLYING PROVEN MATERIALS MANAGE-
MENT TECHNIQUES TO THE MANAGEMENT THEREOF. (El).
01272. ACTIVATED SLUDGE JOINT TREATMENT OF
PULP AND PAPER EFFLUENT WITH MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
BROSIG, AJR; KIRK, D.G.; LISANTI, A.F.; ZABBAN,
W.
TAPPI, 54(3), 386-390, 971.
A PILOT STUDY WAS MADE TO SHOW THE FEASIBILITY OF
JOINT INDUSTRIAL MUNICIPAL TREATMENT OF WASTES
FROM AN INTEGRATED FULLY BLEACHED SEMICHEMICAL
PULP AND FINE PAPER MILL WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
BENCH STUDIES SHOWED THAT THERE WOULD BE LARGE
ECONOMIC BENEFITS IN CONVERSION TO A FULL CHEMI-
CAL PULPING PROCESS WITH CHEMICAL RECOVERY. THE
VOLUME REQUIRING MUNICIPAL TREATMENT WOULD BE
REDUCED BY 2/3. SEVERAL DESIGN PARAMETERS, INCLUD-
ING AERATION TIME, FINAL TANK OVERFLOW RATE, AND
SLUDGE HANDLING EQUIPMENT SIZES, WOULD BE
REDUCED BY AS MUCH AS HALF. (EI-53022).
219
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01273. BEST FEATURES OF FOUR EXISTING PLANTS
HIGHLIGHTED IN NEW DETROIT WATER
FACILITY.
HOWSON, L.; REMUS, G.
WATER WASTES ENG., 7(12), 50-51, 1970.
DESIGN FEATURES OF THE NEW 400 MOD PLANT UNDER
CONSTRUCTION ON LAKE HURON THAT WILL COST ABOUT
70 MILLION DOLLARS. (EI-54134).
01274. COMPARISON OF METHODS OF SANITIZING
WATER.
ATHERTON,H.V.
ASAE PAPER 70-759 FOR MEETING AT CHICAGO,
ILL., DEC 8-11 1970,6 P.
A SURVEY OF MODERN METHODS FOR TREATMENT OF
WATER TO REMOVE UNDESIRABLE CONTAMINANTS FROM
WATER IN FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS IS PRESENTED. THE
EVALUATION OF METHODS IS GIVEN AMONG OTHERS FOR
CHLORINATION, ULTRAVIOLET STERLIZATION AND HEAT..
01275. SOURCE CONTROL OF URBAN WATER POLLU-
TION.
HEANEY, J.P.; SULLIVAN, R.H.
./ WATER POLLUT CONTR FED., 43(4), 571-579, 1971.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO OBTAIN
A SOLIDS BUDGET WTTHIN AN AREA IN CHICAGO, IL-
LINOIS. THE SOURCES INVESTIGATED INCLUDED AIR POL-
LUTION, SANITARY WASTES, GARBAGE, AND MISCELLANE-
OUS SOLIDS. THE SOURCE CONTROLS EXAMINED WERE
CATCH BASIN CLEANING, SEWER CLEANING, AND STREET
SWEEPING, UNIT COSTS OF STREET SWEEPING INDICATE
THAT CATCH BASINS AND THEIR CLEANING, ALONG WITH
SUBSEQUENT SEWER CLEANING, MAKE THEM UNDESIRA-
BLE. (El-56939). !
01276. DESIGN OF COOLING TOWERS CIRCULATING
BRACKISH WATERS.
[
DEFLON, J.G.
AICHE WORKSHOP, 1ND PROCESS DES WATER POL-
LUT CONTR 2, HOUSTON, TEX, APR 24-25 1969 P
69-73.
COST AND MAINTENANCE ON COOLING TOWERS CIRCU-
LATING BRACKISH WATER IS NATURALLY OF CONSIDERA-
BLE CONCERN. INADEQUATE CONSIDERATION OF MATERI-
ALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND DISREGARD OF THE SIMPLE
RUDIMENTS OF WATER CONTROL CAN BE EXPENSIVE. IF
THHE ABOVE SUGGESTIONS FOR DESIGNING AND OPERAT-
ING SUCH A UNIT ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION,
MAINTENANCE SHOULD BE LITTLE MORE THAN THAT OF
A STANDARD TOWER EMPLOYING FRESH WATER MAKEUP.
(EI-56094).
01277. COOLING TOWER SLOWDOWN TREATMENT
COSTS.
GLOVER, G.E.
AICHE WORKSHOP, IND PROCESS DES WATER POL-
LUT CONTR 2, HOUSTON, TEX APR 24-25 1969 P
74-81.
CURRENT INTEREST IN THERMAL POLLUTION WILL
PROMPT THE INSTALLATION OF COOLING TOWERS AT
MANY PLANTS THAT HERETOFORE HAVE NOT FOUND
THEM NECESSARY. OTHER STREAM POLLUTION STAN-
DARDS HAVE BECOME STRICTER, PARTICULARLY SO IT
SEEMS WHERE SLOWDOWN CONSTITUENTS ARE CON-
CERNED. TiHESE STANDARDS WILL BE APPLIED MORE
WIDELY AND MORE VIGOROUSLY IN THE NEAR FUTURE.
(EI-56096).
01278. EVALUATION SHOWS DIATOMITE FILTER
MOST EFFICIENT.
STEPHENS, R.W. ,
PUB WORKS, 101(7), 68-69, 1970.
AS RESULT OF EVALUATION OF COMPARATIVE TESTS OF
BOTH DIATOMITE AND RAPID SAND FILTERS TO BE USED
IN BAKERSF1ELD, CALIF., 2.5 MGD FILTRATION PLANT,
BASED ON EFFICIENCY AS WELL AS INITIAL AND OPERAT-
ING COSTS, THE DIATOMITE FILTER WAS JUDGED THE
MOST SUITABLE. (EI-59924).
01279. OIL POLLUTION CONTROL EFFORTS, SANTA
BARBARA, CALIFORNIA.
GAINES, T.H.
J PETROL TECHNOL, 22(12), 1511-1514, 1970.
THE ERUPTION OF CRUDE OIL FROM THE OCEAN FLOOR 5
1/2 MI OFFSHORE FROM SANTA BARBARA, CALIF., OJ»J JAN
28 1969, CREATED A SUBSTANTIAL TASK OF POLLUTION
CONTROL AND PROPERTY CLEANUP. DESPITE THE DIF-
FICULTIES ENCOUNTERED, THE BEACHES, HARBORS,
HOUSES, BOATS, AND SHORELINE HAVE BEEN RESTORED
TO, AND IN SOME CASES EXCEED, THEIR ORIGINAL BEAU-
TY AND CLEANLINESS. THE TIME CONSUMING CLEANING
UP WAS COSTLY; MORE THAN 4.6 MILLION DOLLARS HAS
BEEN SPENT IN PREVENTING POLLUTION AND IN RESTOR-
ING PROPERTY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. (EI-52959).
01280. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN PULP AND
PAPER INDUSTRY.
AMBERG, H.R.
IND WATER ENG., 7(11), 26-29, 1970.
TREND IN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IS REPORTED TO BE
SHIFTING FROM PRIMARY TREATMENT TO REMOVE SET-
TLEABLE SOLIDS TO SECONDARY PROCESSES DESIGNED
TO REMOVE SOLUBLE BOD; ANNUAL EXPENDITURE IN THE
NEXT YEARS IS EXPECTED TO REACH 200 MILLION DOL-
LARS, AND WILL ADD ABOUT 3.5 DOLLARS/TON TO
PRODUCT COST. LABORATORY AND PILOT PLANT STUDIES
OF TREATMENT WHICH CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS TERTIARY
TREATMENT ARE OUTLINED. (EI-53324).
01281. TILTED PLATE SEPARATORS FOR REFINERY
WASTE WATER. ,
MORRISON, J.
OIL GAS J., 68(50), 86-88, 1970.
A GRAVITY TYPE SEPARATION DEVELOPED BY SHELL FOR
SEPARATION OF OIL AND SLUDGE FROM REFINERY WASTE
WATER STREAMS OCCUPIES ONLY ONE SIXTH OF THE
FLOOR SPACE OF PLATELESS SEPARATORS AND SUBSTAN-
TIALLY REDUCES BOTH MANUFACTURING AND MAIN-
TENANCE COSTS. (EI-54662).
01282. TRENDS IN TREATING
REFINERY WASTES.
PETROLEUM
BEYCHOK, M.R.
AICHE WORKSHOP, INC PROCESS DES WATER
POLLT CONTR 2, HOUSTON, TEX, APR 24-25 1969
P 54-61.
220
-------
REFERENCE LIST
THE USE OF MYDROTREAT1NG AND HYDROCRACKING HAS
BEEN AND STILL IS ONE OF THE MAJOR TRENDS IN REFIN-
ING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY. THIS WILL RESULT IN MORE
SULFIDIC SOUR WASTE WATERS REQUIRING FACILITIES
FOR STRIPPING OUT AND RECOVERING AMMONIA AND
HYDROGEN SULF1DE OR CONVERTING THEM INTO SALEA-
BLE BYPRODUCTS. (El).
01283. INDUSTRY DECISIONS AFFECT ECOLOGY.
KINTIGH, J.L.
FOUNDRY, 98(12), 34-37, 1970.
IT IS BECOMING EVIDENT THAT MAN CANNOT MAINTAIN
AN ECOLOGICAL BALANCE WITHIN HIS OWN ENVIRON-
MENT WITHOUT SUBJECTING HIMSELF AND HIS AMBITIONS
TO MEANINGFUL RESTRAINTS. HE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO
PLAN ACTION OR OPERATIONS THAT HAVE THE POTEN-
TIAL FOR ALTERING ANY BALANCE IN OUR ENVIRON-
MENT CONTINUUM. ALL CONVERSION TECHNIQUES AND
PRODUCTS WILL HAVE TO WITHSTAND CRITICAL REVIEWS
THAT OFTEN WILL AFFECT COSTS AND PROFITS. DECI-
SION-MAKING WILL HAVE TO ADJUST TO THE NEW
PARAMETERS. (EI-55154).
01284. HOW TO REDUCE WASTE WATER EFFLUENTS
FROM PETROLEUM AND CHEMICAL
PROCESS PLANTS THROUGH INITIAL
DESIGN.
RABB, A.
A1CHE WORKSHOP, 1ND PROCESS DES WATER POL-
LUT CONTR 2 HOUSTON, TEX, APR 24-25 1969 P
7-14.
AS TREATMENT OF THE WASTE LIQUIDS DISCHARGED
FROM PROCESS INDUSTRY PLANTS GETS MORE COMPLEX
AND COSTLY, THERE IS A GROWING TENDENCY TO
REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF WASTE BY CAREFUL INITIAL
PROCESS OR EQUIPMENT DESIGN. OFTEN THIS APPROACH
WILL SHOW THAT THERE CAN BE A CONSIDERABLE IN-
VESTMENT AND OPERATING COST SAVING IN THE EVEN-
TUAL WASTE WATER TREATING FACILITIES BY SPENDING
SOME MONEY FOR THE INITIAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN EF-
FORT. (El).
01285. FACTORY IN THE SEVENTIES.
DAWES, J.H.
PLANT ENG (LOND), 14(12), 305-321, 1970.
IN LOOKING FORWARD, THE AUTHOR CONSIDERS THE EF-
FECTS OF LEGISLATION, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FAC-
TORS, THE CHANGING PATTERN OF INDUSTRY, POPULA-
TION DRIFT AND DEVELOPMENT AREAS. ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS AND DESIGN STANDARDS ARE DISCUSSED.
POLLUTION AND EFFLUENT CONTROL ARE EMPHASIZED.
(EI-56X74).
01286. SALT WATER DISPOSAL-SENSE AND DOL-
LARS.
SMITH, W.W.
PETROL ENG., 42( 11), 64, 1970.
SPECIAL REPORT
SITUATION.
ON POLLUTION REVIEWS PRESENT
01287. SALT WATER COOLING TOWER.
NESTER, D.M.
CHEM ENG PROGR, 67(7), 49-51, 1971.
FOR- THE EXPANSION OF AN EXISTING ONCE-THROUGH
SALT WATER COOLING SYSTEM, CONSTRUCTION OF A
CLOSED SYSTEM SALT WATER COOLING SYSTEM WAS
FOUND TO BE A COMPETITIVE ALTERNATIVE. THE INSTAL-
LATION OF A RECTRCULAT1NG SYSTEM AFFORDS AN OP-
PORTUNITY OF REMOVING THE COOLING WATER FROM
THE PROCESS WATER SEWER SYSTEM AT MINIMUM COST,
AND THUS OF REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF WATER
REQUIRING SECONDARY TREATMENT. (EI-82068).
01288. CONOCO'S 5-MILLION DOLLAR PROGRAM TO
MEET 1973 REGULATIONS.
JOHNSON, G.D.; WINEGAR, P.M.; CAYAN, W.M.
PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 1970, P 11-12, 16-
18.
FOR CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION FROM REFINERIES,
CONTINENTAL OIL COMPANY PLANTS IN LOUISIANA ARE
CURRENTLY CARRYING OUT PLANNED PROGRAMS COST-
ING A TOTAL OF 5 MILLION DOLLARS. WHEN PROJECTS IN
THE CURRENT PHASE OF ITS PROGRAM ARE COMPLETED,
THEY WILL MEET FUTURE STREAM CRITERIA
ESTABLISHED BY THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, TO BE EFFEC-
TIVE JANUARY 1, 1973. SEPARATE PRIMARY AND SECON-
DARY WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN
DEVELOPED FOR THREE MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
OPERATED AT CONOCO'S WEST LAKE, LA., COMPLEX. (EI-
80074).
01289. EFFLUENT TREATMENT. CUTTING COST OF
COMPLIANCE.
HAVILAND, J.M.
PROD FINISH (CINC1NATI), 35(5), 46-54, 1971.
REFERENCE IS MADE TO THE PLIGHT OF 40 ELEC-
TROPLATERS IN GRAND RAPIDS, MICH, WHO MUST
COMPLY WITH STRICT REGULATIONS FOR DISCHARGE OF
METALS AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS. TO MAKE POLLU-
TION CONTROL AS PAINLESS AS POSSIBLE, THREE WAYS
THAT MIGHT HELP PLATERS RECOUP PART OR ALL OF
THE COST OF WASTE TREATMENT, COULD BE USED,
NAMELY, IMPROVING HOUSEKEEPING SO AS TO CONSERVE
PLATING CHEMICALS, LOWERING CONSUMPTION OF
WATER AND RECLAIMING MATERIALS THAT ARE NOW
DISCARDED AS WASTE. (EI-82023).
01290. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTES.
SHINDALA, A.; SCARBROUGH, J.H.
WATER SEWAGE WORKS, 118(2), 50-57, 1971.
LITERATURE SURVEYS REVEAL THAT ANAEROBIC
LAGOONING OF SWINE WASTES HAS RECEIVED THE
WIDEST ACCEPTANCE OF ALL THE TREATMENT
PROCESSES REPORTED. IF PROPERLY LOCATED, DESIGNED,
CONSTRUCTED AND MAINTAINED, ANAEROBIC LAGOONS
WERE REPORTED TO PROVIDE THE MOST ECONOMICAL
MEANS OF TREATING AND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTES.
l (EI-80103).
01291. HIGH PURITY WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES.
ABEL, H.P.
SME, WEST METAL TOOL EXPOS CONF, TECH PAP V
70 BOOK 1, MAR 9-13, 1970, PAPER MM70-706, 25
P
THIS BRIEFLY SUMMARIZES TECHNICAL FACETS FOR ION
EXCHANGE AND EQUIPMENT MODIFICATIONS TO ACHIEVE
221
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
BETTER WATER QUALITY AND DECREASE OPERATING
COSTS. THE USE OF HIGH QUALITY DEIONIZED WATER IN
LIEU OF DISTILLED WATER WILL ALSO GREATLY REDUCE
PRODUCTION COSTS OF ANODIZING, PLATING, AND
SIMILAR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. (El-73735).
01292. VALUATION OF FLOW AUGMENTATION
RELEASES.
CARTER, B J. JR; HEANEY, J.P.; PYATT, E.E.
ASCE J SAN1T ENG DIV., 97(SA3), PAPER 8203, 345-
359, 1971.
A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE IS USED
TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE VALUE, MEASURED IN
TERMS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT COSTS AVOIDED, OF
FLOW AUGMENTATION RELEASES IN A RIVER WITH MUL-
TIPLE WASTE SOURCES. ANALYSES ARE PERFORMED FOR
A SINGLE SOURCE OF AUGMENTED FLOW IN THE HEAD-
WATER REACHES. THE EFFECT OF THE QUALITY OF THE
AUGMENTED FLOW ON ITS ECONOMIC VALUE IS QUAN-
TIFIED. A PROCEDURE FOR INCORPORATING THE DEPEN-
DENCE OF THE REAERATION COEFFICIENTS AND TRAVEL
TIME ON THE RIVER DISCHARGE IS INCLUDED..
01293. METAL FINISHING WASTES: METHODS OF
DISPOSAL.
ZIERVERS, J.F.; GRAIN, R.W.; BARCLAY, E.G.
PLATING, 57(1), 56-59, 1970.
THE METHODS OF DISPOSAL COMMONLY AVAILABLE TO
THE WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM OPERATOR POINT
TOWARD THE CONSERVATION AND REUSE OF WASTE
WATERS AFTER SEPARATION FROM SUSPENDED SOLIDS.
THIS CAN BEST BE ACCOMPLISHED BY PRESSURE FILTRA-
TION. IN PAST YEARS THE COST OF THIS METHOD OF
DISPOSAL HAS LIMITED FILTER INSTALLATIONS. RISING
WATER AND SEWAGE COSTS, HOWEVER, MAKE IT NOT
ONLY DESIRABLE BUT ECONOMICALLY SOUND TO CON-
SIDER PRESSURE FILTRATION. (EI-74546).
01294. OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
EVAPORATION PLANTS.
MANDIL, M.A.; GHAFOUR, E.E.A.
CHEM ENG SCI., 25(4), 611-621, 1970.
A NEW APPROACH TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE
FLASH EVAPORATION PLANTS IS PRESENTED. WHILE
RETAINING THE BASIC FEATURES OF CURRENT THEORIES,
THE APPROACH PRESENTED INVOLVES THE USE OF RELA-
TIVE VALUES OF ECONOMIC PARAMETERS RATHER THAN
THEIR ABSOLUTE VALUES. THE PAPER DEALS WITH A 3
FREE DESIGN VARIABLE PROBLEM OF CONSTANT OUTPUT
WHILE TWO COST PARAMETERS MAY VARY ACCORDING
TO PRESCRIBED SCHEDULES. OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURES
ARE PRESENTED AND TESTED USING AN ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE. (El-62007).
01295. CONCERNING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF EX-
PERIMENTATION IN THE DESIGN OF
DESALTING PLANTS.
TRIBUS, M.; PEZIER, J.P.
DESALINATION, 8(3), 311-349, 1970.
THE PAPER IS CONCERNED WITH THE ANALYSIS OF THE
ECONOMIC WORTH OF DESIGN DATA GATHERING. DECI-
SION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ARE USED IN ANALYSIS. A
KELVIN FUNCTION IS SHOWN TO REPRESENT GENERALLY
WELL THE BALANCE BETWEEN CAPITAL COSTS AND
OPERATING COSTS FOR DESALTING PLANTS. (E1-677SO).
01296. DIMENSIONS OF WATER MANAGEMENT.
DROBNY, L.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL OHIO
WATER RESOURCES CONFERENCE, SPONSORED
BY THE OHIO SECTION, AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION IN COOPERATION
WITH THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES, MAR 24 1970, COLUMBUS, OHIO.
COVERING: THE POLITICAL AND LEGAL DIMENSIONS, THE
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND ENGINEERING DIMENSIONS, THE
ENVIRONMENTAL/ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION, AND THE
SOCIOECONOMIC AND PUBLIC DIMENSIONS OF WATER
MANAGEMENT. OTHER TOPICS DISCUSSED WERE LOCAL
PROGRESS IN OHIO WATER MANAGEMENT; STATE WATER
PLANNING; REGIONAL APPROACHES TO WATER MANAGE-
MENT; THE INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE ON WATER
MANAGEMENT; AND FEDERAL PARTICIPATION IN OHIO
WATER MANAGEMENT. CONFERENCE SUMMARY IS IN-
CLUDED. (EI-67840).
01297. WATER QUALITY FACTORS ON THE COST
AND PERFORMANCE OF COOLANTS.
HUMN1CKY, S.
SME, COLLECT PAP V 70 BOOK 3 APR 13-17 1970
PAPER MR70-253. 14 P.
THIS DISCUSSION IS CONCERNED MAINLY WITH RAW
WATER QUALITY WHERE THIS QUALITY AFFECTS WATER
SOLUBLE CUTTING AND GRINDING PERFORMANCE. IT IN-
CLUDES SOME BASIC INFORMATION ON THE FACTORS AF-
FECTING RAW WATER QUALITY METHODS OF SOLVING
THIS PROBLEM AND A CASE HISTORY OF ONE PREFERRED
METHOD OF SOLVING THIS PROBLEM. (El.
01298. ECONOMIC DESIGN OF CENTRAL WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM-SIZED
TOWNS.
SINGH, K.P
WATER RESOURCE BULLETIN 7(1), 79-92, 1971.
SEVEN COST ELEMENTS ARE SHOWN TO BE PERTINENT TO
THE OPTIMUM OR LEAST COST DESIGN OF NETWORK CON-
SISTING OF PIPE LINES AND PUMPING STATIONS. WATER
CONVEYANCE COSTS ARE CALCULATED FOR VARIOUS
FLOW RATES, PIPE LINE DIAMATERS, FLOW VARIABILITIES,
STATIC HEADS, AND INTEREST RATES, THUS PROVIDING A
MEASURE OF SENSITIVITY OF THE CONVEYANCE COST TO
SUCH VARIATIONS. THE ECONOMIES OF SCALE, THE SEN-
SITIVITY OF OPTIMUM UNIT CONVEYANCE COSTS, AND
VARIATIONS IN UNIT COSTS WITH CHANGE IN COST FUNC-
TIONS USEFUL IN MAKING A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR
PROPOSED CONVEYANCE SYSTEM. (EI-65733).
01299. FILTRATION OF COOLANTS PAYS DIVIDENDS.
WILLIAMS, N.
SME, COLLECT PAP V 70 BOOK 3 APR 13-17 1970
PAPER MR70-254, 9 P.
METHODS OF FILTRATION ARE GIVEN AND DISCUSSED.
THESE INCLUDE SETTLING AND SEDIMENTATION, FLOTA-
TION, MAGNETIC SEPARATORS, FLOTATION, CENTRIFUGAL
CLARIFIERS, HYDRO OR LIQUID CYCLONES, GRAVITY
FLOW FILTRATION, POSITIVE FILTRATION, SUCTION OR
PRESSURIZED FLOW, AND PRESSURE BACK FLUSHING. (EI-
63497).
222
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REFERENCE LIST
01300. SEWER DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATION BY
COMPUTER.
ZEPP, P
PUBLIC WORKS, 101, 1970, 90-91.
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR REGIONAL PLANNING SEWER
MODEL IS DESCRIBED. THE INPUTS TO THE MODEL IN-
CLUDE THE PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF A SEWER SYSTEM, THE
DEMAND UPON THIS SYSTEM IMPLIED BY ANTICIPATED
LAND USE, AND CERTAIN ENGINEERING DESIGN CON-
STRAINTS. PIPES WHERE PUMPING STATIONS AND FORCE
MAINS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED ARE SPECIFIED. (El-65766).
01301. INSTALLATION FOR THE COMBUSTION OF IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE.
VOEGE, T.; SCHLOTMANN, W.
BRENNS WAERME KRAFT, 22(10), 461-464, 1970.
AFTER DISCUSSION OF REASONS FOR BUILDING THE
PLANT AND THE TYPE OF INSTALLATION, A DETAILED
DESCRIPTION OF ITS TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT AND FEA-
TURES IS GIVEN. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND
RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS ARE DISCUSSED AND INFOR-
MATION GIVEN ON THE INVESTMENT INVOLVED AND THE
COST OF OPERATION. IN GERMAN WITH ENGLISH AB-
STRACT. (El-65200).
01302. FINAL DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
RAMDOHR, H.
KERNTECHNIK, 12(5-6), 242-248, 1970.
AFTER A SURVEY OF THE METHODS AVAILABLE AND THE
SITUATION IN WEST GERMANY, SOLIDIFICATION AND
FINAL DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN ROCK SALT
FORMATIONS OF DEEP GEOLOGICAL STRATA SEEM TO BE
THE BEST PRACTICE. HIGH ACTIVITY WASTES ARE IN
GENERAL, MELTED INTO GLASS OR CERAMICS. THEIR
FINAL DISPOSAL IS CARRIED OUT IN A SALT MINE IN
NORTHERN GERMANY THE COSTS OF SOLIDIFICATION
AND FINAL DISPOSAL ARE ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 19,
OF THE GENERATING COST OF NUCLEAR ENERGY. 34
REFS. IN GERMAN AND ENGLISH. (EI-61658).
01303. ALUM RECOVERY FOR FILTRATION PLANT
WASTE TREATMENT.
FULTON, G.P.
WATER WASTES ENG., 7(6), 48-81, 1970.
THE RECOVERY OF ALUM AS A WASTE TREATMENT
METHOD IS DESCRIBED. BENEFITS OF THE ALUM
RECOVERY APPLICATION ARE DISCUSSED IT IS SHOWN
THAT THE SOLIDS REQUIRING DISPOSAL ARE SIGNIFI-
CANTLY REDUCED. WITH PROPER PROCESS CONTROL OF
THE ALUM PRODUCT FLOW, UNWANTED SOLIDS CAN BE
EASILY SEPARATED AND THICKENED FOR ULTIMATE
DISPOSAL. WASTE TREATMENT COSTS ARE DEFRAYED, TO
SOME EXTENT, BY REDUCING THE NEED FOR NEW MAKE-
UP ALUM, AND COST OF ALUM PURCHASED FOR WATER
TREATMENT AND MATERIALS HANDLING ARE REDUCED.
(EI-66053).
01304. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
PROCESS.
CONSIE, R.; DARLING, R.; EMMERMANN, D.;
FRASER, J.; JOHNSON, W.; KORETECHKO, J;
TORVBRATEN, F.; HUNTER, J.A.; RINNE, W.W.;
GRANSEE, C.L.
V. S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 451 MAY 1969, 67 P
STUDY ON 1 AND 5 MOD DESALTING PLANTS USING THE
VFVC VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION PROCESS.
THESE PLANTS UTILIZE 1/2 MOD FACTOR ASSEMBLED
MODULES IN GROUPINGS OF 2 AND 10 TO FORM THE
DESALTING PLANTS. COSTS, BASED ON LOCATING THE
PLANT WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH, NC, YIELD PRODUCT
WATER COSTS OF 61.5 AND 5 1.3 CENTS/K GAL, FOR PLANTS
OF 1 AND 5 MGD, RESPECTIVELY. INSTALLED COSTS OF
THE PLANTS ARE I DOLLAR AND 25 CENTS AND 1 DOLLAR
AND 10 CENTS/GAL OF DAILY CAPACTIY. THE PLANTS ARE
EXTREMELY EFFICIENT CONSUMING 27.3 KW/K GAL OF
ELECTRICITY. FULL AUTOMATIC OPERATION OF THE
PLANTS REDUCES THE LABOR COSTS TO A MINIMUM. AN
ALTERNATE CONFIGURATION UTILIZING A GAS TURBINE
AND HEAT RECOVERY BOILER FURTHER REDUCES COSTS
OF 41.9 CENTS/K GAL FOR THE 5 MGD PLANT. (El-08444).
01305. COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF PRETREAT-
MENT METHODS FOR MEMBRANE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
KNEALE, J.S.; KELLEY, E.M.; HUNTER, J.A.;
SAVAGE, W.F.; CHANNABASAPPA, K.C.
U.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 425 MAY 1969, 90 P, APPENDICES.
AN ENGINEERING STUDY HAS BEEN MADE TO DETERMINE
THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF PRETREATMENT SYSTEMS
FOR MEMBRANE DESALTING PROCESSES. THIS REPORT
DETAILS THE EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED,
WASTE PRODUCTS PRODUCED, CHEMICAL OPERATING
COSTS, TOTAL OPERATING COSTS AND INSTALLED PLANT
EQUIPMENT COSTS. (EI-0781S).
01306. MARGINAL VALUES OF DILUTION WATERS.
MERRITT, L.B.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 5(6), 1186-1195,
1969.
THE MARGINAL VALUE OF WATER FOR DILUTION OF
WASTE IS SMALL WHEN COMPUTED ON EITHER A LONG
RUN OR A SHORT RUN BASIS. A POLICY OF CLEAN WATER
PLACES A LOW MARGINAL VALUE ON DILUTION WATER
SINCE THESE VALUES INCREASE IN MANY SITUATIONS
WITH ANY INCREASE IN ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF
WASTE IN THE RECEIVING WATER. THE MARGINAL VALUE
OF WATERS USED TO DILUTE SALINE IRRIGATION RETURN
FLOWS IS GENERALLY HIGHER THAN THOSE USED TO
DILUTE OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTES BECAUSE OF THE
RELATIVE CURRENTLY HIGHER SALT REMOVAL TREAT
MENT COSTS AND THE MUCH HIGHER ALLOWABLE
RECEIVING WATER CONCENTRATION FOR MOST SALTS.
(El).
01307. HOW ECONOMICAL AND SAFE ARE OUR
SEWER INSTALLATIONS.
ZOELLNER, G.E.
U.S. OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROG
RPT. 406 (1969), 132 P.
REPORT CONTAINS THE RESULTS OF THE SECOND HALF
OF A 27 MO STUDY OF THE CHEMISTRY OF MIXED IONIC
EXTRACTANT SYSTEMS AND THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICA-
TION TO THE RECOVERY OF BYPRODUCTS FROM
DESALINATION AND OTHER BRINES. PRELIMINARY
ECONOMIC ESTIMATES ARE GIVEN FOR THE EXTRACTION
AND RECOVERY OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE AS THE SOLID
6 HYDRATE FROM 3X AND 10X SEAWATER, AND BITTERN.
(EI-08375).
223
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01308. RECOVERY OF SALTS FROM SALINE WATER
VIA SOLVENT EXTRACTION.
RINSTEAD, R.R.; DAVIS, J.C.; SNIDER, S.W.;
HUNTER, J.A.; GILLAM, W.S.; LEISSERSON, L.
WATER POLLUT CONTR., 108(7), 24-26, 28, 1970.
THE MARSTON STRUCTURAL SEWER DESIGN METHOD IS
USED FOR DETERMINING THE VERTICAL LOAD ON BURIED
CONDUITS. THE METHOD MAKES CLASSIFICATIONS OF
TRENCH, EMBANKMENT, AND TUNNEL CONDITIONS. THE
TRENCH AND EMBANKMENT CONDITIONS ARE DISCUSSED.
CALCULATION OF SUPPORTING STRENGTH OF PIPES,
STRUCTURAL SEWER DESIGN CHARTS TO FACILITATE AND
TO IMPROVE THE DESIGN, SUPERVISION AND INSTALLA-
TION OF SEWERS ARE PRESENTED. (EI-09469).
01309. STUDY OF 250 MGD MULTISTAGE FLASH
DISTILLATION PLANT WITH TWO LEVEL
BRINE FLOW.
HAMMOND, R.P.; HUNTER, J.A.; SIEDER, E.N.;
TOMALIN, P.G.
U S OFFICE SALINE WATER, RES DEVELOP PROGR
REP 389 MAR 1969, 254 P
THE SCOPE OF THIS EFFORT INCLUDED THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF COST AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION FOR A
250 MGD EVAPORATOR OF POTENTIAL USE IN 1975 TO
1980. DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA BASED ON
GROUND RULES AND ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE
PLANT WOULD BE LOCATED IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
COST ESTIMATES, INCLUDING CAPITAL, OPERATING, AND
MAINTENANCE COSTS AS WELL AS UNIT WATER COSTS
ARE GIVEN. DESCRIPTION OF PLANT DESIGN CONCEPTS
AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND
DETAIL DRAWINGS ARE INCLUDED..
01310. SHELL'S SWD MEETS POLLUTION STAN-
DARDS.
BLEAKLEY, W.B.
OIL GAS J., 68(38), 144-146, 1970.
ALL PRODUCED SALT WATER IN SHELL OIL CD'S ONSHORE
DIVISION, SOUTHERN REGION, IS INJECTED INTO SUB SUR-
FACE BRINE CONTAINING FORMATIONS OR DUMPED INTO
SURFACE WATERS INFLUENCED BY GULF OF MEXICO
TIDES. SHELL'S OBJECTIVE WAS ACCOMPLISHED TO
ELIMINATE ANY CHANCE OF POLLUTION OF FRESH-
WATERS OR ARABLE LANDS, AT A COST OF 6 MILLION
DOLLARS. FLOWSHEET OF PROCESS IS SHOWN. (EI-02135).
01311. GULF CUTS COST OF DRILLING DEEP TEXAS
PANHANDLE WELLS.
BERRY, S.C.
OIL GAS J., 68(22), 80-81, 84-86, 1970.
IN THE PAST 2 YRS, THE COST OF 20,0(10 FF WELLS IN THE
TEXAS PANHANDLE HAS BEEN CUT FROM OVER 2 MILLION
DOLLARS TO 1.25K MILLION DOLLARS FOR A RECENT
WELL. HAVING A WORKABLE DRILLING PLAN, TAKING
SOME RISKS TO TRY NEW METHODS, AND EXCELLENT SU-
PERVISION HAS HELPED GULF ACHIEVE THIS REDUCTION.
(£1-01581).
01312. OPTIMIZATION OF
PLANT.
AN ELECTRODIALYSIS
USING MODELS OF BOTH THE COST PROCEDURES AND THE
PHYSICAL PLANT DESIGN, AN OPTIMIZATION ROUTINE IS
CONSTRUCTED FOR AN ELECTRODIALYSIS PLANT. ITERA-
TIVE TECHNIQUES ARE USED. THE ALGORITHM IS APPLIED
TO THE OFFICE OF SALINE WATER TEST BED PLANT AT
WEBSTER, SOUTH DAKOTA AND COMPARES THE ACTUAL
COST AND OPERATING CONDITIONS WITH OPTIMAL AND
NONOPTIMAL CONDITIONS. USES OF OPTIMIZATION ARE
ALSO DISCUSSED. (EI-39097).
01313. CONTINUOUS
DIVIDENDS.
DEMINERALIZATION PAYS
PAULS, S.; SETH, S.
POWER, 114(11), 77, 1970.
A 1000 GPM, TWO BED CONTINUOUS COUNTERCURRENT
DEMINERALIZING SYSTEM CONSISTING OF TWO 500 GPM
UNITS IS DEPENDABLE AND SAVES CONSIDERABLE MONEY
AND SPACE AT THE SAME TIME. (El-40893).
FOR WATER-
BELFORT, G.
DESALINATION, 8(2), 153-166, 1970.
01314. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS.
WEDDLE, C.L.; MUKHERJEE, S.K.; PORTER, J.W.;
SKARHEIM, H.P.
JAMER WATER WORKS ASS., 62(12), 769-775, 1970.
THE AUTHORS PRESENT A NETWORK ANALYSIS BASED
MODEL FOR SELECTING THE LEAST COST WATER SUPPLY
AND WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR A MUNICIPAL
AREA AND FOR DETERMINING THE MOST ECONOMICAL
USAGE OF WATER SOURCES, INCLUDING CONVENTIONAL
SOURCES, DESALTED SEAWATER, AND RENOVATED
WASTEWATER. IT IS REPORTED THAT ALL ALTERNATIVES
CAN BE SIMULTANEOUSLY ANALYZED WITHIN THE CON-
TEXT OF AN INTEGRATED WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND CONVEYANCE SYSTEM. (EI-
39903).
01315. SIMULATION/OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
FOR MULTI-BASIN WATER RESOURCE
PLANNING.
EVENSON, D.E.; MOSELEY, J.C.
WATER RESOURCE BULLETIN 6(5), 725-736, 1970.
A SET OF OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
CAPABLE OF ANALYZING IN DETAIL A LARGE WATER
RESOURCE SYSTEM IS EXPLAINED. A SIMULATION
PROCEDURE, EMPLOYING A DIRECT SOLUTION OF A SET
OF LINEAR EQUATIONS, AND AN OPTIMIZATION PROGRAM
ARE USED TO DESCRIBE THE HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR AND
COMPUTE THE INCURRED COSTS. A NETWORK FLOW
CODE, THE OUT OF KILTER ALGORITHM IS USED IN AN OP-
TIMIZATION MODEL TO DETERMINE THE BEST RESERVOIR
OPERATING RULES AND THE LEAST COST FLOW ROUTING.
(EI-43556).
01316. ALLOCATING WATER AMONG ALTERNATIVE
USES.
REYNOLDS, J.E.
ASCE J IRR1G DRAIN DIV., 97(IRl), PAPER 7978, 85-
92, 1971.
ECONOMIC CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE ALLOCA-
TION OF WATER AMONG COMPETING USES AND USERS
ARE DEVELOPED. THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL AND INSTITU-
TIONAL FACTORS ON ALLOCATION DECISIONS IS
ANALYZED. DIFFICULT PROBLEMS OF ESTIMATION IN-
VOLVED IN THE APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC CRITERIA TO
WATER ALLOCATION SITUATIONS ARE DISCUSSED. (El-
42814).
224
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REFERENCE LIST
01317. A NEW DEVICE FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT SLUDGE CONCENTRATION.
GOODMAN, B.L.
WATER WASTES ENG., 7(8), 30-32, 1970.
A NEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGE CONCENTRA-
TOR IS DESCRIBED THAT UTILIZES A COMBINATION OF
SLUDGE CONDITIONING, GRAVITY DEWATER1NG, AND
PRESSURE DEWATERING TO GREATLY INCREASE THE
SOLIDS CONTENT OF WASTE SLUDGES PRIOR TO THEIR
FINAL DISPOSAL. FOLLOWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS
CONCENTRATOR, SEVERAL FIELD TRIALS WERE CON-
DUCTED THE RESULTS OF WHICH WERE THE EFFICIENT
AND ECONOMIC DEWATERING OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY,
DIGESTED, AND COMBINED SLUDGES. (EI-41006).
01318. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
OF WASTE STABILIZATION LAGOONS.
STOLTENBERG, D.H.
PUB WORKS, 101(9), 103-106, 1970.
LIQUID DEPTH AND SURFACE AREA AS MAJOR FACTORS
AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF LAGOONS ARE DISCUSSED.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS FOR A LAGOON, DATA ON CON-
STRUCTION COSTS FOR FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRA-
TION FINANCED LAGOONS IN ILLINOIS, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE COSTS, ARE INCLUDED. (El-431 17).
01319. ECONOMICS OF LARGE SCALE REVERSE OS-
MOSIS PLANTS.
CHANNASAPPA, K.C.; HARRIS, F.L.
IND WATER ENG., 7(10), 20-24, 1970.
A DETAILED ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION
OF REVERSE OSMOSIS TO DETERMINE THE SCALE UP
POTENTIAL IN LARGE BRACKISH WATER DESALTING
PLANTS AND TO ESTIMATE BOTH THE CAPITAL AND
OPERATING COSTS OF THESE PLANTS IS GIVEN.
01320. CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY IN A COM-
PLEX NATURAL SYSTEM.
DYSART, B.C. Ill; MINES, W.W
IEEE TRANS SYST SCI CYBERN., 6(4), 322-329, 1970.
AN APPROACH TO WATER QUALITY CONTROL IS
PRESENTED FOR THE CASE WHERE THERE COULD BE SIG-
NIFICANT INTERACTION OF WASTES IN A STREAM. A FREE
FLOWING STREAM WHICH RECEIVES THERMAL AND OR-
GANIC WASTES IS MODELED AS AN N' STAGE SERIAL
SYSTEM. TWO DIMENSIONAL DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING IS
USED TO DETERMINE MINIMUM COST CONTROL POLICIES.
THE RESPONSE OF TOTAL SYSTEM COST AND CONTROL
POLICY TO VARIATION OF QUALITY STANDARDS IS
PRESENTED. (EI-52002).
01321. PIPELINES FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. PRACTI-
CAL SOLUTION.
WASP, E.J.
COMPOST SCI., 11(5), 16-17, 1970.
AN 18 MO STUDY WAS COMPLETED IN SEPTEMBER 1969
FOR THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AD-
MINISTRATION BY BECHTEL CORPORATION TO DETER-
MINE THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY. COSTS AND EFFEC-
TIVENESS OF TRANSPORTING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
SLUDGE AND DREDGING SPOILS BY PIPING. SPECIFIC
SYSTEMS INVESTIGATED INCLUDED LAND DISPOSAL
SYSTEM FOR THE NORTHEAST OHIO REGION, AND AN
OCEAN DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR THE BALTIMORE WASHING-
TON REGION. (EI-46813).
01322. SIGNIFICANCE OF A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OR
BENEFIT COST APPROACH IN DEVELOPING
OCEAN POTENTIAL.
JOHNSON, M.G.
CRITICAL LOOK AT MARINE TECHNOLOGY, 4TH
ANNU CONF AND FXHIB, MAR TECHNOL SOC,
JULY 8-10 1968, WASHINGTON. D.C., 1968 P 1-8.
A BROAD OVERVIEW IS PRESENTED OF THE DIFFICULTIES
IN FORMULATING OBJECTIVES, DEVELOPING ALTERNA-
TIVES FOR MANAGING THEM, ALONG WITH CONCEPTS OF
BENEFITS AND COSTS FOR ASSISTING DECISION MAKERS.
(El).
01323. ABATEMENT PROCEDURE RELATED TO ACID
MINE DRAINAGE.
WAYMAN, C.H.
AICHE WORKSHOP, INC PROCESS DES WATER POL-
LUT CONTR V 2, HOUSTON, TEX, APR 24-25 1969
P 38-44.
AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO SET FORTH THE
CRITERIA KNOWN TO DATE TO ACCOUNT FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE FROM OXIDATION
OF MINERAL SULFIDES. (EI-51349).
01324. ECONOMIC ASPECT OF WATER SOFTENING
BY PASSAGE ON CATIOMC RESINS. IN-
TEREST OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF END
OF CYCLE.
GUIGUES, F.; OBERT, J.C.
REV GEN TERM., 9(98), 157-162, (IN FRENCH), 1970.
01325. SYSTEM COSTS SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING.
NICOLI, L.G.; JASKE, R.T.; WITT, P.A.
HYDROCARBON PROCESS, 49(10) SEC 1, P 97-100,
1970.
THE INCREASING COST OF HEAT REJECTION IS AG-
GRAVATED BY TOUGHER COMPETITION FOR AIR AND
WATER USE AND MORE RIGID CONTROLS. IMAGINATIVE
DESIGN IS REQUIRED TO CURB THESE COSTS. NEW
TECHNOLOGY AND THE COMPUTER CAN OPTIMIZE PLANT
SYSTEMS. (EI-37834).
01326. DESTRUCTION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN
WASTEWATER BY IONIZING RADIATION.
COMPTON, D.J.
CHEM ENG PROGR SYMP SER., 66(104), 195-104,
1970.
THE OBJECT OF THIS WORK IS TO OBTAIN SOME RELIABLE
DATA ON THE OXIDATION AND REMOVAL OF ORGANIC
IMPURITIES IN WASTEWATERS, USING IONIZING RADIA-
TION, WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE USE OF
REAL WASTEWATERS AND NOT SYNTHETIC MIXTURES;
TOO THE USE OF CAREFUL CONTROL MEASUREMENTS
SINCE WASTEWATERS ARE LIVE AND CHANGE RAPIDLY
WITH TIME; TO THE FORMULATION OF A THEORETICAL
MODEL; AND TO EXPRESSING THE RESULTS IN ENGINEER-
ING UNITS SUSCEPTIBLE TO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. (EI-
35 181).
225
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01327. TECHNOLOGY NEEDED FOR THE ECONOMIC
USE OF DESALTED WATER IN AGRICUL-
TURE.
ANDERSON, T.D.
NUCLEAR DESALINATION, PROC OF SYMP BY IAEA,
NOV 18-22 1968, MADRID, SPAIN, IAEA, 1969 PAP
SMI 13/27 P 785-96.
THIS PAPER SUMMARIZES THE PRESENT ECONOMIC POSI-
TION OF DESALTING IN AGRICULTURE AND DISCUSSES
THE IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY OF NUCLEAR REACTORS,
DESALINATION PLANTS, AND OF CROP PRODUCTION
WHICH IS NEEDED AND THE EXTENT TO WHICH IT AP-
PEARS TO BE FORTHCOMING. FOR REACTORS, TWO IMPOR-
TANT FACTORS WILL AFFECT ENERGY COSTS IN THE FU-
TURE--THE ADVENT OF VERY LARGE UNITS AND THE AR-
RIVAL OF THE ADVANCED BREEDERS. THE ECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCES AND THE PROBABLE TIMING OF EACH OF
THESE IS DISCUSSED. FOR SEAWATER EVAPORATION
EQUIPMENT, THE IMPORTANCE OF ENHANCED HEAT
TRANSFER SURFACE AND LARGE PLANTS ON ECONOMICS
IS EMPHASIZED, AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THIS
DIRECTION ARE SUMMARIZED. (El-38293).
01328. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. 5 BILLION
DOLLAR TAB.
LAVERTY, C.
RUBBER WORLD, 160(1), 48-49, 1969.
SUMMARY OF VARIOUS USES OF RUBBER FOR COMBATING
WATER POLLUTION; CHUNKS OR STRIPS OF RUBBER COM-
POUNDS CONTAINING RELATIVELY INSOLUBLE ORGANO
METALLIC COMPOUNDS OR ALKANOLAMINE SALTS OF
SAL1CYLANIL1DES AS TOXICANTS ARE DROPPED INTO
CONTAMINATED WATER FOR BIOCIDAL ACTION LASTING 1
YR OR MORE; OTHER ANT1POLLUTION METHODS EMPLOY
GIANT (100,000 GAL) RUBBERIZED PILLOW TANKS TO BE
USED AS TEMPORARY STORAGE FOR SEWAGE OVERFLOW
TRIGGERED BY HEAVY RAINS, NYLON REINFORCED
POLYCHLOROPRENE FABRIDAM RUBBER GATES FOR
STORM CONTROL, AND ACID RESISTANT HOSE FOR CAR-
RYING PICKLE LIQUOR TO STORAGE TANKS FOR TREAT-
MENT AND UTIMATE DISPOSAL IN UNDERGROUND SAND-
STONE RESERVOIR. (EI-35260).
01329. PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE-
WATER.
WEBER, W.J.JR; HOPKINS, C.B.; BLOOM, R. JR.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION J.,
42(1), 83-99, 1970.
A PROCESS EMPLOYING CHEMICAL CLARIFICATION, FIL-
TRATION, AND ADSORPTION BY ACTIVATED CARBON WAS
DEVELOPED AND RESEARCHED ON PILOT SCALE FOR THE
TREATMENT OF PRIMARY WASTES. THIS PHYSICOCHEMI-
CAL PROCESS IS A MAJOR DIVERGENCE FROM THE CON-
CEPT OF THE MORE EXPENSIVE TERTIARY TREATMENT
FOLLOWING SECONDARY PROCESSES. THE RESEARCH
REVEALED TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND BOD
REMOVALS OF 95 TO <>79f, W7, PHOSPHATE REMOVAL, AND
95<7, NITRATE REMOVAL. COSTS ARE ABOUT 16 CENTS/1000
GAL, INCLUDING AMORTIZATION OF THE CAPITAL. (El-
30535).
01330. MINE WATER RESEARCH. CATALYTIC OXIDA-
TION OF FERROUS IRON IN ACID MINE
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON.
MIHOK, E.A.
U S BUR MINES- REPORT INVESTIGATIONS 7337
DEC 1969, 7 P.
MINE WATER RESEARCH SHOWS THAT FERROUS IRON IS
RAPIDLY OXIDIZED. THIS INDICATES THAT AIR OXIDATION
OF FERRUGINOUS ACID IN MINE WATERS IS CATALYZED
BY ACTIVATED CARBON. THE FERROUS IRON CONTENT OF
AN ACID MINE WATER FLOWING THROUGH AN ASPIRATED
ACTIVATED CARBON COLUMN WAS REDUCED FROM
ABOUT 700 TO ABOUT 40 PPM IN LESS THAN 1 MIN. INCOR-
PORATING A CATALYTIC OXIDATION STEPIN THE TREAT-
MENT OF ACID MINE WATERS CONTAINING FERROUS IRON
WOULD GREATLY FACILITATE NEUTRALIZATION-PRECISE
CONTROL OF PH, LOWER REAGENT COSTS, ELIMINATION
OF AERATION EQUIPMENT, AND SMALLER HOLDING
PONDS. (EI-24191).
01331. INTEGRATED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN OHIO
VALLEY.
KLEIN, W.L.; DUNSMORE, D.A.; HORTON, R.K.
ILLINOIS, UNIV COLLEGE OF ENG- SANITARY ENG
CONFERENCE, 11TH-PROC FEB 5-6 1969 P 106-17.
ORSANCO ROBOT MONITOR SYSTEM CONSISTS OF 14 FIELD
STATIONS, CENTRAL RECEIVING STATION AND DATA
PROCESSING CENTER. INFORMATION ON WATER QUALITY
IS TELEMETERED AUTOMATICALLY FROM THE FIELD STA-
TIONS EACH HOUR. WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
MEASURED INCLUDE PH, OXIDATION REDUCTION POTEN-
TIAL, CHLORIDES, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, TEMPERATURE,
CONDUCTIVITY AND SOLAR RADIATION. UTILIZING THE
SYSTEM DEVELOPED FOR THE OHIO VALLEY, IT HAS BEEN
POSSIBLE TO PROVIDE A MORE ACCURATE APPRAISAL OF
DAILY RIVER CONDITIONS, TO TRACE SPILLS AND AC-
CIDENTAL DISCHARGES FOR THE PROTECTION OF
DOWNSTREAM WATER USERS, AND TO FORECAST
CHANGES IN QUALITY. THE DATA WOULD ALSO PERMIT
THE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WASTE
TREATMENT, UNDER CHANGING FLOW PATTERNS, USING
REAL DATA. THE EXPERIENCE GAINED AND COSTS IN-
CURRED IN USING THE PRESENT SYSTEM FORM A BASIS
FOR PROJECTING REQUIREMENTS FOR FUTURE NEEDS. (EI-
23257).
01332. ECONOMICS OF ELECTROPLATING WASTES
DISPOSAL.
BARNES, G.E.
PLATING, 55(7), 727-731, 1960.
SANITARY SIGNIFICANCE OF WASTES FROM ELEC-
TROPLATING, RECAPITULATION OF TREATMENT METHODS
AND WHAT THEY ACCOMPLISH, CHEMICAL EQUATIONS TO
BE USED IN DETERMINING COST OF CHEMICALS APPLIED
FOR PARTIAL AND TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF TOXICTTY
ARE REPRESENTED; MECHANICS OF CONTROLLED RINSING
AS A REQUISITE FOR WASTES RECOVERY, ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES, AND EXAMPLES FROM
PRACTICE ARE GIVEN. BEFORE AES, SAN FRANCISCO.
CALIF, JULY 1968.
01333. ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF CON-
CENTRATED CYANIDE PLATING WASTES.
EASTON, J.K.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION J.,
69(10, 1621-1625, 1967.
TOXICTTY OF CONCENTRATED CYANIDE PLATING WASTES
CAN BE REDUCED BY ELECTROLYZING AT 200 F USING
ANODE CURRENT DENSITY OF 35 AMP/SQ FT AND
CATHODE CURRENT DENSITY OF 70 AMP/SQ FT; HEAT AND
ELECTROLYTIC ACTION BREAK CYANIDE DOWN INTO AM-
MONIA, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND NITROGEN, AND BREAK-
DOWN PRODUCTS CAN BE EXHAUSTED SAFELY TO AT-
MOSPHERE; TOXIC METALLIC CONTAMINANTS ALSO ARE
226
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REFERENCE LIST
REMOVED, ADVANTAGES OF PROCESS INCLUDE USE OF
SIMPLE EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING PROCEDURES AL-
READY FAMILAR TO ELECTROPLATERS, AND LOW COST;
COSTS FOR REDUCING CYANIDE CONCENTRATION WERE
APPROXIMATELY 4 CENTS/LB CYANIDE DECOMPOSED.
(El).
01334. PAPER MILL SLUDGE DEWATERING.
KOENITZER, G.H.
TAPPI, 51(12), 53-56, 1968.
THREE TYPES OF EQUIPMENT GENERALLY CONSIDERED
FOR DEWATERING OF PAPER MILL SLUDGE-VACUUM
FILTER, CENTRIFUGE, AND PRESS; VACUUM FILTER HAS
GREATER SOLIDS RECOVERY; DISADVANTAGES ARE COST
OF INSTALLATION, AMOUNT OF AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED, AND WETTER DISCHARGE CAKE; CENTRIFUGE
IS MOST VERSATILE MEANS AND REQUIRES MINIMUM OF
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT; IT HANDLES WIDE RANGE OF
INLET CONSISTENCIES WITH LITTLE EFFECT ON CAKE
SOLIDS CONTENT, AND IT DEWATERS TO LOWER CAKE
MOISTURE THAN VACUUM FILTER; DISADVANTAGE IS
PROBLEM OF WEAR PRESS WILL PRODUCE DRIEST CAKE
AND BECAUSE OF SLOW OPERATING SPEDS, 2 TO 12 RPM,
WILL BE MORE RESISTANT TO WEAR; DISADVANTAGE IS
LIMITED NUMBER OF SLUDGE PROBLEMS TO WHICH TO
CAN BE APPLIED. (EI-28860).
01335. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT RESIDUES.
DEAN, R.B.
TAPPI, 52(3), 457-461, 1969.
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES INCLUDE
METHODS FOR REMOVING POLLUTANTS SUCH AS
NUTRIENTS, SUSPENDED MATTER, DISSOLVED ORGANICS,
AND SALTS FROM WASTE WATER AND CONCENTRATING
THEM IN WASTE STREAM; DEVISING MOST ECONOMICAL
PROCESS FOR DISPOSAL OF CONCENTRATED POLLUTANTS
IS RESPOSNIB1LITY OF ULTIMATE DISPOSAL RESEARCH AC-
TIVITIES OF FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AD-
MINISTRATION IN CINCINNATI. (El).
01336. ION EXCHANGE FOR METAL PRODUCTS
FINISHER.
KUNIN, R.
PRODUCTS FINISHING (CINCINNATI) 33(7, S, 9),
1969, P 66-73, MAY P 71-9, JUNE P 182-4, 186-90.
HOW ION EXCHANGE OPERATES; ION EXCHANGE
EQUILIBRIUM; KINETICS OF ION EXCHANGE; PER-
FORMANCE OF ION EXCHANGE TECHNIQUE AND ITS AP-
PLICATIONS; FOUR TABLES LIST PROPERTIES OF ION
EXCHANGE RESINS, APPROXIMATE ION EXCHANGE SELEC-
TIVITY COEFFICIENTS, RELATIVE ION EXCHANGE RATES
AND METALS RECOVERED AND PURIFIED COMMERCIALLY
BY ION EXCHANGE; THEORETICAL COST OF RECOVERING
METALS BY ION EXCHANGE RESINS; AVERAGE COMPOSI-
TIONS OF VARIOUS METAL TREATMENT WASTES; HAN-
DLING MIXED WASTES; RECOVERY OF NOBLE METALS;
EQUIPMENT FOR ION EXCHANGE; TROUBLE SHOOTING.
(EI-43I02).
01337. WASTE TREATMENT IN METAL FINISHING--
U.S. AND EUROPEAN PRACTICES.
ZIEVERS, J.F.; CRAIN, R.W.; BARCLAY, F.G.
PLATING, 55(11), 1171-1179, 1968.
EXISTING WASTE TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS AND PRAC-
TICES TO MEET THEM ARE DISCUSSED; COSTS INVOLVED
IN MEETING VARIOUS WASTE TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
ARE GIVEN; BRIEF SURVEY IS PROVIDED OF OPERATING
RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR OBSERVATIONS THAT
HAVE PROVED HELPFUL IN OPERATING WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANTS; CONVENTIONAL VS PACKAGE PLANTS ARE
DISCUSSED; UNITS ARE PLACED EITHER ABOVE GROUND,
IN SUMPS AT STRETEGIC POINTS IN PLANT OR DESIGNED
INTO UNDERPINNINGS OF PLATING MACHINE. (EI-50088).
01338. CHEMICAL PHYSICAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
SMITH, D.R.; BERGER, H.F.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION J.,
40(9) (ANNUAL CONFERENCE ISSUE), 1575-1571,
1968.
TREATMENT METHOD IS PROPOSED WHICH HANDLES
WASTEWATER STEPWISE TO PRODUCE REUSABLE PROCESS
WATER; FOUR STAGE PROCESS UTILIZING LIME DOSING,
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRA-
TION, AND DEM1NERALIZATION WAS USED ON BLEACHED
AND UNBLEACHED KRAFT TOTAL-MILL-EFFLUENT; THREE
STAGE SYSTEM WITHOUT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT WAS
ALSO TREATED; BOD AND COLOR REMOVAL WERE 97 AND
99.5%, RESPECTIVELY, FOR FOUR STAGE, AND 85.5 AND
99,5%, RESPECTIVELY, FOR THREE-STAGE; COST COM-
PARISONS ARE MADE. (EI-07758).
01339. KEEPING POLLUTANTS OUT OF TROUBLED
WATERS.
PAULSON, E.G.
LUBRICATION ENG., 24(11), 508-513, 1968.
OIL IS MOST UNIVERSALLY ENCOUNTERED CONTAMINANT
IN WASTE WATER STREAM APPEARING IN TWO BASIC
FORMS FREE FLOATING OIL OR EMULSIFIED OIL SOLU-
TIONS; WHEN TREATING EMULSIFIED OIL, ONE OF PRIMA-
RY STEPS IN BREAKING OF EMULSION BY ADDITION OF
CHEMICALS; RESULTANT FREE OIL CAN BE REMOVED BY
USAGE OF QUIESCENT SETTLING CHAMBERS, SUCH AS API
SEPARATORS; OTHER DEVICES FOR OIL WASTE TREAT-
MENT AND METHODS EMPLOYED; CONSIDERATION MSUT
• BE GIVEN TO ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF COLLECTED, OIL-
LADEN SLUDGE AND ECONOMICS INVOLVED IN COAGU-
LANT RE USE SYSTEMS. (EI-104I6).
01340. ENGINEERING PROCESSES FOR WASTE CON-
TROL.
BARKER, W.G.; SCHWARZ, D.
CHEM ENG PROGRESS, 65(1), P 58-61, 1969.
REVIEW OF WASTE TREATMENT PRACTICE OF SEVERAL
FACILITIES AT ABBOTT LABORATORIES, LOCATED IN
UNITED STATES AND ABROAD; DETAILED DESCRIPTION IS
GIVEN OF PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT EMPLOYED TO MEET
VARIOUS DIFFERENT WASTE PROBLEMS, AND ECONOMICS
OF METHODS ARE EVALUATED.
01341. ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES.
TCHOBANOGLOUS, G.; ELIASSEN, R.
CHEM ENG., 75(22), 95-99, 1968.
UNIT OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES INVOLVED IN WASTE-
WATER RECLAMATION ARE REVIEWED. TABLES LIST
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES, AND EFFICIENCY
AND COST COMPARISON. FROM ECONOMIC POINT OF
VIEW, ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT MUST BE
CONSIDERED TWO PHASE OPERATION: SEPARATION OF
CONTAMINANTS, AND DISPOSAL OF CONCENTRATED CON-
227
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TAMINANTS. COST DATA MUST BE DEVELOPED FOR BOTH
PHASES. THESE COSTS AND VALUE OF TREATED WATER
WILL DETERMINE OVERALL EFFECTIVENESS OF PLAN. (EI-
21896).
01342. HIGH TEMPERATURE WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PROCESS.
BROWN, L.R.; LADNER, C.M.; TISCHER, R.G.
ASME-PAPER 68-WAJP1D-9 FOR MEETING DEC 1-5
1968, 11 P.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES INVOLVING
MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY ARE CARRIED OUT AT AM-
BIENT TEMPERATURES. IN SOME AREAS, THERMAL ENER-
GY IS WASTE A PRODUCT OR POTENTIALLY PROCURABLE
AT EXTREMELY LOW COST. DATA ON EFFECTIVENESS OF
HIGH TEMPERATURE SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS ARE
GIVEN. TEMPERATURES STUDIED WERE 45, 55, AND 65 C.
EFFICIENCIES WERE MEASURED IN TERMS OF REMOVAL
OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND, SUSPENDED MATTER, SETTLEABLE MATTER
AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATES; RESULTS OF CONTINUOUS
PROCESS INVOLVING THERMOPHILIC BACTERIAL TREAT-
MENT ARE REPORTED. (EI-49414).
01343. A MODEL FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF
WATER QUALITY IN IRRIGATION.
YARON, D.; BRESLER, E.
AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMICS, 14(1), 53-62, JUNE 1970.
01344. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS-ADVANCED
WATER TREATMENT.
EVANS, D.R.; WILSON, J.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 44(1), 1972.
01345. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF FAO PUBLICATIONS
ON INLAND WATER POLLUTION, AND
WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCES TO FISH LIFE 1957-
1970.
DILL, W.A.
FAO FISHERIES CIRCULAR NO. 124, 1971.
01346. WATER POLLUTION IN THE GREATER NEW
YORK AREA.
JOHNSON, A.A.
GORDON AND BREACH,
NEW YORK, 1970.
SCIENCE PUBLISHERS,
01347. EFFECT OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN LOS
ANGELES HARBOURS.
REISH, D.J.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN (GREAT BRITAIN),
1971.
01348. POLLUTION OF THE WORLD'S HARBORS,
DOCKS, AND INLAND WATERWAYS, WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SHIPS.
STOKES, J.H.
MARINE TECHNOLOGY 8(13), 1971.
01349. WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL.
FRANTHAM, G.R.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 97(5/42), 569, 1971.
01350. COMPUTERIZED EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE ASSIMILATION.
HANN, R.W.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION, DE-
PARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, TEXAS A &
M UNIVERSITY, 1969.
01351. BOD MASS BALANCE AND WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS.
WHIPPLE, W.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 6(827), 1970. •
01352. LAKE AND RIVER POLLUTION, AN AN-
NOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
SINHA, E.
OCEAN ENGINEERING INFORMATION SERVICE, LA
JOLLA, CALIFORNIA, 1971.
01353. ECONOMIC INCENTIVE FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT: APPLYING THEORY TO PRAC-
TICE.
REED, K.R.
ARIZONA LAW REVIEW, 12(511), 1970.
01354. THE USE OF THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX
SYSTEM TO COMBAT AIR AND WATER POL-
LUTION: A CASE STUDY IN TAX EXPENDI-
TURES.
KAPLINSKY, A.S.; MCDANIEL, P.R.
BOSTON COLLEGE INDUSTRIAL AND COMMER-
CIAL LAW REVIEW, 12(351), 1971.
01355. PROPOSED PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS FOR
PLANNING WATER AND RELATED LAND
RESOURCES.
WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL.
FEDERAL REGISTER, DECEMBER 21, 1971.
01356. MODERN PROCESSES FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
DIAPER, E.W.J.; CRITIS, G.J.
ANALYTIC INSTRUMENTS, 7(261), 1969.
01357. UNIT OPERATIONS AND TREATMENT
KINETICS OF WATER PURIFICATION AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
WARD, J.C.
URBAN WATER SYSTEMS INSTUTUTE, 1970.
01358. THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN APPLICATION
228
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REFERENCE LIST
OF MULTISTAGE
CRAMMING.
GEOMETRIC PRO-
MCNAMARA, J.R.
PH.D. THESIS, RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC IN-
STITUTE, 1971.
013S9. PROFITS, JOINT COSTS AND WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
HOUSLEY, C.B.
WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN, 8(4), 773-779, AU-
GUST 1972.
01360. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FISH PROTEIN
CONCENTRATE PROCESSES USING THE
COST SYSTEM.
BLECKER, H.G.
ACS NATIONAL MEETING, 164TH, AUGUST 1972.
01361. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT AND POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT BENEFITS ON A CLOSED
RIVER SYSTEM.
CLOUGH, D.H.; BAYER, M.B.
JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN RESEARCH SOCIETY,
6(3), 155-170, NOVEMBER 1968.
01362. AN ECONOMIC MODEL FOR A POLLUTED
RIVER SYSTEM.
COLL1NGE, V.K.; NEWSOME, D.H.; DOWNING, A.L.;
RENOLD, J.
INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH
CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA,
JULY 26-AUGUST 1, 1970, PAPER 1-6, 7 P.
01363. ON THE ECONOMICS OF PRESERVATION OR
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWER PORTION
OF THE HELLS CANYON.
KRUTILLA, J.V.
FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION, HEARINGS,
TRANSCRIPT, R.582I-R.5SS5, WASHINGTON, D.C.,
MARCH 12, 1970.
THE AUTHOR PRODUCES IMPRESSIVE EVIDENCE THAT THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROPOSED HELLS GATE CANYON
DAMS WOULD DESTROY A MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL-
RECREATIONAL RESOURCE WHOSE VALUE WOULD IN-
CREASE TO MANY TIMES THE NET BENEFITS CLAIMED FOR
THE PROPOSED HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT.
01364. PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS AND BENFFITS:
A NEW TERMINOLOGY.
PEARCE, D.W.; STURMEY, G.S.
ECONOMICS JOURNAL, 76, 152-157. MARCH 1966.
01365. APPROACHES TO VALUE CHOICE: REGIONAL
PLANNING--CHALLENGER AND PROSPECTS.
WENGERT, N.
F.A. PRAEGER, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1969.
01366. RECREATIONAL RESOURCE VALUES: SOME
EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES.
WENNERGREN, E.B.
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE WEST, WESTERN AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMICS RESEARCH COUNCIL, COMMITTEE
ON THE ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS,
DECEMBER 9-11, 1964, SAN FRANCISCO, P 13-28
(REPORT NO. 13).
01367. ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN WATER POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT.
BAROUTSIS, A.P
PH.D. THESIS, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 1972.
01368. PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS TO THE
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL.
PINGRY, D.E.
PH.D. THESIS, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, 1971.
01369. ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A
MATERIALS BALANCE APPROACH.
KNEESE, A.V.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1971.
01370. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT: WASTE.
MARX, W.
HARPER & ROW PUBLISHERS, INC., NEW YORK,
NEW YORK, 1971.
01371. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY GUIDES: PART 1,
AIR POLLUTION; PART 2, WATER POLLU-
TION; PART 3, SOLID WASTE.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES, WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1971.
01372. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: PREVENTING
THERMAL POLLUTION, AND ENVIRONMEN-
TAL SYNERGISMS.
WILSON, B.R.
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA,
PENN., 1971.
01373. CRISIS READINGS IN ENVIRONMENTAL IS-
SUES & STRATEGIES.
IRVINGMR.M.; PRIDDLE, J.B.
ST. MARTINS PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, N. Y., 1971.
01374. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT,
WATER, AND LAND.
AIR,
MARQUIS, R.W.
GRADUATE SCHOOL PRESS, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D. C., 1968.
229
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01375. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ANALYSIS: 01385. SYSTEMS SIMULATION FOR REGIONAL ANAL-
YSIS.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, 1969.
01386. SYMPOSIUM ON RIVER MANAGEMENT.
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS, UNIVERSITY,
ALABAMA, 1966.
01387. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND
PUBLIC POLICY.
THEORY AND METHOD IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES.
K.NEESE, A.V.; BOWER, B.T.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1971.
01376. ENVIRONMENT & POLICY: THE NEXT FIFTY
YEARS.
EWALD, W.R. JR.
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, BLOOM1NGTON, IN-
DIANA, 1968.
01377. MAN'S IMPACT ON NATURE: TECHNOLOGY
AND LIVING THINGS.
LAUWERYS, J.A.
DOUBLEDAY & COMPANY, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.,
1970.
01378. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
MARKETING GUIDE.
OKEY, R.W.; RICKLES, R.N.
ENV1RONMENATAL SCIENCE SERVICES CORPORA-
TION, STAMFORD, CONN., 1970.
CAMPBELL, T.H.; SYLVESTER, R.O.
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE,
WASHINGTON, 1968.
01388. WATER AND WASTE.
STEPHENS, J.H.
MACMILLAN COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y., 1967.
01389. WATER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
KAYUSHIN, L.P.
PLENUM PRESS, NEW YORK., N.Y., 1969.
01379. WATER PURIFICATION BY ION EXCHANGE.
ARDEN.T. V.
PLENUM PUBLISHING CORPORATION, NEW YORK,
N. Y., 1968.
01390. THE KEY TO OUR ENVIRONMENT.
SPRING, B.
SUPERIOR PUBLISHING COMPANY, SEATTLE,
WASHINGTON, 1970.
01380. RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN
THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
DAVIS, R.K.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1968.
01391. WATER POLLUTION IN THE GREATER NEW
YORK AREA.
JOHNSON, A.A.
GORDON & BREACH SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, NEW
YORK, N.Y., 1970.
01381. CONFERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT.
CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF ONTARIO, TORONTO,
1966.
01392. A SPECIAL REPORT ON THE POLLUTION OF
RIVER WATERS.
KIRKWOOD, J.P.
ARNO PRESS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1970.
01382. THE JOINT PROBLEMS OF THE OIL AND
WATER INDUSTRIES.
HEPPLE, P.
INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM, WASHINGTON, D.C.,
1967.
01383. WATER LAW.
SAX, J.L.
BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1968.
01393. CLEAN AIR-CLEAN WATER FOR TOMOR-
ROW'S WORLD.
MILLARD, R.
MESSNER, JULIAN, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1971.
01394. WASTE WATER CLEANUP EQUIPMENT.
PAZAR, C.
NOYES DATA CORPORATION, PARK RIDGE, N.J.,
1971.
01384. MANAGING WATER QUALITY.
KNEESE, A.V.; BOWER, B.T.
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, WASHINGTON,
D.C., 1968.
01395. WATER PRICING THEORY AND PRACTICE IN
ILLINOIS.
BASSIE, V.L.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, ILL., 1970.
230
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01396. WATER PROBLEMS IN OIL PRODUCTION.
CASE, L.C.
PETROLEUM PUBLISHING CO., TVLSA, OKLA., 1970.
01397. WATER TRANSFERS.
HARTMAN, L.M.; SEASTONE, D.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1970.
01398. INDUSTRIAL DEMAND FOR WATER.
REES, J.A.
HUMANITIES PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1970.
01399. WATER AND WATER POLLUTION HANDBOOK.
CIACCIO, L.L.
M. DEKKER PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1971.
01400. THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE BIG VER-
MILION RIVER, ILLINOIS.
BAKER, F.C.
JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION, NEW YORK,
N.Y., 1970.
01401. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY PHYSI-
CAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN, TEXAS,
1970.
01402. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: DIC-
TIONARY CATALOG.
HALL, G. K. & COMPANY, BOSTON, MASS., 1970.
01403. WATER RESOURCES REPORTS AND PAPERS IN
THE J. B. LIPPINCOTT COLLECTION.
GIEFER, G.J.; KLOSKI, A.M.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, WATER RESOURCES
CENTER, BERKELEY, CALIF., 1970.
01404. WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
CLARK, J.W
INTEXT EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS, SCRANTON,
PA., 1971.
01405. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY
AND SEWAGE NETWORKS IN POLAND 1961-
1970.
GORCZ.YCA, M.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 9S(SA6), 987-1003, 1972.
THE PAPER PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF STUDIES OF THE
STRUCTURE AND CHANGES IN CONSTRUCTION COSTS, AS
WELL AS SALES PROFITABILITY, OF WATER SUPPLY AND
SEWAGE NETWORKS CONSTRUCTED FROM 1961-1970 IN
WARSAW AND LODZ. POLAND. THE LEVEL OF SALE
PRICES AND BUILDING COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND
SEWAGE NETWORKS IS DETERMINED BY HYDROGEOLOGI-
CAL CONDITIONS AND COST OF REMOVAL OF OTHER IN-
STALLATIONS, TECHNICAL AND OTHER SOLUTIONS USED
BY CONTRACTORS, OBSTACLES MET DURING CONSTRUC-
TION, AND THE LEVEL OF ESTIMATED PRICES FOR CON-
STRUCTION. THE PRICE LEVEL IS PLANNED BY THE STATE
IN POLAND. THE INCLUDED DATA SHOW THAT THE
WATER SUPPLY LINES CONSISTED OF 46% CAST IRON, AND
54% ASBESTOS CEMENT, WITH 42.1% OF 100-MM DIAME-
TER, 41.5% OF 150-MM DIAMETER, AND 16.4% OF 200-MM
DIAMETER; FOR SEWAGE NETWORKS 30% WAS 200-MM
DIAMETER, 19.4% WAS 250-MM, 31.4% WAS 300-MM DIAME-
TER, AND 19.2% WAS 400-MM DIAMETER.
01406. COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF WASTE-
WATER REUSES.
CLARK, R.M.; SWEETEN, J.M.; GREATHOUSE, D.G.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 98(SA6), 869-881, 1972.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO DEMONSTRATE, BY
MEANS OF A CASE STUDY OF WATER REUSE, THE USEFUL-
NESS OF APPLYING KAZANOWSKI'S COST EFFECTIVENESS
APPROACH TO CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS. THIS
METHOD FACILITATES EVALUATING AND COMPARING AL-
TERNATIVE SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO REACH A GIVEN
GOAL. THE CASE STUDY IS CONCERNED WITH TWO CON-
GWRRENT PROBLEMS THAT ARE COMMONLY FACING
METROPOLITAN AREAS: SECURING AN ADEQUATE WATER
SUPPLY AND DISPOSING OF THE SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
SEVERAL DISTINCT ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS TO DEAL
WITH THESE PROBLEMS ARE IDENTIFIED, SUCH AS
EXCHANGE FOR IRRIGATION WATER, OR TERTIARY
TREATMENT AND RECYCLING. FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE
SYSTEM, THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, THE ENVIRONMEN-
TAL IMPACT UPON IMPLEMENTATION, AND THE HORIZON-
TAL AND VERTICAL EXTERNALITIES ARE EVALUATED
AND PRESENTED IN TABULAR FORM. THE RESULT OF A
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PERFORMED ON MAJOR SYSTEM
VARIABLES IS GIVEN.
01407. REFUSE RECLAMATION AND RECYCLE.
MALINA, J.F.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 98('SA6), 819-831, 1972.
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF REFUSE RECYCLE AND RECLAMA-
TION WERE DEFINED AND EVALUATED. CURRENT
RECYCLING PRACTICES WERE EVALUATED, AND THE USE
OF METAL AND PAPER SALVAGE WERE CHOSEN AS MOST
FEASIBLE. FIXED AND VARIABLE COSTS FOR SIX COM-
PONENTS OF A HYPOTHETICAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
AND RECYCLING SYSTEM WERE DEVELOPED FROM
AVAILABLE DATA. THESE COMPONENTS ARE: SORTING,
BALING, SIZE REDUCTION, MAGNETIC SEPARATION,
TRANSFER, AND SANITARY LANDFILL. COMPONENT COST
VARIED AS A FUNCTION OF REFUSE HANDLING CAPACITY
AND PER CENT OF REFUSE RECYCLED. ALL COSTS WERE
CONVERTED TO A COMMON BASE OF DOLLARS PER TON
OF REFUSE PRODUCED BY DIVIDING TOTAL COST OF EACH
PROCESS BY THE TOTAL TONS OF REFUSE PRODUCED
DAILY IN THE AREA SERVED. THE SIX COMPONENTS WERE
ASSEMBLED INTO FIVE DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS
RANGING IN COMPLEXITY FROM A TWO COMPONENT
TRANSFER AND LANDFILL SYSTEM WITH NO RECYCLING
CAPABILITY TO A 6-COMPONENT SYSTEM WITH UP TO 50%
RECYCLE CAPABILITY. THE CONFIGURATIONS ARE COM-
PARED IN TERMS OF FLEXIBILITY, COST, AND ECONOMI-
CAL OPERATING RANGE.
231
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01408. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS BY ENUMERATION.
PARKIN, G.F.; DAGUE, R.R.
JOURNAL OF THE SANITARY ENGINEERING DIVI-
SION, ASCE, 9S(SA6), S33-851, 1972.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS WERE DESIGNED TO
ACHIEVE SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS AT LEAST COST. THE
TREND IS TO DESIGN THE MOST EFFICIENT PROCESSES. AN
ENUMERAT1VE MATHEMATICAL MODEL WAS USED TO
EVALUATE TWO COMMON TREATMENT SYSTEMS. THE
MODEL PROVIDED DESIGNS BASED ON STANDARD
CRITERIA AND EVALUATED COSTS USING PUBLISHED
EQUATIONS. IT WAS FOUND THAT MIXED LIQUORS
SUSPENDED SOLID (MLSS) LEVELS IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEMS SHOULD BE 3,000 MG/L. FOR PRIMARY SETTLING
TANKS PRECEDING ACTIVATED SLUDGE, THE COMPUTER
ALWAYS SELECTED THE LEAST EFFICIENT UNIT, IN TERMS
OF BOD ANP SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVALS. ANAEROBIC
DIGESTERS WERE SELECTED OVER AEROBIC DIGESTERS IN
ALL OPTIMAL DESIGNS, BUT THE COST DIFFERENCE WAS
SMALL. THE MODEL IS LIMITED BY THE ALTERNATIVES
CONSIDERED, THE DESIGN CRITERIA SELECTED AND THE
CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED, BUT PROVIDES INSIGHT INTO THE
EFFECTS OF COMMON DESIGN DECISIONS..
01409. OPTIMUM NUMBER AND LOCATION OF
TREATMENT PLANTS.
CONVERSE, A.O.
./ WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 44, 1629-
1636, 1972.
A DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUE CAN BE USED TO
DETERMINE AN OPTIMAL (LEAST-COST) BALANCE
BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS AND THE EXTENT OF TRUNK SEWERS. THE COM-
PUTER PROGRAM PRINTS OUT THE MINIMUM COST AS A
FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF TREATMENT PLANTS
USED, AND DETERMINES THE OPTIMAL NUMBER OF
PLANTS AND THE LOCATION, COST, FLOW, AND THE EX-
TENT OF DRAINAGE REGION FOR EACH PLANT OF THE OP-
TIMAL SOLUTION. TOTAL SYSTEM COST IS MOST SENSI-
TIVE TO TREATMENT COST. THE MODEL DOES NOT TAKE
INTO ACCOUNT TREATMENT PLANTS ALREADY IN OPERA-
TION. WATER QUALITY CONSTRAINTS, AND SEVERAL
OTHER FACTORS, ALTHOUGH THESE COULD BE INCLUDED
IN REFINEMENTS OF THE METHOD. THE METHOD WAS
TESTED ON DATA FROM THE MERRIMAC WATERSHED IN
NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MASSACHUSETTS..
01410. COMPUTERIZED WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
MERTEN, A.G.; FALKNER, C.H.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 44, 1601-
1610, 1972.
AN INTERACTIVE COMPUTER PROGRAM HAS BEEN
DEVELOPED TO SOLVE A CLASS OF STOCHASTIC PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEMS THAT ARISE IN THE DETERMINA-
TION OF WASTE REDUCTION LEVELS ALONG A RIVER. THE
PROBLEM SOLVER, SITTING AT A TELETYPE, CAN
GENERATE PROPOSED REDUCTION SOLUTIONS BASED ON
VARIOUS TEMPERATURE AND FLOW CONDITIONS, COSTS
OF WASTE REDUCTION, AND WATER QUALITY STAN-
DARDS. SENSITIVITY ANALYSES AND MODIFICATION OF
DISPLAY OF VARIOUS DATA ELEMENTS CAN ALSO BE EX-
ECUTED. THE INTERACTIVE PROGRAM AND A PROGRAM
TO MAINTAIN THE NECESSARY PROGRAM AND DATA
FILES HAVE BEEN WRITTEN. COMPUTATIONAL EX-
PERIENCE WITH THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT
AND BEEN FOUND SATISFACTORY. WITH LIMITED COM-
PUTING TIME REQUIRED..
01411. OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE EX-
PERIENCE IN SCREENING DIGESTED
SLUDGE.
CAREER, W.F.; OHARA, G.T.
JOURNAL OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
FEDERATION, 44, 1518-1526, 1972.
ALL DIGESTED SLUDGE SOLIDS PRODUCED AT THE
HYPERION TREATMENT PLANT, LOS ANGELES, CALIFOR-
NIA, ARE PASSED THROUGH 6-MESH (2.36-MM CLEAR
OPENING) SCREENS BEFORE DISPOSAL THROUGH A
PIPELINE INTO 310 FT (94.5 M) OF WATER AT THE HEAD OF
A SUBMARINE CANYON. SOME OF THE SCREENINGS ARE
DISPOSED OF IN SANITARY LANDFILLS. AN AVERAGE OF
336,000 LE/DAY < 153,000 KG/DAY; OF DIGESTED SLUDGE
SOLIDS ARE SCREENED WITH ABOUT 31,000 LB/DAY (14,400
KG/DAY) OF SCREENING REMOVED. THE SLUDGE SOLIDS
ARE 58.5 PER CENT VOLATILE SOLIDS, AND ABOUT 80 PER-
CENT ARE LESS THAN 200-MESH (0.074-MM CLEAR OPEN-
ING) IN SIZE. TWO TYPES OF SCREENS ARE USED, AND AN-
NUAL OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE COSTS RANGE
BETWEEN $3,500 AND $4,000/UNIT. THE PROPOSED ODOR
CONTROL UNIT UTILIZES BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT..
01412. MANAGEMENT LOOKS AT THE TECHNOLOGY
AND ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
CAHNERS PUBLISHING CO., INC., BOSTON, MASS.,
1969.
01413. POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS: HOW YOUR
COMPANY IS AFFECTED.
CAHNERS PUBLISHING CO., INC., BOSTON, MASS.,
1969.
01414. POLLUTION CONTROL. VOLUME 1: POLLU-
TION CONTROL; VOLUME 2: ENVIRONMEN-
TAAL MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION
CONTROL LEGISLATION.
CAHNERS PUBLISHING CO., INC., BOSTON, MASS.,
1969.
01415. U. S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT. POLLU-
TION.
MACMILLAN COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y., 1970.
01416. THE WASTE MAKERS.
PACKARD, V.
POCKET BOOKS, INC., SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC.,
NEW YORK, N.Y., 1963.
01417. WATER TREATMENT AND EXAMINATION.
HOLDEN, W. S.
WILLIAMS AND WILKENS CO., BALTIMORE, MD.,
1970.
01418. TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
BESSELIEVRE, EDMUND B.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1969.
232
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01419. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
ECKENFELDER, W.; FORD, D.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1967.
01420. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR, AND SOLID WASTES.
DEGLER, STANLEY, E.; BLOOM, SANDRA C.
BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHING-
TON, D. C., 1969.
01421. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
KNEESE, ALLEN V.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1962.
01422. APPLIED STREAM SANITATION.
VELZ, CLARENCE J.
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, INC., SALT LAKE CITY,
UTAH, 1970.
01423. WATER PURIFICATION CONTROL.
HOPKINS, EDWARD S.; BEAN, ELWOOD L.
WILLIAMS AND WILKENS CO., BALTIMORE, MD.,
1966.
01424. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR WATER PURIFICA-
TION AND WATER TREATMENT.
HOWE, R. H.
JAMES H. HEINEMAN PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, N.
Y., 1967.
01425. ADVANCES IN WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH
PROCEEDINGS.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER POL-
LUTION.
PERGAMON PRESS, INC., ELMSFORD, N. Y., 1970.
01426. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
SITTIG, MARSHALL.
NOYES DATA CORPORATION, PARK RIDGE, N. J.,
1969.
01427. DICTIONARY CATALOG OF THE WATER
RESOURCES CENTER ARCHIVES.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY.
G. K. HALL AND COMPANY, BOSTON, MASS., 1970.
01428. STRATEGIES OF AMERICAN WATER MANAGE-
MENT.
WHITE, GILBERT F.
UNIVERSITY Of MICHIGAN PRESS, ANN ARBOR,
MICHIGAN, 1969.
01429. WATER RESOURCES OF CHILE: AN
ECONOMIC METHOD FOR ANALYZING A
KEY RESOURCE IN A NATION'S DEVELOP-
MENT.
WOLLMAN, NATHANIAL.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1968.
01430. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE
DISPOSAL GUIDE.
BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY, INC., NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1970.
01431. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND PEAK LOAD
PRICING: A THEORETICAL APPLICATION
TO MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY PRAC-
TICES.
GREENE, ROBERT L.
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS, GAINESVILLE,
FLA., 1970.
01432. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA'S WATER INDUSTRY.
BAIN, JOE S.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, .MD., 1967
01433. WATER DEMAND FOR STEAM ELECTRIC
GENERATION: AN ECONOMIC PROJECTION
MODEL.
COOTNER, PAUL H.; LOF, GEORGE O.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1966.
01434. WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING.
BABBITT, HAROLD E.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1962.
01435. WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING:
VOL.1: WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER
REMOVAL, VOL.2: WATER PURIFICATION
AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL.
FAIR, GORDON M.
JOHN WILEY AND SONS, INC., SALT LAKE CTY,
UTAH, 1966.
01436. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
MCGAUHEY, P H.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1968.
01437. DEVELOPMENTS
RESEARCH.
IN
WATER QUALITY
SHUVAL, H.
ANN ARBOR SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, ANN ARBOR,
MICH., 1970.
233
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01438. COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY: THE ECONOMICS
OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASIN
DEVELOPMENT.
KRUTILLA, JOHN V.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1967.
01448. DESALINIZATION BY FREEZE CONCENTRA-
TION.
MCDERMOTT, JOHN.
NOYES DATA CORPORATION, PARK RIDGE, N. J.,
1971.
01439. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
KRUTILLA, JOHN V.; ECKSTEIN, OTTO.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1969.
01440. WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING.
LINSLEY, RAY K.; FRANZINI, J. E.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1964.
01441. APPROACHES TO DYNAMIC INVESTMENT
PLANNING.
MARGLIN, STEPHEN A.
HUMANITIES PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1963.
01442. COST OF CAPITAL IN CANADA: WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO PUBLIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER.
REUBER, G. L.; WONNACOTT, RONALD J.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1961.
01443. ECONOMICS OF WATERSHED PLANNING.
TOLLEY, GEORGE S.; RIGGS, FLETCHER E.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMES IOWA, 1961.
01444. ECONOMICS
PLANNING.
OF
WATER
RESOURCE
DOUGLAS, JAMES L.; LEE, ROBERT R.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1970.
01445. INTERBASIN TRANSFERS OF
ECONOMIC ISSUES AND IMPACT.
WATER:
HOWE, CHARLES W.; EASTER, K. WILLIAM.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1971.
01449. DESALINIZATION BY DISTILLATION: RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS.
MCDERMOTT, JOHN.
NOYES DATA CORPORATION, PARK RIDGE, N. J.,
1971.
01450. SOLAR DISTILLATION AS A MEANS OF MEET-
ING SMALL-SCALE WATER DEMANDS.
UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS.
UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1970.
01451. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEERING.
CENTRAL OFFICE OF INFORMATION FOR THE
MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERN-
MENT, LONDON, ENGLAND, 1970.
01452. BIOLQGICAL WASTE TREATMENT.
CANALE, RAYMOND P.
1NTERSCIENCE PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1971.
01453. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN THE OR-
GANIC AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.
JONES, H. R.
NOYES DATA CORPORATION, PARK RIDGE, N. J.,
1971.
01454. INSTANCES, IF ANY, WHERE COST/BENEFIT
ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED TO EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-UNITED
STATES.
ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT, PARIS, FRANCE, 1972.
01446. HYDRAULICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.
GRAF, WALTER HANS.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1971.
01455. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT-AIR, WATER AND SOLID WASTES.
BENNETT, G.F.; HOSTMAN, J.
UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO, TOLEDO, OHIO, 52 P '
01447. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT: A HAND-
BOOK OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N. Y.,
1971.
01456. THE ECONOMICS OF PROJECT EVALUATION.
ECKSTEIN, O.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MAS-
SACHUSETTS, 1958.
01457. WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY.
HIRSCHLEIFER, J.; DEHAVEN, J.; MILL1MAN, J.W.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, IL-
LINOIS, 1960.
234
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REFERENCE LIST
01458. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS: ITS RELEVANCE
TO PUBLIC INVESTMENT DECISIONS.
MASS, A.
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 80, 208,
1966.
01459. THE ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION. ECONOMIC
REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT TOGETHER
WITH THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUN-
CIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1966.
01460. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN FEDERAL
PROGRAMMES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
HUMAN RESOURCES.
AYRES, R.U.; KNEESE, A.V.
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC PROGRESS, JOINT
ECONOMIC COMMITTEE, U.S. CONGRESS, VOL. 2,
1967, PP. 626-684.
01461. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA'S WATER INDUSTRY:
THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC ENTERPRISE IN DEVELOPING A
SCARCE NATURAL RESOURCE.
BAIN, J.S.; CAVES, R.E.; MARGOLIO, J.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1967.
01462. THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
• BESSELIEVRE, E.B.
MCGRAW-HILL PUBL CO, NEW YORK, 1969.
01463. A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM-ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY CONTROL.
BROOKS, D.L.
B1OSC1ENCE, 17. 873, 1967.
01464. PROCEEDINGS: 16TH SOUTHERN WATER
RESOURCES AND POLLUTION CONTROL
CONFERENCE.
BRYAN, E.H. (ED..
DVKE UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL EN-
GINEERING, DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA, 1967.
01465. THE ORSANCO STORY: WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IN THE OHIO VALLEY
UNDER AN INTERSTATE COMPACT.
CLEARY, E.J.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1967.
01466. SCIENCE AND SURVIVAL.
COMMONER, B.
VIKING PUBL CO, NEW YORK, 1966, 150 P.
01467. CONGRESSIONAL WHITE PAPER ON A NA-
; TIONAL POLICY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT.
COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AF-
FAIRS, U.S. SENATE; COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE
AND ASTRONAUTICS, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESEN-
TATIVES, 90TH CONGRESS.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C.,.1968.
01468. CONSERVATION AND THE RATIONAL USE OF
THE ENVIRONMENT.
BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOG1-
CAL DECADE, 4, JUNE 1968.
01469. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
257, APRIL 1968.
01470. WATER MANAGEMENT INNOVATIONS IN EN-
GLAND.
CRAINE, L.E.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1969, 123 P
01471. THE RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN
THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
DAVIS, R.K.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1968, 196 P
01472. THE POLLUTION READER.
N.; SILVESTON,
P.L.;
DEVOS, A.; PEARSON,
DRYNAN, W.R.
HARVEST HOUSE, MONTREAL, CANADA, 1968, 264
P
01473. THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT-PANEL DISCUSSION.
AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW/PAPERS AND
PROCEEDINGS, 58, MAY 1968.
01474. ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT.
GALBRAITH, J.K.
AMER 1NSTARCHJ, 55, SEPTEMBER 1966.
01475. A THEORETICAL NOTE ON THE CAPACITY OF
THE MARKET SYSTEM TO ABATE POLLU-
TION.
GRAMM, W.P.
LAND ECONOMICS, AUGUST 1969.
01476. ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONSERVATION.
HAMM, R.L.; NASON, L.
BURGESS PUBL CO, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA,
1964.
235
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01477. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: AN
ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SOME
PROBLEMS IN USING LAND, WATER AND
AIR.
HERFINDAHL, O.C.; KNEESE, A.V.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, 1965.
01478. SOME EFFLUENT PROBLEMS OF OUR AF-
FLUENT SOCIETY.
KIROV, N.
CLEAN AIR, 2(3), SEPTEMBER 1968.
01479. WHY WATER POLLUTION IS ECONOMICALLY
UNAVOIDABLE.
KNEESE, A.V.
TRANS-ACTION, 31, APRIL 196S.
01480. MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS.
KNEESE, A.V.; BOWER, B.B.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1968,328 P.
01481. ECONOMICS OF WATER RECLAMATION.
KNEESE, A.V.; FRANKEL, R.J.
PROCEEDINGS, CONSERVATION AND RECLAMA-
TION OF WATER SYMPOSIUM, INSTITUTE OF
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, LONDON, 1967.
01482. WATER RESEARCH.
KNEESE, A.V.; SMITH, S.C.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1966.
01483. SOME ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
KRUTILLA, J.V.
DAEDALUS, 96, 1058, FALL 1967.
01484. THE COSTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH.
MISHAN, E.J.
PRAECER PUBL CO, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1967.
0148S. RESOURCE ECONOMICS AND A QUALITY EN-
VIRONMENT, MAN VERSUS ENVIRONMENT,
MONOGRAPH NO. 3.
NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION, SCHOOL OF
PUBLIC HEALTH, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN,
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, 1965.
01486. RESTORING THE QUALITY OF OUR ENVIRON-
MENT.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PANEL, PRE-
SIDENT'S SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.
THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D.C.,
NOVEMBER 1965.
01487. THE QUALITY OF THE HUMAN ENVIRON-
MENT, APPENDIX 3, IN WASTE MANAGE-
MENT RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY MANAGEMENT: HEARINGS.
REVELLE, R.
HEARINGS, SUBCOMMITTEE AIR AND WATER POL-
LUTION, COMM. PUBLIC WORKS, U.S. SENATE,
90TH CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1968.
01488. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAN:
SOME THOUGHTS ON ECONOMIC INSTITU-
TIONS.
SCHMID, A.A.
JOURNAL SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION, 21,
89, MAY 1966.
01489. POLLUTION AND POVERTY: THE STRATEGY
OF THE CROSS-COMMITMENT.
STARR, R.; CARLSON, J.
THE PUBLIC INTEREST, WINTER 1968, 104-131.
01490. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS
RESOURCE PROJECTS.
FOR WATER
HINOTE, H.
UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, NASHVILLE, JUNE
1969.
PROJECT, SAN
01491. CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS
JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION, WASHINGTON, D.C., JANUARY 1967. ,
THE STUDY EVALUATES THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF
INCREASED NITROGEN AND SALINITY LEVELS RESULTING
FROM DISCHARGE OF A PROPOSED MASTER DRAIN FOR
AGRICULTURAL RETURN FLOWS. DAMAGES ASSESSED IN-
CLUDE IMPACTS ON RECREATION, NAVIGATION, AND IN-
DUSTRIAL USES..
01492. COLORADO RIVER SALINITY STUDY.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1968.
THIS (UNPUBLISHED) STUDY UTILIZED INPUT-OUTPUT
ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
CHANGES IN SALINITY LEVELS MEASURING DAMAGES AS
CHANGES IN GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT ADJUSTED FOR
DIRECT WATER COSTS.
01493. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL.
BAXTER, S.S.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 37, 1363-1369, OCTOBER 1965.
THE PROBLEMS OF THE ECONOMICS INVOLVED IN THE
DISPOSAL OF USED WATER ARE DISCUSSED, AND THE FOL-
LOWING FOUR INTER-RELATED QUESTIONS ARE CON-
SIDERED: (1) WHAT ARE THE PURPOSES AND USES WHICH
WE EXPECT OF RECEIVING STREAMS? (2) WHAT ARE THE
ACTUAL BENEFITS AND IMPROVEMENTS WHICH WILL
OCCUR IN THE STREAM IF A HIGHER DEGREE OF'TREAT-
MENT IS USED? (3) WHAT ARE THE RELATIONS BETWEEN
THE COSTS INVOLVED AND THE BENEFITS WHICH WILL BE
236
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REFERENCE LIST
DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT DEGREES OF TREATMENT? (4)
WHAT ARE THE RELATIONS OF THESE COSTS AND
BENEFITS TO THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF OTHER CIVIC
PROGRAMS? IN CONSIDERING BENEFITS AND IMPROVE
MENTS. THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO MUST BE RELATED TO
THE USES A COMMUNITY DESIRES FOR ITS STREAMS.
01494. METHODOLOGY FOR APPROACHING WATER
QUALITY PROBLEMS, IN WATER
RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE WEST.
BOWER, B.T.
WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH
COUNCIL, COMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMICS OF
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, CON-
FERENCE PROCEEDINGS, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
DECEMBER, 1966, PP. 67-88.
THE AUTHOR BEGINS BY EMPHASIZING THAT WATER
QUALITY PROBLEMS ARE TO BE VIEWED IN THE OVERALL
FRAMEWORK OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
THAT WATER QUALITY CANNOT BE DIVORCED FROM
CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER QUANTITY, AND THAT A RE-
GIONAL POINT OF VIEW WILL BE ADOPTED. HE CLASSIFIES
THE RELEVANT RELATIONSHIPS INTO THREE BROAD
CATEGORIES: PHYSICAL, ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC.
THESE RELATIONSHIPS ARE IMPORTANT TO THE IN-
DIVIDUAL USER AND TO THE REGION AS A WHOLE. THE
RELATIONSHIPS, AS THEY AFFECT THE INDIVIDUAL USER,
ARE ILLUSTRATED BY REFERENCE TO MUNICIPAL, IRRIGA-
TION, RECREATIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER USES. EX-
AMPLES OF IMPORTANT QUALITY PARAMETERS IN EACH
OF THESE USES ARE DISCUSSED. IN CONSIDERING THE EF-
FECTS OF WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS UPON THE RE-
GIONAL ECONOMY, BOTH THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT
COSTS OF MAINTAINING A CERTAIN LEVEL OF WATER
QUALITY ARE CONSIDERED. THE RELATIVE DIFFICULTY
OF ESTIMATING INDIRECT COSTS IS INDICATED. THE
STATE OF METHODOLOGY IN ASSESSING WATER QUALITY
EFFECTS UPON REGIONAL ECONOMIES IS FURTHER ILLUS-
TRATED BY REFERENCE TO SOME CURRENT OR
RECENTLY COMPLETED STUDIES IN THIS AREA. IMPOR-
TANT METHODOLOGICAL NEEDS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS.
01495. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
CASTLE, E.N.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 38: 789-793, MAY 1966.
THE MAIN ISSUES TO BE KEPT IN MIND WHEN ECONOMIC
ANALYSES ARE APPLIED TO WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
ARE OULINED. PRINCIPALLY, THESE ARE: (I) ECONOMIC
VALUES CAN ONLY BE PLACED UPON SOME OF THE OB-
JECTIVES OF INDIVIDUALS AND OF SOCIETY AND (2) THE
POINT OF VIEW ADOPTED IS OF CONSIDERABLE IM-
PORTANCE. IN ADDITION, A MARKET ECONOMY AS RE-
LATED TO WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS DISCUSSED
IN TERMS OF EXTERNAL DISECONOMIES. TWO SUB-ISSUES
RELATING TO THE, REMOVAL OF THESE EXTERNAL DIS-
ECONOMIES ARE DISCUSSED. ONE RELATES TO THE AP-
PROPRIATE DECISION ONCE THE EXTERNAL COSTS ARE
KNOWN, AND THE OTHER PERTAINS TO THE APPROPRIATE
TECHNIQUE OR INSTITUTION TO BRING THIS ABOUT. VARI-
OUS TECHNIQUES OR INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
ARE EXAMINED; THE BASIN-WIDE OR REGIONAL OR-
GANIZATION APPEARS TO HAVE THE MOST ADVANTAGES,
SINCE IT PERMITS THE VARIOUS PARTIES CONCERNED TO
PARTICIPATE IN THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS.
REFERENCE IS MADE TO A 17-SECTOR MODEL OF THE
ECONOMY OF THE YAQUINA BAY IN OREGON TO TRACE
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT PROGRAMS ON THE ECONOMY OF A LOCAL AREA.
01496. BENEFIT-COST CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
CLEARY, E.J.
PUBLIC WORKS, 94, 66, 68, 70, DECEMBER 1963.
THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS CRITICISM OF ANALYSTS OF THE
CORPS OF ENGINEERS FOR FAILING TO DEMONSTRATE, IN
THEIR PROPOSALS OF STORAGE RESERVOIRS FOR THE
POTOMAC RIVER BASIN, (1) THAT THE BENEFITS FOR THE
$500 MILLION PROPOSED EXPENDITURE WERE JUSTIFIA-
BLE AND (2) THAT ADEQUATE CONSIDERATION WAS
GIVEN TO ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF DEALING WITH THE
POLLUTION PROBLEM. THE AUTHOR ASSERTS THAT THE
CORPS ASSUMED CERTAIN STANDARDS OF CLEANLINESS
THAT MUST BE MET AND THEN DERIVED BENEFITS ON
THE BASIS OF REACHING THESE STANDARDS BY THE
LEAST COSTLY SINGLE-PURPOSE SYSTEM. THERE ARE
TWO FALLACIES IN THIS PROCEDURE: (I) IT CONSTITUTES
ADOPTION OF PHYSICAL STANDARDS WITHOUT ANY
ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES INVOLVED
AND (2) THE MEASURE OF BENEFITS DEPENDS ENTIRELY
UPON THE COST OF THE SO-CALLED LEAST COSTLY AL-
TERNATIVE, E. G., LOW-FLOW AUGMENTATION, WHICH
MAY NOT BE ANY MEASURE OF THE PUBLIC'S
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR THE SERVICE.
01497. POLLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF EVALUATION.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL CON-
FERENCE ON WATER POLLUTION,
WASHINGTON, D.C., DECEMBER 12-14, 1960.
FOX, I.K.
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, 1961, PP.
114-119.
FOX ARGUES THAT A SOUND BASIS FOR THE DESIGN OF
PUBLIC POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT REQUIRES A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS
THAT WILL PROVIDE A RELATIVELY PRECISE UN-
DERSTANDING OF BENEFITS AND COSTS-'WE DO NOT
HAVE SUCH A FRAMEWORK TODAY. ' HIS MAJOR OBJEC-
TIVE IS TO IDENTIFY FIVE MAJOR ELEMENTS OF THE
PROBLEM: (I} A CLASSIFICATION OF THE KINDS OF WATER
QUALITY DETERIORATION WHICH IS USEFUL FOR PUR-
POSES OF BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS, (2) PRECISE DEFINI-
TION OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF VALUES INVOLVED IN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT, E. G., DIFFERENTIATION
BETWEEN HEALTH VALUES, AESTHETIC VALUES AND
MARKET VALUES, ONLY THE LAST OF WHICH CAN BE
MEASURED IN MONETARY TERMS, (3) AN ACCOUNTING OF
THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, (4) CON-
SIDERATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND (5) AN
ACCOUNTING OF THE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS THROUGH
WHICH ACTION IS ACHIEVED. CONSIDERING THE GENERAL
STRUCTURE OF THE PROBLEM, SOME LINES OF STUDY
DEEMED HELPFUL IN THE DESIGN OF A SYSTEM OF
WATER QUALITY EVALUATION ARE BRIEFLY REVIEWED.
01498. WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY.
HIRSHLEIFER, J.; DEHAVEN, J.C.; MILLIMAN, J.W.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, IL-
LINOIS, I960, 378 P.
THE AUTHORS DISCUSS WATER QUALITY AS A PARAME-
TER OF WATER AVAILABILITY. THE COST AND VALUE OF
WATER QUALITY IS DISCUSSED; AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO
SHOW THAT QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS CAN AND MUST
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
BE QUANTIFIED IN ECONOMIC TERMS BEFORE A PROPER
ANALYSIS CAN BE MADE.
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE REAL GAINS FROM POLLUTION
CONTROL.
01499. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL IN
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH. CON-
FERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ATLANTA,
196S.
KNEESE, A.V.
COUNCIL OF STATE GOVERNMENTS, SOUTHERN
LAND ECONOMICS RESEARCH COMMITTEE AND
THE AGRICULTURAL POLICY INSTITUTE, AU-
GUST 1965, PP 97-107.
THE APPROACHES THAT HAVE BEEN TAKEN IN THE
UNITED STATES TO SOLVE THE FIRST MAJOR PROBLEM OF
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-OPTIMAL CONTROL OF
WASTE DISCHARGES FROM INDIVIDUAL WASTE
DISPOSERS-ARE PRESENTED. BASED ON COMMENTS ON
THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THESE DEVICES, THE
CONCLUSION IS THAT THERE ARE INHERENT LIMITATIONS
IN THE TECHNIQUES WHICH HAVE BEEN RELIED UPON
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT. THESE LIMITATIONS ARE
SUMMARIZED. IN VIEW OF THESE LIMITATIONS, THE
AUTHOR STATES THAT WE SHOULD MOVE TOWARD THE
CREATION OF REGIONAL AGENCIES WITH FAR REACHING
POWERS TO PLAN, CONSTRUCT, OPERATE AND FINANCE
REGIONAL SYSTEMS OF WASTE DISPOSAL. THE ORGANIZA-
TIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF SUCH AN AGENCY ARE THEN
DISCUSSED.
01500. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
KNEESE, A.V.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 36: 254-262, FEBRUARY 1964.
THIS PAPER BEGINS WITH A DISCUSSION OF FIVE INTERDE-
PENDENT CONCEPTS WHICH SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED IN A
GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF
WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS. THE WRITER THEN
DISCUSSES 'AN OPERATIONAL THEORY OF SOCIAL
VALUES, ' A DIFFICULT PROBLEM AREA IN EVALUATING
WATER USES AFFECTED BY WATER MANAGEMENT. HE
CONCLUDES THAT PROGRESS IS BEING MADE TOWARD
SPECIFIC EVALUATION OF MANY ASPECTS OF WATER
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT THAT WERE FORMERLY CON-
SIDERED INTANGIBLE. WHERE EXPLICIT MEASUREMENT
OF VALUE IS LACKING, THE DESIRED RESULTS CAN BE IN-
CORPORATED INTO OPTIMIZATION MODELS IN THE FORM
OF CONSTRAINTS OR STANDARDS.
01501. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
ASPECTS
KNEESE, A.V.
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC., WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1962, 107 P
PART 1 IS DEVOTED TO AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR
POLLUTION CONTROL. IT OUTLINES A CONCEPTUAL
FOUNDATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY WHICH HELPS TO
IDENTIFY AREAS IN WHICH RESEARCH COULD IMPROVE
THE PLANNING PROCESS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL. THE APPENDICES TO CHAPTER IV ARE DEVOTED
TO: (I) BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND THE 'CONSTRAINED
COST MINIMIZATION' FRAMEWORK, A GENERAL STATE-
MENT, IN TERMS OF BENEFITS AND COSTS, AND (2) PRO-
PERTY VALUES. CHANGES IN PROPERTY VALUES ARE
DEEMED INADEQUATE AND POSSIBLY HIGHLY DECEPTIVE
01502. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1961. PUBLIC LAW NO.
87-88.
87TH CONGRESS, 1ST SESSION, JULY 20, 1961.
THE FOLLOWING IS ADDED TO SECTION II OF THE WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ACT: (B) (I) IN THE SURVEY OF
PLANNING OF ANY RESERVOIR BY THE CORPS OF EN-
GINEERS, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, OR OTHER FEDERAL
AGENCY, CONSIDERATION SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE IN-
CLUSION OF STORAGE FOR REGULATION OF STREAM
FLOW FOR THE PURPOSE OF WATER QU. >LITY CONTROL,
EXCEPT THAT ANY SUCH STORAGE AND WATER
RELEASES SHALL NOT BE PROVIDED AS A SUBSTITUTE
FOR ADEQUATE TREATMENT OR OTHER METHODS OF
CONTROLLING WASTE AT THE SOURCE. (2) THE NEED FOR
THE VALUE OF STORAGE FOR THIS PURPOSE SHALL BE
DETERMINED BY THESE AGENCIES, WITH THE ADVICE OF
THE SECRETARY AND HIS VIEWS ON THESE MATTERS
SHALL BE SET FORTH IN ANY REPORT OR PRESENTATION
TO THE CONGRESS PROPOSING AUTHORIZATION OR CON-
STRUCTION OF ANY RESERVOIR INCLUDING SUCH
STORAGE. (3) THE VALUE OF SUCH STORAGE SHALL BE
TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DETERMINING THE ECONOMIC
VALUE OF THE ENTIRE PROJECT OF WHICH IT IS A PART,
AND COSTS SHALL BE ALLOCATED TO THE PURPOSE OF
WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN A MANNER WHICH WILL
ENSURE THAT ALL PROJECT PURPOSES SHARE EQUITABLY
IN THE BENEFITS OF MULTIPLE-PURPOSE CONSTRUCTION.
(4) COST OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL FEATURES INCOR-
PORATED IN ANY FEDERAL RESERVOIR OR OTHER IM-
POUNDMENT UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THIS ACT SHALL
BE DETERMINED AND THE BENEFICIARIES IDENTIFIED
AND, IF THE BENEFITS ARE WIDESPREAD OR NATIONAL IN
SCOPE, THE COST OF SUCH FEATURES SHALL BE NON-
REIMBURSABLE..
01503. PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
U.S. INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE ON WATER
RESOURCES. SUB-COMMITTEE ON EVALUATION
STANDARDS.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., MAY 1958, 56 P
IN CHAPTER II ARE PRESENTED THE BASIC PRINCIPLES
AND CONCEPTS FOR ECONOMIC ANALYSIS INCLUDING
THE EVALUATION OF BENEFITS AND COSTS. CHAPTER IV
INCLUDED A DISCUSSION OF THE APPLICATION OF THE
PRINCIPLES TO VARIOUS PROJECT PURPOSES-WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL IS PRESENTED.
01504. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WATER RECREA-
TIONAL FACILITIES RESULTING FROM AN
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY: THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY IN WATER
RESEARCH. EDITED BY A.V. KNEESE AND
S.C. SMITH.
DAVIDSON, P.; ADAMS, F.G.; SENECA, J.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1966, PP 175-211.
AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO COMPARE THE BENEFITS
AND COSTS OF WATER RECREATIONAL FACILITIES FROM
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS IS EXPLORED. THIS AP-
PROACH INVOLVES EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION OF THE AC-
TUAL AND POTENTIAL USE OF FACILITIES AT VARIOUS
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REFERENCE LIST
LEVELS OF WATER PURITY. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY
SERVE AS THE BASIS TO ILLUSTRATE A BENEFIT-COST
ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FOR THE
DELAWARE RIVER ESTUARY..
01505. A COST OPTIMIZATION STUDY FOR STREAM
WASTE DISPOSAL. (UNPUBLISHED).
DRIVER, E.E.; MCBEATH, C.B.; EL1ASSEN, R.
ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM OF THE NORTHERN
CALIFORNIA SECTION OF THE AMERICAN IN-
STITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, APRIL 19
1966,31 P
THE AUTHORS DEVELOP A METHOD FOR DETERMINING
THE MINIMUM COST OF MAINTAINING A SPECIFIED QUALI-
TY STANDARD FOR A STREAM RECEIVING INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. THE SYSTEM DESCRIBED CONSISTS OF ONE
STREAM RECEIVING WASTES FROM TWO SEPARATE
SOURCES. THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION OF
THE RECEIVING WATER IS USED AS THE PARAMETER FOR
MEASURING STREAM QUALITY; TO MAKE IT MORE
REALISTIC, THE METHOD CAN BE MODIFIED TO INCLUDE
ANY PARAMETERS CONSIDERED APPLICABLE TO THE
QUALITY OF THE STREAM. THE ONLY REQUIREMENT FOR
MODIFICATION TO INCLUDE OTHER PARAMETERS IS THAT
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE POLLUTANT CAN BE DESCRIBED
BY MATHEMATICAL MODELS. THE OUTCOME OF THIS
ANALYSIS IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREAM QUALITY
STANDARDS AND THE COST OF TREATMENT REQUIRED TO
MAINTAIN THESE STANDARDS.
01506. THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY
BENEFITS.
DUTTA, M.; ASCH, P.
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, BUREAU OF ECONOMIC
RESEARCH, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY, MAY
1966, 130 P.
THIS REPORT, ADDRESSED TO THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF
MEASURING THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT, IS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAJOR
PARTS. IN PART 1, "ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK, ' THE
AUTHORS DISCUSS THE MECHANISM OF THE MARKET, THE
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT, GUIDELINES FOR POLICY AND
THE USE OF BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. PART II IS DEVOTED
TO THE 'BENEFITS DERIVED FROM WATER QUALITIES' IN
WHICH THE GENERAL MEASUREMENT PROBLEM AND THE
IDENTIFICATION OF BENEFITS AND APPROACHES TO MEA-
SUREMENT ARE DISCUSSED. THREE CLASSES OF BENEFITS
ARE IDENTIFIED: ( I ) LOSS-AVOIDANCE BENEFITS WHICH
INCLUDE IRRIGATION AND FLOOD CONTROL, WATER
TREATMENT COSTS (INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL), PRO-
PERTY DAMAGE AND LOSS OF VALUE, AND PUBLIC
HEALTH; (2) OTHER READILY-MEASURED BENEFITS WHICH
INCLUDE COMMERCIAL FISHING, FARMING AND RELATED
BUSINESSES, AND OTHER INDUSTRIES; (3) RECREATION
AND AESTHETICS. PART III, 'MEASURING THE DEMAND
FOR WATER QUALITY-BASED RECREATION, ' 9ECE1VEO
THE HEAVIEST EMPHASIS BECAUSE IT 'REFLECTS THE
WRITERS' CONCLUSION THAT THIS AREA MAY WELL
PROVE DECISIVE IN ASSESSING POLLUTION ABATEMENT
PROGRAMS. '
01507. INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS DERIVED FROM IM-
PROVED RAW WATER QUALITY IN THE
CONTRA COST A CANAL.
ELIASSEN, R.; ROWLAND, W.F.
STANFORD UN1VEHSITY, INSTITUTE IN ENGINEER-
ING-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, STANFORD, CALIFOR-
NIA, SEPTEMBER 1962, 22 P.
THIS STUDY UTILIZED THE 'WITH' AND THE 'WITHOUT' AP-
PROACH EMPLOYING THE REDUCTION OF COST AS A MEA-
SURE OF WATER QUALITY BENEFITS. INDIVIDUAL AND
OVERALL INDUSTRIAL WATER QUALITY PENALTY COSTS
WERE CALCULATED FROM DATA (FOR THE YEAR 1961
WITHOUT KELLOGG RESERVOIR) ON ANNUAL COST, COST
PER ACRE-FOOT OF CANAL WATER REQUIRING ADDI-
TIONAL TREATMENT AND COST PER ACRE-FOOT OF AN-
NUAL CANAL USAGE. THE TOTAL EXCESS CHLORIDE CON-
TENT WAS THEN DETERMINED FOR THE PERIODS OF THE
YEAR DURING WHICH THE CANAL WATER CHLORIDE CON-
TENT EXCEEDED 100 PPM, WITH THIS VALUE BEING CON-
VERTED TO AN AVERAGE ANNUAL VALUE. THE
EQUIVALENT UNIT PENALTY COST PER ACRE-FOOT OF
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL CANAL USAGE PER PPM AVERAGE EX-
CESS CHLORIDE WAS THEN DETERMINED. ANTICIPATED
AVERAGE ANNUAL CONTRA COSTA CANAL WATER
CHLORIDE REDUCTIONS RESULTING FROM THE OPERAT-
ING OF THE KELLOGG RESERVOIR WERE THEN DETER-
MINED. EACH OF THESE VALUES WAS MULTIPLIED BY THE
EQUIVALENT UNIT PENALTY COST TO OBTAIN THE UNIT
BENEFITS, OR ALLEVIATED PENALTY COST PER ACRE-
FOOT OF CANAL WATER USAGE.
01508. POLLUTION ABATEMENT. GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. REPORT BASED
ON RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW CON-
FERENCE, MONTREAL, OCTOBER 23-28,
1961.
SEWELL, W.R.D.; DAVIS, J.; ROSS, D.W.
QUEEN'S PRINTER AND CONTROLLER OF STA-
TIONERY, OTTAWA, CANADA, 1965, 30 P.
MOST OF THE BENEFITS OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT PRO-
JECTS FALL INTO THE CATEGORY OF 'INTANGIBLES' IN
THE SENSE THAT A PRICE IS NOT USUALLY CHARGED FOR
THE SERVICES PROVIDED. NEVERTHELESS, EVALUATION
OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECTS IS POSSIBLE BY A
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. BENEFITS CAN BE ASSESSED
EITHER BY COMPARISON OF COST OF ALTERNATIVE WAYS
OF PROVIDING THE SERVICE OR BY METHODS SUGGESTED
IN THE SECTIONS OF THE REPORT ON RECREATION AND
INTANGIBLE BENEFITS. BECAUSE OF THE DIFFICULTY OF
QUANTIFYING BENETITS, IT MAY BE NECESSARY IN SOME
CASES TO REDUCE THE PROBLEM TO MERE COMPARISON
OF THE COST OF VARIOUS METHODS OF ACHIEVING VARI-
OUS LEVELS OF POLLUTION CONTROL. MORE GENERALLY,
HOWEVER, IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE TO MEASURE THE
BENEFITS OF CONTROL IN ONE LOCATION BY USING THE
MINIMUM COST OF ACHIEVING THE SAME ABATEMENT OF
POLLUTION IN ANOTHER LOCATION OR BY ANOTHER
METHOD. SOMETIMES THE CHOICE IS NOT BETWEEN TWO
LOCATIONS FOR TREATMENT BUT BETWEEN TREATMENT
(OR CONTROL) AND NO CONTROL. THEN THE BENEFIT-
COST RATIO BETWEEN THE SITUATION 'WITH' AND
'WITHOUT' THE CONTROL SHOULD BE DETERMINED. THUS,
THE BENEFIT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THIS STUDY
MAY BE MEASURED IN ONE OF THREE WAYS: (1) ALTER-
NATIVE COST OF PROVIDING THE SERVICE, (2) INCREMEN-
TAL COST OF INCREASING THE SCALE OF THE PROJECT
AND (3) COSTS INCURRED 'WITH' OR 'WITHOUT' THE PRO-
JECT.
01509. WATER USE RELATIONAHIPS AS AFFECTED
BY WATER QUALITY ON THE YAQUINA
BAY. WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE
PAPERS, 1964.
STOEVENER, H.H.
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO PRESS, BOULDER,
COLORADO, 1965, PP 87-89.
THIS IS A REPORT OF AN ATTEMPT TO APPLY ECONOMIC
LOGIC TO AN ACTUAL SITUATION. THE PROBLEM IS ONE
239
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
OF A PULP MILL DISCHARGING WASTE INTO AN ESTUARY.
ACCORDING TO ONE ARGUMENT, THE RESULTING LOWER
QUALITY HAS A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON THE HARVEST OF
FISH FOR RECREATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.
ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE IS THE ARGUMENT FOR THE RE-
GIONAL BENEFITS RESULTING FROM INDUSTRIALIZATION.
FOR PRIMARY BENEFITS, THE EFFECTS OF WATER QUALI-
TY ON ANGLER EFFORT CAN BE DERIVED. GIVEN THE
RELEVANT PRICE VARIABLE FOR THE DEMAND FUNCTION,
THE REDUCTION IN NET ECONOMIC VALUE IS DETER-
MINED SUBJECT TO THE REDUCTION IN ANGLER EFFORT.
FOR SECONDARY BENEFITS, THE AUTHOR ATTEMPTS TO
MEASURE THE BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VARIOUS
LEVELS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
FRAMEWORK OF AN INTERINDUSTRY MODEL. THE
RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS ARE NOT GIVEN IN THIS RE-
PORT.
01510. POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES IN
THE FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND
REVIEW OF PLANS FOR USE AND DEVELOP-
MENT OF WATER AND RELATED LAND
RESOURCES.
U.S. SENATE, 87TH CONGRESS, DOCUMENT NO. 97.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1962.
THIS DOCUMENT INCLUDED A DISCUSSION OF THE PRIMA-
RY BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL AND STAN-
DARDS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THESE BENEFITS. THE
NET CONTRIBUTION MAY BE EVALUATED IN TERMS OF
AVOIDANCE OF ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH WOULD AC-
CRUE IN THE ABSENCE OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL, IN-
CLUDING SUCH DAMAGES AND RESTRICTIONS AS PRECLU-
SION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, CORROSION OF FIXED
AND FLOATING PLANTT, LOSS OR DOWNGRADING OF
RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, INCREASED MUNICIPAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT COSTS, LOSS OF IN-
DUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, IMPAIR-
MENT OF HEALTH AND WELFARE, DAMAGE TO FISH AND
WILDLIFE, SILTATION, SALINITY INTRUSION, AND
DEGRADATION OF THE AESTHETICS OF ENJOYMENT OF
UNPOLLUTED SURFACE WATERS, OR, CONVERSELY, IN
TERMS OF THE ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF WATER
QUALITY CONTROL WITH RESPECT TO SUCH ITEMS. EF-
FECTS SUCH AS THESE MAY BE COMPOSITED ROUGHLY
INTO TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CATEGORIES, AND USED
TO EVALUATE DIRECTLY THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT, THE COST OF ACHIEV-
ING THE SAME RESULTS BY THE MOST LIKELY ALTERNA-
TIVE MAY BE USED AS AN APPROXIMATION OF VALUE.
01511. METHODS OF APPROXIMATING DILUTION
WATER REQUIREMENTS AS A SUPPLEMEN-
TAL MEASURE FOR CONTROL OF WATER
QUALITY IN RIVERS.
U.S. SENATE, SELECT COMMITTEE FOR NATIONAL
WATER RESOURCES, 86TH CONGRESS.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., I960, 28 P.
THIS REPORT CONTAINS A SECTION ON ESTIMATING COST
OF TREATMENT, FOR VARYING DEGREES OF TREATMENT.
01512. PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
U.S. INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE ON WATER
RESOURCES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON EVALUATION
STANDARDS.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., MAY 1958, 56 P.
ON THE MEASUREMENT OF BENEFITS FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL, THE SUBCOMMITTEE DOCUMENT STATES:
IN THE ABSENCE OF MARKET DETERMINED VALUES TO
SERVE IN THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL BENEFITS, ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE
WORTH OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT MUST BE SOUGHT IN
DERIVED MEASURES OF VALUE. SUCH MEASURES IN-
CLUDE THE COST OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL ALTERNA-
TIVE MEANS OF ACCOMPLISHING COMPARABLE EFFECTS,
THE DECREASE IN EXPENDITURES BY COMMUNITIES AND
BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS FOR WATER TREATMENT,
AND IMPROVEMENT IN RECREATIONAL FACILITIES, SUCH
AS BOATING, SWIMMING, AND FISHING, ATTRIBUTABLE TO
IMPROVED WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY. THERE IS
ALSO NEED FOR EXTENDING THE SCOPE OF MEASURE-
MENT PRACTICES BY DEVISING SIMULATED MARKET CON-
DITIONS TO ESTABLISH A VALUE FOR POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT COMPARABLE TO THAT ATTAINED FOR OTHER PRO-
JECT PURPOSES.
01513. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION.
WHIPPLE, W. JR.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION, URBANA,
ILLINOIS, DECEMBER 1965, PP. 225-242.
01514. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-THE
PLANNING OF ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL
POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION.
DEININGER, R.A.
AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, UR-
BANA, ILLINOIS, DECEMBER 1965, PP- 254-282.
THIS PAPER BEGINS WITH A BRIEF PRESENTATION OF PAST
PURPOSES OF WATER CONSERVATION AND DEVELOP-
MENT, WHICH HAVE BEEN CONCERNED ALMOST ENTIRE-
LY WITH WATER QUALITY. PAST EFFORTS OF PROJECT
EVALUATION IN THIS AREA ARE PRESENTED. THE WRITER
STATES THAT, WHILE STUDIES OF WATER-QUANTITY
MANAGEMENT ARE ESSENTIAL, THE PROBLEMS OF THE
FUTURE WILL MAKE WATER-QUALITY MANAGEMENT
MORE IMPORTANT. AN EXAMPLE IS PRESENTED TO ILLUS-
TRATE THE MANNER IN WHICH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS (OR
OPERATIONS RESEARCH) CAN BE APPLIED TO WATER-
QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS. THE APPLICABILITY
OF THIS APPROACH IS DEMONSTRATED BY THE USE OF
MODELS CONTAINING ONLY ONE WATER-QUALITY
PARAMETER. WHTHIN THIS FRAMEWORK, APPLICABLE
MATHEMATICAL MODELS (NAMELY LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING AND INTEGER PROGRAMMING) ARE
DESCRIBED. THESE MODELS ARE THEN USED IN A NUMERI-
CAL EXAMPLE TO INVESTIGATE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE
SOLUTIONS OVER A RANGE OF POLLUTION CRITERIA IN A
HYPOTHETICAL RIVER BASIN. ALTHOUGH THE EXAMPLE
USED IN THIS STUDY CONTAINS ONLY ONE QUALITY
PARAMETER, IT IS DESIRABLE TO USE ADDITIONAL CON-
STRAINTS WHICH CAN BE DERIVED AND ADDED TO THE
240
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REFERENCE LIST
ONE-CONSTRAINT PROBLEM. THROUGH THE PROPER USE
OF SUCH MODELS, THE ECONOMICS ASSOCIATED WITH
ALL ASPECTS OF STREAM QUALITY CAN BE EVALUATED.
01515. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
FRANKEL, R.J.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANITARY EN-
GINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY,
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, JANUARY 1965, 167 P.
THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE DISPOSAL ON THE
QUALITY OF RECEIVING WATERS AND THE TREATMENT
OF THESE WATERS FOR MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY FORM
THE CORE OF THE ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
THIS STUDY. THE AUTHOR DETERMINES IN ECONOMIC
TERMS THE OPTIMUM DIVISION OF TREATMENT BETWEEN
THE WASTE TREATMENT PLANT OF ONE COMMUNITY AND
THE WATER TREATMENT PLANT OF ANOTHER, AND EVAL-
UATES THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF IMPOSING VARIOUS
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ON THE WASTE-STREAM,
WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEM TO MEET THE NEEDS OF OTHER
BENEFICIAL USES. A COMPUTER MODEL IS DEVELOPED TO
SIMULATE A WATER COURSE OF SPECIFIED CHARAC-
TERISTICS AND SUBJECT TO FLOW REGULATION AT ITS
HEADQUARTERS. WITHIN THE UPSTREAM AREA, A COM-
MUNITY OF SPECIFIED SIZE DISCHARGES DOMESTIC
SEWAGE INTO A STREAM. DOWNSTREAM A SECOND COM-
MUNITY DRAWS UPON THE STREAM FOR ITS WATER
SUPPLY. BETWEEN THE TWO COMMUNITIES, THE STREAM
IS SUBJECT TO NATURAL SELF-PURIFICATION AND IS
UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF A REGULATORY AGENCY
EMPOWERED TO IMPOSE QUALITY STANDARDS DEEMED
NECESSARY FOR THE PROTECTION OF OTHER BENEFICIAL
USES OF THE STREAM. THE APPLICATION OF THE COM-
PUTER TECHNIQUES IS THEN USED TO DETERMINE THE EF-
FECTS OF THE VARIABLES OF THE SYSTEM ON THE COST
OF WATER RE-USE. THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF NEWER
TECHNOLOGIES AND THE RECLAMATION OF SEWAGE EF-
FLUENT ON THE OVERALL COSTS OF THE WASTE STREAM
WATER RE-USE SYSTEM ARE LIKEWISE EXPLORED. THUS,
THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IS MADE ON THE BASIN OF AL-
TERNATIVE COST COMPARISONS UTILIZING THE COM-
PUTER MODEL TO INVESTIGATE ALTERNATIVES.
TREATMENT MATRIX SOLVED BY NON-LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING TECHNIQUES. THIS SOLUTION IS INSERTED IN
THE STREETER-PHELPS OXYGEN SAG EQUATION FOR A
PREDICTION OF THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILE OF THE
RIVER BEING STUDIED.
01517. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS
OF ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY OBJEC-
TIVES.
KERRI, K.D.
PH.D. THESIS, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, COR-
VALLIS, OREGON, JUNE 1966, 177P.
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK IS TO TEST THE HYPOTHES-
IS THAT THE WATERS OF THE W1LLIAMETTE RIVER BASIN
ARE TOO COSTLY FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT. ' THE
WORD 'COSTLY' REFERS TO THE COST OF PROVIDING
DILUTION WATER TO ACHIEVE WATER QUALITY OBJEC-
TIVES. THE PROCEDURE IS TO DETERMINE THE MINIMUM
COST OF (1) ACHIEVING OR MAINTAINING WATER QUALI-
TY OBJECTIVES BY THE TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS
AT THEIR SOURCE AND (2) A COMBINATION OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT AT ITS SOURCE AND THE STORAGE
OF WATER FOR DILUTION PURPOSES DURING CRITICAL
LOW FLOW PERIODS. IF THE MINIMUM-COST METHOD OF
ACHIEVING THE WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES IS WASTE
WATER TREATMENT, THE HYPOTHESIS IS ACCEPTED. THE
WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES ARE VARIOUS LEVELS OF
DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND COLIFORM BACTERIA. THE
RANGE OF VALUES SELECTED FOR THESE OBJECTIVES IN-
DICATED MINIMUM ABATEMENT COST TRENDS FOR DIF-
FERENT COMBINATIONS OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES.
TO ASCERTAIN THE DEGREE OF WASTE TREATMENT
REQUIRED OF AL THE UPSTREAM DISCHARGES, A COST
MATRIX IS DEVELOPED AND THE MINIMUM COST DETER-
MINED USING NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES.
TO ACHIEVE OR MAINTAIN COLIFORM BACTERIA MPN OB-
JECTIVES, THE CRITICAL REACH IS BELOW EACH OUTFALL
AND THE COSTS ARE DETERMINED BY AN ANALYSIS OF
EACH INDIVIDUAL OUTFALL; IN REGIONS OF NUMEROUS
DISCHARGES, THE COST MATRIX IS UTILIZED. THE FLOWS
IN THE RIVER ARE REGULATED BY RELEASES FROM A
SYSTEM OF RESERVOIRS. THE MINIMUM FLOWS AND
AMOUNTSOF STORAGE REQUIRED FOR DILUTION DURING
DIFFERENT DESIGN PERIODS ARE ESTIMATED BY DIS-
TRIBUTION-FREE OR NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS.
01516. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE
38TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE
WATER POLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION,
ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY, OCTOBER
10-14, 1965.
KERRY, K.D.
JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERA-
TION, 38: 1883-1897, DECEMBER 1966.
AN ECONOMIC MODEL ANALYZING COSTS OF TREATING
WASTE DISCHARGES AND THE NATURAL PURIFICATION-
CAPACITY OF THE RECEIVING WATERS IS PRESENTED. USE
OF THE MODEL DETERMINES THE DEGREE OF TREATMENT
REQUIRED OF EACH WASTE DISCHARGER IN ORDER TO
ACHIEVE A DESIRED WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVE AT THE
MINIMUM COST TO ALL DISCHARGERS IN THE AFFECTED
REGION. THE ANALYTICAL MODEL CONSISTS OF TWO
DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAMS WHICH (A) DETERMINE
THE MINIMUM COST FOR REMOVAL OF A DEFINITE QUAN-
TITY OF OXYGEN-CONSUMING WASTES THROUGH A CRITI-
CAL REACH IN A RIVER AND (B) PREDICT THE RESPONSE
OF THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN THE
RIVER TO THE WASTE DISCHARGES RESULTING FROM THE
MINIMUM-COST SOLUTION. THE MINUMUM-COST SOL
TUION IS OBTAINED FROM A DISSOLVED OXYGEN COST OF
01518. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
LIEBMAN, J.C.; LYNN, W.R.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2: 581-591, THIRD
QUARTER, 1966.
TWO FORMS OF PROTECTIVE STANDARDS PROPOSED AND
IMPLEMENTED BY REGULATORY AGENCIES ARE
DISCUSSED: THE STREAM STANDARD AND THE EFFLUENT
STANDARD. THIS PAPER IS ADDRESSED TO THE LIMITED
PROBLEM OF FINDING A MINIMUM COST WAY OF MEETING
A SET OF STREAM DISSOLVED OXYGEN STANDARDS. THE
QUESTION TO BE ANSWERED IS: GIVEN A SET OF STAN-
DARDS THAT SPECIFY MINIMUM DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CONCENTRATIONS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF A STREAM,
WHAT AMOUNT OF BOD REMOVAL SHOULD BE REQUIRED
FROM EACH OF THE DISCHARGERS FOR THE DISSOLVED
OXYGEN STANDARDS TO BE MET AT MINIMUM TOTAL
COST OF TREATMENT? A DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
MODEL THAT MINIMIZES THE COST OF PROVIDING WASTE
TREATMENT TO MEET1 SPECIFIED DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CONCENTRATION STANDARDS IN A STREAM IS
DEVELOPED. THE MODEL IS SOLVED ON THE BASIN OF
DATA FROM THE WILLIAMETTE RIVER. SOME IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE MODEL ON POLICY FORMULATION ARE
ALSO DISCUSSED.
241
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01519. LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
FOR
LOUCKS, D.P.; REVELLE, C.S.; LYNN, W.R.
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, 14: B-166 TO B-188,
DECEMBER 1967.
TWO DETERMINISTIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS
ARE PRESENTED FOR DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE, AT
MINIMUM COST, ANY PARTICULAR SET OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN STANDARDS WITHIN A RIVER BASIN.
THIS WORK EXTENDS AND SIMPLIFIES EARLIER WORKS
THAT APPLIED MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING TO THIS
PROBLEM. THE SOLUTION OF THESE MODELS INDICATES
THE DESIGN EFFICIENCIES REQUIRED FOR EACH WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT FACILITY IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN
ANY SPECIFIED SET OF STREAM DISSOLVED OXYGEN CON-
CENTRATIONS. THE MODELS CAN BE USED TO EVALUATE
THE SENSITIVITY OF COST AND QUALITY TO ANY
CHANGES IN THESE FLOW CONDITIONS AS WELL AS
CHANGES IN THE PHYSICAL OR ECONOMIC PARAMETERS.
THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO DETERMINE THOSE LOCA-
TIONS ALONG A STREAM WHERE THE DISCHARGE OF AD-
DITIONAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT RESULTS IN A
MINIMUM REDUCTION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN OR A
MINIMUM INCREASE IN THE TOTAL COST OF THE
REQUIRED WASTEWATER TREATMENT. AN EXAMPLE IL-
LUSTRATES THE USE OF THESE MODELS.
01520. USE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN ESTUARINE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. WESTERN
RESOURCES CONFERENCE PAPERS, 1964.
THOMANN,R.V.
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO
COLORADO, 1965, PP. 47-59.
PRESS, BOULDER,
.OPTIMAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IS DEFINED AS
THE CONTROL OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT THROUGH AN
OPERATIONAL SCHEME OF CONTROL MEASURES SO AS TO
ACHIEVE A DESIRED WATER-USE GOAL IN AN OPTIMAL
FASHION. 'THE CRITERION USED IN THIS OPTIMUM DESIGN
IS LEAST COST OF IMPLEMENTATION. THE PROBLEMS CAN
BE FORMULATED AND SOLVEDIN AN ANALYTICAL
FASHION THROUGH THE USE OF (1) A MATHEMATICAL
MODEL OF THE ENVIRONMENT USING SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
OR DYNAMIC CONTROL SYSTEM THEORY AND (2) THE USE
OF A LINEAR PROGRAMMING FORMULATION TO ACHIEVE
WATER QUALITY GOALS AT LEAST COST USING THE
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION. THIS PAPER IS DEVOTED
TO A DISCUSSION OF THESE TOOLS AND HOW THEY CAN
BE USED IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. THESE
TECHNIQUES PROVIDE USEFUL SOLUTIONS TO THE COM-
PLEX INTERACTIONS THAT EXIST BETWEEN THE ENVIRON-
MENT, THE STREAM AND THE ECONOMY OF A GIVEN
AREA. THAT IS, THE VARIOUS CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELA-
TIONSHIPS EXISTING BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND
WATER QUALITY CAN BE SATISFACTORILY DESCRIBED
USING SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. FURTHER USE OF THESE
TECHNIQUES IN A LINEAR PROGRAMMING FORMULATION
RESULTS IN LEAST-COST SOLUTIONS TO OBTAIN DESIRED
LEVELS OF QUALITY.
ACTIVITIES OF THE WATER AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR
AREA, GERMANY. SPECIAL EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE
METHODS USED TO JOIN THE SYSTEM PLANNING AND
OPERATION ACTIVITIES DIRECTLY UNDER THEIR CON-
TROL WITH (OFTEN EQUALLY IMPORTANT) DECISIONS
IMPINGING UPON WATER QUALITY BUT WHICH ARE
UNDER THE CONTROL OF OTHER PRIVATE AND PUBLIC OR
SEMI-PUBLIC DECISIONMAKERS. THE COST ASSESSMENT
AND DISTRIBUTION METHODS USED HAVE PLAYED A
PROMINENT ROLE IN THIS REGARD.
01522. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT.
KUIPER, E.
PLENUM PUBL CO, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1965.
01523. ECONOMICS OF RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT
IN INDIA.
MUKERJI, K.; MAMMEN, K.J.
VERRY, LAWRENCE, INC., MYSTIC, CONNECTICUT,
1959.
01524. ALTERNATIVES IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, WASHINGTON,
D.C., 1967.
01525. ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
SMITH, S.C.; CASTLE, E.N. (EDS..
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMES, IOWA,
1964.
01526. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: INTER-
NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1950-1965.
WELLISCH, H.
DANIEL DAVEY & CO, INC., HARTFORD, CONNEC-
TICUT, 1966.
01527. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
GUIDE.
ANDERSON, E.P.
BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1963.
01528. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
MCGAUHEY, P.H.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1968.
01521. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA
WITH SPECIALIZED EMPHASIS ON THE
ROLE OF COST ASSESSMENT.
KNEESE, A.V.
REGIONAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION PAPERS AND
PROCEEDINGS, 1963, PP. 229-250.
THE AUTHOR'S AIM IS TO PROVIDE A BRIEF REVIEW AND
ASSESSMENT OF THE REGIONAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
01529. WATER PURIFICATION CONTROL.
HOPKINS, E.W.; BEAN, E.L.
WILLIAMS & WILKINS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1966.
242
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01530. WATER TREATMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
OTHER USES.
NORDELL, E.
REINHOtD PUBL CO, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1961.
01531. WATER CONDITIONING FOR INDUSTRY.
POWELL, S.T.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK N Y
1954.
01532. WATER AND WATER USE TERMINOLOGY.
VEATCH, J.O.; HUMPHRYS, C.R.
THOMAS PRINTING AND PUBL CO, KAUKAUNA
WISCONSIN, 1966, 375 P.
01533. 1001 QUESTIONS ANSWERED ABOUT WATER
RESOURCES.
CUNNINGHAM, F.F.
DODD, MEAD & CO, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1967, 258 P
01534. THE WATER RESOURCES OF CHILE; AN
ECONOMIC METHOD FOR ANALYZING A
KEY RESOURCE IN A NATION'S DEVELOP-
MENT.
WOLLMAN, N.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1968,279 P.
01539. THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC
INVESTMENTS; AN EX POST EVALUATION
OF WATER RESOURCES INVESTMENTS.
HAVEMAN, R.H.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1972, 126 P.
01540. SCIENTIFIC ALLOCATION OF WATER
RESOURCES.
BURAS, N.
AMERICAN ELSEVIER PUBL CO, INC., NEW YORK,
N.Y., 1972,208 P
01541. SEMINAR ON RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT,
LONDON, ENGLAND, 1970.
UNITED NATIONS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1971, 101 P.
01542. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
BOULDING, K.E.
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1971, 158 P.
01543. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION.
ANDREWS, W.A.; MOORE, O.K.; LEROY, A.
PRENTICE HALL PUBL CO, ENGLEWOOK CLIFFS,
NEW JERSEY, 1972, 260 P.
01535. PERCEPTION OF CHOICE AND FACTORS AF-
FECTING INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
DECISIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
WONG, S.T.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, IL-
LINOIS, 1969, 93P.
01536. THE COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY; THE
ECONOMICS OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER
BASIN DEVELOPMENT.
DRUTILLA, J.V.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1967,211 P.
01537. WATER RESOURCES PROJECT ECONOMICS.
KU1PER, E.
KAN1EL DAVEY & COMPANY,
CONNECTICUT, 1971.
INC, HARTFORD,
01538. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A GUIDE TO
CURRENT RESEARCH.
SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE, SMITHSONI-
AN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D.C.
CCM INFORMATION CORPORATION, NEW YORK,
N.Y., 1971,851 P.
01544. AIR POLLUTION AND INDUSTRY.
ROSS, R.D.
VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1972,
489 P.
01545. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT; AN ANALY-
SIS OF INSTITUTIONAL PATTERNS.
RANNEY, D.C.; NASOFF, J.K.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN PRESS, MADISON,
WISCONSIN, 1972, 158 P
01546. OZONE IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
EVANS, F.L. HI (ED..
ANN ARBOR SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, ANN ARBOR,
MICHIGAN, 1972, 185 P.
01547. DICTIONARY OF WATER AND SEWAGE EN-
GINEERING.
MEINCK, F.; MOHLE, H.
AMERICAN ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.,
NEW YORK,N.Y., 1963.
01548. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS
AND PRACTICE.
JENNINGS, BURGESS H.
INTEXT EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS, SCRANTON,
PA., 1970.
243
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01549. EMERGING METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN AND PLANNING.
MOORE, GARY T.
M.l.T. PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MASS., 1970.
01550. STANDARD METHODS FOR THE EXAMINA-
TION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION.
AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, NEW
YORK, N.Y., 1965.
01551. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR AND SOLID WASTES.
DEGLER, STANLEY E.; BLOOM, SANDRA C.
BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1969.
01552. ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
LOEF, GEORGE O.; KNEESE, ALLEN V.F
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1968.
01553. THEORIES AND PRACTICES OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT.
NEMEROW, NELSON L
ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.,
READING, MASS., 1963.
01554. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL.
ROSS, RICHARD D.
VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY, MEW
YORK, N.Y., 1968.
01555. ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY: THE NEXT
FIFTY YEARS.
EWALD, WILLIAM R., JR., ED.
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, BLOOMINGTON, IN-
DIANA, 1968.
01556. ENVIRONMENT FOR MAN: THE NEXT FIFTY
YEARS.
EWALD, WILLIAM R., JR., ED.
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, BLOOMINGTON, IN-
DIANA, 1967.
01557. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN A GROWING
ECONOMY.
JARRETT, HENRY, ED.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MD., 1966.
01558. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT,
WATER, AND SOIL.
AIR,
01559. POLLUTION PARADOX.
BREGMAN, J.I.; LENORMAND, SERGEI.
SPARTAN BOOKS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1966.
01560. CAHNERS' CRITICAL ISSUE REPORT: POLLU-
TION (4 VOLS-).
CAHNERS PUBLISHING CO., INC., 1969.
01561. GROUNDWATER LEGISLATION IN EUROPE.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION.
UNIPUB, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1964.
01562. WATER LAW AND ADMINISTRATION IN
FLORIDA.
MALONEY, F.E.
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA PRESS, GAINESVILLE,
FLA., 1968.
01563. WATER PURITY: A STUDY IN LEGAL CON-
TROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
MURPHY, E.F.
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN PRESS, MADISON,
W1S., 1961.
01564. WATER LAW, PLANNING AND POLICY: CASES
AND COMMENTARY.
SAX, J.L.
BOBBS-MERRILL COMPANY, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1968.
01565. TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
BESSELIEVRE, E.B.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1968.
01566. URBAN AND REGIONAL ASPECTS OF
PLANNING AND WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
GRAVA, S.M.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1969.
01567. RIVER POLLUTION. VOL. 3. CONTROL.
'KLEIN, L.
PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP., NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1966.
01568. CONTROL OF RIVER POLLUTION BY INDUS-
TRY.
LITWIN, J.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SERVICE, CHICAGO,
ILL., 1965.
MARQUIS, RALPH W., ED.
GRADUATE SCHOOL PRESS, U.S. DEPT. OF
AGRICULTURE, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1966.
244
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01569. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
SITTIG, M.
NOYES DATA CORPORATION, PARK RIDGE NJ
1969.
01579. HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
GOODMAN, B.L.
TECHNOMIC PUBLISHING COMPANY, STAMFORD,
CONN., 1971.
01570. ECONOMIC THINKING AND POLLUTION
PROBLEMS.
AULD, D.A., ED.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS, TORONTO
CANADA, 1970.
01571. ENVIRONMENTAL SIDE EFFECTS OF RISING
INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT. (STUDIES IN SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC PROCESS).
VAN TASSEL, A.J. (ED..
HEATH, B.C. & COMPANY, INDIANAPOLIS, INDI-
ANA, 1970.
01580. DESIGN HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS: DOMESTIC-INDUS-
TRIAL-COMMERCIAL.
GOODMAN, B.L.
TECHNOMIC PUBLISHING COMPANY, STAMFORD,
CONN., 1971.
01581. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATE-
MENT.
WILLRICH, T.; MINES, N.W., EDS.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMES, IOWA,
1967.
01572. WASTE IS WEALTH.
HACKER, L.C.
DORRANCE AND CO., INC., PHILADELPHIA, PA.,
1971.
01582. STUDIES OF THE POLLUTION OF THE TEN-
NESSEE RIVER SYSTEM.
SCOTT, G.R.
ARNO PRESS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1970.
01573. SOCIAL COSTS OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISE.
KAPP, K.W.
ASIA PUBLISHING HOUSE, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1963.
01574. GROUND-WATER BIBLIOGRAPHY.
VAN DER LEEDEN, F.
WATER INFORMATION CENTER, INC., EASTPORT,
WASHINGTON, N.Y., 1971.
01575. WASTES MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS FOR THE
COASTAL ZONE.
COMMITTEE ON OCEANOGRAPHY AND EN-
GINEERING, COMMITTEE ON OCEAN.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, WASHINGTON,
D.C., 1970.
01576. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT. (WATER RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM.
NO. 1, 1967).
GLOYNA, E.F.; ECKENFELDER, W.W., JR., EDS.
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS, AUSTIN, TEXAS,
1968.
01583. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOCHEMISTRY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.
FAIRBRIDGE, R. (ED..
VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1972,
1321 P
01584. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN
NORTHERN MEXICO.
CUMMINGS, R.G.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1972, 68 P
01585. DESALTING SEAWATER, ACHIEVEMENTS AND
PROSPECTS.
CLAWSON, M.; LANDSBERG, H.H.
GORDON & BREACH, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1972, 276 P.
01586. EROSION AND SEDIMENT POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
BEASLEY, R.P.
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMES, IOWA,
1972.
01577. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER
POLLUTION RESEARCH, 64TH.
PROCEEDINGS.
JENKINS, S.H., ED.
PERGAMON PRESS, INC., ELMSFORD, N.Y., 1969.
01578. ADVANCES IN WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS, 3 VOLS.
JAGG, O.
PERGAMON PRESS, INC., ELMSFORD, N.Y., 1966.
01587. DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INTO
RIVER, LAKES AND ESTUARIES.
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION,
VIENNA, AUSTRIA, DECEMBER 1971.
01588. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL AND IN-
TERNATIONAL TRADE.
GATT/VNCAD (DISTRIBUTED BY UNIPUB, INC.,
NEW YORK, N.Y., 1971..
245
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01589. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY;
A GLOBAL SURVEY.
WILSON, T.W. JR.
DUNELLEN PUBL CO, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1971.
01590. PURITY OR POLLUTION: THE STRUGGLE FOR
WATER.
RONDIERE, P.
FRANKLIN WATTS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1971.
01591. THE SUSQUEHANNA COMPACT: GUARDIAN
OF THE RIVER'S FUTURE.
VOIGT, Q. JR.
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS, NEW BRUNSWICK,
NEW JERSEY, 1972.
01592. WATER WASTELAND: RALPH NADER'S STUDY
GROUP REPORT ON WATER POLLUTION.
ZWICK, D.; BENSTOCK, M.
BANTAM BOOKS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1972.
01593. MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS FAMILY.
WINTON, H.N.M.
R.R. BOWKER COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1972.
01599. RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSER-
VATION.
THORN, R.B. (ED..
BUTTERWORTHS (DISTRIBUTED BY PLENUM BUBL
CORP, NEW YORK, N.Y.), 1966, 520 P
01600. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS.
HUFSCHMIDT, MM; FIERING, MB.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MAS-
SACHUSETTS, 1966, 212 P.
01601. POLLUTION ANALYSIS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
THE LITERATURE OF ACTIVATION ANALY-
SIS.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1970.
AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB-192 876).
01602. COMPLEMENTARY-COMPETITIVE
OF WATER STORAGE.
ASPECTS
KERRI, K.D.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1970, 194 P
AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB-190 197).
01594. WATER POLLUTION: DISPOSAL AND RE-USE.
ZAJIC, J.E.
MARCEL DEKKER, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1971.
01595. THE POLLUTION PARADOX.
BREGMAN, J.I.; LENORMAND, S.
BOOKS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1966.
01596. WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, COMMITTEE ON
POLLUTION.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL
RESEARCH COUNCIL, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1966,
257 P
01597. WATER AND WASTE.
STEPHENS, J.H.
MACMILLAN COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1967, 112
P.
01598. SYMPOSIUM ON RIVER MANAGEMENT,
UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE,
1966.
ISAAC, P.C.G. (ED..
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS, UNIVERSITY,
ALABAMA, 1967, 258 P
01603. ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION OF
WATER RESOURCES.
FLACK, J.E.
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, FORT COLLINS,
COLORADO, 1970.
THIS REPORT WAS FUNDED BY THE OFFICE OF WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH, WASHINGTON, D. C. IT IS AVA1LA
BLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE,
SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB-189 772).
01604. MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGA-
TION.
WILSON, C.W.; BECKETT, F.E.
OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1970, 168 P.
AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB-189 390).
01605. WATER RESOURCES AND THE CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY, IN NEW JERSEY: AN ECONOMET-
RIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
GRANSTRON, M.L.; DUTTA, M.; DEROOY, J.; SHIEH,
S.H.; SU, V.
RUTGERS STATE UNIVERSITY, NEW BRUNSWICK,
NEW JERSEY, OCTOBER 1969,315 P.
AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB-187 727).
246
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01606. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
IV: AN INPUT-OUTPUT LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA
WATER REQUIREMENTS.
LOFTING, E.F.; MCGAUHEY, P.H.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
CALIFORNIA, AUGUST 1968, 193 P.
BERKELEY,
AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB-188 857).
01607. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
VI: A DYNAMIC INTERREGIONAL INPUT-
OUTPUT PROGRAMMING MODEL OF THE
CALIFORNIA AND WESTERN STATES
WATER ECONOMY.
BARGUR, J.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
CALIFORNIA, AUGUST 1968, 193 P.
BERKELEY,
01608. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZA-
TIONS OF WATER USERS.
MEYER, C.W.; DAVIS, J.R.; BECK, R.A.D.
OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,
WASHINGTON, D.C., AUGUST 1971,29 P
01609. APPLIED CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL WATER
RATE STRUCTURES.
FRISTOE, C.W.; GODDARD, F.O.; KEIG, N.G.
OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1971,376 P
AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB-202 013).
01610. ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS.
CROSS, O.E.
OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,
WASHINGTON, D.C., JUNE 1971, 38 P.
01613. PROBLEMS AND INSTRUMENTS RELATING TO
THE ALLOCATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
COSTS.
ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT, PARIS, FRANCE, 1972.
01614. WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR GROUP:
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PURPOSES RE-
LATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT.
ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT, PARIS, FRANCE, 1972.
01615. INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONTROL.
GURNHAM, C.F. (ED..
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1969.
01616. AQUEOUS WASTES FROM PETROLEUM AND
PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS.
BEYCHOK, M.R.
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1967.
370 P.
01617. RIVER POLLUTION.
KLEIN, L.
BUTTERWORTHS (DISTRIBUTED BY PLENUM
PUBLISHING CORP., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1966, 484 P.
01618. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND SOLID
WASTES DISPOSAL.
S1TTIG, M.
NOYES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, PARK
RIDGE, NEW JERSEY, 1969, 244 P.
01619. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
ECKENFELDER, W.W.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1966.
01611. REGIONAL SEWAGE COLLECTION AND
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE CEN-
TRAL CONNECTICUT PLANNING REGION.
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT REGIONAL PLANNING
AGENCY, PLAINV1LLE, CONNECTICUT, 1969.
AVAILABLE FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA. (PB- 184 183).
01620. PRINCIPLES OF DESALINATION.
SPIEGLER, K.S. (ED..
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1966, 566
P.
THIS STUDY COVERS THE SCIENTIFIC, ENGINEERING, AND
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE VARIOUS WATER DESALTING
METHODS.
01612. ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF
WATER QUALITY FOR VARIOUS USES.
BRAMER, H.C.
MELLON INSTITUTE,
VAN I A, 1970, 10 P.
PITTSB URGH, PENNS YL-
01621. DESALINATION BY REVERSE OSMOSIS.
MERTEN, U. (ED..
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, 1966, 289
P.
THIS REPORT IS USEFUL FOR TECHNICIANS WORKING
WITH THE REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNIQUE AND RELATED
PROCESSES.
247
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01622. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
MCGAUHEY, P.M.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1968,295 P.
THIS BOOK IS DESIGNED FOR STUDENTS OF WATER
RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND PRACTICING ENGINEERS..
01623. WATER, HEALTH, AND SOCIETY; SELECTED
PAPERS.
WOLMAN, A.
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, BLOOMINGTON, IN-
DIANA, 1969, 400 P.
01624. DEMINERALIZATION BY ION EXCHANGE IN
WATER TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL
PROCESSING OF OTHER LIQUIDS.
APPLEBAUM, S.B.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC., NEW YORK, N.Y., 1968, 389
P
01625. WATER IS EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS.
BEHRMAN, A.S.
ANCHOR BOOKS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1968, 229 P.
01626. WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1964.
GREAT BRITAIN WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH
BOARD, LONDON, ENGLAND.
BRITISH INFORMATION SERVICES, NEW YORK,
N.Y., 1965.
THIS CUMULATIVE INDEX COVERS WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH FOR THE YEARS 1952-1964..
01627. AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
LEINWAND, G.; POPKIN, G.
WASHINGTON SQUARE, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1969, 160
P.
01628. PERSPECTIVES ON CONSERVATION; ESSAYS
ON AMERICA'S NATURAL RESOURCES.
GALBRAITH, J.K.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1969, 258 P.
01629. GLOSSARY: WATER AND WASTEWATER CON-
TROL ENGINEERING.
INGRAM, W.T.
AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, NEW
YORK, N.Y., 1969,387 P.
01630. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH. JERUSALEM INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY AND
POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1969.
SHUVAL, H.I. (ED..
ANN ARBOR-HUMPHREY SCIENCE PUBLISHERS,
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, 1970, 312 P.
01631. WATER QUALITY ENGINEERING FOR PRAC-
TICING ENGINEERS.
ECKENFELDER, W.W. JR.
BARNES & NOBLE, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1970, 328 P
01632. LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
MACAVOY, P.W.; PETERSON, D.F.
PRAEGER PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1969, 124
P.
01633. NUCLEAR DESALINATION. SYMPOSIUM ON
NUCLEAR DESALINATION, MADRID, SPAIN,
NOVEMBER 18-22, 1968.
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY.
ELSEVIER, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1969.
01634. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THERMAL POLLU-
TION. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THER-
MAL POLLUTION, VANDERBILT UNIVERSI-
TY, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, 1968.
PARKER, F.L.; KRENKEL, P.A. (EDS..
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY PRESS,
TENNESSEE, 1969,351 P.
NASHVILLE,
01635. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ENGINEERING.
HALL, W.A.; DRACUP, J.A.
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK, N.Y.,
1970, 372 P
01636. INDUSTRIAL DEMAND FOR WATER: A STUDY
OF SOUTH EAST ENGLAND.
REES, J.A.
WEIDENFELD & NICOLSON, LONDON, ENGLAND,
1969, 194 P.
01637. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
KRUTILLA, J.V.; ECKSTEIN, O.
JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1969, 301 P.
01638. THE CONSERVATION OF GROUND WATER.
WESTPORT,
THOMAS, H.E.
GREENWOOD PUBLISHING CORP.,
CONNECTICUT, 1970, 327 P.
01639. ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION AND
HUMAN WELFARE: THE SOCIAL CON-
SEQUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EF-
FECTS OF ELECTRIC POWER USE.
ABRAHAMSON, D.; WILLIAMS, R.; SQUIRE, A.; HOF-
MEISTA, R.; COMMONER, B.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT
OF SCIENCE, POWER STUDY GROUP, ST. LOUIS,
MISSOURI, 1972.
248
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REFERENCE LIST
01640. HISTORY OF DESALTING, OPERATION MAIN-
TENANCE, AND COST EXPERIENCE AT
BUCKEYE, ARIZONA.
SCHEFFER, S.L.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
64(11), 726-734, 1972.
EARLY IN 1971 THE OFFICE OF SALINE WATER SPONSORED
A STUDY WITH THE AWWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION TO
REVIEW THE IMPACT OF DESALTING TECHNOLOGY ON
COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLIES. OPERATING EXPERIENCES
AT VARIOUS DESALTING PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES
PROVIDED VALUABLE BACKGROUND FOR THIS STUDY A
REVIEW OF THE EXPERIENCES WITH THE BUCKEYE ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS PLANT WAS MADE AS A PART OF THIS PRO-
GRAM..
01641. ECONOMICS OF ION-EXCHANGE TECHNIQUES
FOR MUNICIPAL WATER-QUALITY IM-
PROVEMENT.
BRESLER, S.A.; MILLER, E.F.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
64(11), 764-771, 1972.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT MODIFIED
ION-EXCHANGE PROCESSES OR COMBINED ION-EXCHANGE
AND MEMBRANE PROCESSES MAY BE COMPETITIVE WITH
ELECTRODIALYSIS AND REVERSE OSMOSIS IN IMPROVING
THE QUALITY OF SOME BRACKISH MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLIES. THESE PROCESSES ARE DESCRIBED AND A COST
METHODOLOGY IS PRESENTED.
01642. COMPUTERIZED PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMAT-
ING COSTS OF DESALTING SYSTEMS.
DURTZ, D.L.; HUNTSINGER, R.C.; HATCH, J.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
64(11), 741-745, 1972.
COMPUTER MODELS ARE INTRODUCED AS ECONOMICAL
TOOLS FOR EVALUATING FEASIBILITY AND COSTS OF
SEVERAL WATER-DESALTING METHODS FOR A GIVEN AP-
PLICATION.
01643. WATER SUPPLY FROM ESTUARIAL SOURCES.
MONTANAR1, F.W.; BRENNAN, L.M.
JOURNAL AMER1CAL WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
64(11), 761-763, 1972.
SOME COMMUNITIES MAY FIND IT NECESSARY TO DRAW
FROM BRACKISH SOURCES IN ORDER TO BALANCE SUPPLY
WITH DEMAND-EVEN FOR BRIEF, INFREQUENT PERIODS.
ELECTRODIALYSIS CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE THE DIS-
SOLVED SOLIDS MAKEUP OF THE WATER. THE AUTHORS
REPORT ON A PARTICULAR MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE
OPERATING COSTS OF AN INTERMITTENTLY FUNCTIONING
ELECTRODIALYSIS PLANT.
01644. THE ECONOMICS
DISPOSAL.
OF . URBAN SEWAGE
DOWNING, P.B.
PRAEGER PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1969, 195
P.
01645. EXTENSION OF SEWER SERVICE AT THE
URBAN-RURAL FRINGE.
DOWNING, P.B.
LAND ECONOMICS, 45, 103-110, FEBRUARY 1969.
01646. THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION.
KNEESE, A.V.
RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE, INC., WASHING-
TON, D.C., DECEMBER 1970.
01647. USE OF DISTILLED SEA WATER AT SAN
DIEGO.
DODSON, R.E.; MULFORD, S.F.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
57(9), 1965, 1106-1112.
SOME OF THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE OPERA
TION OF THE POINT LOMA SEA WATER CONVERSION
PLANT IN SAN DIEGO ARE DISCUSSED. THE MULTI-STAGE
FLASH PROCESS EMPLOYED BY THE POINT LOMA PLANT IS
BRIEFLY DESCRIBED. SOME COST INFORMATION IS GIVEN.
01648. PROCEEDINGS WATER
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE.
RESOURCES
WATER RESOURCES CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, SEPTEMBER 30-OC-
TOBER 2, 1964.
THIS REPORT DISCUSSES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCE
ASPECT OF WATER RESOURCES. THE RECOMMENDATIONS
REPRESENT THE CONCENSUS OF A GROUP OF
ECONOMISTS, LAWYERS, POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, AND EN-
GINEERS IN ATTENDANCE AT THE WATER RESOURCES
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE AT LAKE TAHOE, CALIFORNIA.
01649. WATER DESALINATION: PROPOSALS FOR A
COSTING PROCEDURE AND RELATED
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERA-
TIONS.
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AF-
FAIRS OF THE UNITED NATIONS, NEW YORK,
N.Y., 1965, 56 P.
PROPOSALS ON A SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING
AN APPROXIMATE BUT REASONABLY REALISTIC COST FOR
PRODUCT WATER PRODUCED BY DESALINATION ARE
MADE IN THIS STUDY.
01650. FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RATES
AND RATE STRUCTURES FOR WATER AND
SEWAGE WORKS.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS; MU-
NICIPAL LAW SECTION OF THE AMERICAN BAR
ASSOCIATION.
OHIO STATE LAW JOURNAL, SPRING 1951, 276 P.
THIS REPORT DISCUSSES THE QUESTION OF HOW A UTILI-
TY SHOULD, WHETHER PUBLICLY OR PRIVATELY OWNED,
COMPUTE AND ESTABLISH FAIR RATES AND RATE STRUC-
TURES FOR WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS. PRESENT
METHODS OF FIXING RATES ARE DISCUSSED, AND THEIR
VAGARIES REVEALED. SOME SUGGESTIONS AS TO
METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR COMPUTING RATES AND
249
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
RATE STRUCTURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCI-
PLES DEVELOPED IN THIS STUDY ARE INCLUDED.
01651. WASTE WATER RENOVATION: PART 1. A
DESIGN STUDY OF FREEZING AND GAS
HYDRATE FORMATION. PART 2. FEASIBILI-
TY TESTS OF FREEZING.
BARDUHN, A.J.; ROSE A.; SWEENEY, R.F.
U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, PUBLICATION NO.
999-WP-4, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1963,45 P-
THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE RENOVATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATERS BY AN ADOPTION OF THE FREEZ-
ING AND GAS HYDRATE PROCESSES USED IN THE
DEM1NERALIZAT1ON OF SEA WATER. THE AUTHOR PRE-
DICTS COSTS FOR RECOVERING 92 PER CENT OF THE FEED
AS POTABLE WATER (250 PPM TDS). PRELIMINARY COST
ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT 95 PER CENT OF THE FEED
WATER CONTAINING 10 PER CENT OF THE CONTAMI-
NANTS CAN BE RECOVERED AT A COST SOMEWHAT
LOWER THAN THAT PREDICTED FOR DESALINATING SEA
WATER BY FREEZING.
01652. DUAL WATER SYSTEMS.
HANEY, P.O.; HAMANN, C.L.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
57(9), 1965, 1073-1098.
THE FEASIBILITY OF USING DUAL WATER SYSTEMS TO
FURNISH HIGH QUALITY WATER FOR DRINKING AND
OTHER HOME USES IS EXAMINED. THIS ARTICLE IS
DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF EQUALITY, WITH REGARD
TO SAFETY, BETWEEN THE TWO SUPPLIES. COMPARATIVE
COST STUDIES OF COMPLETE WATER SYSTEMS THAT EM-
PLOY CONVENTIONAL AND DUAL D1STRUBUTION
SYSTEMS ARE INCLUDED..
01653. SOME ECONOMIC ISSUES IN WATER RIGHTS.
CIRIACY-WANTRUP, S.V.
JOURNAL OF FARM ECONOMICS, 37(5), 1955, 875-
885.
THIS PAPER FOCUSES ON THE ECONOMIC ISSUES IN WATER
RIGHTS-ESPECIALLY THOSE ISSUES THAT ARE CREATED
BY ECONOMIC CHANGE. THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE RIPARI-
AN DOCTRINE, AND THE RIGIDITY OF THE APPROPRIATION
DOCTRINE ARE DISCUSSED.
01654. ECONOMIC ASPECT OF INDUSTRIAL EF-
FLUENT TREATMENT.
CARON, A.L.
TAPP1, 47(9), 1964, PP. 62A, 67A, 72A.
THIS PAPER DEALS WITH THE COST OF PURIFICATION OF
EFFLUENTS FROM THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY. AN
ENGINEERING STUDY AND COST ANALYSIS THAT COM-
PARES ALTERNATIVES IN 1N-PLANT CHANGES, SITE,
SEWERING, FOLLOWED BY SELECTION OF THE MOST
ECONOMICAL AND SATISFACTORY SOLUTION IS THE ONLY
WAY AN INDIVIDUAL MILL CAN ARRIVE AT A CLOSE ESTI-
MATE OF ITS OWN PROBABLE COSTS.
01655. ESTIMATED COST OF DESALTING THREE
FLORIDA BRACKISH WATERS.
BARNHILL, K.G.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
54(5), 1962,526-528.
THE ESTIMATED COSTS OF DESALTING THREE FLORIDA
BRACKISH WATERS BY ELECTROD1ALYSIS ARE
PRESENTED. THE AUTHOR POINTS OUT THAT DESALINA-
TION COSTS RELATE DIRECTLY TO WATER TYPE.
01656. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SALINE-WATER CON-
VERSION.
LAMB, J.C. III.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
54(7), 1962, 781-788.
THE ECONOMICS OF DESALINATION ARE REVIEWED LEAD-
ING TO NINE CONCLUSIONS RELATING TO THE STATUS OF
SALINE-WATER CONVERSION. CHIEF AMONG THESE ARE
THAT DESALINATION WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPLE-
MENT THE NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY IN THE FORESEEA-
BLE FUTURE, BUT THAT IT MAY BE AN IMPORTANT SOLU-
TION TO WATER SUPPLY PROBLEMS IN LOCAL SITUA-
TIONS.
01657. COST OF WATER TREATMENT IN CALIFOR-
NIA.
ORLOG, G.T.; LINDORF, M.R.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
SOU), 1958,45-55.
IT IS THE INTENT OF THIS ARTICLE TO PRESENT THE PIC-
TURE OF WATER TREATMENT COSTS AS THEY EXIST IN
CALIFORNIA, TO INDICATE THE TRENDS IN COST AS A
FUNCTION OF PLANT CAPACITY AND RATE OF INCREASE
OF WATER PRODUCTION, AND TO ILLUSTRATE THE RELA-
TIVE IMMPORANCE OF EXPENDITURES FOR TREATMENT,
WATER IMPORTATION, SEA WATER CONVERSION, AND
WASTE WATER RECLAMATION.
01658. VALUE OF AN ACRE-FOOT OF WATER.
RENSHAW, E.F.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
50(3), 1958,303-309.
THE ARTICLE STATES THAT THE DEMAND FOR VARIOUS
TYPES OF WATER HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT OF SEVERAL
STUDIES. AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO SUMMARIZE INFORMA-
TION ON VALUES OF WATER IN SUCH A WAY THAT COM-
PARISONS CAN BE MADE WITHIN AND BETWEEN SEVEN
WATER USE CATEGORIES.
01659. A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY.
DEHAVEN, J.C.; GORE, L.A.; HIRSHLEIFER, J.
THE RAND CORPORATION, SANTA MONICA,
CALIFORNIA, REPORT R-258-RC, OCTOBER 1953,
55 P.
THIS REPORT IS A SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL AND
ECONOMIC FACTS GOVERNING WATER SUPPLIES AND DE-
MANDS, BOTH ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL. THE REPORT
BEGINS BY EXAMINING THE HYDROLOG1C CYCLE. WATER
SUPPLIES AND REQUIREMENTS IN THE LOS ANGELES RE-
GION ARE USED TO COMPARE THE FEASIBILITY AND
ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF ADDI-
TIONAL FRESH WATER. THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND ESTI-
MATES OF COSTS OF PRODUCING FRESH WATER FROM
SALINE BY KNOWN PROCESSES IS EXAMINED. OTHER MEA-
SURES FOR CONSERVING OR EXPANDING NATURAL
WATER RESOURCES ARE EXPLORED AND COMPARED IN
COST TO DESALINATION.
250
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REFERENCE LIST
01660. CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PRO-
GRAMMING. PAPER PRESENTED AT SYM-
POSIUM, PROGRAMMING THE USE OF
NATURAL RESOURCES.
CIRIACY-WANTRUP, S.V.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIA-
TION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE SEC-
TION E (GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY) 'NEW
YORK, N.Y., DECEMBER 30, 1960, 105-111.
THE AUTHOR STATES THAT AT FIRST SIGHT, IT WOULD AP-
PEAR THAT THE TECHNIQUES OF FORMAL PROGRAMMING
WOULD BE HIGHLY USEFUL FOR DETERMING THE OP-
TIMUM STATE OF CONSERVATION. HOWEVER, THERE ARE
SIGNIFICANT CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DIFFICUL-
TIES THAT LIMIT THE USEFULNESS OF QUANTITATIVE OP-
TIMIZING IN THE ECONOMICS OF CONSERVATION HE
DISCUSSES THESE DIFFICULTIES AS THREE INTERRELATED
PROBLEM AREAS: VALUATION, INSTITUTIONAL CON-
STRAINTS, AND UNCERTAINTY, WHICH ARE PRESENT IN
THE PROGRAMMING OF ALL NATURAL RESOURCES.
01661. UTILITY DEPRECIATION PROBLEMS AND
PROCEDURES.
WELMON, W.C.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
53(4), 1961,413-420.
THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES DEPRECIATION AS IT AFFECTS
WATER UTILITIES. THE RECOGNITION OF REPLACEMENT
DEPRECIATION FOR TAX PURPOSES AND IN THE DETER-
MINATION OF RATES WOULD PERMIT UTILITIES TO
RECOVER COST IN THE SAME MANNER THAT UNREGU-
LATED BUSINESS RECOVERS ITS COSTS. THE AUTHOR SUG-
GESTS MODERNIZING THE PRESENT DEPRECIATION
PROCEDURES.
01664. RATES, REVENUES, AND RISING COSTS.
HOWSON, L.R.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
48(5), 1956,465-471.
THE ALLOCATING OF REVENUE REQUIREMENTS
EQUITABLY TO ALL CLASSES OF WATER CONSUMERS IS
DISCUSSED. CHANGING REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, AND
THE INCREASE IN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS,
FROM 1945 TO 1954 ARE BRIEFLY CONSIDERED.
01665. DETERMINATION OF STREAM USE.
BAXTER, S.S.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
56(10), 1964, 1285-1289.
THE PRACTICE OF ALLOCATING DIFFERENT USES TO DIF-
FERENT STREAMS, OR TO DIFFERENT REACHES OF THE
SAME STREAM, IS DISCUSSED. UNDER THIS PLAN, EACH
USE IS BALANCED AGAINST THE COSTS NECESSARY TO
OBTAIN IT.
01666. USE OF PEAK DEMANDS IN DETERMINATION
OF RESIDENTIAL RATES.
LINAWEAVER, P.P. JR.;GEYER, J.C.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
56(4), 1964, 403-410.
THE ALLOCATION OF PLANT INVESTMENT FOR RE-
SIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS ACCORDING TO THEIR DOMESTIC
AND SPRINKLING USES IS DISCUSSED. DATA ON RE-
SIDENTIAL DEMANDS ARE PRESENTED TO ILLUSTRATE
THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED, AND VARIOUS ALTERNATIVES
FOR DEVELOPING EQUITABLE WATER RATE SCHEDULES
ARE OUTLINED.
01662. IMPACT OF DESALINATION ON THE WATER
ECONOMY.
WOLMAN, A.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
53(2), 1961, 119-124.
THE AUTHOR SAYS THAT AT THE PRESENT TIME,
DESALINATION OF SEA WATER CANNOT ECONOMICALLY
CHALLENGE FRESH-WATER SUPPLIES. SALINE WATER
CONVERSION PROCESSES A TOO EXPENSIVE. MORE
RESEARCH IN THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF HIGHLY
MINERALIZED WATER AND DEVELOPMENT IN ENGINEER-
ING DESIGN ARE REQUIRED TO BRING DESALINATION
INTO COMPETION WITH FRESH WATER SOURCES.
01663. EFFECTS OF STIMULATION ON WELL
OPERATING COSTS AND ITS PERFORMANCE
ON OLD AND NEW WELLS.
1COENIG, L.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
52(12), 1960, 1499-1512.
IT WAS DECIDED, AS A RESULT OF A NATIONWIDE SURVEY
OF WATER WELL STIMULATION PRACTICE, TO IN-
VESTIGATE THE SAVINGS IN OPERATING COSTS EFFECTED
BY STIMULATION TREATMENT, AS WELL AS TO DETER-
MINE WHETHER THE AGE OF THE WELL HAS ANY AP-
PRECIABLE EFFECT ON THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
PERFORMANCE OF STUMULATION. THIS ARTICLE SETS
FORTH THE CRITERIA USED IN BOTH THESE INVESTIGA-
TIONS AND THE CONCLUSIONS REACHED.
01667. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER WELL
STIMULATION.
KOENIG, L.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
52(5), 1960,631-637.
THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE ECONOMIC DESIRABILITY OF
WATER WELL STIMULATION. VARIOUS ECONOMIC
CRITERIA WERE APPLIED TO THE RESULTS OF A NATION-
WIDE SURVEY. SUCH ASPECTS AS COST OF STIMULATION,
INVESTMENT COST COMPARISONS, STANDARD-WELL
COSTS, AND UNIT COST RATIOS ARE CONSIDERED.
01668. A METHOD FOR CALCULATING POWER AND
MUNICIPAL WATER RATES FOR PAYOUT
STUDIES.
BARBOUR, E.; WILLAR, D.G.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR, BUREAU OF
RECLAMATION, DENVER, COLORADO, MARCH
1963,21 P.
PAYOUT STUDIES DEMONSTRATE REPAYMENT OF PRO-
JECT COSTS OVER CERTAIN PERIODS OF TIME AND AT IN-
TEREST RATES ESTABLISHED BY CURRENT POLICY AND
LEGISLATION. THE METHOD OF PREPARATION OF A
PAYOUT STUDY PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER USES COM-
POUND INTEREST AND ANNUITY TABLES TO PREDICT
REQUIRED RATES WITHIN. AN ACCURACY OF APPROXI-
MATELY ONE-HUNDREDTH OF A MILL PER KILOWATT
HOUR OF POWER OR ONE HUNDREDTH OF A CENT PER
THOUSAND GALLONS OF WATER. THIS METHOD SAVES
CONSIDERABLE EFFORT OVER THE CUT-AND-TRY AP-
PROACH OF MAKING OUT SEVERAL COMPLETE PAYOUT
SCHEDULES IN ORDER TO FIND THE CORRECT RATE.
251
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01669. ADEQUATE RATES AND REVENUES-KEY TO
WATER WORKS FINANCING.
COHN, M.M.
WATER WORKS ENGINEERING, 111(4), 1958, 323-
327,399.
THE KEY TO IMPROVED AND ADEQUATE WATER SERVICE,
THE AUTHOR SAYS, CAN BE FOUND ONLY IN ADEQUATE
REVENUES TO MEET CURRENT OPERATIONS AND TO
FINANCE BETTERMENTS. RATES MUST BE BASED ON
REALISTIC RATE STRUCTURES WHICH CONSUMERS WILL
WILLINGLY PAY. THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS A NATIONAL
SAMPLING SURVEY OF RATES, REVENUE, AND FINANCING
PRACTICES AND DISCUSSES THESE SUBJECTS.
01670. FACTORS AFFECTING STORAGE COSTS.
SIMPSON, R.W.
WATER WORKS ENGINEERING, 112(6), 1959,519.
THE AUTHOR SAYS THAT ADEQUATE STORAGE, AT
REASONABLE COST, HAS BECOME A KEY PART OF MOST
WATER EXPANSION PROGRAMS. THE FOLLOWING
METHODS AND THEIR COSTS ARE DISCUSSED: STORAGE OF
RAW WATER IN EARTH DAMS, STORAGE OF TREATED
WATER IN CONCRETE TANKS, AND STORAGE OF TREATED
WATER IN STEEL TANKS.
01671. A REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
KNEESE, A.V
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 110(4), 1963, 138-142.
THE AUTHOR PRESENTS ECONOMIC CRITERIA FOR THE
DESIGN OF REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. POLLU-
TION GIVES RISE TO SOCIAL COSTS WHICH ARE NOT
REFLECTED IN PRIVATE CALCULATIONS AND POINT IN A
GENERAL WAY TO THE IMPLICATION THIS HAS FOR THE
BEST ALLOCATION OF SOCIETY'S RESOURCES.
01672. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
3-COMPLETELY ADEQUATE TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
ALDRICH, E.H.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 102(7), 1955,252-255.
THE AUTHOR DESCRIBES WHAT CONSTITUTES THE
PROCESSING ELEMENTS IN A NORMAL WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT. THE PHYSICAL REQUISITES OF CAPACITY
AND DEPENDABILITY NECESSARY IN AN ADEQUATE
FACILITY ARE DISCUSSED: THE WATER SOURCE DETER-
MINES WHAT TYPE OF TREATMENT IS NEEDED. OPERAT-
ING COSTS OF SOME REPRESENTATIVE COMPANIES ARE
LISTED.
01673. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
4--A COMPLETELY ADEQUATE DISTRIBU-
TION SYSTEM.
VEATCH, N.T.
WATER & SEWAGE WORKS, 102(8), 1955, 279-283.
THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES THE MAJOR PROBLEMS IN-
VOLVED IN PLANNING, FINANCING, CONSTRUCTING. AND
OPERATING A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. THE DIS-
TRIBUTION SYSTEM REPRESENTS ALMOST TWO-THIRDS OF
THE INVESTMENT IN THE WATER WORKS PLANT OF THE
AVERAGE COMMUNITY. IT IS STATED THAT ADEQUATE
AND SATISFACTORY FLOW TO THE CUSTOMER IS THE
MAJOR REQUIREMENT OF THE MAINS IN THE SYSTEM.
01674. WATER PURIFICATION BY ZONE-FREEZING.
MINK, W.H.; SACHSEL, G.F.; FILBERT, R.B. JR.
SALINE WATER CONVERSION, ADVANCES IN
CHEMISTRY SERIES 27, AMERICAN CHEMICAL
SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, D.C., I960, 75-81.
THE ECONOMICS OF PURIFICATION OF SALINE WATER BY
ZONE-FREEZING WAS INVESTIGATED USING ANALOG
SIMULATION AS A TOOL TO OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN. ESTI-
MATED COSTS FOR THE PROCESS WERE FOUND TO BE TOO
HIGH TO MAKE IT COMPETITIVE WITH OTHER PROCESSES
THEN UNDER DEVELOPMENT.
01675. THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRANDE BASINS OF NEW MEXICO.
WOLLMAN, N.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS, AL-
BUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO, 1962, 426 P.
THE STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF WATER
USE. THE STUDY WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE MAJOR
AREAS: AGRICULTURE. MUNICIPAL, AND INDUSTRIAL
USES, AND MINING. THE USE OF WATER FOR RECREATION
IS ALSO DISCUSSED
01676. CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC IN-
VESTMENTS IN THE WATER RESOURCES
FIELD.
STEINER, P.O.
AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 49(5), DECEMBER
1959, 893-916.
THE AUTHOR SAYS THAT QUESTIONS INVOLVING THE
AMOUNT AND FORM OF PUBLIC INVESTMENTS REQUIRE
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE INVESTMENTS AND
OPERATIONAL GUIDES FOR APPLYING THE CRITERIA. IN
THIS PAPER, THE AUTHOR FOCUSES ATTENTION ON THE
PROBLEM OF, CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC
EXPENDITURES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
01677. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER.
MCGAUHEY, P.H.; ERLICH, H.
JOURNAL OF THE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, 85(IR2), JUNE
1959, 1-21.
THE AUTHORS DESCRIBE THE DOMINANT FORCE IN
DEVELOPING WATER RESOURCES IN THE WEST AS HAVING
BEEN LAND IRRIGATION, PRESUPPOSING THAT THE MAX-
IMUM ECONOMIC BENEFIT WOULD RESULT FROM THE
MAXIMUM OCCUPANCY OF LAND BY PEOPLE. THE RISE OF
INDUSTRY AS A MAJOR FACTOR IN WESTERN ECONOMY
HAS RENDERED THIS CRITERION INADEQUATE. A
BROADER POLICY BASIS IS NEEDED BY WHICH PRESENTLY
UNAPPROPRIATED WATER IS ALLOCATED TO VARIOUS
BENEFICIAL USES TO PRODUCE THE GREATEST ECONOMIC
YIELD. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
RIGHTS AND WATER VALUE ARE DESCRIBED AND FAC-
TORS WHICH TEND TO PERPETUATE TRADITIONAL CON-
CEPTS ARE DISCUSSED CONSIDERED ARE FINANCIAL FAC-
TORS, LAND CLASSIFICATION, LEGAL FACTORS, AND
POLITICAL FACTORS. ALSO DISCUSSED ARE ECONOMIC IM-
PLICATIONS INCLUDING PERSONAL INCOME, MANUFAC-
TURING, AND ECONOMIC VALUES RESULTING FROM
252
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REFERENCE LIST
UTILIZING A GIVEN AMOUNT OF WATER ON LAND AND IN
MANUFACTURING..
01678. OUTLOOK FOR ECONOMIC USE OF FRESH
WATER FROM THE SEA.
MORRIS, S.B.
JOURNAL OF THE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
DIVISION, PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN
SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, 87(IR2), PART 1
JUNE 1961, 15-26.
THIS PAPER CONSIDERS THE COSTS OF NORMAL WATER
SUPPLIES IN COMPARISON TO PRESENT AND ANTICIPATED
FUTURE COSTS OF PRODUCING FRESH WATER FROM THE
SEA AND FROM SALINE WATERS. THIS COST COMPARISON
IS THEN RELATED TO THE POSSIBLE WATER REQUIRE-
MENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES..
01683. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER WORKS
DATA FOR 1955.
SEIDEL, H.F.; BAUMANN, R.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
49(12), 1957, 1531-1566.
THE DATA PRESENTED IN A MAY 1957 PUBLICATION BY
THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS AS-
SOCIATION, 'A SURVEY OF OPERATING DATA FOR WATER
WORKS IN 1955, ' ARE SUBJECTED IN THIS ARTICLE TO
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH RESPECT TO TWO BROAD
AREAS OF INTEREST. THE FIRST INVOLVES THE PRESENCE
(OR ABSENCE) OF GENERAL TRENDS. THE SECOND AREA
OF INTEREST IS THE POSSIBILITY OF DETERMINING NORMS
FOR VARIOUS ASPECTS OF WATER WORKS OPERATIONS,
SO THAT THE MANAGEMENT OF A PARTICULAR UTILITY
CAN JUDGE HOW IT COMPARES WITH OTHER UTILITIES
OPERATING UNDER SIMILAR CONDITIONS.
01679. WATER FROM THE SEA.
WOOD, N.
PUBLIC WORKS, 93(7), 1962, 86-87.
THE OPERATION OF THE ONE MILLION GALLON-PER-DAY
SALINE WATER CONVERSION PLANT AT POINT LOMA, SAN
DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, IS DISCUSSED, AND THE MULTIPLE
FLASH DISTILLATION PROCESS USED BY THE PLANT IS
BRIEFLY DESCRIBED. PLANT DESIGN DATA AND COST
DATA ARE ALSO INCLUDED.
01680. GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS AND THE
COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
HALVERSON, H.O.
PUBLIC WORKS, 92(3), 1961, 126-127.
A REGULATION ADOPTED BY THE CENTRAL STATES
REDUCING THE PERMISSIBLE LOADING ON TRICKLING FIL-
TERS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT IS DISCUSSED. THE
AUTHOR STATES THAT THE RESTRICTIONS ARE UN-
JUSTIFIED AND WILL INCREASE THE COST OF CONSTRUC-
TION OF TRICKLING FILTERS WITHOUT COMPENSATING
BENEFIT. HE BRIEFLY DISCUSSES A NUMBER OF FACTORS
WHICH CAN LEAD TO INSUFFICIENT AERATION AND
HENCE DISAGREEABLE ODORS..
01681. DESALINATION BRINE WASTE DISPOSAL.
VIESSMAN, W. JR.
PUBLIC WORKS, 94(12), 1963, 117-118.
THIS ARTICLE BRIEFLY DISCUSSES THE MAGNITUDE OF
THE PROBLEM OF DISPOSING OF THE BRINE WASTES AS-
SOCIATED WITH SALINE WATER CONVERSION. THE RELA-
TIVE SIZE OF THE WASTE DISPOSAL OPERATION IS ILLUS-
TRATED BV COMPARING THE WASTES PRODUCED BY A
COMPLETE SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITY WITH THOSE
DERIVED FROM A DESALINATION PLANT. SOME POSSIBLE
PROCESSES FOR HANDLING THE DESALINATION BRINE
WASTES ARE SUMMARIZED.
01682. EFFECT OF INFLATION ON WATER RATES.
MACDONALD, C.D.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
47(7), 1955, 657-659.
THE MAJOR ELEMENTS THAT AFFECT WATER RATES ARE
PRESENTED; OF THESE INFLATIONS DISCUSSED AS BEING
THE PRINCIPAL CAUSE OF INCREASED WATER RATES.
01684. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONTROL.
CLEARY, E.J.
PUBLIC WORKS, 94(2), 1963, PP. 64, 66, 68.
THE AUTHOR DISCUSSES SOME OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLI-
CATIONS OF POLLUTION CONTROL. AN APPRAISAL IS
MADE OF INDUSTRY'S STAKE IN THE CONDUCT OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL. THE ARTICLE EXAMINES SOME IN-
FORMATION ON WHOT INDUSTRY STANDS TO LOSE IN
USING DEGRADED WATER.
01685. MUNICIPAL SEWER SERVICE CHARGES.
AMERICAN CITY, BUTTENHEIM PUBLISHING COR-
PORATION, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1965, 108 P.
THE FUNDAMENTALS THAT REQUIRE CONSIDERATION
WHEN A MUNICIPALITY ADOPTS A SYSTEM OF CHARGES
FOR THE USE OF ITS SEWER SYSTEM AND PURIFICATION-
PLANT FACILITIES ARE ANALYZED. A SERIES OF SEWER-
SERVICE CHARGES IN SELECTED AREAS THROUGHOUT
THE UNITED STATES IS PRESENTED, AND A REVIEW OF
METHODS USED IN PROVIDING SEWERAGE SERVICE TO A
GROUP OF CITIES WITHIN A METROPOLITAN REGION IS
ALSO INCLUDED. A STUDY IS DESCRIBED THAT SHOWS
HOW CITIES CAN DESIGN AND OPERATE THEIR SEWAGE
PURIFICATION PLANTS SO THAT THEY ARE NOT SIMPLY
UTILITARIAN STRUCTURES PERFORMING A NECESSARY
TASK.
01686. ADVANCED TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS
FOR REUSE.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 3(9), 1964, 401-410.
SOME EXAMPLES OF WASTE WATER REUSE AND THE
NEED FOR ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES
ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED. THE STATUS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES IS REVIEWED BY BRIEFLY
PRESENTING NINE PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS WHICH
REPRESENT PROGRESS REPORTS ON THE STATUS OF STU-
DIES IN THIS AREA. NO FIRM COST FIGURES FOR THESE
PROCESSES COULD BE GIVEN; HOWEVER, ESTIMATED
COSTS BASED ON PROJECTIONS OF DATA AT HAND ARE
MADE.
01687. CAN WATER BE ALLOCATED BY COMPETI-
TIVE PRICES.
MCPHERSON, W.K.
JOURNAL OF FARM ECONOMICS,
DECEMBER 1956, 1259-1268.
38(5),
253
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING THE
ECONOMIC STATUS OF WATER IS DISCUSSED, AND AN
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT THAT WOULD FACILITATE THE
COMPETITIVE PRICING OF FACILITIES THAT MAKE WATER
USEFUL IS DESCRIBED ALSO, THE EXTENT TO WHICH IT
MAY BE POSSIBLE TO USE COMPETITIVE PRICES TO AL-
LOCATE THE COST OF WATER-PRODUCING FACILITIES IS
DISCUSSED..
01688. ECONOMICS OF LEAK SURVEYS.
BECKW1TH, H.E.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
56(5), 1964,575-578.
THE DIVIDENDS TO BE DERIVED BY REDUCING WATER
LOSS DUE TO LEAKAGE ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF DOL-
LAR SAVINGS AND PLANT CAPACITY REDUCTION..
01689. ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS.
BARNHILL, K.G.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 109(3), 1962, 87-90.
THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE INVESTMENT AND OPERATING
COSTS RELATING TO THE ELECTTRODIALYS1S PROCESS
FOR SEVERAL BRACKISH WATERS, PLANT SIZES, AND TEM
PERATURES. THE OPERATING COSTS ARE BROKEN DOWN
INTO THEIR INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS, AND THE COSTS
OF OTHER METHODS ARE TOUCHED ON BRIEFLY.
01690. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT, IN LAND AND WATER:
PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 1961
WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE.
GARNSEY, M.E.
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO PRESS,
COLORADO, 1962, 191-204.
BOULDER,
THE AUTHOR PRESENTS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FOUR
BOOKS: WAFER-RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BY O.
ECKSTEIN; MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT BY J.
KRUTILLA AND O. ECKSTEIN; EFFICIENCY IN GOVERN-
MENT THROUGH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, WITH PARTICULAR
REFERENCE TO WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BY RO-
LAND MCKEAN; AND WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY BY J. HIRSHLE1FER, J. C.
DEHAVEN, AND J. W. MILL1MAN.
01691. OUTDOOR RECREATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ROSENTHAL, E.P.
JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION,
18(2), MARCH-APRIL 1963, 73-76.
THE INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EFFORTS TO
PRESERVE, ENHANCE, AND DEVELOP NATURAL
RESOURCES FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION AND BASIC SOIL
AND WATER CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS
IS REFLECTED IN THE BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS LISTED IN
THIS PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OUTDOOR RECREATION.
MATERIALS PUBLISHED IN THE THREE YEARS PRIOR TO
THE COMPILATION OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY ARE IN-
CLUDED.
01692. THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTIES IN THE
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER-
RESOURCES PROJECTS.
ALTOUNEY, E.G.
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS, REPORT EEP-7. STANFORD UNIVERSI-
TY, STANFORD, CALIFORNIA, AUGUST 1963, 115
P.
THIS STUDY ASSESSES THE RELIABILITY OF THE VALUES
OF NEW BENEFITS AND THE BENEFIT-COST RATIO
PRESENTED TO DECISIONMAKERS AS CRITERIA FOR DECI-
SION WHEN BOTH THE PRELIMINARY COST AND BENEFIT
ESTIMATES ARE SUBJECT TO LARGE ERRORS. A METHOD
BY WHICH THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE BENEFIT-COST
ANALYSIS CAN BE QUANTIFIED IS DEMONSTRATED.
01693. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS
CHALLENGE TO POLITICAL ECONOMIC
RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NA-
TIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER POLLU-
TION, DECEMBER 12-14, 1960.
BRANDT, K.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND
WELFARE, PHS PUBLICATION NO. 819, U.S.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON,
D.C., 1961,474-488.
THE AUTHOR ANTICIPATES THE NEED FOR A CONSIDERA-
BLE ALLOCATION OF RESEARCH RESOURCES TO
ECONOMIC AND LEGAL PROBLEMS RELATING TO WATER
AND TO PROBLEMS ARISING FROM THE NECESSITY TO
ABATE WATER POLLUTION. THE GREATEST CHALLENGE
LIES IN THE OPPORTUNITY OF CONTRIBUTING TO A
BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ALTERNATIVE ARRANGE-
MENTS TO ATTAIN THE DESIRED ENDS OF OPTIMUM POL-
LUTION ABATEMENT WITH A MINIMUM OF COSTS AND A
MINIMUM OF DISTORTION OF OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.
01694. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CATALOG.
VOL. 1, PART 1: FEDERALLY SUPPORTED
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS.
OFFICE OF WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., FEBRUARY 1965, 441 P.
MATERIAL COVERED IN THIS CATALOG WAS DRAWN
FROM RESEARCH RECORDS IN THE SCIENCE INFORMATION
EXCHANGE ACTIVE AS OF NOVEMBER 1964 AS WELL AS
OTHERS SUBMITTED BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES FOR IN-
CLUSION. PROJECTS LISTED WERE REVIEWED AND AP-
PROVED AS WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH BY THE
FEDERAL AGENCIES THAI SUPPORT THEM. CATEGORIES
INCLUDE: NATURE OF WATER, WATER CYCLE, WATER
AND LAND MANAGEMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL,
QUALITATIVE ASPECTS, REUSE AND SEPARATION,
ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS, ENGINEERING
WORKS, AND MANPOWER AND RESEARCH FACILITIES.
0169S. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: WATER
TRANSMISSION COSTS.
ACKERMAN, W.C.
ILLINOIS DEPT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
CONSERVATION, OCT. 1967. (PB-185 860.
01696. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
WATER TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
ACKERMAN, W.C.
ILLINOIS DEPT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
CONSERVATION, OCT. 1968. (PB-185 856.
254
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01697. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
ACKERMAN, W.C.
ILLINOIS DEPT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
CONSERVATION, JUNE 1969.
01698. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
METHODOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO
THE SAINT JOHN RIVER.
H.G. ACRES LIMITED, NIAGARA FALLS, ONTARIO P
1-76, AUG. 1971.
01699. WATER QUALITY MODELS.
H.G. ACRES LIMITED, NIAGARA FALLS, ONTARIO, P
1-53, AUG. 1971.
01700. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WASTE STA-
BILIZATION POND.
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH LAB.,
CINCINNATI, OHIO, 1969.
01701. COST ESTIMATING COMPUTER PROGRAM
FOR W ASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH LAB.,
CINCINNATI, OHIO, 1970.
01702. BASIN MANAGEMENT FOR WATER REUSE.
ALAMO AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS.
DIVISION OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING, EPA,
FEB. 1972.
01703. TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT.
BARNARD, J.L.; WESLEY, W.; ECKENFELDER, JR.
TECHNICAL REPORT NO 23, ENVIRONMENTAL AND
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING, VANDERB1LT
U., 1971. (BARNARD'S PH.D. THESIS UNDER SAME
TITLE, VANDERB1LT U., 1971..
01704. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USES IN AP-
PALACHIA.
BATTELLE, MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, COLUMBUS,
OHIO.
REPORT TO APPALACHIAN REGIONAL COMMIS-
SION.
01705. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN
UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
BERTHOUEX, P.M.
THE U OF WISCONSIN, PH.D. THESIS, 1970.
01706. DIVERGENCE OF PRIVATE AND SOCIAL
BENEFIT COST.
FAN, L.
INDIAN ECONOMICS JOURNAL, 16(1), JULY-SEP-
TEMBER 1968.
01707. MULTI-TIME PERIOD, FACILITIES LOCATION
PROBLEMS: A HEURISTIC ALGORITHM
WITH APPLICATIONS TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
BHALLA, H.S.
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION,
RESEARCH, 87 P AUG. 1970.
OPERATIONS
01708. POLLUTION CHARGES, INCOME, AND THE
COSTS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
BOYD, J.H.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 7(4), P 759-769,
1971. (W71-13227.
01709. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE WATER
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN THE
OHIO RIVER VALLEY.
BRAMER, H.C.
THE U. OF PITTSBURGH, PH.D. THESIS 1960.
01710. MAIN SOURCES OF POLLUTION IN EF-
FLUENTS FROM PULP MANUFACTURE.
EVILEVICH, M.
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, 74, 1971.
01711. STORM SEWER ASSESSMENTS.
DAGUE, R.R.
PUBLIC WORKS, 101(8), P 62-66, ,118, 1970. (W71-
07863.
01712. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A- SUM-
MARY.
DAVID, E.L.; DAVIS, P.N.; FOX, I.K.; DORSEY, A.H.J.;
FAULKNER, C.H.
TECHNICAL REPORT, (8), 165 P 1971. (PB-199 268)
(W71-07972.
01713. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIALLY INDUCED AERATION IN A POL-
LUTED STREAM BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S MINIMUM PRINCIPLE.
DAVIDSON, B.; BRADSHAW, R.W.
WATER RESOURCE RESEARCH, 6(2), 383-397, 1970.
01714. BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL.
DAY, M.E.
OFFICE OF SALINE WATER RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS REPORT NO 588, AU-
GUST 1970. 134 P. (GPO $1.25) (W71-02950.
01715. A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING OP-
TIMUM LONGITUDINAL SPACING OF EF-
FLUENT DISCHARGES INTO A RIVER.
DEACON, R.W.
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION, INDUSTRIAL EN-
GINEERING, AUGUST 1970: 131 P (W72-00047.
- 255
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01716. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL POLLUTION
CONTROL SYSTEMS.
DEIN1NGER, R.A.
PROCEEDINGS, INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE,
21,40(2), 815-883.
01717. COST OF WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES.
DIGREGORIO, D.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINIS-
TRATION, FWQA ROBERT A TAFT WATER
RESEARCH CENTER REPORT NO. TWRC-6, DEC
1968. S3 P. (PB-197 760) (W7'1-03020.
01718. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND
QUALITY.
DORFMAN, R.; THOMAS, H.A. JR., ; JACOBY, H.D.
WATER QUALITY OFFICE, EPA, WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES 16110, 1971. 37 P.
(PB-202 698) (W71-12333.
01719. COMPLETE DOMESTIC WASTE TREATMENT
SYSTEM DESIGN.
DORR-OLIVER, INC., STAMFORD, CONN., 1971.
01720. ZEROING IN ON DESALTING.
BROWNING, J.E.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 77, 64-66, 1970.
01721. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
ECKENFELDER, W.W. JR., ; FORD, D.L.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 76(18), P 109-118, 1969.
(W71-12345.
01726. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
FRANKEL, R.J.; MCGAUHEY, P.M.; ORLOB, G.T.
U. CALIF., BERKELEY; SANITARY ENGINEERING
RESEARCH LABORATORY, RPT65-3, 1965.
01727. WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE
RIVER SYSTEM.
GARLAND, J.H.N; HART, I.C.
PAPER 3A, SYMPOSIUM ON TRENT (RIVER) PRO-
GRAMME, UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM, 15-17,
APRIL 1971. 16 P.
01728. ELEMENTS OF LARGE SCALE PRO-
GRAMMING, PARTS I AND II.
GEOFFRION, A.
MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, 16(11), 1970.
01729. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
GIBBS, J.P.
ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND
EDUCATION, SPRINGFIELD, CIRCULAR 104, 1971.
23 P (W7'1-08129.
01730. REGIONAL WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS.
GIGLIO, R.J.; KAMINSKY, F.C.; RIKKERS, R.F.
THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE JERUSALEM INTERNA-
TIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY AND
POLLUTION RESEARCH, P 229-239, JUNE 1969
(W71-05227.
01722. GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING AND THE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
ECKER, J.G.; MCNAMARA, J.R.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 7(1), 18-22, 1971.
(W71-05680.
01731. MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTATION ANALY-
SIS - AN OVERVIEW.
GRANTHAM, G.R.; PYATT, E.E.; HEANEY, J.P.;
CARTER, B.J.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 96(SA5), 1045-
1055, 1970.
01723. ENVIROTECH MUNICIPAL EQUIPMENT PRO-
GRAM.
ENVIROTECH CORP., BRISBANE, CALIF. 1971.
01724. EFFECTS OF AXIAL DISPERSION ON THE OP-
TIMAL DESIGN OF THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
FAN, L.T.; CHEN, K.C.; ERICKSON, 1..E.
WATER RESEARCH 3(4), P 271-284, (W71-C4768.
0172S. DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS.
FISHER, J.M.; KARADI, G.M.; MCVINNIE, W.W.
WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN, 7(2), P 294-302,
1971. (W71-08199.
01732. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
GRAVA, S.
COLUMBIA UNIV. PRESS, N.Y. 1969.
01733. BUDGETING MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLA-
TION PLANTS FOR DESALTING SEAWATER.
GREENE, R.A.; SENATORE, S.J.; EBEL, R.A.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., 44 P. AUG.
1970.
01734. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY, A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DIS-
256
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REFERENCE LIST
SOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN
FRESHWATER STREAMS.
HANSEN, W.W,; FRANKEL, RJ.
SANITARY ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB U
CALIF., BERKELEY, CALIF. REPORT NO 65-11 38
P- 1965.
01742. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR CAPACITY EXPANSION
OF WATER-SUPPLYING FACILITIES.
HINOMOTO, H.
ILLINOIS WATER RESOURCES CENTER, URBANA,
RESEARCH REPORT NO 39, JAN 1971. 59 P (PB-
198 521) (W71-07134.
01735. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
HASS, J.E.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 6(2), 353-365 1970
(W70-09652.
01736. CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES, APPENDIX A: DESIGN AND
COST OF LIQUID-WASTE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS.
HAYNES, C.D.; GRUBBS, D.M.
ALABAMA UNIVERSITY, NATURAL RESOURCES
CENTER, AND ALABAMA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
REPORT, MAY 1970. 120 P. (PB-194 113) (W70-
09772.
01737. MODERN TREATMENT PLANTS-HOW MUCH
DO THEY COST?
PHS PUBLICATION U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCA-
TION, AND WELFARE.
01738. WATER QUALITY IN THE PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY.
HEIPLE, L.R.
PH. D. THESIS, STANFORD U., 1967.
01743. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO MULTI-
STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER
TREATMENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
HINOMOTO, H.
A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 38TH NATIONAL
ORSA MEETING, OCTOBER 28, 1970. 32 P. (W7I-
04737.
01744. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE-OF-THE ART (1968).
HITTMAN ASSOCIATES, INC., COLUMBIA, MD. 151 P.
OCT 1969(OWR-PR-490.
01745. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION COST MANUAL.
INDUSTRIAL COMPUTER APPLICATION,
RETRIEVAL AND UTILITY SYSTEMS.
CAR US CORP, SILVER SPRING, MD., PREPARED
FOR EPA, NOV 1971.
01746. DETAILED ANALYSIS: THE ECONOMICS OF
CLEAN WATER.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AD-
MINISTRATION.
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR PUBLICATION VOL 1,
MARCH 1970.
01739. SYSTEM ECONOMIC RESPONSE TO WATER
AND QUALITY-FUNDAMENTAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
HENDRICKS, D.W.; DIXON, N.P.; WHALEY, R.S.
WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN, 6(4), 682-694, 1970.
(W71-030607.
01747. PROGRAM BUDGETING AND UNCERTAINTY: A
CASE STUDY IN ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WATER RESOURCE PRO-
JECTS.
JOHNSON, G.P.
STANFORD U. PH.D. THESIS 1971.
01740. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND A POL-
ICY MODEL.
MINES, W.W.; DYSART, B.O. 3RD.,.
AI1E TRANSACTIONS, 3(1), P 7-12, 1971. (W71-08499.
01741. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER-TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
HINOMOTO, H.
WRC RESEARCH NO 39, WATER RESOURCES
CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA,
JANUARY 1971. 45 f. (W71-10866.
01748. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: OPTIMAL
ALLOCATION OF POLLUTANT DISCHARGES
CONSTRAINED BY QUALITY AND EQUITY
CONSIDERATIONS.
KEEGAN, R.T.
RICE U. PH.D. THESIS, 1970.
01749. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND ESTUARINE
WATER QUALITY CONTROL.
KEEGAN, R.T.; LEEDS, J.V. JR.,.
WATER RESOURCE BULLETIN, 6(2), 235-248, 1970.
01750. THE APPLICATION OF A LINEAR PRO-
GRAMME MODEL TO WATER CQNSERVA-
257
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
TION AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT AT
MODERFONTEIN FACTORY.
LEVER, N.A.; ALEXANDER, A.T.; BUTTERY, R.J.;
MOFFAT, B.; HEN2EN, M.R.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, JULY
26-AUGUST 1, 1970. (W70-10374.
01751. AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC STUDY OF
COOLING POND PERFORMANCE, MAY 1970.
LITTLETON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COR-
PORATION, LITTLETON, MASS.
01759. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS:
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
MICHEL, R.L.; PERMOTER, A.L.; PALANGE, R.C.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 41(3), 335-
351, 1969.
01760. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF OP-
TIMAL QUALITY CONTROL IN ESTUARINE
WATERS.
MUKHERJEE, S.K.
UNIV. CALIF., BERKELEY, CALIF., 109 P. JAN 1969.
01752. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THERMAL
DISCHARGE TO STREAMS.
LOF, G.O.; WARD, J.C.
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION,
CHAPTER 10, P 282-301, 1969. (W71-02488.
01753. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
LOGAN, J.A.; HATFIELD, W.D.; RUSSELL, G.S.;
LYNN, W.R.
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 34(9), P 860,
1962.
01754. THE POLLUTION OF ASIA.
FARVAR, T.
ENVIRONMENT, OCTOBER 1971.
01755. AN OPTIMAL SITING MODEL: THERMAL
PLANTS WITH TEMPERATURE CON-
STRAINTS.
MARKS, D.H.; BORENSTEIN, R.A.
EDISON ELECTRIC INSTITUTE, 750 THIRD AVENUE,
NEW YORK, NY 10017. EEI PUB NO 70-902, 1970.
(W71-07 42 3.
01756. ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS CONTROLLING
POLLUTION IN THE 70'S.
GOLDMAN, M.
PRENTICE-HALL, INC., ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NEW
JERSEY, 1970.
01757. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
BY GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
MEIER, W.L. JR., ; SHIH, C.S.; WRAY, D.J.
WATER RESOURCES INSTITUTE, TECHNICAL RE-
PORT NO. 34, FEB 1971, 117 P. (PB-199 645) (W71-
08393.
01758. STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL.
EPA REPORT NO 1104, JULY 1971, 1031 P (W71-
13370). VOL. 1-4, (PB-203 289) (PB-203 290) (PB-
203 291) (PB-203 292.
01761. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT OPERATIONS.
OWENS, T.R.; GRIFFIN, W.L.
2ND COMPEDNIUM OF ANIMAL WASTE MANAGE-
MENT, JUNE 1969, PAPER NO. 12, 62 P (W71-
10377.
01762. COST OF TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE
RIVER SYSTEM OF THE TRENT AREA.
PORTER, K.S.; BOON, A.G.
PAPER 3B, SYMPOSIUM ON THE TRENT (RIVER)
RESEARCH PROGRAMME, UNIVERSITY OF NOT-
TINGHAM, 15-17 APRIL 1971. 14 P. (W71-013542.
01763. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ELETRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS.
PRUYN, K.T.; HARRINGTON, J.J.; SMITH, J.D.
POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES, JULY
1969. 70 P. (PB-200 721) (W71-09525.
01764. COST CURVES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR
LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION.
PYNE, R.D.G.
M.S.E. THESIS, U. FLORIDA, 1967.
01765. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER. TREATMENT,
DILUTION, AND TREATMENT COSTS OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTES (APPENDIX D).
REID, G.W.; ECKENFELDER, W.W.; STREEBIN, L.E.;
NELSON, R.Y.; LOVE, O.T.
THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER, THE JOHNS HOPKINS
PRESS, BALTIMORE, 1971, 203-220 (W72-02603.
01766. MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT COSTS AND
ESTIMATED WASTE LOADINGS: THE
WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN.
RODEM, R.W.
UNPUBL. REPORT TO: U. WISCONSIN, MADISON,
WISC. WATER RESOURCES CENTER MAY 31, 1968.
258
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01767. SEWAGE
COSTS.
TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION
ROWAN, P.R.; JENKINS, K.H.; BUTLER, F.D.
/ WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED 34(9) p 860
1962.
01775. RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION OF A RIVER IN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
HARLIK, B.
HEALTH PHYS., 19, 1970.
01768. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
ROWAN, P.R.; JENKINS, K.H.; HOWELLS, D.H
J WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED. 33(2) P 11
1961.
01769. WASTE TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION BY
GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
SCHERFIG, J.; SCHINZINGER, R.; MORGAN, T.W.
FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, JULY
26-AUGUST 1, 1970. PREPRINT, 18 P. (W70-09755.
01770. MINIMIZING ABATEMENT COSTS OF WATER
POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICULTURE: A
PARAMETRIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING AP-
PROACH.
SEAY, E.E. JR.,.
PH.D. THESIS, 1970. 156 P. IOWA STATE UNIV.,
AMES DEPT. OF ECONOMICS (W71-04738.
01771. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
SHIH, C.S.
/ WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FED., 42(10), 1792-
1804, 1970. (W71-03 881.
01772. SEWERS AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
SIMPSON, J.R.; HIBBERD, R.L.
PROCED1NGS OF SYMPOSIUM: FARM WASTES: THE
INSTITUTE OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AND THE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON
TYNE, PAPER NO 7, P 44-51, 1970. (W7'1-05754.
01773. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATE WASTE
MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN A RIVER
BASIN.
SLAGLE, G.E. JR.,.
MASTER'S THESIS DEC.
UNIV., S.C. (W72-00913.
1970. 105 P CLEMSON
01774. COMPUTER DESIGN OF THE CMAS SYSTEMS.
SMITH, D.W.
ASCE J SANITARY ENGINEERING, 96(SA4), 977-990,
1970. (W70-10024.
THE COMPLETE MIXING ACTIVATED SLUDGE (CMAS)
MODEL COMBINED WITH COST INFORMATION TO ALLOW
SELECTION OF THE MOST ECONOMIC UNIT BASED ON CON-
STRUCTION COSTS ANND OPERATING CONDITIONS IS
DEVELOPED INTO A COMPUTER PROGRAM.
01776. A GENERALIZED COMPUTER MODEL FOR
STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE 6F THE
RELIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
SMITH, R.; ECLERS, R.C.
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH LAB.,
CINCINNATI, OHIO, OCT, 1969.
01777. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
SMITH, R.; ECLERS, R.G.
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT RESEARCH LAB.,
CINCINNATI, OHIO, JULY 1970.
01778. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
SMITH, R.; MCMICHAEL, W.F.
ROBERT A. TAFT WATER RESEARCH CENTER RE-
PORT NO TWR C-9 JUNE 1969.
01779. TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
ROBERT R. TAFT WATER RESEARCH CENTER
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR TERTIARY.
WRC CINCINNATI, OHIO, 1970.
01780. OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC
GROWTH MODELS: A CASE STUDY OF IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION.
TIHANSKY, D.P.
PH.D. THESIS, HARVARD U., CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
1970.
01781. APPLICATION OF USER CHARGES TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
UPTON, C.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 7(2), 264-272,
(W71-08196. ' '
01782. DEVELOPMENT OF A STATE EFFLUENT
CHARGE SYSTEM. i
VERMONT DEPT. OF WATER RESOURCES. -. •
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING, EPA,
FEB. 1972.
01783. SEWER SYSTEM COST ESTIMATION MODEL.
A.M. VOORHEES AND ASSOCIATES, MCLEAN, VA.
126 P. APR. 1969.
01784. AN EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN AND
OPERATION OF WATER FACILITIES.
WANIELISTA, M.P.
CORNELL U. PH.D. THESIS, 1971.
259
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01785. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER-WASTE
WATER SYSTEMS.
WEDDLE, C.L.; MUKHERJEE, S.K.; PORTER, J.W.;
SKARHEIM, H.P.
JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
62(12), 769-775, 1970. (W71-04774.
01786. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SEWER DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATION.
ZEPP, P.L.; LEARY, A.
REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL, BALTIMORE, MD.,
88 P., APRIL 1969.
01794. OIL SLICKS AND FILMS.
DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER, ALEXAN-
DRIA, VA.
REPT NO. DDC-TAS-71-64, 73 P, MAR 1970. (AD-738
500.
01795. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: SANITARY EN-
GINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER, ALEXAN-
DRIA, VA.
REPT NO. DDC-TAS-71-57-1, 205 P, FEB 1972. (AD-
737 500.
01787. STATE OF THE ART OF COAGULATION.
J AMER WATER WORKS ASN, 63(2), 99-108, 1971.
01788. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW ON SLUDGE IN-
CINERATION PRACTICE.
BALAKRISHNAN, S.; WILLIAMSON, D.E.; OKEY,
R.W.
RESOURCE ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES, WILTON,
CONN., 148 P, APRIL 1970.
01789. INDUSTRIAL WASTE GUIDE ON THERMAL
POLLUTION.
CHRISTIANSON, A.G.; TICHENOR, B.A.
FWPCA-16130-09/68, 121 P, SEPT 1968.
01790. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION - A SELECTIVE
BIBLIOGRAPHY: INFORMATION FOR BUSI-
NESS AND INDUSTRY.
CFST1-BIB-70-01, MAY 1970, 37 P, (PB-192 318.
01791. BIBLIOGRAPHY: SELECTED REGIONAL,
STATE, AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL
AGENCY WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
DOCUMENTS.
REPORT ON CONNECTICUT WATER RESOURCES
PLANNING PROJECT. APRIL 1970, 31 P. CONNEC-
TICUT OFFICE OF STATE PLANNING, HARTFORD.
(PB-196623.
01792. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REMOTE
SENSING OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
BROOKS, P.O.; THOMSON, G.W.
ARMY TOPOGRAPHIC COMMAND WASHINGTON D
C, SEP 1971, 26 P (AD-737 588.
01793. ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS READING
LIST.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHINGTON,
D.C.
SEMIMONTHLY REPT., 1973 (EARL-73.
01796. WATER: PURIFICATION AND DECONTAMINA-
TION.
DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER, ALEXAN-
DRIA, VA.
REPT NO. DDC-TAS-71-30, 99 P, JUN 1971 (AD-725
610.
01797. DESALINATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR 1950-
1969.
DILKHAN, M.; ASHRAF, M.
ATOMIC ENERGY CENTRE, LAHORE, PAKISTAN, 389
P, JULY 1970.
01798. CONTROL OF COPPER ELECTROPLATING
WASTES. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
EMERY, W.T.
VERMONT UNIVERSITY, BURLINGTON, UVM-TIC-
99-72-3, 7 P, 15 JUN 1972. (PB-210 309.
01799. WATER: A SUBJECT HEADING LIST.
WATER RESOURCES CENTER ARCHIVES, UNIV.
CALIF., BERKELEY ARCHIVES SERIES REPORT
NO. 18, 1967.
01800. A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON
THE ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE
SYSTEMS.
GYS1, M.; LOUCKS, D.P
CORNELL UNIV., ITHACA, PUB-25, 197 P, AUG-1969.
(PB-186335) (W70-00306.
01801. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON DREDGING.
HERBICH, J.B.; SNIDER, R.H.
TEXAS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION, COL-
LEGE STATION SEA GRANT PUB- 203, 25 P, 1969.
(PB-188 109.
01802. WATER LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1847-1965.
JACOBSTEIN, J.M.; MERSKY, R.M.
JEFFERSON LAW BOOK CO., SILVER SPRING, MD.
249 P, 1966.
SOURCE BOOK ON U. S. WATER AND IRRIGATION STUDIES
ON LEGAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITCAL ASPECTS. SILVER
SPRING, MD. JEFFERSON LAW BOOK CO., 249 P, 1966.
$21.50..
260
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01803. INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION LITERATURE.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN. 63 P NOV
1969.
01804. FOREST PRODUCTS POLLUTION CONTROL.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (EXCLUDING
PULP AND PAPER).
JOHNSON, M.
WESTERN FOREST PRODUCTS LAB., VANCOUVER
(BRITISH COLUMBIA). VP-X-WO, 22 P, JUN 1972
(PB-210 728.
01805. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS:
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
KING, D.L.
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, DENVER, COLO, EN-
GINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTER. REC-OCE-
70-55, 140 P, DEC 1970 (PB-197 954.
01812. CHROMATE POLLUTION OF WATER DETEC-
TION, EFFECTS, AND PREVENTION: A
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
STEMPLE, R.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., 20 P, 1971.
(ORNL-TM-3450.
01813. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA, A COMPENDI-
UM OF USEFUL INFO. ON WATER
RESOURCES.
TODD, O.K.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIF., BERKELEY, WATER INFO.
CENTER, OCT 1970: $21.50.
01814. GROUND WATER: A SELECTED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
VAN DER LEEDEN, F.
GERAGHTY & MILLER, INC., PORT WASH., N.Y.
WATER INFO. CENTER, 1971.
01806. PROGRESS IN CONTROLLING ACID MINE
WATER: A LITERATURE REVIEW.
LORENZ, W.C.
BUREAU OF MINES, WASHINGTON, D.C. 1C-8080, 45
P, 1962 (PB-182 673.
01807. ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF CON-
CERN TO MARINE MINING RESEARCH: A
SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MARINE MINERALS TECHNOLOGY CENTER, TIBU-
RON, CALIF., 1971. NOAA-TM-ERL-NNTC.
01808. SEDIMENTATION: ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY OF FOREIGN LITERATURE. 1968-
1969 SURVEY NO. 6.
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION.
SFCSI-NSF, 364P, 1970. (TT-70-50050.
01809. SUBSURFACE WASTE DISPOSAL BY MEANS OF
WELLS: A SELECTIVE ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
RIMD, D.R.; CHASE, E.B.; MYERS, B.M.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY .WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 20,
1971 (GPO.
01810. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RIVERS AND HARBORS.
ROSE, R.S.
PRINCETON U.,
EN GIN., 1953.
PRINCETON, N.J. DEPT. CIVIL
01811. PHENOL POLLUTION OF WATER: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
STEMPLE, R.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB., TENN., 35 P, 1971.
(ORNL-TM-3431.
01815. ARSENIC AND LEAD IN WATER: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
CENTER, WASHINGTON, D.C.
WRS1C-71-209 85 P, SEPT 1971 (W71-12036) (PB-202
578.
01816. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF WATER
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
WRSIC-71-210 291 P, SEPT 1971, (W71-12688) (PB-202
862.
01817. URBANIZATION AND SEDIMENTATION: A
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
CENTER, WASHINGTON. D.C.
WRSIC-7'1-2038 120 P, OCT 1971. (W71-13432) (PB-
203 188.
01818. DETERGENTS IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
CENTER, WASHINGTON, D.C.
WRSIC-71-214, 467 P, DEC 1971, (W72-04438) (PB-206 ,
527.
01819. PCB IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
CENTER, WASHINGTON, D.C.
WRSIC-72-201, 43 P, JAN 1972 (W72-04439) (PB-206
534.
01820. MERCURY IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
CENTER, WASHINGTON, D.C.
WRSIC-72-207, 298 P, JAN 1972 (W72-04440) (PB-206
535.
261
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01821. DIELDRIN IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
CENTER, WASHINGTON, D.C.
WRSIC-72-202, 149 P, JAN 1972 (PB-207 339.
01822. ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE RELAT-
ING TO WATER RESOURCES.
YORK, C.M.
GEORGIA INST. OF TECH., ATLANTA, GA.,33 P, APR
1970.
01823.,WATER DESALINATION.
DEFENSE DOCUMENTATION CENTER, ALEXAN-
DRIA, VA.
REPT NO. DDC-TAS-7I-28, JUN 1971, 60 P (AD-725
600.
IT HAS BEEN MAINTAINED THAT MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLY SHOULD BE PRICED SO THAT MARGINAL COST
EQUALS PRICE. BUT THERE ARE LIKELY TO BE THIRD,
PARTY BENEFITS FROM SOME COMPONENTS OF MU-
NICIPAL WATER USE. MARGINAL COST PRICING MAY
RESULT IN A PRICE THAT EXCEEDS A SOCIALLY OPTIMUM
PRICE..
01829. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS OR CHARGES.
BROWN, G.; MAR, B.
WATER RESOURCES
1965, IIS3.
RESEARCH, 4, DECEMBER
THERE EXIST CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH IT MAY BE
DYNAMICALLY MORE EFFICIENT TO ESTABLISH PRESENT
WATER QUALITY LEVELS THAT WILL BE OPTIMUM ONLY
AT SOME FUTURE DATE. EXCESS DEMAND FUNCTIONS
AND AN AGGREGATE NONLINEAR DAMAGE FUNCTION
ARE THE CONCEPTUAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THIS PAPER..
01824. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH
CATALOG, PARTS 1 AND 2.
SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION
'EXCHANGE.
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING,
-.RESEARCH INFORMATION DIVISION, ENVIRON-
MENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, JANUARY 1972.
THIS CATALOG LISTS RESEARCH PROJECTS UNDERWAY
AND CONTAINS A SPECIAL SECTION ON WATER QUALITY
REFERENCES..
01825, THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER IN INDUS-
TRIAL USES.
BRAMER, H.C.
N.USCORPORATION, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA,
DECEMBER 1969.
01826; A THREE-STEP APPROACH TO POLLUTION
REVERSAL.
ANDRUS, R.R.
BUSINESS REVIEW. NO. 4, SUMMER 1940, 37.
01827i CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL INVESTMENT.
ARROW, K J.
, WAT-ER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 1(1), 1963, 1.
AN- ELEMENTARY EXPOSITION OF CHOICE CRITERIA FOR
SOCIAC .INVESTMENT IS .PRESENTED. THE TWO CAUSES
FOR 'DISCOUNTING THE FUTURE BENEFITS, TIME
PREFERENCE AND OPPORTUNITY COST, ARE DISCUSSED. A
CLEAR AND SIMPLE DEFINITION OF PRESENT VALUE IS
VALUE. THE GENERAL REASONS FOR SPECIAL METHODS
OF MEASURING BENEFITS ARE ALSO DISCUSSED. THE SUB-
SEOUE'NT DISCUSSION is A MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF
THE APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES, TOGETHER WITH
SOME REMARKS ON THE MEASUREMENT OF COSTS. GOOD
DISCUSSIONS OF THE BEST INTEREST RATE ARE ALSO IN-
CLUDED..
oi82& ON THE MARGINAL COST PRICING OF MU-
, NICIPAL WATER.
?
BONEM,G.W.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 4, FEBRUARY 1968,
191.
01830. WATER POLICY AND ECONOMIC OPTIMIZ-
ING: SOME CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN
WATER RESEARCH.
CIRIACY-WANTRUP, S.V.
AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 57(2), MAY 1967,
179-195.
01831. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT. IN WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY BY
T.H. CAMPELL AND R.O. SYLVESTER.
CRUTCHFIELD, J.A.
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS, SEATTLE,
WASHINGTON, 1968, 129-138.
01832. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCE
POLICY.
GOFFNEY, M. - ,
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND
SOCIOLOGY, 28(2), APRIL 1969, 113-130.,
01833. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING FOR RE-
GIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
GRAVES, G.W.; HATFIELD, G.B.; WHINSTON, A.B.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 8(2), APRIL 1972,
273.
01834. DEMAND FOR WATER UNDER DYNAMIC CON-
DITIONS.
HANK.E, S.H.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 6(5), OCTOBER
1970, 1253.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS ON RESIDUAL
WATER USE FROM A FLAT RATE PRICE STRUCTURE TO A
METERED ONE IS PRESENTED. TIME SERIES DATA, FOR
THE FIRST TIME, ARE USED TO STUDY THE DYNAMICS OF
RESIDUAL WATER DEMAND. THE RESULTS INCLUDE THE
OBSERVATIONS THAT: (I) SPRINKLING DEMANDS WERE
REDUCED BY THE INTRODUCTION OF METERS, WJTH AC-
TUAL SPRINKLING BEING GREATER THAN THE CALCU
LATED IDEAL UNDER FLAT RATES AND LESS THAN IDEAL
UNDER METERED RATES, (2) SPRINKLING USE NOT ONLY
DECLINED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF METERS BUT SUB-
262
-------
REFERENCE LIST
SEQUENTLY CONTINUED TO DECLINE; (3) DOMESTIC DE-
MANDS (INuHOUSE) WERE REDUCED BY 36 PER CENT
AFTER METER INSTALLATION; AND (4) DOMESTIC DE
MANDS STABILIZED AT THESE LOWER LEVELS THE
EVIDENCE GENERATED BY THE ANALYSIS DEMON
STRATES THAT WATER USERS DO NOT RETURN TO THEIR
OLD USE PATTERNS AFTER METERS ARE INSTALLED AND
THAT METERING RESULTS IN A PERMANENT AND SIGNIFI-
CANT IMPROVEMENT IN WATER USE EFFICIENCY.
01835. WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENT AND THE
PUBLIC INTEREST.
HAVEMAN, R.H.
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY PRESS, NASHVILLE
TENNESSEE, 1965.
01836. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS: THE FEDERAL
PERSPECTIVE-PROGRESS TOWARD OBJEC-
TIVES.
H1RSCH, A.; AGEE, J.L.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, SEPTEMBER 1968, 1601.
01837. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
JOHNSON, E.L.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 3(2), 1967, 291.
SEVERAL METHODS OF ALLOCATING WASTE REDUCTIONS
AMONG DISCHARGES ARE AVAILABLE TO WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL ADMINISTRATORS. THE MOST RECENT IS
THE EFFLUENT CHARGE. COMPARISONS ARE MADE
BETWEEN TWO SUCH SCHEMES. THE RESULTS INDICATE
THAT THE EFFLUENT CHARGE CONCEPT SHOULD BE SERI-
OUSLY CONSIDERED AS A MEANS OF ATTAINING WATER
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT AT LESSER COST THAN OTHER
CONVENTIONAL SCHEMES..
01838. EMERGING PROBLEMS IN WATER
ECONOMICS: THE STOCK RESOURCE
VALUE OF WATER.
K.ELSO, M.M.
JOURNAL OF FARM ECONOMICS,
DECEMBER 1961, 1112-1128.
43(5),
01839. CONSERVATION EXPECTATIONS OF RIVER
BASIN MANAGEMENT.
KIMBALL, T.L.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, 42(11), 1970, 1911-1915.
01840. DOES CONSERVATION INVOLVE COST? .
KING, W.I.
QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 30, MAY,
1970, 595-600.
01841. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION.
KNETSCH, J.L.
JOURNAL OF FARM ECONOMICS, 48(5),
DECEMBER 1966, 1256-1264.
01842. CONSERVATION RECONSIDERED.
KRUTILLA, J.V.
AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 57(3), JUNE 1967,
777.
01843. PROBLEM OF SOCIAL COST.
LEDEBUR, L.C.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND
SOCIOLOGY, 26(4), OCTOBER 1967,399-416.
01844. AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONNEC-
TICUT WATER LAW: WATER RIGHTS,
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
LEONAR, R.L.
CONNECTICUT UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF WATER
RESOURCES, STORRS REPORT NO. 11, JULY 1970,
71 P
01845. EFFLUENT CHARGES AND WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
LONGO, G.M.
JOURNAL OF LAW REFORM, 4(47), 1970.
AN EFFECTIVE WAY OF REGULATING WATER POLLUTION
WOULD BE TO EXACT EFFLUENT CHARGES FROM THOSE
WHO WISHED TO DEPOSIT SUBSTANCES INTO THE WATERS
OF THE NATION. SUCH CHARGES COULD BE LEVIED ON A
STATE LEVEL.
01846. BENEFIT-COST RATIOS FOR PROJECTS IN
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE INVESTMENT PRO-
GRAMS.
MAJOR, D.C.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 5, DECEMBER
1969, 1174.
INVESTMENT PROGRAMMING FOR MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES
HAS BECOME AN IMPORTANT NEW ELEMENT IN WATER
RESOURCES PLANNING, REFERENCE IS MADE TO CURRENT
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE PLANNING EFFORTS AND THE
BENEFIT-COST RATIO APPROPRIATE TO SUCH PROJECTS IS
PRESENTED. IT IS SHOWN HOW THIS RATIO DIFFERS FROM
THE RATIO REQUIRED BY CURRENT FEDERAL INSTRUC-
TIONS, WHICH DO NOT ALLOW AGENCIES TO REFLECT AC-
CURATELY THE INTERACTION OF SOCIAL PREFERENCES
AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES. A CHANGE IN THE
FEDERAL INSTRUCTIONS IS RECOMMENDED.
01847. A METHOD OF ESTIMATING SOCIAL
BENEFITS FROM POLLUTION CONTROL.
MALER, K.
THE SWEDISH JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 71(3),
1971, 96-112.
01848. COMBATTING POLLUTION ON THE EAST
COAST OF CANADA.
MANN, K.H.; SPRAGUE, J.B.
MARINE POLLUTION JOURNAL, 1(5), 1970, 75-77.
263
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01849. COMMONALITY, THE PRICE SYSTEM, AND
USE OF WATER SUPPLIES.
MILLIMAN, J.W.
SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, APRIL 1956, 426-
437.
01850, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: A SURVEY.
PREST, A.R.; TURVEY, T.
ECONOMIC JOURNAL, DECEMBER 1965, 683-735.
01851. THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
IN0ER A FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT: A COM-
MENTARY ON LINEAR PROGRAMMING AP-
PLIED TO WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
REVELLE, C.; DIETRICH, G.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, S, APRIL 1969.
01852. THE NATIONAL WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL EFFORT.
RIDGEWAY, M.E.
QUARTERLY REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND BUSI-
NESS, 3(1), 1963, 51-63.
01853. MODELS OF INVESTIGATION OF INDUSTRIAL
RESPONSE TO RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
ACTIONS.
RUSSEL, C.S.
THE SWEDISH JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 73(1),
MARCH 1971, 134-156.
01854. NONMARKET VALUES AND EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS IN WATER
RESOURCES.
SCHMID, A.A. ....
AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 52(2), MAY 1967,
158-168.
01855. ECONOMICAL TREATMENT OF PLANT EF-
FLUENT AND INDUSTRIAL WATER RECLA-
MATION.
SEETON, F.A.
A. A. MINING AND ENGINEERING JOURNAL,
81(4027), APRIL 1970, 733,735, 737.
THIS PAPER REVIEWS LOW-COST TREATMENT METHODS
FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER SEDIMENTATION, FLOTA-
TION, AERATION AND NEWTRALIZAHON.
01856. REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS OF WATER
QUALITY.
SILVESTRE, F.B.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, 42(4), 1970, 55,3-561.
01857. EXTERNALITIES AND EMPIRICISM IN WATER
RESOURCES.
THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO PRESENT ONE INTER- ,
DISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUE WHICH WILL SUPPLY EMPIRI-
CAL MEASURES OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS IN WATER
RESOURCES AND THEIR RELATION TO GROUP ACTION
AND MANAGEMENT. IT COMPARES COSTS OF CON-
TROLLING PULP POLLUTION IN A SMALL AREA WITH
BENEFITS ARISING FROM ALTERNATIVE CONTROL
METHODS. IT ALSO MEASURES THESE BENEFITS AND IN-
DIRECT EFFECTS BY MEANS OF LOCAL INPUT-OUTPUT
ANALYSIS.
01858. PAPER MILL WASTE: TREATMENT FOR
COLOR REMOVAL.
SPRUILL, E.L.
WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS, 118(3), 1971, P.
1WI15.
01859. ENFORCEMENT IN WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
STEIN, M.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, 3(2), 1971, 179-199.
01860. PROGRESS IN SULFITE PULP POLLUTION
ABATEMENT IN SWEDEN.
VASSEUR, E.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, 38, JANUARY 1966, 27.
01861. A MODEL OF WATER QUALITY MANXGE-
MENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
UPTON, C.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 6(3), JUNE 1970,
690.
01862. THE ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL-MU-
NICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
WATSON, K.S.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, 42(1), FEBRUARY 1970, 209-217. ••
THIS PAPER POINTS OUT THE ADVANTAGES OF JOINT
TREATMENT, ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES AND QUALITY OF
MANAGEMENT. PROCEDURES FOLLOWED IN PLANNING
THE REGIONAL APPROACH ARE DISCUSSED.
01863. WASTEWATER RATES AND
CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
SERVICE
WOOD, R.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION JOUR-
NAL, 41(12), 1969, 1987.
01864. NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
YOUND, O.K.; PISANO, MA.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 6(1), FEBRUARY
1970,32.
SOKOLOSKI, A.A.
JOURNAL OF FARM ECONOMICS,
DECEMBER 1967. 1521-1525.
49(5),
264
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01865. BACKGROUND FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
KNEESE, A.V.
THE SWEDISH JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 73(1)
1971,1-24.
THE PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE IS TO OUTLINE THE IMPOR-
TANT ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN BOTH
DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. THE AUTHOR
SUGGESTS THAT SUBSTANTIAL ATTENTION BE PAID TO
THIS PROBLEM AS THE ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL
SOURCES ARE EITHER NEGLECTED OR MISUNDERSTOOD
BY MOST COMTEMPORARY THINKERS ON THE SUBJECT.
FIRSTLY GLOBAL PROBLEMS, SUCH AS ILL EFFECTS ON
THE ATMOSPHERE, ARE DISCUSSED FOLLOWED BY A
FOCUS ON REGIONAL PROBLEMS PRESENTED UNDER THE
TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES OF WATERBORNE, AIRBORNE
AND SOLID RESIDUALS AND THE INTERDEPENDENC1ES
AMONG THESE RESIDUALS STREAMS AND THEIR IMPLICA-
TIONS FOR ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. THESE ARE: ( 1) THAT
TECHNOLOGICAL EXTERNAL DISECONOMIES ARE NOT A
COINCIDENCE IN THE PROCESSES OF PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION BUT PLAY AN INHERENT AND IMPORTANT
ROLE; (2) EXTERNAL DISECONOMIES ARE APT TO BE
NEGLIGIBLE IN AN ECONOMICALLY UNDERDEVELOPED
SETTING, BUT BECOME MORE IMPORTANT AS POPULATION
AND OUTPUT INCREASE; (3) ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA ON
ONE PARTICULAR ASPECT SUCH AS WATER CANNOT BE
CONSIDERED IN ISOLATION FROM THE OTHER ELEMENTS
OF THE ENVIRONMENT; (4) ISOLATED AND AD HOC TAXES
ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO CONTROL OPTIMALLY THE EF
FECTS OF POLLUTION; (5) PUBLIC INVESTMENT PRO-
GRAMS INFLUENCE THE AMOUNTS AND EFFECTS OF
RESIDUALS AND MUST BE PLANNED IN ACCORD WITH
THEM; AND (6) THERE ARE MANY TECHNOLOGICAL AL-
TERNATIVES FOR COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL POLLU-
TION AND ECONOMIC TOOLS NEED TO BE SELECTED AND
DEVELOPED WHICH CAN BE USED TO APPROXIMATE OP-
TIMAL COMBINATIONS OF THESE ALTERNATIVES..
01866. PANGLOSS ON POLLUTION.
MISHAN, EJ.
THE SWEDISH JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 73(1),
1971, 113-120.
A PORTION OF A RADIO INTERVIEW WITH A CERTAIN DR.
PANGLOSS IS PRESENTED AFTER WHICH THE AUTHOR
CRITICIZES THE VIEWS PUT FORTH BY DR. PANGLOSS CON-
CERNING ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION. DR. PAN-
GLOSS MAINTAINS THAT POLLUTION IS NOT A SERIOUS
PROBLEM BUT IS RATHER, IN THE MAIN, AN ATTEMPT BY
SCIENTISTS AND MEN OF AFFAIRS TRYING TO FOIST THEIR
OWN TASTES AND SYSTEMS OF VALUES ONTO THE REST
OF SOCIETY, AND THAT THE PEOPLE WOULD BE SERVED
BETTER IF GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION WERE LESS. HE
MAINTAINS THAT OPTIMALITY IS UNIQUELY DETERMINED
REGARDLESS OF LEGAL OR DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSIDERA-
TIONS AND THAT POLLUTION ABOVE A CERTAIN OP-
TIMUM CAN BE ECONOMICAL JUST IN SO FAR AS THE
HEAVY TRANSACTION COSTS OF CORRECTING THE EXIST-
ING SUBOPTIMAL POSITION ARE REAL COSTS AND EXCEED
THE OPTIMALITY GAINS. MISHAN ARGUES, HOWEVER,
THAT CHANGING TO ANTI-POLLUTION LAWS ALTERS THE
OPTIMAL POSITION AS WELL AS REVERSING THE ROLE OF
THE TRANSACTIONS-COST BARRIER. THE EFFECT BEING
TOO LITTLE' POLLUTION. SINCE TRANSACTIONS COSTS
RESULT FROM ANY CHANGE TOWARD AN OPTIMUM POSI-
TION, A CHANGE TO ANTI-POLLUTION LAWS MUST BE
BASED ON EQUITY AND ALLOCATIVE EFFECTS. WITH
EMPHASIS PLACED ON THE EXTERNAL ECONOMIES OF IN-
CREASING RISK. MISHAN CONCLUDES THAT THERE AP-
PEARS TO BE A PRIMA FACIE CASE IN EQUITY AGAINST
THE POLLUTER AND ALSO THAT THERE CAN BE GROUNDS
FOR GOVERNMENT CONTROLS.
01867. A COST ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.
TIHANSKY, D.P.
JOURNAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ASSOCIA-
TION, 22(5), 1972, 335-341.
THIS PAPER PRESENTS COST ANALYSES OF POLLUTION
CONTROL IN STEELMAKING AT THREE LEVELS OF DETAIL.
THE LOWEST LEVEL PERTAINS TO GROSS EXPENDITURES
FOR EQUIPMENT AND ITS OPERATION BY NEARLY ALL
AMERICAN STEEL PLANTS OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES.
INSTALLATION COSTS ARE APPORTIONED BETWEEN AIR
AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL, AND ANNUAL OPERAT-
ING EXPENSES ARE COMPARED TO EQUIPMENT VALUA-
TION. THE INTERMEDIATE LEVEL OF DETAIL LISTS AIR
AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS IN A SPECIFIC
STEEL COMPANY. CAPITAL OUTLAYS AND OPERATING EX-
PENSES ARE ESTIMATED FOR VARIOUS PHASES OF THE
STEELMAKING CYCLE, FROM INPUT PREPARATION (COKE,
SINTER) AND STEELMAKING OPERATIONS (BLAST FUR-
NACE, BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE, BLOOMING AND SHEET
MILLS) TO PRODUCT FINISHING AND CLEANING
(PICKLING, TANDEM, AND TUBE MILLS). AT THE MOST
DETAILED LEVEL OF ANALYSIS, TREATMENT EXPENDI-
TURES ARE EXAMINED BY SPECIFIC DEPARTMENT OR
MANUFACTURING PROCESS. THE MAJOR ELEMENTS AF-
FECTING TOTAL COST-MANPOWER, MATERIALS AND SUP-
PLIES, OTHER INPUTS, AND INDIRECT COSTS-ARE
IDENTIFIED ALONG WITH THEIR RELATIVE MAGNITUDES.
FINALLY, THE EFFECTS OF REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND
WASTE EFFLUENT VOLUME ON TOTAL TREATMENT COSTS
ARE DISCUSSED..
01868. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL ARTICLES
CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES.
BRANDER, L.G.; GRAHAM, B.M.
ACAD1A UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF
ECONOMICS, WOLFV1LLE, NOVA SCOTIA,
CANADA, 1971, 22 P
01869. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOCIOLOGICAL AND
OTHER RELATED SOCIAL SCIENCE PUBLI-
CATIONS ON WATER.
ANDREWS, W.H.
UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH, LOGAN, UTAH, MARCH
1966.
01870. OUTDOOR RECREATION: AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
BURDGE, R.J.
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL
SOCIOLOGY, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA-
TION, UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA, AU-
GUST 1967.
01871. A SAFE MINIMUM STANDARD AS AN OBJEC-
TIVE OF CONSERVATION POLICY. IN
RESOURCE CONSERVATION: ECONOMICS
AND POLICIES.
CIRIACY-WANTRUP, S.V.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DIVISION OF
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, AGRICULTURAL EX-
PERIMENT STATION, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA,
1963,251-268.
265
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01872. ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS.
CROCKER, T.D.; ROGERS, AJ.
DRY DEN PRESS, HINSDALE, ILLINOIS, 1971.
01873. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR, AND SOLID WASTES.
DEGLER, S.E.; BLOOM, S.C.
BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1971.
01874. THE PUBLIC VALUE FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, NATURAL
RESOURCES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
EDITED BY W.R. BURCH, JR., N.H. CHEEK,
JR., AND L. TAYLOR.
D1LLMAN, D.A.; CHRISTENSON, M.A.
HARPER AND ROW, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1972, 237-255.
01875. ECONOMICS OF THE
SELECTED READINGS.
ENVIRONMENT:
DORFMAN, R.; DORFMAN, N.S. (EDS..
W. W. NORTON AND COMPANY, INC., NEW YORK,
N.Y., 1972.
01876. ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
DURRENGERGER, R.W.
NATIONAL PRESS BOOKS, PALO ALTO, CALIFOR-
NIA, 1970.
01877. THE ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF RIVER BASIN
DEVELOPMENT.
FOLZ, W.E.
LAW AND COMTEMPORARY PROBLEMS, 22(2),
SPRING 1957.205-220.
01881. BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS FOR WATER
SYSTEM PLANNING.
HOWE, C.W.
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, DEPARTMENT OF
ECONOMICS, BOULDER, COLORADO, 1971.
01882. URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES AT U. S.
UNIVERSITIES: A REPORT BASED ON A 1963
SURVEY OF URBAN AND REGIONA
RESEARCH.
KEYES, S. (ED..
JOHN HOPKINS PRESS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND,
1964.
01883. GOALS, PRIORITIES, AND DOLLARS: THE
NEXT DECADE.
LECHT, L.A.
THE FREE PRESS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1966.
01884. DESIGN OF WATER-RESOURCE SYSTEMS:
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR RELATING
ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES, ENGINEERING
ANALYSIS, AND GOVERNMENTAL
PLANNING.
MAASS, A. (ED..
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MAS-
SACHUSETTS, 1962.
01885. THE SOCIAL, PHYCHOLOGICAL AND VALUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSERVATIONISTS
AND PRESERVATIONISTS IN THE UNITED
STATES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
MCEVOY, J. HI.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DEPARTMENT OF
SCCIOLOGY, DAVIS, CALIFORNIA, APRIL 1971.
01878. ECONOMICS AND
QUESTION.
THE CONSERVATION
GORDON, S.
JOURNAL OF LAW ECONOMICS,
110-121.
1, OCTOBER 1958,
01886. THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FEDERAL
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
MARGOLIS, J.
AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, 49(1), MARCH
1959, 96-111.
01879. THE METROPOLITAN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT. IN DECISIONS IN SYRACUSE. R.C.
MARTIN (ED.).
HERMAN, H.
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS, BLOOMINGTON, IN-
DIANA, 1961, 80-109.
01880. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: AN ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS; APPLICATIONS FOR THE
COASTAL ZONE.
HITE, J.C.; LAURENT, E.A.
PRAEGER PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, N.Y., 1971.
01887. SELECTED LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
MEYERS, C.J.; TARLOCK, A.D.
THE FOUNDATION PRESS, INC., MINEOLA, NEW
YORK, 1971.
01888. SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MOORE, J.A.
COMMISSION ON SCIENCE EDUCATION, AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF
SCIENCE, WASHINGTON, D.C., 1970. AAAS
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION, 70-6 AND 71-7.
01889. THE PROFITS IN POLLUTION.
NADER, R.
THE PROGRESSIVE, 34(4), APRIL 1970, 19-22.
266
-------
REFERENCE LIST
01890. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SPECIAL DIS-
TRICTS AND AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED
STATES, ANNOTATED.
NOVAC, B.
NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS DIVISION,
ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE, U.S. DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE, U.S. GOVERNMENT
PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C., JUNE
1968. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 1087.
01891. READINGS ON NATURAL BEAUTY: A
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
OTTERSEN, S.R.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR LIBRARY,
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1967. BIBLIOGRAPHY NO. 1.
01892. THE FUTURE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISSUES
AND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES.
PADBURY, P.; WILKINS, D.
COUNCIL OF PLANNING LIBRARIANS, MONTICEL-
LO, ILLINOIS, 1972. EXCHANGE BIBLIOGRAPHY
NO. 279.
01893. NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE GOVERNMEN-
TAL PROCESS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY,
SELECTED AND ANNOTATED.
PAULSON D.F.
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA PRESS, INSTITUTE OF
GOVERNMENT RESEARCH, TUCSON, ARIZONA,
1970. AMERICAN GOVERNMENT STUDIES, NO. 3.
01894. INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM CHANGES: IMPLICA-
TIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROLS.
RICKSON, R.E.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, DEPARTMENT OF
SOCIOLOGY, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA, 1966.
01895. THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY.
ROSE, S.
FORTUNE, 81(2), FEBRUARY 1970, 120-123, 184-186.
01896. THE ECONOMIC COMMON SENSE OF POLLU-
TION.
RUFF, L.E.
THE PUBLIC INTEREST, 19, SPRING 1970, 69-85.
01897. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAN:
SOME THOUGHTS ON ECONOMIC INSTITU-
TIONS.
SCHMID, A.A.
JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION,
21(3), MAY-JUNE 1966, 89-91.
01898. A GUIDE TO BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. IN
RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW: A GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS.
SEWELL, W.R.D.
QUEEN'S PRINTER, OTTAWA, CANADA, 1962, 1-13.
01899. SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDIES OF WATER
RESOURCES PROBLEMS: REVIEW OF
LITERATURE AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
SINGH, R.N.; WILKINSON, K, P
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, MISSIS-
SIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY, STATE COLLEGE, MIS-
SISSIPPI, 1968.
01900. ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
SMITH, S.C.; CASTLE, E.N. (EDS..
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS,
1964.
AMES, IOWA,
01901. INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS AND BENEFIT-COST
ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCES
RESEARCH.
STOEVENER, H.H.; CASTLE, E.N.
JOURNAL OF FARM ECONOMICS,
DECEMBER 1965, 1572-1579.
47(5),
01902. ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CONTROLLING
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION.
TAYLOR, G.C.
AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOCIA-
TION MEETING, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY, AU-
GUST 1969.
01903. INDEX OF SELECTED OUTDOOR RECREATION
LITERATURE.
U.S. BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION, DE-
PARTMENT OF INTERIOR.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., NOVEMBER 1969.
01904. ECONOMIC DISLOCATION RESULTING FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS.
SUBCOMMITTEE ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
OF THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS, U.S.
SENATE.
92ND CONGRESS, MAY 17, 18, AND JUNE 28, 1971.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1971.
01905. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE.
SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL
WATER RESOURCES, 86TH CONGRESS, COMMIT-
TEE PRINT NO. 24. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING
OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C., FEBRUARY 1960.
01906. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY--THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
U.S. COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., AUGUST 1971.
267
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01907. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE THIRD AN-
NUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
U.S. COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., AUGUST 1972.
01908. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER: ECONOMIC IM-
PACT ON AFFECTED UNITS OF GOVERN-
MENT.
U.S. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AD-
MINISTRATION.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHING-
TON, D.C., 1968.
01909. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES.
HAMILTON, H.R.
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, COLUMBUS,
OHIO, 1966.
01910. THE IDENTIFICATION AND CRITICAL ANALY-
SIS OF SELECTED LITERATURE DEALING
WITH THE RECREATIONAL ASPECTS OF
WATER RESOURCES USE, PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS WATER RESOURCES
CENTER.
CLEARINGHOUSE FOR FEDERAL SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL INFORMATION, SPRINGFIELD, VIR-
GINIA, 1970.
01911. CONSERVATION:
ECONOMICS.
MORE ETHICS THAN
WEAVER, J.C.
ECONOMIC QUARTERLY, 35(4), OCTOBER 1959.
01912. WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST, REPORT IN-
STITUTIONS AND POLICIES.
WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
RESEARCH COUNCIL, COMMITTEE ON THE
ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOP-
MENT.
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, 1970.
01913. ENVIRONMENT: A DRAFT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE.
MORRISON, D.E.; HORNBACK, K.E.; WARNER, W.K.;
WEBB, M.B.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, EAST LANSING,
MICHIGAN, OCTOBER 1972.
01914. COSTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
MCJUNKIN, F.E. (ED..
NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, WATER RESOURCES
RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
NORTH CAROLINA, RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA,
APRIL 6-7, 1972.
THIS SYMPOSIUM CONTAINED THE FOLLOWING PAPERS:
ECOLOGY, ECONOMY AND ECOLIBIUM, BY E. T. JENSEN;
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND ACTIONS ON
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, BY E. J. CLEARY; TWO TRIL-
LION OR THREE: THE COST OF WATER QUALITY GOALS,
BY D. F. METZLER AND F. O. BOGEDAIN; ECONOMIC IMPLI-
CATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE NATIONAL POLICIES FOR
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, BY LUKEN AND PISANO;
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE GOALS, BY T.
L. KIMBALL; COST EFFECTIVENESS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT, BY R. V THOMANN; EFFECTIVE-
NESS OF CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PRAC-
TICES, BY R. C. MARINI; UNRECORDED POLLUTION
SOURCES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR OPTIMUM WATER
QUALITY SYSTEMS, BY W. WHIPPLE, JR., J. V. HUNTER,
AND S. L. YU; ECONOMIC GUIDELINES FOR ANALYSIS OF
JOINT INDUSTRIAL-MUNICIPAL COLLECTION AND TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS, BY T. P. QUIRK AND J. E. SHIRK; WATER
RESOURCES ISSUES AND THE 1972 UNITED NATIONS CON-
FERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT, BY W. H.
MATTHEWS; EFFECTIVE POLLUTION CONTROL INVEST-
MENT, BY R. C. PALANGE; THE PRESENT AND FUTURE
, MARKET FOR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT, BY K. L.
KOLLAR AND R. BREWER; FINANCING ANE> CHARGES FOR
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS, BY C. R. WALTER; POLLUTION
CONTROL POLICY AND THE EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF
RESOURCES, BY A. K. MCADAMS; ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, BY A. M. FREEMEN;
WATER AND WASTEWATER SURCHARGES AS ECONOMIC
INCENTIVES, BY J. A. SEAGRAVES; PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF
POLLUTION CONTROL, BY R. CAHN; INDUSTRY VARIANCE
OF CONSUMER PRICES AND COMPETITION AS A CON-
SEQUENCE OF WATER POLLUTION AND ABATEMENT, BY
H. B. PICKLE AND A. C. RUCKS; BENEFIT-RELATED EXPEN-
DITURES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT, BY N. L.
NEMROW AND C. GANOTIS; COSTS OF WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, BY H. C. BRAMER;
COSTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE PAPER IN-
DUSTRY BY I. GELLMAN.
268
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
ACID RINSE WATERS
01153. NEW PROCESS TREATS ACID RINSE WATERS.
ACTIVATED ALUMINUM
00639. PHOSPHOROUS REMOVAL FROM WASTE
WATER BY ACTIVATED ALUMINA
COLUMNS.
00698. ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM POTABLE WATER.
ACTIVATED CARBON
00013. DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZATION MODELS
FOR CARBON BED DESIGN.
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00385. ODOR CONTROL METHODS, EXPERIMENTA-
TION AND APPLICATION.
00429. FEASIBILITY OF GRANULAR, ACTIVATED-
CARBON ADSORPTION FOR WASTE WATER
RENOVATION.
00638. REMOVAL OF ORGANICS FROM WASTE
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON.
00650. DEMINERALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
00729. PAC-PCT PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
00730. POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON APPLICA-
TION, REGENERATION AND REUSE IN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT.
00761. APPRAISAL OF GRANULAR CARBON CON-
TACTING: PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF THE
LITERATURE. PHASE 2. ECONOMIC EFFECT
OF DESIGN.
00870. USE OF GRANULAR REGENERABLE CARBON
FOR TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT. ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
ECONOMIC EVALUATION.
00938. EIGHTEENTH OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONFERENCE.
00962. ABSORPTION AND FILTRATION WITH
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON.
00966. SECONDARY TREATMENT WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
01034. ACTIVATED CARBON AIDS WATER TREAT-
MENT.
01035. ACTIVATED CARBON BIDS FOR WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT JOBS.
01115. ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM TREATMENT
OF COMBINED MUNICIPAL AND PAPER
MILL WASTE WARERS IN FITCHBURG,
MASS.
01116. ADSORPTION/FILTRATION PLANT CUTS
PHENOLS FROM EFFLUENTS.
01163. INFLUENCE OF TOXIC MATERIALS ON MEET-
ING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY
WATER.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
00021. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00042. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE ECONOMICS.
00127. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
00134. POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF A DISTILLERY
WASTE.
00178. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY A LIME-BIOLOGI-
CAL TREATMENT SCHEME.
00314. DESIGN OF THE NEWTOWN CREEK WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT.
00320. FLOCCULATION OF BULK ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WITH POLYELECTROLYTES.
00325. EFFECT OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AND BOD ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PRODUCTION.
00365. ECONOMICS OF AERATION IN WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
00378. CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
00380. WHAT THE WASTE PLANT ENGINEER
SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CENTRIFUGES.
00424. TREATMENT OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE
BY AERATION.
00540. CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT - KEHR AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
00587. AEROBIC SECONDARY TREATMENT OF
POTATO PROCESSING WASTES.
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A
LAKE WATERSHED.
00641. TAHOE AND WINDHOEK: PROMISE AND
PROOF OF CLEAN WATER.
00652. DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT.
00703. EVALUATION OF EXTENDED AERATION
TREATMENT AT RECREATION AREAS,
PROGRESS REPORT.
00923. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSING.
00958. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
01015. COLD WATER CREEK WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT.
01021. NEW ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT FO'*
KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE.
01035. ACTIVATED CARBON BIDS FOR WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT JOBS.
01068. ACTIVATED SLUDGE VS. TRICKLING FILTER
PLANTS.
01069. CAPITAL COSTS OF SEWAGE PLANTS.
01113. 63 YEAR-OLD SEWERS UPGRADED.
01122. PURE OXYGEN IMPROVES ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
01136. CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS-THE ENGINEER AS OPERATOR.
01151. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS.
269
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01155 NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
01189. WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACT
STABILIZATION AT PENETANGUISHENE,
ONT.
01197. SECONDARY PLANT EFFLUENT POLISHING.
01225. FREEZING METHOD FOR CONDITIONING AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
01245. SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
STATE OF THE ART ABSTRACTS.
01264. OPTIMIZING AN ACTIVATED CARBON
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT.
01272. ACTIVATED SLUDGE JOINT TREATMENT OF
PULP AND PAPER EFFLUENT WITH MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
ADSORPTION
00378. CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
00429. FEASIBILITY OF GRANULAR, ACTIVATED-
CARBON ADSORPTION FOR WASTE WATER
RENOVATION.
00650. DEMORALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
ADVANCED TREATMENT
00139. SUMMARY REPORT ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT PROGRAM, JULY 1964-JULY
1967.
00208. THE ROLE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER REUSE.
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00240. CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00357. PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00360. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. WET OXIDATION,
PART 2. INCINERATION.
00419. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00718. CONVENTIONAL USE OR REUSE--A COST
COMPARISON.
00731. COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
01036. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT-AN
OVERALL SURVEY.
01037. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT-
REMOVING PHOSPHORUS AND SUSPENDED
SOLIDS.
01335. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT RESIDUES.
01344. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS-AD-
VANCED WATER TREATMENT.
01686. ADVANCED TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS
FOR REUSE.
AERATION
00134. POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF A DISTILLERY
WASTE.
00135. AERATED STABILIZATION BASIN TREAT-
MENT OF WHITE WATER.
00143. OXYGEN MANAGEMENT AND ARTIFICIAL
REAERATION IN THE AREA OF BALDENEY
LAKE AND THE LOWER RUHR RIVER (IN
GERMAN).
00165. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00212. ECONOMY OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
00283. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIAL INDUCED AERATION IN POL-
LUTED STREAMS BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S PRINCIPLE.
00289. WASTE STABILIZATION POND PRACTICES IN
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
00328. SIMPLE BIO-AERATION KILLS STRONG
WASTES CHEAPLY.
00330. TEXTILE WATER POLLUTION CLEANUP
PICKS UP SPEED.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT.
00339. DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS.
00346. WET AIR OXIDATION AT LEVITTOWN.
00365. ECONOMICS OF AERATION IN WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
00367. NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL-
LAND.
00430. POULTRY MANURE LAGOON DESIGN.
00570. AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTE.
00572. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS-PART 2.
00577. SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
00579. TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
00596. ALTERNATIVE OXYGENATION POSSIBILITIES
FOR LARGE POLLUTED RIVERS.
00629. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
00679. MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEMS FOR
RIVERS AND PONDS.
00703. EVALUATION OF EXTENDED AERATION
TREATMENT AT RECREATION AREAS,
PROGRESS REPORT.
00726. AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES.
00753. THREE YEARS OPERATION OF AERATED
STABILIZATION BASINS FOR PAPERBOARD
MILL EFFLUENT.
00754. LONG-TERM AERATION OF KRAFT PULP AND
PAPER MILL WASTES.
00756. POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS.
00845. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00923. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSING.
00963. AERATION OF STREAMS WITH AIR AND
MOLECULAR OXYGEN.
01050. MICROSTRAINING AND OZONATION OF
WATER AND WASTEWATER.
01117. AERATED LAGOON TREATMENT OF SULFITE
PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.
01118. AERATED LAGOONS IN SERIES SEEM
ANSWER.
01122. PURE OXYGEN IMPROVES ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
01244. BIODEGRADABILITY AND TREATABILITY OF
COMBINED NYLON AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES.
01680. GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS AND THE
COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
270
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01713. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIALLY INDUCED AERATION IN A POL-
LUTED STREAM BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S MINIMUM P
01805. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESER-
VOIRS: ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
AGRICULTURE
00225. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES
VOLUME II2-CRITERIA FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT.
00337. OXNARD SEWAGE PLANT SOLVES ODOR
CONTROL PROBLEM.
00496. ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
00511. COST-SHARING UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL
CONSERVATION PROGRAM.
00706. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT: EXEMPLIFIED BY SPECIFIED POLLU-
TANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF
00737. CATTLE, SWINE AND CHICKEN MANURE
CHALLENGES WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS.
01343. A MODEL FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF
WATER QUALITY IN IRRIGATION.
01491. CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS PROJECT, SAN
JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN.
01675. THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRAND BASINS.
01770. MINIMIZING ABATEMENT COSTS OF
WATER.POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICUL-
TURE: A PARAMETRIC LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING APPROACH
01902. ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CONTROLLING
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION.
01912. WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST, REPORT IN-
STITUTIONS AND POLICIES.
AIR INJECTION
00196. ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER
PROJECT.
01241. TECHNIQUES FOR DECONTAMINATION OF
OIL FIELD CRUDE WATERS. (IN GERMAN).
ALGAL GROWTHS
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
00376. ALGAL FLOCCULATION WITH ALUMINUM
SULPHATE AND POLYELECTROLYTES.
00391. FILTRATION OF ALGAL SUSPENSIONS.
00575. WATER RECLAMATION AND ALGAE HAR-
VESTING.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
00129. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF RIVER STAN-
DARDS.
00186. ALTERNATIVES IN WATER SUPPLY.
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
00211. OPTIMIZATION OF A CLASS OF RIVER AERA-
TION PROBLEMS BY THE USE OF MUL-
TIVARIABLE DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER
CONTROL THEORY.
00218. EXAMINATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM
FOR ABATING, CONTROLLING AND
PREVENTING WATER POLLU
00312. ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
METROPOLITAN SYSTEM.
00370. FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN.
00521. A COMPARISON OF AN EFFICIENT LAGOON
SYSTEM WITH OTHER MEANS OF SEWAGE
DISPOSAL IN SMALL TOWNS.
00538. ECONOMIC EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
00551. ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON, D.
C.
00574. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL
MEASURES.
00584. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
00619. ALTERNATE POLICIES FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00705. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES.
00718. CONVENTIONAL USE OR REUSE-A COST
COMPARISON.
00720. ECONOMICS DICTATES FRESH LOOK AT AN
ENGINEERING PROBLEM.
00724. COST RELATIONSHIP OF BIOLOGICAL AND
THERMAL PROCESSES FQR THE TREAT-
MENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS.
00818. SUBSURFACE INJECTION OF LIQUID WASTES.
00824. DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES.
00872. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OCEAN ACTIVITIES.
VOLUME HI. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL AT SEA.
00969. ALTERNATIVE FOR INDUSTRIAL TREAT-
MENT.
00985. HOW MUCH WILL THAT COST PER YEAR.
00986. INVESTMENT RETURN VIA THE ENGINEER'S
METHOD.
01185. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, THE PRESENT AND
POSSIBLE PROGRESS.
01218. SLUDGE DISPOSAL EXPERIENCES AT NORTH
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS. '- •'•
01322. SIGNIFICANCE OF A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OR
BENEFIT COST APPROACH IN DEVELOPING
OCEAN POTENTIAL.
01380. RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
01496. BENEFIT-COST CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01508. POLLUTION ABATEMENT. GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. REPORT BASED
ON RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW CON-
FERENCE, MONTREAL
01510. POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES IN
THE FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND
REVIEW OF PLANS FOR USE AND
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
271
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01513 THE ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION.
01524. ALTERNATIVES IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
01639 ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION AND
HUMAN WELFARE: THE SOCIAL CON-
SEQUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EF-
FECTS OF ELECTRIC POWER USE
01652. DUAL WATER SYSTEMS.
01666. USE OF PEAK DEMANDS IN DETERMINATION
OF RESIDENTIAL RATES.
01676. CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC
INVESTMENTS IN THE WATER RESOURCES
FIELD.
01693. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS
CHALLENGE TO POLITICAL ECONOMIC
RESEARCH.
01837. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01857. EXTERNALITIES AND EMPIRICISM IN WATER
RESOURCES.
01865. BACKGROUND FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
AMMONIA
00581. SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING FROM
WASTE WATER.
01052. NEW CONDENSATE POLISHERS RETAIN AM-
MONIA.
01072. DESALTING SEA WATER WITH AMMONIA.
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
00291. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TREATS COTTON
MILL DE-SIZE WASTES.
00452. TREATMENT OF WINE DISTILLING WASTES
BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
01290. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTES.
ANNUAL COSTS
00254. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS
DESIGN.
00277. BOD REDUCTION BY CHLORINATION.
00286. OBJECTIVES TECHNOLOGY, AND RESULTS
OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL PROCESSES.
00303. MARGINAL COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE LEVELS
OF WATER QUALITY IN THE UPPER MISSIS-
SIPPI RIVER.
00317. LAND RECLAMATION-A COMPLETE SOLU-
TION OF THE SLUDGE AND SOLIDS
DISPOSAL PROBLEM.
00329. ECONOMICAL UTILIZATION OF CAUSTIC
SODA IN COTTON BLEACHERIES.
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00388. PROBLEM: HARBOR DEBRIS.
00391. FILTRATION OF ALGAL SUSPENSIONS.
00415. ENGINEERING REPORT ON COUNTY-WIDE
WASTE WATER INTERCEPTING AND
TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00416. INSTREAM AERATORS FOR POLLUTED
RIVERS.
00446. COST OF PATUXENT RIVER QUALITY MONI-
TORING.
00611. STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION
SOURCES AND ABATEMENT-ATLANTA,
GEORGIA.
00675. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF PROPOSED SOUTH CAROLINA TAX
CREDIT FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
CONTROL FACILITIES.
00679. MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEMS FOR
RIVERS AND PONDS.
00705. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES.
00714. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00720. ECONOMICS DICTATES FRESH LOOK AT AN
ENGINEERING PROBLEM.
00739. CASE HISTORY OF WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT ON A GENERAL ELECTRIC AP-
PLIANCE PLANT.
00743. AERATION SWEETENS HARBOR BASIN IN LOS
ANGELES.
00821. WATER FACILITIES.
00924. LIQUID WASTES FROM CANNING AND
FREEZING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
00939. FLAME INCINERATION.
00978. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWAGE STUDY.
00985. HOW MUCH WILL THAT COST PER YEAR.
01004. ELECTRODIALYSIS OF ESTUARINE WATER.
01022. NUCLEAR-WASTES DISPOSAL: FORMING
SOLIDS SAVE SPACE.
01124. SOUR-WATER PROCESSING TURNS PROBLEM
INTO PAYOUT.
01132. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AT THE ROHM
AND HAAS HOUSTON PLANT.
01154. NEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES.
01184. WATER TREATMENT COSTS FOR SMALL
PLANT.
01190. SEWAGE EFFLUENT CHLORINATION PRAC-
TICES IN ILLINOIS AND INDIANA.
01661. UTILITY DEPRECIATION PROBLEMS AND
PROCEDURES.
01668. A METHOD FOR CALCULATING POWER AND
MUNICIPAL WATER RATES FOR PAYOUT
STUDIES.
AQUATIC ENVIRONEMNT
00344. QUINALDINE AS AN ANESTHETIC FOR
BROOK TROUT, LAKE TROUT, AND ATLAN-
TIC SALMON.
AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
00015. USING WASTE HEAT FOR FISH FARMING.
00237. PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
THERMAL POLLUTION.
00250. THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF AQUATIC
NUISANCES.
00649. REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH POLICY
ON EUTROPHICATION PROBLEMS.
01181. ECONOMICS OF WASTE TREATMENT.
01254. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN EX-
PLOITING RESOURCES AND ENHANCING
THE QUALITY OF THE OCEAN ENVIRON-
MENT.
272
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01400. THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE BIG VER-
MILION RIVER, ILLINOIS.
01806. PROGRESS IN CONTROLLING ACID MINE
WATER: A LITERATURE REVIEW.
AQUIFERS
00765. REPLENISHING THE AQUIFER WITH
TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
00770. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT
OF AQUIFERS.
00772. THE DISPOSAL OF POWER REACTOR W*ASTE
INTO DEEP WELLS.
00817. DEEP WELL WASTE INJECTION-REACTION
WITH AQUIFER WATER.
01049. INJECTION OF TREATED WASTE WATER
INTO AQUIFERS.
ARSENIC REMOVAL
00698. ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM POTABLE WATER.
01815. ARSENIC AND LEAD IN WATER: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL
00394. AUTOMATIC WATER AND WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANTS IN OPERATION.
00663. DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL AT GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN.
01088. CONTROLS FOR A MEDIUM-SIZED WATER
UTILITY.
01172. AQUEDUCT CONTROL SYSTEMS SAVES 100
MILLION DOLLARS.
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
00071. OPERATING COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
IN GENERAL MOTORS.
00755. RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL EXTRACTED
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER.
01240. POLLUTION PROGRAM PAYS ITS WAY.
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY
00248. WASTE WATER RECIRCULATION AS A
MEANS OF RIVER POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
01552. ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
BENEFIT-COSTS
00004. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: AN ECONOMIST'S VIEW.
00005. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
00010. A SAMPLE DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION ON
WATER-BASED RECREATION EXPENDI-
TURES.
00015. USING WASTE HEAT FOR FISH FARMING.
00032. THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
00035. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
00039. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION.
00043. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL.
COMPREHENSIVE
REPORT AND
00045. PLANNING A WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEM: THE CASE OF THE
POTOMAC ESTUARY.
00047. DELAWARE ESTUARY
STUDY-PRELIMINARY
FINDINGS.
00051. RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN WATER QUALITY
AND RECREATION.
00055. STANDARDS, CHARGES, AND EQUITY.
00056. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
00057. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
00059. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANANGEMENT.
00064. MAN AND THE ESTUARY.
00069. NUTRIENTS.
00070. WATER QUALITY, A PROBLEM FOR THE
ECONOMIST.
00072. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEMS.
00076. FLOOD AND POLLUTION CONTROL: A DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN FOR THE CHICAGOLAND
AREA.
00078. CHICAGO TUNNEL DRAINAGE PROJECT:
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF FEASIBILI-
TY.
00096. A TEST OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POLLU-
TION CONTROL IS WORTH WHAT IT COSTS.
00099. THE ECONOMICS OF CLEAN WATER.
00104. WHAT PRICE A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT.
00112. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00114. THE SCIENTIST'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE
CONTROL OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT.
00120. EXTERNALITIES AND THE QUALITY OF AIR
AND WATER.
00122. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: SELECTED ISSUES.
00123. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
00137. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND THE
TIME PROFILE OF BENEFITS AND COSTS.
00142. ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC RESPONSES TO
THE ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS IN
APPALACHIA.
00146. AN EXAMINATION OF THE BENEFITS AND
DISADVANTAGES WITH RESPECT TO THE
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
00157. A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MINE
DRAINAGE.
00160. CENTRIFUGES REDUCE WATER POLLUTION.
00162. REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00170. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. FINAL REPORT.
00174. EFFLUENTS AND AFFLUENCE.
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
00181. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00183. REPLY TO COMMENTS ON 'RECREATION
BENEFITS FROM WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL'.
00185. STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
00186 ALTERNATIVES IN WATER SUPPLY.
273
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00187. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00196. ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER
PROJECT.
00198. OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANANGEMENT AND
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN.
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00222. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT.
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
SUMMARY REPORT.
00224. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME I - THE WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT.
00227. RECEIVING-WATER MONITORING: KEY TO
SEATTLE METRO'S POLLUTION-ABATE-
MENT PROGRAM.
00232. IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE ON RECREA-
TION AND STREAM ECOLOGY: APPENDIX
E. MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION AND
RECREATION IN APPALACH
00248. WASTE WATER RECIRCULATION AS A
MEANS OF RIVER POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00255. INCREASING WASTEWATER FLOW VELOCITY
BY USING CHEMICAL ADDITIVES.
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE.
00282. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
PROBLEM.
00283. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIAL INDUCED AERATION IN POL-
LUTED STREAMS BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S PRINCIPLE.
00286. OBJECTIVES TECHNOLOGY, AND RESULTS
OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL PROCESSES.
00293. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
00297. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER CON-
TROL.
00298. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
PROBLEM.
00299. OPTIMUM INVESTMENT IN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00300. PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS.
00329. ECONOMICAL UTILIZATION OF CAUSTIC
SODA IN COTTON BLEACHERIES.
00331. ULTRASONIC EMULSIFICATION OF OIL
TANKER CARGO, TO REDUCE OIL SLICK
HAZARDS IN EVENT OF SPILLAGE AT SEA.
00332. THERMAL EFFECTS: A REPORT OF UTILITY
ACTION.
00340. WATER QUALITY: COSTS BENEFITS AND IR-
REDUCIBLES.
00342. FIELD TRIALS OF ANTIMYCIN AS A SELEC-
TIVE TOXICANT IN CHANNEL CATFISH
PONDS.
00343. USE OF ANTIMYCIN FOR SELECTIVE THIN-
NING OF SUNFISH POPULATIONS IN PONDS.
00348. EVALUATION PROCESSES IN WATER
RESOURCES PLANNING.
00352. PAPILLION CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES,
NEBRASKA.
00371. PROBABILITY THEORY AS AN AID TO
RESEARCH PLANNING.
00388. PROBLEM: HARBOR DEBRIS.
00431. INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY BY
DESALINATION TECHNIQUES.
00441. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
00443. POLLUTION, PROPERTY AND PRICES.
00450iiECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION.
00457. CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORT- KING-
MAN LAKE PROJECT.
00482. FERTILIZATION OF ANNUAL RANGELAND
WITH CHICKEN MANURE.
00487. MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF WATER
QUALITY IN STREAMS.
00492. ORGANIZING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF RIVER
BASIN AUTHORITIES.
00496. ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
00499. USE ANIMAL MANURE EFFECTIVELY.
00508. ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT.
00546. STORM SEWER ASSESSMENTS.
00548. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A.
00566. STORM SEWER SYSTEMS.
00571. WARM WATER UTILIZATION.
00592. ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS FOR SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT ON A NORTH MISSISSIPPI
WATERSHED.
00594. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL.
00595. AGRICULTURAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN
POLLUTION CONTROL.
00596. ALTERNATIVE OXYGENATION POSSIBILITIES
FOR LARGE POLLUTED RIVERS.
00598. THE USE OF STANDARDS AND PRICES FOR
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
00600. EVALUATING URBAN CORE USAGE OF
WATERWAYS AND SHORELINES.
00613. PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE
PROCESS.
00618. ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT: APPLYING THEORY TO
PRACTICE.
00634. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
00655. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL:
METHODS AND COSTS.
00665. APPLICATIONS OF PROGRAM BUDGETING TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
00666. CONTROLLING POLLUTION: THE ECONOMICS
OF A CLEANER AMERICA.
00677. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AD-
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
00682. ECONOMICS OF WATER SOFTENING.
00687. STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF MAN-MADE
EUTROPHICATION.
00690. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY, AUGUST 1971.
00693. BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY ENHANCE-
MENT.
274
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00699. COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN IN- 01229
DUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANTS: SIX CASE STUDIES.
00708. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EROSION AND 01251
SEDIMENT CONTROL FOR WATERSHEDS
UNDERGOING URBANIZATION. 01255
00721. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY AND 01293
WASTEWATER CONTROL.
00732. A STUDY OF WATER PLANT ISOLATION 01303
FROM CONTAMINATION.
00733. THERMAL POLLUTION: THE EFFECT OF THE 01322
PROBLEM.
00744. DIVISION OF COST RESPONSIBILITY FOR
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS. 01336
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE-THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PL AN. 013 64
00755. RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL EXTRACTED
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. 01454
00759. ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
00832. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION. 01456.
00859. CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF EN- 01458.
GINEERING TECHNOLOGY TO THE
PROBLEMS OF APPALACHIA. VOLUME 3. 01471.
WATER RESOURCES.
00872. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OCEAN ACTIVITIES.
VOLUME III. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID 01479.
WASTE DISPOSAL AT SEA.
00876. ECONOMIC INFORMATION FOR ENVIRON- 01482.
MENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT. 01490.
00881. EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON THE
FIRM. 01491.
00883. STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR
REMOVING OIL FROM HARBOR WATERS. 01492.
00902. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND WATER 01493.
DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME 1.
00911. COMPUTER CODES FOR OFFICE OF SALINE 01496.
WATER PROGRAM ANALYSIS.
00931. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR WATER 01497.
RESOURCE PLANNING, ONTARIO.
00975. INCINERATOR PAYS FOR ITSELF BY PROVID-
ING FOR PLANT HEATING.
00990. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WATER SALVAGE. 01501.
01013. WATER-POLLUTION CONCLAVE AIRS NEW
TREATMENT SCHEMES. 01502.
01042. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DESALTING FOR
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY.
01046. BY-PRODUCT MARKETS AWAIT DESALTERS. 01503.
01048. EFFECTS OF HIGHLY MINERALIZED WATER
ON HOUSEHOLD PLUMBING AND AP- 01504.
PLIANCES.
01093. PLATING PLANT CUTS WATER BILL TWO-
THIRDS.
01094. QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN SUCCESSIVE 01506.
WATER USE.
01095. RECREATION BENEFITS RATE HIGH. 01507.
01123. RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
01135. CHICAGO SHIPS ITS SLUDGE TO THE FARM- 01508.
LAND.
01140. EMULSION BREAKING SOLVES OILY-WASTE
DISPOSAL.
01156. NUCLEAR WASTE HEAT TO TREAT MU- 01509.
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01208. COST OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT IN MAUMEE RIVER
BASIN.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND
DESALTING PLANTS.
TOTAL DOLLAR BENEFIT OF WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
WHY PAY TWICE. SALVAGE YOUR WASTE.
METAL FINISHING WASTES: METHODS OF
DISPOSAL.
ALUM RECOVERY FOR FILTRATION PLANT
WASTE TREATMENT.
SIGNIFICANCE OF A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OR
BENEFIT COST APPROACH IN DEVELOPING
OCEAN POTENTIAL.
ION EXCHANGE FOR METAL PRODUCTS
FINISHER.
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS AND BENFFITS:
A NEW TERMINOLOGY.
INSTANCES, IF ANY, WHERE COST/BENEFIT
ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED TO EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-UNITED
STATES.
THE ECONOMICS OF PROJECT EVALUATION.
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS: ITS RELEVANCE
TO PUBLIC INVESTMENT DECISIONS.
THE RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
WHY WATER POLLUTION IS ECONOMICALLY
UNAVOIDABLE.
WATER RESEARCH.
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS FOR WATER
RESOURCE PROJECTS.
CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS PROJECT, SAN
JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN.
COLORADO RIVER SALINITY STUDY.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL.
BENEFIT-COST CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
POLLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF EVALUA-
TION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER POLLUTION,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1961. PUBLIC LAW NO.
87-88.
PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WATER RECREA-
TIONAL FACILITIES RESULTING FROM AN
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY: THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY I
THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY
BENEFITS.
INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS DERIVED FROM IM-
PROVED RAW WATER QUALITY IN THE
CONTRA. COSTA CANAL.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT. GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. REPORT BASED
ON RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW CON-
FERENCE, MONTREAL, OCTOBE
WATER USE RELATIONAHIPS AS AFFECTED
BY WATER QUALITY ON THE YAQUINA
BAY. WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE
PAPERS, 1964.
275
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01510. POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES IN 00823.
THE FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND
REVIEW OF PLANS FOR USE AND 00826.
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
01512. PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC 00845.
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
01612. ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT 01166.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF 01345.
WATER QUALITY FOR VARIOUS USES.
01646. THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION.
01658. VALUE OF AN ACRE-FOOT OF WATER. 01352.
01675. THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO 01454.
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRAND BASINS.
01677. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER.
01684. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL 01455.
WASTE CONTROL.
01690. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE 01490.
DEVELOPMENT, IN LAND AND WATER:
PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 1961 01526.
WESTERN RESOURCES CONF
01692. THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTIES IN THE 01537.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER- 01538.
RESOURCES PROJECTS.
01709. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE WATER 01543.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN
THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY. 01574.
01827. CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL INVESTMENT. 01593.
01828. ON THE MARGINAL COST PRICING OF MU-
NICIPAL WATER.
01846. BENEFIT-COST RATIOS FOR PROJECTS IN 01601.
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE INVESTMENT PRO-
GRAMS.
01847. A METHOD OF ESTIMATING SOCIAL 01691.
BENEFITS FROM POLLUTION CONTROL. 01789.
01850. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: A SURVEY.
01857. EXTERNALITIES AND EMPIRICISM IN WATER 01790.
RESOURCES.
01881. BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS FOR WATER
SYSTEM PLANNING. 01791.
01898. A GUIDE TO BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. IN
RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW: A GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS.
01901. INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS AND BENEFIT-COST 01792.
ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCES
RESEARCH. 01793.
01906. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY--THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN- 01795.
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
01907. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE THIRD AN- 01796.
NUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY. 01797.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES 01798
00056. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND WATER POL- 01799.
LUTION CONTROL. 01800.
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 01801.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 01802.
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND 01803.
REUSE PROJECTS.
00767. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE 01804.
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DESALTING LITERATURE-
-1969.
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE
DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS.
REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF FAO PUBLICATIONS
ON INLAND WATER POLLUTION, AND
WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCES
LAKE AND RIVER POLLUTION, AN AN-
NOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
INSTANCES, IF ANY, WHERE COST/BENEFIT
ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED TO EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-UNITED
STATES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT-AIR, WATER AND SOLID WASTES.
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS FOR WATER
RESOURCE PROJECTS.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: INTER-
NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1950-1965.
WATER RESOURCES PROJECT ECONOMICS.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A GUIDE TO
CURRENT RESEARCH.
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION.
GROUND-WATER BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED
NATIONS FAMILY.
POLLUTION ANALYSIS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
THE LITERATURE OF ACTIVATION ANALY-
SIS.
OUTDOOR RECREATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE GUIDE ON THERMAL
POLLUTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION - A SELEC-
TIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY: INFORMATION FOR
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: SELECTED REGIONAL,
STATE, AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL
AGENCY WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
DOCUMENTS.
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REMOTE
SENSING OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS READING
LIST.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: SANITARY
ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
WATER: PURIFICATION AND DECONTAMINA-
TION,
DESALINATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR 1950-
1969.
CONTROL OF COPPER ELECTROPLATING
WASTES. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
WATER: A SUBJECT HEADING LIST.
A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ON THE ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE
SYSTEMS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON DREDGING.
WATER LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1847-1965.
INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION LITERATURE. t
FOREST PRODUCTS POLLUTION CONTROL.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (EXCLUDING
PULP AND PAPER).
276
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01805. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESER-
VOIRS: ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01806. PROGRESS IN CONTROLLING ACID MINE
WATER: A LITERATURE REVIEW.
01807. ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF CON-
CERN TO MARINE MINING RESEARCH: A
SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
01808. SEDIMENTATION: ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY OF FOREIGN LITERATURE. 1968-
1969 SURVEY NO. 6.
01809. SUBSURFACE WASTE DISPOSAL BY MEANS
OF WELLS: A SELECTIVE ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01810. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RIVERS AND HARBORS.
01811. PHENOL POLLUTION OF WATER: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01812. CHROMATE POLLUTION OF WATER DETEC-
TION, EFFECTS, AND PREVENTION: A
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01814. GROUND WATER: A SELECTED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01815. ARSENIC AND LEAD IN WATER: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01816. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF WATER
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01817. URBANIZATION AND SEDIMENTATION: A
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01818. DETERGENTS IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01819. PCB IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01820. MERCURY IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01821. DIELDRIN IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01823. WATER DESALINATION.
01824. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH
CATALOG, PARTS 1 AND 2.
01868. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL ARTICLES
CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES.
01869. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOCIOLOGICAL AND
OTHER RELATED SOCIAL SCIENCE PUBLI-
CATIONS ON WATER.
01870. OUTDOOR RECREATION: AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01876. ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01888. SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01890. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SPECIAL DIS-
TRICTS AND AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED
STATES, ANNOTATED.
01891. READINGS ON NATURAL BEAUTY: A
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01892. THE FUTURE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISSUES
AND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES.
01893. NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE GOVERNMEN-
TAL PROCESS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY,
SELECTED AND ANNOTATED.
01899. SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDIES OF WATER
RESOURCES PROBLEMS: REVIEW OF
LITERATURE AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01909. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES.
01913. ENVIRONMENT: A DRAFT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE.
BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT
00195. NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND
LIME PRECIPITATION.
00419. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00480. THE CONTROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
POLLUTION BY BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
AND LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION
TREATMENT.
01133. BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
01228. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. PAST, PRESENT,
AND FUTURE.
BIODEGRADATION OF PHENOLS
01194. STUDYING BIODEGRATION POSSIBILITIES OF
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS: APPLICATION TO
BIODEGRATION OF PHENOLS. (IN
FRENCH).
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
00133. TREATMENT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AT BAYPORT'S INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
00226. POLLUTION AT THE SOUTHERN END OF
LAKE MICHIGAN (WATER POLLUTION).
00328. SIMPLE BIO-AERATION KILLS STRONG
WASTES CHEAPLY.
00454. THE LARGEST OXIDATION DITCH IN THE
WORLD FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES.
00554. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BLEACH
PLANT WASTES.
00591. THE APPLICATION OF BACTERIAL PROCESS
KINETICS IN STREAM SIMULATION AND
STREAM ANALYSIS.
00622. USE OF FUNGI IMPERFECTI IN WASTE CON-
TROL.
00704. HOUSEBOAT WASTES: METHODS FOR COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT.
00727. THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECT OF CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATION COSTS IN
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
00967. SLUDGE/BOD RATIO IS KEY TO WASTE-
WATER CLEANUP.
01018. IMPROVING BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
01035. ACTIVATED CARBON BIDS FOR WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT JOBS.
01188. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE EF-
FLUENTS.
01342. HIGH TEMPERATURE WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PROCESS.
01389. WATER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
01452. BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT.
BONDS
00006. POLLUTING SOLUTION-A TOWNSHIP
SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
00253. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF FINANCING
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00275. EXPERIENCE WITH A WAGE INCENTIVE
BONUS SCHEME AT GOSCOTE AND
BROCKHURST SEWAGE WORKS.
BRINE DISPOSAL
00184. SOIL SEALING CHEMICALS AND
TECHNIQUES.
277
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00456. DISPOSAL OF BRINES PRODUCED IN
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATER.
00762. THE OPERATION OF SALT WATER DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS.
00769. THE FEASIBILITY OF DEEP WELL INJECTION
OF WASTE BRINE FROM INLAND DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
00774. A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
00776. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE IN LOUISIANA.
00778. DEEP WELL FLUID WASTE DISPOSAL.
00782. SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
00784. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL-
LUTION.
00785. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
00786. SUBSURFACE BRINE DISPOSAL.
00787. FEASIBILITY OF RETURNING SALT WATER.
00788. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER.
00791. ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF RESEARCH
AND STATISTICS.
00795. HOW TO FORECAST ACCURATE DRILLING
COSTS.
00797. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN
THE EAST TEXAS FIELD.
00802. DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD BRINES.
00804. DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN THE EAST
TEXAS FIELD.
00806. EAST TEXAS SALT WATER DISPOSAL PRO-
JECT MAY SET PATTERN FOR FUTURE.
00807. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL BY SUBSURFACE
INJECTION CALIFORNIA OIL FIELDS.
00808. DISPOSAL LINE COST COMPARISON.
00809. COST ESTIMATES FOR REINJECTING SALT
WATER TO THE EAST TEXAS WOODBINE
SAND.
00813. TYPICAL OIL FIELD BRINE-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS, PREPARING BRINE FOR SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION.
00814. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
00815. SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
00843. BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL.
00850. A STUDY OF DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
DESALINATION BRINE WASTE.
00905. EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BRINE DISPOSAL
USING FLUID BED EVAPORATION.
01286. SALT WATER DISPOSAL-SENSE AND DOL-
LARS.
01310. SHELL'S SWD MEETS POLLUTION STAN-
DARDS.
01681. DESALINATION BRINE WASTE DISPOSAL.
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY
00005. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
00103. WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS OF A FLORIDA
PHOSPHATE OPERATION.
00159. PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT.
00172. OIL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY STUDY,
SEATTLE AREA.
00173. INCINERATION OF GRIT, SCREENINGS, AND
SCUM.
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
00177. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00317. LAND RECLAMATION-A COMPLETE SOLU-
TION OF THE SLUDGE AND SOLIDS
DISPOSAL PROBLEM.
00318. DESIGNS OF A MEAT PACKING WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT.
00324. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE FIRST
DIGESTER GAS TURBINE IN THE U. S. A. .
00329. ECONOMICAL UTILIZATION OF CAUSTIC
SODA IN COTTON BLEACHERIES.
00355. CONCENTRATION OF SEAWATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
00376. ALGAL FLOCCULATION WITH ALUMINUM
SULPHATE AND POLYELECTROLYTES.
00381. DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE ON LAND.
00386. SPACE HEATING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.
00431. INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY BY
DESALINATION TECHNIQUES.
00437. POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL IS THERE A
PROBLEM.
00440. WATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENT AS RE-
LATED TO INDUSTRY.
00473. SODIUM HYDROXIDE RECOVERY IN THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY.
00474. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS POWERED
BY THERMAL WASTE FROM ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS.
00482. FERTILIZATION OF ANNUAL RANGELAND
WITH CHICKEN MANURE.
00498. AGRICULTURE WASTE RESEARCH NEEDS.
00499. USE ANIMAL MANURE EFFECTIVELY.
00559. INCINERATION OF PROCESS INDUSTRY
WASTES.
00564. COST OF DEHYDRATING POULTRY MANURE.
00571. WARM WATER UTILIZATION.
00572. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS-PART 2.
00573. WASTE WATER CONTROL FACILITIES IN A
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT.
00577. SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
00578. TREATMENT OF BRASS MILL EFFLUENTS AT
ANACONDA TORONTO PLANT.
00585. REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF ALUM AND LIME
SLUDGES.
00595. AGRICULTURAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN
POLLUTION CONTROL.
00601. MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL FEEDLOT
WASTES - LAND SPREADING AS A
DISPOSAL PROCESS.
00603. POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR TREATMENT
AND RECOVERY OF PETROCHEMICAL
WASTES.
00612. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE
BISHOP SYSTEM FOR OPEN OCEAN OIL
SPILLS.
278
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00613. PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE
PROCESS.
00622. USE OF FUNGI 1MPERFECTI IN WASTE CON-
TROL.
00624. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF
AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTES-SECOND PROGRESS REPORT.
00629. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
00632. EVALUATION OF A NEW ACID MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PROCESS.
00640. OPTIMIZING A KRAFT MILL WATER REUSE
SYSTEM.
00644. WASTE MANAGEMENT. . . WHAT DOES IT
COST.
00657. DEVELOPMENT OF A FROTH PROCESS FOR
THE TREATMENT OF SOUR WATER.
00720. ECONOMICS DICTATES FRESH LOOK AT AN
ENGINEERING PROBLEM.
00755. RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL EXTRACTED
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER.
00767. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
00878. RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF MU-
NICIPAL SOLID WASTE.
00922. REUSE OF CHEMICAL FIBER PLANT WASTE-
WATER AND COOLING WATER BLOW-
DOWN.
01013. WATER-POLLUTION CONCLAVE AIRS NEW
TREATMENT SCHEMES.
01025. OIL SKIMMER BELTS HELP CONTROL WATER
POLLUTION. .
01042. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DESALTING FOR
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY.
01046. BY-PRODUCT MARKETS AWAIT DESALTERS.
01123. RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
01140. EMULSION BREAKING SOLVES OILY-WASTE
DISPOSAL.
01165. CAN VE HELP SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
01169. PROFITS FROM POLLUTANTS.
01199. NEW APPROACHES TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
01220. PLATING WASTE TREATMENT-WHICH
SYSTEM.
01235. ROLE OF EVAPORATION IN ECONOMICS OF
WASTE TREATMENT FOR PLATING OPERA-
TIONS.
01239. LEGAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
PROCESS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
01240. POLLUTION PROGRAM PAYS ITS WAY.
01243. MAKE PLANT REFUSE PROFITABLE.
01247. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RECOVERY OF
MINERALS FROM EFFLUENTS.
01282. TRENDS IN TREATING PETROLEUM
REFINERY WASTES.
01289. EFFLUENT TREATMENT. CUTTING COST OF
COMPLIANCE.
01303. ALUM RECOVERY FOR FILTRATION PLANT
WASTE TREATMENT.
01307. HOW ECONOMICAL AND SAFE ARE OUR
SEWER INSTALLATIONS.
01336. ION EXCHANGE FOR METAL PRODUCTS
FINISHER.
01572. WASTE IS WEALTH.
CANNERY WASTES
00288. STABILIZATION PONDS IN THE CANNING IN-
DUSTRY.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT.
00349. ECONOMICS OF CANNERY WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00409. CANNERY WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY
HIGH-RATE SPRAY ON GRASSLAND.
00424. TREATMENT OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE
BY AERATION.
00540. CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT KEHR AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
00570. AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTE.
00590. FOOD CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT BY
LAGOONS AND DITCHES AT SHEPPARTON,
VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.
00924. LIQUID WASTES FROM CANNING AND
FREEZING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
01114. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREAT-
MENT OF CANNERY WASTES.
CAPACITY EXPANSION
00127. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
00128. TIME CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00265. COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING
ECONOMIC STUDIES.
00278. RECONSTRUCTION OF OFFERTON SEWAGE
WORKS OF HAZEL GROVE AND BRAM-
HALL UDC.
00325. EFFECT OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AND BOD ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PRODUCTION.
00460. AMENDED 1964 MASTER PLAN OF WATER-
WORKS IMPROVEMENTS FOR BOARD OF
WATERWORKS COMMISSIONERS, MADIS-
ON, WISCONSIN.
00614. FURTHER THOUGHTS ON TRADE EFFLUENT
CHARGES.
00617. MULTISTAGE MARGINAL COST MODEL OF
INVESTMENT-PRICING DECISIONS: URBAN
WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00634. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
00668. SEWERAGE AUTHORITY SOLVES THE CREDIT
CRUNCH.
01090. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF WATER MAIN EX-
TENSION.
01211. NEW CATION BED CUTS NEUTRALIZING
COSTS.
01741. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER-TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
01742. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR CAPACITY EXPANSION
OF WATER-SUPPLYING FACILITIES.
01743. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO MULTI-
STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER
TREATMENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
279
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
CAPITAL COSTS
00012. STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS.
00021. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00022. OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICAL
FILTER DESIGN.
00023. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WASTE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00026. PROGRESS TOWARDS OPTIMUM DESIGN OF
DIATOMITE FILTER PLANTS.
00048. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT.
00049. REGIONAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILI-
TIES 1955-1967.
00050. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING
THE OPTIMAL SIZES OF WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
00061. TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION OF INVEST-
MENT-PRICING DECISIONS: A MODEL FOR
URBAN WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
00062. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER RECLAMATION.
00066. POLLUTIONAL EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER
MILL WASTES IN PUGET SOUND.
00067. PROTECTING THE POTOMAC AT WASHING-
TON.
00068. WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
STUDY-JAMES RIVER BASIN.
00074. WATER IN INDUSTRY: A SURVEY OF WATER
USE IN INDUSTRY.
00077. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
00079. MODEL OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF
TREATMENT AND DILUTION.
00083. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MINERAL CONTENT
IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES.
00089. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
00092. POTENTIAL REUSE OF EFFLUENT AS A FAC-
TOR IN SEWERAGE DESIGN.
00093. REUSE CAN BE CHEAPER THAN DISPOSAL.
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR
CAPACITIES AND COSTS.
00128. TIME CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00130. ECONOMICS EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
00132. TERTIARY TREATMENT AT METRO CHICAGO
BY MEANS OF RAPID SAND FILTRATION
AND MICROSTRAINERS.
00141. PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER RENOVA-
TION SYSTEMS USING THE DIGITAL COM-
PUTER.
00147. PRESSURE TUBING FIELD INVESTIGATION.
00153. ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A
REVERSE OSMOSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEM-
-PART II. OPTIMIZATION.
00155. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING IN THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOR THE BON-
NEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION.
00160. CENTRIFUGES REDUCE WATER POLLUTION.
00164. TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVER-
FLOWS AND SURFACE WATERS AT CLEVE-
LAND, OHIO.
00166. TERTIARY TREATMENT BY MICROSTRAIN-
ING.
00185. STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00220. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL: DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
00227. RECEIVING-WATER MONITORING: KEY TO
SEATTLE METRO'S POLLUTION-ABATE-
MENT PROGRAM.
00228. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
00230. ENGINEERING ECONOMIC STUDY OF MINE
DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES.
00238. MINE DRAINAGE IN THE NORTH BRANCH
POTOMAC RIVER BASIN.
00248. WASTE WATER RECIRCULATION AS A
MEANS OF RIVER POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00249. FOAM FRACTIONATION.
00252. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT PROCESS DESIGN.
00254. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS
DESIGN.
00258. IN SEARCH OF A CLEAR SOLUTION.
00261. THE COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00262. DITCHES PROVIDE EFFICIENT TREATMENT.
00265. COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING
ECONOMIC STUDIES.
00269. MASTER WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT PLAN FOR BOGOTA, COLOM-
BIA.
00274. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT THE
BROCKHURST WORKS OF THE UPPER
TAME MAIN DRAINAGE AUTHORITY.
00284. BRACKISH WATER PURIFICATION BY
BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL POWERED ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
00288. STABILIZATION PONDS IN THE CANNING IN-
DUSTRY.
00291. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TREATS COTTON
MILL DE-SIZE WASTES.
00295. THE INCINERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTE AT FABENFABRIKEN BAYER.
00305. STORM WATER OVERFLOW GETS BAGGED.
00307. CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES.
00309. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWERAGE STUDY.
00311. CHICAGO WATER SYSTEM, A DESCRIPTION
OF THE SYSTEM AND ITS SANITARY PRO-
TECTION.
00314. DESIGN OF THE NEWTOWN CREEK WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT.
00316. NEW PROCESS TO REMOVE PHENOLS FROM
WASTE WATER.
00318. DESIGNS OF A MEAT PACKING WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT.
280
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00322. CENTRAL PRE-TREATMENT OF
* PACKING HOUSE WASTE WATERS.
00324. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE FIRST
DIGESTER GAS TURBINE IN THE U. S. A
00326. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
00328. SIMPLE BIO-AERATION KILLS STRONG
WASTES CHEAPLY.
00330. TEXTILE WATER POLLUTION CLEANUP
PICKS UP SPEED.
00332. THERMAL EFFECTS: A REPORT OF UTILITY
ACTION.
00339. DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS.
00345. WILMINGTON GOES ON LINE WITH MODERN
NEW SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT.
00352. PAPILLION CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES
NEBRASKA.
00358. ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
00360. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. WET OXIDATION
PART 2. INCINERATION.
00364. NEUTRALIZATION OF HIGH FERRIC IRON
ACID MINE DRAINAGE.
00366. CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS CHOSEN
FOR NEW DRYDEN PLANT.
00367. NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL-
LAND.
00378. CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
00380. WHAT THE WASTE PLANT ENGINEER
SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CENTRIFUGES.
00387. BAFFLED BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TREATING
POULTRY PLANT WASTES.
00393. TASK II REPORT: SURVEY OF POWER PLANT
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND
DESIGN CRITERIA.
00399. DETROIT SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE
CONTROL. DETROIT METROPOLITAN
WATER SERVICES, MICH.
00409. CANNERY WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY
HIGH-RATE SPRAY ON GRASSLAND.
00414. MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
00418. MINIMAL COST ESTIMATION FOR
LAKEFRONT SEWAGE SYSTEMS.
00419. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00421. EVALUATION OF FACILITY OPERATION
(LITERATURE REVIEW).
00422. FOAM SEPARATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES: PROCESS SELECTION.
00424. TREATMENT OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE
BY AERATION.
00434. THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ECONOMI-
CALLY .FEASIBLE ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SCHEME.
00439. A GROWING MARKET FOR WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT.
00445. SURVEY OF COSTS ON METHODS FOR CON-
TROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION.
00447. TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY
FOAM SEPARATION.
00448. EVALUATION REPORT 1: AUTOMATIC
BEAKER SAMPLE CHANGER.
OMAHA 00451.
00453.
00454.
00457.
00458.
00468.
00470.
00474.
00484.
00486.
00491.
00505.
00507.
00513.
00515.
00516.
00517.
00524.
00526.
00527.
00541.
00552.
00556.
00566.
00567.
00568.
00573.
00580.
00581.
00589.
00590.
00592.
00597.
TANNERY PRE-TREATMENT PLANT DRASTI-
CALLY CUTS BARRE'S TREATMENT PLANT
LOAD.
COMBINED WASTE TREATMENT AT GRAND
ISLAND, NEBRASKA.
THE LARGEST OXIDATION DITCH IN THE
WORLD FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES.
CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORT- KING-
MAN LAKE PROJECT.
ECONOMICS OF TREATING SEWAGE AND
TRADE WASTES.
AEROBIC PURIFICATION OF FARM WASTE.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
FROM A 450 TON PER DAY KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER MILL INTO CLASSIFIED IN-
LAND WATERS.
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS POWERED
BY THERMAL WASTE FROM ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS.
HOW WE HANDLE LIQUID MANURE.
MECHANICAL CLEANING OF COWSHEDS.
BUILDING DESIGN AND MANURE DISPOSAL.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS THAT
NOBODY LIKES TO HEAR.
ON THE CONCEPT OF MUNICIPAL SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS.
LOWESTOFT CHOOSES TUNNEL FOR SEWAGE
OUTFALL.
THE UNABATED GROWTH OF WATER POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES.
DETROIT'S METROPOLITAN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL PROGRAM IN ACTION.
THE REUSE OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTE
BY THE MIDLAND DIVISION, THE DOW
CHEMICAL COMPANY.
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS.
WATER SEWER AND DRAINAGE PLAN FOR
FORT SMITH URBANIZING AREA, PHASE II.
A STUDY OF LOCAL NEEDS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL FACILITIES IN FISCAL
YEARS 1971-76.
TREATMENT OF SOLE LEATHER VEGETABLE
TANNERY WASTES.
MIDDLE LEE SETS THE STANDARDS.
CHRYSLER CANADA LTD. INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT, WINDSOR,
ONTARIO.
STORM SEWER SYSTEMS.
SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
COOLING TOWERS FOR LARGE STEAM-ELEC-
TRIC GENERATING UNITS.
WASTE WATER CONTROL FACILITIES IN A
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT.
PRE-TREATMENT OF WASTES AT BARRIE
TANNING LIMITED, BARRIE, ONTARIO.
SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING FROM
WASTE WATER.
TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM FOOD MANU-
FACTURE AND COFFEE PROCESSING.
FOOD CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT BY
LAGOONS AND DITCHES AT SHEPPARTON,
VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.
ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS FOR SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT ON A NORTH MISSISSIPPI
WATERSHED.
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
281
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A 00766.
LAKE WATERSHED.
00605. DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE 00796.
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
00613 PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY 00798.
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE
PROCESS.
00615. CLEAN WATER DAY PROMISES IMPROVED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT. 00806.
00630 THE FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATING SOFTWOOD
AND HARDWOOD FOR DISPOAL OF PAPER- 00824.
MILL EFFLUENT.
00634. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN- 00829.
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
00643. PILOT DEMONSTRATION OF BASIC DESIGNS 00831.
FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES.
00644. WASTE MANAGEMENT. . . WHAT DOES IT
COST. 00834.
00646. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT. 00839.
00661. RADIATION TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS. " 00841.
00663. DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL AT GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN. 00849.
00674. THE WAR ON POLLUTION: ECONOMIC AND
FINANCIAL IMPACTS. 008 5 2.
00684. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BY
GRANULAR-CARBON FILTRATION.
00685. SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT 00855.
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT. 00856.
0068^. RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION: 00858.
PART 1.
00692. RATE SURCHARGES: FRIEND OR FOE. 00860.
00696. DISCUSSION OF THE RECLAMATION OF
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS FOR DOMESTIC USE.
00705. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE 00861.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES.
00731. COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED 00862.
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
00734. REVERSE OSMOSIS CAN CUT COST OF
WATER TREATMENT. 00870.
00735. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES.
00736. WASTE WATER CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
00738. PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IN GREATER CHICAGO. 00874
00740. SOME SEWAGE PROBLEMS IN EUROPE
TODAY.
00743. AERATION SWEETENS HARBOR BASIN IN LOS 00886.
ANGELES.
00744. DIVISION OF COST RESPONSIBILITY FOR
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS. 00888.
00745. WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND RENOVA-
TION STATUS OF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT. 00891.
00746. TREATMENT OF COMBINED KRAFT AND
NEWSPRINT EFFLUENTS AT AN ALABAMA
PAPER MILL. 00893,
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE-THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN. 00908,
00754. LONG-TERM AERATION OF KRAFT PULP AND
PAPER MILL WASTES. 00909.
00756. POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS.
00758. DECISION FACTORS-SEPARATE INDUSTRY
OR JOINT MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT.
PRODUCTION WORK GOES UNDERGROUND
AT HOLLAND-SUCO. '
UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
EAST TEXAS SALT WATER DISPOSAL PRO-
JECT MAY SET PATTERN FOR FUTURE.
DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES.
VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR-COMPRESSION
PROCESS: ONE AND FIVE MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY DESALTING PLANTS.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS.
VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
DESALTING STATE-OF-THE-ART (1968).
A COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY ON
PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR MEM-
BRANE DESALTING PLANTS.
SUMMARY OF COMMERCIAL WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS.
AN ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY ON ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY
MODULAR UNIT DESIGN.
PRELIMINARY WATER PLAN FOR THE BAL-
TIMORE REGION.
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY SEWERAGE.
ANDERSON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
SANITARY SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT FOR AMARILLO, 1967.
REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBU-
TION IN THE CENTRAL CONNECTICUT
PLANNING REGION.
SOLAR DISTILLATION UTILIZING MULTIPLE-
EFFECT HUMIDIFICATION.
COMPREHENSIVE SEWERAGE PLAN. PART I.
DATA SUMMARY: PUBLIC SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS.
USE OF GRANULAR REGENERABLE CARBON
FOR TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT. ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
ECONOMIC EVALUATION.
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF A ONE MOD
BRACKISH WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS
PLANT (SPIRAL MODULE CONCEPT).
THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
MANUAL ON SOLAR DISTILLATION OF
SALINE WATER.
PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
A MANUAL ON WATER DESALINATION.
VOLUME II. ECONOMICS.
DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS.
POSSIBLE IMPACT OF COSTS OF SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT ON
THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY
282
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00912. COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF
SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL.
00939. FLAME INCINERATION.
00940. HEAT SYNERESIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGES.
00951. CONTINUOUS DEMINERALIZING FOR BOILER
FEED.
00952. COOLING LAKES CAN BE A PLEASANT SOLU-
TION.
00954. DETROIT DEVELOPS WATER SUPPLY FROM
LAKE HURON.
00957. IMPROVED WATER QUALITY.
00960. TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL IN
VIRGINIA.
00965. PRESSING AND INCINERATION OF KRAFT
MILL, PRIMARY CLARIFIER SLUDGE.
00974. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PAYS OFF AT
CELANESE CHEMICAL PLANT.
00976. INDUSTRIAL WASTES; PAPER AND ALLIED
PRODUCTS.
00982. SUCCESSFUL LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
00986. INVESTMENT RETURN VIA THE ENGINEER'S
METHOD.
00987. MORRISVILLE, PA., BUILDS A NEW FILTRA-
TION PLANT.
00988. NEW BRIGHTON, PA., ACQUIRES 1-MGD
WATER PLANT.
00989. NEW WATERWORKS INTAKE FOR HAMILTON,
ONTARIO.
00991. PROCESS COOLING SYSTEM: SYSTEM COSTS
SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING.
00994. WATER.
00996. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: BASIC
TECHNIQUES.
01004. ELECTRODIALYSIS OF ESTUARINE WATER.
01005. EMERGENCY SURGE CONTROL SYSTEM.
01007. MORE WATER FOR GREENSBORO, NORTH
CAROLINA.
01010. UNIQUE DUAL LAGOON SYSTEM SOLVES
DIFFICULT WINE WASTE TREATMENT
PROBLEM.
01011. WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY-
PART 1.
01012. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN
PLANT CITY, FLA.
01015. COLDWATER CREEK WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT.
01016. FLORIDA FIRM USES GAMMA RAYS TO
POLISH SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT.
01018. IMPROVING BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
01019. INCORPORATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN
SOLUBLE MEDIA.
01021. NEW ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT FOR
KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE.
01023. 02 (OXYGEN) & O3 (OZONE) RX FOR POLLU-
TION.
01026. OIL SPILLS-WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE
WE'RE GOING.
01029. PREFABRICATED DUAL LIFT STATION.
01030. PRETREATMENT OF WASTES FOR
DISCHARGE TO CITY SYSTEM.
01031. PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANT IN THE
WYOMING VALLEY.
01Q32. PURE OXYGEN CUTS COST OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT.
01035. ACTIVATED CARBON BIDS FOR WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT JOBS.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE.
01040. HYBRID SCHEME MAY LOWER DESALTING
COSTS.
01043. REVERSE OSMOSIS OFFERS USEFUL
TECHNIQUE FOR DESALTING.
01045. ZEROING IN ON DESALTING.
01049. INJECTION OF TREATED WASTE WATER
INTO AQUIFERS.
01050. MICROSTRAIN1NG AND OZONATION OF
WATER AND WASTEWATER.
01058. WASTEWATER PLANT EFFLUENT CHLORINA-
TION MADE EASY AND INEXPENSIVE.
01059. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AT SOUTH
TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITIES DISTRICT.
01069. CAPITAL COSTS OF SEWAGE PLANTS.
01073. GUIDELINES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THE FEASIBILITY OF DESALTING SEA
WATER.
01074. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGE APPLICA-
TION: MOCK HEARING.
01079. SOLAR DISTILLATION IN AUSTRALIA.
01081. SELECTING DEMORALIZATION SYSTEMS.
01084. UNIT PRICING CHALLENGES TRADITIONAL
BLOCK-RATE METHOD.
01086. ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS.
01087. CONSIDER RO FOR PRODUCING FEEDWATER.
01088. CONTROLS FOR A MEDIUM-SIZED WATER
UTILITY.
01089. DIATOMITE SYSTEM GETS NOD.
01090. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF WATER MAIN EX-
TENSION.
01091. METROPOLITAN BANGKOK WATER PROJECT.
01092. NITRATE REMOVAL FROM A GROUND
WATER SUPPLY.
01095. RECREATION BENEFITS RATE HIGH.
01099. DESIGNING OPTIMUM COOLING SYSTEMS.
01100. DRYING COOLING TOWER SHOWS PROMISE.
01101. DRY-TYPE COOLING SYSTEMS.
01103. WASTE HEAT DISPOSAL IN POWER PLANTS.
01104. WET-SURFACE AIR COOLERS.
01105. OPERATING VS. CAPITAL COSTS: EVALUAT-
ING TRADEOFF BENEFITS.
01106. QUARTERLY COST ROUNDUPS.
01107. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER
CONSTRUCTION COST INDEX.
01108. BAHAMAS ON A SALT-FREE DIET.
01111. HIGH EFFICIENCY DESALTING.
01113. 63 YEAR-OLD SEWERS UPGRADED.
01114. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREAT-
MENT OF CANNERY WASTES.
01115. ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM TREATMENT
OF COMBINED MUNICIPAL AND PAPER
MILL WASTE WARERS IN FITCHBURG,
MASS.
01116. ADSORPTION/FILTRATION PLANT CUTS
PHENOLS FROM EFFLUENTS.
01117. AERATED LAGOON TREATMENT OF SULFITE
PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.
01119. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY LUXURY UP-
TAKE.
01121. PROCESS EVALUATION-PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
01124. SOUR-WATER PROCESSING TURNS PROBLEM
INTO PAYOUT.
01125. THE USES OF FILTER PRESSES FOR THE DE-
WATERING OF SLUDGES.
01127. TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
283
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01128. UNUSUAL SEWER SYSTEM ELEMENTS AT
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
01131. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
01132. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AT THE ROHM
AND HAAS HOUSTON PLANT.
01134. CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL SURCHARGE OR-
DINANCE.
01136. CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS-THE ENGINEER AS OPERATOR.
01137. DEEP-WELL INJECTION OF WASTEWATER.
01142. FILTER PLANT INCLUDED WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
01144. JOB CORPS BUILDS RECREATION PARK
SEWAGE LAGOON.
01146. MASSIVE WASTE LOAD ELIMINATED BY
DRUG HOUSE.
01150. MICROSTRAINING PAPER MILL WASTE-
WATER.
01151. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS.
01152. NEW ION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM TREATS SOUR
WATER.
01153. NEW PROCESS TREATS ACID RINSE WATERS.
01154. NEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES.
01155. NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
01156. NUCLEAR WASTE HEAT TO TREAT MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01159. OZONE: THE COMING TREATMENT.
01170. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL. DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
01172. AQUEDUCT CONTROL SYSTEMS SAVES 100
MILLION DOLLARS.
01178. TELEMETRY INSTALLATION FOR CENTRAL
CONTROL OF SUNDERLAND AND SOUTH
SHIELDS WATER SYSTEM.
01188. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE EF-
FLUENTS.
01189. WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACT
STABILIZATION AT PENETANGUISHENE,
ONT.
01197. SECONDARY PLANT EFFLUENT POLISHING.
01200. CONTACT STABILIZATION.
01215. DEEP WELLS.
01216. DEPHENOLIZATION OF WATER AND WASTE-
WATER.
01220. PLATING WASTE TREATMENT--WHICH
SYSTEM.
01236. WHAT OPTIONS DO PLATERS HAVE IN POL-
LUTION CONTROL/
01238. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT BY PRES-
SURE FILTRATION.
01246. DESALINATION PROCESSES AND COSTS.
01248. REVERSE OSMOSIS FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER
AND WASTE TREATMENT.
01259. A NEW DESALTING PROCESS UTILIZES
RECOVERABLE SOLID REGENERANT ION
EXCHANGE.
01260. ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION
STUDY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
01264. OPTIMIZING AN ACTIVATED CARBON
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT.
01265. DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER SUP-
PLIES FOR AGRICULTURE.
01267. PARALLEL PLATE INTERCEPTOR.
01268. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE OF THE ART (1968).
01269. PILOT PLANT TESTS AND DESIGN STUDY OF
A 2. 5 MOD HORIZONTAL TUBE MULTIPLE
EFFECT PLANT.
01270. COST ANALYSIS OF SIX WATER DESALTING
PROCESSES.
01273. BEST FEATURES OF FOUR EXISTING PLANTS
HIGHLIGHTED IN NEW DETROIT WATER
FACILITY.
01276. DESIGN OF COOLING TOWERS CIRCULATING
BRACKISH WATERS.
01288. CONOCO'S 5-MILLION DOLLAR PROGRAM TO
MEET 1973 REGULATIONS.
01295. CONCERNING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF EX-
PERIMENTATION IN THE DESIGN OF
DESALTING PLANTS.
01301. INSTALLATION FOR THE COMBUSTION OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
01309. STUDY OF 250 MOD MULTISTAGE FLASH
DISTILLATION PLANT WITH TWO LEVEL
BRINE FLOW.
01310. SHELL'S SWD MEETS POLLUTION STAN-
DARDS.
01319. ECONOMICS OF LARGE SCALE REVERSE OS-
MOSIS PLANTS.
01344. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS-AD-
VANCED WATER TREATMENT.
01442. COST OF CAPITAL IN CANADA: WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO PUBLIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER.
01552. ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
01667. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER WELL
STIMULATION.
01733. BUDGETING MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLA-
TION PLANTS FOR DESALTING SEA WATER.
01742. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR CAPACITY EXPANSION
OF WATER-SUPPLYING FACILITIES.
01745. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION COST MANUAL.
CARBON REGENERATION
01008. THE SELECTION OF GRANULAR VERSUS
POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON.
CEMENT INDUSTRY ,
00916. THE CEMENT INDUSTRY: ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. VOLUME
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
CENTRAL CONTROL
01178. TELEMETRY INSTALLATION FOR CENTRAL
CONTROL OF SUNDERLAND AND SOUTH
SHIELDS WATER SYSTEM.
CENTRALIZED TREATMENT
00970. CENTRALIZED WASTE-DISPOSAL FACILITY IS
ECONOMICAL.
CENTRIFUGATION
00160. CENTRIFUGES REDUCE WATER POLLUTION.
00163. CENTRIFUGATION OF WASTE SLUDGES.
00380. WHAT THE WASTE PLANT ENGINEER
SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CENTRIFUGES.
284
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00757. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
TO COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE DE-
WATERING BY VACUUM FILTER AND CEN-
TRIFUGE.
00936. CENTRIFUGE FOR DEWATERING SLUDGES
01143. HANDLING OF SOLID WASTES.
01158. OPTIMIZE SOLIDS CONTROL.
CERAMIC INDUSTRY
00200. CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF VARIOUS IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (IN GERMAN).
CHEESE INDUSTRY
00159. PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT.
CHEMICAL ADDITIVES
00208. THE ROLE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER REUSE.
00255. INCREASING WASTEWATER FLOW VELOCITY
BY USING CHEMICAL ADDITIVES.
00410. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF TREE ROOTS IN
SEWER LINES.
00672. THE USE OF PILOT PLANT STUDIES IN THE
DESIGN OF A MAJOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT
01624. DEMINERALIZATION BY ION EXCHANGE IN
WATER TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL
PROCESSING OF OTHER LIQUIDS.
01625. WATER IS EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS.
CHEMICAL COSTS
00136. ECONOMICS OF SPLIT-TREATMENT WATER
SOFTENING.
00180. OPTIMIZATION OF THE ION FLOTATION OF
DICHROMATE.
00195. NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND
LIME PRECIPITATION.
00200. CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF VARIOUS IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (IN GERMAN).
00229. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN
APPALACHIA.
00279. EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR IN-
HIBITION OF ANAEROBIC SEWAGE SLUDGE
DIGESTION DUE TO ANIONIC DETER-
GENTS.
00337. OXNARD SEWAGE PLANT SOLVES ODOR
CONTROL PROBLEM.
00473. SODIUM HYDROXIDE RECOVERY IN THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY.
00685. SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
00698. ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM POTABLE WATER.
00710. SPLIT TREATMENT LIME SOFTENING
REDUCES OPERATING COSTS AT AMES,
IOWA.
00839. A COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY ON
PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR MEM-
BRANE DESALTING PLANTS.
00951. CONTINUOUS DEMINERALIZING FOR BOILER
FEED.
01120. POLYMERS IN THE FILTRATION OF RAW
SLUDGE.
01121. PROCESS EVALUATION-PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
01173. DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM.
01227. REMOVING HARDNESS FROM BRACKISH
WATERS.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
00165. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00827. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00891. PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
00922. REUSE OF CHEMICAL FIBER PLANT WASTE-
WATER AND COOLING WATER BLOW-
DOWN.
00994. WATER.
01605. WATER RESOURCES AND THE CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY, IN NEW JERSEY: AN ECONOMET-
RIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
CHEMICAL PROCESS
00543. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING
PHOSPHORUS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS.
00879. SOLVENTLESS EXTRUDED POWDER N-5
GENERAL WATER POLLUTION STUDY
(DENITRIFICATION).
00927. A NEW METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER.
01197. SECONDARY PLANT EFFLUENT POLISHING.
01424. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR WATER PURIFICA-
TION AND WATER TREATMENT.
CHEMICAL WASTES
00144. POLLUTION-CAUSES, COSTS, CONTROL.
00154. COPING WITH COOLING TOWER BLOW-
DOWN.
00200. CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF VARIOUS IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (IN GERMAN).
00226. POLLUTION AT THE SOUTHERN END OF
LAKE MICHIGAN (WATER POLLUTION).
00406. INORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: CLEAN
WATER COST ESTIMATE.
00410. CHEMICAL CQNTROL OF TREE ROOTS IN
SEWER LINES.
00454. THE LARGEST OXIDATION DITCH IN THE
WORLD FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES.
00472. THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, GASIFICATION
WASTES, AND FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHE-
SIS WASTES.
00556. CHRYSLER CANADA LTD. INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT, WINDSOR,
ONTARIO.
00557. OPERATIONAL GROWING PAINS OF AN IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT.
00585. REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF ALUM AND LIME
SLUDGES.
285
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00613. PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE
PROCESS.
00657. DEVELOPMENT OF A FROTH PROCESS FOR
THE TREATMENT OF SOUR WATER.
00697. PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION PROCESS.
00766. PRODUCTION WORK GOES UNDERGROUND
AT HOLLAND-SUCO.
00783. A DISPOSAL WELL FOR SPENT SULFURIC
ACID FROM ALKYLATING ISO-BUTANE
AND BUTYLENES.
00800. DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR
WASTES BY INJECTION INTO DEEP WELLS.
00847. A STUDY ON DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS
OF A PROTOTYPE COAL CLEANING PLANT.
PART 1-6.
00848. A STUDY ON DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS
OF A PROTOTYPE COAL CLEANING PLANT.
SUPPLEMENT.
01146. MASSIVE WASTE LOAD ELIMINATED BY
DRUG HOUSE.
01153. NEW PROCESS TREATS ACID RINSE WATERS.
01220. PLATING WASTE TREATMENT-WHICH
SYSTEM.
01819. PCB IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
CHLORINATION
00277. BOD REDUCTION BY CHLORINATION.
00315. CLOSED LOOP CHLORINATION FOR WASTE
WATERS.
00319. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CHLORINE
MIXING AND CONTACT CHAMBERS.
00586. NITROGEN REMOVAL BY BREAKPOINT
CHLORINATION.
00621. LIGHT CATALYZED CHLORINE OXIDATION
FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00626. HANDLING DYE WASTES IN A MUNICIPAL
PLANT.
00869. AN INVESTIGATION OF LIGHT CATALYZED
CHLORINE OXIDATION FOR TREATMENT
OF WASTEWATER.
01047. IODINE FOR THE DISINFECTION OF WATER.
01058. WASTEWATER PLANT EFFLUENT CHLORINA-
TION MADE EASY AND INEXPENSIVE.
01163. INFLUENCE OF TOXIC MATERIALS ON MEET-
ING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY
WATER.
01190. SEWAGE EFFLUENT CHLORINATION PRAC-
TICES IN ILLINOIS AND INDIANA.
CLARIFICATION
00215. TUBE CLARIFICATION PROCESS, OPERATING
EXPERIENCES.
00378. CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
00750. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF UP-
WARD-FLOW CLARIFIERS AT WORKS OF
THE LICHFIELD RDC.
00956. FIELD USE OF A CATIONIC POLYMER FOR
CLARIFICATION.
00966. SECONDARY TREATMENT WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
01245. SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
STATE OF THE ART ABSTRACTS.
COAGULATION
01787. STATE OF THE ART OF COAGULATION.
COMBINED SEWERS
00148. SEPARATION OF COMBINED WASTEWATER
AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, SAN
FRANCISCO STUDY AREA.
00149. COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
REPORT ON MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
00150. REPORT ON PRESSURE SEWERAGE SYSTEM,
SUMMER STREET SEPARATION STUDY
AREA, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
00185. STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
00269. MASTER WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT PLAN FOR BOGOTA, COLOM-
BIA.
00398. ROTARY VIBRATORY FINE SCREENING OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
00399. DETROIT SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE
CONTROL. DETROIT METROPOLITAN
WATER SERVICES, MICH.
00404. POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL, A PRO-
GRAM FOR CHICAGOLAND.
00407. HIGH-RATE, FINE-MESH SCREENING OF COM-
BINED WASTE WATER OVERFLOWS.
00414. MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
00457. CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORT- KING-
MAN LAKE PROJECT.
00465. COMBINED SEWER TEMPORARY UN-
DERWATER STORAGE FACILITY.
00500. SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEWERS.
00506. URBAN RUNOFF ADDS TO WATER POLLU-
TION.
00509. UNDERFLOW SEWERS FOR CHICAGO.
00516. DETROIT'S METROPOLITAN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL PROGRAM - IN ACTION.
00518. DEEP TUNNEL STORAGE MAY SOLVE CITY
STORM WATER PROBLEM.
00549. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR
PAPERS.
00550. MICROSTRAINING WITH OZONATION OR
CHLORINATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
00551. ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON, D.
C.
00604. DEMONSTRATE FEASIBILITY OF THE USE OF
ULTRASONIC FILTRATION IN TREATING
THE OVERFLOWS FROM COMBINED
SEWERS.
00611. STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION
SOURCES AND ABATEMENT-ATLANTA,
GEORGIA.
00662. COMBINED WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT FACILITY, MOUNT CLEMENS,
MICHIGAN.
00723. COST AND PERFORMANCE OF RETENTION
BASINS IN THE TREATMENT OF WET-
WEATHER SEWAGE FLOWS.
286
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SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE-THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN.
01149. MICROSTRAINING OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
COMBINED TREATMENT
00453. COMBINED WASTE TREATMENT AT GRAND
ISLAND, NEBRASKA.
00472. THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, GASIFICATION
WASTES, AND FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHE-
SIS WASTES.
COMPETING USES
00183. REPLY TO COMMENTS ON 'RECREATION
BENEFITS FROM WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL'.
COMPOSTING
00583. ECONOMICS OF COMPOSTING MUNICIPAL
REFUSE IN EUROPE AND ISRAEL.
COMPUTER PROGRAM
00023. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WASTE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00033. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL STUDIES.
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR
CAPACITIES AND COSTS.
00265. COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING
ECONOMIC STUDIES.
00321. USE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN OF SANITA-
RY SEWER SYSTEMS.
00412. ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER
OVERFLOW PROBLEM ROANOKE, VIR-
GINIA.
00459. REVERSE OSMOSIS RENOVATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
00504. LEAST COST SAND FILTER DESIGN FOR IRON
REMOVAL.
00581. SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING FROM
WASTE WATER.
00582. AUTOMATIC PLANNING OF THE LEAST-COST
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK.
00605. DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
00646. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00652. DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT.
00728. THE RIVER BASIN MODEL: ECONOMIC SEC-
TOR.
00757. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
TO COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE DE-
WATERING BY VACUUM FILTER AND CEN-
TRIFUGE.
00760. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
00777. CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES.
00798. RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
00831. DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS.
00833. PARAMETRIC ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING
EVALUATION STUDY OF THE ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS FOR WATER DESALINA-
TION.
00849. AN ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
00889. CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF OUTFALL
SYSTEMS FOR DESALTING PLANTS.
00896. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE
ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
00911. COMPUTER CODES FOR OFFICE OF SALINE
WATER PROGRAM ANALYSIS.
01001. COMPUTER AIDS IN CRAG WATER PLAN.
01170. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL. DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
01300. SEWER DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATION BY
COMPUTER.
01350. COMPUTERIZED EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE ASSIMILATION.
01409. OPTIMUM NUMBER AND LOCATION OF
TREATMENT PLANTS.
01410. COMPUTERIZED WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
01515. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01642. COMPUTERIZED PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMAT-
ING COSTS OF DESALTING SYSTEMS.
01701. COST ESTIMATING COMPUTER PROGRAM
FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
01723. ENVIROTECH MUNICIPAL EQUIPMENT PRO-
GRAM.
01774. COMPUTER DESIGN OF THE CMAS SYSTEMS.
01776. A GENERALIZED COMPUTER MODEL FOR
STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE OF THE
RELIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
01779. TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
01786. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SEWER DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATION.
CONSERVATION
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
00203. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM.
00204. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
ITALY.
00206. THE UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER IN JAPAN.
00511. COST-SHARING UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL
CONSERVATION PROGRAM.
00544. FLOW REDUCTION OF WASTE WATER FROM
HOUSEHOLDS.
00605. DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
01176. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL. ARE SAFEGUARDS
BEING IGNORED.
01206. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT.
01255. WHY PAY TWICE. SALVAGE YOUR WASTE.
287
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01355. PROPOSED PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS 00162.
FOR PLANNING WATER AND RELATED
LAND RESOURCES.
01468. CONSERVATION AND THE RATIONAL USE OF
THE ENVIRONMENT. 00173.
01476. ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONSERVA-
TION. 00218.
01628. PERSPECTIVES ON CONSERVATION; ESSAYS
ON AMERICA'S NATURAL RESOURCES.
01638. THE CONSERVATION OF GROUND WATER.
01659. A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND 00234.
ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY.
01660. CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PRO- 00246.
CRAMMING. PAPER PRESENTED AT SYM-
POSIUM, PROGRAMMING THE USE OF
NATURAL RESOURCES. 00269.
01736. CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES, APPENDIX A: DESIGN 00270.
AND COST OF LIQUID-WAST
01839. CONSERVATION EXPECTATIONS OF RIVER 00271.
BASIN MANAGEMENT.
01840. DOES CONSERVATION INVOLVE COST? . 00278,
01842. CONSERVATION RECONSIDERED.
01871. A SAFE MINIMUM STANDARD AS AN OBJEC-
TIVE OF CONSERVATION POLICY. IN 00285,
RESOURCE CONSERVATION: ECONOMICS
AND POLICIES. 00287,
01878. ECONOMICS AND THE CONSERVATION
QUESTION. 00289,
01885. THE SOCIAL, PHYCHOLOGICAL AND VALUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSERVATIONISTS 00304.
AND PRESERVATIONISTS IN THE UNITED
STATES: A REV 00305.
01891. READINGS ON NATURAL BEAUTY: A 00306.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01893. NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE GOVERNMEN- 00307.
TAL PROCESS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY,
SELECTED AND ANNOTATED. 00308.
01911. CONSERVATION: MORE ETHICS THAN
ECONOMICS. 00311.
CONSTRUCTION COSTS
00324,
00006. POLLUTING SOLUTION--A TOWNSHIP
SEWERAGE SYSTEM, 00373,
00012. STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS. 00375,
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES. 00378,
00054. CORRECTING STORM-WATER INFILTRATION,
TONAWANDA, NEW YORK.
00090. A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR 00383.
URBAN WATER SERVICES.
00103. WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS OF A FLORIDA
PHOSPHATE OPERATION. 00394.
00105. DEBATE ON THERMAL ISSUE CONTINUES.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT. 00400,
00134. POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF A DISTILLERY
WASTE.
00148. SEPARATION OF COMBINED WASTEWATER 00402.
AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, SAN
FRANCISCO STUDY AREA.
00149. COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT, 00403.
REPORT ON MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
00150. REPORT ON PRESSURE SEWERAGE SYSTEM,
SUMMER STREET SEPARATION STUDY 00404.
AREA, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
00158. A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
INCINERATION OF GRIT, SCREENINGS, AND
SCUM.
EXAMINATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM
FOR ABATING, CONTROLLING AND
PREVENTING WATER POLLU
CHICAGO'S SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION
PLANT.
FRITZ V BD OF TRUSTEES (ASSESSMENTS
FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SANITARY
SEWER SYSTEM).
MASTER WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT PLAN FOR BOGOTA, COLOM-
BIA.
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR TRADE
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
SEWAGE PLANT DESIGNED FOR FLUCTUAT-
ING POPULATION.
RECONSTRUCTION OF OFFERTON SEWAGE
WORKS OF HAZEL GROVE AND BRAM-
HALL UDC.
ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
BASIS FOR WASTE STABILIZATION POND
DESIGNS.
WASTE STABILIZATION POND PRACTICES IN
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
WATER QUALITY TELEMETRY FINAL
PROGRESS REPORT.
STORMWATER OVERFLOW GETS BAGGED.
ISLAND CITY SOLVES TOUGH SEWERAGE
PROBLEM.
CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES.
DEVELOPING RURAL HOME WATER SUP-
PLIES.
CHICAGO WATER SYSTEM, A DESCRIPTION
OF THE SYSTEM AND ITS SANITARY PRO-
TECTION.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE FIRST
DIGESTER GAS TURBINE IN THE U. S. A. .
RISK EVALUATION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN.
EUROPEAN PRACTICES IN SLUDGE
DIGESTION AND DISPOSAL.
CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
AUTOMATIC WATER AND WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANTS IN OPERATION.
OPTIMAL DEGREE OF SEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT FOR EACH PROJECT OF THE
COMPLEX.
GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, PUBLIC
WORKS PLAN FOR WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
REPORT TO THE CITY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN,
ON SANITARY AND STORM SEWER
SYSTEMS.
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL, A PRO-
GRAM FOR CHICAGOLAND.
288
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00407. HIGH-RATE, FINE-MESH SCREENING OF COM-
BINED WASTE WATER OVERFLOWS
00412. ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER
OVERFLOW PROBLEM - ROANOKE VIR-
GINIA.
00415. ENGINEERING REPORT ON COUNTY-WIDE
WASTE WATER INTERCEPTING AND
TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00418. MINIMAL COST ESTIMATION FOR
LAKEFRONT SEWAGE SYSTEMS.
00456. DISPOSAL OF BRINES PRODUCED IN
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATER.
00460. AMENDED 1964 MASTER PLAN OF WATER-
WORKS IMPROVEMENTS FOR BOARD OF
WATERWORKS COMMISSIONERS, MADIS-
ON, WISCONSIN.
00461. TOTAL WATER USE.
00467. THE COLLECTION OF MANURE FROM
HOUSED LIVESTOCK.
00471. USE OF STYROFOAM FOR TRICKLING FILTER
COVERS.
00494. STEEL PIPE SELECTED FOR STORM SEWER
SYSTEM.
00495. WATER STORAGE METHODS - FROM
CUPPED HANDS TO COMPUTERS.
00501. CHICAGO SEWER DRAIN PROJECT.
00502. STORM SEWER CHANNEL IN NEBRASKA.
00503. SUBURB MEETS URBANIZATION HEAD-ON.
00509. UNDERFLOW SEWERS FOR CHICAGO.
00514. LAUNCHING A TWO MILE SEWAGE OUT-
FALL.
00516. DETROIT'S METROPOLITAN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL PROGRAM IN ACTION.
00524. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS.
00531. ANN ARBOR'S RECALCINING PROCESS AND
PROBLEMS.
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
00567. SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
00573. WASTE WATER CONTROL FACILITIES IN A
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT.
00577. SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
00578. TREATMENT OF BRASS MILL EFFLUENTS AT
ANACONDA TORONTO PLANT.
00605. DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
00651. INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL PROCESS.
00677. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AD-
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
00692. RATE SURCHARGES: FRIEND OR FOE.
00714. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00726. AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES.
00727. THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECT OF CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATION COSTS IN
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
00738. PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IN GREATER CHICAGO.
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE-THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN.
00750. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF UP-
WARD-FLOW CLARIFIERS AT WORKS OF
THE LICHFIELD RDC.
00850. A STUDY OF DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
DESALINATION BRINE WASTE.
00864. COSTS OF WELLS AND PUMPS.
00866. MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
00868. HYDRAULICS OF A PRESSURIZED SEWERAGE
SYSTEM AND USE OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS.
00934. A COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION
FOR CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND
PROCESSES.
00937. DENVER BUILDS A WASTE TREATMENT
PLANT.
00978. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWAGE STUDY.
00982. SUCCESSFUL LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
01027. OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01044. SOLAR DESALTING.
01053. NEW PUMPING AND WATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR AUGUSTA, MAINE.
01063. CALIFORNIA PLANT USES DIATOMITE AND
CARBON FILTERS.
01091. METROPOLITAN BANGKOK WATER PROJECT.
01106. QUARTERLY COST ROUNDUPS.
01107. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER
CONSTRUCTION COST INDEX.
01114. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREAT-
MENT OF CANNERY WASTES.
01129. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
01133. BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
01177. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF RURAL WATER
SYSTEMS.
01214. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS FOR
DISTILLATION PLANTS.
01219. DEEP DOWN WASTE DISPOSAL.
01256. TOOLS FOR WATER RESOURCE STUDY.
01308. RECOVERY OF SALTS FROM SALINE WATER
VIA SOLVENT EXTRACTION.
01318. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAIN-
TENANCE OF WASTE STABILIZATION
LAGOONS.
01405. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY
AND SEWAGE NETWORKS IN POLAND
1961-1970.
01747. PROGRAM BUDGETING AND UNCERTAINTY:
A CASE STUDY IN ESTIMATING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS OF WATER RESOURCE
PROJECTS.
01767. SEWAGE TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION
COSTS.
CONTACT STABILIZATION
00366. CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS CHOSEN
FOR NEW DRYDEN PLANT.
01189. WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACT
STABILIZATION AT PENETANGUISHENE,
ONT.
289
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COOLING 01210
01223.
00009. COSTS DIVE AS WEIRTON RE-USES MILL 01231.
ROLL COOLANT.
00094. WASTEWATER REUSE AT THE GRAND 01276.
CANYON.
00154. COPING WITH COOLING TOWER BLOW- 01277.
DOWN.
00158. A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER. 01287.
00179. HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT IN COOLING 01297.
WATER.
00188. HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS WITH 01325.
RESERVOIR STORAGE OF MAKEUP TO 01751.
SERVE THE PROPOSED KEYSTONE
GENERATING STATION.
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION.
00214. COOLING WATER SOURCES FOR POWER 01066.
GENERATION. 01210.
00332. THERMAL EFFECTS: A REPORT OF UTILITY
ACTION.
00341. CLEAN WATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00370. FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF 00007.
COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN. 00011.
00393. TASK II REPORT: SURVEY OF POWER PLANT
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND 00120.
DESIGN CRITERIA.
00462. USEFUL ENERGY FROM UNWANTED HEAT. 00126.
00463. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL. 00133.
00529. COOLING TOWER FOG: CONTROL AND
ABATEMENT. 00250.
00530. COOLING TOWERS BOOST WATER REUSE.
00568. COOLING TOWERS FOR LARGE STEAM-ELEC- 00272.
TRIG GENERATING UNITS.
00581. SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING FROM 00309.
WASTE WATER.
00688. RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS 00363.
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION:
PART 1. 00389.
00735. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES.
00922. REUSE OF CHEMICAL FIBER PLANT WASTE- 00413.
WATER AND COOLING WATER BLOW-
DOWN. 00442.
00952. COOLING LAKES CAN BE A PLEASANT SOLU-
TION.
00991. PROCESS COOLING SYSTEM: SYSTEM COSTS 00457.
SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING.
00996. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: BASIC 00478.
TECHNIQUES. 00492.
01066. IMPROVED COOLING WATER TREATMENT.
01097. AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS-NEW
GROWTH. 00500,
01098. COOLING WATER. 0051L
01099. DESIGNING OPTIMUM COOLING SYSTEMS.
01100. DRYING COOLING TOWER SHOWS PROMISE. 00532.
01101. DRY-TYPE COOLING SYSTEMS.
01102. MECHANICAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER. 00536.
01103. WASTE HEAT DISPOSAL IN POWER PLANTS.
01104. WET-SURFACE AIR COOLERS. 00546.
01161. USING WASTE WATER TO CUT POLLUTION 00547.
CONTROL COSTS.
01191. WATER TREATMENT PAYS OFF.
01192. ARE DRY COOLING TOWERS ECONOMICAL. 00593.
01204. COOLING TOWERS. 00594.
01205. AUTOMATIC COOLING TOWER CONTROL. 00598.
HOW TO TREAT COOLING WATER.
WATER CONSERVATION SAVES $250,000.
COST ANALYSIS OF LARGE EVAPORATIVE
TYPE COOLING TOWERS. i
DESIGN OF COOLING TOWERS CIRCULATING
BRACKISH WATERS.
COOLING TOWER SLOWDOWN TREATMENT
COSTS.
SALT WATER COOLING TOWER.
WATER QUALITY FACTORS ON THE COST
AND PERFORMANCE OF COOLANTS.
SYSTEM COSTS SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING.
AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC STUDY OF
COOLING POND PERFORMANCE, MAY
1970.
CORROSION CONTROL
IMPROVED COOLING WATER TREATMENT.
HOW TO TREAT COOLING WATER.
COST ALLOCATION
EFFLUENT CHARGES; A METHOD OF EN-
FORCING STREAM STANDARDS.
MODERN SEWER-SERVICE CHARGES, PART 1-
-WHY CITIES NEED THEM.
EXTERNALITIES AND THE QUALITY OF AIR
AND WATER.
DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION AN-
NUAL REPORT 1969.
TREATMENT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AT BAYPORT'S INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF AQUATIC
NUISANCES.
THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF TRADE
EFFLUENTS.
NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWERAGE STUDY.
SLUDGE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES-SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.
OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
POLLUTION, PURIFICATION AND THE
THEORY OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BURDEN OF
SEWER USER CHARGES UNDER VARIOUS
CHARGE FORMULAS.
CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORT- KING-
MAN LAKE PROJECT.
WATER QUALITY, THE STATE OF THE ART.
ORGANIZING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF RIVER
BASIN AUTHORITIES.
SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEWERS.
COST-SHARING UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL
CONSERVATION PROGRAM.
PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE 1970'S.
CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALI-
TY AND THE COST OF IMPROVEMENTS.
STORM SEWER ASSESSMENTS.
THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY POLLUTION.
ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL.
THE USE OF STANDARDS AND PRICES FOR
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
290
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00606. WATER WORKS RECORD KEEPING. 00135
00609. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL- 00141
LUTION.
00618. ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT: APPLYING THEORY TO
PRACTICE. 00147
00620. DREDGING: PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES. 00148
00646. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00673. FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIES 00149
TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 00150
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00692. RATE SURCHARGES: FRIEND OR FOE. 00155
00695. THE ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
00700. EFFLUENT TAXES AND REGULATION.
00712. POLLUTION: CLEANING UP COSTS MONEY. 00156.
00744. DIVISION OF COST RESPONSIBILITY FOR
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS. 00158
00752. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT- 00159.
MENT COSTS AND CHARGES.
00756. POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT 00160.
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS. 00164
00844. FUTURE WATER DEMANDS.
00929. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN THE U S
A TODAY. 00165.
00972. COST ACCOUNTING FOR POLLUTION CON- 00176.
TROL.
01193. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL- GEARING
PERFORMANCE TO PROMISE. 00180.
COST ANALYSIS 00182.
00010. A SAMPLE DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE 00184.
EFFECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION ON
WATER-BASED RECREATION EXPENDI- 00185.
TURES.
00019. OPTIMIZATION OF THE HYDRAULIC REGIME 00190.
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
00052. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER 00191.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT. 00202.
00053. HANDBOOK OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
IN MINE DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT.
00065. THERMAL POLLUTION: HOT ISSUE FOR IN-
DUSTRY. 00228.
00069. NUTRIENTS.
00075. RECENT RESULTS FROM A MATHEMATICAL
MODEL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 00236.
IN THE DELAWARE ESTUARY.
00090. A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR 00239.
URBAN WATER SERVICES.
00104. WHAT PRICE A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT. 00247.
00106. CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS (WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION). 00256.
00113. POLLUTION CHARGES, WASTE ASSIMILATIVE 00257.
CAPACITY INVESTMENT, AND WATER
QUALITY: THE PUBLIC COSTS OF A PUBLIC
GOOD.
00115. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT- 00261.
MENT PLANTS. 00268.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00121. EFFLUENT CHARGES.
00125. COMBATING POLLUTION CREATED BY OIL 00283.
SPILLS, VOLUME I: METHODS.
00130. ECONOMICS EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
00131. DIATOMITE FILTRATION IN A BOARD MILL.
AERATED STABILIZATION BASIN TREAT-
MENT OF WHITE WATER.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER RENOVA-
TION SYSTEMS USING THE DIGITAL COM-
PUTER.
PRESSURE TUBING FIELD INVESTIGATION.
SEPARATION OF COMBINED WASTEWATER
AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, SAN
FRANCISCO STUDY AREA.
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
REPORT ON MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
REPORT ON PRESSURE SEWERAGE SYSTEM^
SUMMER STREET SEPARATION STUDY
AREA, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING IN THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOR THE BON-
NEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION.
ELECTRODIALYSIS IN ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT.
CENTRIFUGES REDUCE WATER POLLUTION.
TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVER-
FLOWS AND SURFACE WATERS AT CLEVE-
LAND, OHIO.
ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE ION FLOTATION OF
DICHROMATE.
ELECTROSORPTION AND DESORPTION
PROCESS FOR DEMORALIZATION.
SOIL SEALING CHEMICALS AND
TECHNIQUES.
STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY OF STREAMS.
IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF UN-
DERGROUND STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
WATER DISCHARGES (RUSSIAN).
COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
ECONOMICS AND POLITICS INFLUENCE t*Gfc
LUTION ABATEMENT RESEARCH.
EFFECT OF STARCH SUBSTITUTES ON TEX-
TILE WASTES.
NUTRIENT REMOVAL A UNIVERSAL
REQUIREMENT.
TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTE LIQUORS:
WASTE LIQUORS FROM THE MERCERI^/k-
TION OF COTTON FABRICS AND LIMITING
OF WASTE WATER ALKALINITY («j
CZECH).
THE COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
FEDERAL AID TO THE STATES: AN ANALYTI-
CAL EXAMINATION OF THE ALTERNA-
TIVES.
A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIAL INDUCED AERATION IN POL-
LUTED STREAMS BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S PRINCIPLE.
291
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00285. ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF 00524.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00292. TEXTILE WORKS EFFLUENT TREATMENT. 00525.
00294 THE CHARACTERISTICS AND POLLUTIONAL 00534.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, SUMMARY RE-
PORT. 00535.
00301. SURVEY OF DESALTING PROCESSES FOR USE
IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT. 00537.
00302. ECONOMICS OF COMBINING DISTILLED SEA-
WATER AND RENOVATED WASTE WATER
AS A NEW SOURCE OF MUNICIPAL WATER 00539.
SUPPLY.
00307. CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR 00540.
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES.
00321. USE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN OF SANITA- 00541.
RY SEWER SYSTEMS.
00327. NEW PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF EF- 00542.
FLUENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY (IN
GERMAN). 00543.
00330. TEXTILE WATER POLLUTION CLEANUP
PICKS UP SPEED.
00333. DISPERSED GROWTH AERATION OF COTTON 00544.
FINISHING WASTES. II. EFFECT OF HIGH PH
AND LOWERED AIR RATE. 00547.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT. 00549.
00350. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
00365. ECONOMICS OF AERATION IN WASTE TREAT- 00550.
MENT.
00379. WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE BY IN-
DUSTRY. 00551.
00395. WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING IN INDUS-
TRY.
00439. A GROWING MARKET FOR WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT. 00552.
00445. SURVEY OF COSTS ON METHODS FOR CON- 00553.
TROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION. 00554.
00455. AN EVALUATION OF DIFFUSION MEM-
BRANES FOR WASTE WATER REHABILITA- 00555.
TION.
00475. ULTRAFILTRATIVE DEWATERING OF SPENT 00556.
POWDERED CARBON.
00476. EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTE. 00557.
00481. LIMITED OIL SPILLS IN HARBOR AREAS.
00488. ORIGINS AND NATURE OF FARM WASTES. 00561.
00489. MINIMIZING THE WASTE PROBLEM WITH
CATTLE.
00490. BUILDING DESIGN. 00562.
00506. URBAN RUNOFF ADDS TO WATER POLLU-
TION. 00563.
00510. BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN WATER
QUALITY CRISIS. 00569.
00512. RE-USING STORM RUN-OFF.
00518. DEEP TUNNEL STORAGE MAY SOLVE CITY
STORM WATER PROBLEM. 00570.
00519. SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS. 00575.
00520. THE ROLE OF PONDS IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT. 00576.
00522. AERATED LAGOONS FOR POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES. 00577.
00523. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AERATED
LAGOON TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL 00578.
WASTE WATERS.
OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS.
CHALLENGE FOR WASTE WATER LAGOONS.
FINAL REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMIT-
TEE ON STORM OVERFLOWS AND THE
DISPOSAL OF STORM SEWAGE.
WASTE DISPOSAL AND POLLUTION,
POULTRY PROCESSING.
00576 COST AND MANPOWER FOR MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER
BY REVERSE OSMOSIS.
CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT KEHR AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
TREATMENT OF SOLE LEATHER VEGETABLE
TANNERY WASTES.
PHENOLIC WASTE RE-USE BY DIATOMITE
FILTRATION.
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING
PHOSPHORUS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS.
FLOW REDUCTION OF WASTE WATER FROM
HOUSEHOLDS.
THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR
PAPERS.
MICROSTRAINING WITH OZONATION OR
CHLORINATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON, D.
C.
MIDDLE LEE SETS THE STANDARDS.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN GREAT
BRITAIN.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BLEACH
PLANT WASTES.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE FILTRA-
TION OF METAL HYDROXIDES.
CHRYSLER CANADA LTD. INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT, WINDSOR,
ONTARIO.
OPERATIONAL GROWING PAINS OF AN IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT.
A PRELIMINARY 'LEAST COST' STUDY OF FU-
TURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED
SLUDGE.
AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTE.
WATER RECLAMATION AND ALGAE HAR-
VESTING.
NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT BUDGET IN THE
BAY OF QUINTE, LAKE ONTARIO.
SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
TREATMENT OF BRASS MILL EFFLUENTS AT
ANACONDA TORONTO PLANT.
292
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00579. TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR INDUSTRIAL 00651
WASTES.
00580. PRE-TREATMENT OF WASTES AT BARRIE 00652
TANNING LIMITED, BARRIE, ONTARIO
00581. SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING FROM 00653
WASTE WATER.
00584. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR PHOSPHORUS 00654
REMOVAL.
00585. REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF ALUM AND LIME 00656
SLUDGES.
00586. NITROGEN REMOVAL BY BREAKPOINT
CHLORINATION. 00657
00587. AEROBIC SECONDARY TREATMENT OF
POTATO PROCESSING WASTES. 00662
00588. A TECHNIQUE FOR IRRIGATING BOTTOM
LAND HARDWOOD TREES WITH PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT IN NORTH LOUISIANA. 00663
00589. TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM FOOD MANU-
FACTURE AND COFFEE PROCESSING. 00670
00591. THE APPLICATION OF BACTERIAL PROCESS
KINETICS IN STREAM SIMULATION AND 00671.
STREAM ANALYSIS.
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A
LAKE WATERSHED. 00677
00603. POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR TREATMENT
AND RECOVERY OF PETROCHEMICAL 00678.
WASTES. 00683
00604. DEMONSTRATE FEASIBILITY OF THE USE OF 00689.
ULTRASONIC FILTRATION IN TREATING
THE OVERFLOWS FROM COMBINED 00694.
SEWERS.
00605. DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. 00695.
00606. WATER WORKS RECORD KEEPING. 00696.
00611. STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION
SOURCES AND ABATEMENT-ATLANTA, 00707.
GEORGIA. 00709.
00613. PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE
PROCESS. 00713.
00614. FURTHER THOUGHTS ON TRADE EFFLUENT 00718.
CHARGES.
00615. CLEAN WATER DAY PROMISES IMPROVED 00719.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00616. COSTS FOR EQUIVALENT UPSTREAM REDUC- 00723.
TION IN WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.
00621. LIGHT CATALYZED CHLORINE OXIDATION
FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER. 00724.
00622. USE OF FUNGI IMPERFECTI IN WASTE CON-
TROL.
00623. GELLING CRUDE OILS TO REDUCE MARINE 00726.
POLLUTION FROM TANKER OIL SPILLS.
00624. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF 00727.
AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTES-SECOND PROGRESS REPORT.
00625. MEAT PACKING WASTES RESPOND TO MANY
TREATMENT METHODS. 00731.
00626. HANDLING DYE WASTES IN A MUNICIPAL
PLANT. 00732.
00628. GROWN-UP COMPANY TOWN COPES WITH
POLLUTION PROBLEMS. 00733.
00635. OZONATION, NEXT STOP TO WATER PURIFI-
CATION. 00748.
00641. TAHOE AND WINDHOEK: PROMISE AND
PROOF OF CLEAN WATER. 00758.
00645. RECONNAISANCE STUDY: FINANCE, OR-
GANIZATION, MANAGEMENT-NASHUA ER 00760.
QUALITY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.
INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL PROCESS.
DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT.
WASTEWATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
POLYELECTROLYTE CONDITIONING OF
ALUM SLUDGE.
ROTARY PRECOAT FILTRATION OF SLUDGE
FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
NEUTRALIZATION.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FROTH PROCESS FOR
THE TREATMENT OF SOUR WATER.
COMBINED WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT FACILITY, MOUNT CLEMENS,
MICHIGAN.
DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL AT GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN.
IMPROVING MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES IN
COLORADO BY DESALTING.
WATER QUALITY STUDY, REPORT 4, WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND
CONCEPTUAL PLAN.
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AD-
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER.
DETERGENTS: A STATUS REPORT.
AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION.
THE ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
DISCUSSION OF THE RECLAMATION OF
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS FOR DOMESTIC USE.
SEWER MAINTENANCE COSTS.
EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
FILTRATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
CONVENTIONAL USE OR REUSE-A COST
COMPARISON.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TYPICAL
WATER WORKS TELEMETERING SYSTEMS.
COST AND PERFORMANCE OF RETENTION
BASINS IN THE TREATMENT OF WET-
WEATHER SEWAGE FLOWS.
COST RELATIONSHIP OF BIOLOGICAL AND
THERMAL PROCESSES FOR THE TREAT-
MENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS.
AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECT OF CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATION COSTS IN
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
A STUDY OF WATER PLANT ISOLATION
FROM CONTAMINATION.
THERMAL POLLUTION: THE EFFECT OF THE
PROBLEM.
REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR WATER
REUSE APPLICATION.
DECISION FACTORS-SEPARATE INDUSTRY
OR JOINT MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
293
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00761. APPRAISAL OF GRANULAR CARBON CON- 01337.
TACT1NG: PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF THE
LITERATURE. PHASE 2. ECONOMIC EFFECT 01339.
OF DESIGN.
00798. RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL 01340.
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS 01406.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
00799. AN APPRAISAL OF GASEOUS WASTE 01914.
DISPOSAL INTO THE LITHOSPHERE AT THE
NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION,
IDAHO.
00801. DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTES BY INJECTION 00003.
UNDERGROUND-NEITHER MYTH NOT MIL-
LENNIUM. 00009.
00805. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. 00016.
00840. POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT.
00847. A STUDY ON DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS 00029.
OF A PROTOTYPE COAL CLEANING PLANT.
PART 1-6.
00854. FEASIBILITY OF CURVILINEAR ALIGNMENTS 00032.
FOR RESIDENTIAL SANITARY SEWERS.
00865. POLYMERS FOR SEWER FLOW CONTROL. 00035.
00873. A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE
SYSTEM AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF
LARGE SEA WATER DISTILLATION 00046.
PLANTS.
00880. STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR 00076.
REMOVING OR DISPERSING OIL FROM
OPEN WATERS.
00883. STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR 00081.
REMOVING OIL FROM HARBOR WATERS.
00920. THE REUSE OF WATER IN MANUFACTURING:
AN EXPLANATORY ECONOMIC MODEL
WITH DATA ANALYSIS. 00082.
00923. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSING.
00924. LIQUID WASTES FROM CANNING AND 00084.
FREEZING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
00925. COST OF WASTE TREATMENT IN THE MEAT
PACKING INDUSTRY. 00093.
00926. EFFECT OF WATER CONDITIONING ON 00094.
WASTEWATER QUALITY.
00927. A NEW METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF 00095.
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER. 00097.
00928. HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS IMPROVES 00125.
ECONOMICS OF SLUDGE HANDLING AND
DISPOSAL. 00129.
01000. CARRY SAVES $ WITH NATURAL GAS EN-
GINE.
01221. METAL FINISHING WASTE TREATMENT-COM- 00130.
PARATIVE ECONOMICS.
01270. COST ANALYSIS OF SIX WATER DESALTING 00132.
PROCESSES.
01286. SALT WATER DISPOSAL-SENSE AND DOL-
LARS. 00136.
01297. WATER QUALITY FACTORS ON THE COST
AND PERFORMANCE OF COOLANTS. 00143.
01299. FILTRATION OF COOLANTS PAYS
DIVIDENDS.
01323. ABATEMENT PROCEDURE RELATED TO ACID
MINE DRAINAGE. 00154.
01327. TECHNOLOGY NEEDED FOR THE ECONOMIC
USE OF DESALTED WATER IN AGRICUL- 00158.
TURE. 00161.
01331. INTEGRATED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN OHIO 00163.
VALLEY.
WASTE TREATMENT IN METAL FINISHING-U.
S. AND EUROPEAN PRACTICES.
KEEPING POLLUTANTS OUT OF TROUBLED
WATERS.
ENGINEERING PROCESSES FOR WASTE CON-
TROL.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF WASTE-
WATER REUSES.
COSTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
COST COMPARISONS
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
COSTS DIVE AS WEIRTON RE-USES MILL
ROLL COOLANT.
A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS RE-
PORT.
THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
THE LAKE TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT.
FLOOD AND POLLUTION CONTROL: A DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN FOR THE CHICAGOLAND
AREA.
OPTIMAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND MULTI-COMPONENT EFFLUENT CON-
TROL BY MEANS OF LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING.
A HEURISTIC AID FOR THE DESIGN OF
SEWER NETWORKS.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: ENGINEER-
ING-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
REUSE CAN BE CHEAPER THAN DISPOSAL.
WASTEWATER REUSE AT THE GRAND
CANYON.
WATER REUSE IN MONTERREY, MEXICO.
EUTROPHICATION.
COMBATING POLLUTION CREATED BY OIL
SPILLS, VOLUME I: METHODS.
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF RIVER STAN-
DARDS.
ECONOMICS EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
TERTIARY TREATMENT AT METRO CHICAGO
BY MEANS OF RAPID SAND FILTRATION
AND MICROSTRAINERS.
ECONOMICS OF SPLIT-TREATMENT WATER
SOFTENING.
OXYGEN MANAGEMENT AND ARTIFICIAL
REAERATION IN THE AREA OF BALDENEY
LAKE AND THE LOWER RUHR RIVER (IN
GERMAN).
COPING WITH COOLING TOWER BLOW-
DOWN.
A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN.
CENTRIFUGATION OF WASTE SLUDGES.
294
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00164. TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVER-
FLOWS AND SURFACE WATERS AT CLEVE-
LAND, OHIO.
00168. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS
00177. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
00179. HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT IN COOLING
WATER.
00184. SOIL SEALING CHEMICALS AND
TECHNIQUES.
00188. HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS WITH
RESERVOIR STORAGE OF MAKEUP TO
SERVE THE PROPOSED KEYSTONE
GENERATING STATION.
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION.
00193. THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY.
00200. CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF VARIOUS IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (IN GERMAN).
00271. SEWAGE PLANT DESIGNED FOR FLUCTUAT-
ING POPULATION.
00290. 'BALAS' ALGORITHM FOR ZONED UNIFORM
TREATMENT.
00296. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL AT SEA.
00308. DEVELOPING RURAL HOME WATER SUP-
PLIES.
00312. ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
METROPOLITAN SYSTEM.
00341. CLEAN WATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00344. QUINALDINE AS AN ANESTHETIC FOR
BROOK TROUT, LAKE TROUT, AND ATLAN-
TIC SALMON.
00349. ECONOMICS OF CANNERY WASTE TREAT-
MENT,
00359. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. INJECTION, PART 2.
PLACEMENT IN UNDERGROUND CAVITIES.
00364. NEUTRALIZATION OF HIGH FERRIC IRON
ACID MINE DRAINAGE.
00368. FILTRATION AND MICRQSTRAINING OF
SECONDARY EFFLUENT.
00370. FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN.
00379. WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE BY IN-
DUSTRY.
00385. ODOR CONTROL METHODS, EXPERIMENTA-
TION AND APPLICATION.
00386. SPACE HEATING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.
00390. MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS SEPARATION BY
FLOTATION.
00392. ACTIVABLE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
ESTUARINE WATER TRACERS.
00399. DETROIT SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE
CONTROL. DETROIT METROPOLITAN
WATER SERVICES, MICH.
00404. POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL, A PRO-
GRAM FOR CHICAGOLAND.
00405. PRETREATMENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE.
00408. PERFORMANCE OF THE SOMERSET, OHIO,
OXIDATION DITCH.
00414. MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
00415. ENGINEERING REPORT ON COUNTY-WIDE
WASTE WATER INTERCEPTING AND
TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00422. FOAM SEPARATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES: PROCESS SELECTION.
00439. A GROWING MARKET FOR WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT.
00458. ECONOMICS OF TREATING SEWAGE AND
TRADE WASTES.
00469. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT
OF METAL FINISHING WASTES BY ION
EXCHANGE OF RINSE WATERS.
00477. CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING OF PRIMARY
PAPER INDUSTRY SLUDGES.
00490. BUILDING DESIGN.
00491. BUILDING DESIGN AND MANURE DISPOSAL.
00497. LIQUID HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE.
00501. CHICAGO SEWER DRAIN PROJECT.
00502. STORM SEWER CHANNEL IN NEBRASKA.
00510. BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN WATER
QUALITY CRISIS.
00518. DEEP TUNNEL STORAGE MAY SOLVE CITY
STORM WATER PROBLEM.
00521. A COMPARISON OF AN EFFICIENT LAGOON
SYSTEM WITH OTHER MEANS OF SEWAGE
DISPOSAL IN SMALL TOWNS.
00533. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SEWER SERVICE
CHARGE FORMULAS.
00538. ECONOMIC EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
00547. THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS
00558. TECHNIQUES OF DEEP WELL DISPOSAL A
SAFE AND EFFICIENT METHOD OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
00583. ECONOMICS OF COMPOSTING MUNICIPAL
REFUSE IN EUROPE AND ISRAEL.
00590. FOOD CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT BY
LAGOONS AND DITCHES AT SHEPPARTON,
VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.
00619. ALTERNATE POLICIES FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00627. FILTER PRESS COSTS VERSUS LAND DE-
MAND.
00629. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
00636. AN ASSESSMENT OF POLYELECTROLYTES
FOR SLUDGE CONDITIONING AT
WORTHING.
00637. OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF TWO WATER PU-
RIFICATION SYSTEMS.
00644. WASTE MANAGEMENT. . . WHAT DOES IT
COST.
00650. DEMINERALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
00652. DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT.
00655. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL:
METHODS AND COSTS.
00664. BIOLOGICAL-GAMMA-RADIATION SYSTEM
FOR SEWAGE PROCESSING.
00667. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT.
00668. SEWERAGE AUTHORITY SOLVES THE CREDIT
CRUNCH.
295
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00672. THE USE OF PILOT PLANT STUDIES IN THE 01009.
DESIGN OF A MAJOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT. 01036.
00688. RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION: 01047.
PART 1. 01066.
00699. COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN IN- 01068.
DUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANTS: SIX CASE STUDIES. 01070.
00714. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION 01077.
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00717. DISPOSAL OF BEEF MANURE BY DEEP PLOW- 01)04.
ING. 01105.
00722. REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
TREATMENT COSTS IN TEXAS. 01109.
00723. COST AND PERFORMANCE OF RETENTION 01122.
BASINS IN THE TREATMENT OF WET-
WEATHER SEWAGE FLOWS. 01126.
00724. COST RELATIONSHIP OF BIOLOGICAL AND
THERMAL PROCESSES FOR THE TREAT- 01127.
MENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS.
00730. POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON APPLICA- 01136.
TION, REGENERATION AND REUSE IN
W ASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS. 01155.
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT- 01185.
MENT.
00742. A CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER 01192.
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP 01195.
AND PAPER WASTES. 01196.
00756. POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS. ,01209.
00757. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
TO COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE DE- 01213.
WATERING BY VACUUM FILTER AND CEN-
TRIFUGE.
00779. DEEP WELL WASTE DISPOSAL AT MIDWEST 01257.
STEEL.
00783. A DISPOSAL WELL FOR SPENT SULFURIC 01274.
ACID FROM ALKYLATING ISO-BUTANE
AND BUTYLENES. 01334.
00808. DISPOSAL LINE COST COMPARISON. 01338.
00816. CELANESE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PRAC-
TICES.
00861. SOLAR DISTILLATION UTILIZING MULTIPLE- 01341.
EFFECT HUMIDIFICATION.
00867. NON-MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN-
VOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING PRESSURIZED
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS. 00048.
00882. AN EVALUATION OF SELECTED POLYELEC-
TROLYTES AS FILTER BED CONDITIONERS 00053.
IN WATER TREATMENT.
00912. COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF 00077.
SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL. 00089.
00913. SYSTEM STUDY, VACUUM SEWAGE COLLEC-
TION. 00090.
00934. A COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION
FOR CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED 00104.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND 00127,
PROCESSES.
00951. CONTINUOUS DEMINERALIZING FOR BOILER 00267.
FEED.
00973. DEGRADATION OF WASTEWATER ORGANICS 00439.
IN SOIL.
00984. WATER DESALTING PRESENT AND FUTURE. 00547.
00985. HOW MUCH WILL THAT COST PER YEAR.
00995. WATER FOR THE WEST.
01008. THE SELECTION OF GRANULAR VERSUS 00583.
POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON.
THE USE OF FLYASH IN WASTEWATER
TREATMENT AND SLUDGE CONDITIONING.
ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT-AN
OVERALL SURVEY.
IODINE FOR THE DISINFECTION OF WATER.1
IMPROVED COOLING WATER TREATMENT.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE VS. TRICKLING FILTER
PLANTS.
A NEW RIVAL FOR FLASH DISTILLATION.
NUCLEAR DESALTING FUTURE TRENDS, AND
TODAY'S COSTS.
WET-SURFACE AIR COOLERS.
OPERATING VS. CAPITAL COSTS: EVALUAT-
ING TRADEOFF BENEFITS.
CONTROLLED FLASH-EVAPORATION.
PURE OXYGEN IMPROVES ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
THERMAL SYSTEM KEY TO PURE WATER
PROCESS.
TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS-THE ENGINEER AS OPERATOR.
NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, THE PRESENT AND
POSSIBLE PROGRESS.
ARE DRY COOLING TOWERS ECONOMICAL.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. STATE OF ART.
OPERATIONAL COSTS OF TRICKLING FIL-
TERS IN SOUTHEAST.
GUIDE TO COSTING OF WATER FROM
NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS.
ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
THERMOSORB PROCESS FOR DESALTING
WATER.
COMPARISON OF METHODS OF SANITIZING
WATER.
PAPER MILL SLUDGE DEWATERING.
CHEMICAL PHYSICAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES.
COST DATA
SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT.
HANDBOOK OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
IN MINE DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR
URBAN WATER SERVICES.
WHAT PRICE A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT.
STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
SURVEY OF WASTE WATER RATES AND
CHARGES.
A GROWING MARKET FOR WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT.
THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
ECONOMICS OF COMPOSTING MUNICIPAL
RLTl'SE IN EUROPE AND ISRAEL.
296
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
DESALINATION.
OF POLLUTION
OF RECENT STU-
00685. SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
00699. COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN IN-
DUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANTS: SIX CASE STUDIES.
00752. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT COSTS AND CHARGES.
00767. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
00774. A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
00781. A SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00787. FEASIBILITY OF RETURNING SALT WATER
00798. RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
00800. DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR
WASTES BY INJECTION INTO DEEP WELLS.
00807. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL BY SUBSURFACE
INJECTION CALIFORNIA OIL FIELDS.
00837. POLLUTION CONTROL IN STEELMAKING:
FACT OR FICTION.
00890. STUDY OF SEAWATER DESALTING AS EMER-
GENCY WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK
CITY.
00893. A MANUAL ON WATER
VOLUME II. ECONOMICS.
00904. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT
CONTROL: A SUMMARY
DIES. AN OVERVIEW.
00920. THE REUSE OF WATER IN MANUFACTURING:
AN EXPLANATORY ECONOMIC MODEL
WITH DATA ANALYSIS.
00929. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN THE U S
A TODAY.
00934. A COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION
FOR CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND
PROCESSES.
00938. EIGHTEENTH OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONFERENCE.
00955. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY
PRICING IN ILLINOIS.
01003. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LEAKAGE SURVEY.
01014. CHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE.
01056. WATER UTILITY COST TRENDS.
01106. QUARTERLY COST ROUNDUPS.
01107. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER
CONSTRUCTION COST INDEX.
01182 EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ORGANIC
MATTER AND TOXIC MATERIALS ON
AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS.
01184. WATER TREATMENT COSTS FOR SMALL
PLANT.
01188. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE EF-
FLUENTS.
01)96. OPERATIONAL COSTS OF TRICKLING FIL-
TERS IN SOUTHEAST.
01202. RENOVATED WASTEWATERS.
01262. MARINE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
01469. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER.
01539. THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC
INVESTMENTS; AN EX POST EVALUATION
OF WATER RESOURCES INVESTMENTS.
01678. OUTLOOK FOR ECONOMIC USE OF FRESH
WATER FROM THE SEA.
01679. WATER FROM THE SEA.
01683. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER WORKS
DATA FOR 1955.
01737. MODERN TREATMENT PLANTS-HOW MUCH
DO THEY COST?
01767. SEWAGE TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION
COSTS.
01867. A COST ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.
01883. GOALS, PRIORITIES, AND DOLLARS: THE
NEXT DECADE.
01906. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
01907. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE THIRD AN-
NUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
01908. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER: ECONOMIC IM-
PACT ON AFFECTED UNITS OF GOVERN-
MENT.
COST ESTIMATION
00060. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
00089. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
00099. THE ECONOMICS OF CLEAN WATER.
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR
CAPACITIES AND COSTS.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00123. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
00138. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF IMPROVING
STREAM QUALITY: AN ECONOMIC AND
POLICY ANALYSIS.
00144. POLLUTION-CAUSES, COSTS, CONTROL.
00145. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FULL SCALE
FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF THE ASCE
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT
SCHEME.
00167. THE PRACTICALITY OF USING ATOMIC
RADIATION FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT.
00175. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
00182. ELECTROSORPTION AND DESORPTION
PROCESS FOR DEMINERALIZATION.
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
00251. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO
RIVER BASIN POLLUTION CONTROL
MANANGEMENT.
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE. :
00272. THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF TRADE
EFFLUENTS.
00274. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT THE
BRQCKHURST WORKS OF THE UP'PER
TAME MAIN DRAINAGE AUTHORITY.
297
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00307. CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR 00829.
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES.
00334. COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PROTECTION
OF WATER RESOURCES OF LAKE TAHOE 00830.
BASIN THROUGH CONTROLLED WASTE
DISPOSAL.
00361. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS 00831.
DESIGN.
00383. TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS. 00832.
00398. ROTARY VIBRATORY FINE SCREENING OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS. 00848.
00401. DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGE BY ELEC-
TROOSMOSIS.
00406. INORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: CLEAN 00870.
WATER COST ESTIMATE.
00412. ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER
OVERFLOW PROBLEM - ROANOKE, VIR-
GINIA. 00871.
00418. MINIMAL COST ESTIMATION FOR
LAKEFRONT SEWAGE SYSTEMS.
00420. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF NUTRIENT 00875.
REMOVAL. 00884.
00432. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BRINE DISPOSAL
FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS.
00433. COST OF PURIFYING MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS BY DISTILLATION. 00885.
00442. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BURDEN OF
SEWER USER CHARGES UNDER VARIOUS
CHARGE FORMULAS. 00887.
00449. REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALTING STATE-OF-
THE-ART (1969). 00888.
00454. THE LARGEST OXIDATION DITCH IN THE
WORLD FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUS- 00889.
TRIAL WASTES.
00466. WATER REUSE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. 00890.
00485. WASTES FROM PIG PRODUCTION UNITS.
00599. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS. 00895.
00608. DEVELOPMENT OF A THIN-LIQUID-FILM
MEMBRANE DEVICE FOR REVERSE OSMO-
SIS. 00896.
00632. EVALUATION OF A NEW ACID MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PROCESS. 00897.
00725. DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY. 00900.
00790. THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A PRIVATE
WASTE DISPOSAL PLANT NEAR SARNIA,
ONTARIO.
00807. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL BY SUBSURFACE 00905.
INJECTION CALIFORNIA OIL FIELDS.
00809. COST ESTIMATES FOR REINJECTING SALT 00907.
WATER TO THE EAST TEXAS WOODBINE
SAND.
00811. THE DEEP WELL METHOD OF INDUSTRIAL 00908.
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00815. SALT WATER DISPOSAL. 00910.
00820. EXPERIENCE IN BURIAL OF LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN DEEP GEOLOGI-
CAL FORMATIONS. 00916.
00822. SEWER FACILITIES.
00824. DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES. 00917.
00828. EVALUATION OF NEWLY DEVELOPED ION
EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS AND/OR TRANSPORT DEPLETION.
VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR-COMPRESSION
PROCESS: ONE AND FIVE MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY DESALTING PLANTS.
PUMPING AND ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS
FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION
PLANTS.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS.
ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
A STUDY ON DESIGN AND COST ANALYSIS
OF A PROTOTYPE COAL CLEANING PLANT.
SUPPLEMENT.
USE OF GRANULAR REGENERABLE CARBON
FOR TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT. ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
ECONOMIC EVALUATION.
PUBLIC SERVICE AND FACILITIES ELEMENT:
SEWAGE DISPOSAL, THE CITY OF ANDER-
SON GENERAL PLAN.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DIRECT
FREEZE SEPARATION PROCESS USING
REFRIGERANT R-C318
(OCTAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE).
ANALYSIS OF COMPREHENSIVE WATER
SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE DISPOSAL STU-
DIES.
NEW MINE SEALING TECHNIQUES FOR
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
MANUAL ON SOLAR DISTILLATION OF
SALINE WATER.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF OUTFALL
SYSTEMS FOR DESALTING PLANTS.
STUDY OF SEAWATER DESALTING AS EMER-
GENCY WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK
CITY.
INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE STACK RE-
SISTANCE INCREASE WITH A NATURAL
BRACKISH WATER.
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE
ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
OPERATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS PILOT
PLANTS.
THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON
THE NONFERROUS METALS INDUSTRIES.
LEAD. PART I. INTRODUCTION AND EX-
ECUTIVE SUMMARY.
EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BRINE DISPOSAL
USING FLUID BED EVAPORATION.
HYDROLYSIS LOSSES IN THE HYDRATE
PROCESS FOR DESALINATION: RATE MEA-
SUREMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.
DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS.
THE IMPACT OF COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS UPON
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY.
THE CEMENT INDUSTRY: ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. VOLUME
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
THE LEATHER INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF THE
IMPACT OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS.
VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
298
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00921. COST OF RECLAMATION AND MINE
DRAINAGE ABATEMENT - ELKINS DEMON-
STRATION PROJECT.
00922. REUSE OF CHEMICAL FIBER PLANT WASTE-
WATER AND COOLING WATER BLOW-
DOWN.
00932. POLLUTION PRICES IN A GENERAL
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL.
00935. ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN
STATE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
PROGRAMS.
00986. INVESTMENT RETURN VIA THE ENGINEER'S
METHOD.
01027. OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE
01182. EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ORGANIC
MATTER AND TOXIC MATERIALS ON
AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS
01198. PLANNING COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTES
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
01202. RENOVATED WASTEWATERS.
01209. GUIDE TO COSTING OF WATER FROM
NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS.
01210. HOW TO TREAT COOLING WATER.
01213. ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
01217. ECONOMIC PLANNING FOR STAGED
DEVELOPMENT.
01222. ARCTIC HEATED PIPE WATER AND WASTE
WATER SYSTEMS.
01231. COST ANALYSIS OF LARGE EVAPORATIVE
TYPE COOLING TOWERS.
01242. MINE WATER RESEARCH. PLANT DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATES FOR LIMESTONE
TREATMENT.
01269. PILOT PLANT TESTS AND DESIGN STUDY OF
A 2. 5 MGD HORIZONTAL TUBE MULTIPLE
EFFECT PLANT.
01300. SEWER DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATION BY
COMPUTER.
01307. HOW ECONOMICAL AND SAFE ARE OUR
SEWER INSTALLATIONS.
01360. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FISH PROTEIN
CONCENTRATE PROCESSES USING THE
COST SYSTEM.
01649. WATER DESALINATION: PROPOSALS FOR A
COSTING PROCEDURE AND RELATED
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERA-
TIONS.
01650. FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RATES
AND RATE STRUCTURES FOR WATER AND
SEWAGE WORKS.
01651. WASTE WATER RENOVATION: PART 1. A
DESIGN STUDY OF FREEZING AND GAS
HYDRATE FORMATION. PART 2. FEASIBILI-
TY TESTS OF FREEZ
01668. A METHOD FOR CALCULATING POWER AND
MUNICIPAL WATER RATES FOR PAYOUT
STUDIES.
01701. COST ESTIMATING COMPUTER PROGRAM
FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
01709. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE WATER
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN
THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY.
01717. COST OF WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES.
01745. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION COST MANUAL.
01746. DETAILED ANALYSIS: THE ECONOMICS OF
CLEAN WATER.
01768. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
01783. SEWER SYSTEM COST ESTIMATION MODEL.
01786. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SEWER DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATION.
01847. A METHOD OF ESTIMATING SOCIAL
BENEFITS FROM POLLUTION CONTROL.
01892. THE FUTURE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISSUES
AND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES.
COST FUNCTION
00083. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MINERAL CONTENT
IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES.
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR
CAPACITIES AND COSTS.
00118. COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY FALKSON).
00161. DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN.
00170. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. FINAL REPORT.
00251. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO
RIVER BASIN POLLUTION CONTROL
MANANGEMENT.
00285. ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00321. USE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN OF SANITA-
RY SEWER SYSTEMS.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT.
00406. INORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: CLEAN
WATER COST ESTIMATE.
00426. AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
00463. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
00653. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
00659. APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL DECISION
THEORY TO GREAT LAKES MANAGEMENT.
00667. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT.
00731. COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
00734. REVERSE OSMOSIS CAN CUT COST OF
WATER TREATMENT.
00787. FEASIBILITY OF RETURNING SALT WATER.
00798. RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
00817. DEEP WELL WASTE INJECTION-REACTION
WITH AQUIFER WATER.
299
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00824. DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES.
00825. THE ECONOMICS OF QUANTITY VS QUALITY
IN GREEN BAY.
00831. DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS.
00833. PARAMETRIC ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING
EVALUATION STUDY OF THE ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS FOR WATER DESALINA-
TION.
00839. A COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY ON
PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR MEM-
BRANE DESALTING PLANTS.
00841. SUMMARY OF COMMERCIAL WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS.
00863. COST OF PUMPING WATER.
00874. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF A ONE MGD
BRACKISH WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS
PLANT (SPIRAL MODULE CONCEPT).
00875. WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY.
00891. PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
00894. STUDY OF ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR
ELECTRODIALYSIS.
00996. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: BASIC
TECHNIQUES.
01011. WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY-
PART 1.
01028. PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROJECTS.
01038. AN INDUSTRIAL SOLUTION TO INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE.
01127. TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
01204. COOLING TOWERS.
01208. COST OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT IN MAUMEE RIVER
BASIN.
01209. GUIDE TO COSTING OF WATER FROM
NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS.
01210. HOW TO TREAT COOLING WATER.
01292. VALUATION OF FLOW AUGMENTATION
RELEASES.
01298. ECONOMIC DESIGN OF CENTRAL WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM-SIZED
TOWNS.
01358. THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN APPLICA-
TION OF MULTISTAGE GEOMETRIC PRO-
GRAMMING.
01362. AN ECONOMIC MODEL FOR A POLLUTED
RIVER SYSTEM.
01471. THE RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
01505. A COST OPTIMIZATION STUDY FOR STREAM
WASTE DISPOSAL. (UNPUBLISHED).
01552. ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
01602. COMPLEMENTARY-COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
OF WATER STORAGE.
01605. WATER RESOURCES AND THE CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY, IN NEW JERSEY: AN ECONOMET-
RIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
01641. ECONOMICS OF ION-EXCHANGE
TECHNIQUES FOR MUNICIPAL WATER-
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.
01642. COMPUTERIZED PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMAT-
ING COSTS OF DESALTING SYSTEMS.
01644. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
01657. COST OF WATER TREATMENT IN CALIFOR-
NIA.
01695. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: WATER
TRANSMISSION COSTS.
01696. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
WATER TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
01697. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
01698. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
METHODOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO
THE SAINT JOHN RIVER.
01699. WATER QUALITY MODELS.
01700. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WASTE STA-
BILIZATION POND.
01701. COST ESTIMATING COMPUTER PROGRAM
FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
01702. BASIN MANAGEMENT FOR WATER REUSE.
01703. TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT.
01704. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USES IN AP-
PALACHIA.
01705. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01707. MULTI-TIME PERIOD, FACILITIES LOCATION
PROBLEMS: A HEURISTIC ALGORITHM
WITH APPLICATIONS TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
01708. POLLUTION CHARGES, INCOME, AND THE
COSTS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
01709. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE WATER
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN
THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY.
01711. STORM SEWER ASSESSMENTS.
01712. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A-
SUMMARY.
01713. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIALLY INDUCED AERATION IN A POL-
LUTED STREAM BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S MINIMUM .'
01714, BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL.
01715. A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING OP-
TIMUM LONGITUDINAL SPACING OF EF-
FLUENT DISCHARGES INTO A RIVER.
01716. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL POLLUTION
CONTROL SYSTEMS.
01717. COST OF WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES.
01718. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND
QUALITY.
01719. COMPLETE DOMESTIC WASTE TREATMENT
SYSTEM DESIGN.
01721. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01722. GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING AND THE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS. ;
01723. ENVIROTECH MUNICIPAL EQUIPMENT PRO-
GRAM.
300
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01724. EFFECTS OF AXIAL DISPERSION ON THE OP- 01751
TIMAL DESIGN OF THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
01725. DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS. 01752
01726. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL Q!753
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
01727. WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE 01755
RIVER SYSTEM.
01728. ELEMENTS OF LARGE SCALE PRO-
GRAMMING, PARTS I AND II. 01757
01729. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS. 01758
01730. REGIONAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 01759
SYSTEMS.
01731. MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTATION ANALY- 01760
SIS - AN OVERVIEW.
01732. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
01733. BUDGETING MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLA- 01761.
TION PLANTS FOR DESALTING SEAWATER
01734. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI- 01762.
TY, A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN
FRESHWATER STREAMS. 01763.
01735. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION. 01764.
01736. CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF 01765.
LIQUID WASTES, APPENDIX A: DESIGN
AND COST OF LIQUID-WAST
01737. MODERN TREATMENT PLANTS-HOW MUCH 01766.
DO THEY COST?
01738. WATER QUALITY IN THE PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY. 01767.
01739. SYSTEM ECONOMIC RESPONSE TO WATER
AND QUALITY-FUNDAMENTAL CON- 01768.
SIDERATIONS.
01740. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND A 01769.
POLICY MODEL.
01741. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN- 01770.
SIGN OF A MUNICIPAL WATER-TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
01742. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR CAPACITY EXPANSION
OF WATER-SUPPLYING FACILITIES. 01771.
01743. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO MULTI-
STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER 01772.
TREATMENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. 01773.
01744. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE-OF-THE ART (1968).
01745. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL 01774.
PROTECTION COST MANUAL. 01776.
01746. DETAILED ANALYSIS. THE ECONOMICS OF
CLEAN WATER.
01747. PROGRAM BUDGETING AND UNCERTAINTY: 01777.
A CASE STUDY IN ESTIMATING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS OF WATER RESOURCE 01778.
PROJECTS.
01748. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: OPTIMAL
ALLOCATION OF POLLUTANT 01779.
DISCHARGES CONSTRAINED BY QUALITY 01780.
AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS.
01749. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND ESTUARINE
WATER QUALITY CONTROL. 01781.
01750. THE APPLICATION OF A LINEAR PRO-
GRAMME MODEL TO WATER CONSERVA- 01782.
TION AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT AT
MODERFONTEIN FACTORY. 01783.
AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC STUDY OF
COOLING POND PERFORMANCE, MAY
1970.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THERMAL
DISCHARGE TO STREAMS.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
AN OPTIMAL SITING MODEL: THERMAL
PLANTS WITH TEMPERATURE CON-
STRAINTS.
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
BY GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS:
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF OP-
TIMAL QUALITY CONTROL IN ESTUARINE
WATERS.
ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT OPERATIONS.
COST OF TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE
RIVER SYSTEM OF THE TRENT AREA.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ELETRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS.
COST CURVES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR
LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION.
THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER. TREATMENT,
DILUTION, AND TREATMENT COSTS OF
MUNICIPAL WASTES (APPENDIX D).
MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT COSTS AND
ESTIMATED WASTE LOADINGS: THE
WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN.
SEWAGE TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION
COSTS.
ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
WASTE TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION BY
GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
MINIMIZING ABATEMENT COSTS OF
WATER.POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICUL-
TURE: A PARAMETRIC LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING APPROACH
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
SEWERS AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATE WASTE
MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN A RIVER
BASIN.
COMPUTER DESIGN OF THE CMAS SYSTEMS.
A GENERALIZED COMPUTER MODEL FOR
STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE OF THE
RELIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC
GROWTH MODELS: A CASE STUDY OF IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION.
APPLICATION OF USER CHARGES TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
DEVELOPMENT OF A STATE EFFLUENT
CHARGE SYSTEM.
SEWER SYSTEM COST ESTIMATION MODEL.
301
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01784, AN EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN AND
OPERATION OF WATER FACILITIES.
01785. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER-
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS.
01786. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SEWER DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATION.
01829. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS OR CHARGES.
01833. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING FOR RE-
GIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
COST MINIMIZATION
00001. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
_, SOLVED OXYGEN.
00003. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
00014. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
00021. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00025. ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FORECASTING.
00026. PROGRESS TOWARDS OPTIMUM DESIGN OF
DIATOMITE FILTER PLANTS.
00031. REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-
A PILOT STUDY.
00032. THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
00035. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
00048. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT.
00061. TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION OF INVEST-
MENT-PRICING DECISIONS: A MODEL FOR
URBAN WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
00072. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEMS.
00080. AN EXAMINATION, OF NON-TREATMENT
PLANT ALTERNATIVES IN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00082. A HEURISTIC AID FOR THE DESIGN OF
SEWER NETWORKS.
00112. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00128. TIME CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00162. REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00211. OPTIMIZATION OF A CLASS OF RIVER AERA-
TION PROBLEMS BY THE USE OF MUL-
TIVARIABLE DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER
CONTROL THEORY.
00218. EXAMINATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM
FOR ABATING, CONTROLLING AND
PREVENTING WATER
00222. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT.
00276. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY-A SYSTEMS APPROACH.
00290. 'BALAS' ALGORITHM FOR ZONED UNIFORM
TREATMENT.
00303. MARGINAL COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE LEVELS
OF WATER QUALITY IN THE UPPER MISSIS-
SIPPI RIVER.
00319. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CHLORINE
MIXING AND CONTACT CHAMBERS.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT.
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00362. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
00373. RISK EVALUATION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN.
00418. MINIMAL COST ESTIMATION FOR
LAKEFRONT SEWAGE SYS PEMS.
00496. ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
00504. LEAST COST SAND FILTER DESIGN FOR IRON
REMOVAL.
00548. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A.
00561. A PRELIMINARY 'LEAST COST' STUDY OF FU-
TURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
00582. AUTOMATIC PLANNING OF THE LEAST-COST
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK.
00681. WATER RESOURCES POLICY IN WISCONSIN:
GENERAL SUPPORTING STUDIES, VOLUME
II.
00836. COORDINATION OF INDUSTRIAL AIR AND
WATER QUALITY PROGRAMS AS AN EF-
FECTIVE MANAGEMENT POLICY.
01164. INFLUENCE OF WATER USER REQUIRE-
MENTS ON RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF
RAW WATER CHARACTERISTICS.
01194. STUDYING BIODEGRATION POSSIBILITIES OF
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS: APPLICATION TO
BIODEGRATION OF PHENOLS. (IN
FRENCH).
01206. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT.
01294. OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
EVAPORATION PLANTS.
01313. CONTINUOUS DEMORALIZATION PAYS
DIVIDENDS.
01496. BENEFIT-COST CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01501. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
01508. POLLUTION ABATEMENT. GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. REPORT BASED
ON RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW CON-
FERENCE, MONTREAL
01516. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL. PAPER PRESENTED
AT THE 38TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF
THE WATER POLUTION
01517. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE
MEANS OF ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
01518. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
01519. LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
01520. USE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN ESTUARINE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. WESTERN
RESOURCES CONFERENCE PAPERS, 1964.
302
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01693. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS
CHALLENGE TO POLITICAL ECONOMIC
RESEARCH.
Of713. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIALLY INDUCED AERATION IN A POL-
LUTED STREAM BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S MINIMUM P
01770. MINIMIZING ABATEMENT COSTS OF
WATER.POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICUL-
TURE: A PARAMETRIC LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING APPROACH
COST PER CAPITA
00293. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
00714. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00752. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT COSTS AND CHARGES.
01002. COST OF PROVIDING WATER FOR PROTEC-
TION.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE.
01054. TOWNSHIP WATER RATES IN MICHIGAN'S
UPPER PENINSULA.
COST REDUCTION
00024. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00093. REUSE CAN BE CHEAPER THAN DISPOSAL.
00169. OZONE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENTS FROM WASTE-WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
00216. A BREAKTHROUGH IN THE TRACER STUDIES
OF SEDIMENTATION TANKS.
00325. EFFECT OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AND BOD ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PRODUCTION.
00326. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT-
ING PLANTS
00328. SIMPLE BIO-AERATION KILLS STRONG
WASTES CHEAPLY
00329. ECONOMICAL UTILIZATION OF CAUSTIC
SODA IN COTTON BLEACHERIES.
00333. DISPERSED GROWTH AERATION OF COTTON
FINISHING WASTES. II. EFFECT OF HIGH PH
AND LOWERED AIR RATE.
00377. SCUM INCINERATION EXPERIENCES.
00390. MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS SEPARATION BY
FLOTATION.
00401. DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGE BY ELEC-
TROOSMOSIS.
00411. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GEOHYDROLOGIC
EXPLORATION FOR DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
OF EFFLUENT.
00423. ECONOMIC TRANSPORT OF DIGESTED
SLUDGE SLURRIES.
00448. EVALUATION REPORT 1: AUTOMATIC
BEAKER SAMPLE CHANGER.
00462. USEFUL ENERGY FROM UNWANTED HEAT.
00472. THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, GASIFICATION
WASTES, AND FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHE-
SIS WASTES.
00475. ULTRAFILTRATIVE DEWATERING OF SPENT
POWDERED CARBON.
00480. THE CONTROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
POLLUTION BY BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
AND LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION
TREATMENT.
00494. STEEL PIPE SELECTED FOR STORM SEWER
SYSTEM.
00498. AGRICULTURE WASTE RESEARCH NEEDS.
00508. ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT.
00545. CATCH BASINS CLEANED FOR $3. 00.
00569. COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED
SLUDGE.
00577. SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
00634. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
00636. AN ASSESSMENT OF POLYELECTROLYTES
FOR SLUDGE CONDITIONING AT
WORTHING.
00697. PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION PROCESS.
00710. SPLIT TREATMENT LIME SOFTENING
REDUCES OPERATING COSTS AT AMES,
IOWA.
00734. REVERSE OSMOSIS CAN CUT COST OF
WATER TREATMENT.
00780. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF STEEL MILL
WASTES.
00786. SUBSURFACE BRINE DISPOSAL.
00835. ECONOMICS OF SEA WATER DESALTING IN
COMBINATION WITH AMMONIA AND
POWER PRODUCTION.
00928. HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS IMPROVES
ECONOMICS OF SLUDGE HANDLING AND
DISPOSAL.
00930. TREAT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES WITH BUTS.
00947. WATER TREATMENT FOR REACTORS.
00956. FIELD USE OF A CATIONIC POLYMER FOR
CLARIFICATION.
00975. INCINERATOR PAYS FOR ITSELF BY PROVID-
ING FOR PLANT HEATING.
00998. COST SAVING IN STEEL PICKLING AND
MINERAL PROCESSING.
01000. CARRY SAVES $ WITH NATURAL GAS EN-
GINE.
01032. PURE OXYGEN CUTS COST OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT.
01075. LOWERING THE COST OF REVERSE-OSMOSIS
DESALTING.
01158. OPTIMIZE SOLIDS CONTROL.
01161. USING WASTE WATER TO CUT POLLUTION
CONTROL COSTS.
01186. WHAT IS QUALITY WATER.
01187. REVIEW OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGE-
MENT IN WESTERN EUROPE.
01205. AUTOMATIC COOLING TOWER CONTROL.
01210. HOW TO TREAT COOLING WATER.
01218. SLUDGE DISPOSAL EXPERIENCES AT NORTH
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS.
01223. WATER CONSERVATION SAVES $250,000.
01224. WATER-ITS ECONOMIC REUSE VIA CLOSED
CYCLE.
01225. FREEZING METHOD FOR CONDITIONING AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
01226. CONTRIBUTION OF INPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS TO POLLUTION
ABATEMENT IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.
303
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01239. LEGAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF 00411.
PROCESS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
01240. POLLUTION PROGRAM PAYS ITS WAY.
01243. MAKE PLANT REFUSE PROFITABLE. 00427,
01247. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RECOVERY OF
MINERALS FROM EFFLUENTS.
01249. OPTIMAL RESERVOIR RELEASES FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL. 00432,
01255. WHY PAY TWICE. SALVAGE YOUR WASTE.
01261. DONNAN SOFTENING AS A PRETREATMENT 00445,
TO DESALINATION PROCESSES.
01267. PARALLEL PLATE INTERCEPTOR.
01272. ACTIVATED SLUDGE JOINT TREATMENT OF 00456,
PULP AND PAPER EFFLUENT WITH MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01281. TILTED PLATE SEPARATORS FOR REFINERY 00460.
WASTE WATER.
01284. HOW TO REDUCE WASTE WATER EF-
FLUENTS FROM PETROLEUM AND CHEMI-
CAL PROCESS PLANTS THROUGH INITIAL 00558.
DESIGN.
01287. SALT WATER COOLING TOWER.
01311. GULF CUTS COST OF DRILLING DEEP TEXAS 00605.
PANHANDLE WELLS.
01313. CONTINUOUS DEMORALIZATION PAYS 00762.
DIVIDENDS.
01317. A NEW DEVICE FOR WASTEWATER TREAT- 00763,
MENT SLUDGE CONCENTRATION.
01325. SYSTEM COSTS SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING. 00764
01330. MINE WATER RESEARCH. CATALYTIC OX-
IDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN ACID MINE 00765,
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON.
01333. ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF CON- 00766.
CENTRATED CYANIDE PLATING WASTES.
01507. INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS DERIVED FROM IM- 00767.
PROVED RAW WATER QUALITY IN THE
CONTRA COSTA CANAL. 00768,
DAIRY INDUSTRY 00769
00159. PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT. 00770.
00726. AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES. 00771.
DE-LITTERING 00772
00388. PROBLEM: HARBOR DEBRIS. 00773,
DECISION-MAKING
00443. POLLUTION, PROPERTY AND PRICES. 00774.
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
00775,
00086. UNDERGROUND WASTE DISPOSAL. 00776,
00133. TREATMENT pF MIXED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AT BAYPORT'S INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. 00777.
00165. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00230. ENGINEERING ECONOMIC STUDY OF MINE
DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES. 00778.
00233. ARTIFICIAL-RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS 00779.
UTILIZING RENOVATED SEWAGE-PLANT
EFFLUENT-A FEASIBILITY STUDY AT BAY 00780.
PARK, NEW YORK.
00323. CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WASTE WATER 00781.
FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL.
00782.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON GEOHYDROLOGIC
EXPLORATION FOR DEEP WELL DISPOSAL
OF EFFLUENT.
ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT IN NASSAU
COUNTY, NEW YORK, WATER PROVIDED
FOR INJECTION INTO GROUNDWATER
AQUIFERS.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BRINE DISPOSAL
FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS.
SURVEY OF COSTS ON METHODS FOR CON-
TROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION.
DISPOSAL OF BRINES PRODUCED IN
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATER.
AMENDED 1964 MASTER PLAN OF WATER-
WORKS IMPROVEMENTS FOR BOARD OF
WATERWORKS COMMISSIONERS, MADIS-
ON, WISCONSIN.
TECHNIQUES OF DEEP WELL DISPOSAL - A
SAFE AND EFFICIENT METHOD OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
THE OPERATION OF SALT WATER DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS.
DEEP WELL INJECTION IS EFFECTIVE FOR
WASTE DISPOSAL.
INJECTION WELL INCORPORATES MANY
SAFEGUARDS.
REPLENISHING THE AQUIFER WITH
TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
PRODUCTION WORK GOES UNDERGROUND
AT HOLLAND-SUCO.
COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION.
THE FEASIBILITY OF DEEP WELL INJECTION
OF WASTE BRINE FROM INLAND DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT
OF AQUIFERS.
RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL BY
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING.'
THE DISPOSAL OF POWER REACTOR WASTE
INTO DEEP WELLS.
ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAU-
LIC FRACTURING AS A METHOD FOR PER-
MANENT DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES.
A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
UNDER THE RUG.
UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE IN LOUISIANA.
CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES.
DEEP WELL FLUID WASTE DISPOSAL.
DEEP WELL WASTE DISPOSAL AT MIDWEST
STEEL.
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF STEEL MILL
WASTES.
A SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE DISPOSAL.
SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
304
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00783. A DISPOSAL WELL FOR SPENT SULFURIC 00815
ACID FROM ALKYLATING ISO-BUTANE 00816
AND BUTYLENES.
00784. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND 00817
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL-
LUTION. 00818.
00785. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD 00819
BRINES.
00786. SUBSURFACE BRINE DISPOSAL.
00787. FEASIBILITY OF RETURNING SALT WATER. 00820
00788. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER.
00789. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATER. 00827
00790. THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A PRIVATE
WASTE DISPOSAL PLAN'S NEAR SARNIA 00850
ONTARIO.
00791. ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF RESEARCH 00891
AND STATISTICS.
00792. DISPOSAL OF SPENT CAUSTIC AND PHENOL-
IC WATER IN DEEP WELLS. 00974.
00793. GROUND WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES AT
THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT. 01137.
00794. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AS A WASTE 01176.
DISPOSAL METHOD.
00795. HOW TO FORECAST ACCURATE DRILLING 01215.
COSTS. 01219.
00796. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL 01243.
WASTES. 01311.
00797. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN
THE EAST TEXAS FIELD. 01736.
00798. RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES 01809.
00799. AN APPRAISAL OF GASEOUS WASTE
DISPOSAL INTO THE LITHOSPHERE AT THE
NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION,
IDAHO.
00800. DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR
WASTES BY INJECTION INTO DEEP WELLS. 00025.
00801. DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTES BY INJECTION
UNDERGROUND-NEITHER MYTH NOT MIL- 00032.
LENNIUM.
00802. DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD BRINES. 00036.
00803. DISPOSAL OF WASTE RADIOACTIVE GASES
IN POROUS UNDERGROUND MEDIA. 00047.
00804. DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN THE EAST
TEXAS FIELD.
00805. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL 00052.
WASTES.
00806. EAST TEXAS SALT WATER DISPOSAL PRO- 00075.
JECT MAY SET PATTERN FOR FUTURE.
00807. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL BY SUBSURFACE
INJECTION CALIFORNIA OIL FIELDS. 00080.
00808. DISPOSAL LINE COST COMPARISON.
00809. COST ESTIMATES FOR REINJECTING SALT
WATER TO THE EAST TEXAS WOODBINE 00096.
SAND.
00810. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL. 00099.
00811. THE DEEP WELL METHOD OF INDUSTRIAL 00181.
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00812. SOME BASIC FACTORS IN THE CONSIDERA- 00190.
TION AND INSTALLATION OF DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. 00193.
00813. TYPICAL OIL FIELD BRINE-CONDITIONING 00596.
SYSTEMS, PREPARING BRINE FOR SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION. 01504.
00814. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
CELANESE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PRAC-
TICES.
DEEP WELL WASTE INJECTION-REACTION
WITH AQUIFER WATER.
SUBSURFACE INJECTION OF LIQUID WASTES.
FEASIBILITY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
DISPOSAL IN SHALLOW SEDIMENTARY
FORMATIONS.
EXPERIENCE IN BURIAL OF LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN DEEP GEOLOGI-
CAL FORMATIONS.
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
A STUDY OF DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
DESALINATION BRINE WASTE.
PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PAYS OFF AT
CELANESE CHEMICAL PLANT.
DEEP-WELL INJECTION OF WASTEWATER.
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL. ARE SAFEGUARDS
BEING IGNORED.
DEEP WELLS.
DEEP DOWN WASTE DISPOSAL.
MAKE PLANT REFUSE PROFITABLE.
GULF CUTS COST OF DRILLING DEEP TEXAS
PANHANDLE WELLS.
CONSERVATfON OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES, APPENDIX A: DESIGN
AND COST OF LIQUID , t - -r
SUBSURFACE WASTE DISPOSAL BY MEANS
OF WELLS: A SELECTIVE ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
DELAWARE ESTUARY
ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FORECASTING.
THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
DELAWARE ESTUARY COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY-PRELIMINARY REPORT AND
FINDINGS.
A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
RECENT RESULTS FROM A MATHEMATICAL
MODEL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
IN THE DELAWARE ESTUARY.
AN EXAMINATION OF NON-TREATMENT
PLANT ALTERNATIVES IN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
A TEST OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POLLU-
TION CONTROL IS WORTH WHAT IT COSTS.
THE ECONOMICS OF CLEAN WATER.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY OF STREAMS.
THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY.
ALTERNATIVE OXYGENATION POSSIBILITIES
FOR LARGE POLLUTED RIVERS.
THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WATER RECREA-
TIONAL FACILITIES RESULTING FROM AN
305
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY: THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY I
01513. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION.
0,16,46. THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION.
DEMINERALIZATION
00083. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MINERAL CONTENT
IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES.
00156. ELECTRODIALYSIS IN ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00182. ELECTROSORPTION AND DESORPTION
PROCESS FOR DEMINERALIZATION.
00240. CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00397. DEMINERALIZATION OF WASTE WATER BY
ION EXCHANGE.
00650. DEMINERALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
009S1. CONTINUOUS DEMORALIZING FOR BOILER
FEED.
01048. EFFECTS OF HIGHLY MINERALIZED WATER
ON HOUSEHOLD PLUMBING AND AP-
PLIANCES.
01051. MIXED-BED CONDENSATE POLISHING.
01081. SELECTING DEMINERALIZATION SYSTEMS.
01087. CONSIDER RO FOR PRODUCING FEEDWATER.
01130. WASTEWATER TREATMENT: LITERATURE
REVIEW.
01211. NEW CATION BED CUTS NEUTRALIZING
COSTS.
013J3. CONTINUOUS DEMINERALIZATION PAYS
DIVIDENDS.
OJ655. ESTIMATED COST OF DESALTING THREE
FLORIDA BRACKISH WATERS.
01656. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SALINE-WATER
CONVERSION.
01662. IMPACT OF DESALINATION ON THE WATER
ECONOMY.
01674. WATER PURIFICATION BY ZONE-FREEZING.
01678. OUTLOOK FOR ECONOMIC USE OF FRESH
WATER FROM THE SEA.
01689. ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS.
DENITRIFICATION
00879. SOLVENTLESS EXTRUDED POWDER N-5
GENERAL WATER POLLUTION STUDY
(DENITRIFICATION).
01092. NITRATE REMOVAL FROM A GROUND
WATER SUPPLY.
01155. NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
01234. TREATMENT OF HIGH NITRATE WATERS.
01250. EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC DENITRIFICA-
TION PROCESSES.
DESALINATION
00015. USING WASTE HEAT FOR FISH FARMING.
00116. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTAN-
DARD QUALITY WATER IN WEBSTER AND
OTHER COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH DAKOTA.
00153. ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A
REVERSE OSMOSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEM-
-PART II. OPTIMIZATION.
00182. ELECTROSORPTION AND DESORPTION
PROCESS FOR DEMINERALIZATION.
00187. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00233. ARTIFICIAL-RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS
UTILIZING RENOVATED SEWAGE-PLANT
EFFLUENT-A FEASIBILITY STUDY AT BAY
PARK, NEW YORK.
00284. BRACKISH WATER PURIFICATION BY
BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL POWERED ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
00301. SURVEY OF DESALTING PROCESSES FOR USE
IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
00302. ECONOMICS OF COMBINING DISTILLED SEA-
WATER AND RENOVATED WASTE WATER
AS A NEW SOURCE OF MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLY.
00326. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
00355. CONCENTRATION OF SEA WATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS
00431. INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY BY
DESALINATION TECHNIQUES.
00432. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BRINE DISPOSAL
FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS.
00449. REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALTING STATE-OF-
THE-ART (1969).
00466. WATER REUSE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
00607. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE
WATER DESALTING PROCESSES.
00608. DEVELOPMENT OF A THIN-LIQUID-FILM
MEMBRANE DEVICE FOR REVERSE OSMO-
SIS
00633. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT - OPERATION OF
THE MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
PLANT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.
00670. IMPROVING MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES IN
COLORADO BY DESALTING.
00689. AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00732. A STUDY OF WATER PLANT ISOLATION
FROM CONTAMINATION.
00748. REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR WATER
REUSE APPLICATION.
00823. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DESALTING LITERATURE-
-1969.
00824. DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES.
00828. EVALUATION OF NEWLY DEVELOPED ION
EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS AND/OR TRANSPORT DEPLETION.
00829. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR-COMPRESSION
PROCESS: ONE AND FIVE MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY DESALTING PLANTS.
00830. PUMPING AND ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS
FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION
PLANTS.
306
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
0083 i. DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS.
00833. PARAMETRIC ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING
EVALUATION STUDY OF THE ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS FOR WATER DESALINA-
TION.
00834. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
DESALTING STATE-OF-THE-ART (1968)
00835. ECONOMICS OF SEAWATER DESALTING IN
COMBINATION WITH AMMONIA AND
POWER PRODUCTION.
00838. SECONDARY REFRIGERANT FREEZING
DESALTING PROCESS OPERATION OF A 15
000 GPD PILOT PLANT.
00839. A COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY ON
PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR MEM-
BRANE DESALTING PLANTS.
00849. AN ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
00851. OPERATION OF THE MULTI-EFFECT
MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION PLANT
(CLAIRENGLE).
00852. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY ON ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY
MODULAR UNIT DESIGN.
00874. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF A ONE MOD
BRACKISH WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS
PLANT (SPIRAL MODULE CONCEPT).
00877. PROPOSED DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR
DESALTING PLANT USING SINGLE EFFECT
DISTILLATION.
00884. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DIRECT
FREEZE SEPARATION PROCESS USING
REFRIGERANT R-C318
(OCTAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE).
00888. MANUAL ON SOLAR DISTILLATION OF
SALINE WATER.
00889. CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF OUTFALL
SYSTEMS FOR DESALTING PLANTS.
00890. STUDY OF SEAWATER DESALTING AS EMER-
GENCY WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK
CITY.
00892. OPTIMUM BRINE HEATER OUTLET TEMPERA-
TURE IN SEA WATER CONVERSION
EVAPORATORS.
00893. A MANUAL ON WATER DESALINATION.
VOLUME II. ECONOMICS.
00894. STUDY OF ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR
ELECTRODIALYSIS.
00895. INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE STACK RE-
SISTANCE INCREASE WITH A NATURAL
BRACKISH WATER.
00896. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE
ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
00897. OPERATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS PILOT
PLANTS.
00905. EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BRINE DISPOSAL
USING FLUID BED EVAPORATION.
00907. HYDROLYSIS LOSSES IN THE HYDRATE
PROCESS FOR DESALINATION: RATE MEA-
SUREMENT AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS.
00908. DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS.
00911. COMPUTER CODES FOR OFFICE OF SALINE
WATER PROGRAM ANALYSIS.
00979. BRACKISH WATER TREATMENT.
00980. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00981. ST. THOMAS DESALTING POWERPLANT
PRODUCES 2.5 MOD WATER
00982. SUCCESSFUL LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
00983. USSR DESALTING STUDY.
00984. WATER DESALTING PRESENT AND FUTURE.
01040. HYBRID SCHEME MAY LOWER DESALTING
COSTS.
01041. HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION OF SALINE
WATERS.
01042. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DESALTING FOR
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY.
01043. REVERSE OSMOSIS OFFERS USEFUL
TECHNIQUE FOR DESALTING.
01044. SOLAR DESALTING.
01045. ZEROING IN ON DESALTING.
01046. BY-PRODUCT MARKETS AWAIT DESALTERS.
01070. A NEW RIVAL FOR FLASH DISTILLATION.
01071. DESALTING 7.5 MOD AT TIJUANA.
01072. DESALTING SEA WATER WITH AMMONIA.
01073. GUIDELINES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THE FEASIBILITY OF DESALTING SEA
WATER.
01074. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGE APPLICA-
TION: MOCK HEARING.
01075. LOWERING THE COST OF REVERSE-OSMOSIS
DESALTING.
01076. MEMBRANES COMPETE FOR SEPARATION
MARKETS.
01077. NUCLEAR DESALTING FUTURE TRENDS, AND
TODAY'S COSTS.
01078. RECYCLE BOOSTS DESALTING EFFICIENCY.
01079. SOLAR DISTILLATION IN AUSTRALIA.
01080. STACKED DECK SEPARATES SALTS FROM
SOLUTION.
01108. BAHAMAS ON A SALT-FREE DIET.
01109. CONTROLLED FLASH-EVAPORATION.
Oil 10. ENGLAND PLANS FIRST FREEZE DESALTING.
01111. HIGH EFFICIENCY DESALTING.
01112. REVERSE OSMOSIS: HOLLOW FIBERS GET
TRYOUTS.
01160. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TECHNICO-
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION PLANTS.
01179. DESIGN AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE SOF-
TENING FOR 50-MGD SEAWATER
EVAPORATION PLANT.
01209. GUIDE TO COSTING OF WATER FROM
NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS.
01213. ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
01229. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND
DESALTING PLANTS.
01246. DESALINATION PROCESSES AND COSTS.
01252. STEAM GENERATING HEAVY WATER REAC-
TOR IN DUAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS.
01253. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY OF A 250 MIL-
LION GALLONS PER DAY COMBINED VER-
TICAL TUBE FLASH EVAPORATOR
DESALINATION PLANT.
01257. THERMOSORB PROCESS FOR DESALTING
WATER.
01258. INVESTIGATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
PHENOMENA IN A THREE STAGE TEST
SYSTEM.
307
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01260. ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION 01733.
STUDY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
01261. DONNAN SOFTENING AS A PRETREATMENT 01763.
TO DESALINATION PROCESSES.
01265. DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER SUP- 01797.
PLIES FOR AGRICULTURE.
01266. FIFTEEN YEARS OF PROGRESS, A REVIEW OF 01803.
THE UNITED STATES DESALTING PRO-
GRAM. 01823.
01268. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE OF THE ART (1968).
01270. COST ANALYSIS OF SIX WATER DESALTING
PROCESSES. 00010.
01295. CONCERNING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF EX-
PERIMENTATION IN THE DESIGN OF
DESALTING PLANTS
01304. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION 00013.
PROCESS.
01305. COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF PRETREAT- 00016.
MENT METHODS FOR MEMBRANE DESALT-
ING PLANTS. 00021.
01307. HOW ECONOMICAL AND SAFE ARE OUR
SEWER INSTALLATIONS. 00022.
01319. ECONOMICS OF LARGE SCALE REVERSE OS-
MOSIS PLANTS. 00023.
01327. TECHNOLOGY NEEDED FOR THE ECONOMIC
USE OF DESALTED WATER IN AGRICUL- 00026.
TURE.
01448. DESALINIZATION BY FREEZE CONCENTRA- 00037.
TION.
01449. DESALINIZATION BY DISTILLATION: RECENT 00042.
DEVELOPMENTS.
01585. DESALTING SEAWATER, ACHIEVEMENTS 00058.
AND PROSPECTS.
01620. PRINCIPLES OF DESALINATION. 00063.
01621. DESALINATION BY REVERSE OSMOSIS.
01624. DEMINERALIZATION BY ION EXCHANGE IN 00092.
WATER TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL
PROCESSING OF OTHER LIQUIDS. 00166.
01632. LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
01633. NUCLEAR DESALINATION. SYMPOSIUM ON 00182.
NUCLEAR DESALINATION, MADRID, SPAIN,
NOVEMBER 18-22, 1968. 00198.
01640. HISTORY OF DESALTING, OPERATION, MAIN-
TENANCE, AND COST EXPERIENCE AT
BUCKEYE, ARIZONA. 00205.
01642. COMPUTERIZED PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMAT- 00216.
ING COSTS OF DESALTING SYSTEMS.
01647. USE OF DISTILLED SEA WATER AT SAN 00234.
DIEGO.
01649. WATER DESALINATION: PROPOSALS FOR A 00252.
COSTING PROCEDURE AND RELATED
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERA- 00270,
TIONS.
01655. ESTIMATED COST OF DESALTING THREE 00271.
FLORIDA BRACKISH WATERS.
01656. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SALINE-WATER 00287.
CONVERSION.
01659. A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND 00288.
ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY.
01662. IMPACT OF DESALINATION ON THE WATER 00301.
ECONOMY.
01674. WATER PURIFICATION BY ZONE-FREEZING. 00314.
01678. OUTLOOK FOR ECONOMIC USE OF FRESH
WATER FROM THE SEA. 00318.
01679. WATER FROM THE SEA.
01681. DESALINATION BRINE WASTE DISPOSAL. 00319.
01689. ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS.
BUDGETING MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLA-
TION PLANTS FOR DESALTING SEAWATER.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ELETRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS.
DESALINATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR 1950-
1969.
INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION LITERATURE.
WATER DESALINATION.
DESIGN
A SAMPLE DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION ON
WATER-BASED RECREATION EXPENDI-
TURES.
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZATION MODELS
FOR CARBON BED DESIGN.
A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICAL
FILTER DESIGN.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WASTE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
PROGRESS TOWARDS OPTIMUM DESIGN OF
DIATOMITE FILTER PLANTS.
FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ACID MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT.
SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE ECONOMICS.
MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
OCEAN OUTFALL DESIGN OF ECONOMY OF
CONSTRUCTION.
POTENTIAL REUSE OF EFFLUENT AS A FAC-
TOR IN SEWERAGE DESIGN.
TERTIARY TREATMENT BY MICROSTRAIN-
ING.
ELECTROSORPTION AND DESORPTION
PROCESS FOR DEMINERALIZATION.
OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANANGEMENT AND
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN.
WATER REUSE IN WEST GERMAN INDUSTRY.
A BREAKTHROUGH IN THE TRACER STUDIES
OF SEDIMENTATION TANKS.
CHICAGO'S SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION
PLANT.
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT PROCESS DESIGN.
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR TRADE
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
SEWAGE PLANT DESIGNED FOR FLUCTUAT-
ING POPULATION.
BASIS FOR WASTE STABILIZATION POND
DESIGNS.
STABILIZATION PONDS IN THE CANNING IN-
DUSTRY.
SURVEY OF DESALTING PROCESSES FOR USE
IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
DESIGN OF THE NEWTOWN CREEK WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT.
DESIGNS OF A MEAT PACKING WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT.
HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CHLORINE
MIXING AND CONTACT CHAMBERS.
308
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00321. USE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN OF SANITA- 01077
RY SEWER SYSTEMS.
00324. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE FIRST 01167
DIGESTER GAS TURBINE IN THE U. S A
00326. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT- 01168
ING PLANTS.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING 01189
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT.
00361. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS 01201
DESIGN.
00373. RISK EVALUATION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT 01205
PLANT DESIGN. 012]4'
00390. MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS SEPARATION BY
FLOTATION. 01232
00430. POULTRY MANURE LAGOON DESIGN
00490. BUILDING DESIGN. 01242
00491. BUILDING DESIGN AND MANURE DISPOSAL
00507. ON THE CONCEPT OF MUNICIPAL SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS. 01253
00519. SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS.
00528. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE 01264
DIGESTION.
00560. SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT IN A LARGE 01273.
INDUSTRIAL PLANT.
00569. COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED 01295.
SLUDGE.
00579. TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. 01300.
00605. DESIGN AND COST OF LIQUID-WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. 01308.
00667. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT. 01318.
00669. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SHAL-
LOW WATER SEDIMENT CORE SAMPLER.
00707. SEWER MAINTENANCE COSTS. 01358.
00761. APPRAISAL OF GRANULAR CARBON CON-
TACTING: PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF THE
LITERATURE. PHASE 2. ECONOMIC EFFECT
OF DESIGN. 01408.
00821. WATER FACILITIES.
00826. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE 01434.
DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS. 01549.
00831. DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP- 01580.
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS.
00843. BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL. 01600.
00852. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY ON ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY 01651.
MODULAR UNIT DESIGN.
00853. AN EVALUATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN.
00854. FEASIBILITY OF CURVILINEAR ALIGNMENTS 01662.
FOR RESIDENTIAL SANITARY SEWERS.
00889. CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF OUTFALL 01679.
SYSTEMS FOR DESALTING PLANTS. 01705.
00896. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE
ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS. 01719.
00908. DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS. 01722.
00937. DENVER BUILDS A WASTE TREATMENT
PLANT.
01021. NEW ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT FOR 01725.
KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE. 01774.
OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
OLD PLANTS REVIVED WITH NEW CONTROL
CENTER.
DESIGN METHOD FOR SOUR WATER STEAM
STRIPPERS.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACT
STABILIZATION AT PENETANGUISHENE,
ONT.
LAGOONS FOR MILITARY SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT IN SOUTH VIETNAM.
AUTOMATIC COOLING TOWER CONTROL.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS FOR
DISTILLATION PLANTS.
EXTENSIONS TO THE CHANIA. SASUMUA,
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR NAIROBI.
MINE WATER RESEARCH. PLANT DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATES FOR LIMESTONE
TREATMENT.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY OF A 250 MIL-
LION GALLONS PER DAY COMBINED VER-
TICAL TUBE FLASH EVAPORATOR
DESALINATION PLANT.
OPTIMIZING AN ACTIVATED CARBON
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT.
BEST FEATURES OF FOUR EXISTING PLANTS
HIGHLIGHTED IN NEW DETROIT WATER
FACILITY.
CONCERNING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF EX-
PERIMENTATION IN THE DESIGN OF
DESALTING PLANTS.
SEWER DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATION BY
COMPUTER.
RECOVERY OF SALTS FROM SALINE WATER
VIA SOLVENT EXTRACTION.
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAIN-
TENANCE OF WASTE STABILIZATION
LAGOONS.
THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN APPLICA-
TION OF MULTISTAGE GEOMETRIC PRO-
GRAMMING.
OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS BY ENUMERATION.
WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING.
EMERGING METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN AND PLANNING.
DESIGN HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS: DOMESTIC-INDUS-
TRIAL-COMMERCIAL.
SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS.
WASTE WATER RENOVATION: PART 1. A
DESIGN STUDY OF FREEZING AND GAS
HYDRATE FORMATION. PART 2. FEASIBILI-
TY TESTS
IMPACT OF DESALINATION ON THE WATER
ECONOMY.
WATER FROM THE SEA.
OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
COMPLETE DOMESTIC WASTE TREATMENT
SYSTEM DESIGN.
GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING AND THE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS.
COMPUTER DESIGN OF THE CMAS SYSTEMS.
309
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01786. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SEWER DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATION.
DETERGENTS
00221. RX FOR AILING LAKES-A LOW PHOSPHATE
DIET.
00247. NUTRIENT REMOVAL A UNIVERSAL
REQUIREMENT.
00683. DETERGENTS: A STATUS REPORT.
00684. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BY
GRANULAR-CARBON FILTRATION.
00687. STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF MAN-MADE
EUTROPHICATION.
01818. DETERGENTS IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
DEWATERING CARBON
00475. ULTRAFILTRATIVE DEWATERING OF SPENT
POWDERED CARBON.
DICTIONARIES
01426. DICTIONARY CATALOG OF THE WATER
RESOURSES CENTER ARCHIVES.
01547. DICTIONARY OF WATER AND SEWAGE EN-
GINEERING.
DIFFUSION MEMBRANE
00455. AN EVALUATION OF DIFFUSION MEM-
BRANES FOR WASTE WATER REHABILITA-
TION.
DISTILLATION
00326. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
00369. INVESTIGATION DISTILLATION.
00433. COST OF PURIFYING MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS BY DISTILLATION.
00565. DISTILLATION OF WASTE WATERS: A WATER
RESOURCE FOR ARID REGIONS.
00633. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OPERATION OF
THE MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
PLANT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.
00720. ECONOMICS DICTATES FRESH LOOK AT AN
ENGINEERING PROBLEM.
00835. ECONOMICS OF SEA WATER DESALTING IN
COMBINATION WITH AMMONIA AND
POWER PRODUCTION.
00851. OPERATION OF THE MULTI-EFFECT
MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION PLANT
(CLAIRENGLE).
00873. A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE
SYSTEM AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF
LARGE SEA WATER DISTILLATION
PLANTS.
00890. STUDY OF SEA WATER DESALTING AS EMER-
GENCY WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK
CITY.
00892. OPTIMUM BRINE HEATER OUTLET TEMPERA-
TURE IN SEA WATER CONVERSION
EVAPORATORS.
00906. EVALUATION OF 75, 000 GPD SEA WATER
DESULFATING PILOT PLANT.
00908. DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS.
00938. EIGHTEENTH OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONFERENCE.
01043. REVERSE OSMOSIS OFFERS USEFUL
TECHNIQUE FOR DESALTING.
01078. RECYCLE BOOSTS DESALTING EFFICIENCY.
01213 ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
01214. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS FOR
DISTILLATION PLANTS.
01265. DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER SUP-
PLIES FOR AGRICULTURE.
01266. FIFTEEN YEARS OF PROGRESS, A REVIEW OF
THE UNITED STATES DESALTING PRO-
GRAM.
01268. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE OF THE ART (1968).
01269. PILOT PLANT TESTS AND DESIGN STUDY OF
A 2. 5 MGD HORIZONTAL TUBE MULTIPLE
EFFECT PLANT.
01309. STUDY OF 250 MGD MULTISTAGE FLASH
DISTILLATION PLANT WITH TWO LEVEL
BRINE FLOW.
01449. DESALINIZATION BY DISTILLATION: RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS.
01647. USE OF DISTILLED SEA WATER AT SAN
DIEGO.
01659. A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY.
01679. WATER FROM THE SEA.
01689. ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS.
01733. BUDGETING MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLA-
TION PLANTS FOR DESALTING SEAWATER.
01744. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE-OF-THE ART (1968).
DISTILLERY WASTES
00134. POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF A DISTILLERY
WASTE.
00452. TREATMENT OF WINE DISTILLING WASTES
BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
DOMESTIC WASTES
00992. REEVALUATION OF PRADO WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
01016. FLORIDA FIRM USES GAMMA RAYS TO
POLISH SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT.
01048. EFFECTS OF HIGHLY MINERALIZED WATER
ON HOUSEHOLD PLUMBING AND AP-
PLIANCES.
01222. ARCTIC HEATED PIPE WATER AND WASTE
WATER SYSTEMS.
01580. DESIGN HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS: DOMESTIC-INDUS-
TRIAL-COMMERCIAL.
DOMESTIC WELLS
00562. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
00864. COSTS OF WELLS AND PUMPS.
01663. EFFECTS OF STIMULATION ON WELL
OPERATING COSTS AND ITS PER-
FORMANCE ON OLD AND NEW WELLS.
01667. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER. WELL
STIMULATION.
310
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01729. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
DREDGING
00064. MAN AND THE ESTUARY.
00620. DREDGING: PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES
01801. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON DREDGING.
DROUGHT
00310. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE PASSAIC
RIVER BASIN, NEW JERSEY.
DRYER OPERATION
00435. DRYING ANIMAL WASTE.
00627. FILTER PRESS COSTS VERSUS LAND DE-
MAND.
ECOLOGICAL ISSUES
00114. THE SCIENTIST'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE
CONTROL OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT.
01165. CAN VE HELP SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
01283. INDUSTRY DECISIONS AFFECT ECOLOGY.
01373. CRISIS READINGS IN ENVIRONMENTAL IS-
SUES & STRATEGIES.
01389. WATER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
01466. SCIENCE AND SURVIVAL.
01476. ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONSERVA-
TION.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
DESUL. ATING PILOT PLANT.
00003. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
00025. ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FORECASTING.
00041. TODAY'S PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
00044. A LEAST COST EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS FOR LOW LEVEL LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
00088. ON THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SO-
CIAL COSTS
00117. RESEARCH GOALS AND PROGRESS TOWARD
THEM.
00118. COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY FALKSON).
00123. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
00197. COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY WOOD).
00214. COOLING WATER SOURCES FOR POWER
GENERATION.
00222. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT.
00331. ULTRASONIC EMULSIFICATION OF OIL
TANKER CARGO, TO REDUCE OIL SLICK
HAZARDS IN EVENT OF SPILLAGE AT SEA.
00441. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
00455. AN EVALUATION OF DIFFUSION MEM-
BRANES FOR WASTE WATER REHABILITA-
TION.
00574. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL
MEASURES.
00599. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.
00607. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE
WATER DESALTING PROCESSES.
00609. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL-
LUTION.
00661. RADIATION TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS.
00688. RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION:
PART 1.
00691. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POULTRY
PROCESSING WASTEWATER IN
DELAWARE.
00706. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT: EXEMPLIFIED BY SPECIFIED POLLU-
TANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF.
00728. THE RIVER BASIN MODEL: ECONOMIC SEC-
TOR.
00733. THERMAL POLLUTION: THE EFFECT OF THE
PROBLEM.
00899. STUDY OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL ON THE IRON FOUNDRY
INDUSTRY. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00900. THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON
THE NONFERROUS METALS INDUSTRIES.
LEAD. PART I. INTRODUCTION AND EX-
ECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00901. ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ON THE
BAKERY INDUSTRY. PART I.
00903. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL: THE GENERAL ECONOMY.
00904. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL: A SUMMARY OF RECENT STU-
DIES. AN OVERVIEW.
00906. EVALUATION OF 75,000 GPD SEAWATER
DESULFATING PILOT PLANT.
00910. THE IMPACT OF COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS UPON
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY.
00916. THE CEMENT INDUSTRY: ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. VOLUME
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00917. THE LEATHER INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF THE
IMPACT OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS.
VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00918. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ANTICIPATED PAPER
INDUSTRY POLLUTION. ABATEMENT
COSTS. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00932. POLLUTION PRICES IN A GENERAL
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL.
00933. POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND UNEMPLOY-
MENT. A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY.
00955. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY
PRICING IN ILLINOIS.
00980. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
01001. COMPUTER AIDS IN CRAG WATER PLAN.
311
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01164. INFLUENCE OF WATER USER REQUIRE-
MENTS ON RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF
RAW WATER CHARACTERISTICS. 01462.
01182. EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ORGANIC 01464.
MATTER AND TOXIC MATERIALS ON
AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS.
01221. METAL FINISHING WASTE TREATMENT-COM- 01471.
PARATIVE ECONOMICS.
01316. ALLOCATING WATER AMONG ALTERNATIVE
USES. 01473.
01319. ECONOMICS OF LARGE SCALE REVERSE OS-
MOSIS PLANTS. 01474.
01326. DESTRUCTION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN 01475.
WASTEWATER BY IONIZING RADIATION.
01360. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FISH PROTEIN
CONCENTRATE PROCESSES USING THE 01477.
COST SYSTEM.
01363. ON THE ECONOMICS OF PRESERVATION OR
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWER PORTION
OF THE HELLS CANYON. 01478.
01366. RECREATIONAL RESOURCE VALUES: SOME
EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES. 01479.
01367. ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN WATER POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT. 01480.
01368. PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS TO THE
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF WATER QUALI- 01481.
TY CONTROL. 01482.
01369. ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A 01483.
MATERIALS BALANCE APPROACH.
01384. MANAGING WATER QUALITY. 01484.
01412. MANAGEMENT LOOKS AT THE TECHNOLO- 01485.
GY AND ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01421. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS 01488.
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
01429. WATER RESOURCES OF CHILE: AN
ECONOMIC METHOD FOR ANALYZING A 01489.
KEY RESOURCE IN A NATION'S DEVELOP-
MENT. 01493.
01433. WATER DEMAND FOR STEAM ELECTRIC
GENERATION: AN ECONOMIC PROJECTION 01494.
MODEL.
01438. COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY: THE ECONOMICS
OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASIN
DEVELOPMENT. 01495.
01441. APPROACHES TO DYNAMIC INVESTMENT
PLANNING. 01498.
01443. ECONOMICS OF WATERSHED PLANNING.
01444. ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCE 01499.
PLANNING.
01445. INTERBASIN TRANSFERS OF WATER:
ECONOMIC ISSUES AND IMPACT.
01454. INSTANCES, IF ANY, WHERE COST/BENEFIT 01501.
ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED TO EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-UNITED 01503.
STATES.
01456. THE ECONOMICS OF PROJECT EVALUATION. 01513.
01457. WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY.
01458. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS: ITS RELEVANCE
TO PUBLIC INVESTMENT DECISIONS. 01515.
01459. THE ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION.
ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT
TOGETHER WITH THE ANNUAL REPORT 01521.
OF THE COUNCIL
01461. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA'S WATER INDUS-
TRY: THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC ENTERPRISE IN DEVELOPING A
SCARCE NATURAL
THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
PROCEEDINGS: I6TH SOUTHERN WATER
RESOURCES AND POLLUTION CONTROL
CONFERENCE.
THE RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT-PANEL DISCUSSION.
ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT.
A THEORETICAL NOTE ON THE CAPACITY
OF THE MARKET SYSTEM TO ABATE POL-
LUTION.
QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: AN
ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SOME
PROBLEMS IN USING LAND, WATER AND
AIR.
SOME EFFLUENT PROBLEMS OF OUR AF-
FLUENT SOCIETY.
WHY WATER POLLUTION IS ECONOMICALLY
UNAVOIDABLE.
MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS.
ECONOMICS OF WATER RECLAMATION.
WATER RESEARCH.
SOME ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
THE COSTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH.
RESOURCE ECONOMICS AND A QUALITY EN-
VIRONMENT, MAN VERSUS ENVIRON-
MENT, MONOGRAPH NO. 3.
QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAN:
SOME THOUGHTS ON ECONOMIC INSTITU-
TIONS.
POLLUTION AND POVERTY: THE STRATEGY
OF THE CROSS-COMMITMENT.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL.
METHODOLOGY FOR APPROACHING WATER
QUALITY PROBLEMS, IN WATER
RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE WEST.
ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY.
ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL IN
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH. CON-
FERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES A
WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
THE ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA
WITH SPECIALIZED EMPHASIS ON THE
ROLE OF COST
312
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01523. ECONOMICS OF RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT 01761
IN INDIA.
01525. ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER 018^0
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
01534. THE WATER RESOURCES OF CHILE AN
ECONOMIC METHOD FOR ANALYZING A 01831
KEY RESOURCE IN A NATION'S DEVELOP-
MENT.
01536. THE COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY; THE
ECONOMICS OF AN INTERNATIONAL 01832
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT.
01537. WATER RESOURCES PROJECT ECONOMICS 01837
01539. THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC
INVESTMENTS; AN EX POST EVALUATION 01838
OF WATER RESOURCES INVESTMENTS
01542. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
01557. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN A GROWING 01841
ECONOMY.
01560. CAHNERS' CRITICAL ISSUE REPORT: POLLU- 01844
TION (4 VOLS. ).
01570. ECONOMIC THINKING AND POLLUTION
PROBLEMS.
01571. ENVIRONMENTAL SIDE EFFECTS OF RISING 01865
INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT. (STUDIES IN SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC PROCESS). 01868.
01602. COMPLEMENTARY-COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
OF WATER STORAGE.
01603. ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION OF 01872.
WATER RESOURCES. 01875.
01606. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
t IV: AN INPUT-OUTPUT LINEAR PRO- 01877.
CRAMMING ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA
WATER REQUIREMENTS. 01878.
01607. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
VI: A DYNAMIC INTERREGIONAL INPUT- 01880.
OUTPUT PROGRAMMING MODEL OF THE
CALIFORNIA AND WEST
01608. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZA- 01884.
TIONS OF WATER USERS.
01610. ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS. 01886.
01627. AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
01632. LARGE-SCALE DESALTING. 01887.
01637. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
01644. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE 01895.
DISPOSAL.
01646. THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF ENVIRON- 01897.
MENTAL POLLUTION.
01671. A REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
01677. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER. 01900.
01688. ECONOMICS OF LEAK SURVEYS.
01690. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE 01902.
DEVELOPMENT, IN LAND AND WATER:
PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 1961 01912.
WESTERN RESOURCES CONF
01739. SYSTEM ECONOMIC RESPONSE TO WATER
AND QUALITY-FUNDAMENTAL CON- 01914.
SIDERATIONS.
01746. DETAILED ANALYSIS: THE ECONOMICS OF
CLEAN WATER.
01751. AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC STUDY OF 00002.
COOLING POND PERFORMANCE, MAY
1970. 00036.
01752. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THERMAL
DISCHARGE TO STREAMS. 00175.
01753. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT OPERATIONS.
WATER POLICY AND ECONOMIC OPTIMIZ-
ING: SOME CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN
WATER RESEARCH.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT. IN WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY BY T.
H. CAMPELL AND R. O
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCE
POLICY.
A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
EMERGING PROBLEMS IN WATER
ECONOMICS: THE STOCK RESOURCE
VALUE OF WATER.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION.
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONNEC-
TICUT WATER LAW: WATER RIGHTS,
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
BACKGROUND FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL ARTICLES
CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES.
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS.
ECONOMICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
SELECTED READINGS.
THE ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF RIVER BASIN
DEVELOPMENT.
ECONOMICS AND THE CONSERVATION
QUESTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: AN ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS; APPLICATIONS FOR THE
COASTAL ZONE.
DESIGN OF WATER-RESOURCE SYSTEMS:
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR RELATING
ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES, ENGINEERING
ANALYSIS, AND GOVERNMENT
THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FEDERAL
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
SELECTED LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY.
QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAN:
SOME THOUGHTS ON ECONOMIC INSTITU-
TIONS.
ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CONTROLLING
AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION.
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST, REPORT IN-
STITUTIONS AND POLICIES.
COSTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
ECONOMIC INCENTIVE
ASYMMETRY BETWEEN BRIBES AND
CHARGES.
A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
313
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00241. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT 00128.
CHARGES (EFFLUENT CHARGES-DEFINI-
TION). 00140.
00336. FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE 00326.
TREATMENT-THE NEED FOR POLICY
CHANGE. 00450.
00618. ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT: APPLYING THEORY TO 00492.
PRACTICE.
00702. TWO METHODS OF STUDYING THE EFFECT
OF MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON 00561.
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES.
01353. ECONOMIC INCENTIVE FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT: APPLYING THEORY TO 00634.
PRACTICE.
01507. INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS DERIVED FROM IM-
PROVED RAW WATER QUALITY IN THE 00666.
CONTRASCOSTA CANAL.
01896. THE ECONOMIC COMMON SENSE OF POLLU- 00689.
TION.
00700.
ECONOMIC MODELS 00722.
00610. MEASURES OF THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC 00759.
LOSS FROM OIL POLLUTION.
00709. EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE 01298.
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
00711. USE OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
00844. FUTURE WATER DEMANDS.
00876. ECONOMIC INFORMATION FOR ENVIRON- 00002.
MENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00903. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION 00007.
CONTROL: THE GENERAL ECONOMY.
01343. A MODEL FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF 00032.
WATER QUALITY IN IRRIGATION.
01362. AN ECONOMIC MODEL FOR A POLLUTED 00036.
RIVER SYSTEM.
01516. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER 00052.
QUALITY CONTROL. PAPER PRESENTED
AT THE 38TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF 00055.
THE WATER POLUTION 00118.
01726. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT. 00121.
01734. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI- 00138.
TY, A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN
FRESHWATER STREAMS. 00175.
01901. INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS AND BENEFIT-COST
ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCES 00197.
RESEARCH.
ECONOMIES OF SCALE 00205
00241.
00023. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WASTE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT- 00242.
MENT FACILITIES.
00042. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED
SLUDGE ECONOMICS. 00243.
00050. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING
THE OPTIMAL SIZES OF WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS. 00244.
00112. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
TIME CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
OPTIMAL TAXING OF WATER POLLUTION.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION.
ORGANIZING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF RIVER
BASIN AUTHORITIES.
A PRELIMINARY 'LEAST COST' STUDY OF FU-
TURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
CONTROLLING POLLUTION: THE ECONOMICS
OF A CLEANER AMERICA.
AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
EFFLUENT TAXES AND REGULATION.
REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
TREATMENT COSTS IN TEXAS.
ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
ECONOMIC DESIGN OF CENTRAL WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM-SIZED
TOWNS.
EFFLUENT CHARGES
ASYMMETRY BETWEEN BRIBES AND
CHARGES.
EFFLUENT CHARGES; A METHOD OF EN-
FORCING STREAM STANDARDS.
THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
STANDARDS, CHARGES, AND EQUITY.
COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY FALKSON).
EFFLUENT CHARGES.
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF IMPROVING
STREAM QUALITY: AN ECONOMIC AND
POLICY ANALYSIS.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY WOOD).
WATER REUSE IN WEST GERMAN INDUSTRY.
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (EFFLUENT CHARGES-DEFINI-
TION).
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER--THE
POLICE POWER).
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER--
EMINENT DOMAIN).
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-UN-
LAWFUL DELEGATION).
314
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00245. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER--THE
TAX POWER).
00272. THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF TRADE
EFFLUENTS.
00293. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
00493. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC INCEN-
TIVES: SOME CURRENT POLICY ISSUES.
00532. PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE 1970'S
00614. FURTHER THOUGHTS ON TRADE EFFLUENT
CHARGES.
00648. TAXING U. S. POLLUTERS.
00700. EFFLUENT TAXES AND REGULATION.
00832. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
01014. CHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
01513. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION.
01837. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01845. EFFLUENT CHARGES AND WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
ELECTRODIALYSIS
00156. ELECTRODIALYSIS IN ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00182. ELECTROSORPTION AND DESORPTION
PROCESS FOR DEMORALIZATION.
00240. CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00284. BRACKISH WATER PURIFICATION BY
BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL POWERED ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS
00355. CONCENTRATION OF SEAWATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
00357. PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00508. ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT.
00828. EVALUATION OF NEWLY DEVELOPED ION
EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS AND/OR TRANSPORT DEPLETION.
00833. PARAMETRIC ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING
EVALUATION STUDY OF THE ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS FOR WATER DESALINA-
TION.
00849. AN ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
00852. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY ON ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY
MODULAR UNIT DESIGN.
00886. THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
00894. STUDY OF ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR
ELECTRODIALYSIS.
00895. INVESTIGATION OF MEMBRANE STACK RE-
SISTANCE INCREASE WITH A NATURAL
BRACKISH WATER.
00896. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF THE
ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
00984 WATER DESALTING PRESENT AND FUTURE.
01004. ELECTRODIALYSIS OF ESTUARINE WATER.
01043. REVERSE OSMOSIS OFFERS USEFUL
TECHNIQUE FOR DESALTING.
01080. STACKED DECK SEPARATES SALTS FROM
SOLUTION.
01265. DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER SUP-
PLIES FOR AGRICULTURE.
01312. OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTRODIALYSIS
PLANT.
01640. HISTORY OF DESALTING, OPERATION, MAIN-
TENANCE, AND COST EXPERIENCE AT
BUCKEYE, ARIZONA.
01643. WATER SUPPLY FROM ESTUARIAL SOURCES.
01655. ESTIMATED COST OF DESALTING THREE
FLORIDA BRACKISH WATERS.
01689. ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS.
01763. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ELETRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
00117. RESEARCH GOALS AND PROGRESS TOWARD
THEM.
00144. POLLUTION-CAUSES, COSTS, CONTROL.
00350. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
00443. POLLUTION, PROPERTY AND PRICES.
00594. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL.
00598. THE USE OF STANDARDS AND PRICES FOR
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
00599. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.
00648. TAXING U. S. POLLUTERS.
00665. APPLICATIONS OF PROGRAM BUDGETING TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
00678. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER.
00690. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY, AUGUST 1971.
00876. ECONOMIC INFORMATION FOR ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00902. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND WATER
DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME 1.
00933. POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND UNEMPLOY-
MENT. A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY.
01165. CAN VE HELP SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
01283. INDUSTRY DECISIONS AFFECT ECOLOGY.
01369. ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A
MATERIALS BALANCE APPROACH.
01370. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT: WASTE.
01371. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY GUIDES: PART 1,
AIR POLLUTION; PART 2, WATER POLLU-
TION; PART 3, SOLID WASTE.
01373. CRISIS READINGS IN ENVIRONMENTAL IS-
SUES & STRATEGIES.
01374. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, AIR,
WATER, AND LAND.
01375. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ANALYSIS:
THEORY AND METHOD IN THE SOCIAL
SCIENCES.
01376. ENVIRONMENT & POLICY: THE NEXT FIFTY
YEARS.
01390. THE KEY TO OUR ENVIRONMENT.
01393. CLEAN AIR-CLEAN WATER FOR TOMOR-
ROW'S WORLD.
01454. INSTANCES, IF ANY, WHERE COST/BENEFIT
ANALYSIS HAS BEEN APPLIED TO EN-
VIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS-UNITED
STATES.
315
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01455. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON THE ENVIRON- 01593.
MENT-iAIR, WATER AND SOLID WASTES.
01459 THE ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION.
ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT 01595.
TOGETHER WITH THE ANNUAL REPORT 01596.
OF THE COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC 01613.
01460. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN FEDERAL
PROGRAMMES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
OF HUMAN RESOURCES. 01627.
01463. A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM-ENVIRON- 01646.
MENTAL QUALITY CONTROL.
01466. SCIENCE AND SURVIVAL. 01790.
01467. CONGRESSIONAL WHITE PAPER ON A NA-
TIONAL POLICY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT.
01468. CONSERVATION AND THE RATIONAL USE OF 01793.
THE ENVIRONMENT.
01472. THE POLLUTION READER. 01795.
01473. THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT-PANEL DISCUSSION. 01841.
01474. ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT.
01477. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: AN 01865.
ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SOME
PROBLEMS IN USING LAND, WATER AND 01872.
AIR. 01875.
01478. SOME EFFLUENT PROBLEMS OF OUR AF-
FLUENT SOCIETY. 01876.
01483. SOME ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF 01883.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
01484. THE COSTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. 01887.
01485. RESOURCE ECONOMICS AND A QUALITY EN-
VIRONMENT, MAN VERSUS ENVIRON- 01895.
MENT, MONOGRAPH NO. 3.
01486. RESTORING THE QUALITY OF OUR ENVIRON- 01897.
MENT.
01487. THE QUALITY OF THE HUMAN ENVIRON-
MENT, APPENDIX 3, IN WASTE MANAGE- 01906.
MENT RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY MANAGEMENT .r
01488. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: 01907.
SOME THOUGHTS ON ECONOMIC INSTITU-
TIONS.
01538. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A GUIDE TO 01913.
CURRENT RESEARCH.
01542. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
01543. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION.
01548. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS 00315.
AND PRACTICE.
01549. EMERGING METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL 00448.
DESIGN AND PLANNING.
01555. ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY: THE NEXT 00560.
FIFTY YEARS.
01556. ENVIRONMENT FOR MAN: THE NEXT FIFTY 00669.
YEARS.
01557. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN A GROWING 00719.
ECONOMY.
01558. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, AIR, 00750.
WATER, AND SOIL.
01571. ENVIRONMENTAL SIDE EFFECTS OF RISING
INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT. (STUDIES IN SOCIAL 00864.
AND ECONOMIC PROCESS). 00949.
01583. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOCHEMISTRY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.
01589. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: 00968.
A GLOBAL SURVEY.
01592. WATER WASTELAND: RALPH NADER'S 00985.
STUDY GROUP REPORT ON WATER POLLU- 01006.
TION.
MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED
' NATIONS FAMILY.
THE POLLUTION PARADOX.
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL.
PROBLEMS AND INSTRUMENTS RELATING
TO THE ALLOCATION OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL COSTS.
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION A SELEC-
TIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY: INFORMATION FOR
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS READING
LIST.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: SANITARY
ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION.
BACKGROUND FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS.
ECONOMICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
SELECTED READINGS.
ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
GOALS, PRIORITIES, AND DOLLARS: THE
NEXT DECADE.
SELECTED LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY.
QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAN:
SOME THOUGHTS ON ECONOMIC INSTITU-
TIONS.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE THIRD AN-
NUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
ENVIRONMENT: A DRAFT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE.
EQUIPMENT COSTS
CLOSED LOOP CHLORINAT1ON FOR WASTE
WATERS.
EVALUATION REPORT 1: AUTOMATIC
BEAKER SAMPLE CHANGER.
SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT IN A LARGE
INDUSTRIAL PLANT.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SHAL-
LOW WATER SEDIMENT CORE SAMPLER.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TYPICAL
WATER WORKS TELEMETERING SYSTEMS.
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF UP-
WARD-FLOW CLARIFIERS AT WORKS OF
THE LICHFIELD RDC.
COSTS OF WELLS AND PUMPS.
AN OPTIMAL METER MAINTENANCE PRO-
GRAM FOR THE WAUKESHA WATER UTILI-
TY.
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FERMENTATION
WASTES.
HOW MUCH WILL THAT COST PER YEAR.
GENEVA, N. Y., IMPROVES WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT.
316
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
FOR A MEDIUM-SIZED WATER 01749.
HEAT EXCHANGERS-NEW 01760.
01088. CONTROLS
UTILITY.
01097. AIR-COOLED
GROWTH.
01128. UNUSUAL SEWER SYSTEM ELEMENTS AT
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
01147. MERCURY REMOVED FROM WASTE EF-
FLUENT VIA ION EXCHANGE
01175. JACKS LIFT WATER TANK 120 FT TO SAVE
CONSTRUCTION COST.
01184. WATER TREATMENT COSTS FOR SMALL
PLANT.
01291. HIGH PURITY WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES.
01305. COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF PRETREAT-
MENT METHODS FOR MEMBRANE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
01378. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
MARKETING GUIDE.
01394. WASTE WATER CLEANUP EQUIPMENT
01560. CAHNERS' CRITICAL ISSUE REPORT: POLLU-
TION (4 VOLS.).
EROSION CONTROL
00091. EROSION CONTROL AT HOLLINGER MINE
TAILING SITE.
00708. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EROSION AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL FOR WATERSHEDS
UNDERGOING URBANIZATION.
01586. EROSION AND SEDIMENT POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01684. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONTROL.
ESTUARIES
00045. PLANNING A WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEM: THE CASE OF THE
POTOMAC ESTUARY.
00048. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT.
00055. STANDARDS, CHARGES, AND EQUITY.
00064. MAN AND THE ESTUARY.
00069. NUTRIENTS.
00281. SYNTHESIS OF THE DISPERSION AND WASTE
TREATMENT MODELS.
00290. 'BALAS' ALGORITHM FOR ZONED UNIFORM
TREATMENT.
00596. ALTERNATIVE OXYGENATION POSSIBILITIES
FOR LARGE POLLUTED RIVERS.
01004. ELECTRODIALYSIS OF ESTUARINE WATER.
01380. RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
01509. WATER USE RELATIONAHIPS AS AFFECTED
' BY WATER QUALITY ON THE YAQUINA
BAY. WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE
PAPERS, 1964.
01520. USE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN ESTUARINE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. WESTERN
RESOURCES CONFERENCE PAPERS, 1964.
01575. WASTES MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS FOR THE
COASTAL ZONE.
01587. DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INTO
RIVER, LAKES AND ESTUARIES.
01643. WATER SUPPLY FROM ESTUARIAL SOURCES.
00016.
00017.
00097.
00177.
00221.
00649.
00683.
00687.
01141.
00456.
00905.
00982.
01040.
01070.
01097.
01109.
01221.
01235.
01253.
01294.
00002.
00120.
00122.
00123.
00300.
00413.
00598.
00711.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND ESTUARINE
WATER QUALITY CONTROL.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF OP-
TIMAL QUALITY CONTROL IN ESTUARINE
WATERS.
EUTROPHICATION
A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY HIGH-DENSITY,
SOLIDS-CONTACT TERTIARY TREATMENT.
EUTROPHICATION.
REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
RX FOR AILING LAKES-A LOW PHOSPHATE
DIET.
REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH POLICY
ON EUTROPHICATION PROBLEMS.
DETERGENTS: A STATUS REPORT.
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF MAN-MADE
EUTROPHICATION.
EUTROPHICATION-LITERATURE REVIEW.
EVAPORATION
BRINES PRODUCED IN
OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
DISPOSAL OF
RENOVATION
WATER.
EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BRINE DISPOSAL
USING FLUID BED EVAPORATION.
SUCCESSFUL LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
HYBRID SCHEME MAY LOWER DESALTING
COSTS.
A NEW RIVAL FOR FLASH DISTILLATION.
AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS-NEW
GROWTH.
CONTROLLED FLASH-EVAPORATION.
METAL FINISHING WASTE TREATMENT-COM-
PARATIVE ECONOMICS.
ROLE OF EVAPORATION IN ECONOMICS OF
WASTE TREATMENT FOR PLATING OPERA-
TIONS.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY OF A 250 MIL-
LION GALLONS PER DAY COMBINED VER-
TICAL TUBE FLASH EVAPORATOR
DESALINATION PLANT.
OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
EVAPORATION PLANTS.
EXTERNALITIES
ASYMMETRY BETWEEN BRIBES AND
CHARGES.
EXTERNALITIES AND THE QUALITY OF AIR
AND WATER.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: SELECTED ISSUES.
ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS.
POLLUTION, PURIFICATION AND THE
THEORY OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS.
THE USE OF STANDARDS AND PRICES FOR
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
USE OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
317
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00721. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL.
00832. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
01495. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01613. PROBLEMS AND INSTRUMENTS RELATING
TO THE ALLOCATION OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL COSTS.
01857. EXTERNALITIES AND EMPIRICISM IN WATER
RESOURCES.
01866. PANGLOSS ON POLLUTION.
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
00170. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. FINAL REPORT.
00172. OIL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY STUDY,
SEATTLE AREA.
00372. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
00606. WATER WORKS RECORD KEEPING.
00876. ECONOMIC INFORMATION FOR ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01436. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
01784. AN EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN AND
OPERATION OF WATER FACILITIES.
FARM WASTES
00273. A REVIEW OF POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL
POSSIBILITIES.
00387. BAFFLED BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TREATING
POULTRY PLANT WASTES.
00434. THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SCHEME.
00436. HOG WASTE DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING.
00438. SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT-OXIDATION
DITCH FOR TREATING HOG WASTES.
00468. AEROBIC PURIFICATION OF FARM WASTE.
00483. WHIPPING THE MANURE PROBLEM.
00484. HOW WE HANDLE LIQUID MANURE.
00485. WASTES FROM PIG PRODUCTION UNITS.
00486. MECHANICAL CLEANING OF COWSHEDS.
00488. ORIGINS AND NATURE OF FARM WASTES.
00489. MINIMIZING THE WASTE PROBLEM WITH
CATTLE
00490. BUILDING DESIGN.
00491. BUILDING DESIGN AND MANURE DISPOSAL.
00497. LIQUID HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE.
00535. WASTE DISPOSAL AND POLLUTION,
POULTRY PROCESSING.
00622. USE OF FUNGI IMPERFECTI IN WASTE CON-
TROL.
00624. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF
AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTES-SECOND PROGRESS REPORT.
00691. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POULTRY
PROCESSING WASTEWATER IN
DELAWARE.
00715. ECONOMICS OF WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINED LIVESTOCK.
00716. THE ECONOMICS OF SWINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
00717. DISPOSAL OF BEEF MANURE BY DEEP PLOW-
ING.
00737. CATTLE, SWINE AND CHICKEN MANURE
CHALLENGES WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS.
01290. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTES.
01610. ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS.
01761. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT OPERATIONS.
FEDERAL AID
00006. POLLUTING SOLUTION-A TOWNSHIP
SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
00030. CONSERVATION OF POWER AND WATER
RESOURCES: GRANTS FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00268. FEDERAL AID TO THE STATES: AN ANALYTI-
CAL EXAMINATION OF THE ALTERNA-
TIVES.
00384. FEDERAL GRANTS AVAILABLE FOR INDUS-
TRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL.
00493. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC INCEN-
TIVES: SOME CURRENT POLICY ISSUES.
00532. PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE 1970'S.
00615. CLEAN WATER DAY PROMISES IMPROVED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00673. FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIES
TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
00825. THE ECONOMICS OF QUANTITY VS QUALITY
IN GREEN BAY.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
01096. RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY COSTS.
01207. INTERLAKE'S WATER POLLUTION PROGRAM.
01420. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR, AND SOLID WASTES.
01460. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN FEDERAL
PROGRAMMES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
OF HUMAN RESOURCES.
01694. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CATALOG.
VOL. 1, PART 1: FEDERALLY SUPPORTED
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS.
01836. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS: THE
FEDERAL PERSPECTIVE-PROGRESS
TOWARD OBJECTIVES.
01873. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR, AND SOLID WASTES.
01886. THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FEDERAL
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
01908. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER: ECONOMIC IM-
PACT ON AFFECTED UNITS OF GOVERN-
MENT.
FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
00577. SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
FILTRATION
00021. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00022. OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICAL
FILTER DESIGN.
318
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00026. PROGRESS TOWARDS OPTIMUM DESIGN OF
DIATOMITE FILTER PLANTS.
00131. DIATOMITE FILTRATION IN A BOARD MILL
00132. TERTIARY TREATMENT AT METRO CHICAGO
BY MEANS OF RAPID SAND FILTRATION
AND MICROSTRAINERS.
00166. TERTIARY TREATMENT BY MICROSTRAIN-
ING.
00220. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL: DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
00234. CHICAGO'S SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION
PLANT.
00368. FILTRATION AND MICROSTRAINING OF
SECONDARY EFFLUENT.
00374. THE APPLICATION OF MEMBRANES TO
SEWAGE AND WASTE TREATMENT
00391. FILTRATION OF ALGAL SUSPENSIONS
00396. PRESSURE FILTRATION OF SECONDARY
TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT.
00401. DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGE BY ELEC-
TROOSMOSIS.
00414. MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
00471. USE OF STYROFOAM FOR TRICKLING FILTER
COVERS.
00475. ULTRAFILTRATIVE DEWATERING OF SPENT
POWDERED CARBON.
00504. LEAST COST SAND FILTER DESIGN FOR IRON
REMOVAL.
00542. PHENOLIC WASTE RE-USE BY DIATOMITE
FILTRATION.
00552. MIDDLE LEE SETS THE STANDARDS.
00555. A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE FILTRA-
TION OF METAL HYDROXIDES.
00557. OPERATIONAL GROWING PAINS OF AN IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT.
00604. DEMONSTRATE FEASIBILITY OF THE USE OF
ULTRASONIC FILTRATION IN TREATING
THE OVERFLOWS FROM COMBINED
SEWERS.
00627. FILTER PRESS COSTS VERSUS
MAND.
00656. ROTARY PRECOAT FILTRATION
FROM ACID MINE
NEUTRALIZATION.
00662. COMBINED WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT FACILITY, MOUNT CLEMENS,
MICHIGAN.
00684. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BY
GRANULAR-CARBON FILTRATION.
00685. SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT F1SHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
00713. FILTRATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
00882. AN EVALUATION OF SELECTED POLYELEC-
TROLYTES AS FILTER BED CONDITIONERS
IN WATER TREATMENT.
00938. EIGHTEENTH OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONFERENCE.
00948. V/ORLD'S LARGEST MICROSTRAINER AT
CHICAGO.
00960. TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL IN
VIRGINIA.
00962. ABSORPTION AND FILTRATION WITH
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON.
00987. MORRISVILLE, PA., BUILDS A NEW FILTRA-
TION PLANT.
LAND DE-
OF SLUDGE
DRAINAGE
00988. NEW BRIGHTON, PA., ACQUIRES 1-MGD
WATER PLANT.
01006. GENEVA, N. Y., IMPROVES WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT.
01007. MORE WATER FOR GREENSBORO, NORTH
CAROLINA.
01011. WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY-
PART 1.
01050. MICROSTRAINING AND OZONATION OF
WATER AND WASTEWATER.
01063. CALIFORNIA PLANT USES DIATOMITE AND
CARBON FILTERS.
01068. ACTIVATED SLUDGE VS. TRICKLING FILTER
PLANTS.
01069. CAPITAL COSTS OF SEWAGE PLANTS.
01089. DIATOMITE SYSTEM GETS NOD.
01141. EUTROPHICATION-LITERATURE REVIEW.
01142. FILTER PLANT INCLUDED WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
01149. MICROSTRAINING OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
01150. MICROSTRAINING PAPER MILL WASTE-
WATER.
01170. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL. DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
01196. OPERATIONAL COSTS OF TRICKLING FIL-
TERS IN SOUTHEAST.
01197. SECONDARY PLANT EFFLUENT POLISHING.
01238. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT BY PRES-
SURE FILTRATION.
01241. TECHNIQUES FOR DECONTAMINATION OF
OIL FIELD CRUDE WATERS. (IN GERMAN).
01278. EVALUATION SHOWS DIATOMITE FILTER
MOST EFFICIENT.
01293. METAL FINISHING WASTES: METHODS OF
DISPOSAL.
01299. FILTRATION OF COOLANTS PAYS
DIVIDENDS.
01680. GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS AND THE
COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
FINANCING
00006. POLLUTING SOLUTION-A TOWNSHIP
SEWERAGE SYSTEM.
00008. THE LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO AIR AND
WATER QUALITY.
00011. MODERN SEWER-SERVICE CHARGES, PART 1-
-WHY CITIES NEED THEM.
00012. STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS.
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES.
00030. CONSERVATION OF POWER AND WATER
RESOURCES: GRANTS FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00108. WATER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.
00172. OIL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY STUDY,
SEATTLE AREA.
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
00235. THE FUTURE OF THE LAKE.
00241. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (EFFLUENT CHARGES-DEFINI-
TION).
319
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00246. FRITZ V BD OF TRUSTEES (ASSESSMENTS
FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SANITARY
SEWER SYSTEM).
00253. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF FINANCING
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00263. THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES CONTROL PRO-
GRAM IN NEW YORK CITY.
00272. THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF TRADE
EFFLUENTS.
00305. STORM WATER OVERFLOW GETS BAGGED.
00322. CENTRAL PRE-TREATMENT OF OMAHA
PACKING HOUSE WASTE WATERS.
00336. FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT-THE NEED FOR POLICY
CHANGE.
00372. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
00384. FEDERAL GRANTS AVAILABLE FOR INDUS-
TRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL.
00402. GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, PUBLIC
WORKS PLAN FOR WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00413. POLLUTION, PURIFICATION AND THE
THEORY OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS.
00417. THE COST OF IMPROVING WATER QUALITY
IN THE GREAT LAKES.
00503. SUBURB MEETS URBANIZATION HEAD-ON.
00511. COST-SHARING UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL
CONSERVATION PROGRAM.
00526. WATER SEWER AND DRAINAGE PLAN FOR
FORT SMITH URBANIZING AREA, PHASE II.
00532. PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE 1970'S.
00566. STORM SEWER SYSTEMS.
00567. SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
00580. PRE-TREATMENT OF WASTES AT BARRIE
TANNING LIMITED, BARRIE, ONTARIO.
00597. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00609. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL-
LUTION.
00614. FURTHER THOUGHTS ON TRADE EFFLUENT
CHARGES.
00615. CLEAN WATER DAY PROMISES IMPROVED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00618. ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT: APPLYING THEORY TO
PRACTICE.
00628. GROWN-UP COMPANY TOWN COPES WITH
POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
00649. REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH POLICY
ON EUTROPHICATION PROBLEMS.
00663. DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL AT GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN.
00668. SEWERAGE AUTHORITY SOLVES THE CREDIT
CRUNCH.
00673. FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIES
TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
00674. THE WAR ON POLLUTION: ECONOMIC AND
FINANCIAL IMPACTS.
00709. EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
00821. WATER FACILITIES.
00822. SEWER FACILITIES.
00846. PRIORITY AND PLANNING ELEMENTS FOR
DEVELOPING ILLINOIS WATER
RESOURCES.
00933. POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND UNEMPLOY-
MENT. A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY.
01082. SURFACE SUPPLY COSTS MORE, FARM BU-
REAU SHOWS.
01174. IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY UNDER
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT.
01198. PLANNING COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTES
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
01207. INTERLAKE'S WATER POLLUTION PROGRAM.
FIRE PROTECTION
00204. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
ITALY.
FISH MANAGEMENT
00342. FIELD TRIALS OF ANTIMYCIN AS A SELEC-
TIVE TOXICANT IN CHANNEL CATFISH
PONDS.
00343. USE OF ANTIMYCIN FOR SELECTIVE THIN-
NING OF SUNFISH POPULATIONS IN PONDS.
00344. QUINALDINE AS AN ANESTHETIC FOR
BROOK TROUT, LAKE TROUT, AND ATLAN-
TIC SALMON.
01345. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF FAO PUBLICATIONS
ON INLAND WATER POLLUTION, AND
WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCES
FLOCCULATION
00195. NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND
LIME PRECIPITATION.
00260. TERTIARY FLOCCULATION AND FILTRA-
TION.
00320. FLOCCULATION OF BULK ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WITH POLYELECTROLYTES.
00376. ALGAL FLOCCULATION WITH ALUMINUM
SULPHATE AND POLYELECTROLYTES.
00626. HANDLING DYE WASTES IN A MUNICIPAL
PLANT.
00729. PAC-PCT PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
01241. TECHNIQUES FOR DECONTAMINATION OF
OIL FIELD CRUDE WATERS. (IN GERMAN).
FLOOD CONTROL
00076. FLOOD AND POLLUTION CONTROL: A DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN FOR THE CHICAGOLAND
AREA.
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
00213. LICKING RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OHIO
(FLOOD CONTROL AND ALLIED PUR-
POSES).
00352. PAPILLION CREEK AND TRIBUTARIES,
NEBRASKA.
FLOTATION
00390. MIXED LIQUOR SOLIDS SEPARATION BY
FLOTATION.
00479. FLOTATION OF OILY WASTES.
320
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
FLOW AUGMENTATION
00029. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS RE-
PORT.
00047. DELAWARE ESTUARY COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY-PRELIMINARY REPORT AND
FINDINGS.
00048. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT.
00113. POLLUTION CHARGES, WASTE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY INVESTMENT, AND WATER
QUALITY: THE PUBLIC COSTS OF A PUBLIC
GOOD.
00138. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF IMPROVING
STREAM QUALITY: AN ECONOMIC AND
POLICY ANALYSIS.
00140. OPTIMAL TAXING OF WATER POLLUTION.
00170. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. FINAL REPORT.
00190. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY OF STREAMS.
00219. SIMULATION MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTA-
TION COSTS.
00255. INCREASING WASTEWATER FLOW VELOCITY
BY USING CHEMICAL ADDITIVES.
00865. POLYMERS FOR SEWER FLOW CONTROL.
01292. VALUATION OF FLOW AUGMENTATION
RELEASES.
01502. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1961. PUBLIC LAW NO.
87-88.
01511. METHODS OF APPROXIMATING DILUTION
WATER REQUIREMENTS AS A SUPPLEMEN-
TAL MEASURE FOR CONTROL OF WATER
QUALITY IN RIVERS.
01516. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL. PAPER PRESENTED
AT THE 38TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF
THE WATER POLUTION CONTR
01517. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE
MEANS OF ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
01731. MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTATION ANALY-
SIS AN OVERVIEW.
01764. COST CURVES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR
LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION.
01765. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER. TREATMENT,
DILUTION, AND TREATMENT COSTS OF
MUNICIPAL WASTES (APPENDIX D).
FOAM FRACTIONATION
00249. FOAM FRACTIONATION.
00976. INDUSTRIAL WASTES; PAPER AND ALLIED
PRODUCTS.
FOAM SEPARATION
00111. FOAM SEPARATION OF KRAFT PULPING
WASTES.
00422. FOAM SEPARATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES: PROCESS SELECTION. .
00447 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY
FOAM SEPARATION.
FOOD INDUSTRY
00034. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN
THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
00035. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
001 10. CURRENT PRACTICE IN POTATO
PROCESSING WASTE TREATMENT.
00130. ECONOMICS EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
00159. PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT.
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
00248. WASTE WATER RECIRCULATION AS A
MEANS OF RIVER POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00288. STABILIZATION PONDS IN THE CANNING IN-
DUSTRY.
00453. COMBINED WASTE TREATMENT AT GRAND
ISLAND, NEBRASKA.
00522. AERATED LAGOONS FOR POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES.
00535. WASTE DISPOSAL AND ' POLLUTION,
POULTRY PROCESSING.
00587. AEROBIC SECONDARY TREATMENT OF
POTATO PROCESSING WASTES.
00589. TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM FOOD MANU-
FACTURE AND COFFEE PROCESSING.
00622. USE OF FUNGI IMPERFECTI IN WASTE CON-
TROL.
00702. TWO METHODS OF STUDYING THE EFFECT
OF MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES.
00725. DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY.
00743. AERATION SWEETENS HARBOR BASIN IN LOS
ANGELES.
00898. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROLS ON THE FRUIT AND VEGETA-
BLE CANNING AND FREEZING INDUSTRIES.
PART I.
00901. ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ON THE
BAKERY INDUSTRY. PART I.
01057. TREATMENT OF MINK FOOD MANUFACTUR-
ING WASTES
01145. LAGOONS AND OXIDATION PONDS: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW.
01274. COMPARISON OF METHODS OF SANITIZING
WATER.
01360. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FISH PROTEIN
CONCENTRATE PROCESSES USING THE
COST SYSTEM.
01552. ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
GROSS NATIONAL EFFLUENT
00532. PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE 1970'S.
GROUNDWATER
00508. ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT.
321
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00562. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
00717. DISPOSAL OF BEEF MANURE BY DEEP PLOW-
ING.
00723. COST AND PERFORMANCE OF RETENTION
BASINS IN THE TREATMENT OF WET-
WEATHER SEWAGE FLOWS.
00759. ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
00793. GROUND WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES AT
THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT.
01561. GROUNDWATER LEGISLATION IN EUROPE.
01574. GROUND-WATER BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01638. THE CONSERVATION OF GROUND WATER.
01648. PROCEEDINGS WATER RESOURCES
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE.
01663. EFFECTS OF STIMULATION ON WELL
OPERATING COSTS AND ITS PER-
FORMANCE ON OLD AND NEW WELLS.
01667. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER WELL
STIMULATION.
01814. GROUND WATER: A SELECTED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
HARBORS
00388. PROBLEM: HARBOR DEBRIS.
01347. EFFECT OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN LOS
ANGELES HARBOURS.
01348. POLLUTION OF THE WORLD'S HARBORS,
DOCKS, AND INLAND WATERWAYS, WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SHIPS.
01810. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RIVERS AND HARBORS.
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
BY
00771. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING.
00773. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAU-
LIC FRACTURING AS A METHOD FOR PER-
MANENT DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES.
00794. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AS A WASTE
DISPOSAL METHOD.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE REMOVAL
00591. THE APPLICATION OF BACTERIAL PROCESS
KINETICS IN STREAM SIMULATION AND
STREAM ANALYSIS.
INCINERATION
00133. TREATMENT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AT BAYPORT'S INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
00173. INCINERATION OF GRIT, SCREENINGS, AND
SCUM.
00295. THE INCINERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTE AT FABENFABRIKEN BAYER.
00296. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL AT SEA
00360. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. WET OXIDATION,
PART 2. INCINERATION.
00377. SCUM INCINERATION EXPERIENCES.
00559. INCINERATION OF PROCESS INDUSTRY
WASTES.
00827. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00939. FLAME INCINERATION.
00971. CLEAR WATER AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00975. INCINERATOR PAYS FOR ITSELF BY PROVID-
ING FOR PLANT HEATING.
01018. IMPROVING BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
01123. RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
01139. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
01301. INSTALLATION FOR THE COMBUSTION OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT
00018. FWPCA PROPOSES. . . A 20TH CENTURY PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
00035. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
00071. OPERATING COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
IN GENERAL MOTORS.
00074. WATER IN INDUSTRY: A SURVEY OF WATER
USE IN INDUSTRY.
00095. WATER REUSE IN MONTERREY, MEXICO.
00103. WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS OF A FLORIDA
PHOSPHATE OPERATION.
00110. CURRENT PRACTICE IN POTATO
PROCESSING WASTE TREATMENT.
00111. FOAM SEPARATION OF KRAFT PULPING
WASTES.
00115. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
00130. ECONOMICS EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
00131. DIATOMITE FILTRATION IN A BOARD MILL.
00133. TREATMENT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AT BAYPORT'S INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
00142. ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC RESPONSES TO
THE ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS IN
APPALACHIA.
00154. COPING WITH COOLING TOWER BLOW-
DOWN.
00157. A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MINE
DRAINAGE.
00158. A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
00159. PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT.
00160. CENTRIFUGES REDUCE WATER POLLUTION.
00161. DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN.
00165. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION, i
00200. CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF VARIOUS IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (IN GERMAN).
00205. WATER REUSE IN WEST GERMAN INDUSTRY.
00226. POLLUTION AT THE SOUTHERN END OF
LAKE MICHIGAN (WATER POLLUTION).
00229. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN
APPALACHIA.
322
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00231, THE IMPACTS OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU- 00758
TION ON LOCATION DECISIONS OF MANU-
FACTURING INDUSTRY IN APPALACHIA. 00789
00238. MINE DRAINAGE IN THE NORTH BRANCH
POTOMAC RIVER BASIN. 00798
00239. EFFECT OF STARCH SUBSTITUTES ON TEX-
TILE WASTES.
00257. WASTE LIQUORS FROM THE MERCERIZA-
TION OF COTTON FABRICS AND LIMITING 00805
OF WASTE WATER ALKALINITY (IN
CZECH). 00811.
00263. THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES CONTROL PRO-
GRAM IN NEW YORK CITY. 00827
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE. 00857
00272. THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF TRADE
EFFLUENTS. 00881.
00274. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT THE
BROCKHURST WORKS OF THE UPPER 00904
TAME MAIN DRAINAGE AUTHORITY.
00291. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TREATS COTTON
MILL DE-SIZE WASTES. 00920
00292. TEXTILE WORKS EFFLUENT TREATMENT.
00295. THE INCINERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTE AT FABENFABRIKEN BAYER. 00929.
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS. 00959.
00384. FEDERAL GRANTS AVAILABLE FOR INDUS-
TRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL. 00968.
00387. BAFFLED BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TREATING
POULTRY PLANT WASTES. 00969.
00426. AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON IN- 00990.
DUSTRIAL WASTES. 00994.
00431. INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY BY 00998.
DESALINATION TECHNIQUES.
00519. SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR 01010.
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS.
00538. ECONOMIC EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT. 01014.
00559. INCINERATION OF PROCESS INDUSTRY
WASTES. 01030.
00579. TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES. 01038.
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A
LAKE WATERSHED. 01042.
00661. RADIATION TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALY- 01057.
SIS.
00675. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 01131.
OF PROPOSED SOUTH CAROLINA TAX 01165.
CREDIT FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 01168.
CONTROL FACILITIES.
00692. RATE SURCHARGES: FRIEND OR FOE. 01173.
00712. POLLUTION: CLEANING UP COSTS MONEY.
00725. DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT 01181.
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY. 01182.
00736. WASTE WATER CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
00739. CASE HISTORY OF WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT ON A GENERAL ELECTRIC AP- 01184.
PLIANCE PLANT.
00743. AERATION SWEETENS HARBOR BASIN IN LOS 01359.
ANGELES.
00752. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT- 01360.
MENT COSTS AND CHARGES.
00755. RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL EXTRACTED
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER. 01416.
01418.
DECISION FACTORS-SEPARATE INDUSTRY
OR JOINT MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT.
SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATER.
RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
THE DEEP WELL METHOD OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE COSTS OF
WATER IN INDUSTRIAL USES.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON THE
FIRM.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL: A SUMMARY OF RECENT STU-
DIES. AN OVERVIEW.
THE REUSE OF WATER IN MANUFACTURING:
AN EXPLANATORY ECONOMIC MODEL
WITH DATA ANALYSIS.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN THE U S
A TODAY.
STANLE, N. C., PLANT TREATS MUNICIPAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FERMENTATION
WASTES.
ALTERNATIVE FOR INDUSTRIAL TREAT-
MENT.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR WATER SALVAGE.
WATER.
COST SAVING IN STEEL PICKLING AND
MINERAL PROCESSING.
UNIQUE DUAL LAGOON SYSTEM SOLVES
DIFFICULT WINE WASTE TREATMENT
PROBLEM.
CHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
PRETREATMENT OF WASTES FOR
DISCHARGE TO CITY SYSTEM.
AN INDUSTRIAL SOLUTION TO INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DESALTING FOR
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY.
TREATMENT OF MINK FOOD MANUFACTUR-
ING WASTES.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
CAN VE HELP SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
DESIGN METHOD FOR SOUR WATER STEAM
STRIPPERS.
DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM.
ECONOMICS OF WASTE TREATMENT.
EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ORGANIC
MATTER AND TOXIC MATERIALS ON
AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS.
WATER TREATMENT COSTS FOR SMALL
PLANT.
PROFITS, JOINT COSTS AND WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FISH PROTEIN
CONCENTRATE PROCESSES USING THE
COST SYSTEM.
THE WASTE MAKERS.
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
323
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01462. THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
01505. A COST OPTIMIZATION STUDY FOR STREAM
WASTE DISPOSAL. (UNPUBLISHED).
01507. INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS DERIVED FROM IM-
PROVED RAW WATER QUALITY IN THE
CONTRASCOSTA CANAL.
01530. WATER TREATMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
OTHER USES.
01531. WATER CONDITIONING FOR INDUSTRY.
01535. PERCEPTION OF CHOICE AND FACTORS AF-
FECTING INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
DECISIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
01553. THEORIES AND PRACTICES OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT.
01554. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL.
01565. TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
01568. CONTROL OF RIVER POLLUTION BY INDUS-
TRY.
01573. SOCIAL COSTS OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISE.
01580. DESIGN HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS: DOMESTIC-INDUS-
TRIAL-COMMERCIAL.
01588. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL AND IN-
TERNATIONAL TRADE.
01615. INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONTROL.
01619. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
01636. INDUSTRIAL DEMAND FOR WATER: A STUDY
OF SOUTH EAST ENGLAND.
01654. ECONOMIC ASPECT OF INDUSTRIAL EF-
FLUENT TREATMENT.
01658. VALUE OF AN ACRE-FOOT OF WATER.
01675. THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRAND BASINS.
01684. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONTROL.
01703. TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT.
01704. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USES IN AP-
PALACHIA.
01722. GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING AND THE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
01750. THE APPLICATION OF A LINEAR PRO-
GRAMME MODEL TO WATER CONSERVA-
TION AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT AT
MODERFONTEIN FACTORY.
01765. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER. TREATMENT,
DILUTION, AND TREATMENT COSTS OF
MUNICIPAL WASTES (APPENDIX D).
01780. OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC
GROWTH MODELS: A CASE STUDY OF IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION.
01795. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: SANITARY
ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
01825. THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER IN INDUS-
TRIAL USES.
01853. MODELS OF INVESTIGATION OF INDUSTRIAL
RESPONSE TO RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
ACTIONS.
01855. ECONOMICAL TREATMENT OF PLANT EF-
FLUENT AND INDUSTRIAL WATER RECLA-
MATION.
01862. THE ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL-MU-
NICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01894. INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM CHANGES: IMPLICA-
TIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROLS.
01914. COSTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
00206. THE UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER IN JAPAN.
00335. INDUSTRIAL WATER RECIRCULATION IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
00395. WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING IN INDUS-
TRY.
00440. WATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENT AS RE-
LATED TO INDUSTRY.
00676. INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE: FUTURE POLLU-
TION SOLUTION.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS.
01398. INDUSTRIAL DEMAND FOR WATER.
01491. CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS PROJECT, SAN
JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN.
01535. PERCEPTION OF CHOICE AND FACTORS AF-
FECTING INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
DECISIONS IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
01612. ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF
WATER QUALITY FOR VARIOUS USES.
01636. INDUSTRIAL DEMAND FOR WATER: A STUDY
OF SOUTH EAST ENGLAND.
INFILTRATION
01020. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS.
INJECTION WELLS
00124. REDUCING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE
WILMINGTON OIL FIELD BY THE USE OF
SALINE WATERS.
00764. INJECTION WELL INCORPORATES MANY
SAFEGUARDS.
INPLANT CONTROLS
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00379. WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE BY IN-
DUSTRY.
01226. CONTRIBUTION OF INPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS TO POLLUTION
ABATEMENT IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.
INSTALLATION COSTS
00151. ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD
PUMP-STORAGE-GRINDER UNIT (TASK 6).
00337. OXNARD SEWAGE PLANT SOLVES ODOR
CONTROL PROBLEM.
00347. CANADA'S LARGEST SLUDGE INCINERATORS
FIRED UP AND RUNNING.
00434. THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SCHEME.
324
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
INSTREAM AERATION
00143. OXYGEN MANAGEMENT AND ARTIFICIAL
REAERATION IN THE AREA OF BALDENEY
LAKE AND THE LOWER RUHR RIVER (IN
GERMAN).
00416. INSTREAM AERATORS FOR POLLUTED
RIVERS.
INSURANCE
00313. LIFE AND HEALTH ASSURANCE.
00425. GOOD MANAGEMENT INCLUDES EFFECTIVE
SAFETY PROGRAMS.
INVESTMENT COSTS
00774. A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
01180. IMPROVEMENTS TO THE QUALITY OF
WASTEWATER FROM HUMBLE'S BATON
ROUGE REFINERY.
01441. APPROACHES TO DYNAMIC INVESTMENT
PLANNING.
01673. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
4-A COMPLETELY ADEQUATE DISTRIBU-
TION SYSTEM.
01689. ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS.
01854. NONMARKET VALUES AND EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS IN WATER
RESOURCES.
IODINATION
01047. IODINE FOR THE DISINFECTION OF WATER.
ION EXCHANGE
00397. DEMINERALIZATION OF WASTE WATER BY
ION EXCHANGE.
00420. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF NUTRIENT
REMOVAL.
00469. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT
OF METAL FINISHING WASTES BY ION
EXCHANGE OF RINSE WATERS.
00828. EVALUATION OF NEWLY DEVELOPED ION
EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS AND/OR TRANSPORT DEPLETION.
00927. A NEW METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER.
00946. TREAT SOUR WATER WATER BY ION
EXCHANGE.
00947. WATER TREATMENT FOR REACTORS.
00951. CONTINUOUS DEMINERALIZING FOR BOILER
FEED.
01072. DESALTING SEA WATER WITH AMMONIA.
01076. MEMBRANES COMPETE FOR SEPARATION
MARKETS.
01092. NITRATE REMOVAL FROM A GROUND
WATER SUPPLY.
01152. NEW ION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM TREATS SOUR
WATER.
01212. OPERATION AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE
CIRCULATION PLANT FOR TREATMENT OF
RINSING WATER FROM PICKLING DEPART-
MENT
01220. PLATING WASTE TREATMENT-WHICH
SYSTEM.
01259. A NEW DESALTING PROCESS UTILIZES
RECOVERABLE SOLID REGENERANT ION
EXCHANGE.
01291. HIGH PURITY WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES.
01336. ION EXCHANGE FOR METAL PRODUCTS
FINISHER.
01379. WATER PURIFICATION BY ION EXCHANGE.
01624. DEMINERALIZATION BY ION EXCHANGE IN
WATER TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL
PROCESSING OF OTHER LIQUIDS.
01641. ECONOMICS OF ION-EXCHANGE
TECHNIQUES FOR MUNICIPAL WATER-
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.
01659. A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY.
ION FLOTATION
00180. OPTIMIZATION OF THE ION FLOTATION OF
DICHROMATE.
01173. DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
00009. COSTS DIVE AS WEIRTON RE-USES MILL
ROLL COOLANT.
00306. ISLAND CITY SOLVES TOUGH SEWERAGE
PROBLEM.
00779. DEEP WELL WASTE DISPOSAL AT MIDWEST
STEEL.
00780. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF STEEL MILL
WASTES
00837. POLLUTION CONTROL IN STEELMAKING:
FACT OR FICTION.
00899. STUDY OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL ON THE IRON FOUNDRY
INDUSTRY. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00998. COST SAVING IN STEEL PICKLING AND
MINERAL PROCESSING.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS.
01207. INTERLAKE'S WATER POLLUTION PROGRAM.
01212. OPERATION AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE
CIRCULATION PLANT FOR TREATMENT OF
RINSING WATER FROM PICKLING DEPART-
MENT IN ROLLING
01242. MINE WATER RESEARCH. PLANT DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATES FOR LIMESTONE
TREATMENT.
01780. OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC
GROWTH MODELS: A CASE STUDY OF IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION
01867. A COST ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.
IRON REMOVAL
00371. PROBABILITY THEORY AS AN AID TO
RESEARCH PLANNING.
00504. LEAST COST SAND FILTER DESIGN FOR IRON
REMOVAL.
325
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
IRRIGATION
00094. WASTEWATER REUSE AT THE GRAND
CANYON.
00100. A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
STUDY OF THE USE OF MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION.
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
00204. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
ITALY.
00588. A TECHNIQUE FOR IRRIGATING BOTTOM
LAND HARDWOOD TREES WITH PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT IN NORTH LOUISIANA.
00630. THE FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATING SOFTWOOD
AND HARDWOOD FOR DISPOAL OF PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT.
00859. CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF EN-
GINEERING TECHNOLOGY TO THE
PROBLEMS OF APPALACHIA. VOLUME 3.
WATER RESOURCES.
00968. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FERMENTATION
WASTES.
01056. WATER UTILITY COST TRENDS.
01114. A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREAT-
MENT OF CANNERY WASTES.
01265. DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER SUP-
PLIES FOR AGRICULTURE.
01306. MARGINAL VALUES OF DILUTION WATERS.
01343. A MODEL FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF
WATER QUALITY IN IRRIGATION.
01584. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN
NORTHERN MEXICO.
01604. MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGA-
TION.
01658. VALUE OF AN ACRE-FOOT OF WATER.
01675. THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRAND BASINS.
01802. WATER LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1847-1965.
JOINT TREATMENT
00133. TREATMENT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AT BAYPORT'S INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
00164. TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVER-
FLOWS AND SURFACE WATERS AT CLEVE-
LAND, OHIO.
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
00569. COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED
SLUDGE.
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A
LAKE WATERSHED.
00628. GROWN-UP COMPANY TOWN COPES WITH
POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
00673. FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIES
' TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00746. TREATMENT OF COMBINED KRAFT AND
NEWSPRINT EFFLUENTS AT AN ALABAMA
PAPER MILL.
00758. DECISION FACTORS-SEPARATE INDUSTRY
OR JOINT MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT.
00929. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT IN THE U S
A TODAY.
01014. CHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
01030. PRETREATMENT OF WASTES FOR
DISCHARGE TO CITY SYSTEM.
01160. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TECHNICO-
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION PLANTS.
01244. BIODEGRADABILITY AND TREATABILITY OF
COMBINED NYLON AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES.
01272. ACTIVATED SLUDGE JOINT TREATMENT OF
PULP AND PAPER EFFLUENT WITH MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01359. PROFITS, JOINT COSTS AND WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
01862. THE ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL-MU-
NICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
LABOR COSTS
00234. CHICAGO'S SOUTH DISTRICT FILTRATION
PLANT.
00275. EXPERIENCE WITH A WAGE INCENTIVE
BONUS SCHEME AT GOSCOTE AND
BROCKHURST SEWAGE WORKS.
00444. COSTS AND MANPOWER FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, 1965-
1968.
00537. 00576 COST AND MANPOWER FOR MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
00613. PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE
PROCESS.
00727. THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECT OF CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATION COSTS IN
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
00829. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR-COMPRESSION
PROCESS: ONE AND FIVE MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY DESALTING PLANTS.
01184. WATER TREATMENT COSTS FOR SMALL
PLANT.
01304. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
PROCESS.
01867. A COST ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.
LAGOONS
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00134. POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF A DISTILLERY
WASTE.
00135. AERATED STABILIZATION BASIN TREAT-
MENT OF WHITE WATER.
00158. A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
00165. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00274. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT THE
BROCKHURST WORKS OF THE UPPER
TAME MAIN DRAINAGE AUTHORITY.
326
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00287. BASIS FOR WASTE STABILIZATION POND
DESIGNS.
00288. STABILIZATION PONDS IN THE CANNING IN-
DUSTRY.
00289. WASTE STABILIZATION POND PRACTICES IN
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
00330. TEXTILE WATER POLLUTION CLEANUP
PICKS UP SPEED.
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00365. ECONOMICS OF AERATION IN WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
00376. ALGAL FLOCCULATION WITH ALUMINUM
SULPHATE AND POLYELECTROLYTES
00387. BAFFLED BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TREATING
POULTRY PLANT WASTES.
00424. TREATMENT OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE
BY AERATION.
00430. POULTRY MANURE LAGOON DESIGN.
00436. HOG WASTE DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING.
00444. COSTS AND MANPOWER FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 1965-
1968.
00461. TOTAL WATER USE.
00462. USEFUL ENERGY FROM UNWANTED HEAT.
00476. EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTE.
00519. SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS.
00520. THE ROLE OF PONDS IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT.
00521. A COMPARISON'OF AN EFFICIENT LAGOON
SYSTEM WITH OTHER MEANS OF SEWAGE
DISPOSAL IN SMALL TOWNS.
00522. AERATED LAGOONS FOR POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES.
00523. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AERATED
LAGOON TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATERS.
00524. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS.
00525. CHALLENGE FOR WASTE WATER LAGOONS.
00535. WASTE DISPOSAL AND POLLUTION,
POULTRY PROCESSING.
00541. TREATMENT OF SOLE LEATHER VEGETABLE
TANNERY WASTES.
00557. OPERATIONAL GROWING PAJNS OF AN IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT.
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
00569. COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED
SLUDGE.
00570. AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTE.
00572. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS-PART 2.
00577. SOME PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
DISPOSAL FROM A FERTILIZER PLANT.
00579. TREATABILITY STUDIES FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
00590. FOOD CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT BY
LAGOONS AND DITCHES AT SHEPPARTON,
VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.
00624. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF
AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTES-SECOND PROGRESS REPORT.
00625. MEAT PACKING WASTES RESPOND TO MANY
TREATMENT METHODS.
00628. GROWN-UP COMPANY TOWN COPES WITH
POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
00637. OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF TWO WATER PU-
RIFICATION SYSTEMS.
00643. PILOT DEMONSTRATION OF BASIC DESIGNS
FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES.
00677. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AD-
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
00680. VIRUS CONTROL AT THE SANTEE, CALIF.,
PROJECT.
00696. DISCUSSION OF THE RECLAMATION OF
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS FOR DOMESTIC USE.
00715. ECONOMICS OF WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINED LIVESTOCK.
00726. AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES.
00753. THREE YEARS OPERATION OF AERATED
STABILIZATION BASINS FOR PAPERBOARD
MILL EFFLUENT.
00754. LONG-TERM AERATION OF KRAFT PULP AND
PAPER MILL WASTES.
00756. POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS.
00843. BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL.
00891. PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
00930. TREAT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES WITH BUTS.
01010. UNIQUE DUAL LAGOON SYSTEM SOLVES
DIFFICULT WINE WASTE TREATMENT
PROBLEM.
01011. WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY-
PART 1.
01117, AERATED LAGOON TREATMENT OF SULFITE
PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.
01118. AERATED LAGOONS IN SERIES SEEM
ANSWER.
01144. JOB CORPS BUILDS RECREATION PARK
SEWAGE LAGOON.
01145. LAGOONS AND OXIDATION PONDS: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW.
01201. LAGOONS FOR MILITARY SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT IN SOUTH VIETNAM.
01206. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT.
01290. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTES.
01318. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAIN-
TENANCE OF WASTE STABILIZATION
LAGOONS.
01700. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WASTE STA-
BILIZATION POND.
01714. BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL.
01751. AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC STUDY OF
COOLING POND PERFORMANCE, MAY
1970.
LAKES
00004. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: AN ECONOMIST'S VIEW.
00046. THE LAKE TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT.
00055. STANDARDS, CHARGES, AND EQUITY.
00097. EUTROPHICATION.
327
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00164. TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVER-
FLOWS AND SURFACE WATERS AT CLEVE-
LAND, OHIO.
00221. RX FOR AILING LAKES-A LOW PHOSPHATE
DIET.
00235. THE FUTURE OF THE LAKE.
00258. IN SEARCH OF A CLEAR SOLUTION.
00342. FIELD TRIALS OF ANTIMYCIN AS A SELEC-
TIVE TOXICANT IN CHANNEL CATFISH
PONDS.
00343. USE OF ANTIMYCIN FOR SELECTIVE THIN-
NING OF SUNFISH POPULATIONS IN PONDS.
00370. FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN.
00417. THE COST OF IMPROVING WATER QUALITY
IN THE GREAT LAKES.
00418. MINIMAL COST ESTIMATION FOR
LAKEFRONT SEWAGE SYSTEMS.
00576. NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT BUDGET IN THE
BAY OF QUINTE, LAKE ONTARIO.
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A
LAKE WATERSHED.
00620. DREDGING: PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES.
00679. MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEMS FOR
RIVERS AND PONDS.
00952. COOLING LAKES CAN BE A PLEASANT SOLU-
TION.
00954. DETROIT DEVELOPS WATER SUPPLY FROM
LAKE HURON.
01097. AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS-NEW
GROWTH.
01126. THERMAL SYSTEM KEY TO PURE WATER
PROCESS.
01251. TOTAL DOLLAR BENEFIT OF WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
01345. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF FAO PUBLICATIONS
ON INLAND WATER POLLUTION, AND
WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCES
01352. LAKE AND RIVER POLLUTION, AN AN-
NOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01532. WATER AND WATER USE TERMINOLOGY.
01587. DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INTO
RIVER, LAKES AND ESTUARIES.
01634. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THERMAL POL-
LUTION. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THER-
MAL POLLUTION, VANDERBILT UNIVERSI-
TY, NASHVILLE
01670. FACTORS AFFECTING STORAGE COSTS.
LAND ACQUISITION
00109. ACQUISITION OF LAND TO PREVENT CON-
TAMINATION.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00520. THE ROLE OF PONDS IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT.
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
00968. SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FERMENTATION
WASTES.
LAND USE
00124. REDUCING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE
WILMINGTON OIL FIELD BY THE USE OF
SALINE WATERS.
00317. LAND RECLAMATION-A COMPLETE SOLU-
TION OF THE SLUDGE AND SOLIDS
DISPOSAL PROBLEM.
00350. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
00601. MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL FEEDLOT
WASTES - LAND SPREADING AS A
DISPOSAL PROCESS.
00793. GROUND WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES AT
THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT.
00921. COST OF RECLAMATION AND MINE
DRAINAGE ABATEMENT ELKINS DEMON-
STRATION PROJECT.
01321. PIPELINES FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. PRACTI-
CAL SOLUTION.
01355. PROPOSED PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS
FOR PLANNING WATER AND RELATED
LAND RESOURCES.
01477. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: AN
ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SOME
PROBLEMS IN USING LAND, WATER AND
AIR.
01501. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
LEATHER INDUSTRY
00451. TANNERY PRE-TREATMENT PLANT DRASTI-
CALLY CUTS BARRE'S TREATMENT PLANT
LOAD.
00541. TREATMENT OF SOLE LEATHER VEGETABLE
TANNERY WASTES.
00580. PRE-TREATMENT OF WASTES AT BARRIE
TANNING LIMITED, BARRIE, ONTARIO.
00917. THE LEATHER INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF THE
IMPACT OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS.
VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
LEGAL ASPECTS
00008. THE LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO AIR AND
WATER QUALITY.
00018. FWPCA PROPOSES. . A 20TH CENTURY PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
00030. CONSERVATION OF POWER AND WATER
RESOURCES: GRANTS FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00038. WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
ASPECTS OF URBANIZATION.
00040. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGMENT: WATER POLLU-
TION AND RESOURCES ALLOCATION BY
PRIVATE MARKETS.
00086. UNDERGROUND WASTE DISPOSAL.
00099. THE ECONOMICS OF CLEAN WATER.
00105. DEBATE ON THERMAL ISSUE CONTINUES.
00106. CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS (WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).
00108. WATER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.
00109. ACQUISITION OF LAND TO PREVENT CON-
TAMINATION.
00144. POLLUTION-CAUSES, COSTS, CONTROL.
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
00241. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (EFFLUENT CHARGES-DEFINI-
TION).
328
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00242. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-TOE
POLICE POWER).
00243. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-
EMINENT DOMAIN).
00244. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-UN-
LAWFUL DELEGATION).
00245. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-THE
TAX POWER).
00246. FRITZ V BD OF TRUSTEES (ASSESSMENTS
FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SANITARY
SEWER SYSTEM).
00253. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF FINANCING
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00532. PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE 1970'S
00593. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY POLLUTION
00674. THE WAR ON POLLUTION: ECONOMIC AND
FINANCIAL IMPACTS.
00709. EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
00775. UNDER THE RUG.
00788. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER.
00811. THE DEEP WELL METHOD OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00812. SOME BASIC FACTORS IN THE CONSIDERA-
TION AND INSTALLATION OF DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
01074. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGE APPLICA-
TION: MOCK HEARING.
01176. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL. ARE SAFEGUARDS
BEING IGNORED.
01239. LEGAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
PROCESS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
01271. SMART WATER MANAGEMENT, NOT POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
01285. FACTORY IN THE SEVENTIES.
01296. DIMENSIONS OF WATER MANAGEMENT.
01383. WATER LAW.
01413. POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS: HOW YOUR
COMPANY IS AFFECTED.
01414. POLLUTION CONTROL. VOLUME 1: POLLU-
TION CONTROL; VOLUME 2: ENVIRONMEN-
TAAL MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION
CONTROL LEGISLATION.
01420. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR, AND SOLID WASTES.
01438. COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY: THE ECONOMICS
OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASIN
DEVELOPMENT.
01465. THE ORSANCO STORY: WATER .QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IN THE OHIO VALLEY
UNDER AN INTERSTATE COMPACT.
01480. MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS.
01502. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1961. PUBLIC LAW NO.
87-88.
01560. CAHNERS' CRITICAL ISSUE REPORT: POLLU-
TION (4VOLS.).
01561. GROUNDWATER LEGISLATION IN EUROPE.
01562. WATER LAW AND ADMINISTRATION IN
FLORIDA.
01563. WATER PURITY: A STUDY IN LEGAL CON-
TROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
01564. WATER LAW, PLANNING AND POLICY:
CASES AND COMMENTARY.
01599. RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSER-
VATION.
01648. PROCEEDINGS WATER RESOURCES
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE.
01653. SOME ECONOMIC ISSUES IN WATER RIGHTS.
01680. GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS AND THE
COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
01693. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS
CHALLENGE TO POLITICAL ECONOMIC
RESEARCH.
01802. WATER LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1847-1965.
01844. AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONNEC-
TICUT WATER LAW: WATER RIGHTS,
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
01845. EFFLUENT CHARGES AND WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
01859. ENFORCEMENT IN WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01887. SELECTED LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
01890. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SPECIAL DIS-
TRICTS AND AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED
STATES, ANNOTATED.
LIFE TESTS
00828. EVALUATION OF NEWLY DEVELOPED ION
EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS AND/OR TRANSPORT DEPLETION.
LIME ADDITION
00760. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
01779. TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
LITERATURE REVIEW
00097. EUTROPHICATION.
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00237. PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
THERMAL POLLUTION.
00273. A REVIEW OF POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL
POSSIBILITIES.
00421. EVALUATION OF FACILITY OPERATION
(LITERATURE REVIEW).
00449. REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALTING STATE-OF-
THE-ART (1969).
00478 WATER QUALITY, THE STATE OF THE ART.
00487. MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF WATER
QUALITY IN STREAMS.
00681 WATER RESOURCES POLICY IN WISCONSIN:
GENERAL SUPPORTING STUDIES, VOLUME
II.
00683. DETERGENTS: A STATUS REPORT.
00694. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION.
329
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00745. WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND RENOVA- 01601.
TION STATUS OF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT.
00761. APPRAISAL OF GRANULAR CARBON CON-
TACTING: PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF THE 01629.
LITERATURE. PHASE 2. ECONOMIC EFFECT
OF DESIGN. 01694.
00767. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
00769. THE FEASIBILITY OF DEEP WELL INJECTION 01744.
OF WASTE BRINE FROM INLAND DESALT-
ING PLANTS. 01787.
00815. SALT WATER DISPOSAL. 01788.
00834. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
DESALTING STATE-OF-THE-ART (1968). 01794.
00845. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS 01806.
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00875. WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY. 01813.
00888. MANUAL ON SOLAR DISTILLATION OF
SALINE WATER.
00914. ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER: CONCEPTS 01822.
AND EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES.
00961. WATER RECLAMATION, PHYSICAL AND 01824.
CHEMICAL METHODS: A LITERATURE
REVIEW. 01850.
00964. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL: THE STATE OF THE 01855.
ART.
01067. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE IN 1967 ON
WASTEWATER AND WATER POLLUTION 01885.
CONTROL.
01085. WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW.
01130. WASTEWATER TREATMENT: LITERATURE 01899.
REVIEW.
01141. EUTROPHICATION-LITERATURE REVIEW.
01145. LAGOONS AND OXIDATION PONDS: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW. 01903.
01187. REVIEW OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGE-
MENT IN WESTERN EUROPE. 01910.
01195. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. STATE OF ART.
01228. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. PAST, PRESENT,
AND FUTURE.
01286. SALT WATER DISPOSAL-SENSE AND DOL-
LARS.
01290. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTES. 00049.
01399. WATER AND WATER POLLUTION HAND-
BOOK.
01402. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: DIC- 00060.
TIONARY CATALOG.
01403. WATER RESOURCES REPORTS AND PAPERS 00073.
IN THE J. B. LIPPINCOTT COLLECTION. 00079.
01473. THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT-PANEL DISCUSSION. 00141.
01532. WATER AND WATER USE TERMINOLOGY.
01533. 1001 QUESTIONS ANSWERED ABOUT WATER
RESOURCES.
01538. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A GUIDE TO 00158.
CURRENT RESEARCH. 00173.
01579. HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01580. DESIGN HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER 00220.
TREATMENT SYSTEMS: DOMESTIC-INDUS-
TRIAL-COMMERCIAL. 00228.
01583. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOCHEMISTRY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.
01589. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: 00230.
A GLOBAL SURVEY.
01596. WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL.
POLLUTION ANALYSIS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
THE LITERATURE OF ACTIVATION ANALY-
SIS
GLOSSARY: WATER AND WASTEWATER
CONTROL ENGINEERING.
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CATALOG.
VOL. 1, PART 1: FEDERALLY SUPPORTED
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS.
MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE-OF-THE ART (1968).
STATE OF THE ART OF COAGULATION.
STATE OF THE ART REVIEW ON SLUDGE IN-
CINERATION PRACTICE.
OIL SLICKS AND FILMS.
PROGRESS IN CONTROLLING ACID MINE
WATER: A LITERATURE REVIEW.
THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA, A COMPENDI-
UM OF USEFUL INFO. ON WATER
RESOURCES.
ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE RELAT-
ING TO WATER RESOURCES.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH
CATALOG, PARTS 1 AND 2.
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: A SURVEY.
ECONOMICAL TREATMENT OF PLANT EF-
FLUENT AND INDUSTRIAL WATER RECLA-
MATION.
THE SOCIAL, PHYCHOLOGICAL AND VALUE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSERVATIONISTS
AND PRESERVATIONISTS IN THE UNITED
STATES: A REV
SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDIES OF WATER
RESOURCES PROBLEMS: REVIEW OF
LITERATURE AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
INDEX OF SELECTED OUTDOOR RECREA-
TION LITERATURE.
THE IDENTIFICATION AND CRITICAL ANALY-
SIS OF SELECTED LITERATURE DEALING
WITH THE RECREATIONAL ASPECTS OF
WATER RESOURCES
MAINTENANCE COSTS
REGIONAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILI-
TIES 1955-1967.
ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
DEEDS AND DATA.
MODEL OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF
TREATMENT AND DILUTION.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER RENOVA-
TION SYSTEMS USING THE DIGITAL COM-
PUTER.
A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
INCINERATION OF GRIT, SCREENINGS, AND
SCUM.
TRICKLING FILTER MODEL: DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
ENGINEERING ECONOMIC STUDY OF MINE
DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES.
330
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00275. EXPERIENCE WITH A WAGE INCENTIVE
BONUS SCHEME AT GOSCOTE AND
BROCKHURST SEWAGE WORKS.
00287. BASIS FOR WASTE STABILIZATION POND
DESIGNS.
00407. HIGH-RATE, FINE-MESH SCREENING OF COM-
BINED WASTE WATER OVERFLOWS
00410. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF TREE ROOTS IN
SEWER LINES.
00444. COSTS AND MANPOWER FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, 1965-
1968.
00446. COST OF PATUXENT RIVER QUALITY MONI-
TORING.
00521. A COMPARISON OF AN EFFICIENT LAGOON
SYSTEM WITH OTHER MEANS OF SEWAGE
DISPOSAL IN SMALL TOWNS.
00531. ANN ARBOR'S RECALCINING PROCESS AND
PROBLEMS.
00651. INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL PROCESS.
00685. SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
00707. SEWER MAINTENANCE COSTS.
00722. REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
TREATMENT COSTS IN TEXAS.
00731. COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE-THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN.
00824. DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES.
00853. AN EVALUATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN.
01020. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS.
01082. SURFACE SUPPLY COSTS MORE, FARM BU-
REAU SHOWS.
01096. RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY COSTS.
01170. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL. DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
01233. EXTERNAL CORROSION OF BURIED FERROUS
PIPELINES.
01276. DESIGN OF COOLING TOWERS CIRCULATING
BRACKISH WATERS.
01277. COOLING TOWER SLOWDOWN TREATMENT
COSTS.
01309. STUDY OF 250 MOD MULTISTAGE FLASH
DISTILLATION PLANT WITH TWO LEVEL
BRINE FLOW.
01318. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAIN-
TENANCE OF WASTE STABILIZATION
LAGOONS.
01411. OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE EX-
PERIENCE IN SCREENING DIGESTED
SLUDGE.
01640. HISTORY OF DESALTING, OPERATION, MAIN-
TENANCE, AND COST EXPERIENCE AT
BUCKEYE, ARIZONA.
01664. RATES, REVENUES, AND RISING COSTS.
01759. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS:
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
01768. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
MANURE DISPOSAL
00430. POULTRY MANURE LAGOON DESIGN.
00435. DRYING ANIMAL WASTE.
00437. POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL IS THERE A
PROBLEM.
00467. THE COLLECTION OF MANURE FROM
HOUSED LIVESTOCK.
00482. FERTILIZATION OF ANNUAL RANGELAND
WITH CHICKEN MANURE.
00484. HOW WE HANDLE LIQUID MANURE.
00497. LIQUID HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE.
00498. AGRICULTURE WASTE RESEARCH NEEDS.
00499. USE ANIMAL MANURE EFFECTIVELY.
00564. COST OF DEHYDRATING POULTRY MANURE.
00601. MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL FEEDLOT
WASTES - LAND SPREADING AS A
DISPOSAL PROCESS.
00644. WASTE MANAGEMENT. . . WHAT DOES IT
COST.
00717. DISPOSAL OF BEEF MANURE BY DEEP PLOW-
ING.
00737. CATTLE, SWINE AND CHICKEN MANURE
CHALLENGES WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
00003. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
00004. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: AN ECONOMIST'S VIEW.
00010. A SAMPLE DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION ON
WATER-BASED RECREATION EXPENDI-
TURES.
00013. DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZATION MODELS
FOR CARBON BED DESIGN.
00014. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
00019. OPTIMIZATION OF THE HYDRAULIC REGIME
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
00020. A MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES.
00029. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS RE-
PORT.
00032. THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
00033. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL STUDIES.
00044. A LEAST COST EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS FOR LOW LEVEL LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
00047. DELAWARE ESTUARY
STUDY-PRELIMINARY
FINDINGS.
00050. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING
THE OPTIMAL SIZES OF WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
00052. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00061. TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION
MENT-PRICING DECISIONS: A
URBAN WATER SUPPLY
FACILITIES.
COMPREHENSIVE
REPORT AND
OF INVEST-
MODEL FOR
TREATMENT
331
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00065. THERMAL POLLUTION: HOT ISSUE FOR IN- 00400.
DUSTRY.
00072. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEMS. 00459.
00075 RECENT RESULTS FROM A MATHEMATICAL
MODEL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 00464.
IN THE DELAWARE ESTUARY.
00079. MODEL OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF 00487.
TREATMENT AND DILUTION.
00080. AN EXAMINATION OF NON-TREATMENT 00509.
PLANT ALTERNATIVES IN WATER POLLU- 00561.
TION CONTROL.
00081. OPTIMAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND MULTI-COMPONENT EFFLUENT CON- 00617.
TROL BY MEANS OF LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING.
00082. A HEURISTIC AID FOR THE DESIGN OF 00634.
SEWER NETWORKS.
00084. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: ENGINEER-
ING-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MUNICIPAL 00637.
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00096. A TEST OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POLLU- 00640.
TION CONTROL IS WORTH WHAT IT COSTS.
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE 00667.
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR
CAPACITIES AND COSTS. 00678.
00141. PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF 00728.
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER RENOVA-
TION SYSTEMS USING THE DIGITAL COM- 00757.
PUTER.
00142. ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC RESPONSES TO
THE ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS IN
APPALACHIA. 00760.
00153. ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A
REVERSE OSMOSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEM- 00777.
-PART II. OPTIMIZATION.
00181. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT. 00798.
00198. OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANANGEMENT AND
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN.
00281. SYNTHESIS OF THE DISPERSION AND WASTE 00826.
TREATMENT MODELS.
00282. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS- 00831.
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
PROBLEM.
00290. 'BALAS' ALGORITHM FOR ZONED UNIFORM
TREATMENT. 00845.
00302. ECONOMICS OF COMBINING DISTILLED SEA-
WATER AND RENOVATED WASTE WATER 00849.
AS A NEW SOURCE OF MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLY. 00863.
00310. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON 00873.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE PASSAIC
RIVER BASIN, NEW JERSEY.
00319. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CHLORINE
MIXING AND CONTACT CHAMBERS. 00894.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE 00908.
TREATMENT.
00339. DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS. 00932.
00373. RISK EVALUATION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN. 00935.
00383. TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
00389. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF 00993.
WATER POLLUTION.
OPTIMAL DEGREE OF SEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT FOR EACH PROJECT OF THE
COMPLEX.
REVERSE OSMOSIS RENOVATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
REGIONAL TRADE AND STRUCTURE MODEL
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT STUDY.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF WATER
QUALITY IN STREAMS.
UNDERFLOW SEWERS FOR CHICAGO.
A PRELIMINARY 'LEAST COST' STUDY OF FU-
TURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
MULTISTAGE MARGINAL COST MODEL OF
INVESTMENT-PRICING DECISIONS: URBAN
WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT FACILITIES.
OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF TWO WATER PU-
RIFICATION SYSTEMS.
OPTIMIZING A KRAFT MILL WATER REUSE
SYSTEM.
INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT.
THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER.
THE RIVER BASIN MODEL: ECONOMIC SEC-
TOR.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
TO COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE DE-
WATERING BY VACUUM FILTER AND CEN-
TRIFUGE.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES.
RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE
DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS.
REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
AN ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
COST OF PUMPING WATER.
A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE
SYSTEM AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF
LARGE SEA WATER DISTILLATION
PLANTS
STUDY OF ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR
ELECTRODIALYSIS.
DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS.
POLLUTION PRICES IN A GENERAL
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL.
ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN
STATE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
PROGRAMS.
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
332
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01229. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND
DESALTING PLANTS.
01249. OPTIMAL RESERVOIR RELEASES FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
01260. ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION
STUDY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
01349. WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL
01350. COMPUTERIZED EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE ASSIMILATION.
01358. THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN APPLICA-
TION OF MULTISTAGE GEOMETRIC PRO-
GRAMMING.
01369. ECONOMICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A
MATERIALS BALANCE APPROACH.
01514. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-THE
PLANNING OF ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL
POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS
PROCEEDINGS
01515. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01518. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
01519. LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
01520. USE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN ESTUARINE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. WESTERN
RESOURCES CONFERENCE PAPERS, 1964.
01600. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS.
01642. COMPUTERIZED PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMAT-
ING COSTS OF DESALTING SYSTEMS.
01660. CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PRO-
GRAMMING. PAPER PRESENTED AT SYM-
POSIUM, PROGRAMMING THE USE OF
NATURAL RESOURCES.
01674. WATER PURIFICATION BY ZONE-FREEZING.
01675. THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRAND BASINS.
01676. CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC
INVESTMENTS IN THE WATER RESOURCES
FIELD.
01695. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: WATER
TRANSMISSION COSTS.
01696. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
WATER TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
01697. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
01699. WATER QUALITY MODELS.
01700. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WASTE STA-
BILIZATION POND.
01713. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR-
TIFICIALLY INDUCED AERATION IN A POL-
LUTED STREAM BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S MINIMUM P
01731. MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTATION ANALY-
SIS - AN OVERVIEW.
01738. WATER QUALITY IN THE PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY.
01755. AN OPTIMAL SITING MODEL: THERMAL
PLANTS WITH TEMPERATURE CON-
STRAINTS.
01758. STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL.
01760. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF OP-
TIMAL QUALITY CONTROL IN ESTUARINE
WATERS.
01763. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ELETRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS.
01780. OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC
GROWTH MODELS: A CASE STUDY OF IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION.
01785. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER-
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS.
01800. A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ON THE ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE
SYSTEMS
01853. MODELS OF INVESTIGATION OF INDUSTRIAL
RESPONSE TO RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
ACTIONS.
01861. A MODEL OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01872. ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS.
MEAT INDUSTRY
00318. DESIGNS OF A MEAT PACKING WASTE
TREATMENT PLANT.
00322. CENTRAL PRE-TREATMENT OF OMAHA
PACKING HOUSE WASTE WATERS.
00453. COMBINED WASTE TREATMENT AT GRAND
ISLAND, NEBRASKA.
00625. MEAT PACKING WASTES RESPOND TO MANY
TREATMENT METHODS.
00716. THE ECONOMICS OF SWINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
00925. COST OF WASTE TREATMENT IN THE MEAT
PACKING INDUSTRY.
01011. WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY-
PART 1.
01223. WATER CONSERVATION SAVES $250,000.
MEMBRANE PROCESS
00607. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE
WATER DESALTING PROCESSES.
00608. DEVELOPMENT OF A THIN-LIQUID-FILM
MEMBRANE DEVICE FOR REVERSE OSMO-
SIS.
MERCURY REMOVAL
01147. MERCURY REMOVED FROM WASTE EF-
FLUENT VIA ION EXCHANGE.
01820. MERCURY IN WATER: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
METAL FINISHING WASTES
00469. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT
OF METAL FINISHING WASTES BY ION
EXCHANGE OF RINSE WATERS.
01293. METAL FINISHING WASTES: METHODS OF
DISPOSAL.
MICROSTRAINING
00550. MICROSTRAINING WITH OZONATION OR
CHLORINATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
333
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
MINE DRAINAGE 00348.
00037. FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ACID MINE 00355.
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT.
00053. HANDBOOK OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS 00369.
IN MINE DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT. 00386.
00142. ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC RESPONSES TO 00462.
THE ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS IN 00516.
APPALACHIA.
00157. A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MINE 00633.
DRAINAGE.
00229. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN 00689.
APPALACHIA.
00230. ENGINEERING ECONOMIC STUDY OF MINE 00732.
DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES.
00231. THE IMPACTS OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU- 00835.
TION ON LOCATION DECISIONS OF MANU-
FACTURING INDUSTRY IN APPALACHIA.
00232. IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE ON RECREA- 00877.
TION AND STREAM ECOLOGY: APPENDIX
E. MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION AND
RECREATION IN APPALACH 00981.
00238. MINE DRAINAGE IN THE NORTH BRANCH
POTOMAC RIVER BASIN. 01071.
00364. NEUTRALIZATION OF HIGH FERRIC IRON 01111.
ACID MINE DRAINAGE. 01213.
00445. SURVEY OF COSTS ON METHODS FOR CON-
TROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION. 01229.
00447. TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY
FOAM SEPARATION.
00480. THE CONTROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE 01252.
POLLUTION BY BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
AND LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION
TREATMENT.
00632. EVALUATION OF A NEW ACID MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PROCESS. 00050.
00656. ROTARY PRECOAT FILTRATION OF SLUDGE
FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
NEUTRALIZATION. 00061.
00887. NEW MINE SEALING TECHNIQUES FOR
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
00921. COST OF RECLAMATION AND MINE
DRAINAGE ABATEMENT - ELKINS DEMON- 00063.
STRATION PROJECT
01242. MINE WATER RESEARCH. PLANT DESIGN 00089.
AND COST ESTIMATES FOR LIMESTONE
TREATMENT. 00090.
01323. ABATEMENT PROCEDURE RELATED TO ACID
MINE DRAINAGE. 00092
01330. MINE WATER RESEARCH. CATALYTIC OX-
IDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN ACID MINE 00100.
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON.
01704. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USES IN AP- 00252
PALACHIA.
00336.
MULTIPURPOSE FACILITY
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR 00978.
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT 00999.
REPORT.
00213. LICKING RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OHIO 01014.
(FLOOD CONTROL AND ALLIED PUR-
POSES). 01062.
EVALUATION PROCESSES IN WATER
RESOURCES PLANNING.
CONCENTRATION OF SEAWATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
INVESTIGATION DISTILLATION.
SPACE HEATING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.
USEFUL ENERGY FROM UNWANTED HEAT.
DETROIT'S METROPOLITAN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL PROGRAM IN ACTION.
SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OPERATION OF
THE MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
PLANT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.
AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
A STUDY OF WATER PLANT ISOLATION
FROM CONTAMINATION.
ECONOMICS OF SEAWATER DESALTING IN
COMBINATION WITH AMMONIA AND
POWER PRODUCTION.
PROPOSED DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR
DESALTING PLANT USING SINGLE EFFECT
DISTILLATION.
ST. THOMAS DESALTING POWERPLANT
PRODUCES 2.5 MGD WATER
DESALTING 7.5 MGD AT TIJUANA.
HIGH EFFICIENCY DESALTING.
ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND
DESALTING PLANTS.
STEAM GENERATING HEAVY WATER REAC-
TOR IN DUAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS.
MUNICIPAL FACILITY
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING
THE OPTIMAL SIZES OF WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION OF INVEST-
MENT-PRICING DECISIONS: A MODEL FOR
URBAN WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
OCEAN OUTFALL DESIGN OF ECONOMY OF
CONSTRUCTION.
THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR
URBAN WATER SERVICES.
POTENTIAL REUSE OF EFFLUENT AS A FAC-
TOR IN SEWERAGE DESIGN.
A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
STUDY OF THE USE OF MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION.
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT PROCESS DESIGN.
FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT-THE NEED FOR POLICY
CHANGE.
NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWAGE STUDY.
BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
CHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
A POLICY FOR HYDRANT INSTALLATION.
334
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01346. WATER POLLUTION IN THE GREATER NEW
YORK AREA.
01405. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY
AND SEWAGE NETWORKS IN POLAND
1961-1970.
01650. FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RATES
AND RATE STRUCTURES FOR WATER AND
SEWAGE WORKS.
01661. UTILITY DEPRECIATION PROBLEMS AND
PROCEDURES.
01664. RATES, REVENUES, AND RISING COSTS.
01669. ADEQUATE RATES AND REVENUES-KEY TO
WATER WORKS FINANCING.
01685. MUNICIPAL SEWER SERVICE CHARGES.
MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
00018. FWPCA PROPOSES. . . A 20TH CENTURY PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
00029. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS RE-
PORT.
00073. DEEDS AND DATA.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00130. ECONOMICS EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVES
FOR INDUSTRIAL TREATMENT.
00156. ELECTRODIALYSIS IN ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00168. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
00210. SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN WATER
REUSE.
00261. THE COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00311. CHICAGO WATER SYSTEM, A DESCRIPTION
OF THE SYSTEM AND ITS SANITARY PRO-
TECTION.
00346. WET AIR OXIDATION AT LEVITTOWN.
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00372. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
00444. COSTS AND MANPOWER FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, 1965-
1968.
00565. DISTILLATION OF WASTE WATERS: A WATER
RESOURCE FOR ARID REGIONS.
00583. ECONOMICS OF COMPOSTING MUNICIPAL
REFUSE IN EUROPE AND ISRAEL.
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A
LAKE WATERSHED.
00668. SEWERAGE AUTHORITY SOLVES THE CREDIT
CRUNCH.
00673. FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIES
TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
00682. ECONOMICS OF WATER SOFTENING.
00709. EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
00726. AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES.
00729. PAC-PCT PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
00730. POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON APPLICA-
TION, REGENERATION AND REUSE IN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00821. WATER FACILITIES.
00866. MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
00959. STANLE, N. C., PLANT TREATS MUNICIPAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
00969. ALTERNATIVE FOR INDUSTRIAL TREAT-
MENT.
00990. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WATER SALVAGE.
01012. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT IN
PLANT CITY, FLA.
01030. PRETREATMEW OF WASTES FOR
DISCHARGE TO CITY SYSTEM.
01151. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS.
01156. NUCLEAR WASTE HEAT TO TREAT MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01447. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT: A
HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.
01515. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01566. URBAN AND REGIONAL ASPECTS OF
PLANNING AND WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01604. MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGA-
TION.
01609. APPLIED CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL WATER
RATE STRUCTURES.
01622. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
01641. ECONOMICS OF ION-EXCHANGE
TECHNIQUES FOR MUNICIPAL WATER-
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.
01651. WASTE WATER RENOVATION: PART 1. A
DESIGN STUDY OF FREEZING AND GAS
HYDRATE FORMATION. PART 2. FEASIBILI-
TY TESTS
01723. ENVIROTECH MUNICIPAL EQUIPMENT PRO-
GRAM.
01741. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER-TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
01759. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS:
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
01765. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER. TREATMENT,
DILUTION, AND TREATMENT COSTS OF
MUNICIPAL WASTES (APPENDIX D).
01766. MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT COSTS AND
ESTIMATED WASTE LOADINGS: THE
WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN.
01828. ON THE MARGINAL COST PRICING OF MU-
NICIPAL WATER.
01862. THE ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL-MU-
NICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
NEUTRALIZATION
00257. WASTE LIQUORS FROM THE MERCERIZA-
TION OF COTTON FABRICS AND LIMITING
OF WASTE WATER ALKALINITY (IN
CZECH).
01211. NEW CATION BED CUTS NEUTRALIZING
COSTS.
01155.
NITRIFICATION
NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
335
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
NITROGEN REMOVAL
00586. NITROGEN REMOVAL BY BREAKPOINT
CHLORINATION.
NONFERROUS METAL INDUSTRY
00578. TREATMENT OF BRASS MILL EFFLUENTS AT
ANACONDA TORONTO PLANT.
00900. THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON
THE NONFERROUS METALS INDUSTRIES.
LEAD. PART I. INTRODUCTION AND EX-
ECUTIVE SUMMARY.
01017. HEAVY METALS IN DIGESTERS: FAILURE
AND CURE.
NUCLEAR POWERPLANT
00015. USING WASTE HEAT FOR FISH FARMING.
00065. THERMAL POLLUTION: HOT ISSUE FOR IN-
DUSTRY.
00114. THE SCIENTIST'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE
CONTROL OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT.
00155. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING IN THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOR THE BON-
NEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION.
00214. COOLING WATER SOURCES FOR POWER
GENERATION.
00369. INVESTIGATION DISTILLATION.
00386. SPACE HEATING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.
00771. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL BY
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING.
00877. PROPOSED DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR
DESALTING PLANT USING SINGLE EFFECT
DISTILLATION.
00984. WATER DESALTING PRESENT AND FUTURE.
01077. NUCLEAR DESALTING FUTURE TRENDS, AND
TODAY'S COSTS.
01101. DRY-TYPE COOLING SYSTEMS.
01103. WASTE HEAT DISPOSAL IN POWER PLANTS.
01156. NUCLEAR WASTE HEAT TO TREAT MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01160. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TECHNICO-
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION PLANTS.
01209. GUIDE TO COSTING OF WATER FROM
NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS.
01213. ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
01229. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND
DESALTING PLANTS.
01327. TECHNOLOGY NEEDED FOR THE ECONOMIC
USE OF DESALTED WATER IN AGRICUL-
TURE.
01803. INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION LITERATURE.
NUTRIENT REMOVAL
00069. NUTRIENTS.
00177. REMOVAL OF NITR'OGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
00178. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY A LIME-BIOLOGI-
CAL TREATMENT SCHEME.
00195. NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND
LIME PRECIPITATION.
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
00240. CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00286. OBJECTIVES TECHNOLOGY, AND RESULTS
OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL PROCESSES.
00323. CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WASTE WATER
FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL.
00420. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF NUTRIENT
REMOVAL.
00601. MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL FEEDLOT
WASTES - LAND SPREADING AS A
DISPOSAL PROCESS
00655. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL:
METHODS AND COSTS.
00681. WATER RESOURCES POLICY IN WISCONSIN:
GENERAL SUPPORTING STUDIES, VOLUME
II.
01199. NEW APPROACHES TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
OCEAN DISPOSAL
00063. OCEAN OUTFALL DESIGN OF ECONOMY OF
CONSTRUCTION.
00171. DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SLUDGE TO PUGET
SOUND-THE ENGINEERING AND WATER
QUALITY ASPECTS, JULY, 1965.
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
SUMMARY REPORT,
00296. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL AT SEA.
00312. ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
METROPOLITAN SYSTEM.
00513. LOWESTOFT CHOOSES TUNNEL FOR SEWAGE
OUTFALL.
00514. LAUNCHING A TWO MILE SEWAGE OUT-
FALL.
00862. COMPREHENSIVE SEWERAGE PLAN. PART I.
DATA SUMMARY: PUBLIC SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS.
00872. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OCEAN ACTIVITIES.
VOLUME III. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL AT SEA.
01024. OCEAN DUMPING POSES GROWING
PROBLEM.
01139. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
01157. OCEAN POLLUTION AND MARINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
01262. MARINE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
01310. SHELL'S SWD MEETS POLLUTION STAN-
DARDS.
01321. PIPELINES FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. PRACTI-
CAL SOLUTION.
OCEAN POLLUTION
00612. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE
BISHOP SYSTEM FOR OPEN OCEAN OIL
SPILLS.
336
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00623. GELLING CRUDE OILS TO REDUCE MARINE
POLLUTION FROM TANKER OIL SPILLS
00642. ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WASTE TRANS-
PORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
01157. OCEAN POLLUTION AND MARINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
01848. COMBATTING POLLUTION ON THE EAST
COAST OF CANADA.
01880. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: AN ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS; APPLICATIONS FOR THE
COASTAL ZONE.
ODOR CONTROL
00337. OXNARD SEWAGE PLANT SOLVES ODOR
CONTROL PROBLEM.
00385. ODOR CONTROL METHODS, EXPERIMENTA-
TION AND APPLICATION.
01680. GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS AND THE
COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
OIL FIELDS
00124. REDUCING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE
WILMINGTON OIL FIELD BY THE USE OF
SALINE WATERS.
00762. THE OPERATION OF SALT WATER DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS.
00774. A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
00782. SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
00785. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
00786. SUBSURFACE BRINE DISPOSAL.
00787. FEASIBILITY OF RETURNING SALT WATER.
00788. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER.
00791. ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF RESEARCH
AND STATISTICS.
00797. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN
THE EAST TEXAS FIELD.
00802. DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD BRINES.
00804. DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN THE EAST
TEXAS FIELD.
00806. EAST TEXAS SALT WATER DISPOSAL PRO-
JECT MAY SET PATTERN FOR FUTURE.
00807. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL BY SUBSURFACE
INJECTION CALIFORNIA OIL FIELDS.
00808. DISPOSAL LINE COST COMPARISON.
00809. COST ESTIMATES FOR REINJECTING SALT
WATER TO THE EAST TEXAS WOODBINE
SAND.
00813. TYPICAL OIL FIELD BRINE-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS, PREPARING BRINE FOR SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION.
00814. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
00815. SALT WATER DISPOSAL.
OIL POLLUTION
00125. COMBATING POLLUTION CREATED BY OIL
SPILLS, VOLUME I: METHODS.
00172. OIL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITY STUDY,
SEATTLE AREA.
00331. ULTRASONIC EMULSIFICATION OF OIL
TANKER CARGO, TO REDUCE OIL SLICK
HAZARDS IN EVENT OF SPILLAGE AT SEA.
00479. FLOTATION OF OILY WASTES.
00612. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE
BISHOP SYSTEM FOR OPEN OCEAN OIL
SPILLS
00755. RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL EXTRACTED
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER.
00784. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL-
LUTION.
00930. TREAT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES WITH BUTS.
01140. EMULSION BREAKING SOLVES OILY-WASTE
DISPOSAL.
01241. TECHNIQUES FOR DECONTAMINATION OF
OIL FIELD CRUDE WATERS. (IN GERMAN).
01267. PARALLEL PLATE INTERCEPTOR.
01279. OIL POLLUTION CONTROL EFFORTS, SANTA.
01281. TILTED PLATE SEPARATORS FOR REFINERY
WASTE WATER.
01339. KEEPING POLLUTANTS OUT OF TROUBLED
WATERS.
01794. OIL SLICKS AND FILMS.
OIL SPILLS
00087. OIL POLLUTION- A REPORT TO THE PRE-
SIDENT.
00125. COMBATING POLLUTION CREATED BY OIL
SPILLS, VOLUME I: METHODS.
00331. ULTRASONIC EMULSIFICATION OF OIL
TANKER CARGO, TO REDUCE OIL SLICK
HAZARDS IN EVENT OF SPILLAGE AT SEA.
00481. LIMITED OIL SPILLS IN HARBOR AREAS.
00609. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF LIABILITY AND
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR OIL POL-
LUTION.
00610. MEASURES OF THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC
LOSS FROM OIL POLLUTION.
00612. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE
BISHOP SYSTEM FOR OPEN OCEAN OIL
SPILLS.
00623. GELLING CRUDE OILS TO REDUCE MARINE
POLLUTION FROM TANKER OIL SPILLS.
00880. STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR
REMOVING OR DISPERSING OIL FROM
OPEN WATERS.
00883. STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR
REMOVING OIL FROM HARBOR WATERS.
00941. OIL-SPILL CLEANUP: A MATTER OF $'S AND
METHODS.
01025. OIL SKIMMER BELTS HELP CONTROL WATER
POLLUTION.
01026. OIL SPILLS-WHERE WE ARE AND WHERE
WE'RE GOING.
01279. OIL POLLUTION CONTROL EFFORTS, SANTA.
01794. OIL SLICKS AND FILMS.
OPERATING COSTS
00012. STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS.
00013. DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZATION MODELS
FOR CARBON BED DESIGN.
00021. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00022. OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS FOR BIOLOGICAL
FILTER DESIGN.
00026 PROGRESS TOWARDS OPTIMUM DESIGN OF
DIATOMITE FILTER PLANTS.
337
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00034. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN 00177.
THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
00037. FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ACID MINE 00185.
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT.
00042. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED 00201.
SLUDGE ECONOMICS.
00046. THE LAKE TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT.
00048. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED 00209.
WASTE TREATMENT.
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS- 00212.
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
00060. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 00215.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
00062. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER RECLAMATION. 00220.
00069. NUTRIENTS.
00071. OPERATING COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT 00228.
IN GENERAL MOTORS.
00073. DEEDS AND DATA.
00074. WATER IN INDUSTRY: A SURVEY OF WATER 00229.
USE IN INDUSTRY.
00077. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
00079. MODEL OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF 00230.
TREATMENT AND DILUTION.
00083. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF MINERAL CONTENT 00238.
IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES.
00086. UNDERGROUND WASTE DISPOSAL. 00240.
00090. A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR
URBAN WATER SERVICES. 00249.
00097. EUTROPHICATION. 00252.
00100. A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
STUDY OF THE USE OF MUNICIPAL 00259.
SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION.
00103. WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS OF A FLORIDA
PHOSPHATE OPERATION. 00260.
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR 00261.
CAPACITIES AND COSTS. 00262.
00111. FOAM SEPARATION OF KRAFT PULPING 00264.
WASTES.
00116. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTAN- 00265.
DARD QUALITY WATER IN WEBSTER AND
OTHER COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH DAKOTA. 00266.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00132. TERTIARY TREATMENT AT METRO CHICAGO 00274.
BY MEANS OF RAPID SAND FILTRATION
AND MICROSTRAINERS.
00141. PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF 00275.
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER RENOVA-
TION SYSTEMS USING THE DIGITAL COM-
PUTER. 00276.
00151. ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD
PUMP-STORAGE-GRINDER UNIT (TASK 6). 00277.
00153. ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A 00281.
REVERSE OSMOSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEM-
-PART II. OPTIMIZATION. 00284.
00158. A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
00166. TERTIARY TREATMENT BY MICROSTRAIN-
ING. 00286.
00168. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
00169. OZONE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF- 00288.
FLUENTS FROM WASTE-WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS. 00289.
00173. INCINERATION OF GRIT, SCREENINGS, AND
SCUM. 00312.
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT 00313.
FEED RECOVERY.
REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
ECONOMY OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
TUBE CLARIFICATION PROCESS, OPERATING
EXPERIENCES.
TRICKLING FILTER MODEL: DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN
APPALACHIA.
ENGINEERING ECONOMIC STUDY OF MINE
DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES.
MINE DRAINAGE IN THE NORTH BRANCH
POTOMAC RIVER BASIN.
CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
FOAM FRACTIONATION.
SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT PROCESS DESIGN.
DEVELOPMENT OF TERTIARY TREATMENT
METHODS FOR WASTE WATER RENOVA-
TION.
TERTIARY FLOCCULATION AND FILTRA-
TION.
THE COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
DITCHES PROVIDE EFFICIENT TREATMENT.
MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE.
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF ENGINEERING
ECONOMIC STUDIES.
THE RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER
FROM SEWAGE.
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT THE
BROCKHURST WORKS OF THE UPPER
TAME MAIN DRAINAGE AUTHORITY.
EXPERIENCE WITH A WAGE INCENTIVE
BONUS SCHEME AT GOSCOTE AND
BROCKHURST SEWAGE WORKS.
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY--A SYSTEMS APPROACH.
BOD REDUCTION BY CHLORINATION.
SYNTHESIS OF THE DISPERSION AND WASTE
TREATMENT MODELS.
BRACKISH WATER PURIFICATION BY
BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL POWERED ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
OBJECTIVES TECHNOLOGY, AND RESULTS
OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL PROCESSES.
STABILIZATION PONDS IN THE CANNING IN-
DUSTRY.
WASTE STABILIZATION POND PRACTICES IN
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
METROPOLITAN SYSTEM.
LIFE AND HEALTH ASSURANCE.
338
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00315. CLOSED LOOP CHLORINATION FOR WASTE
WATERS.
00317. LAND RECLAMAT1ON-A COMPLETE SOLU-
TION OF THE SLUDGE AND SOLIDS
DISPOSAL PROBLEM.
00320. FLOCCULATION OF BULK ACTIVATED
SLUDGE WITH POLYELECTROLYTES
00325. EFFECT OF PRIMARY EFFLUENT SUSPENDED
SOLIDS AND BOD ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PRODUCTION.
00326, DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LARGE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
00328. SIMPLE BIO-AERATION KILLS STRONG
WASTES CHEAPLY.
00331. ULTRASONIC EMULSIFICATION OF OIL
TANKER CARGO, TO REDUCE OIL SLICK
HAZARDS IN EVENT OF SPILLAGE AT SEA
00337. OXNARD SEWAGE PLANT SOLVES ODOR
CONTROL PROBLEM.
00339. DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS.
00341. CLEAN WATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL
00357. PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00358. ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
00359. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. INJECTION, PART 2.
PLACEMENT IN UNDERGROUND CAVITIES.
00360. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. WET OXIDATION,
PART 2. INCINERATION.
00374. THE APPLICATION OF MEMBRANES TO
SEWAGE AND WASTE TREATMENT.
00375. EUROPEAN PRACTICES IN SLUDGE
DIGESTION AND DISPOSAL.
00376. ALGAL FLOCCULATION WITH ALUMINUM
SULPHATE AND POLYELECTROLYTES.
00378. CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
00381. DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE ON LAND.
00382. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM EFFLUENTS
IN ALUMINA COLUMNS.
00391. FILTRATION OF ALGAL SUSPENSIONS.
00393. TASK II REPORT: SURVEY OF POWER PLANT
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND
DESIGN CRITERIA.
00396. PRESSURE FILTRATION OF SECONDARY
TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT.
00397. DEMINERALIZATION OF WASTE WATER BY
ION EXCHANGE.
00400. OPTIMAL DEGREE OF SEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT FOR EACH PROJECT OF THE
COMPLEX.
00402. GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, PUBLIC
WORKS PLAN FOR WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00405. PRETREATMENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE.
00406. INORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: CLEAN
WATER COST ESTIMATE.
00407. HIGH-RATE, FINE-MESH SCREENING OF COM-
BINED WASTE WATER OVERFLOWS.
00409. CANNERY WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY
HIGH-RATE SPRAY ON GRASSLAND.
00415. ENGINEERING REPORT ON COUNTY-WIDE
WASTE WATER INTERCEPTING AND
TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00419. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00422. FOAM SEPARATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES: PROCESS SELECTION.
00424. TREATMENT OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE
BY AERATION.
00427. ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT IN NASSAU
COUNTY, NEW YORK, WATER PROVIDED
FOR INJECTION INTO GROUNDWATER
AQUIFERS.
00428. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE.
00429. FEASIBILITY OF GRANULAR, ACTIVATED-
CARBON ADSORPTION FOR WASTE WATER
RENOVATION.
00430. POULTRY MANURE LAGOON DESIGN.
00432. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BRINE DISPOSAL
FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS.
00433. COST OF PURIFYING MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS BY DISTILLATION.
00434. THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SCHEME.
00435. DRYING ANIMAL WASTE.
00436. HOG WASTE DISPOSAL BY LAGOONING.
00437. POULTRY MANURE DISPOSAL IS THERE A
PROBLEM.
00438. SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT-OXIDATION
DITCH FOR TREATING HOG WASTES.
00440. WATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENT AS RE-
LATED TO INDUSTRY.
00444. COSTS AND MANPOWER FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, 1965-
1968.
00445. SURVEY OF COSTS ON METHODS FOR CON-
TROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION.
00447. TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY
FOAM SEPARATION.
00452. TREATMENT OF WINE DISTILLING WASTES
BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
00453. COMBINED WASTE TREATMENT AT GRAND
ISLAND, NEBRASKA.
00454. THE LARGEST OXIDATION DITCH IN THE
WORLD FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES.
00456. DISPOSAL OF BRINES PRODUCED IN
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATER.
00457. CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORT- KING-
MAN LAKE PROJECT.
00458. ECONOMICS OF TREATING SEWAGE AND
TRADE WASTES.
00459. REVERSE OSMOSIS RENOVATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
00463. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
00465. COMBINED SEWER TEMPORARY UN-
DERWATER STORAGE FACILITY.
00468. AEROBIC PURIFICATION OF FARM WASTE.
00470. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
FROM A 450 TON PER DAY KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER MILL INTO CLASSIFIED IN-
LAND WATERS.
00472. THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, GASIFICATION
WASTES, AND FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHE-
SIS WASTES.
00479. FLOTATION OF OILY WASTES.
00483. WHIPPING THE MANURE PROBLEM.
00484 HOW WE HANDLE LIQUID MANURE.
339
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00486. MECHANICAL CLEANING OF COWSHEDS. 00640.
00504. LEAST COST SAND FILTER DESIGN FOR IRON
REMOVAL. 00642.
00508. ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT.
00513. LOWESTOFT CHOOSES TUNNEL FOR SEWAGE 00643.
OUTFALL.
00524. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS. 00651.
00526. WATER SEWER AND DRAINAGE PLAN FOR
FORT SMITH URBANIZING AREA, PHASE II. 00656.
00528. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION. 00661.
00529. COOLING TOWER FOG: CONTROL AND
ABATEMENT.
00530. COOLING TOWERS BOOST WATER REUSE. 00670.
00531. ANN ARBOR'S RECALCINING PROCESS AND
PROBLEMS. 00673.
00541. TREATMENT OF SOLE LEATHER VEGETABLE
TANNERY WASTES. 00677.
00554. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BLEACH
PLANT WASTES. 00678.
00564. COST OF DEHYDRATING POULTRY MANURE. 00684.
00567. SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
00581. SIMULATION OF AMMONIA STRIPPING FROM 00685.
WASTE WATER.
00589. TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM FOOD MANU-
FACTURE AND COFFEE PROCESSING. 00688.
00591. THE APPLICATION OF BACTERIAL PROCESS
KINETICS IN STREAM SIMULATION AND
STREAM ANALYSIS. 00697.
00601. MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL FEEDLOT 00698.
WASTES -- LAND SPREADING AS A 00699.
DISPOSAL PROCESS.
00602. FEASIBILITY OF JOINT TREATMENT IN A
LAKE WATERSHED. 00705.
00607. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE
WATER DESALTING PROCESSES. 00707.
00608. DEVELOPMENT OF A THIN-LIQUID-FILM 00710.
MEMBRANE DEVICE FOR REVERSE OSMO-
SIS.
00612. ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE 00714.
BISHOP SYSTEM FOR OPEN OCEAN OIL
SPILLS. 00715.
00613. PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM SECONDARY
SEWAGE WASTE: THE ECONOMICS OF THE 00716.
PROCESS.
00621. LIGHT CATALYZED CHLORINE OXIDATION 00719.
FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00628. GROWN-UP COMPANY TOWN COPES WITH 00722.
POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
00629. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES 00725.
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION. 00726.
00630. THE FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATING SOFTWOOD
AND HARDWOOD FOR DISPOAL OF PAPER- 00727.
MILL EFFLUENT.
00633. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OPERATION OF
THE MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
PLANT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. 00731.
00634. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT- 00734.
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
00638. REMOVAL OF ORGANICS FROM WASTE 00735.
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON. 00736.
00639. PHOSPHOROUS REMOVAL FROM WASTE 00737.
WATER BY
COLUMNS.
ACTIVATED ALUMINA
OPTIMIZING A KRAFT MILL WATER REUSE
SYSTEM.
ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WASTE TRANS-
PORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
PILOT DEMONSTRATION OF BASIC DESIGNS
FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES.
INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL PROCESS.
ROTARY PRECOAT FILTRATION OF SLUDGE
FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
NEUTRALIZATION.
RADIATION TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS.
IMPROVING MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES IN
COLORADO BY DESALTING.
FINANCING OF MUNICIPAL FACILITIES
TREATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AD-
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER.
REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BY
GRANULAR-CARBON FILTRATION.
SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION:
PART 1.
PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION PROCESS.
ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM POTABLE WATER.
COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN IN-
DUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANTS: SIX CASE STUDIES.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES.
SEWER MAINTENANCE COSTS.
SPLIT TREATMENT LIME SOFTENING
REDUCES OPERATING COSTS AT AMES,
IOWA.
COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
ECONOMICS OF WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINED LIVESTOCK.
THE ECONOMICS OF SWINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TYPICAL
WATER WORKS TELEMETERING SYSTEMS.
REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
TREATMENT COSTS IN TEXAS.
DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY.
AERATED LAGOONS TREAT MINNESOTA
TOWN'S WASTES.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECT OF CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATION COSTS IN
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
REVERSE OSMOSIS CAN CUT COST OF
WATER TREATMENT.
ECONOMICS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES.
WASTE WATER CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
CATTLE, SWINE AND CHICKEN MANURE
CHALLENGES WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS.
340
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
IN EUROPE
00739. CASE HISTORY OF WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT ON A GENERAL ELECTRIC AP-
PLIANCE PLANT.
00740. SOME SEWAGE PROBLEMS
TODAY.
00744. DIVISION OF COST RESPONSIBILITY FOR
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS.
00745. WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND RENOVA-
TION STATUS OF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT
00746. TREATMENT OF COMBINED KRAFT AND
NEWSPRINT EFFLUENTS AT AN ALABAMA
PAPER MILL.
00753. THREE YEARS OPERATION OF AERATED
STABILIZATION BASINS FOR PAPERBOARD
MILL EFFLUENT.
00754. LONG-TERM AERATION OF KRAFT PULP AND
PAPER MILL WASTES.
00756. POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS.
00758. DECISION FACTORS-SEPARATE INDUSTRY
OR JOINT MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT.
00774. A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
00783. A DISPOSAL WELL FOR SPENT SULFURIC
ACID FROM ALKYLATING ISO-BUTANE
AND BUTYLENES.
00785. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
00798. RELATION BETWEEN SELECTED PHYSICAL
PARAMETERS AND COST RESPONSES FOR
THE DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF AQUEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
00814. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD
BRINES.
00824. DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES.
00831. DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS
00833. PARAMETRIC ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING
EVALUATION STUDY OF THE ELECTRODI-
ALYSIS PROCESS FOR WATER DESALINA-
TION.
00834. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
DESALTING STATE-OF-THE-ART (1968).
00835. ECONOMICS OF SEAWATER DESALTING IN
COMBINATION WITH AMMONIA AND
POWER PRODUCTION.
00838. SECONDARY REFRIGERANT FREEZING
DESALTING PROCESS OPERATION OF A 15,
000 GPD PILOT PLANT.
00839. A COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY ON
PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR MEM-
BRANE DESALTING PLANTS.
00842. COLLECTION, REDUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF
SOLID WASTE IN HIGH-RISE MULTIFAMILY
DWELLINGS.
00843. BRINE DISPOSAL POND MANUAL.
00850. A STUDY OF DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
DESALINATION BRINE WASTE.
00851. OPERATION OF THE MULTI-EFFECT
MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION PLANT
(CLAIRENGLE).
00852. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY ON ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS MEMBRANE ASSEMBLY
MODULAR UNIT DESIGN.
00853. AN EVALUATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN.
00869. AN INVESTIGATION OF LIGHT CATALYZED
CHLORINE OXIDATION FOR TREATMENT
OF WASTEWATER.
00870. USE OF GRANULAR REGENERABLE CARBON
FOR TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT. ENGINEERING DESIGN AND
ECONOMIC EVALUATION.
00874. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF A ONE MOD
BRACKISH WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS
PLANT (SPIRAL MODULE CONCEPT).
00879. SOLVENTLESS EXTRUDED POWDER N-5
GENERAL WATER POLLUTION STUDY
(DENITRIFICATION).
00888. MANUAL ON SOLAR DISTILLATION OF
SALINE WATER.
00890. STUDY OF SEAWATER DESALTING AS EMER-
GENCY WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK
CITY.
00891. PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
00892. OPTIMUM BRINE HEATER OUTLET TEMPERA-
TURE IN SEA WATER CONVERSION
EVAPORATORS.
00893. A MANUAL ON WATER DESALINATION.
VOLUME II. ECONOMICS.
00894. STUDY OF ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE FOR
ELECTRODIALYSIS.
00909. POSSIBLE IMPACT OF COSTS OF SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT ON
THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY AND
CERTAIN POWER
00912. COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF
SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL.
00930. TREAT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES WITH BUTS.
00934. A COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION
FOR CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND
PROCESSES.
00936. CENTRIFUGE FOR DEWATERING SLUDGES.
00940. HEAT SYNERESIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGES.
00941. OIL-SPILL CLEANUP: A MATTER OF $'S AND
METHODS.
00943. PROTECTING PUMPING STATION AGAINST
NUCLEAR ATTACK.
00957. IMPROVED WATER QUALITY.
00960. TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL IN
VIRGINIA.
00961. WATER RECLAMATION, PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL METHODS: A LITERATURE
REVIEW.
00962. ABSORPTION AND FILTRATION WITH
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON.
00964. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL: THE STATE OF THE
ART.
00965. PRESSING AND INCINERATION OF KRAFT
MILL, PRIMARY CLARIFIER SLUDGE.
00966. SECONDARY TREATMENT WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00967. SLUDGE/BOD RATIO IS KEY TO WASTE-
WATER CLEANUP.
00971. CLEAR WATER AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00974. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PAYS OFF AT
CELANESE CHEMICAL PLANT.
00976. INDUSTRIAL WASTES; PAPER AND ALLIED
PRODUCTS.
341
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00977. MICHIGAN PROFESSOR UNVEILS WASTE 01074.
TREATMENT PROCESS.
00979. BRACKISH WATER TREATMENT. 01075.
00981. ST. THOMAS DESALTING POWER PLANT
PRODUCES 2. 5 MGD WATER. 01076.
00984. WATER DESALTING PRESENT AND FUTURE.
00991. PROCESS COOLING SYSTEM: SYSTEM COSTS 01078.
SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING. 01079.
00992. REEVALUATION OF PRADO WATER QUALITY 01080.
OBJECTIVES.
00994. WATER. 01081.
00995. WATER FOR THE WEST. 01082.
00997. WATER QUALITY PLANNING IN THE
PRESENCE OF INTERACTING POLLUTANTS. 01084.
01009. THE USE OF FLYASH IN WASTEWATER
TREATMENT AND SLUDGE CONDITIONING. 01086.
01010. UNIQUE DUAL LAGOON SYSTEM SOLVES
DIFFICULT WINE WASTE TREATMENT 01089.
PROBLEM. 01092.
010U. WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY-
PART 1. 01096.
01013. WATER-POLLUTION CONCLAVE AIRS NEW 01098.
TREATMENT SCHEMES. 01099.
01016. FLORIDA FIRM USES GAMMA RAYS TO 01105.
POLISH SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT.
01017. HEAVY METALS IN DIGESTERS: FAILURE 01109.
AND CURE. OHIO.
01018. IMPROVING BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. 01112.
01019. INCORPORATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN
SOLUBLE MEDIA. . 01114.
01022. NUCLEAR-WASTES DISPOSAL: FORMING
SOLIDS SAVE SPACE. 01115.
01023. O2 (OXYGEN) & O3 (OZONE) RX FOR POLLU-
TION.
01027. OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY. 01116.
01028. PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROJECTS. 01117.
01031. PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANT IN THE
WYOMING VALLEY. 01118.
01033. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL.
01034. ACTIVATED CARBON AIDS WATER TREAT- 01119.
MENT.
01035. ACTIVATED CARBON BIDS FOR WASTE- 01120.
WATER TREATMENT JOBS.
01037. ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT- 01121.
REMOVING PHOSPHORUS AND SUSPENDED
SOLIDS. 01122.
01041. HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION OF SALINE
WATERS. 01123.
01049. INJECTION OF TREATED WASTE WATER
INTO AQUIFERS. 01125.
01051. MIXED-BED CONDENSATE POLISHING.
01052. NEW CONDENSATE POLISHERS RETAIN AM- 01127.
MONIA.
01057. TREATMENT OF MINK FOOD MANUFACTUR- 01129.
ING WASTES.
01059. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AT SOUTH 01130.
TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITIES DISTRICT.
01060. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT. 01131,
01064. CHEMICAL REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS 01133.
FEASIBLE.
01068. ACTIVATED SLUDGE VS. TRICKLING FILTER 01139,
PLANTS. 01143,
01071. DESALTING 7.5 MGD AT TIJUANA. 01145.
01072. DESALTING SEA WATER WITH AMMONIA.
01073. GUIDELINES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF 01146.
THE FEASIBILITY OF DESALTING SEA
WATER.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGE APPLICA-
TION: MOCK HEARING.
LOWERING THE COST OF REVERSE-OSMOSIS
DESALTING.
MEMBRANES COMPETE FOR SEPARATION
MARKETS.
RECYCLE BOOSTS DESALTING EFFICIENCY.
SOLAR DISTILLATION IN AUSTRALIA.
STACKED DECK SEPARATES SALTS FROM
SOLUTION.
SELECTING DEMORALIZATION SYSTEMS.
SURFACE SUPPLY COSTS MORE, FARM BU-
REAU SHOWS.
UNIT PRICING CHALLENGES TRADITIONAL
BLOCK-RATE METHOD.
ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS.
DIATOMITE SYSTEM GETS NOD.
NITRATE REMOVAL FROM A GROUND
WATER SUPPLY.
RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY COSTS.
COOLING WATER.
DESIGNING OPTIMUM COOLING SYSTEMS.
OPERATING VS. CAPITAL COSTS: EVALUAT-
ING TRADEOFF BENEFITS.
CONTROLLED FLASH-EVAPORATION.
ENGLAND PLANS FIRST FREEZE DESALTING.
REVERSE OSMOSIS: HOLLOW FIBERS GET
TRYOUTS.
A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREAT-
MENT OF CANNERY WASTES.
ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM TREATMENT
OF COMBINED MUNICIPAL AND PAPER
MILL WASTE WARERS IN FITCHBURG,
MASS.
ADSORPTION/FILTRATION PLANT CUTS
PHENOLS FROM EFFLUENTS.
AERATED LAGOON TREATMENT OF SULFITE
PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.
AERATED LAGOONS IN SERIES SEEM
ANSWER.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY LUXURY UP-
TAKE.
POLYMERS IN THE FILTRATION OF RAW
SLUDGE.
PROCESS EVALUATION-PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
PURE OXYGEN IMPROVES ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
THE USES OF FILTER PRESSES FOR THE DE-
WATERING OF SLUDGES.
TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
WASTE WATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT: LITERATURE
REVIEW.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
BIOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
HANDLING OF SOLID WASTES.
LAGOONS AND OXIDATION PONDS: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW.
MASSIVE WASTE LOAD ELIMINATED BY
DRUG HOUSE.
342
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
EF-
01147. MERCURY REMOVED FROM WASTE
FLUENT VIA ION EXCHANGE
01149. MICROSTRAINING OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
01150. MICROSTRAINING PAPER Mil L WASTE
WATER.
01151. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS
01152. NEW ION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM TREATS SOUR
WATER.
01153. NEW PROCESS TREATS ACID RINSE WATERS
01157. OCEAN POLLUTION AND MARINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
01158. OPTIMIZE SOLIDS CONTROL
01159. OZONE: THE COMING TREATMENT
01160. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TECHNICO-
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION PLANTS.
01168. DESIGN METHOD FOR SOUR WATER STEAM
STRIPPERS.
01170. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL. DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
01179. DESIGN AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE SOF-
TENING FOR 50-MGD SEAWATER
EVAPORATION PLANT.
01189. WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACT
STABILIZATION AT PENETANGUISHENE,
ONT.
01192. ARE DRY COOLING TOWERS ECONOMICAL.
01196. OPERATIONAL COSTS OF TRICKLING FIL-
TERS IN SOUTHEAST.
01197. SECONDARY PLANT EFFLUENT POLISHING.
01200. CONTACT STABILIZATION.
01203. RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER FROM
WASTEWATER.
01204. COOLING TOWERS.
01212. OPERATION AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE
CIRCULATION PLANT FOR TREATMENT OF
RINSING WATER FROM PICKLING DEPART-
MENT IN ROLLING
01214. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF MATERIALS FOR
DISTILLATION PLANTS.
01216. DEPHENOLIZATION OF WATER AND WASTE-
WATER.
01220. PLATING WASTE TREATMENT--WHICH
SYSTEM.
01230. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT INCLUDING CHEMICAL COAGULA-
TION FOR COLOR REMOVAL.
01234. TREATMENT OF HIGH NITRATE WATERS.
01235. ROLE OF EVAPORATION IN ECONOMICS OF
WASTE TREATMENT FOR PLATING OPERA-
TIONS.
01236. WHAT OPTIONS DO PLATERS HAVE IN POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
01238. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT BY PRES-
SURE FILTRATION.
01241. TECHNIQUES FOR DECONTAMINATION OF
OIL FIELD CRUDE WATERS. (IN GERMAN).
01244. BIODEGRADABILITY AND TREATABILITY OF
COMBINED NYLON AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES.
01245. SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
STATE OF THE ART ABSTRACTS.
01248. REVERSE OSMOSIS FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER
AND WASTE TREATMENT.
01250. EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC DENITRIFICA-
TION PROCESSES.
01252. STEAM GENERATING HEAVY WATER REAC-
TOR IN DUAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS.
01259. A NEW DESALTING PROCESS UTILIZES
RECOVERABLE SOLID REGENERANT ION
EXCHANGE.
01260. ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION
STUDY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
01262. MARINE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
01264. OPTIMIZING AN ACTIVATED CARBON
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT.
01265. DESALTING SALINE IRRIGATION WATER SUP-
PLIES FOR AGRICULTURE.
01268. MULTISTAGE FLASH DISTILLATION DESALT-
ING STATE OF THE ART (1968).
01278. EVALUATION SHOWS DIATOMITE FILTER
MOST EFFICIENT.
01279. OIL POLLUTION CONTROL EFFORTS, SANTA.
01280. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN PULP AND
PAPER INDUSTRY.
01290. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL OF SWINE WASTES.
01291. HIGH PURITY WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES.
01292. VALUATION OF FLOW AUGMENTATION
RELEASES.
01294. OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
EVAPORATION PLANTS.
01295. CONCERNING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF EX-
PERIMENTATION IN THE DESIGN OF
DESALTING PLANTS.
01301. INSTALLATION FOR THE COMBUSTION OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
01304. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
PROCESS.
01305. COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY OF PRETREAT-
MENT METHODS FOR MEMBRANE DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
01309. STUDY OF 250 MGD MULTISTAGE FLASH
DISTILLATION PLANT WITH TWO LEVEL
BRINE FLOW.
01318. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAIN-
TENANCE OF WASTE STABILIZATION
LAGOONS.
01319. ECONOMICS OF LARGE SCALE REVERSE OS-
MOSIS PLANTS.
01320. CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY IN A COM-
PLEX NATURAL SYSTEM.
01321. PIPELINES FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. PRACTI-
CAL SOLUTION.
01329. PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE-
WATER.
01332. ECONOMICS OF ELECTROPLATING WASTES
DISPOSAL.
01337. WASTE TREATMENT IN METAL FINISHING-U.
S. AND EUROPEAN PRACTICES.
01344. CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS-AD-
VANCED WATER TREATMENT.
01357. UNIT OPERATIONS AND TREATMENT
KINETICS OF WATER PURIFICATION AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01411. OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE EX-
PERIENCE IN SCREENING DIGESTED
SLUDGE.
01552. ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
01640. HISTORY OF DESALTING, OPERATION, MAIN-
TENANCE, AND COST EXPERIENCE AT
BUCKEYE, ARIZONA.
01643. WATER SUPPLY FROM ESTUARIAL SOURCES.
343
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01664. RATES, REVENUES, AND RISING COSTS.
01672. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
3--COMPLETELY ADEQUATE TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
01689. ELECTRODIALYSIS COSTS.
01759. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS:
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
01768. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
OPTIMIZATION
00001. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
00005. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
00012. STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS.
00013. DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMIZATION MODELS
FOR CARBON BED DESIGN.
00014. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
00019. OPTIMIZATION OF THE HYDRAULIC REGIME
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
00020. A MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
00023. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WASTE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00024. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00027. THE APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES TO TEXTILES MILL WASTE
TREATMENT.
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES.
00036. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00044. A LEAST COST EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS FOR LOW LEVEL LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
00050. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING
THE OPTIMAL SIZES OF WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
00072. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEMS.
00079. MODEL OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF
TREATMENT AND DILUTION.
00081. OPTIMAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND MULTI-COMPONENT EFFLUENT CON-
TROL BY MEANS OF LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING.
00152. A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
00161. DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT DESIGN.
00162. REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00170. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. FINAL REPORT.
00193. THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY.
00212. ECONOMY OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
00252. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT PROCESS DESIGN.
00290. 'BALAS' ALGORITHM FOR ZONED UNIFORM
TREATMENT.
EFFICIENCY
STANDARDS
OF
OR
00298. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
' PROBLEM.
00299. OPTIMUM INVESTMENT FN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00300. PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS.
00319. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CHLORINE
MIXING AND CONTACT CHAMBERS.
00338. UNIT PROCESS PERFORMANCE MODELING
AND ECONOMICS FOR CANNERY WASTE
TREATMENT.
00339. DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS.
00349. ECONOMICS OF CANNERY WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
00353. DYNAMIC ECONOMIC
WATER QUALITY
CHARGES.
00356. PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
00371. PROBABILITY THEORY AS AN AID TO
RESEARCH PLANNING.
00383. TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
00400. OPTIMAL DEGREE OF SEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT FOR EACH PROJECT OF THE
COMPLEX.
00466. WATER REUSE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
00582. AUTOMATIC PLANNING OF THE LEAST-COST
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK.
00616. COSTS FOR EQUIVALENT UPSTREAM REDUC-
TION IN WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.
00619. ALTERNATE POLICIES FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00634. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
00637. OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF TWO WATER PU-
RIFICATION SYSTEMS.
00646. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00659. APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL DECISION
THEORY TO GREAT LAKES MANAGEMENT.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00694. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION.
00706. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT: EXEMPLIFIED BY SPECIFIED POLLU-
TANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF.
00711. USE OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
00713. FILTRATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
00781. A SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00826. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE
DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS.
00831. DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR OP-
TIMIZATION OF VTE SALINE WATER
PLANTS
00993. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01038. AN INDUSTRIAL SOLUTION TO INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION.
344
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01173. DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION OF INDUS
TRIAL WASTES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM
01174. IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY UNDER
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT
01204. COOLING TOWERS.
01258. INVESTIGATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
PHENOMENA IN A THREE STAGE TEST
SYSTEM.
01292. VALUATION OF FLOW AUGMENTATION
RELEASES.
01294. OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE FLASH
EVAPORATION PLANTS.
01312. OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTRODIALYSIS
PLANT.
01315. SIMULATION/OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
FOR MULTI-BASIN WATER RESOURCE
PLANNING.
01320. CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY IN A COM-
PLEX NATURAL SYSTEM.
01358. THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN APPLICA-
TION OF MULTISTAGE GEOMETRIC PRO-
GRAMMING.
01361. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT AND POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT BENEFITS ON A CLOSED
RIVER SYSTEM.
01368. PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS TO THE
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL.
01408. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS BY ENUMERATION.
01409. OPTIMUM NUMBER AND LOCATION OF
TREATMENT PLANTS.
01471. THE RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
01499. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL IN
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH. CON-
FERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES A
01500. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01505. A COST OPTIMIZATION STUDY FOR STREAM
WASTE DISPOSAL. (UNPUBLISHED).
01514. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-THE
PLANNING OF ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL
POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUA
01517. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE
MEANS OF ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
01518. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
01519. LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
01540. SCIENTIFIC ALLOCATION OF WATER
RESOURCES.
01606. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
IV: AN INPUT-OUTPUT LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA
WATER REQUIREMENTS.
01607. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
VI: A DYNAMIC INTERREGIONAL INPUT-
OUTPUT PROGRAMMING MODEL OF THE
CALIFORNIA AND WEST
01660. CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PRO-
GRAMMING. PAPER PRESENTED AT SYM-
POSIUM, PROGRAMMING THE USE OF
NATURAL RESOURCES.
01674. WATER PURIFICATION BY ZONE-FREEZING.
01715. A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING OP-
TIMUM LONGITUDINAL SPACING OF EF-
FLUENT DISCHARGES INTO A RIVER.
01722. GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING AND THE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
01724. EFFECTS OF AXIAL DISPERSION ON THE OP-
TIMAL DESIGN OF THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
01728. ELEMENTS OF LARGE SCALE PRO-
GRAMMING, PARTS I AND II.
01735, OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
01741. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER-TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
01742. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR CAPACITY EXPANSION
OF WATER-SUPPLYING FACILITIES.
01743. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO MULTI-
STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER
TREATMENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
01748. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: OPTIMAL
ALLOCATION OF POLLUTANT
DISCHARGES CONSTRAINED BY QUALITY
AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS.
01749. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND ESTUARINE
WATER QUALITY CONTROL.
01750. THE APPLICATION OF A LINEAR PRO-
GRAMME MODEL TO WATER CONSERVA-
TION AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT AT
MODERFONTEIN FACTORY.
01755. AN OPTIMAL SITING MODEL: THERMAL
PLANTS WITH TEMPERATURE CON-
STRAINTS.
01757. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
BY GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
01760. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF OP-
TIMAL QUALITY CONTROL IN ESTUARINE
WATERS.
01769. WASTE TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION BY
GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
01770. MINIMIZING ABATEMENT COSTS OF
WATER.POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICUL-
TURE: A PARAMETRIC LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING APPROACH
01771. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01780. OPERATIONS RESEARCH IN ECONOMIC
GROWTH MODELS: A CASE STUDY OF IN-
DUSTRIAL POLLUTION.
01783. SEWER SYSTEM COST ESTIMATION MODEL.
01830. WATER POLICY AND ECONOMIC OPTIMIZ-
ING: SOME CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN
WATER RESEARCH.
01833. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING FOR RE-
GIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01851. THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
INDER A FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT: A COM-
MENTARY ON LINEAR PROGRAMMING AP-
PLIED TO WATER
01864. NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
01865. BACKGROUND FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
01866. PANGLOSS ON POLLUTION.
345
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
OXIDATION
00346. WET AIR OXIDATION AT LEVITTOWN.
00360. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. WET OXIDATION,
PART 2. INCINERATION.
00371. PROBABILITY THEORY AS AN AID TO
RESEARCH PLANNING.
00424. TREATMENT OF FRUIT PROCESSING WASTE
BY AERATION.
00444. COSTS AND MANPOWER FOR MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, 1965-
1968.
00476. EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTE.
00480. THE CONTROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
POLLUTION BY BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
AND LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION
TREATMENT.
00519. SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR
WASTE TREATMENT LAGOONS.
00520. THE ROLE OF PONDS IN WASTE WATER
TREATMENT.
00521. A COMPARISON OF AN EFFICIENT LAGOON
SYSTEM WITH OTHER MEANS OF SEWAGE
DISPOSAL IN SMALL TOWNS.
00522. AERATED LAGOONS FOR POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES.
00523. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AERATED
LAGOON TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATERS.
00524. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS.
00525. CHALLENGE FOR WASTE WATER LAGOONS.
00535. WASTE DISPOSAL AND POLLUTION,
POULTRY PROCESSING.
00541. TREATMENT OF SOLE LEATHER VEGETABLE
TANNERY WASTES.
00569. COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED
SLUDGE.
00570. AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTE.
00575. WATER RECLAMATION AND ALGAE HAR-
VESTING.
00578. TREATMENT OF BRASS MILL EFFLUENTS AT
ANACONDA TORONTO PLANT.
00590. FOOD CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT BY
LAGOONS AND DITCHES AT SHEPPARTON,
VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.
00621. LIGHT CATALYZED CHLORINE OXIDATION
FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00624. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF
AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTES-SECOND PROGRESS REPORT.
00625. MEAT PACKING WASTES RESPOND TO MANY
TREATMENT METHODS.
00628. GROWN-UP COMPANY TOWN COPES WITH
POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
00637. OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF TWO WATER PU-
RIFICATION SYSTEMS.
00643. PILOT DEMONSTRATION OF BASIC DESIGNS
FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES.
00677. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AD-
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
00680. VIRUS CONTROL AT THE SANTEE, CALIF.,
PROJECT.
00715. ECONOMICS OF WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINED LIVESTOCK.
00891. PROJECTED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
COSTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUS-
TRY.
00930. TREAT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES WITH BUTS.
00938. EIGHTEENTH OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONFERENCE.
01216. DEPHENOLIZATION OF WATER AND WASTE-
WATER.
01330. MINE WATER RESEARCH. CATALYTIC OX-
IDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN ACID MINE
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON.
OXIDATION DITCH
00262. DITCHES PROVIDE EFFICIENT TREATMENT.
00408. PERFORMANCE OF THE SOMERSET, OHIO,
OXIDATION DITCH.
00438. SWINE WASTE MANAGEMENT-OXIDATION
DITCH FOR TREATING HOG WASTES.
00454. THE LARGEST OXIDATION DITCH IN THE
WORLD FOR THE TREATMENT OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES.
00458. ECONOMICS OF TREATING SEWAGE AND
TRADE WASTES.
00467. THE COLLECTION OF MANURE FROM
HOUSED LIVESTOCK.
00468. AEROBIC PURIFICATION OF FARM WASTE.
00483. WHIPPING THE MANURE PROBLEM.
00485. WASTES FROM PIG PRODUCTION UNITS.
00590. FOOD CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT BY
LAGOONS AND DITCHES AT SHEPPARTON,
VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA.
OZONATION
00169. OZONE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENTS FROM WASTE-WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
00550. MICROSTRAINING WITH OZONATION OR
CHLORINATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
00635. OZONATION, NEXT STOP TO WATER PURIFI-
CATION.
01023. O2 (OXYGEN) & O3 (OZONE) RX FOR POLLU-
TION.
01050. MICROSTRAINING AND OZONATION OF
WATER AND WASTEWATER.
01051. MIXED-BED CONDENSATE POLISHING.
01159. OZONE: THE COMING TREATMENT.
01546. OZONE IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
PACKAGED PLANTS
00677. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR AD-
VANCED MILITARY BASES.
00841. SUMMARY OF COMMERCIAL WASTE WATER
TREATMENT PLANTS.
01029. PREFABRICATED DUAL LIFT STATION.
01304. VACUUM FREEZING
PROCESS.
VAPOR COMPRESSION
346
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
PAPER AND PULP INDUSTRY
00035. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
00066. POLLUTIONAL EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER
MILL WASTES IN PUGET SOUND.
00111. FOAM SEPARATION OF KRAFT PULPING
WASTES.
00135. AERATED STABILIZATION BASIN TREAT-
MENT OF WHITE WATER.
00163. CENTRIFUGATION OF WASTE SLUDGES.
00289. WASTE STABILIZATION POND PRACTICES IN
THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
00374. THE APPLICATION OF MEMBRANES TO
SEWAGE AND WASTE TREATMENT.
00470. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
FROM A 450 TON PER DAY KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER MILL INTO CLASSIFIED IN-
LAND WATERS.
00477. CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING OF PRIMARY
PAPER INDUSTRY SLUDGES.
00588. A TECHNIQUE FOR IRRIGATING BOTTOM
LAND HARDWOOD TREES WITH PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT IN NORTH LOUISIANA.
00630. THE FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATING SOFTWOOD
AND HARDWOOD FOR DISPOAL OF PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT.
00640. OPTIMIZING A KRAFT MILL WATER REUSE
SYSTEM.
00742. A CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
00746. TREATMENT OF COMBINED KRAFT AND
NEWSPRINT EFFLUENTS AT AN ALABAMA
PAPER MILL.
00749. THE ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF
REVERSE OSMOSIS AS A METHOD OF
PROCESSING SPENT LIQUORS OF THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
00753. THREE YEARS OPERATION OF AERATED
STABILIZATION BASINS FOR PAPERBOARD
MILL EFFLUENT.
00918. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ANTICIPATED PAPER
INDUSTRY POLLUTION. ABATEMENT
COSTS. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00965. PRESSING AND INCINERATION OF KRAFT
MILL, PRIMARY CLARIFIER SLUDGE.
00976. INDUSTRIAL WASTES; PAPER AND ALLIED
PRODUCTS.
01115. ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM TREATMENT
OF COMBINED MUNICIPAL AND PAPER
MILL WASTE WARERS IN FITCHBURG,
MASS.
01117. AERATED LAGOON TREATMENT OF SULFITE
PULP AND PAPER MILL EFFLUENTS.
01118. AERATED LAGOONS IN SERIES SEEM
ANSWER.
01138. DISPOSAL OF HYDROUS SLUDGES FROM A
PAPER MILL.
01150. MICROSTRAINING PAPER MILL WASTE-
WATER.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS.
01226. CONTRIBUTION OF INPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS TO POLLUTION
ABATEMENT IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.
01230. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT INCLUDING CHEMICAL COAGULA-
TION FOR COLOR REMOVAL.
01243. MAKE PLANT REFUSE PROFITABLE.
01272. ACTIVATED SLUDGE JOINT TREATMENT OF
PULP AND PAPER EFFLUENT WITH MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01280. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN PULP AND
PAPER INDUSTRY.
01334. PAPER MILL SLUDGE DEWATERING.
01338. CHEMICAL PHYSICAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
01509. WATER USE RELATIONAHIPS AS AFFECTED
BY WATER QUALITY ON THE YAQUINA
BAY. WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE
PAPERS, 1964.
01654. ECONOMIC ASPECT OF INDUSTRIAL EF-
FLUENT TREATMENT.
01712. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A-
SUMMARY.
01738. WATER QUALITY IN THE PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY.
01857. EXTERNALITIES AND EMPIRICISM IN WATER
RESOURCES.
01858. PAPER MILL WASTE: TREATMENT FOR
COLOR REMOVAL.
01860. PROGRESS IN SULFITE PULP POLLUTION
ABATEMENT IN SWEDEN.
PERMIT SYSTEM
00694. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION.
PESTICIDES CONTROL
00247. NUTRIENT REMOVAL A UNIVERSAL
REQUIREMENT.
00300. PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS.
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
00294. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND POLLUTIONAL
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, SUMMARY RE-
PORT.
00476. EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTE.
00530. COOLING TOWERS BOOST WATER REUSE.
00573. WASTE WATER CONTROL FACILITIES IN A
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT.
00603 POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR TREATMENT
AND RECOVERY OF PETROCHEMICAL
WASTES.
00637. OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF TWO WATER PU-
RIFICATION SYSTEMS.
00643. PILOT DEMONSTRATION OF BASIC DESIGNS
FOR ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES.
00765. REPLENISHING THE AQUIFER WITH
TREATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
00776. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE IN LOUISIANA.
347
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00789. SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL 00651.
WASTE WATER.
00791. ACTIVITIES OF THE DIVISION OF RESEARCH 00687.
AND STATISTICS.
00795. HOW TO FORECAST ACCURATE DRILLING 00697.
COSTS. 00961.
00796. UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
00807. WASTE WATER DISPOSAL BY SUBSURFACE 00971.
INJECTION CALIFORNIA OIL FIELDS. 00977.
00910. THE IMPACT OF COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS UPON 01208.
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY.
00967. SLUDGE/BOD RATIO IS KEY TO WASTE-
WATER CLEANUP.
00974. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL PAYS OFF AT
CELANESE CHEMICAL PLANT.
01124. SOUR-WATER PROCESSING TURNS PROBLEM 00016.
INTO PAYOUT.
01140. EMULSION BREAKING SOLVES OILY-WASTE 00017.
DISPOSAL.
01168. DESIGN METHOD FOR SOUR WATER STEAM 00069.
STRIPPERS. 00177.
01169. PROFITS FROM POLLUTANTS.
01180. IMPROVEMENTS TO THE QUALITY OF 00195.
WASTEWATER FROM HUMBLE'S BATON
ROUGE REFINERY.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS. 00259.
01282. TRENDS IN TREATING PETROLEUM
REFINERY WASTES.
01284. HOW TO REDUCE WASTE WATER EF- 00286.
FLUENTS FROM PETROLEUM AND CHEMI-
CAL PROCESS PLANTS THROUGH INITIAL
DESIGN. 00323.
01288. CONOCO'S 5-MILLION DOLLAR PROGRAM TO
MEET 1973 REGULATIONS. 00382.
01310. SHELL'S SWD MEETS POLLUTION STAN-
DARDS. 00543.
01382. THE JOINT PROBLEMS OF THE OIL AND
WATER INDUSTRIES.
01396. WATER PROBLEMS IN OIL PRODUCTION. 00576.
01453. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN THE OR-
GANIC AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. 00584.
01616. AQUEOUS WASTES FROM PETROLEUM AND
PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS. 00639.
PHENOL REMOVAL
00642.
00316. NEW PROCESS TO REMOVE PHENOLS FROM
WASTE WATER. 00672.
00542. PHENOLIC WASTE RE-USE BY DIATOMITE
FILTRATION.
00792. DISPOSAL OF SPENT CAUSTIC AND PHENOL- 00681
1C WATER IN DEEP WELLS.
01116. ADSORPTION/FILTRATION PLANT CUTS
PHENOLS FROM EFFLUENTS. 00716.
01216. DEPHENOLIZATION OF WATER AND WASTE-
WATER. 00760.
01811. PHENOL POLLUTION OF WATER: A BIBLIOG- ,
RAPHY. 00964.
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL 01037
00097. EUTROPHICATION.
00178. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY A LIME-BIOLOGI- 01064.
CAL TREATMENT SCHEME.
00221. RX FOR AILING LAKES-A LOW PHOSPHATE 01119
DIET.
00341. CLEAN WATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL PROCESS.
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL OF MAN-MADE
EUTROPHICATION.
PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION PROCESS.
WATER RECLAMATION, PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL METHODS: A LITERATURE
REVIEW.
CLEAR WATER AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
MICHIGAN PROFESSOR UNVEILS WASTE
TREATMENT PROCESS.
COST OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT IN MAUMEE RIVER
BASIN.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY HIGH-DENSITY,
SOLIDS-CONTACT TERTIARY TREATMENT.
NUTRIENTS.
REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND
LIME PRECIPITATION.
DEVELOPMENT OF TERTIARY TREATMENT
METHODS FOR WASTE WATER RENOVA-
TION.
OBJECTIVES TECHNOLOGY, AND RESULTS
OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL PROCESSES.
CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WASTE WATER
FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM EFFLUENTS
IN ALUMINA COLUMNS.
TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING
PHOSPHORUS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS.
NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENT BUDGET IN THE
BAY OF QUINTE, LAKE ONTARIO.
ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
PHOSPHOROUS REMOVAL FROM WASTE
WATER BY ACTIVATED ALUMINA
COLUMNS.
ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WASTE TRANS-
PORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
THE USE OF PILOT PLANT STUDIES IN THE
DESIGN OF A MAJOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT.
WATER RESOURCES POLICY IN WISCONSIN:
GENERAL SUPPORTING STUDIES, VOLUME
II.
THE ECONOMICS OF SWINE WASTE
DISPOSAL.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL: THE STATE OF THE
ART.
ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT-
REMOVING PHOSPHORUS AND SUSPENDED
SOLIDS.
CHEMICAL REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS
FEASIBLE.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY LUXURY UP-
TAKE.
348
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01121. PROCESS EVALUATION-PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
01130. WASTEWATER TREATMENT: LITERATURE
REVIEW.
01141. EUTROPHICATION-LITERATURE REVIEW
01185. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL, THE PRESENT AND
POSSIBLE PROGRESS.
01195. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. STATE OF ART
01228. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. PAST PRESENT
AND FUTURE.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT
00017. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY HIGH-DENSITY
SOLIDS-CONTACT TERTIARY TREATMENT '
00217. PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE-
WATER.
00729. PAC-PCT PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT.
A CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND RENOVA-
TION STATUS OF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT.
WATER RECLAMATION, PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL METHODS: A LITERATURE
REVIEW.
MICHIGAN PROFESSOR UNVEILS WASTE
TREATMENT PROCESS.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE-
WATER.
CHEMICAL PHYSICAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY PHYSI-
CAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES.
00742.
00745.
00961.
00977.
01329.
01338.
01401.
00037.
00180.
00465.
00477.
00522.
00523.
00633.
00639.
00650.
00664.
00672.
PILOT PLANT
FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ACID MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE ION FLOTATION OF
DICHROMATE.
COMBINED SEWER TEMPORARY UN-
DERWATER STORAGE FACILITY.
CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING OF PRIMARY
PAPER INDUSTRY SLUDGES.
AERATED LAGOONS FOR POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AERATED
LAGOON TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE WATERS.
SECOND ANNUAL REPORT - OPERATION OF
THE MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
PLANT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.
PHOSPHOROUS REMOVAL FROM WASTE
WATER BY ACTIVATED ALUMINA
COLUMNS.
DEMINERALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
BIOLOGICAL-GAMMA-RADIATION SYSTEM
FOR SEWAGE PROCESSING.
THE USE OF PILOT PLANT STUDIES IN THE
DESIGN OF A MAJOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT.
00730. POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON APPLICA-
TION, REGENERATION AND REUSE IN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00749. THE ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF
REVERSE OSMOSIS AS A METHOD OF
PROCESSING SPENT LIQUORS OF THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
00754. LONG-TERM AERATION OF KRAFT PULP AND
PAPER MILL WASTES.
00838. SECONDARY REFRIGERANT FREEZING
DESALTING PROCESS OPERATION OF A 15,
000 GPD PILOT PLANT.
00861. SOLAR DISTILLATION UTILIZING MULTIPLE-
EFFECT HUMIDIFICATION.
00906. EVALUATION OF 75,000 GPD SEAWATER
DESULFATING PILOT PLANT.
01173. DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM.
01194. STUDYING BIODEGRATION POSSIBILITIES OF
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS: APPLICATION TO
BIODEGRATION OF PHENOLS. (IN
FRENCH).
01199. NEW APPROACHES TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
01203. RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER FROM
WASTEWATER.
01234. TREATMENT OF HIGH NITRATE WATERS.
01272. ACTIVATED SLUDGE JOINT TREATMENT OF
PULP AND PAPER EFFLUENT WITH MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01280. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN PULP AND
PAPER INDUSTRY.
PIPELINE TRANSPORT
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
SUMMARY REPORT.
00225. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME II2-CRITERIA FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT.
00423. ECONOMIC TRANSPORT OF DIGESTED
SLUDGE SLURRIES.
00514. LAUNCHING A TWO MILE SEWAGE OUT-
FALL.
01171. PLASTIC RELINING OF SMALL DIAMETER
PIPES.
01233. EXTERNAL CORROSION OF BURIED FERROUS
PIPELINES.
01321. PIPELINES FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. PRACTI-
CAL SOLUTION.
PLANT COSTS
00037. FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ACID MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT.
00046. THE LAKE TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT.
00049. REGIONAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILI-
TIES 1955-1967.
00119. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
00127. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
00143. OXYGEN MANAGEMENT AND ARTIFICIAL
REAERATION IN THE AREA OF BALDENEY
349
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
LAKE AND THE LOWER RUHR RIVER (IN
GERMAN).
00157. A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MINE
DRAINAGE.
00162. REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00367. NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL-
LAND.
00383. TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
00451. TANNERY PRE-TREATMENT PLANT DRASTI-
CALLY CUTS BARRE'S TREATMENT PLANT
LOAD.
00458. ECONOMICS OF TREATING SEWAGE AND
TRADE WASTES.
00508. ELECTRODIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT.
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
00583. ECONOMICS OF COMPOSTING MUNICIPAL
REFUSE IN EUROPE AND ISRAEL.
00663. DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL AT GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN.
00802. DISPOSAL OF OIL FIELD BRINES.
00804. DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN THE EAST
TEXAS FIELD.
00812. SOME BASIC FACTORS IN THE CONSIDERA-
TION AND INSTALLATION OF DEEP WELL
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
00829. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR-COMPRESSION
PROCESS: ONE AND FIVE MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY DESALTING PLANTS.
00830. PUMPING AND ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS
FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS, DESALINATION
PLANTS.
00948. WORLD'S LARGEST MICROSTRAINER AT
CHICAGO.
00957. IMPROVED WATER QUALITY.
00959. STANLE, N. C., PLANT TREATS MUNICIPAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
01015. COLD WATER CREEK WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PLANT.
01021. NEW ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT FOR
KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE.
01089. DIATOMITE SYSTEM GETS NOD.
01107. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER
CONSTRUCTION COST INDEX.
01108. BAHAMAS ON A SALT-FREE DIET.
01116. ADSORPTION/FILTRATION PLANT CUTS
PHENOLS FROM EFFLUENTS.
01125. THE USES OF FILTER PRESSES FOR THE DE-
WATERING OF SLUDGES.
01127. TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
01142. FILTER PLANT INCLUDED WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
01304. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
PROCESS.
01737. MODERN TREATMENT PLANTS-HOW MUCH
DO THEY COST?
01766. MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT COSTS AND
ESTIMATED WASTE LOADINGS: THE
WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN.
PLASTICS INDUSTRY
00724. COST RELATIONSHIP OF BIOLOGICAL AND
THERMAL PROCESSES FOR THE TREAT-
MENT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS.
PLATING WASTES
00555. A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE FILTRA-
TION OF METAL HYDROXIDES.
01212. OPERATION AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE
CIRCULATION PLANT FOR TREATMENT OF
RINSING WATER FROM PICKLING DEPART-
MENT
01235. ROLE OF EVAPORATION IN ECONOMICS OF
WASTE TREATMENT FOR PLATING OPERA-
TIONS.
01236. WHAT OPTIONS DO PLATERS HAVE IN POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
01238. INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT BY PRES-
SURE FILTRATION.
01289. EFFLUENT TREATMENT. CUTTING COST OF
COMPLIANCE.
01332. ECONOMICS OF ELECTROPLATING WASTES
DISPOSAL.
01333. ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF CON-
CENTRATED CYANIDE PLATING WASTES.
01336. ION EXCHANGE FOR METAL PRODUCTS
FINISHER.
01337. WASTE TREATMENT IN METAL FINISHING-U.
S. AND EUROPEAN PRACTICES.
01798. CONTROL OF COPPER ELECTROPLATING
WASTES. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
POLITICAL ASPECTS
00032. THE POLLUTION CONTROL MODELS AND
THEIR RESULTS.
00038. WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
ASPECTS OF URBANIZATION.
00085. ROLE OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
00087. OIL POLLUTION- A REPORT TO THE PRE-
SIDENT.
00102. EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY GOALS.
00108. WATER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.
00282. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
PROBLEM.
00298. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY
PROBLEM.
00300. PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS.
00336. FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT-THE NEED FOR POLICY
CHANGE.
00492. ORGANIZING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF RIVER
BASIN AUTHORITIES.
00493. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC INCEN-
TIVES: SOME CURRENT POLICY ISSUES.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00825. THE ECONOMICS OF QUANTITY VS QUALITY
IN GREEN BAY.
350
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
COMPREHENSIVE WATER
SEWERAGE DISPOSAL STU-
IN A GENERAL
AND
00885. ANALYSIS OF
SUPPLY AND
DIES.
00932. POLLUTION PRICES
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL.
01296. DIMENSIONS OF WATER MANAGEMENT
01376. ENVIRONMENT & POLICY: THE NEXT FIFTY
YEARS.
01387. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC POLICY.
01457. WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY
AND POLICY.
01465. THE ORSANCO STORY: WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IN THE OHIO VALLEY
UNDER AN INTERSTATE COMPACT
01467. CONGRESSIONAL WHITE PAPER ON A NA-
TIONAL POLICY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
01480. MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS.
01495. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01497. POLLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF EVALUA-
TION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER POLLUTION,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
01501. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
01506. THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY
BENEFITS.
01510. POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES IN
THE FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND
REVIEW OF PLANS FOR USE AND
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
01525. ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
01536. THE COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY; THE
ECONOMICS OF AN INTERNATIONAL
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT.
01542. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
01545. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT; AN ANAL-
YSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL PATTERNS.
01551. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR AND SOLID WASTES.
01555. ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY: THE NEXT
FIFTY YEARS.
01562. WATER LAW
FLORIDA.
01564. WATER LAW, PLANNING AND POLICY:
CASES AND COMMENTARY.
01589. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY:
A GLOBAL SURVEY.
01591. THE SUSQUEHANNA COMPACT: GUARDIAN
OF THE RIVER'S FUTURE.
01603. ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION OF
WATER RESOURCES.
01608. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZA-
TIONS OF WATER USERS.
01614. WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR GROUP:
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PURPOSES RE-
LATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT.
01648. PROCEEDINGS WATER RESOURCES
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE.
01675. THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRAND BASINS.
01740 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND A
POLICY MODEL.
AND ADMINISTRATION IN
01816. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF WATER
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01830. WATER POLICY AND ECONOMIC OPTIMIZ-
ING: SOME CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN
WATER RESEARCH.
01832. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCE
POLICY.
01884. DESIGN OF WATER-RESOURCE SYSTEMS:
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR RELATING
ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES, ENGINEERING
ANALYSIS, AND GOVERNMENTA
01890. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SPECIAL DIS-
TRICTS AND AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED
STATES, ANNOTATED.
01893. NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE GOVERNMEN-
TAL PROCESS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY,
SELECTED AND ANNOTATED.
01900. ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
01906. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE SECOND
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
01907. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY-THE THIRD AN-
NUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL ON EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT
00012. STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT WORKS.
00041. TODAY'S PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
00096. A TEST OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POLLU-
TION CONTROL IS WORTH WHAT IT COSTS.
00104. WHAT PRICE A QUALITY ENVIRONMENT.
00113. POLLUTION CHARGES, WASTE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY INVESTMENT, AND WATER
QUALITY: THE PUBLIC COSTS OF A PUBLIC
GOOD.
00221. RX FOR AILING LAKES-A LOW PHOSPHATE
DIET.
00227. RECEIVING-WATER MONITORING: KEY TO
SEATTLE METRO'S POLLUTION-ABATE-
MENT PROGRAM.
00236. ECONOMICS AND POLITICS INFLUENCE POL-
LUTION ABATEMENT RESEARCH.
00464. REGIONAL TRADE AND STRUCTURE MODEL
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT STUDY.
00646. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00648. TAXING U. S. POLLUTERS.
00666. CONTROLLING POLLUTION: THE ECONOMICS
OF A CLEANER AMERICA.
00667. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT.
00674. THE WAR ON POLLUTION: ECONOMIC AND
FINANCIAL IMPACTS.
00675. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF PROPOSED SOUTH CAROLINA TAX
CREDIT FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
CONTROL FACILITIES.
00691. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF POULTRY
PROCESSING WASTEWATER IN
DELAWARE.
00695. THE ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
00712. POLLUTION: CLEANING UP COSTS MONEY.
351
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00836. COORDINATION OF INDUSTRIAL AIR AND
WATER QUALITY PROGRAMS AS AN EF-
FECTIVE MANAGEMENT POLICY.
00909. POSSIBLE IMPACT OF COSTS OF SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT ON
THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY AND
CERTAIN POWER
00910. THE IMPACT OF COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS UPON
THE PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY.
00916. THE CEMENT INDUSTRY: ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. VOLUME
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00917. THE LEATHER INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF THE
IMPACT OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS.
VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00918. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ANTICIPATED PAPER
INDUSTRY POLLUTION. ABATEMENT
COSTS. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
00921. COST OF RECLAMATION AND MINE
DRAINAGE ABATEMENT - ELKINS DEMON-
STRATION PROJECT.
00972. COST ACCOUNTING FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01161. USING WASTE WATER TO CUT POLLUTION
CONTROL COSTS.
01255. WHY PAY TWICE. SALVAGE YOUR WASTE.
01271. SMART WATER MANAGEMENT, NOT POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
01275. SOURCE CONTROL OF URBAN WATER POL-
LUTION.
01285. FACTORY IN THE SEVENTIES.
01347. EFFECT OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN LOS
ANGELES HARBOURS.
01348. POLLUTION OF THE WORLD'S HARBORS,
DOCKS, AND INLAND WATERWAYS, WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SHIPS.
01353. ECONOMIC INCENTIVE FOR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT: APPLYING THEORY TO
PRACTICE.
01354. THE USE OF THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX
SYSTEM TO COMBAT AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION: A CASE STUDY IN TAX EX-
PENDITURES.
01361. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT AND POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT BENEFITS ON A CLOSED
RIVER SYSTEM.
01412. MANAGEMENT LOOKS AT THE TECHNOLO-
GY AND ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01455. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT-AIR, WATER AND SOLID WASTES.
01459. THE ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION.
ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT
TOGETHER WITH THE ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE COUNCIL
01464. PROCEEDINGS: 16TH SOUTHERN WATER
RESOURCES AND POLLUTION CONTROL
CONFERENCE.
01472. THE POLLUTION READER.
01475. A THEORETICAL NOTE ON THE CAPACITY
OF THE MARKET SYSTEM TO ABATE POL-
LUTION.
01477. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: AN
ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SOME
PROBLEMS IN USING LAND, WATER AND
AIR.
01489. POLLUTION AND POVERTY: THE STRATEGY
OF THE CROSS-COMMITMENT.
01497. POLLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF EVALUA-
TION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER POLLUTION,
WASHINGTON, D. C., DECE
01499. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL IN
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH. CON-
FERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES
01508. POLLUTION ABATEMENT. GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. REPORT BASED
ON RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW CON-
FERENCE, MONTREAL
01512. PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
01538. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A GUIDE TO
CURRENT RESEARCH.
01542. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
01543. A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL POLLUTION.
01583. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOCHEMISTRY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.
01586. EROSION AND SEDIMENT POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01588. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL AND IN-
TERNATIONAL TRADE.
01595. THE POLLUTION PARADOX.
01596. WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL.
01601. POLLUTION ANALYSIS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
THE LITERATURE OF ACTIVATION ANALY-
SIS
01610. ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS.
01627. AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
01716. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL POLLUTION
CONTROL SYSTEMS.
01717. COST OF WASTE TREATMENT PROCESSES.
01769. WASTE TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION BY
GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
01773. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATE WASTE
MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN A RIVER
BASIN.
01804. FOREST PRODUCTS POLLUTION CONTROL.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (EXCLUDING
PULP AND PAPER).
01866. PANGLOSS ON POLLUTION.
01904. ECONOMIC DISLOCATION RESULTING FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS.
POLLUTION CONTROL
00068. WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
STUDY-JAMES RIVER BASIN.
00077. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
00263. THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES CONTROL PRO-
GRAM IN NEW YORK CITY.
01514. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-THE
PLANNING OF ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL
POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUA
01551. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR AND SOLID WASTES.
01559. POLLUTION PARADOX.
01560. CAHNER'S CRITICAL ISSUE REPORT: POLLU-
TION (4 VOLS.).
352
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01570. ECONOMIC THINKING AND POLLUTION
PROBLEMS.
01826. A THREE-STEP APPROACH TO POLLUTION
REVERSAL.
01873. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
WATER, AIR, AND SOLID WASTES
01874. THE PUBLIC VALUE FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, NATURAL
RESOURCES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
EDITED BY W. R. BURC
01889. THE PROFITS IN POLLUTION
01896. THE ECONOMIC COMMON SENSE OF POLLU-
TION.
POPULATION EQUIVALENT
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
00309. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWERAGE STUDY
00314. DESIGN OF THE NEWTOWN CREEK WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT.
00488. ORIGINS AND NATURE OF FARM WASTES.
00537. 00576 COST AND MANPOWER FOR MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
00625. MEAT PACKING WASTES RESPOND TO MANY
TREATMENT METHODS.
00629. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
00740. SOME SEWAGE PROBLEMS IN EUROPE
TODAY.
POTABLE WATER
00009. COSTS DIVE AS WEIRTON RE-USES MILL
ROLL COOLANT.
00207. WATER REUSE IN ISRAEL.
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE.
00266. THE RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER
FROM SEWAGE.
00428. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE.
00512. RE-USING STORM RUN-OFF.
00565. DISTILLATION OF WASTE WATERS: A WATER
RESOURCE FOR ARID REGIONS.
00635. OZONATION, NEXT STOP TO WATER PURIFI-
CATION.
00641. TAHOE AND WINDHOEK: PROMISE AND
PROOF OF CLEAN WATER.
00670. IMPROVING MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES IN
COLORADO BY DESALTING.
00686 ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00698. ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM POTABLE WATER.
00838. SECONDARY REFRIGERANT FREEZING
DESALTING PROCESS OPERATION OF A 15,
000 GPD PILOT PLANT.
00856. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY SEWERAGE.
ANDERSON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
00945. THE RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER
FROM WASTEWATER.
01041. HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION OF SALINE
WATERS.
01042.
01094.
01162.
01186.
01203.
01651.
01652.
00273.
00387.
00535.
00756.
00375.
00408.
00629.
00631.
00685.
00727.
00829.
00963.
01104.
01111.
01191.
01668.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DESALTING FOR
BYPRODUCT RECOVERY.
QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN SUCCESSIVE
WATER USE.
INFLUENCE OF RAW WATER CHARAC-
TERISTICS ON MEETING REQUIREMENTS
FOR QUALITY WATER.
WHAT IS QUALITY WATER.
RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER FROM
WASTEWATER.
WASTE WATER RENOVATION: PART 1. A
DESIGN STUDY OF FREEZING AND GAS
HYDRATE FORMATION. PART 2. FEASIBILI-
TY TESTS
DUAL WATER SYSTEMS.
POULTRY PROCESSING
A REVIEW OF POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL
POSSIBILITIES.
BAFFLED BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR TREATING
POULTRY PLANT WASTES.
WASTE DISPOSAL AND POLLUTION,
POULTRY PROCESSING.
POULTRY PROCESSING WASTES TREATMENT
EXPERIENCE IN AERATED PONDS.
POWER COSTS
IN
SLUDGE
00065
00098
00105
00131.
EUROPEAN PRACTICES
DIGESTION AND DISPOSAL.
PERFORMANCE OF THE SOMERSET, OHIO,
OXIDATION DITCH.
DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS: AN
INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION OF
THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS.
SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECT OF CON-
STRUCTION AND OPERATION COSTS IN
BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS.
VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR-COMPRESSION
PROCESS: ONE AND FIVE MILLION GAL-
LONS PER DAY DESALTING PLANTS.
AERATION OF STREAMS WITH AIR AND
MOLECULAR OXYGEN.
WET-SURFACE AIR COOLERS.
HIGH EFFICIENCY DESALTING.
WATER TREATMENT PAYS OFF.
A METHOD FOR CALCULATING POWER AND
MUNICIPAL WATER RATES FOR PAYOUT
STUDIES.
POWER GENERATION
THERMAL POLLUTION: HOT ISSUE FOR IN-
DUSTRY.
A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC THER-
MAL POLLUTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS:
VOLUME 1, SUMMARY REPORT.
DEBATE ON THERMAL ISSUE CONTINUES.
DIATOMITE FILTRATION IN A BOARD MILL.
353
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00188. HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS WITH
RESERVOIR STORAGE OF MAKEUP TO
SERVE THE PROPOSED KEYSTONE
GENERATING STATION.
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION.
00324. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE FIRST
DIGESTER GAS TURBINE IN THE USA.
00355. CONCENTRATION OF SEAWATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS
00370. FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN.
00393. TASK II REPORT: SURVEY OF POWER PLANT
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND
DESIGN CRITERIA.
00453. COMBINED WASTE TREATMENT AT GRAND
ISLAND, NEBRASKA.
00463. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
00474. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS POWERED
BY THERMAL WASTE FROM ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS.
00568. COOLING TOWERS FOR LARGE STEAM-ELEC-
TRIC GENERATING UNITS.
00571. WARM WATER UTILIZATION.
00631. ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS: AN
INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION OF
THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS.
00688. RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION:
PART 1.
00732. A STUDY OF WATER PLANT ISOLATION
FROM CONTAMINATION.
00735. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES.
00909. POSSIBLE IMPACT OF COSTS OF SELECTED
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT ON
THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY AND
CERTAIN POWER
00981. ST. THOMAS DESALTING POWERPLANT
PRODUCES 2.5 MOD WATER
00984. WATER DESALTING PRESENT AND FUTURE.
01051. MIXED-BED CONDENSATE POLISHING.
01071. DESALTING 7.5 MOD AT TIJUANA.
01077. NUCLEAR DESALTING FUTURE TRENDS, AND
TODAY'S COSTS.
01100. DRYING COOLING TOWER SHOWS PROMISE.
01101. DRY-TYPE COOLING SYSTEMS.
01103. WASTE HEAT DISPOSAL IN POWER PLANTS.
01183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS.
01231. COST ANALYSIS OF LARGE EVAPORATIVE
TYPE COOLING TOWERS.
01363. ON THE ECONOMICS OF PRESERVATION OR
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWER PORTION
OF THE HELLS CANYON.
01433. WATER DEMAND FOR STEAM ELECTRIC
GENERATION: AN ECONOMIC PROJECTION
MODEL.
01639. ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION AND
HUMAN WELFARE: THE SOCIAL CON-
SEQUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EF-
FECTS OF ELECTRIC POWER USE
01658. VALUE OF AN ACRE-FOOT OF WATER.
PRE-TREATMENT
00322. CENTRAL PRE-TREATMENT OF OMAHA
PACKING HOUSE WASTE WATERS.
00451. TANNERY PRE-TREATMENT PLANT DRASTI-
CALLY CUTS BARRE'S TREATMENT PLANT
LOAD.
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT.
00769. THE FEASIBILITY OF DEEP WELL INJECTION
OF WASTE BRINE FROM INLAND DESALT-
ING PLANTS.
00772. THE DISPOSAL OF POWER REACTOR WASTE
INTO DEEP WELLS.
00774. A METHOD OF HANDLING SALT WATER
DISPOSAL INCLUDING TREATMENT OF
WATER.
00780. DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF STEEL MILL
WASTES.
00801. DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTES BY INJECTION
UNDERGROUND--NEITHER MYTH NOT MIL-
LENNIUM.
00804. DISPOSAL OF SALT WATER IN THE EAST
TEXAS FIELD.
00813. TYPICAL OIL FIELD BRINE-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS, PREPARING BRINE FOR SUBSUR-
FACE INJECTION.
00839. A COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY ON
PRETREATMENT METHODS FOR MEM-
BRANE DESALTING PLANTS.
01030. PRETREATMENT OF WASTES FOR
DISCHARGE TO CITY SYSTEM.
01179. DESIGN AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE SOF-
TENING FOR 50-MGD SEAWATER
EVAPORATION PLANT.
PRESSURE SEWERS
00867. NON-MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN-
VOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING PRESSURIZED
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
00868. HYDRAULICS OF A PRESSURIZED SEWERAGE
SYSTEM AND USE OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS.
PRICING
00061. TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION OF INVEST-
MENT-PRICING DECISIONS: A MODEL FOR
URBAN WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE.
00598. THE USE OF STANDARDS AND PRICES FOR
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
00617. MULTISTAGE MARGINAL COST MODEL OF
INVESTMENT-PRICING DECISIONS: URBAN
WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00692. RATE SURCHARGES: FRIEND OR FOE.
00695. THE ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
00932. POLLUTION PRICES IN A GENERAL
EQUILIBRIUM MODEL.
01084. UNIT PRICING CHALLENGES TRADITIONAL
BLOCK-RATE METHOD.
01365. APPROACHES TO VALUE CHOICE: REGIONAL
PLANNING-CHALLENGER AND
PROSPECTS.
354
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01367. ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN WATER POLLU
TION ABATEMENT.
01395. WATER PRICING THEORY AND PRACTICE IN
ILLINOIS.
01431. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND PEAK LOAD
PRICING: A THEORETICAL APPLICATION
TO MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY PRAC-
TICES.
01475. A THEORETICAL NOTE ON THE CAPACITY
OF THE MARKET SYSTEM TO ABATE POL-
LUTION.
01609. APPLIED CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL WATER
RATE STRUCTURES.
01687. CAN WATER BE ALLOCATED BY COMPETI-
TIVE PRICES.
01708. POLLUTION CHARGES, INCOME, AND THE
COSTS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
01828. ON THE MARGINAL COST PRICING OF MU-
NICIPAL WATER.
01834. DEMAND FOR WATER UNDER DYNAMIC
CONDITIONS.
01849. COMMONALITY, THE PRICE SYSTEM, AND
USE OF WATER SUPPLIES.
01896. THE ECONOMIC COMMON SENSE OF POLLU-
TION.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
00367. NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL-
LAND.
01031. PRIMARY TREATMENT PLANT IN THE
WYOMING VALLEY.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
PROCESS MODIFICATION
00333. DISPERSED GROWTH AERATION OF COTTON
FINISHING WASTES. II. EFFECT OF HIGH PH
AND LOWERED AIR RATE.
00341. CLEAN WATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00377. SCUM INCINERATION EXPERIENCES.
00734. REVERSE OSMOSIS CAN CUT COST OF
WATER TREATMENT.
01122. PURE OXYGEN IMPROVES ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
01165. CAN VE HELP SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
01189. WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY CONTACT
STABILIZATION AT PENETANGUISHENE,
ONT.
01226. CONTRIBUTION OF INPLANT CONTROLS AND
PROCESS MODIFICATIONS TO POLLUTION
ABATEMENT IN THE PULPING INDUSTRY.
01239. LEGAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
PROCESS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
01291. HIGH PURITY WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES.
PROJECT PLANNING
00307 CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES.
00665. APPLICATIONS OF PROGRAM BUDGETING TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
00671. WATER QUALITY STUDY, REPORT 4, WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND
CONCEPTUAL PLAN.
00689. AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00978. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWAGE STUDY.
00980. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00997. WATER QUALITY PLANNING IN THE
PRESENCE OF INTERACTING POLLUTANTS.
01001. COMPUTER AIDS IN CRAG WATER PLAN.
01028. PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROJECTS.
01217. ECONOMIC PLANNING FOR STAGED
DEVELOPMENT.
01365. APPROACHES TO VALUE CHOICE: REGIONAL
PLANNING-CHALLENGER AND
PROSPECTS.
01456. THE ECONOMICS OF PROJECT EVALUATION.
01503. PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
01512. PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
01521. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA
WITH SPECIALIZED EMPHASIS ON THE
ROLE OF COST
01566. URBAN AND REGIONAL ASPECTS OF
PLANNING AND WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01611. REGIONAL SEWAGE COLLECTION AND
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT PLANNING RE-
GION.
01637. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
01732. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
01846. BENEFIT-COST RATIOS FOR PROJECTS IN
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE INVESTMENT PRO-
GRAMS.
01864. NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
01881. BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS FOR WATER
SYSTEM PLANNING.
PROPERTY RIGHTS
00242. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-THE
POLICE POWER).
00695. THE ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
01653. SOME ECONOMIC ISSUES IN WATER RIGHTS.
01687. CAN WATER BE ALLOCATED BY COMPETI-
TIVE PRICES.
PUBLIC CONCERN
00340. WATER QUALITY: COSTS BENEFITS AND IR-
REDUCIBLES.
00527. A STUDY OF LOCAL NEEDS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL FACILITIES IN FISCAL
YEARS 1971-76.
00536. CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALI-
TY AND THE COST OF IMPROVEMENTS.
355
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00547. THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
00827. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
01415. U. S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT. POLLU-
TION.
01489. POLLUTION AND POVERTY: THE STRATEGY
OF THE CROSS-COMMITMENT.
01592. WATER WASTELAND: RALPH NADER'S
STUDY GROUP REPORT ON WATER POLLU-
TION.
01639. ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION AND
HUMAN WELFARE: THE SOCIAL CON-
SEQUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EF-
FECTS OF ELECTRIC POWER USE
01822. ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE RELAT-
ING TO WATER RESOURCES.
01835. WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENT AND THE
PUBLIC INTEREST.
01874. THE PUBLIC VALUE FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, NATURAL
RESOURCES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
EDITED BY W. R. BURC
01876. ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01892. THE FUTURE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ISSUES
AND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES.
PUMPS
00864. COSTS OF WELLS AND PUMPS.
00868. HYDRAULICS OF A PRESSURIZED SEWERAGE
SYSTEM AND USE OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS.
00943. PROTECTING PUMPING STATION AGAINST
NUCLEAR ATTACK.
01005. EMERGENCY SURGE CONTROL SYSTEM.
01027. OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01053. NEW PUMPING AND WATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR AUGUSTA, MAINE.
01128. UNUSUAL SEWER SYSTEM ELEMENTS AT
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
RADIATION TREATMENT
00167. THE PRACTICALITY OF USING ATOMIC
RADIATION FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT.
00661. RADIATION TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE WATERS: AN ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS
00664. BIOLOGICAL-GAMMA-RADIATION SYSTEM
FOR SEWAGE PROCESSING.
00869. AN INVESTIGATION OF LIGHT CATALYZED
CHLORINE OXIDATION FOR TREATMENT
OF WASTEWATER.
01016. FLORIDA FIRM USES GAMMA RAYS TO
POLISH SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT.
01326. DESTRUCTION OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN
WASTEWATER BY IONIZING RADIATION.
01633. NUCLEAR DESALINATION. SYMPOSIUM ON
NUCLEAR DESALINATION, MADRID, SPAIN,
NOVEMBER 18-22, 1968.
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
00044. A LEAST COST EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS FOR LOW LEVEL LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
00114. THE SCIENTIST'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE
CONTROL OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT.
00767. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
00768. WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE
ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION.
00771. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL BY
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING.
00772. THE DISPOSAL OF POWER REACTOR WASTE
INTO DEEP WELLS.
00773. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAU-
LIC FRACTURING AS A METHOD FOR PER-
MANENT DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES.
00778. DEEP WELL FLUID WASTE DISPOSAL.
00781. A SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00793. GROUND WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES AT
THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT.
00794. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AS A WASTE
DISPOSAL METHOD.
00799. AN APPRAISAL OF GASEOUS WASTE
DISPOSAL INTO THE LITHOSPHERE AT THE
NATIONAL REACTOR TESTING STATION,
IDAHO.
00800. DISPOSAL OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR
WASTES BY INJECTION INTO DEEP WELLS.
00803. DISPOSAL OF WASTE RADIOACTIVE GASES
IN POROUS UNDERGROUND MEDIA.
00810. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL.
00819. FEASIBILITY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
DISPOSAL IN SHALLOW SEDIMENTARY
FORMATIONS.
00820. EXPERIENCE IN BURIAL OF LIQUID
RADIOACTIVE WASTES IN DEEP GEOLOGI-
CAL FORMATIONS.
01019. INCORPORATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN
SOLUBLE MEDIA.
01020. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS.
01022. NUCLEAR-WASTES DISPOSAL: FORMING
SOLIDS SAVE SPACE.
01187. REVIEW OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGE-
MENT IN WESTERN EUROPE.
01302. FINAL DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
01587. DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INTO
RIVER, LAKES AND ESTUARIES.
RARE EARTHS
00392. ACTIVABLE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
ESTUARINE WATER TRACERS.
RECREATION
00010. A SAMPLE DESIGN FOR INVESTIGATING THE
EFFECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION ON
WATER-BASED RECREATION EXPENDI-
TURES.
00051. RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN WATER QUALITY
AND RECREATION.
00099. THE ECONOMICS OF CLEAN WATER.
356
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00183. REPLY TO COMMENTS ON 'RECREATION
BENEFITS FROM WATER POLLUTION CON-
i ROL .
00193. THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
00213. LICKING RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES OHIO
(FLOOD CONTROL AND ALLIED PUR-
POSES).
00232. IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE ON RECREA-
TION AND STREAM ECOLOGY: APPENDIX
E. MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION AND
RECREATION IN APPALACH
00693. BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY ENHANCE-
MENT.
00703. EVALUATION OF EXTENDED AERATION
TREATMENT AT RECREATION AREAS
PROGRESS REPORT.
00952. COOLING LAKES CAN BE A PLEASANT SOLU-
TION.
01095. RECREATION BENEFITS RATE HIGH.
01144. JOB CORPS BUILDS RECREATION PARK
SEWAGE LAGOON.
01363. ON THE ECONOMICS OF PRESERVATION OR
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWER PORTION
OF THE HELLS CANYON.
01366. RECREATIONAL RESOURCE VALUES: SOME
EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES.
01491. CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS PROJECT, SAN
JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN.
01494. METHODOLOGY FOR APPROACHING WATER
QUALITY PROBLEMS, IN WATER
RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE WEST.
01504. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WATER RECREA-
TIONAL FACILITIES RESULTING FROM AN
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY: THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY I
01506. THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY
BENEFITS.
01508. POLLUTION ABATEMENT. GUIDE TO
BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS. REPORT BASED
ON RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW CON-
FERENCE, MONTREAL
01510. POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES IN
THE FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND
REVIEW OF PLANS FOR USE AND
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
01612. ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF
WATER QUALITY FOR VARIOUS USES.
01646. THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL POLLUTION.
01658. VALUE OF AN ACRE-FOOT OF WATER.
01691. OUTDOOR RECREATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01870. OUTDOOR RECREATION: AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01903. INDEX OF SELECTED OUTDOOR RECREA-
TION LITERATURE.
01910 THE IDENTIFICATION AND CRITICAL ANALY-
SIS OF SELECTED LITERATURE DEALING
WITH THE RECREATIONAL ASPECTS OF
WATER RESOURCES
REGIONALIZATION
00031. REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-
A PILOT STUDY.
00038. WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
ASPECTS OF URBANIZATION.
00040. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGMENT: WATER POLLU-
TION AND RESOURCES ALLOCATION BY
PRIVATE MARKETS.
00059. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANANGEMENT.
00085. ROLE OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
00106. CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS (WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).
00112. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00117. RESEARCH GOALS AND PROGRESS TOWARD
THEM.
00126. DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION AN-
NUAL REPORT 1969.
00152. A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
00174. EFFLUENTS AND AFFLUENCE.
00175. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
00186. ALTERNATIVES IN WATER SUPPLY.
00205. WATER REUSE IN WEST GERMAN INDUSTRY.
00276. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY-A SYSTEMS APPROACH.
00297. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER CON-
TROL.
00309. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWERAGE STUDY.
00335. INDUSTRIAL WATER RECIRCULATION IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
00354. SOME ECONOMIC PLANNING CONSIDERA-
TIONS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
FOR THE UPPER PAWCATUCK RIVER
BASIN IN RHODE ISLAND.
00362. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
00417. THE COST OF IMPROVING WATER QUALITY
IN THE GREAT LAKES.
00492. ORGANIZING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF RIVER
BASIN AUTHORITIES.
00493. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC INCEN-
TIVES: SOME CURRENT POLICY ISSUES.
00526. WATER SEWER AND DRAINAGE PLAN FOR
FORT SMITH URBANIZING AREA, PHASE II.
00548. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A.
00551. ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON, D.
C.
00600. EVALUATING URBAN CORE USAGE OF
WATERWAYS AND SHORELINES.
00616. COSTS FOR EQUIVALENT UPSTREAM REDUC-
TION IN WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.
00645. RECONNAISANCE STUDY: FINANCE, OR-
GANIZATION, MANAGEMENT-NASHUA ER
QUALITY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.
357
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00693. BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY ENHANCE-
MENT.
00711. USE OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN RE- 01509.
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
00722. REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
TREATMENT COSTS IN TEXAS.
00728. THE RIVER BASIN MODEL: ECONOMIC SEC- 01521.
TOR.
00738. PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IN GREATER CHICAGO.
00821. WATER FACILITIES. 01566.
00822. SEWER FACILITIES.
00846, PRIORITY AND PLANNING ELEMENTS FOR
DEVELOPING ILLINOIS WATER 01611.
RESOURCES.
00855. PRELIMINARY WATER PLAN FOR THE BAL-
TIMORE REGION.
00856. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY SEWERAGE. 01614.
ANDERSON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
00859. CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF EN-
GINEERING TECHNOLOGY TO THE 01632.
PROBLEMS OF APPALACHIA. VOLUME 3. 01637.
WATER RESOURCES. 01671.
0086Q. REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBU- 01716.
TION IN THE CENTRAL CONNECTICUT
PLANNING REGION. 01730.
00862. COMPREHENSIVE SEWERAGE PLAN. PART I.
DATA SUMMARY: PUBLIC SEWERAGE 01745.
SYSTEMS.
00885. ANALYSIS OF COMPREHENSIVE WATER 01833.
SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE DISPOSAL STU-
DIES. 01862.
00886. THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE 01864.
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
00902. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND WATER 01882.
DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME 1.
00919. INTERIM DEVELOPMENT GUIDE AND PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER AND WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
00935. ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN
STATE WATER RESOURCES PLANNING 00049.
PROGRAMS.
00953. COOPERATIVE CITY-COUNTY RATE STRUC-
TURES. 00054.
00995. WATER FOR THE WEST.
OKJ01. COMPUTER AIDS IN CRAG WATER PLAN. 00280.
OF361. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT AND POLLU-
, TION ABATEMENT BENEFITS ON A CLOSED
> - RIVER SYSTEM. 00336
01365. APPROACHES TO VALUE CHOICE: REGIONAL
PLANNING--CHALLENGER AND
PROSPECTS. 00417.
01385. SYSTEMS SIMULATION FOR REGIONAL
ANALYSIS. 00421.
01438. COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY: THE ECONOMICS
OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASIN 00460.
DEVELOPMENT.
01492. COLORADO RIVER SALINITY STUDY.
01494. METHODOLOGY FOR APPROACHING WATER
'. -: QUALITY PROBLEMS, IN WATER 00527.
; , RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
: MENT OF THE WEST.
01495. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON- 00536.
!.' ; TROL.
01499. ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION CONTROL IN 00615.
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOUTH. CON-
FERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES
WATER USE RELATIONAHIPS AS AFFECTED
BY WATER QUALITY ON THE YAQUINA
BAY. WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE
PAPERS, 1964.
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA
WITH SPECIALIZED EMPHASIS ON THE
ROLE OF COST ASSESSME
URBAN AND REGIONAL ASPECTS OF
PLANNING AND WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
REGIONAL SEWAGE COLLECTION AND
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT PLANNING RE-
GION.
WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR GROUP:
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PURPOSES RE-
LATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT.
LARGE-SCALE DESALTING.
MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
A REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL POLLUTION
CONTROL SYSTEMS.
REGIONAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION COST MANUAL.
MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING FOR RE-
GIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
THE ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL-MU-
NICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES AT U. S.
UNIVERSITIES: A REPORT BASED ON A
1963 SURVEY OF URBAN AND REGION A
RESEARCH.
RENOVATION COSTS
REGIONAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILI-
TIES 1955-1967.
CORRECTING STORM-WATER INFILTRATION,
TONAWANDA, NEW YORK.
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE BLACKBURN
MEADOWS RECONSTRUCTION AND EX-
TENSION SCHEME AT SHEFFIELD.
FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT-THE NEED FOR POLICY
CHANGE.
THE COST OF IMPROVING WATER QUALITY
IN THE GREAT LAKES.
EVALUATION OF FACILITY OPERATION
(LITERATURE REVIEW).
AMENDED 1964 MASTER PLAN OF WATER-
WORKS IMPROVEMENTS FOR BOARD OF
WATERWORKS COMMISSIONERS, MADIS-
ON, WISCONSIN.
A STUDY OF LOCAL NEEDS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL FACILITIES IN FISCAL
YEARS 1971-76.
CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALI-
TY AND THE COST OF IMPROVEMENTS.
CLEAN WATER DAY PROMISES IMPROVED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
358
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00858. SANITARY SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREAT
MENT FOR AMARILLO 1967
00871. PUBLIC SERVICE AND FACILITIES ELEMENT-
SEWAGE DISPOSAL, THE CITY OF ANDER-
SON GENERAL PLAN.
01167. OLD PLANTS REVIVED WITH NEW CONTROL
CENTER.
REPLACEMENT COSTS
OOH6. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTAN-
DARD QUALITY WATER IN WEBSTER AND
OTHER COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH DAKOTA
00127. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
00989. NEW WATERWORKS INTAKE FOR HAMILTON
ONTARIO.
01048. EFFECTS OF HIGHLY MINERALIZED WATER
ON HOUSEHOLD PLUMBING AND AP-
PLIANCES.
RESEARCH
00030. CONSERVATION OF POWER AND WATER
RESOURCES: GRANTS FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00051. RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN WATER QUALITY
AND RECREATION.
00117. RESEARCH GOALS AND PROGRESS TOWARD
THEM.
00199. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR REUSE
OF WATER.
00236. ECONOMICS AND POLITICS INFLUENCE POL-
LUTION ABATEMENT RESEARCH.
00249. FOAM FRACTIONATION.
00384. FEDERAL GRANTS AVAILABLE FOR INDUS-
TRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL.
00452. TREATMENT OF WINE DISTILLING WASTES
BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
00498. AGRICULTURE WASTE RESEARCH NEEDS.
00649. REVIEW OF NATIONAL RESEARCH POLICY
ON EUTROPHICATION PROBLEMS.
00729. PAC-PCT PROCESS FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
00759. ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
00770. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT
OF AQUIFERS.
00825. THE ECONOMICS OF QUANTITY VS QUALITY
IN GREEN BAY.
01188. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE EF-
FLUENTS.
01421. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
01425. ADVANCES IN WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH PROCEEDINGS.
01437. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH.
01482. WATER RESEARCH.
01501. WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
01504. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WATER RECREA-
TIONAL FACILITIES RESULTING FROM AN
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY: THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY
01538. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A GUIDE TO
CURRENT RESEARCH.
01577. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER
POLLUTION RESEARCH, 64TH.
PROCEEDINGS.
01578. ADVANCES IN WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS, 3 VOLS.
01626. WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1964.
01630. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH. JERUSALEM INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY AND
POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1969
01693. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS
CHALLENGE TO POLITICAL ECONOMIC
RESEARCH.
01694. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CATALOG.
VOL. 1, PART 1: FEDERALLY SUPPORTED
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS.
01824. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION RESEARCH
CATALOG, PARTS 1 AND 2.
01830. WATER POLICY AND ECONOMIC OPTIMIZ-
ING: SOME CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN
WATER RESEARCH.
01869. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOCIOLOGICAL AND
OTHER RELATED SOCIAL SCIENCE PUBLI-
CATIONS ON WATER.
01882. URBAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES AT U. S.
UNIVERSITIES: A REPORT BASED ON A
1963 SURVEY OF URBAN AND REGION A
RESEARCH.
01901. INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS AND BENEFIT-COST
ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCES
RESEARCH.
01912. WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST, REPORT IN-
STITUTIONS AND POLICIES.
RESERVOIRS
00029. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS RE-
PORT.
00109. ACQUISITION OF LAND TO PREVENT CON-
TAMINATION.
00179. HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT IN COOLING
WATER.
00188. HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS WITH
RESERVOIR STORAGE OF MAKEUP TO
SERVE THE PROPOSED KEYSTONE
GENERATING STATION.
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION.
00196. ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER
PROJECT.
00219. SIMULATION MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTA-
TION COSTS.
00495. WATER STORAGE METHODS - FROM
CUPPED HANDS TO COMPUTERS.
00517. THE REUSE OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTE
BY THE MIDLAND DIVISION, THE DOW
CHEMICAL COMPANY.
00845. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01007. MORE WATER FOR GREENSBORO, NORTH
CAROLINA.
01086. ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION IN RESER-
VOIRS.
359
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01249. OPTIMAL RESERVOIR RELEASES FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
01256. TOOLS FOR WATER RESOURCE STUDY.
01315 SIMULATION/OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
FOR MULTI-BASIN WATER RESOURCE
PLANNING.
01496. BENEFIT-COST CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01502. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1961. PUBLIC LAW NO.
87-88.
01507. INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS DERIVED FROM IM-
PROVED RAW WATER QUALITY IN THE
CONTRASCOSTA CANAL.
01532. WATER AND WATER USE TERMINOLOGY.
01670. FACTORS AFFECTING STORAGE COSTS.
01805. REAERATION OF STREAMS AND RESER-
VOIRS: ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
00413.
00443.
00464.
00631.
00694.
00711.
01540.
01613.
01628.
01665.
01853.
00153.
00432.
00449.
00459.
00539.
00603.
00608.
00734.
THE
POLLUTION, PURIFICATION AND
THEORY OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS.
POLLUTION, PROPERTY AND PRICES.
REGIONAL TRADE AND STRUCTURE MODEL
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT STUDY.
ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS: AN
INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION OF
THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION.
USE OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
SCIENTIFIC ALLOCATION OF WATER
RESOURCES.
PROBLEMS AND INSTRUMENTS RELATING
TO THE ALLOCATION OF ENVIRONMEN-
TAL COSTS.
PERSPECTIVES ON CONSERVATION; ESSAYS
ON AMERICA'S NATURAL RESOURCES.
DETERMINATION OF STREAM USE.
MODELS OF INVESTIGATION OF INDUSTRIAL
RESPONSE TO RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT
ACTIONS.
REVERSE OSMOSIS
ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A
REVERSE OSMOSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEM-
-PART H. OPTIMIZATION.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF BRINE DISPOSAL
FROM REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANTS.
REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALTING STATE-OF"
THE-ART(1969).
REVERSE OSMOSIS RENOVATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER
BY REVERSE OSMOSIS.
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
AND RECOVERY OF
WASTES.
DEVELOPMENT OF A
MEMBRANE DEVICE FOR REVERSE OSMO-
SIS,
REVERSE OSMOSIS CAN CUT COST OF
WATER TREATMENT.
FOR TREATMENT
PETROCHEMICAL
THIN-LIQUID-FILM
00748. REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR WATER
REUSE APPLICATION.
00749. THE ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF
REVERSE OSMOSIS AS A METHOD OF
PROCESSING SPENT LIQUORS OF THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
00830. PUMPING AND ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEMS
FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION
PLANTS.
00874. PARAMETRIC STUDY OF A ONE MGD
BRACKISH WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS
PLANT (SPIRAL MODULE CONCEPT).
00897. OPERATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS PILOT
PLANTS
00905. EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BRINE DISPOSAL
USING FLUID BED EVAPORATION.
00938. EIGHTEENTH OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONFERENCE. i
01040. HYBRID SCHEME MAY LOWER DESALTING
COSTS.
01043. REVERSE OSMOSIS OFFERS USEFUL
TECHNIQUE FOR DESALTING.
01075. LOWERING THE COST OF REVERSE-OSMOSIS
DESALTING. '•
01112. REVERSE OSMOSIS: HOLLOW FIBERS GET
TRYOUTS.
01248. REVERSE OSMOSIS FOR INDUSTRIAL WATER
AND WASTE TREATMENT.
01260. ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION
STUDY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
01319. ECONOMICS OF LARGE SCALE REVERSE OS-
MOSIS PLANTS.
01621. DESALINATION BY REVERSE OSMOSIS.
RIVER BASIN
00005. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
00029. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS RE-
PORT.
00031. REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-
A PILOT STUDY.
00068. WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
STUDY-JAMES RIVER BASIN.
00084. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: ENGINEER-
ING-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00090. A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR
URBAN WATER SERVICES.
00112. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00126. DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION AN-
NUAL REPORT 1969.
00129. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF RIVER STAN-
DARDS.
00162. REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00174. EFFLUENTS AND AFFLUENCE.
00187. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
00229. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN
APPALACHIA
360
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00249. FOAM FRACTIONATION.
00283. A STEADY STATE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF AR
TIFICIAL INDUCED AERATION IN POL
LUTED STREAMS BY THE USE OF
PONTRYAGIN'S PRINCIPLE
00309. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM
PREHENSIVE SEWERAGE STUDY
00354. SOME ECONOMIC PLANNING CONSIDERA
TIONS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
FOR THE UPPER PAWCATUCK RIVER
BASIN IN RHODE ISLAND.
00362. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
00367. NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL
LAND.
00389. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
00493. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC INCEN-
TIVES: SOME CURRENT POLICY ISSUES
00548. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A.
00574. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL
MEASURES.
00592. ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS FOR SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT ON A NORTH MISSISSIPPI
WATERSHED.
00596. ALTERNATIVE OXYGENATION POSSIBILITIES
FOR LARGE POLLUTED RIVERS.
00619. ALTERNATE POLICIES FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00645. RECONNAISANCE STUDY: FINANCE, OR-
GANIZATION, MANAGEMENT-NASHUA ER
QUALITY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.
00667. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT.
00671. WATER QUALITY STUDY, REPORT 4, WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND
CONCEPTUAL PLAN.
00679. MECHANICAL AERATION SYSTEMS FOR
RIVERS AND PONDS.
00728. THE RIVER BASIN MODEL: ECONOMIC SEC-
TOR.
00733. THERMAL POLLUTION: THE EFFECT OF THE
PROBLEM.
00845. REAERAT1ON OF STREAMS AND RESERVOIRS
ANALYSIS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
00886. THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
00963. AERATION OF STREAMS WITH AIR AND
MOLECULAR OXYGEN.
00993. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01174. IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY UNDER
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT.
01181. ECONOMICS OF WASTE TREATMENT.
01208. COST OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT IN MAUMEE RIVER
BASIN.
01232. EXTENSIONS TO THE CHANIA. SASUMUA,
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR NAIROBI.
01345. AN ANNOTATED LIST OF FAO PUBLICATIONS
ON INLAND WATER POLLUTION, AND
WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCES
01361. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT AND POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT BENEFITS ON A CLOSED
RIVER SYSTEM.
01362. AN ECONOMIC MODEL FOR A POLLUTED
RIVER SYSTEM.
01386. SYMPOSIUM ON RIVER MANAGEMENT.
01392. A SPECIAL REPORT ON THE POLLUTION OF
RIVER WATERS.
01400. THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE BIG VER-
MILION RIVER, ILLINOIS.
01438. COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY: THE ECONOMICS
OF AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASIN
DEVELOPMENT.
01439. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
01442. COST OF CAPITAL IN CANADA: WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO PUBLIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER.
01465. THE ORSANCO STORY: WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IN THE OHIO VALLEY
UNDER AN INTERSTATE COMPACT.
01491. CENTRAL PACIFIC BASINS PROJECT, SAN
JOAQUIN MASTER DRAIN.
01492. COLORADO RIVER SALINITY STUDY.
01503. PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
01511. METHODS OF APPROXIMATING DILUTION
WATER REQUIREMENTS AS A SUPPLEMEN-
TAL MEASURE FOR CONTROL OF WATER
QUALITY IN RIVERS.
01517. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE
MEANS OF ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
01521. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA
WITH SPECIALIZED EMPHASIS ON THE
ROLE OF COST
01523. ECONOMICS OF RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT
IN INDIA.
01536. THE COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY; THE
ECONOMICS OF AN INTERNATIONAL
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT.
01541. SEMINAR ON RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT,
LONDON, ENGLAND, 1970.
01567. RIVER POLLUTION. VOL. 3. CONTROL.
01568. CONTROL OF RIVER POLLUTION BY INDUS-
TRY.
01582. STUDIES OF THE POLLUTION OF THE TEN-
NESSEE RIVER SYSTEM.
01587. DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INTO
RIVER, LAKES AND ESTUARIES.
01591. THE SUSQUEHANNA COMPACT: GUARDIAN
OF THE RIVER'S FUTURE. ,
01598. SYMPOSIUM ON RIVER MANAGEMENT,
UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE,
1966.
01599. RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSER-
VATION.
01617. RIVER POLLUTION.
01634. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THERMAL POL-
LUTION. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THER-
MAL POLLUTION, VANDERBILT UNIVERSI-
TY, NASHVILLE, TEN
01637. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
01698 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
METHODOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO
THE SAINT JOHN RIVER.
01702. BASIN MANAGEMENT FOR WATER REUSE.
361
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
0)709. THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE WATER
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN
THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY.
01715. A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING OP-
TIMUM LONGITUDINAL SPACING OF EF-
FLUENT DISCHARGES INTO A RIVER.
01727. WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE
RIVER SYSTEM.
01762. COST OF TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE
RIVER SYSTEM OF THE TRENT AREA.
01766. MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT COSTS AND
ESTIMATED WASTE LOADINGS: THE
WISCONSIN RIVER BASIN.
01771. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01773. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATE WASTE
MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN A RIVER
BASIN.
01810. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RIVERS AND HARBORS.
01839. CONSERVATION EXPECTATIONS OF RIVER
BASIN MANAGEMENT.
01877. THE ECONOMIC DYNAMICS OF RIVER BASIN
DEVELOPMENT.
RIVER STANDARD
00001. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
00005. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
00129. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF RIVER STAN-
DARDS.
00138. ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF IMPROVING
STREAM QUALITY: AN ECONOMIC AND
POLICY ANALYSIS.
00187. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00303. MARGINAL COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE LEVELS
OF WATER QUALITY IN THE UPPER MISSIS-
SIPPI RIVER.
00353. DYNAMIC ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS OR
CHARGES.
00487. MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF WATER
QUALITY IN STREAMS.
01351. BOD MASS BALANCE AND WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS.
01422. APPLIED STREAM SANITATION.
01505. A COST OPTIMIZATION STUDY FOR STREAM
WASTE DISPOSAL. (UNPUBLISHED).
01518. THE OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF STREAM DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN.
01727. WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE
RIVER SYSTEM.
01836. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS: THE
FEDERAL PERSPECTIVE-PROGRESS
TOWARD OBJECTIVES.
RIVERS
00044. A LEAST COST EVALUATION OF DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS FOR LOW
RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
00047. DELAWARE ESTUARY
STUDY-PRELIMINARY
FINDINGS.
LEVEL LIQUID
COMPREHENSIVE
REPORT AND
01352. LAKE AND RIVER POLLUTION, AN AN-
NOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
SAFETY PROGRAM
00313. LIFE AND HEALTH ASSURANCE.
00425. GOOD MANAGEMENT INCLUDES EFFECTIVE
SAFETY PROGRAMS.
SANITARY LANDFILL
00296. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL AT SEA.
00312. ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
METROPOLITAN SYSTEM.
00381. DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE ON LAND.
01019. INCORPORATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN
SOLUBLE MEDIA.
01123. RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
01139. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
SCREENING
00398. ROTARY VIBRATORY FINE SCREENING OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
00407. HIGH-RATE, FINE-MESH SCREENING OF COM-
BINED WASTE WATER OVERFLOWS.
01411. OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE EX-
PERIENCE IN SCREENING DIGESTED
SLUDGE.
SEAWATER
00124. REDUCING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN THE
WILMINGTON OIL FIELD BY THE USE OF
SALINE WATERS.
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00355. CONCENTRATION OF SEAWATER BY ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
00633. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OPERATION OF
THE MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
PLANT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA.
00650. DEMINERALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
00689. AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00824. DESALTING COST CALCULATING
PROCEDURES.
00835. ECONOMICS OF SEAWATER DESALTING IN
COMBINATION WITH AMMONIA AND
POWER PRODUCTION.
00873. A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE
SYSTEM AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF
LARGE SEA WATER DISTILLATION
PLANTS.
00890. STUDY OF SEAWATER DESALTING AS EMER-
GENCY WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK
CITY.
00892. OPTIMUM BRINE HEATER OUTLET TEMPERA-
TURE IN SEA WATER CONVERSION
EVAPORATORS.
00893. A MANUAL ON WATER DESALINATION.
VOLUME II. ECONOMICS.
00897. OPERATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS PILOT
PLANTS.
00906. EVALUATION OF 75, 000 GPD SEA WATER
DESULFATING PILOT PLANT.
362
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00908. DESIGN STUDY OF LARGE MULTIPLE PHASE
EJECTOR DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS
01072. DESALTING SEA WATER WITH AMMONIA '
01073. GUIDELINES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
THE FEASIBILITY OF DESALTING SEA
WATER.
01075. LOWERING THE COST OF REVERSE-OSMOSIS
DESALTING.
01179. DESIGN AND COST OF ION EXCHANGE SOF-
TENING FOR 50-MGD SEAWATER
EVAPORATION PLANT.
01585. DESALTING SEAWATER, ACHIEVEMENTS
AND PROSPECTS.
01656. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SALINE-WATER
CONVERSION.
01657. COST OF WATER TREATMENT IN CALIFOR-
NIA.
01678. OUTLOOK FOR ECONOMIC USE OF FRESH
WATER FROM THE SEA.
SECONDARY TREATMENT
00097. EUTROPHICATION.
00345. WILMINGTON GOES ON LINE WITH MODERN
NEW SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT.
00396. PRESSURE FILTRATION OF SECONDARY
TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT.
00553. WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN GREAT
BRITAIN.
00647. WATER QUALITY ASPECTS OF INTERMIT-
TENT SYSTEMS USING SECONDARY
SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
00215.
00216.
00592.
00708.
01446.
01586.
01807.
01808.
01817.
SEDIMENTATION
TUBE CLARIFICATION PROCESS, OPERATING
EXPERIENCES.
A BREAKTHROUGH IN THE TRACER STUDIES
OF SEDIMENTATION TANKS.
ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS FOR SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT ON A NORTH MISSISSIPPI
WATERSHED.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EROSION AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL FOR WATERSHEDS
UNDERGOING URBANIZATION.
HYDRAULICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.
EROSION AND SEDIMENT POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF CON-
CERN TO MARINE MINING RESEARCH: A
SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
SEDIMENTATION: ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY OF FOREIGN LITERATURE. 1968-
1969 SURVEY NO. 6.
URBANIZATION AND SEDIMENTATION: A
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
OF
00021. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
00060. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
OF IMPROVING
ECONOMIC AND
00068. WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL
STUDY-JAMES RIVER BASIN.
00069. NUTRIENTS.
00121. EFFLUENT CHARGES.
00126. DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION AN-
NUAL REPORT 1969.
00138. ALTERNATIVE METHODS
STREAM QUALITY: AN
POLICY ANALYSIS.
00146. AN EXAMINATION OF THE BENEFITS AND
DISADVANTAGES WITH RESPECT TO THE
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
00151. ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD
PUMP-STORAGE-GRINDER UNIT (TASK 6).
00201. SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF
NUTRIENTS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKE, MINNESOTA
00206. THE UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER IN JAPAN.
00219. SIMULATION MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTA-
TION COSTS.
00225. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME H2-CRITERIA FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT.
00254. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS
DESIGN.
00366. CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS CHOSEN
FOR NEW DRYDEN PLANT.
00400. OPTIMAL DEGREE OF SEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT FOR EACH PROJECT OF THE
COMPLEX.
00407. HIGH-RATE, FINE-MESH SCREENING OF COM-
BINED WASTE WATER OVERFLOWS.
00408. PERFORMANCE OF THE SOMERSET, OHIO,
OXIDATION DITCH.
00514. LAUNCHING A TWO MILE SEWAGE OUT-
FALL.
00517. THE REUSE OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTE
BY THE MIDLAND DIVISION, THE DOW
CHEMICAL COMPANY.
00563. COST OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN ILLINOIS.
00664. BIOLOGICAL-GAMMA-RADIATION SYSTEM
FOR SEWAGE PROCESSING.
00689. AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00866. MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
00912. COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF
SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL.
00940. HEAT SYNERESIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGES.
01019. INCORPORATING INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN
SOLUBLE MEDIA.
01032. PURE OXYGEN CUTS COST OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT.
01039. ANALYSIS OF TREATMENT PLANT COSTS OF-
FERS CHECK ON NEW UNIT'S PRICE.
01107. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER
CONSTRUCTION COST INDEX.
01154. NEW WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PROCESSES.
01222. ARCTIC HEATED PIPE WATER AND WASTE
WATER SYSTEMS.
01342. HIGH TEMPERATURE WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PROCESS.
01527. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
GUIDE.
363
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01546. OZONE IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
01547. DICTIONARY OF WATER AND SEWAGE EN-
GINEERING.
01597. WATER AND WASTE.
01604. MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGA-
TION.
01611. REGIONAL SEWAGE COLLECTION AND
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT PLANNING RE-
GION.
01618. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND SOLID
WASTES DISPOSAL
01619. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
01629. GLOSSARY: WATER AND WASTEWATER
CONTROL ENGINEERING.
01644. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
01680. GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS AND THE
COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT.
01697. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT.
01764. COST CURVES OF SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR
LOW FLOW AUGMENTATION.
01767. SEWAGE TREATMENT CONSTRUCTION
COSTS.
01768. ESTIMATING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
01772. SEWERS AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
01879. THE METROPOLITAN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT: IN DECISIONS IN SYRACUSE. R. C.
MARTIN (ED.).
SEWER CHARGES
00011. MODERN SEWER-SERVICE CHARGES, PART 1-
-WHY CITIES NEED THEM.
00500. SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEWERS.
00533. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SEWER SERVICE
CHARGE FORMULAS.
SEWER MAINTENANCE
00545. CATCH BASINS CLEANED FOR $3.00.
00707. SEWER MAINTENANCE COSTS.
00865. POLYMERS FOR SEWER FLOW CONTROL.
01020. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS.
SEWER RESTORATION
00147. PRESSURE TUBING FIELD INVESTIGATION.
01171. PLASTIC RELINING OF SMALL DIAMETER
PIPES.
SEWER SEPARATION
00067. PROTECTING THE POTOMAC AT WASHING-
TON.
00077. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
00145. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FULL SCALE
FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF THE ASCE
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT
SCHEME.
00148. SEPARATION OF COMBINED WASTEWATER
AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, SAN
FRANCISCO STUDY AREA.
00149. COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
REPORT ON MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
00150. REPORT ON PRESSURE SEWERAGE SYSTEM,
SUMMER STREET SEPARATION STUDY
AREA, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.
00247. NUTRIENT REMOVAL A UNIVERSAL
REQUIREMENT.
00403. REPORT TO THE CITY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN,
ON SANITARY AND STORM SEWER
SYSTEMS.
00500. SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEWERS.
00505. ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS THAT
NOBODY LIKES TO HEAR.
00506. URBAN RUNOFF ADDS TO WATER POLLU-
TION.
00515. THE UNABATED GROWTH OF WATER POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES.
00723. COST AND PERFORMANCE OF RETENTION
BASINS IN THE TREATMENT OF WET-
WEATHER SEWAGE FLOWS.
00866. MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA.
00867. NON-MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN-
VOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING PRESSURIZED
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
00868. HYDRAULICS OF A PRESSURIZED SEWERAGE
SYSTEM AND USE OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS.
SEWER SURCHARGES
00263. THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES CONTROL PRO-
GRAM IN NEW YORK CITY.
00267. SURVEY OF WASTE WATER RATES AND
CHARGES.
00336. FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT-THE NEED FOR POLICY
CHANGE.
00349. ECONOMICS OF CANNERY WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
00413. POLLUTION, PURIFICATION AND THE
THEORY OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS.
00426. AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
00442. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BURDEN OF
SEWER USER CHARGES UNDER VARIOUS
CHARGE FORMULAS.
00702. TWO METHODS OF STUDYING THE EFFECT
OF MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES.
00709. EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
00736. WASTE WATER CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
00752. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT COSTS AND CHARGES.
01148. METROPOLITAN SEWER DISTRICT OF
GREATER CINCINNATI PROGRAM.
SEWER SYSTEMS
00077. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
00078. CHICAGO TUNNEL DRAINAGE PROJECT:
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF FEASIBILI-
TY.
00082. A HEURISTIC AID FOR THE DESIGN OF
SEWER NETWORKS.
00145. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FULL SCALE
FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF THE 'ASCE
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT
SCHEME.
364
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00306. ISLAND CITY SOLVES TOUGH SEWERAOF
PROBLEM.
00321. USE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN OF SANITA
RY SEWER SYSTEMS.
00367. NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL-
LAND.
00402. GENESEE COUNTY, MICHIGAN PUBLIC
WORKS PLAN FOR WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00410. CHEMICAL CONTROL OF TREE ROOTS IN
SEWER LINES.
00412. ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER
OVERFLOW PROBLEM ROANOKE VIR-
GINIA.
00415. ENGINEERING REPORT ON COUNTY-WIDE
WASTE WATER INTERCEPTING AND
TREATMENT FACILITIES
00501. CHICAGO SEWER DRAIN PROJECT
00503. SUBURB MEETS URBANIZATION HEAD-ON
00526. WATER SEWER AND DRAINAGE PLAN FOR
FORT SMITH URBANIZING AREA, PHASE II.
00547. THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
00560. SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT IN A LARGE
INDUSTRIAL PLANT.
00567. SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
00722. REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
TREATMENT COSTS IN TEXAS.
00822. SEWER FACILITIES.
00853. AN EVALUATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN.
00854. FEASIBILITY OF CURVILINEAR ALIGNMENTS
FOR RESIDENTIAL SANITARY SEWERS.
00862. COMPREHENSIVE SEWERAGE PLAN. PART I.
DATA SUMMARY: PUBLIC SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS.
00871. PUBLIC SERVICE AND FACILITIES ELEMENT:
SEWAGE DISPOSAL, THE CITY OF ANDER-
SON GENERAL PLAN.
00913. SYSTEM STUDY, VACUUM SEWAGE COLLEC-
TION.
01020. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS.
01107. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT AND SEWER
CONSTRUCTION COST INDEX.
01128. UNUSUAL SEWER SYSTEM ELEMENTS AT
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
01134. CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL SURCHARGE OR-
DINANCE.
01171. PLASTIC RELINING OF SMALL DIAMETER
PIPES.
01263. INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS. DETERMINATION, ECONOMIC
COST, AND CORRECTION METHODS.
01300. SEWER DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATION BY
COMPUTER.
01308. RECOVERY OF SALTS FROM SALINE WATER
VIA SOLVENT EXTRACTION.
01645. EXTENSION OF SEWER SERVICE AT THE
URBAN-RURAL FRINGE.
01685. MUNICIPAL SEWER SERVICE CHARGES.
01725. DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEMS.
01772. SEWERS AND SEWAGE TREATMENT.
01783. SEWER SYSTEM COST ESTIMATION MODEL.
01786. A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SEWER DESIGN
AND COST ESTIMATION.
SEWERS
00054. CORRECTING STORM-WATER INFILTRATION,
TONAWANDA, NEW YORK.
SITE SELECTION
00155. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING IN THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOR THE BON-
NEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION.
00188. HYPERBOLIC COOLING TOWERS WITH
RESERVOIR STORAGE OF MAKEUP TO
SERVE THE PROPOSED KEYSTONE
GENERATING STATION.
00231. THE IMPACTS OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON LOCATION DECISIONS OF MANU-
FACTURING INDUSTRY IN APPALACHIA.
01409. OPTIMUM NUMBER AND LOCATION OF
TREATMENT PLANTS.
01654. ECONOMIC ASPECT OF INDUSTRIAL EF-
FLUENT TREATMENT.
01707. MULTI-TIME PERIOD, FACILITIES LOCATION
PROBLEMS: A HEURISTIC ALGORITHM
WITH APPLICATIONS TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
01715. A METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING OP-
TIMUM LONGITUDINAL SPACING OF EF-
FLUENT DISCHARGES INTO A RIVER.
01755. AN OPTIMAL SITING MODEL: THERMAL
PLANTS WITH TEMPERATURE CON-
STRAINTS.
01904. ECONOMIC DISLOCATION RESULTING FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS.
SLUDGE CONDITIONING
00405. PRETREATMENT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE.
00636. AN ASSESSMENT OF POLYELECTROLYTES
FOR SLUDGE CONDITIONING AT
WORTHING.
00654. POLYELECTROLYTE CONDITIONING OF
ALUM SLUDGE.
00656. ROTARY PRECOAT FILTRATION OF SLUDGE
FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
NEUTRALIZATION.
00685. SOME SOLUTIONS TO SLUDGE TREATMENT
PROBLEMS AT FISHMOOR TREATMENT
PLANT.
00701. RECLAIMING WATER FROM WATER PLANT
SLUDGE.
00940. HEAT SYNERESIS OF SEWAGE SLUDGES.
01009. THE USE OF FLY ASH IN WASTEWATER
TREATMENT AND SLUDGE CONDITIONING.
01018. IMPROVING BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
01120. POLYMERS IN THE FILTRATION OF RAW
SLUDGE.
01125. THE USES OF FILTER PRESSES FOR THE DE-
WATERING OF SLUDGES.
01135. CHICAGO SHIPS ITS SLUDGE TO THE FARM-
LAND.
01200. CONTACT STABILIZATION.
01201. LAGOONS FOR MILITARY SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT IN SOUTH VIETNAM.
01281. TILTED PLATE SEPARATORS FOR REFINERY
WASTE WATER.
365
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01724. EFFECTS OF AXIAL DISPERSION ON THE OP-
TIMAL DESIGN OF THE ACTIVATED
SLUDGE PROCESS.
01776. A GENERALIZED COMPUTER MODEL FOR
STEADY STATE PERFORMANCE OF THE
RELIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
SLUDGE DEWATERING
00163. CENTR1FUGATION OF WASTE SLUDGES.
00167. THE PRACTICALITY OF USING ATOMIC
RADIATION FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT.
00375. EUROPEAN PRACTICES IN SLUDGE
DIGESTION AND DISPOSAL.
00401. DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGE BY ELEC-
TROOSMOSIS.
00477. CENTRIFUGAL DEWATERING OF PRIMARY
PAPER INDUSTRY SLUDGES.
00564. COST OF DEHYDRATING POULTRY MANURE.
00580. PRE-TREATMENT OF WASTES AT BARRIE
TANNING LIMITED, BARRIE, ONTARIO.
00757. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
TO COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE DE-
WATERING BY VACUUM FILTER AND CEN-
TRIFUGE.
00928. HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS IMPROVES
ECONOMICS OF SLUDGE HANDLING AND
DISPOSAL.
00936. CENTRIFUGE FOR DEWATERING SLUDGES.
01125. THE USES OF FILTER PRESSES FOR THE DE-
WATERING OF SLUDGES.
01143. HANDLING OF SOLID WASTES.
01225. FREEZING METHOD FOR CONDITIONING AC-
TIVATED SLUDGE.
01317. A NEW DEVICE FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT SLUDGE CONCENTRATION.
01334. PAPER MILL SLUDGE DEWATERING.
SLUDGE DIGESTION
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
00279. EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR IN-
HIBITION OF ANAEROBIC SEWAGE SLUDGE
DIGESTION DUE TO ANIONIC DETER-
GENTS.
00375. EUROPEAN PRACTICES IN SLUDGE
DIGESTION AND DISPOSAL.
00377. SCUM INCINERATION EXPERIENCES.
00528. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
00629. DESIGN AND OPERATING EXPERIENCES
USING DIFFUSED AERATION FOR SLUDGE
DIGESTION.
00652. DIGITAL COMPUTER SIMULATION OF WASTE
WATER TREATMENT.
01017. HEAVY METALS IN DIGESTERS: FAILURE
AND CURE.
01169. PROFITS FROM POLLUTANTS.
014!!. OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE EX-
PERIENCE IN SCREENING DIGESTED
SLUDGE.
SLUDGE DISPOSAL
00107. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR
CAPACITIES AND COSTS.
00171. DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SLUDGE TO PUGET
SOUND--THE ENGINEERING AND WATER
QUALITY ASPECTS, JULY, 1965.
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
SUMMARY REPORT.
00224. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME I THE WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT.
00274. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL AT THE
BROCKHURST WORKS OF THE UPPER
TAME MAIN DRAINAGE AUTHORITY.
00295. THE INCINERATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTE AT FABENFABRIKEN BAYER.
00312. ALTERNATIVES FOR SLUDGE DISPOSAL,
METROPOLITAN SYSTEM.
00317. LAND RECLAMATION-A COMPLETE SOLU-
TION OF THE SLUDGE AND SOLIDS
DISPOSAL PROBLEM.
00347. CANADA'S LARGEST SLUDGE INCINERATORS
FIRED UP AND RUNNING.
00363. SLUDGE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES-SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.
00381. DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE ON LAND.
00401. DEWATERING SEWAGE SLUDGE BY ELEC-
TROOSMOSIS.
00423. ECONOMIC TRANSPORT OF DIGESTED
SLUDGE SLURRIES.
00461. TOTAL WATER USE.
00476. EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL WASTE.
00585. REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF ALUM AND LIME
SLUDGES.
00627. FILTER PRESS COSTS VERSUS LAND DE-
MAND.
00642. ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WASTE TRANS-
PORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
00960. TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL IN
VIRGINIA.
00965. PRESSING AND INCINERATION OF KRAFT
MILL, PRIMARY CLAR1FIER SLUDGE.
00971. CLEAR WATER AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00973. DEGRADATION OF WASTEWATER ORGANICS
IN SOIL.
01134. CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL SURCHARGE OR-
DINANCE.
01135. CHICAGO SHIPS ITS SLUDGE TO THE FARM-
LAND.
01138. DISPOSAL OF HYDROUS SLUDGES FROM A
PAPER MILL.
01151. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEANS.
01218. SLUDGE DISPOSAL EXPERIENCES AT NORTH
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS.
01230. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT INCLUDING CHEMICAL COAGULA-
TION FOR COLOR REMOVAL.
01321. PIPELINES FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. PRACTI-
CAL SOLUTION.
366
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
SLUDGE INCINERATION
00280. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE BLACKBURN
MEADOWS RECONSTRUCTION AND EX
TENSION SCHEME AT SHEFFIELD
00347. CANADA'S LARGEST SLUDGE INCINERATORS
FIRED UP AND RUNNING.
01788. STATE OF THE ART REVIEW ON SLUDGE IN
CINERATION PRACTICE.
SLUDGE TRANSPORT
00224. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES-
VOLUME 1 THE WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT.
00225. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES-
VOLUME II -CRITERIA FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT.
00642. ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WASTE TRANS-
PORT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.
SOCIO-ECONOMICS
00059. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANANGEMENT.
00088. ON THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SO-
CIAL COSTS.
00089. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
00101. POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALI-
TY.
00122. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: SELECTED ISSUES.
00137. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND THE
TIME PROFILE OF BENEFITS AND COSTS.
00140. OPTIMAL TAXING OF WATER POLLUTION.
00175. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
00183. REPLY TO COMMENTS ON 'RECREATION
BENEFITS FROM WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL'.
00193. THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY.
00222. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT.
00281. SYNTHESIS OF THE DISPERSION AND WASTE
TREATMENT MODELS.
00300. PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS.
00310. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE PASSAIC
RIVER BASIN, NEW JERSEY.
00340. WATER QUALITY: COSTS BENEFITS AND IR-
REDUCIBLES.
00362. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
00363. SLUDGE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES-SOCIO-
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS.
00389. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
00443. POLLUTION, PROPERTY AND PRICES.
00593. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY POLLUTION.
00599. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS.
00631. ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS: AN
INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION OF
THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS.
00646. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00666. CONTROLLING POLLUTION: THE ECONOMICS
OF A CLEANER AMERICA.
00700. EFFLUENT TAXES AND REGULATION.
00721. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL.
00825. THE ECONOMICS OF QUANTITY VS QUALITY
IN GREEN BAY.
00898. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROLS ON THE FRUIT AND VEGETA-
BLE CANNING AND FREEZING INDUSTRIES.
PART I. EXECUTIVE
01254. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN EX-
PLOITING RESOURCES AND ENHANCING
THE QUALITY OF THE OCEAN ENVIRON-
MENT.
01283. INDUSTRY DECISIONS AFFECT ECOLOGY.
01285. FACTORY IN THE SEVENTIES.
01364. PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS AND BENFFITS:
A NEW TERMINOLOGY.
01375. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ANALYSIS:
THEORY AND METHOD IN THE SQCIAL
SCIENCES.
01431. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND PEAK LOAD
PRICING: A THEORETICAL APPLICATION
TO MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY PRAC-
TICES. ;
01500. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01504. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WATER RECREA-
TIONAL FACILITIES RESULTING FROM AN
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY: THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY I
01571. ENVIRONMENTAL SIDE EFFECTS OF RISING
INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT. (STUDIES IN SOCIAL
AND ECONOMIC PROCESS).
01573. SOCIAL COSTS OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISE.
01614. WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR GRt>UP:
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PURPOSES RE-
LATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT.
01623. WATER, HEALTH, AND SOCIETY; SELECTED
PAPERS.
01639. ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION AND
HUMAN WELFARE: THE SOCIAL CON-
SEQUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EF-
FECTS OF ELECTRIC POWER USE
01648. PROCEEDINGS WATER RESOURCES
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE.
01671. A REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
01822. ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE RELAT-
ING TO WATER RESOURCES.
01827. CRITERIA FOR SOCIAL INVESTMENT.
01843. PROBLEM OF SOCIAL COST.
01847. A METHOD OF ESTIMATING SOCIAL
BENEFITS FROM POLLUTION CONTROL. < ,
01854. NONMARKET VALUES AND EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS IN WATER
RESOURCES. ;
01869. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOCIOLOGICAL AND
OTHER RELATED SOCIAL SCIENCE PUBLI-
CATIONS ON WATER.
01874. THE PUBLIC VALUE FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR, NATURAL
RESOURCES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
EDITED BY W. R. BURC
01888. SCIENCE FOR SOCIETY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
367
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01899. SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDIES OF WATER
RESOURCES PROBLEMS: REVIEW OF
LITERATURE AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01909. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES.
01913. ENVIRONMENT: A DRAFT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE LITERATURE.
SOIL SEALANTS
00184. SOIL SEALING CHEMICALS AND
TECHNIQUES.
00189. DISPOSAL OF BRINE EFFLUENTS FROM IN-
LAND DESALTING PLANTS: REVIEW AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
SOIL SPREADING
00323. CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF WASTE WATER
FOR NUTRIENT REMOVAL.
00715. ECONOMICS OF WASTE DISPOSAL FROM
CONFINED LIVESTOCK.
SOLAR DISTILLATION
00861.
SOLAR DISTILLATION UTILIZING MULTIPLE-
EFFECT HUMIDIFICATION.
00888. MANUAL ON SOLAR DISTILLATION OF
SALINE WATER.
SOLAR DESALTING.
SOLAR DISTILLATION IN AUSTRALIA.
SOLAR DISTILLATION AS A MEANS OF MEET-
ING SMALL-SCALE WATER DEMANDS.
01044.
01079.
01450.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
00146. AN EXAMINATION OF THE BENEFITS AND
DISADVANTAGES WITH RESPECT TO THE
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
00296. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL AT SEA.
00827. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00842. COLLECTION, REDUCTION AND DISPOSAL OF
SOLID WASTE IN HIGH-RISE MULTIFAMILY
DWELLINGS.
00872. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF OCEAN ACTIVITIES.
VOLUME III. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL AT SEA.
00878. RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF MU-
NICIPAL SOLID WASTE.
01139. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
01551. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR AND SOLID WASTES.
01618. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND SOLID
WASTES DISPOSAL.
01873. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR, AND SOLID WASTES.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
00840. POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT.
01198. PLANNING COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTES
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
STATISTICAL METHODS
00157. A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MINE
DRAINAGE.
00339. DESIGN OF U-TUBE AERATION SYSTEMS.
00340. WATER QUALITY: COSTS BENEFITS AND IR-
REDUCIBLES.
00426. AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF
MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
00611. STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION
SOURCES AND ABATEMENT-ATLANTA,
GEORGIA.
00659. APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL DECISION
THEORY TO GREAT LAKES MANAGEMENT.
00853. AN EVALUATION OF THE PROBLEMS OF
SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM DESIGN.
00920. THE REUSE OF WATER IN MANUFACTURING:
AN EXPLANATORY ECONOMIC MODEL
WITH DATA ANALYSIS.
01256. TOOLS FOR WATER RESOURCE STUDY.
01668. A METHOD FOR CALCULATING POWER AND
MUNICIPAL WATER RATES FOR PAYOUT
STUDIES.
01683. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER WORKS
DATA FOR 1955.
01692. THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTIES IN THE
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER-
RESOURCES PROJECTS.
STORAGE
00219. SIMULATION MODEL FOR FLOW AUGMENTA-
TION COSTS.
00305. STORMWATER OVERFLOW GETS BAGGED.
00484. HOW WE HANDLE LIQUID MANURE.
00678. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER.
00723. COST AND PERFORMANCE OF RETENTION
BASINS IN THE TREATMENT OF WET-
WEATHER SEWAGE FLOWS.
01175. JACKS LIFT WATER TANK 120 FT TO SAVE
CONSTRUCTION COST.
01177. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF RURAL WATER
SYSTEMS.
01249. OPTIMAL RESERVOIR RELEASES FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
01502. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1961. PUBLIC LAW NO.
87-88.
01602. COMPLEMENTARY-COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
OF WATER STORAGE.
01670. FACTORS AFFECTING STORAGE COSTS.
01687. CAN WATER BE ALLOCATED BY COMPETI-
TIVE PRICES.
STORM OVERFLOW
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
00305. STORMWATER OVERFLOW GETS BAGGED.
00398. ROTARY VIBRATORY FINE SCREENING OF
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS.
00399. DETROIT SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE
CONTROL. DETROIT METROPOLITAN
WATER SERVICES, MICH.
368
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00534. FINAL REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMIT
TEE ON STORM OVERFLOWS AND THE
DISPOSAL OF STORM SEWAGE
00549. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR
PAPERS.
00550. MICROSTRAINING WITH OZONATION OR
CHLORINATION OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
00551. ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON D
C.
00604. DEMONSTRATE FEASIBILITY OF THE USE OF
ULTRASONIC FILTRATION IN TREATING
THE OVERFLOWS FROM COMBINED
SEWERS.
00662. COMBINED WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT FACILITY, MOUNT CLEMENS
MICHIGAN.
01149. MICROSTRAINING OF COMBINED SEWER
OVERFLOWS.
00185.
00506.
00512.
00518.
00551.
00611.
01263.
01758.
00494.
00495.
00502.
00505.
00546.
00547.
00566.
01711.
STORM RUNOFF
STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
URBAN RUNOFF ADDS TO WATER POLLU-
TION.
RE-USING STORM RUN-OFF.
DEEP TUNNEL STORAGE MAY SOLVE CITY
STORM WATER PROBLEM.
ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON, D.
C.
STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION
SOURCES AND ABATEMENT-ATLANTA,
GEORGIA.
INFILTRATION IN SEPARATE SANITARY
SEWERS. DETERMINATION, ECONOMIC
COST, AND CORRECTION METHODS:
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL.
STORM SEWERS
STEEL PIPE SELECTED FOR STORM SEWER
SYSTEM.
WATER STORAGE METHODS - FROM
CUPPED HANDS TO COMPUTERS.
STORM SEWER CHANNEL IN NEBRASKA.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS THAT
NOBODY LIKES TO HEAR.
STORM SEWER ASSESSMENTS.
THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
STORM SEWER SYSTEMS.
STORM SEWER ASSESSMENTS.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
00004. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: AN ECONOMIST'S VIEW.
00014. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
00025. ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FORECASTING.
00098 A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC THER-
MAL POLLUTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS:
VOLUME 1, SUMMARY REPORT.
00152. A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
00190. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY OF STREAMS.
00212. ECONOMY OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
00251. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO
RIVER BASIN POLLUTION CONTROL
MANANGEMENT.
00276. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY-A SYSTEMS APPROACH.
00455. AN EVALUATION OF DIFFUSION MEM-
BRANES FOR WASTE WATER REHABILITA-
TION.
00624. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RECLAMATION OF
AGRICULTURAL SOLID AND LIQUID
WASTES-SECOND PROGRESS REPORT.
00653. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
00665. APPLICATIONS OF PROGRAM BUDGETING TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS.
00676. INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE: FUTURE POLLU-
TION SOLUTION.
00732. A STUDY OF WATER PLANT ISOLATION
FROM CONTAMINATION.
00757. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS
TO COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SLUDGE DE-
WATERING BY VACUUM FILTER AND CEN-
TRIFUGE.
00826. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE
DESIGN OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS.
00873. A METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE
SYSTEM AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF
LARGE SEA WATER DISTILLATION
PLANTS.
00915. ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER IN A SYSTEMS
CONTEXT.
00997. WATER QUALITY PLANNING IN THE
PRESENCE OF INTERACTING POLLUTANTS.
01098. COOLING WATER.
01166. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
01220. PLATING WASTE TREATMENT-WHICH
SYSTEM.
01222. ARCTIC HEATED PIPE WATER AND WASTE
WATER SYSTEMS.
01320. CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY IN A COM-
PLEX NATURAL SYSTEM.
01385. SYSTEMS SIMULATION FOR REGIONAL
ANALYSIS.
01514. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-THE
PLANNING OF ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL
POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUA
01520. USE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN ESTUARINE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. WESTERN
RESOURCES CONFERENCE PAPERS, 1964.
01600. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS.
01635. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ENGINEERING.
01690. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT, IN LAND AND WATER:
PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 1961
WESTERN RESOURCES CONF
01739. SYSTEM ECONOMIC RESPONSE TO WATER
AND QUALITY-FUNDAMENTAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
01771. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01774. COMPUTER DESIGN OF THE CMAS SYSTEMS.
369
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01782. DEVELOPMENT OF A STATE EFFLUENT
CHARGE SYSTEM.
01800. A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ON THE ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE
SYSTEMS.
01881. BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS FOR WATER
SYSTEM PLANNING.
TANKS
00019. OPTIMIZATION OF THE HYDRAULIC REGIME
OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS.
00058. MODERN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS-
HOW MUCH DO THEY COST.
00216. A BREAKTHROUGH IN THE TRACER STUDIES
OF SEDIMENTATION TANKS.
00270. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR TRADE
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
00484. HOW WE HANDLE LIQUID MANURE.
01175. JACKS LIFT WATER TANK 120 FT TO SAVE
CONSTRUCTION COST.
01328. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. 5 BILLION
DOLLAR TAB.
01670. FACTORS AFFECTING STORAGE COSTS.
TAXES
00011. MODERN SEWER-SERVICE CHARGES, PART 1-
-WHY CITIES NEED THEM.
00113. POLLUTION CHARGES, WASTE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY INVESTMENT, AND WATER
QUALITY: THE PUBLIC COSTS OF A PUBLIC
GOOD.
00140. OPTIMAL TAXING OF WATER POLLUTION.
00241. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (EFFLUENT CHARGES-DEFINI-
TION).
00245. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-THE
TAX POWER).
00389. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
00413. POLLUTION, PURIFICATION AND THE
THEORY OF EXTERNAL EFFECTS.
00593. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY POLLUTION.
00648. TAXING U. S. POLLUTERS.
00675. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF PROPOSED SOUTH CAROLINA TAX
CREDIT FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
CONTROL FACILITIES.
00695. THE ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION.
00712. POLLUTION: CLEANING UP COSTS MONEY.
01354. THE USE OF THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX
SYSTEM TO COMBAT AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION: A CASE STUDY IN TAX EX-
PENDITURES.
01735. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
01865. BACKGROUND FOR THE ECONOMIC ANALY-
SIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
TERTIARY TREATMENT
00016. A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
00017. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY HIGH-DENSITY,
SOLIDS-CONTACT TERTIARY TREATMENT.
00046. THE LAKE TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT.
00062. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER RECLAMATION.
00092. POTENTIAL REUSE OF EFFLUENT AS A FAC-
TOR IN SEWERAGE DESIGN.
00110. CURRENT PRACTICE IN POTATO
PROCESSING WASTE TREATMENT.
00132. TERTIARY TREATMENT AT METRO CHICAGO
BY MEANS OF RAPID SAND FILTRATION
AND MICROSTRAINERS.
00139. SUMMARY REPORT ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT PROGRAM, JULY 1964-JULY
1967.
00156. ELECTRODIALYSIS IN ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00165. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
00166. TERTIARY TREATMENT BY MICROSTRAIN-
ING.
00169. OZONE TREATMENT OF SECONDARY EF-
FLUENTS FROM WASTE-WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS.
00195. NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EF-
FLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND
LIME PRECIPITATION.
00217. PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE-
WATER.
00228. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
00233. ARTIFICIAL-RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS
UTILIZING RENOVATED SEWAGE-PLANT
EFFLUENT-A FEASIBILITY STUDY AT BAY
PARK, NEW YORK.
00240. CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00252. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANT PROCESS DESIGN.
00254. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS
DESIGN.
00259. DEVELOPMENT OF TERTIARY TREATMENT
METHODS FOR WASTE WATER RENOVA-
TION.
00260. TERTIARY FLOCCULATION AND FILTRA-
TION.
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE.
00266. THE RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER
FROM SEWAGE.
00286. OBJECTIVES TECHNOLOGY, AND RESULTS
OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL PROCESSES.
00301. SURVEY OF DESALTING PROCESSES FOR USE
IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
00368. FILTRATION AND MICROSTRAINING OF
SECONDARY EFFLUENT.
00374. THE APPLICATION OF MEMBRANES TO
SEWAGE AND WASTE TREATMENT.
00382. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM EFFLUENTS
IN ALUMINA COLUMNS.
00395. WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING IN INDUS-
TRY.
00396. PRESSURE FILTRATION OF SECONDARY
TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT.
00397. DEMINERALIZATION OF WASTE WATER BY
ION EXCHANGE.
00415. ENGINEERING REPORT ON COUNTY-WIDE
WASTE WATER INTERCEPTING AND
TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00427. ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT IN NASSAU
COUNTY, NEW YORK, WATER PROVIDED
370
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
FOR INJECTION INTO GROUNDWATER
AQUIFERS.
00428. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE
00459. REVERSE OSMOSIS RENOVATION OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
00466. WATER REUSE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
00475. ULTRAFILTRATIVE DEWATERING OF SPENT
POWDERED CARBON.
00478. WATER QUALITY, THE STATE OF THE ART
00524. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE
LAGOONS.
00527. A STUDY OF LOCAL NEEDS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL FACILITIES IN FISCAL
YEARS 1971-76.
00543. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR REMOVING
PHOSPHORUS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS.
00547. THIRTY-SEVEN BILLION: NEW PRICE TAG
FOR CITIES' WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
COSTS.
00552. MIDDLE LEE SETS THE STANDARDS.
00553. WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN GREAT
BRITAIN.
00584. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
00607. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEMBRANE
WATER DESALTING PROCESSES.
00635. OZONATION, NEXT STOP TO WATER PURIFI-
CATION.
00638. REMOVAL OF ORGANICS FROM WASTE
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON.
00641. TAHOE AND WINDHOEK: PROMISE AND
PROOF OF CLEAN WATER.
00647. WATER QUALITY ASPECTS OF INTERMIT-
TENT SYSTEMS USING SECONDARY
SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
00651. INVESTIGATION OF A NEW PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL PROCESS.
00660. WASTEWATER REUSE.
00671. WATER QUALITY STUDY, REPORT 4, WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND
CONCEPTUAL PLAN.
00672. THE USE OF PILOT PLANT STUDIES IN THE
DESIGN OF A MAJOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT.
00681. WATER RESOURCES POLICY IN WISCONSIN:
GENERAL SUPPORTING STUDIES, VOLUME
II.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00696. DISCUSSION OF THE RECLAMATION OF
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS FOR DOMESTIC USE.
00697. PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION PROCESS.
00703. EVALUATION OF EXTENDED AERATION
TREATMENT AT RECREATION AREAS,
PROGRESS REPORT.
00713. FILTRATION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
00714. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
00722. REGIONAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS AND
TREATMENT COSTS IN TEXAS.
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT.
00759. ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
00760. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TERTIARY
TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
00761. APPRAISAL OF GRANULAR CARBON CON-
TACTING: PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF THE
LITERATURE. PHASE 2. ECONOMIC EFFECT
OF DESIGN.
00922. REUSE OF CHEMICAL FIBER PLANT WASTE-
WATER AND COOLING WATER BLOW-
DOWN.
00961. WATER RECLAMATION, PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL METHODS: A LITERATURE
REVIEW.
01034. ACTIVATED CARBON AIDS WATER TREAT-
MENT.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
01130. WASTEWATER TREATMENT: LITERATURE
REVIEW.
01159. OZONE: THE COMING TREATMENT.
01208. COST OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTE TREATMENT IN MAUMEE RIVER
BASIN.
01230. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF KRAFT MILL EF-
FLUENT INCLUDING CHEMICAL COAGULA-
TION FOR COLOR REMOVAL.
01264. OPTIMIZING AN ACTIVATED CARBON
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT.
01778. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
01779. TREATMENT BY LIME ADDITION.
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
00027. THE APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES TO TEXTILES MILL WASTE
TREATMENT.
00035. SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER
POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP-
MENT IN SOUTH CAROLINA.
00200. CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF VARIOUS IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS (IN GERMAN).
00239. EFFECT OF STARCH SUBSTITUTES ON TEX-
TILE WASTES.
00256. TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTE LIQUORS.
00257. WASTE LIQUORS FROM THE MERCERIZA-
TION OF COTTON FABRICS AND LIMITING
OF WASTE WATER ALKALINITY (IN
CZECH).
00285. ESTIMATING CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00291. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION TREATS COTTON
MILL DE-SIZE WASTES.
00292. TEXTILE WORKS EFFLUENT TREATMENT.
00327. NEW PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF EF-
FLUENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY (IN
GERMAN).
00329. ECONOMICAL UTILIZATION OF CAUSTIC
SODA IN COTTON BLEACHERIES.
00330. TEXTILE WATER POLLUTION CLEANUP
PICKS UP SPEED.
00333. DISPERSED GROWTH AERATION OF COTTON
FINISHING WASTES. II. EFFECT OF HIGH PH
AND LOWERED AIR RATE.
00473. SODIUM HYDROXIDE RECOVERY IN THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY.
00554. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF BLEACH
PLANT WASTES.
371
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00699. COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN IN-
DUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANTS: SIX CASE STUDIES.
01188. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE EF-
FLUENTS.
01244. BIODEGRADABILITY AND TREATABILITY OF
COMBINED NYLON AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES.
THERMAL POLLUTION
00015. USING WASTE HEAT FOR FISH FARMING.
00065. THERMAL POLLUTION: HOT ISSUE FOR IN-
DUSTRY.
00098. A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF AQUATIC THER-
MAL POLLUTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS:
VOLUME 1, SUMMARY REPORT.
00105. DEBATE ON THERMAL ISSUE CONTINUES.
00154. COPING WITH COOLING TOWER BLOW-
DOWN.
00155. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING IN THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOR THE BON-
NEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION.
00158. A COOLING POND PROVES CHEAPER.
00179. HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT IN COOLING
WATER.
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION.
00214. COOLING WATER SOURCES FOR POWER
GENERATION.
00237. PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF
THERMAL POLLUTION.
00332. THERMAL EFFECTS: A REPORT OF UTILITY
ACTION.
00341. CLEAN WATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00370. FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN.
00386. SPACE HEATING IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.
00393. TASK II REPORT: SURVEY OF POWER PLANT
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND
DESIGN CRITERIA.
00462. USEFUL ENERGY FROM UNWANTED HEAT.
00474. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS POWERED
BY THERMAL WASTE FROM ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS.
00571. WARM WATER UTILIZATION.
00688. RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS
FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATION:
PART 1.
00733. THERMAL POLLUTION: THE EFFECT OF THE
PROBLEM.
00735. ECONOMICS OF THERMAL DISCHARGES.
00996. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: BASIC
TECHNIQUES.
01277. COOLING TOWER SLOWDOWN TREATMENT
COSTS.
01372. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: PREVENTING
THERMAL POLLUTION, AND ENVIRON-
MENTAL SYNERGISMS.
01634. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THERMAL POL-
LUTION. NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THER-
MAL POLLUTION, VANDERBILT UNIVERSI-
TY, NASHVILLE
01639. ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION AND
HUMAN WELFARE: THE SOCIAL CON-
SEQUENCES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EF-
FECTS OF ELECTRIC POWER USE
01752. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THERMAL
DISCHARGE TO STREAMS.
01755. AN OPTIMAL SITING MODEL: THERMAL
PLANTS WITH TEMPERATURE CON-
STRAINTS.
01789. INDUSTRIAL WASTE GUIDE ON THERMAL
POLLUTION.
TRADE
00464. REGIONAL TRADE AND STRUCTURE MODEL
FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT STUDY.
01588. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL AND IN-
TERNATIONAL TRADE.
TREATMENT FACILITY
00094. WASTEWATER REUSE AT THE GRAND
CANYON.
00198. OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANANGEMENT AND
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN.
00313. LIFE AND HEALTH ASSURANCE.
00314. DESIGN OF THE NEWTOWN CREEK WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT.
00373. RISK EVALUATION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN.
00378. CLARIFICATION-ADSORPTION IN THE TREAT-
MENT OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER.
00383. TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING CONSTRUC-
TION COSTS OF WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS
00527. A STUDY OF LOCAL NEEDS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL FACILITIES IN FISCAL
YEARS 1971-76.
00675. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF PROPOSED SOUTH CAROLINA TAX
CREDIT FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
CONTROL FACILITIES.
00704. HOUSEBOAT WASTES: METHODS FOR COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT.
00731. COST OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER.
00738. PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IN GREATER CHICAGO.
00934. A COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION
FOR CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND
PROCESSES.
01027. OPTIMUM WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01032. PURE OXYGEN CUTS COST OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT.
01045. ZEROING IN ON DESALTING.
01053. NEW PUMPING AND WATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR AUGUSTA, MAINE. ,
01105. OPERATING VS. CAPITAL COSTS: EVALUAT-
ING TRADEOFF BENEFITS.
01129. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
01174. IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY UNDER
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT.
01253. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY OF A 250 MIL-
LION GALLONS PER DAY COMBINED VER-
TICAL TUBE FLASH .EVAPORATOR
DESALINATION PLANT. ,
372
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01273. BEST FEATURES OF FOUR EXISTING PLANTS
HIGHLIGHTED IN NEW DETROIT WATER
r Av_-lLI 1 i .
01759. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS-
MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS. '
TUNNELS
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL- FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE--THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN.
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL
00139. SUMMARY REPORT ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT PROGRAM, JULY 1964-JULY
1967.
00177. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
00202. METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF UN-
DERGROUND STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
WATER DISCHARGES (RUSSIAN).
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
SUMMARY REPORT.
00359. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. INJECTION, PART 2.
PLACEMENT IN UNDERGROUND CAVITIES.
00360. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. WET OXIDATION,
PART 2. INCINERATION.
00456. DISPOSAL OF BRINES PRODUCED IN
RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATER.
00767. COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF WASTE
DISPOSAL INFORMATION.
00773. ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAU-
LIC FRACTURING AS A METHOD FOR PER-
MANENT DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE
WASTES.
00818. SUBSURFACE INJECTION OF LIQUID WASTES.
01033. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL.
01302, FINAL DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES.
01328. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. 5 BILLION
DOLLAR TAB.
01335. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT RESIDUES.
01339. KEEPING POLLUTANTS OUT OF TROUBLED
WATERS.
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS
00029. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. PROGRESS RE-
PORT.
00371. PROBABILITY THEORY AS AN AID TO
RESEARCH PLANNING.
00373. RISK EVALUATION IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT DESIGN.
00631. ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS: AN
INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION OF
THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS.
00659 APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL DECISION
THEORY TO GREAT LAKES MANAGEMENT.
00678. THE OUTLOOK FOR WATER.
01166. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
01600. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS.
01660. CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PRO-
GRAMMING. PAPER PRESENTED AT SYM-
POSIUM, PROGRAMMING THE USE OF
NATURAL RESOURCES.
01692. THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTIES IN THE
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER-
RESOURCES PROJECTS.
01705. OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01747. PROGRAM BUDGETING AND UNCERTAINTY:
A CASE STUDY IN ESTIMATING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS OF WATER RESOURCE
PROJECTS.
01861. A MODEL OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
00076. FLOOD AND POLLUTION CONTROL: A DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN FOR THE CHICAGOLAND
AREA.
00078. CHICAGO TUNNEL DRAINAGE PROJECT:
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF FEASIBILI-
TY.
00185. STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP
TUNNEL PLAN.
00194. CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR
POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT
REPORT.
00202. METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF UN-
DERGROUND STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
WATER DISCHARGES (RUSSIAN).
00359. ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. INJECTION, PART 2.
PLACEMENT IN UNDERGROUND CAVITIES.
00509. UNDERFLOW SEWERS FOR CHICAGO.
00518. DEEP TUNNEL STORAGE MAY SOLVE CITY
STORM WATER PROBLEM.
00747. BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE-THE BOSTON
DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN.
UNDERWATER STORAGE
00465. COMBINED SEWER TEMPORARY UN-
DERWATER STORAGE FACILITY.
UNEMPLOYMENT
00933. POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND UNEMPLOY-
MENT. A METHODOLOGICAL STUDY.
UPSTREAM TREATMENT
00616. COSTS FOR EQUIVALENT UPSTREAM REDUC-
TION IN WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.
USER CHARGES
00113. POLLUTION CHARGES, WASTE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY INVESTMENT, AND WATER
QUALITY: THE PUBLIC COSTS OF A PUBLIC
GOOD.
373
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00175. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
00235. THE FUTURE OF THE LAKE.
00353. DYNAMIC ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS OR
CHARGES.
00442. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BURDEN OF
SEWER USER CHARGES UNDER VARIOUS
CHARGE FORMULAS.
00526. WATER SEWER AND DRAINAGE PLAN FOR
FORT SMITH URBANIZING AREA, PHASE II.
00567. SANITARY SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
00597. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00674. THE WAR ON POLLUTION: ECONOMIC AND
FINANCIAL IMPACTS.
00692. RATE SURCHARGES: FRIEND OR FOE.
00725. DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY.
00752. A SURVEY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREAT-
MENT COSTS AND CHARGES.
00758. DECISION FACTORS-SEPARATE INDUSTRY
OR JOINT MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT.
00950. COMPLETION OF THE FAIRFAX COUNTY
WATER AUTHORITY ACQUISTION PRO-
GRAM.
00953. COOPERATIVE CITY-COUNTY RATE STRUC-
TURES.
01038. AN INDUSTRIAL SOLUTION TO INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION.
01685. MUNICIPAL SEWER SERVICE CHARGES.
01777. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
01781. APPLICATION OF USER CHARGES TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01782. DEVELOPMENT OF A STATE EFFLUENT
CHARGE SYSTEM.
01829. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS OR CHARGES.
01863. WASTEWATER RATES AND SERVICE
CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
VACUUM FREEZING
00834. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
DESALTING STATE-OF-THE-ART (1968).
VALUE ENGINEERING
01165. CAN VE HELP SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
VIRUS CONTROL
00680. VIRUS CONTROL AT THE SANTEE, CALIF.,
PROJECT.
00684. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS BY
GRANULAR-CARBON FILTRATION.
WASTE COLLECTION
00023. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF WASTE COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
01611. REGIONAL SEWAGE COLLECTION AND
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT PLANNING RE-
GION.
WASTE DISPOSAL
00361. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEWAGE WORKS
DESIGN.
00572. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS-PART 2.
00840. POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT.
00970. CENTRALIZED WASTE-DISPOSAL FACILITY IS
ECONOMICAL.
01022. NUCLEAR-WASTES DISPOSAL: FORMING
SOLIDS SAVE SPACE.
01123. RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
01430. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE
DISPOSAL GUIDE.
01505. A COST OPTIMIZATION STUDY FOR STREAM
WASTE DISPOSAL. (UNPUBLISHED).
01527. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
GUIDE.
01554. INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL.
01587. DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES INTO
RIVER, LAKES AND ESTUARIES.
01594. WATER POLLUTION: DISPOSAL AND RE-USE.
01644. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
01665. DETERMINATION OF STREAM USE.
01671. A REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
01681. DESALINATION BRINE WASTE DISPOSAL.
WASTE REUSE
00110. CURRENT PRACTICE IN POTATO
PROCESSING WASTE TREATMENT.
00478. WATER QUALITY, THE STATE OF THE ART.
00827. THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00878. RECOVERY AND UTILIZATION OF MU-
NICIPAL SOLID WASTE.
00973. DEGRADATION OF WASTEWATER ORGANICS
IN SOIL.
01051. MIXED-BED CONDENSATE POLISHING.
01156. NUCLEAR WASTE HEAT TO TREAT MU-
NICIPAL SEWAGE.
01169. PROFITS FROM POLLUTANTS.
01173. DISSOLVED AIR ION FLOTATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL WASTES HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM.
01407. REFUSE RECLAMATION AND RECYCLE.
01610. ANIMAL WASTE UTILIZATION FOR POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT-TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS.
WASTE TRANSPORT
00146. AN EXAMINATION OF THE BENEFITS AND
DISADVANTAGES WITH RESPECT TO THE
DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES.
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
SUMMARY REPORT.
00224. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME I THE WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT.
00225. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES:
VOLUME II -CRITERIA FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT.
374
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
A REVIEW OF POULTRY WASTE DISPOSAL
POSSIBILITIES. or^artL
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL AT SEA
THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN ECONOMI-
CALLY FEASIBLE ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SCHEME.
LOWESTOFT CHOOSES TUNNEL FOR SEWAGE
OUTFALL.
WASTE MANAGEMENT. . WHAT DOES IT
COST.
PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IN GREATER CHICAGO
CENTRALIZED WASTE-DISPOSAL FACILITY IS
ECONOMICAL.
OCEAN DUMPING POSES GROWING
PROBLEM.
CHICAGO SHIPS ITS SLUDGE TO THE FARM-
LAND.
EMULSION BREAKING SOLVES OILY-WASTE
DISPOSAL.
PIPELINES FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL. PRACTI-
CAL SOLUTION.
HYDRAULICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.
WASTE TREATMENT
MODEL OF OPTIMAL COMBINATION OF
TREATMENT AND DILUTION.
TREATMENT-COST RELATIONSHIPS FOR IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTES.
NEW APPROACHES TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
WATER AND WASTE.
THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
SOME EFFLUENT PROBLEMS OF OUR AF-
FLUENT SOCIETY.
MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS.
THE QUALITY OF THE HUMAN ENVIRON-
MENT, APPENDIX 3, IN WASTE MANAGE-
MENT RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE
MEANS OF ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
THEORIES AND PRACTICES OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE TREATMENT.
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES.
WASTE IS WEALTH.
WASTES MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS FOR THE
COASTAL ZONE.
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL.
WATER AND WASTE.
AQUEOUS WASTES FROM PETROLEUM AND
PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS.
A REGIONAL WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM.
OPTIMAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
DESIGN UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
COMPLETE DOMESTIC WASTE TREATMENT
SYSTEM DESIGN.
WASTEWATER COLLECTION
00293. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
00273.
00296.
00434.
0051?.
00644.
00738.
00970.
01024.
01135.
01140.
01321.
01446.
00079.
01127.
01199.
01388.
01462.
01478.
01480.
01487.
01517.
01528.
01553.
01565.
01572.
01575.
01596.
01597.
01616.
01671.
01705.
01719.
00321.
00671.
00822.
01777.
00080.
00184.
00202.
00359.
00743.
00777.
00805.
00811.
01049.
01314.
01350.
01493.
00049.
00309.
00311.
00319.
00327.
00345.
00346.
00357.
00358.
00366.
00367.
USE OF COMPUTERS IN DESIGN OF SANITA-
RY SEWER SYSTEMS.
WATER QUALITY STUDY, REPORT 4, WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND
CONCEPTUAL PLAN.
SEWER FACILITIES.
COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
NON-TREATMENT
IN WATER POLLU-
AN EXAMINATION OF
PLANT ALTERNATIVES
TION CONTROL.
SOIL SEALING CHEMICALS AND
TECHNIQUES.
METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF UN-
DERGROUND STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
WATER DISCHARGES (RUSSIAN).
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF ADVANCED-TREAT-
MENT WASTE, PART 1. INJECTION, PART 2.
PLACEMENT IN UNDERGROUND CAVITIES.
AERATION SWEETENS HARBOR BASIN IN LOS
ANGELES.
CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES.
DEEP WELL DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTES.
THE DEEP WELL METHOD OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
INJECTION OF TREATED WASTE WATER
INTO AQUIFERS.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER-
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS.
COMPUTERIZED EVALUATION OF LIQUID
WASTE ASSIMILATION.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL.
WASTEWATER FACILITY
REGIONAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILI-
TIES 1955-1967.
NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWERAGE STUDY.
CHICAGO WATER SYSTEM, A DESCRIPTION
OF THE SYSTEM AND ITS SANITARY PRO-
TECTION.
HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF CHLORINE
MIXING AND CONTACT CHAMBERS.
NEW PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF EF-
FLUENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY (IN
GERMAN).
WILMINGTON GOES ON LINE WITH MODERN
NEW SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT.
WET AIR OXIDATION AT LEVITTOWN.
PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF WASTE TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS.
ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER.
CONTACT STABILIZATION PROCESS CHOSEN
FOR NEW DRYDEN PLANT.
NEW PLANT CONTROLS POLLUTION AT WEL-
LAND.
375
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00418. MINIMAL COST ESTIMATION FOR
LAKEFRONT SEWAGE SYSTEMS.
00421. EVALUATION OF FACILITY OPERATION
(LITERATURE REVIEW).
00425. GOOD MANAGEMENT INCLUDES EFFECTIVE
SAFETY PROGRAMS.
00460. AMENDED 1964 MASTER PLAN OF WATER-
WORKS IMPROVEMENTS FOR BOARD OF
WATERWORKS COMMISSIONERS, MADIS-
ON, WISCONSIN.
00507. ON THE CONCEPT OF MUNICIPAL SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS.
00537. 00576 COST AND MANPOWER FOR MU-
NICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE.
00551. ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON, D.
C.
00560. SEWER FLOW MEASUREMENT IN A LARGE
INDUSTRIAL PLANT.
00709. EQUITABLE SHARING OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
TREATMENT COSTS-TECHNICAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
00739. CASE HISTORY OF WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT ON A GENERAL ELECTRIC AP-
PLIANCE PLANT.
00856. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY SEWERAGE.
ANDERSON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
00858. SANITARY SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREAT-
MENT FOR AMARILLO, 1967.
01115. ACTIVATED CARBON SYSTEM TREATMENT
OF COMBINED MUNICIPAL AND PAPER
MILL WASTE WARERS IN FITCHBURG,
MASS.
01152. NEW ION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM TREATS SOUR
WATER.
WASTEWATER RECLAMATION
00034. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN
THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
00062. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER RECLAMATION.
01126. THERMAL SYSTEM KEY TO PURE WATER
PROCESS.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
00014. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING WASTE-
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES.
00048. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ADVANCED
WASTE TREATMENT.
00069. NUTRIENTS.
00077. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FACTS.
00128. TIME CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WASTE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS.
00139. SUMMARY REPORT ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT PROGRAM, JULY 1964-JULY
1967.
00141. PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER RENOVA-
TION SYSTEMS USING THE DIGITAL COM-
PUTER.
00152. A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
00160. CENTRIFUGES REDUCE WATER POLLUTION.
00167. THE PRACTICALITY OF USING ATOMIC
RADIATION FOR WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT.
00168. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MU-
NICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
00176. PRIMARY TREATMENT OF POTATO
PROCESSING WASTES WITH BYPRODUCT
FEED RECOVERY.
00177. REMOVAL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
FROM WASTE WATER.
00178. PHOSPHATE REMOVAL BY A LIME-BIOLOGI-
CAL TREATMENT SCHEME.
00179. HOW TO BEAT THE HEAT IN COOLING
WATER.
00228. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
00240. CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTE
TREATMENT.
00248. WASTE WATER RECIRCULATION AS A
MEANS OF RIVER POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00251. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO
RIVER BASIN POLLUTION CONTROL
MANANGEMENT.
00260. TERTIARY FLOCCULATION AND FILTRA-
TION.
00262. DITCHES PROVIDE EFFICIENT TREATMENT.
00269. MASTER WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT PLAN FOR BOGOTA, COLOM-
BIA.
00270. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION FOR TRADE
WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS.
00271. SEWAGE PLANT DESIGNED FOR FLUCTUAT-
ING POPULATION.
00275. EXPERIENCE WITH A WAGE INCENTIVE
BONUS SCHEME AT GOSCOTE AND
BROCKHURST SEWAGE WORKS.
00276. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY--A SYSTEMS APPROACH.
00277. BOD REDUCTION BY CHLORINATION.
00278. RECONSTRUCTION OF OFFERTON SEWAGE
WORKS OF HAZEL GROVE AND BRAM-
HALL UDC.
00279. EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL TREATMENT FOR IN-
HIBITION OF ANAEROBIC SEWAGE SLUDGE
DIGESTION DUE TO ANIONIC DETER-
GENTS.
00293. THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN SEWAGE
DISPOSAL.
00294. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND POLLUTIONAL
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, SUMMARY RE-
PORT.
00394. AUTOMATIC WATER AND WASTE TREAT-
MENT PLANTS IN OPERATION.
00433. COST OF PURIFYING MUNICIPAL WASTE
WATERS BY DISTILLATION.
00527. A STUDY OF LOCAL NEEDS FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL FACILITIES IN FISCAL
YEARS 1971-76.
00569. COMBINED TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY ACTIVATED
SLUDGE.
00570. AEROBIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTE.
00572. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT-
MENT PLANTS-PART 2.
376
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00573. WASTE WATER CONTROL FACILITIES IN A
PETROCHEMICAL PLANT
00595. AGRICULTURAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN
POLLUTION CONTROL
00635. OZONATION, NEXT STOP TO WATER PURIFI-
CATION.
00650. DEMORALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER
00653. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
00663. DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL AT GRAND
RAPIDS, MICHIGAN
00680. VIRUS CONTROL AT THE SANTEE CALIF
PROJECT.
00705. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES.
00714. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
00738. PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL IN GREATER CHICAGO.
00740. SOME SEWAGE PROBLEMS IN EUROPE
TODAY.
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT.
00742. A CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
00744. DIVISION OF COST RESPONSIBILITY FOR
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS.
00750. INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF UP-
WARD-FLOW CLARIFIERS AT WORKS OF
THE LICHFIELD RDC.
00753. THREE YEARS OPERATION OF AERATED
STABILIZATION BASINS FOR PAPERBOARD
MILL EFFLUENT.
00754. LONG-TERM AERATION OF KRAFT PULP AND
PAPER MILL WASTES.
00761. APPRAISAL OF GRANULAR CARBON CON-
TACTING: PHASE 1. EVALUATION OF THE
LITERATURE. PHASE 2. ECONOMIC EFFECT
OF DESIGN.
00822. SEWER FACILITIES.
00875. WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY.
00934. A COMPILATION OF COST INFORMATION
FOR CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND
PROCESSES.
00937. DENVER BUILDS A WASTE TREATMENT
PLANT.
00944. THE INDIRECT CYCLE OF WATER REUSE.
00946. TREAT SOUR WATER WATER BY ION
EXCHANGE.
06947. WATER TREATMENT FOR REACTORS.
00948. WORLD'S LARGEST MICROSTRAINER AT
CHICAGO.
00958. STABILIZATION OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PLANT.
00960. TREATMENT PLANT WASTE DISPOSAL IN
VIRGINIA.
00966. SECONDARY TREATMENT WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00978. NEW YORK'S HUDSON RIVER BEND COM-
PREHENSIVE SEWAGE STUDY.
00991. PROCESS COOLING SYSTEM: SYSTEM COSTS
SAY OPTIMIZE COOLING.
01013 WATER-POLLUTION CONCLAVE AIRS NEW
TREATMENT SCHEMES.
01014. CHARGES FOR TREATING INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER IN MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
01023. O2 (OXYGEN) & O3 (OZONE) RX FOR POLLU-
TION.
01050. MICROSTRAINING AND OZONATION OF
WATER AND WASTEWATER.
01052. NEW CONDENSATE POLISHERS RETAIN AM-
MONIA.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
01119. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY LUXURY UP-
TAKE.
01121. PROCESS EVALUATION-PHOSPHORUS
REMOVAL.
01130. WASTEWATER TREATMENT: LITERATURE
REVIEW.
01132. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AT THE ROHM
AND HAAS HOUSTON PLANT.
01134. CHICAGO INDUSTRIAL SURCHARGE OR-
DINANCE.
01136. CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS-THE ENGINEER AS OPERATOR.
01142. FILTER PLANT INCLUDED WASTE TREAT-
MENT.
01150. MICROSTRAINING PAPER MILL WASTE-
WATER.
01153. NEW PROCESS TREATS ACID RINSE WATERS.
01164. INFLUENCE OF WATER USER REQUIRE-
MENTS ON RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF
RAW WATER CHARACTERISTICS.
01170. TRICKLING FILTER MODEL. DESIGN AND
COST FACTORS.
01180. IMPROVEMENTS TO THE QUALITY OF
WASTEWATER FROM HUMBLE'S BATON
ROUGE REFINERY.
01247. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF RECOVERY OF
MINERALS FROM EFFLUENTS.
01338. CHEMICAL PHYSICAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
01340. ENGINEERING PROCESSES FOR WASTE CON-
TROL.
01342. HIGH TEMPERATURE WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT PROCESS.
01356. MODERN PROCESSES FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
01357. UNIT OPERATIONS AND TREATMENT
KINETICS OF WATER PURIFICATION AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01394. WASTE WATER CLEANUP EQUIPMENT.
01408. OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREAT-
MENT SYSTEMS BY ENUMERATION.
01435. WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING:
VOL. 1: WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE-
WATER REMOVAL, VOL. 2: WATER PURIFI-
CATION AND WASTEWATER
01546. OZONE IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
01548. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: ANALYSIS
AND PRACTICE.
01550. STANDARD METHODS FOR THE EXAMINA-
TION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
01552. ECONOMICS OF WATER UTILIZATION IN THE
BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY.
01579. HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01580. DESIGN HANDBOOK OF WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS: DOMESTIC-INDUS-
TRIAL-COMMERCIAL.
377
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01581. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATE-
MENT.
01615. INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONTROL.
01629. GLOSSARY: WATER AND WASTEWATER
CONTROL ENGINEERING.
01654. ECONOMIC ASPECT OF INDUSTRIAL EF-
FLUENT TREATMENT.
01686. ADVANCED TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS
FOR REUSE.
01701. COST ESTIMATING COMPUTER PROGRAM
FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.
01707. MULTI-TIME PERIOD, FACILITIES LOCATION
PROBLEMS: A HEURISTIC ALGORITHM
WITH APPLICATIONS TO WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
01721. ECONOMICS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01730. REGIONAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS.
01753. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
01762. COST OF TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE
RIVER SYSTEM OF THE TRENT AREA.
01777. COST TO THE CONSUMER FOR COLLECTION
AND TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER.
01778. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
01785. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER-
WASTE WATER SYSTEMS.
WATER ALLOCATION
00362. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT.
01251. TOTAL DOLLAR BENEFIT OF WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
01316. ALLOCATING WATER AMONG ALTERNATIVE
USES.
WATER COSTS
00017. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY HIGH-DENSITY,
SOLIDS-CONTACT TERTIARY TREATMENT.
00028. CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER TREAT-
MENT FACILITIES.
00055. STANDARDS, CHARGES, AND EQUITY.
00090. A STUDY OF THE EXPENDITURES FOR
URBAN WATER SERVICES.
00093. REUSE CAN BE CHEAPER THAN DISPOSAL.
00094. WASTEWATER REUSE AT THE GRAND
CANYON.
00102. EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY GOALS.
00199. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR REUSE
OF WATER.
00228. COST AND PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES FOR
TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREATING
PROCESSES.
00229. THE IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLU-
TION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN
APPALACHIA.
00267. SURVEY OF WASTE WATER RATES AND
CHARGES.
00311. CHICAGO WATER SYSTEM, A DESCRIPTION
OF THE SYSTEM AND ITS SANITARY PRO-
TECTION.
00335. INDUSTRIAL WATER RECIRCULATION IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
00461. TOTAL WATER USE.
00561. A PRELIMINARY 'LEAST COST' STUDY OF FU-
TURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
00597. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00647. WATER QUALITY ASPECTS OF INTERMIT-
TENT SYSTEMS USING SECONDARY
SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
00658. WATER CUSTOMERS, CRITERIA, AND COSTS.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00699. COSTS OF TREATING TEXTILE WASTES IN IN-
DUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL TREATMENT
PLANTS: SIX CASE STUDIES.
00701. RECLAIMING WATER FROM WATER PLANT
SLUDGE.
00742. A CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
00748. REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR WATER
REUSE APPLICATION.
00749. THE ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF
REVERSE OSMOSIS AS A METHOD OF
PROCESSING SPENT LIQUORS OF THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
00838. SECONDARY REFRIGERANT FREEZING
DESALTING PROCESS OPERATION OF A 15,
000 GPD PILOT PLANT.
00849. AN ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
OF THE ELECTRODIALYSIS PROCESS.
00857. A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE COSTS OF
WATER IN INDUSTRIAL USES.
00863. COST OF PUMPING WATER.
00886. THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
00892. OPTIMUM BRINE HEATER OUTLET TEMPERA-
TURE IN SEA WATER CONVERSION
EVAPORATORS.
00914. ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER: CONCEPTS
AND EMPIRICAL ESTIMATES.
00915. ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER IN A SYSTEMS
CONTEXT.
00942. PRODUCTION COST FACTOR IN RATE-MAK-
ING.
00950. COMPLETION OF THE FAIRFAX COUNTY
WATER AUTHORITY ACQUISTION PRO-
GRAM.
00953. COOPERATIVE CITY-COUNTY RATE STRUC-
TURES.
00955. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY
PRICING IN ILLINOIS.
00990. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WATER SALVAGE.
00999. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
01001. COMPUTER AIDS IN CRAG WATER PLAN.
01040. HYBRID SCHEME MAY LOWER DESALTING
COSTS.
01041. HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION OF SALINE
WATERS.
01043. REVERSE OSMOSIS OFFERS USEFUL
TECHNIQUE FOR DESALTING.
01045. ZEROING IN ON DESALTING.
01054. TOWNSHIP WATER RATES IN MICHIGAN'S
UPPER PENINSULA.
01055. TRENDS: VENTURA WATER SUPPLY.
01056. WATER UTILITY COST TRENDS.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
378
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01065. EVALUATING WATER QUALITY
01083. THE TRUE COST OF WATER '
01084 "SESSS SUSS**1 ™*»™«-
01091. METROPOLITAN BANGKOK WATER PROJECT
01096. RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY COSTS '
01102. MECHANICAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER
01111. HIGH EFFICIENCY DESALTING '
01 183. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL WATER COSTS
01209. GUIDE TO COSTING OF WATER FROM
NUCLEAR DESALINATION PLANTS
01213. ECONOMICS EFFECT OF WATER/POWER
RATIOS AND ROLE OF DUAL PROCESS-
DUAL PURPOSE PLANTS.
01229. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF
DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR POWER AND
DESALTING PLANTS.
01246. DESALINATION PROCESSES AND COSTS
01252. STEAM GENERATING HEAVY WATER REAC-
TOR IN DUAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS
01260. ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION
STUDY OF REVERSE OSMOSIS.
01266. FIFTEEN YEARS OF PROGRESS, A REVIEW OF
THE UNITED STATES DESALTING PRO-
GRAM.
01304. VACUUM FREEZING VAPOR COMPRESSION
PROCESS.
01306. MARGINAL VALUES OF DILUTION WATERS.
01309. STUDY OF 250 MOD MULTISTAGE FLASH
DISTILLATION PLANT WITH TWO LEVEL
BRINE FLOW.
01341. ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES.
01395. WATER PRICING THEORY AND PRACTICE IN
ILLINOIS.
01431. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND PEAK LOAD
PRICING: A THEORETICAL APPLICATION
TO MUNICIPAL WATER UTILITY PRAC-
TICES.
01492. COLORADO RIVER SALINITY STUDY.
01609. APPLIED CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL WATER
RATE STRUCTURES.
01650. FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RATES
AND RATE STRUCTURES FOR WATER AND
SEWAGE WORKS.
01658. VALUE OF AN ACRE-FOOT OF WATER.
01661. UTILITY DEPRECIATION PROBLEMS AND
PROCEDURES.
01662. IMPACT OF DESALINATION ON THE WATER
ECONOMY.
01664. RATES, REVENUES, AND RISING COSTS.
01666. USE OF PEAK DEMANDS IN DETERMINATION
OF RESIDENTIAL RATES.
01668. A METHOD FOR CALCULATING POWER AND
MUNICIPAL WATER RATES FOR PAYOUT
STUDIES.
01669. ADEQUATE RATES AND REVENUES-KEY TO
WATER WORKS FINANCING.
01672. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
3--COMPLETELY ADEQUATE TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
01673. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
4-A COMPLETELY ADEQUATE DISTRIBU-
TION SYSTEM.
01675 THE VALUE OF WATER IN ALTERNATIVE
USES, WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO
WATER USE IN THE SAN JUAN AND RIO
GRAND BASINS.
01682. EFFECT OF INFLATION ON WATER RATES.
«•«'-
01825
01814
01863
00582
00886
00919
00949
00979.
01000
01003.
01005.
01053
01062.
01172.
01177.
01178.
01298.
01657.
01673.
01695.
01741.
01743.
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER WORKS
DATA FOR 1955.
CAN WATER BE ALLOCATED BY COMPETI-
TIVE PRICES.
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF WATER IN INDUS-
TRIAL USES.
DEMAND FOR WATER UNDER DYNAMIC
CONDITIONS.
WASTEWATER RATES AND SERVICE
CHARGES IN GREAT BRITAIN.
WATER DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATIC PLANNING OF THE LEAST-COST
WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK.
THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
INTERIM DEVELOPMENT GUIDE AND PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER AND WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
AN OPTIMAL METER MAINTENANCE PRO-
GRAM FOR THE WAUKESHA WATER UTILI-
TY.
BRACKISH WATER TREATMENT.
CARRY SAVES $ WITH NATURAL GAS EN-
GINE.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LEAKAGE SURVEY.
EMERGENCY SURGE CONTROL SYSTEM.
NEW PUMPING AND WATER TREATMENT
FACILITIES FOR AUGUSTA, MAINE.
A POLICY FOR HYDRANT INSTALLATION.
AQUEDUCT CONTROL SYSTEMS SAVES 100
MILLION DOLLARS.
CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF RURAL WATER
SYSTEMS.
TELEMETRY INSTALLATION FOR CENTRAL
CONTROL OF SUNDERLAND AND SOUTH
SHIELDS WATER SYSTEM.
ECONOMIC DESIGN OF CENTRAL WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS FOR MEDIUM-SIZED
TOWNS.
COST OF WATER TREATMENT IN CALIFOR-
NIA.
WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
4-A COMPLETELY ADEQUATE DISTRIBU-
TION SYSTEM.
ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: WATER
TRANSMISSION COSTS.
OPTIMAL PLANS FOR THE CAPACITY EXPAN-
SION OF A MUNICIPAL WATER-TREAT-
MENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO MULTI-
STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER
TREATMENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
WATER LEAKS
01688. ECONOMICS OF LEAK SURVEYS.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00008. THE LEGISLATIVE APPROACH TO AIR AND
WATER QUALITY.
00024. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
379
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00030. CONSERVATION OF POWER AND WATER 00898.
RESOURCES. GRANTS FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
00033. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL STUDIES. 00899.
00036. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00038. WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL 00900.
ASPECTS OF URBANIZATION.
00039. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION.
00040. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGMENT: WATER POLLU- 00901.
TION AND RESOURCES ALLOCATION BY
PRIVATE MARKETS.
00043. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF WATER 00996.
POLLUTION CONTROL.
00056. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND WATER POL- 01025.
LUTION CONTROL.
00066. POLLUTIONAL EFFECTS OF PULP AND PAPER 01067.
MILL WASTES IN PUGET SOUND.
00075. RECENT RESULTS FROM A MATHEMATICAL
MODEL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 01074.
IN THE DELAWARE ESTUARY.
00089. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS 01275.
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
00101. POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALI- 01346.
TY.
00140. OPTIMAL TAXING OF WATER POLLUTION. 01356.
00159. PRODUCTION, DISPOSAL, AND USE OF WHEY
IN VERMONT. 01357.
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION. 01367,
00197. COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON- 01371.
TROL. (REMARKS BY WOOD).
00226. POLLUTION AT THE SOUTHERN END OF
LAKE MICHIGAN (WATER POLLUTION). 01378.
00235. THE FUTURE OF THE LAKE.
00241. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT 01391,
CHARGES (EFFLUENT CHARGES-DEFINI-
TION). 01392,
00242. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-THE 01399.
POLICE POWER).
00243. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT 01404.
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER- 01413.
EMINENT DOMAIN).
00244. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT 01414.
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-UN-
LAWFUL DELEGATION).
00245. THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF EFFLUENT
CHARGES (THE WASTE DISCHARGER-THE 01419.
TAX POWER). 01425.
00268. FEDERAL AID TO THE STATES: AN ANALYTI-
CAL EXAMINATION OF THE ALTERNA- 01426.
TIVES. 01451.
00297. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER CON-
TROL. 01479.
00298. A MODEL OF PUBLIC DECISIONS ILLUS-
TRATED BY A WATER POLLUTION POLICY 01482
PROBLEM. 01495.
00299. OPTIMUM INVESTMENT IN WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL. 01501.
00510. BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN WATER
QUALITY CRISIS. 01503.
00832. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROLS ON THE FRUIT AND VEGETA-
BLE CANNING AND FREEZING INDUSTRIES.
PART I.
STUDY OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF POLLU-
TION CONTROL ON THE IRON FOUNDRY
INDUSTRY. PART I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON
THE NONFERROUS METALS INDUSTRIES.
LEAD. PART I. INTRODUCTION AND EX-
ECUTIVE SUMMARY.
ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF EN-
VIRONMENTAL STANDARDS ON THE
BAKERY INDUSTRY. PART I.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: BASIC
TECHNIQUES.
OIL SKIMMER BELTS HELP CONTROL WATER
POLLUTION.
A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE IN 1967 ON
WASTEWATER AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISCHARGE APPLICA-
TION: MOCK HEARING.
SOURCE CONTROL OF URBAN WATER POL-
LUTION.
WATER POLLUTION IN THE GREATER NEW
YORK AREA.
MODERN PROCESSES FOR WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL:
UNIT OPERATIONS AND TREATMENT
KINETICS OF WATER PURIFICATION AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT.
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN WATER1" POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT. '
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY GUIDES: PART 1,
AIR POLLUTION; PART 2, WATER POLLU-
TION; PART 3, SOLID WASTE.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
MARKETING GUIDE.
WATER POLLUTION IN THE GREATER NEW
YORK AREA.
A SPECIAL REPORT ON THE POLLUTION OF
RIVER WATERS.
WATER AND WATER POLLUTION HAND-
BOOK.
WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
POLLUTION CONTROL LAWS: HOW YOUR
COMPANY IS AFFECTED.
POLLUTION CONTROL; VOLUME 1: POLLU-
TION CONTROL; VOLUME 2: ENVIRONMEN-
TAAL MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION
CONTROL LEGISLATION.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
ADVANCES IN WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH PROCEEDINGS.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.'
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEER-
ING.
WHY WATER POLLUTION IS ECONOMICALLY
UNAVOIDABLE.
WATER RESEARCH.
ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
WATER POLLUTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS
AND RESEARCH NEEDS.
PROPOSED PRACTICES FOR ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN PROJECTS.
380
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01509. WATER USE RELATIONAHIPS AS AFFECTFD
BY WATER QUALITY ON THE YAQUINA
BAY. WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE
PAPERS, 1964. civiii^ii
01519. LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODELS FOR
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01520. USE OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN ESTUARINE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WESTERN
RESOURCES CONFERENCE PAPERS 1964
01529. WATER PURIFICATION CONTROL '
01566. URBAN AND REGIONAL ASPECTS OF
PLANNING AND WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01569. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01577. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER
POLLUTION RESEARCH. 64TH
PROCEEDINGS.
01578. ADVANCES IN WATER POLLUTION
RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS, 3 VOLS.
01581. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ABATE-
MENT.
01590. PURITY OR POLLUTION: THE STRUGGLE FOR
WATER.
01592, WATER WASTELAND: RALPH NADER'S
STUDY GROUP REPORT ON WATER POLLU-
TION.
01594. WATER POLLUTION: DISPOSAL AND RE-USE.
01611. REGIONAL SEWAGE COLLECTION AND
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE
CENTRAL CONNECTICUT PLANNING RE-
GION.
01617. RIVER POLLUTION.
01618. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND SOLID
WASTES DISPOSAL.
01619. INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
01626. WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1964.
01630. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH. JERUSALEM INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY AND
POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1969
01665. DETERMINATION OF STREAM USE.
01684. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONTROL.
01693. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AND ITS
CHALLENGE TO POLITICAL ECONOMIC
RESEARCH.
01732. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
01735. OPTIMAL TAXING FOR THE ABATEMENT OF
WATER POLLUTION.
01748. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: OPTIMAL
ALLOCATION OF POLLUTANT
DISCHARGES CONSTRAINED BY QUALITY
AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS.
01750. THE APPLICATION OF A LINEAR PRO-
GRAMME MODEL TO WATER CONSERVA-
TION AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT AT
MODERFONTEIN FACTORY.
01761. ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL FOR CATTLE FEEDLOT OPERATIONS.
01770. MINIMIZING ABATEMENT COSTS OF
WATER.POLLUTANTS FROM AGRICUL-
TURE: A PARAMETRIC LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING APPROACH
01812. CHROMATE POLLUTION OF WATER DETEC-
TION, EFFECTS, AND PREVENTION: A
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
01813. THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA, A COMPENDI-
UM OF USEFUL INFO. ON WATER
RESOURCES.
01844. AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONNEC-
TICUT WATER LAW: WATER RIGHTS,
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION
CONTROL.
01845. EFFLUENT CHARGES AND WATER POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
01848. COMBATTING POLLUTION ON THE EAST
COAST OF CANADA.
01852. THE NATIONAL WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL EFFORT.
01859. ENFORCEMENT IN WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROL.
01894. INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM CHANGES: IMPLICA-
TIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION CON-
TROLS.
01908. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER: ECONOMIC IM-
PACT ON AFFECTED UNITS OF GOVERN-
MENT.
01914. COSTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
WATER QUALITY CONTROL
00003. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
00004. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: AN ECONOMIST'S VIEW.
00007. EFFLUENT CHARGES; A METHOD OF EN-
FORCING STREAM STANDARDS.
00018. FWPCA PROPOSES. . . A 20TH CENTURY PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL.
00020. A MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
00024. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00025. ESTUARINE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND FORECASTING.
00031. REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-
A PILOT STUDY.
00041. TODAY'S PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
00045. PLANNING A WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEM: THE CASE OF THE
POTOMAC ESTUARY.
00047. DELAWARE ESTUARY COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY-PRELIMINARY REPORT AND
FINDINGS.
00055. STANDARDS, CHARGES, AND EQUITY.
00056. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND WATER POL-
LUTION CONTROL.
00057. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
00059. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANANGEMENT.
00070. WATER QUALITY, A PROBLEM FOR THE
ECONOMIST.
00072. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PRO-
GRAMMING PROBLEMS.
00081. OPTIMAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
AND MULTI-COMPONENT EFFLUENT CON-
TROL BY MEANS OF LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING.
00084. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: ENGINEER-
ING-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE DISPOSAL.
00085. ROLE OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
381
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
00096. A TEST OF THE HYPOTHESIS THAT POLLU-
TION CONTROL IS WORTH WHAT IT COSTS.
00099. THE ECONOMICS OF CLEAN WATER.
00102. EVOLUTION OF WATER QUALITY GOALS.
00105 DEBATE ON THERMAL ISSUE CONTINUES.
00112. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00118. COMMENT ON ECONOMY OF WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CON-
TROL. (REMARKS BY FALKSON).
00123. ECONOMICS OF AIR AND WATER POLLU-
TION.
00126. DELAWARE RIVER BASIN COMMISSION AN-
NUAL REPORT 1969.
00129. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF RIVER STAN-
DARDS.
00137. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND THE
TIME PROFILE OF BENEFITS AND COSTS.
00144. POLLUTION-CAUSES, COSTS, CONTROL.
00162. REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHE-
MATICAL MODEL FOR MINIMIZING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS IN WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL.
00170. A MODEL FOR QUANTIFYING FLOW AUG-
MENTATION BENEFITS. FINAL REPORT.
00171. DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SLUDGE TO PUGET
SOUND--THE ENGINEERING AND WATER
QUALITY ASPECTS, JULY, 1965.
00174. EFFLUENTS AND AFFLUENCE.
00175. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA.
00187. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00190. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF THE ASSIMILATIVE
CAPACITY OF STREAMS.
00198. OPTIMIZATION MODELS FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANANGEMENT AND
WASTE TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN.
00199. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR REUSE
OF WATER.
00208. THE ROLE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER REUSE.
00210. SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN WATER
REUSE.
00211. OPTIMIZATION OF A CLASS OF RIVER AERA-
TION PROBLEMS BY THE USE OF MUL-
TIVARIABLE DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER
CONTROL THEORY.
00218. EXAMINATION INTO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE CONSTRUCTION GRANT PROGRAM
FOR ABATING, CONTROLLING AND
PREVENTING WATER
00222. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT.
00276. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY-A SYSTEMS APPROACH.
00281. SYNTHESIS OF THE DISPERSION AND WASTE
TREATMENT MODELS.
00304. WATER QUALITY TELEMETRY FINAL
PROGRESS REPORT.
00350. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY.
00353. DYNAMIC ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS OR
CHARGES.
00392. ACTIVABLE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
ESTUARINE WATER TRACERS.
00440. WATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENT AS RE-
LATED TO INDUSTRY.
00441. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
00450. ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION.
00492. ORGANIZING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL:
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF RIVER
BASIN AUTHORITIES.
00493. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITIES AND ECONOMIC INCEN-
TIVES: SOME CURRENT POLICY ISSUES.
00496. ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
00616. COSTS FOR EQUIVALENT UPSTREAM REDUC-
TION IN WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.
00619. ALTERNATE POLICIES FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00645. RECONNAISANCE STUDY: FINANCE, OR-
GANIZATION, MANAGEMENT-NASHUA ER
QUALITY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM.
00658. WATER CUSTOMERS, CRITERIA, AND COSTS.
00659. APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL DECISION
THEORY TO GREAT LAKES MANAGEMENT.
00693. BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY ENHANCE-
MENT.
00706. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT: EXEMPLIFIED BY SPECIFIED POLLU-
TANTS IN AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF.
00836. COORDINATION OF INDUSTRIAL AIR AND
WATER QUALITY PROGRAMS AS AN EF-
FECTIVE MANAGEMENT POLICY.
00903. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL: THE GENERAL ECONOMY.
00904. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF POLLUTION
CONTROL: A SUMMARY OF RECENT STU-
DIES. AN OVERVIEW.
00980. ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR SALINITY
CONTROL PROJECTS.
00993. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00997. WATER QUALITY PLANNING IN THE
PRESENCE OF INTERACTING POLLUTANTS.
01061. WHAT NEW WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
MEAN TO PRODUCTION COSTS.
01065. EVALUATING WATER QUALITY.
01094. QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN SUCCESSIVE
WATER USE.
01162. INFLUENCE OF RAW WATER CHARAC-
TERISTICS ON MEETING REQUIREMENTS
FOR QUALITY WATER.
01163. INFLUENCE OF TOXIC MATERIALS ON MEET-
ING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY
WATER.
01164. INFLUENCE OF WATER USER REQUIRE-
MENTS ON RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF
RAW WATER CHARACTERISTICS.
01174. IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY UNDER
FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT.
01186. WHAT IS QUALITY WATER.
01206. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT.
01249. OPTIMAL RESERVOIR RELEASES FOR WATER
QUALITY CONTROL.
01288. CONOCO'S 5-MILLION DOLLAR PROGRAM TO
MEET 1973 REGULATIONS.
01297. WATER QUALITY FACTORS ON THE COST
AND PERFORMANCE OF COOLANTS.
01320. CONTROL OF WATER QUALITY IN A COM-
PLEX NATURAL SYSTEM.
01331. INTEGRATED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN OHIO
VALLEY.
382
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01343. A MODEL FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF
WATER QUALITY IN IRRIGATION
01349. WATER QUALITY SIMULATION MODEL
01351. BOD MASS BALANCE AND WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS.
01354. THE USE OF THE FEDERAL INCOME TAX
SYSTEM TO COMBAT AIR AND WATER
POLLUTION: A CASE STUDY IN TAX EX-
PENDITURES.
01358. THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: AN APPLICA-
TION OF MULTISTAGE GEOMETRIC PRO-
GRAMMING.
01359. PROFITS, JOINT COSTS AND WATER QUALITY
CONTROL.
01368. PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS TO THE
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF WATER QUALI-
TY CONTROL.
01380. RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
01384. MANAGING WATER QUALITY.
01401. WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY PHYSI-
CAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES
01410. COMPUTERIZED WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
01417. WATER TREATMENT AND EXAMINATION.
01423. WATER PURIFICATION CONTROL.
01436. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
01437. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH.
01465. THE ORSANCO STORY: WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT IN THE OHIO VALLEY
UNDER AN INTERSTATE COMPACT.
01477. QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT: AN
ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SOME
PROBLEMS IN USING LAND, WATER AND
AIR.
01480. MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS.
01494. METHODOLOGY FOR APPROACHING WATER
QUALITY PROBLEMS, IN WATER
RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE WEST.
01496. BENEFIT-COST CONSIDERATIONS IN WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01497. POLLUTION: THE PROBLEM OF EVALUA-
TION. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER POLLUTION,
WASHINGTON, D. C., DECE
01498. WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY.
01500. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01502. FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1961. PUBLIC LAW NO.
87-88.
01504. THE SOCIAL VALUE OF WATER RECREA-
TIONAL FACILITIES RESULTING FROM AN
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY: THE
DELAWARE ESTUARY
01506. THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY
BENEFITS.
01507. INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS DERIVED FROM IM-
PROVED RAW WATER QUALITY IN THE
CONTRASCOSTA CANAL.
01509. WATER USE RELATIONAHIPS AS AFFECTED
BY WATER QUALITY ON THE YAQUINA
BAY. WESTERN RESOURCES CONFERENCE
PAPERS, 1964.
01510. POLICIES, STANDARDS, AND PROCEDURES IN
THE FORMULATION, EVALUATION, AND
REVIEW OF PLANS FOR USE AND
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
01511. METHODS OF APPROXIMATING DILUTION
WATER REQUIREMENTS AS A SUPPLEMEN-
TAL MEASURE FOR CONTROL OF WATER
QUALITY IN RIVERS.
01513. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN WATER
RESOURCES ASSOCIATION.
01514. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-THE
PLANNING OF ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL
POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS.
PROCEEDINGS
01515. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01516. AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO WATER
QUALITY CONTROL. PAPER PRESENTED
AT THE 38TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF
THE WATER POLUTION
01517. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE
MEANS OF ACHIEVING WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
01521. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY RE-
GIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE RUHR AREA
WITH SPECIALIZED EMPHASIS ON THE
ROLE OF COST
01528. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
01545. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT; AN ANAL-
YSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL PATTERNS.
01558. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT, AIR,
WATER, AND SOIL.
01563. WATER PURITY: A STUDY IN LEGAL CON-
TROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
01567. RIVER POLLUTION. VOL. 3. CONTROL.
01568. CONTROL OF RIVER POLLUTION BY INDUS-
TRY.
01576. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT. (WATER RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM.
NO. 1, 1967).
01582. STUDIES OF THE POLLUTION OF THE TEN-
NESSEE RIVER SYSTEM.
01622. ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT OF WATER
QUALITY.
01630. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH. JERUSALEM INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY AND
POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1969
01631. WATER QUALITY ENGINEERING FOR PRAC-
TICING ENGINEERS.
01694. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CATALOG.
VOL. 1, PART 1: FEDERALLY SUPPORTED
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS.
01698. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
METHODOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO
THE SAINT JOHN RIVER.
01699. WATER QUALITY MODELS.
01708. POLLUTION CHARGES, INCOME, AND THE
COSTS OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT.
383
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01712. INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A-
SUMMARY.
01718. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND
QUALITY.
01726. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC MODEL
FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01727. WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE
RIVER SYSTEM.
01734. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY, A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DIS-
SOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN
FRESHWATER STREAMS.
01738. WATER QUALITY IN THE PULP AND PAPER
INDUSTRY.
01739. SYSTEM ECONOMIC RESPONSE TO WATER
AND QUALITY-FUNDAMENTAL CON-
SIDERATIONS.
01740. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND A
POLICY MODEL.
01748. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT: OPTIMAL
ALLOCATION OF POLLUTANT
DISCHARGES CONSTRAINED BY QUALITY
AND EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS.
01749. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING AND ESTUARINE
WATER QUALITY CONTROL.
01760. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER QUALI-
TY: A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL OF OP-
TIMAL QUALITY CONTROL IN ESTUARINE
WATERS.
01771. SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION FOR RIVER BASIN
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01773. AN INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATE WASTE
MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN A RIVER
BASIN.
01781. APPLICATION OF USER CHARGES TO WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01829. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS OR CHARGES.
01831. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT. IN WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY BY T.
H. CAMPELL AND R. O
01833. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING FOR RE-
GIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01836. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS: THE
FEDERAL PERSPECTIVE-PROGRESS
TOWARD OBJECTIVES.
01837. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
01851. THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER QUALITY
INDER A FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT: A COM-
MENTARY ON LINEAR PROGRAMMING AP-
PLIED TO WATER
01861. A MODEL OF WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY.
01905. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
WATER QUALITY MONITORING
00171. DISPOSAL OF DIGESTED SLUDGE TO PUGET
SOUND-THE ENGINEERING AND WATER
QUALITY ASPECTS, JULY, 1965.
00304. WATER QUALITY TELEMETRY FINAL
PROGRESS REPORT.
00399. DETROIT SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE
CONTROL. DETROIT METROPOLITAN
WATER SERVICES, MICH.
00446. COST OF PATUXENT RIVER QUALITY MONI-
TORING.
01331. INTEGRATED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN OHIO
VALLEY.
01792. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REMOTE
SENSING OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION.
01856. REMOTE SENSING ANALYSIS OF WATER
QUALITY.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
01461. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA'S WATER INDUS-
TRY: THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC ENTERPRISE IN DEVELOPING A
SCARCE NATURAL RES
01522. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT.
01534. THE WATER RESOURCES OF CHILE; AN
ECONOMIC METHOD FOR ANALYZING A
KEY RESOURCE IN A NATION'S DEVELOP-
MENT.
01536. THE COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY; THE
ECONOMICS OF AN INTERNATIONAL
RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
00031. REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT-
A PILOT STUDY.
00040. THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGMENT: WATER POLLU-
TION AND RESOURCES ALLOCATION BY
PRIVATE MARKETS.
00051. RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN WATER QUALITY
AND RECREATION.
00052. A STUDY IN THE ECONOMICS OF WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00085. ROLE OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
00089. THE COST OF CLEAN WATER AND ITS
ECONOMIC IMPACT.
00106. CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS (WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).
00108. WATER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.
00109. ACQUISITION OF LAND TO PREVENT CON-
TAMINATION.
00181. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT.
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES.
00193. THE DELAWARE ESTUARY STUDY.
00199. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR REUSE
OF WATER.
00203. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM.
00204. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
ITALY.
00207. WATER REUSE IN ISRAEL.
00284. BRACKISH WATER PURIFICATION BY
BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL POWERED ELEC-
TRODIALYSIS.
00297. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER CON-
TROL.
00334. COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PROTECTION
OF WATER RESOURCES OF LAKE TAHOE
384
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
CONTROLLED WASTE
00340,
00348.
00353.
00354.
00362.
00548.
00592.
00600.
00631.
00694.
00711.
00821.
00846.
00857.
00859.
00863.
00902.
00919.
00931.
01166.
01193.
01256.
01271.
01296.
01381.
01387.
01397.
01402.
01403.
01427.
BASIN THROUGH
DISPOSAL.
WATER QUALITY: COSTS BENEFITS AND IR-
REDUCIBLES.
EVALUATION PROCESSES IN WATER
RESOURCES PLANNING.
DYNAMIC ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS OR
CHARGES.
SOME ECONOMIC PLANNING CONSIDERA-
TIONS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
FOR THE UPPER PAWCATUCK RIVER
BASIN IN RHODE ISLAND.
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO REGIONAL IN-
DUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN FOR WATER QUALI-
TY MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE
WISCONSIN RIVER, VOL I, SECTION A.
ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS FOR SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT ON A NORTH MISSISSIPPI
WATERSHED.
EVALUATING URBAN CORE USAGE OF
WATERWAYS AND SHORELINES.
ECOLOGY AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS: AN
INTEGRATION AND APPLICATION OF
THEORY TO ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPLICA-
TIONS OF THE PERMIT SYSTEM OF WATER
ALLOCATION.
USE OF GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
WATER FACILITIES.
PRIORITY AND PLANNING ELEMENTS FOR
DEVELOPING ILLINOIS WATER
RESOURCES.
A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE COSTS OF
WATER IN INDUSTRIAL USES.
CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF EN-
GINEERING TECHNOLOGY TO THE
PROBLEMS OF APPALACHIA. VOLUME 3.
WATER RESOURCES.
COST OF PUMPING WATER.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND WATE^R
DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME 1.
INTERIM DEVELOPMENT GUIDE AND PRO-
GRAM FOR WATER AND WASTE MANAGE-
MENT.
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR WATER
RESOURCE PLANNING, ONTARIO.
WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL- GEARING
PERFORMANCE TO PROMISE.
TOOLS FOR WATER RESOURCE STUDY.
SMART WATER MANAGEMENT, NOT POLLU-
TION CONTROL.
DIMENSIONS OF WATER MANAGEMENT.
CONFERENCE ON WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND
PUBLIC POLICY.
WATER TRANSFERS.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: DIC-
TIONARY CATALOG.
WATER RESOURCES REPORTS AND PAPERS
IN THE J. B. LIPPINCOTT COLLECTION.
DICTIONARY CATALOG OF THE WATER
RESOURCES CENTER ARCHIVES./
01428. STRATEGIES OF AMERICAN WATER
MANAGEMENT.
01429. WATER RESOURCES OF CHILE: AN
ECONOMIC METHOD FOR ANALYZING A
KEY RESOURCE IN A NATION'S DEVELOP-
MENT.
01439. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
01440. WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING.
01442. COST OF CAPITAL IN CANADA: WITH SPE-
CIAL REFERENCE TO PUBLIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER!
01443. ECONOMICS OF WATERSHED PLANNING.
01444. ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCE
PLANNING.
01445. INTERBASIN TRANSFERS OF WATER:
ECONOMIC ISSUES AND IMPACT.
01456. THE ECONOMICS OF PROJECT EVALUATION.
01458. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS: ITS RELEVANCE
TO PUBLIC INVESTMENT DECISIONS.
01464. PROCEEDINGS: 16TH SOUTHERN WATER
RESOURCES AND POLLUTION CONTROL
CONFERENCE.
01470. WATER MANAGEMENT INNOVATIONS IN EN-
GLAND.
01471. THE RANGE OF CHOICE IN WATER MANAGE-
MENT: A STUDY OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
IN THE POTOMAC ESTUARY.
01480. MANAGING WATER QUALITY: ECONOMICS,
TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS.
01485. RESOURCE ECONOMICS AND A QUALITY EN-
VIRONMENT, MAN VERSUS ENVIRON-
MENT, MONOGRAPH NO. 3.
01487. THE QUALITY OF THE HUMAN ENVIRON-
MENT, APPENDIX 3, IN WASTE MANAGE-
MENT RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY MANAGEMENT
01490. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS FOR WATER
RESOURCE PROJECTS.
01494. METHODOLOGY FOR APPROACHING WATER
QUALITY PROBLEMS, IN WATER
RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOP-
MENT OF THE WEST.
01423. ECONOMICS OF RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT
IN INDIA.
01524. ALTERNATIVES IN WATER MANAGEMENT.
01525. ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
01526. WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: INTER-
NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1950-1965.
01533. 1001 QUESTIONS ANSWERED ABOUT WATER
RESOURCES.
01537. WATER RESOURCES PROJECT ECONOMICS.
01539. THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC
INVESTMENTS; AN EX POST EVALUATION
OF WATER RESOURCES INVESTMENTS.
01540. SCIENTIFIC ALLOCATION OF WATER
RESOURCES.
01563. WATER PURITY: A STUDY IN LEGAL CON-
TROL OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
01575. WASTES MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS FOR THE
COASTAL ZONE.
01576. ADVANCES IN WATER QUALITY IMPROVE-
MENT. (WATER RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM.
NO. 1, 1967).
01584. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN
NORTHERN MEXICO.
01590. PURITY OR POLLUTION: THE STRUGGLE FOR
WATER.
385
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01591. THE SUSQUEHANNA COMPACT: GUARDIAN 01835.
OF THE RIVER'S FUTURE.
01598. SYMPOSIUM ON RIVER MANAGEMENT, 01838.
UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE,
1966.
01600. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN OF 01839.
WATER RESOURCE SYSTEMS.
01603. ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION OF 01846.
WATER RESOURCES.
01605. WATER RESOURCES AND THE CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY, IN NEW JERSEY: AN ECONOMET- 01854.
RIC AND ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
01606. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
IV: AN INPUT-OUTPUT LINEAR PRO- 01857.
CRAMMING ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA
WATER REQUIREMENTS. 01864.
01607. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
VI: A DYNAMIC INTERREGIONAL INPUT- 01868.
OUTPUT PROGRAMMING MODEL OF THE
CALIFORNIA AND WEST
01614. WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR GROUP: 01871.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PURPOSES RE-
LATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT.
01623. WATER, HEALTH, AND SOCIETY; SELECTED
PAPERS. 01884.
01635. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ENGINEERING.
01637. MULTIPLE PURPOSE RIVER DEVELOPMENT.
01648. PROCEEDINGS WATER RESOURCES
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE. 01886.
01676. CHOOSING AMONG ALTERNATIVE PUBLIC
INVESTMENTS IN THE WATER RESOURCES 01899.
FIELD.
01677. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER.
01690. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT, IN LAND AND WATER: 01900.
PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 1961
WESTERN RESOURCES CONF 01901.
01692. THE ROLE OF UNCERTAINTIES IN THE
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER-
RESOURCES PROJECTS. 01909.
01694. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CATALOG.
VOL. 1, PART 1: FEDERALLY SUPPORTED 01910.
RESEARCH IN PROGRESS.
01736. CONSERVATION OF FRESH-WATER
RESOURCES BY DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL OF
LIQUID WASTES, APPENDIX A: DESIGN 01912.
AND COST OF LIQUID
01747. PROGRAM BUDGETING AND UNCERTAINTY:
A CASE STUDY IN ESTIMATING CON-
STRUCTION COSTS OF WATER RESOURCE
PROJECTS.
01757. WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION 00009.
BY GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING.
01791. BIBLIOGRAPHY: SELECTED REGIONAL, 00046.
STATE, AND OTHER GOVERNMENTAL
AGENCY WATER RESOURCES PLANNING 00092.
DOCUMENTS.
01799. WATER: A SUBJECT HEADING LIST. 00093.
01800. A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 00094.
ON THE ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE
SYSTEMS. 00095.
01816. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF WATER 00100.
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: A BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
01822. ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE RELAT- 00103.
ING TO WATER RESOURCES.
01832. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCE 00131.
POLICY.
WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENT AND THE
PUBLIC INTEREST.
EMERGING PROBLEMS IN WATER
ECONOMICS: THE STOCK RESOURCE
VALUE OF WATER.
CONSERVATION EXPECTATIONS OF RIVER
BASIN MANAGEMENT.
BENEFIT-COST RATIOS FOR PROJECTS IN
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE INVESTMENT PRO-
GRAMS.
NONMARKET VALUES AND EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC INVESTMENTS IN WATER
RESOURCES.
EXTERNALITIES AND EMPIRICISM IN WATER
RESOURCES.
NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO RE-
GIONAL WATER RESOURCE PLANNING.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PERIODICAL ARTICLES
CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES.
A SAFE MINIMUM STANDARD AS AN OBJEC-
TIVE OF CONSERVATION POLICY. IN
RESOURCE CONSERVATION: ECONOMICS
AND POLICIES.
DESIGN OF WATER-RESOURCE SYSTEMS:
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR RELATING
ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES, ENGINEERING
ANALYSIS, AND GOVERNMENT
THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF FEDERAL
WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDIES OF WATER
RESOURCES PROBLEMS: REVIEW OF
LITERATURE AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOG-
RAPHY.
ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN WATER
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT.
INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS AND BENEFIT-COST
ANALYSIS IN WATER RESOURCES
RESEARCH.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF WATER RESOURCES.
THE IDENTIFICATION AND CRITICAL ANALY-
SIS OF SELECTED LITERATURE DEALING
WITH THE RECREATIONAL ASPECTS OF
WATER RESOURCES
WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST, REPORT IN-
STITUTIONS AND POLICIES.
WATER REUSE
COSTS DIVE AS WEIRTON RE-USES MILL
ROLL COOLANT.
THE LAKE TAHOE WATER RECLAMATION
PLANT
POTENTIAL REUSE OF EFFLUENT AS A FAC-
TOR IN SEWERAGE DESIGN.
REUSE CAN BE CHEAPER THAN DISPOSAL.
WASTEWATER REUSE AT THE GRAND
CANYON.
WATER REUSE IN MONTERREY, MEXICO.
A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
STUDY OF THE USE OF MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION
WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS OF A FLORIDA
PHOSPHATE OPERATION.
DIATOMITE FILTRATION IN A BOARD MILL
386
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00156. ELECTRODIALYSIS IN ADVANCED WASTF
TREATMENT.
00191. IMPORT ALTERNATIVES
00192. ELECTRIC UTILITIES INCLUDE BUILT-IN
SAFEGUARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION.
00199. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR REUSE
OF WATER.
00202. METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF UN-
DERGROUND STORAGE OF INDUSTRIAL
WATER DISCHARGES (RUSSIAN)
00203. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
THE UNITED KINGDOM
00204. CONSERVATION OF WATER BY REUSE IN
ITALY.
00205. WATER REUSE IN WEST GERMAN INDUSTRY
00206. THE UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER IN JAPAN.
00207. WATER REUSE IN ISRAEL.
00209. WATER RECLAMATION WITH GRANULAR
ACTIVATED CARBON.
00210. SUCCESSES AND FAILURES IN WATER
REUSE.
00217. PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE-
WATER.
00221. RX FOR AILING LAKES-A LOW PHOSPHATE
DIET.
00233. ARTIFICIAL-RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS
UTILIZING RENOVATED SEWAGE-PLANT
EFFLUENT-A FEASIBILITY STUDY AT BAY
PARK, NEW YORK.
00248. WASTE WATER RECIRCULATION AS A
MEANS OF RIVER POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT.
00256. TREATMENT OF TEXTILE WASTE LIQUORS.
00259. DEVELOPMENT OF TERTIARY TREATMENT
METHODS FOR WASTE WATER RENOVA-
TION.
00264. MEMBRANE PROCESSES GAIN FAVOR FOR
WATER REUSE.
00294. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND POLLUTIONAL
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
PETROCHEMICAL WASTES, SUMMARY RE-
PORT.
00297. URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER CON-
TROL.
00301. SURVEY OF DESALTING PROCESSES FOR USE
IN WASTE WATER TREATMENT.
00302. ECONOMICS OF COMBINING DISTILLED SEA-
WATER AND RENOVATED WASTE WATER
AS A NEW SOURCE OF MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLY.
00335. INDUSTRIAL WATER RECIRCULATION IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
00341. CLEAN WATER ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00372. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
00379. WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE BY IN-
DUSTRY.
00395. WATER REUSE AND RECYCLING IN INDUS-
TRY.
00427. ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT IN NASSAU
COUNTY, NEW YORK, WATER PROVIDED
FOR INJECTION INTO GROUNDWATER
AQUIFERS.
00428. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE.
00429. FEASIBILITY OF GRANULAR, ACTIVATED-
CARBON ADSORPTION FOR WASTE WATER
RENOVATION.
00457. CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORT- KING-
MAN LAKE PROJECT.
00461. TOTAL WATER USE.
00466. WATER REUSE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.
00469. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT
OF METAL FINISHING WASTES BY ION
EXCHANGE OF RINSE WATERS.
00473. SODIUM HYDROXIDE RECOVERY IN THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY.
00497. LIQUID HANDLING OF POULTRY MANURE.
00512. RE-USING STORM RUN-OFF.
00515. THE UNABATED GROWTH OF WATER POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES.
00517. THE REUSE OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTE
BY THE MIDLAND DIVISION, THE DOW
CHEMICAL COMPANY.
00525. CHALLENGE FOR WASTE WATER LAGOONS.
00530. COOLING TOWERS BOOST WATER REUSE.
00539. RENOVATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER
BY REVERSE OSMOSIS.
00542. PHENOLIC WASTE RE-USE BY DIATOMITE
FILTRATION.
00544. FLOW REDUCTION OF WASTE WATER FROM
HOUSEHOLDS.
00565. DISTILLATION OF WASTE WATERS: A WATER
RESOURCE FOR ARID REGIONS.
00575. WATER RECLAMATION AND ALGAE HAR-
VESTING.
00578. TREATMENT OF BRASS MILL EFFLUENTS AT
ANACONDA TORONTO PLANT.
00585. REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF ALUM AND LIME
SLUDGES.
00588. A TECHNIQUE FOR IRRIGATING BOTTOM
LAND HARDWOOD TREES WITH PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT IN NORTH LOUISIANA.
00630. THE FEASIBILITY OF IRRIGATING SOFTWOOD
AND HARDWOOD FOR DISPOAL OF PAPER-
MILL EFFLUENT.
00640. OPTIMIZING A KRAFT MILL WATER REUSE
SYSTEM.
00641. TAHOE AND WINDHOEK: PROMISE AND
PROOF OF CLEAN WATER.
00647. WATER QUALITY ASPECTS OF INTERMIT-
TENT SYSTEMS USING SECONDARY
SEWAGE EFFLUENT.
00650. DEMORALIZATION OF RECLAIMED WATER.
00653. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
00660. WASTEWATER REUSE.
00676. INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE: FUTURE POLLU-
TION SOLUTION.
00680. VIRUS CONTROL AT THE SANTEE, CALIF.,
PROJECT.
00686. ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
OF WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND
REUSE PROJECTS.
00696. DISCUSSION OF THE RECLAMATION OF
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS FOR DOMESTIC USE.
00701. RECLAIMING WATER FROM WATER PLANT
SLUDGE.
00718. CONVENTIONAL USE OR REUSE-A COST
COMPARISON.
00725. DEVELOPMENTS IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT
IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY.
387
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
PHYSICAL AND
A LITERATURE
00741. HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER BY CHEMI-
CAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER TREAT-
MENT.
00742. A CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL WASTE WATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
00745. WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND RENOVA-
TION STATUS OF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT.
00748. REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS FOR WATER
REUSE APPLICATION.
00749. THE ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF
REVERSE OSMOSIS AS A METHOD OF
PROCESSING SPENT LIQUORS OF THE PULP
AND PAPER INDUSTRY.
00755. RECOVERY AND REUSE OF OIL EXTRACTED
FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER.
00759. ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
00920. THE REUSE OF WATER IN MANUFACTURING:
AN EXPLANATORY ECONOMIC MODEL
WITH DATA ANALYSIS.
00922. REUSE OF CHEMICAL FIBER PLANT WASTE-
WATER AND COOLING WATER BLOW-
DOWN.
00926. EFFECT OF WATER CONDITIONING ON
WASTEWATER QUALITY.
00944. THE INDIRECT CYCLE OF WATER REUSE.
00945. THE RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER
FROM WASTEWATER.
00961. WATER RECLAMATION,
CHEMICAL METHODS:
REVIEW.
00971. CLEAR WATER AND ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
00990. OPPORTUNITIES FOR WATER SALVAGE.
01028. PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROJECTS.
01059. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AT SOUTH
TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITIES DISTRICT.
01060. WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT.
01078. RECYCLE BOOSTS DESALTING EFFICIENCY.
01085. WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE: LITERA-
TURE REVIEW.
01093. PLATING PLANT CUTS WATER BILL TWO-
THIRDS.
01094. QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN SUCCESSIVE
WATER USE.
01123. RAGS TO RICHES: THE ECONOMICS OF
RECYCLING WASTES.
01129. WASTE WATER RECLAMATION IN A CLOSED
SYSTEM.
01161. USING WASTE WATER TO CUT POLLUTION
CONTROL COSTS.
01182. EFFECT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS, ORGANIC
MATTER AND TOXIC MATERIALS ON
AQUATIC LIFE IN RIVERS.
01202. RENOVATED WASTEWATERS.
01203. RECLAMATION OF POTABLE WATER FROM
WASTEWATER.
01207. INTERLAKE'S WATER POLLUTION PROGRAM.
01223. WATER CONSERVATION SAVES $250,000.
01224. WATER-ITS ECONOMIC REUSE VIA CLOSED
CYCLE.
01227. REMOVING HARDNESS FROM BRACKISH
WATERS.
01239. LEGAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
PROCESS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
01266.
01293.
01306.
01327.
01338.
01341.
01406.
01481.
01594.
01651.
01659.
01686.
01702.
01855.
00136.
00682.
00710.
00926.
00992.
01261.
01324.
FIFTEEN YEARS OF PROGRESS, A REVIEW OF
THE UNITED STATES DESALTING PRO-
GRAM.
METAL FINISHING WASTES: METHODS OF
DISPOSAL.
MARGINAL VALUES OF DILUTION WATERS.
TECHNOLOGY NEEDED FOR THE ECONOMIC
USE OF DESALTED WATER IN AGRICUL-
TURE.
CHEMICAL PHYSICAL WASTEWATER
RENOVATION PROCESS FOR KRAFT PULP
AND PAPER WASTES.
ADVANCED TREATMENT PROCESSES.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF WASTE-
WATER REUSES.
ECONOMICS OF WATER RECLAMATION.
WATER POLLUTION: DISPOSAL AND RE-USE.
WASTE WATER RENOVATION: PART 1. A
DESIGN STUDY OF FREEZING AND GAS
HYDRATE FORMATION. PART 2. FEASIBILI-
TY TESTS
A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND
ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY.
ADVANCED TREATMENT OF WASTE WATERS
FOR REUSE.
BASIN MANAGEMENT FOR WATER REUSE.
ECONOMICAL TREATMENT OF PLANT EF-
FLUENT AND INDUSTRIAL WATER RECLA-
MATION.
WATER SOFTENING
ECONOMICS OF SPLIT-TREATMENT WATER
SOFTENING.
ECONOMICS OF WATER SOFTENING.
SPLIT TREATMENT LIME SOFTENING
REDUCES OPERATING COSTS AT AMES,
IOWA.
EFFECT OF WATER CONDITIONING ON
WASTEWATER QUALITY.
REEVALUATION OF PRADO WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVES.
DONNAN SOFTENING AS A PRETREATMENT
TO DESALINATION PROCESSES.
ECONOMIC ASPECT OF WATER SOFTENING
BY PASSAGE ON CATIONIC RESINS. IN-
TEREST OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF END
OF CYCLE.
WATER SUPPLY
00061.
TOWARD THE OPTIMIZATION OF INVEST-
MENT-PRICING DECISIONS: A MODEL FOR
URBAN WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
00106. CONSERVANCY DISTRICTS (WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).
00116. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF USING SUBSTAN-
DARD QUALITY WATER IN WEBSTER AND
OTHER COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH DAKOTA.
00186. ALTERNATIVES IN WATER SUPPLY.
00302. ECONOMICS OF COMBINING DISTILLED SEA-
WATER AND RENOVATED WASTE WATER
AS A NEW SOURCE OF MUNICIPAL WATER
SUPPLY.
00308. DEVELOPING RURAL HOME WATER SUP-
PLIES.
388
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
00310. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF DROUGHT ON
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE PASSAIC
RIVER BASIN, NEW JERSEY.
00354. SOME ECONOMIC PLANNING CONSIDERA-
TIONS OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
FOR THE UPPER PAWCATUCK RIVER
BASIN IN RHODE ISLAND.
00466. WATER REUSE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
00496. ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
00544. FLOW REDUCTION OF WASTE WATER FROM
HOUSEHOLDS.
00561. A PRELIMINARY 'LEAST COST' STUDY OF FU-
TURE GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN
NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS.
00562. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
00575. WATER RECLAMATION AND ALGAE HAR-
VESTING.
00597. PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00617. MULTISTAGE MARGINAL COST MODEL OF
INVESTMENT-PRICING DECISIONS: URBAN
WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT FACILITIES.
00689. AN INTEGRAL APPROACH TO URBAN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS.
00702. TWO METHODS OF STUDYING THE EFFECT
OF MUNICIPAL SEWER SURCHARGES ON
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES.
00719. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TYPICAL
WATER WORKS TELEMETERING SYSTEMS.
00721. ECONOMICS OF WATER QUALITY AND
WASTEWATER CONTROL.
00821. WATER FACILITIES.
00844. FUTURE WATER DEMANDS.
00855. PRELIMINARY WATER PLAN FOR THE BAL-
TIMORE REGION.
00860. REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBU-
TION IN THE CENTRAL CONNECTICUT
PLANNING REGION.
00864, COSTS OF WELLS AND PUMPS.
00885. ANALYSIS OF COMPREHENSIVE WATER
SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE DISPOSAL STU-
DIES.
00886. THE ECONOMICS OF A REGIONAL MU-
NICIPAL DESALTING SYSTEM IN THE
LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.
00942. PRODUCTION COST FACTOR IN RATE-MAK-
ING.
00943. PROTECTING PUMPING STATION AGAINST
NUCLEAR ATTACK.
00950 COMPLETION OF THE FAIRFAX COUNTY
WATER AUTHORITY ACQUISTION PRO-
GRAM.
00953. COOPERATIVE CITY-COUNTY RATE STRUC-
TURES
00954. DETROIT DEVELOPS WATER SUPPLY FROM
LAKE HURON.
00955. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER SUPPLY
PRICING IN ILLINOIS.
00957. IMPROVED WATER QUALITY.
00995. WATER FOR THE WEST.
01002. COST OF PROVIDING WATER FOR PROTEC-
TION.
01005. EMERGENCY SURGE CONTROL SYSTEM.
01082. SURFACE SUPPLY COSTS MORE, FARM BU-
REAU SHOWS.
01090. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF WATER MAIN EX-
TENSION.
01091. METROPOLITAN BANGKOK WATER PROJECT.
01092. NITRATE REMOVAL FROM A GROUND
WATER SUPPLY.
01096. RURAL COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY COSTS.
01177. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF RURAL WATER
SYSTEMS.
01232. EXTENSIONS TO THE CHANIA. SASUMUA,
WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR NAIROBI.
01314. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR WATER-
WASTEWATER SYSTEMS.
01355. PROPOSED PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS
FOR PLANNING WATER AND RELATED
LAND RESOURCES.
01404. WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION CONTROL.
01405. CONSTRUCTION COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY
AND SEWAGE NETWORKS IN POLAND
1961-1970.
01422. APPLIED STREAM SANITATION.
01430. DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE
DISPOSAL GUIDE.
01433. WATER DEMAND FOR STEAM ELECTRIC
GENERATION: AN ECONOMIC PROJECTION
MODEL.
01434. WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING,
01435. WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING:
VOL. 1: WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE-
WATER REMOVAL, VOL. 2: WATER PURIFI-
CATION AND WASTEWATER
01447. WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT: A
HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.
01450. SOLAR DISTILLATION AS A MEANS OF MEET-
ING SMALL-SCALE WATER DEMANDS.
01457. WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY.
01461. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA'S WATER INDUS-
TRY: THE COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF
PUBLIC ENTERPRISE IN DEVELOPING A
SCARCE NATURAL RES
01498. WATER SUPPLY: ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY,
AND POLICY.
01527. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
GUIDE.,
01532. WATER AND WATER USE TERMINOLOGY.
01533. 1001 QUESTIONS ANSWERED ABOUT WATER
RESOURCES.
01541. SEMINAR ON RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT,
LONDON, ENGLAND, 1970. ^
01599. RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSER-
VATION.
01606. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
IV: AN INPUT-OUTPUT LINEAR PRO-
GRAMMING ANALYSIS OF CALIFORNIA
WATER REQUIREMENTS. .
01607. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER, PART
VI: A DYNAMIC INTERREGIONAL INPUT-
OUTPUT PROGRAMMING MODEL OF THE
CALIFORNIA AND WEST
01623. WATER, HEALTH, AND SOCIETY; SELECTED
PAPERS.
01630. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER QUALITY
RESEARCH. JERUSALEM INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON WATER QUALITY AND
POLLUTION RESEARCH, 1969
01638. THE CONSERVATION OF GROUND WATER.
01641. ECONOMICS OF ION-EXCHANGE
TECHNIQUES FOR MUNICIPAL WATER-
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.
01643. WATER SUPPLY FROM ESTUARIAL SOURCES.
01648. PROCEEDINGS WATER RESOURCES
ECONOMICS CONFERENCE.
389
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COST ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
01652. DUAL WATER SYSTEMS. 01160.
01656. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SALINE-WATER
CONVERSION.
01659. A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND 01163.
ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY.
01672. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
3-COMPLETELY ADEQUATE TREATMENT 01164.
FACILITIES.
01673. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
4--A COMPLETELY ADEQUATE DISTRIBU- 01172,
TION SYSTEM.
01678. OUTLOOK FOR ECONOMIC USE OF FRESH 01379.
WATER FROM THE SEA. 01382.
01690. WELFARE ECONOMICS AND RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT, IN LAND AND WATER: 01399.
PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH. 1961
WESTERN RESOURCES CONF 01417.
01718. THE ECONOMICS OF WATER SUPPLY AND 01424.
- ; QUALITY.
01742. OPTIMAL PLANS FOR CAPACITY EXPANSION 01435.
,' ' OF WATER-SUPPLYING FACILITIES.
01844. AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONNEC-
; TICUT WATER LAW: WATER RIGHTS,
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND POLLUTION 01447.
•, , '' ' CONTROL.
• 01849. COMMONALITY, THE PRICE SYSTEM, AND 01455.
USE OF WATER SUPPLIES.
01469.
WATER TREATMENT 01470.
00115. DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREAT- 01506.
MENT PLANTS.
00153. ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A 01529.
REVERSE OSMOSIS PURIFICATION SYSTEM- 01530.
-PART II. OPTIMIZATION.
00223. BULK TRANSPORT OF WASTE SLURRIES TO 01531.
INLAND AND OCEAN DISPOSAL SITES: 01532.
SUMMARY REPORT. 01546.
00307. CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER AND WASTE WATER FACILITIES. 01547.
00657. DEVELOPMENT OF A FROTH PROCESS FOR
THE TREATMENT OF SOUR WATER. 01550.
00949. AN OPTIMAL METER MAINTENANCE PRO-
GRAM FOR THE WAUKESHA WATER UTILI- 01551.
TY.
00957. IMPROVED WATER QUALITY. 01599.
00963. AERATION OF STREAMS WITH AIR AND
' •-. , MOLECULAR OXYGEN. 01612.
00999. BUILDING RELIABILITY OF PLANT, PEOPLE,
AND SERVICE.
01004. ELECTRODIALYSIS OF ESTUARINE WATER. 01624.
- 01006. GENEVA, N. Y., IMPROVES WATER TREAT-
, * ' MENT PLANT.
01007. MORE WATER FOR GREENSBORO, NORTH 01625.
CAROLINA. 01629.
01008. THE SELECTION OF GRANULAR VERSUS
POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON. 01647.
01047. IODINE FOR THE DISINFECTION OF WATER.
01056.-WATER UTILITY COST TRENDS. 01651.
,01058. WASTE WATER PLANT EFFLUENT CHLORINA-
'• : TION MADE EASY AND INEXPENSIVE.
101063. CALIFORNIA PLANT USES DIATOMITE AND
.;•'•' , CARBON FILTERS. 01655.
01066. IMPROVED COOLING WATER TREATMENT.
01083. THE TRUE COST OF WATER. 01657.
01088. CONTROLS FOR A MEDIUM-SIZED WATER
UTILITY. 01662.
OJ095. RECREATION BENEFITS RATE HIGH.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TECHNICO-
ECONOMIC PARAMETERS OF NUCLEAR
DESALINATION PLANTS.
INFLUENCE OF TOXIC MATERIALS ON MEET-
ING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY
WATER.
INFLUENCE OF WATER USER REQUIRE-
MENTS ON RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF
RAW WATER CHARACTERISTICS.
AQUEDUCT CONTROL SYSTEMS SAVES 100
MILLION DOLLARS,
WATER PURIFICATION BY ION EXCHANGE.
THE JOINT PROBLEMS OF THE OIL AND
WATER INDUSTRIES. :
WATER AND WATER POLLUTION HAND-
BOOK.
WATER TREATMENT AND EXAMINATION.
APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR WATER PURIFICA-
TION AND WATER TREATMENT.
WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING:
VOL. 1: WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE-
WATER REMOVAL, VOL. 2: WATER PURIFI-
CATION AND WASTEWATER
WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT: A
HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS ON THE ENVIRON-
MENT-AIR, WATER AND SOLID WASTES.
THE COST OF CLEAN WATER.
WATER MANAGEMENT INNOVATIONS IN EN-
GLAND.
THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY
BENEFITS.
WATER PURIFICATION CONTROL.
WATER TREATMENT FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
OTHER USES.
WATER CONDITIONING FOR INDUSTRY.
WATER AND WATER USE TERMINOLOGY.
OZONE IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
TREATMENT.
DICTIONARY OF WATER AND SEWAGE EN-
GINEERING.
STANDARD METHODS FOR THE EXAMINA-
TION OF WATER AND WASTEWATER.
FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS:
WATER, AIR AND SOLID WASTES.
RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSER-
VATION.
ECONOMICALLY SIGNIFICANT
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF
WATER QUALITY FOR VARIOUS USES.
DEMORALIZATION BY ION EXCHANGE IN
WATER TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL
PROCESSING OF OTHER LIQUIDS.
WATER IS EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS.
GLOSSARY: WATER AND WASTEWATER
CONTROL ENGINEERING.
USE OF DISTILLED SEA WATER AT SAN
DIEGO.
WASTE WATER RENOVATION: PART 1. A
DESIGN STUDY OF FREEZING AND GAS
HYDRATE FORMATION. PART 2. FEASIBILI-
TY TESTS
ESTIMATED COST OF DESALTING THREE
FLORIDA BRACKISH WATERS.
COST OF WATER TREATMENT IN CALIFOR-
NIA.
IMPACT OF DESALINATION ON THE WATER
ECONOMY.
390
-------
SUBJECT INDEX GUIDE
01672. WATER SERVICE AND WHAT IT COSTS, PART
3-COMPLETELY ADEQUATE TREATMENT
FACILITIES.
01674. WATER PURIFICATION BY ZONE-FREEZING.
01696. ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY: COST OF
WATER TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS.
01729. COST OF DOMESTIC WELLS AND WATER
TREATMENT IN ILLINOIS
01743. LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLIED TO MULTI-
STAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WATER
TREATMENT-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.
01750. THE APPLICATION OF A LINEAR PRO-
GRAMME MODEL TO WATER CONSERVA-
TION AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT AT
MODERFONTEIN FACTORY.
01784. AN EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN AND
OPERATION OF WATER FACILITIES.
01796. WATER: PURIFICATION AND DECONTAMINA-
TION.
01799. WATER: A SUBJECT HEADING LIST.
WATER UTILITY INDUSTRY
01432. NORTHERN CALIFORNIA'S WATER INDUS-
TRY.
WATERCRAFT WASTES
00704. HOUSEBOAT WASTES: METHODS FOR COL-
LECTION AND TREATMENT.
00912. COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF
SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL.
01348. POLLUTION OF THE WORLD'S HARBORS,
DOCKS, AND INLAND WATERWAYS, WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SHIPS.
ZERO DISCHARGE
00208. THE ROLE OF CHEMICALS IN WATER REUSE.
ZONING APPROACH
00174. EFFLUENTS AND AFFLUENCE.
391
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want to express my appreciation to Mr. William Hammond,
Manager, Information Services, of Infodata Systems Inc. for
many hours spent on key wording, reviewing, and computer
processing of the citations in the bibliography. Computer
services were provided by Infodata Systems Inc. under
Contract GS-03S-38417.
Mr. Raymond Jensen and particularly Mr. Lou Lulich of the
Water Resources Scientific Information Center offered their
time to supply lists of relevant citations.
I also want to acknowledge Dr. Fred H. Abel, the Project
Officer, for his support and guidance.
Special thanks go to Ms. Diane R. Tihansky and Ms. Bernadette
Freeman for their generous assistance in reviewing and editing.
Mr. Russell A. Duncan of the Electronic Photocomposition
Division at the U.S. Government Printing Office was most
cooperative in the composition of this publication from its
original form on computer tape.
393 4U.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICERS 514-154/201 1-3
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
3. Accession No.
w
4. Title ~~ • -
5. Report Date
S. Performing Organization
- _ _ . _ __
7. Author(s) ~ - - - Report No.
Dennis P. Tihansky
10. Project No.
Ol-AAB-01
11. Contract/ Grant No.
9. Organization ^——^——_—__
Economic Analysis Branch
Implementation Research Division
Office of Research and Monitoring ' 13. Type of Report and
/*TOE5W?&.%?leCti
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