&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-79-099
Laboratory 'April 1979
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
Purification of
Waters Discharged
from Polish Lignite
Mines
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1 Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-79-099
April 1979
PURIFICATION OF WATERS DISCHARGED FROM POLISH LIGNITE MINES
by
Henryk Janiak
Central Research and Design Institute for Open-pit Mining
POLTEGOR
51-6l6 Wroclaw, Poland
Contract 05-53^-3
Project Officer
Ronald Hill
Resource Extraction and Handling Division
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory - Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio 1*5268
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AID DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO ^5268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the vievs and policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
When energy resources are extracted, processed, converted and used,
the related pollutional impacts on our environment and even on our health
often require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution control
methods be used. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency through its
Regional Offices and Office of Research and Development is striving to
develop and demonstrate new and improved methodologies that will meet these
needs both efficiently and economically.
The effort reported here was conducted as part of the Environmental
Protection Agency's Scientific Activities Overseas Program.. The research
was conducted by Poltegor, the Central Research and Design Institute for
Opervoit Mining, Wroclaw, Poland.
Reported here is a study to improve the performance of sedimentation
basins utilized for the treatment of lignite mine discharges. Emphasis was
placed on the use of flocculants as an aid to purification. Results of this
work will be of interest to persons designing sedimentation basins.
Furthermore, it should be of interest to those persons developing regulations
and reviewing mine treatment schemes.
For further information contact the Resource Extraction and Handling '
Division, lERL-Cincinnati.
David G. Stephan
Director
industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
iii
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SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
(Special Eoreign Currency Program)
Scientific Activities Overseas, developed and implemented under the
Special Eoreign Currency Program, are funded from excess currencies accruing
to the United States under various TT. S. programs. All of the overseas
activities are designed to assist in the implementation of the broad spectrum
of EPA programs and to relate to the worldwide concern for environmental
problems. These problems are not limited by national boundaries, nor is
their impact altered by ideological and regional differences. The results
of overseas activities contribute directly to the fund of environmental
knowledge of the United States, of the host countries and of the world
community. Scientific activities carried out under the Program therefore
offer unique opportunities for cooperation between the United States and the
excess foreign currency countries. Further, the Program enables EPA to
develop productive relationships between U. S. environmental scientists and
their counterparts abroad, merging scientific capacilities and resources
of various nations in concerted efforts toward U. S. objectives as well as
their own.
Scientific Activities Overseas not only supplement and complement the
domestic mission of EPA, but also serve to carry out the mandate of Section
102(2(E)) of the National Environmental Policy Act to "recognize the world-
wide and long-range character of environmental problems, and. where consistent
with the foreign policy of the United States, lend appropriate support to
initiatives, resolutions, and programs designed to maximize international
cooperation in anticipating and preventing a decline in the quality of man-
kind's world environment".
This study of purification of waters from open-pit lignite mines has
been funded from Public Law Wo. Excess foreign currency money is available
to the United States in local currency in a number of countries, including
Poland, as a result of a trade for TT. S. commodities. Poland has been known
for its extensive mining interests, environmental concern, and its trained
and experienced engineers and scientists in this important energy area.
IV
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ABSTRACT
The exnloitation of lignite deposits is linked with the necessity of
lowering the groundwater table and dewatering the mine of precipitation.
A large percentage of the discharge waters requires purification prior to
delivery to receiving streams. The chief pollutants of these waters are the
high content of mineral and organic suspended matter, turbidity, color,
oxygen demand, and occasionally high iron. Purification of these waters is
limited, as a rule, to a reduction in suspended matter and turbidity. The
method most commonly used is sedimentation in large sedimentation basins.
For some difficult to purify mine waters and d.uring periods of adverse
atmospheric conditions, this technology does not produce satisfactory results,
To improve sedimentation basin efficiency studies were conducted utiliz-
ing flocculants. Eighteen American and Polish flocculants were tested on a
laboratory scale. The best results were obtained employing cationic poly-
electrolites of the Calgon M-502 type of American production and Bokrysol
WE-5 of Polish production. These polyelectrolites caused agglomeration of
the suspensions and formed floccules that had good settling characteristics.
The dependence of purification on the length of fast mixing, flocculant dose
rates, and concentration of solutions employed were evaluated.
The laboratory results were verified in a pilot scale sedimentation
basin. The scope of the research included studies of the hydraulics of the
sedimentation basin and investigations of flocculant application. The rela-
tionships between the dose of flocculant and time of retention and the reduc-
tion of suspended solids, turbidity, oxygen demand and other chemical
parameters were made.
Results of pilot tests confirmed the usability of cationic polyelectro-
lites in purification of mine waters. Optimal doses for Calgon M-502 were
from 0.75-1-5 Pt>m, and. for Rokrysol WF-5, 10-20 ppm. Optimum retention times
in the sedimentation basin with the additions of flocculant was within the
range of 3-8 hours, which resulted in a reduction in turbidity of 70-80%.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 05-53U-3 by
the Central Research and Design Institute for Openpit Mining, Poltegor,
Poland, under the sponsorship of the n. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
This report covers a period from Sentember 1, 197^ "to August 1, 1977.
v
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CONTENTS
Fore-word iii
Scientific Activities Overseas iv
Abstract v
Figures viii
Tables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1. Summary 1
2. Conclusions h
3. Recommendations 9
t. Object and Scope of the Research 13
5. Introduction lU
6. Laboratory Investigations of "Fiocculant Application. ... 31
7. Laboratory Studies of Factors Influencing the
Flocculation Process k5
8. Field Investigations k$
9. Purification of Mine Waters with Large Quantities of
Difficult to Settle Suspensions 82
References 8^
Bibliography 90
Appendix
A. Plots of 'Plow Waves for Experimental Basin 93
B. Plots of Results of Tests with Calgon m-502 101
C. Plots of Results of Tests with Rokrysol WF-5 122
n. Data from Turow II Mine Water Studies 128
E. Data from Adamow Mine Water Studies lUl
F. Data from Konin-Patnow Mine Water Studies 155
VI1
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•FIGURES
Number Page
1 'Relationship of the Dose of Calgon w-502, the
Time of detention in Sedimentation Chamber , and
Turbidity Reduction ................... 8
2 Suspended Solids as a Function of Turbidity ........ 36
3 Influence of pH and Temperature on Potential of
Particles ........................ ^1
k Zeta "Potential as a "Function of Polyelectrolite Dose. ..
5 Effect of Dose Concentration on Coagulation
6 Effect of Length of Fast Mixing on Turbidity
Removal
7 Positioning of the Testing Sedimentation Basin ....... 51
8 Chambers of the Experimental Basin ............. 52
9 View of Ditch Carrying Mine Water, Sampler and Basin. ... 53
10 Experimental Sedimentation Basin at Maximum Depth ..... 53
11 Experimental Sedimentation Basin Empty After Completion
of Tests from Inlet End ................. 5l|
12 Building with Eield Laboratory, and Elocculant Mixing
and Pumping Equipment .................. 5!).
13 Water Intake to the Experimental Sedimentation Basin
from Ditch Carrying Mine Water .............. 55
lU Chamber for Rapid Mixing with Air — View from the Side of
Water Inlet ....................... 55
15 Rapid Mixing Chamber with Compressed Air .......... 56
l6 Rapid Mixing Well and Ditch with Barriers for Gravitational
Fast Mixing ....................... 56
vi 11
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FIGURES (Continued)
Number Pa;
IT Outlet from Rapid Mixing Well 57
18 Effluent Trough of Sedimentation Basin 57
19 Effluent Trough at Maximum Der>th and Sampler 58
20 Effect of Sedimentation Basin Work with the Application
of Calgon M-502 ' 58
21 Suspensions in Polluted Mine Waters 1&
22 Suspensions in Polluted Mine Waters 77
23 Suspensions in Mine Waters after Fast Mixing with
Calgon M-502 Flocculant 78
2H Flocculated Suspensions in Mine Waters from Sedimentation
Chamber 79
25 Relationship Between Suspended Solids and Turbidity. ... 80
2^ T?!OW Wave Plot Number 1 9^
27 Flow Wave Plot Number 2 95
28 Flow Ware Plot Number 3 96
29 Flow Wave Plot Number U 97
30 Flow Wave Plot Number 5 98
31 Flow Wave Plot Numbers 6 and P 99
32 Flow Wave Plot Number 7 100
33 Calgon M-502 Results - Test Ic, 2c and 3c 102
3l* Calgon M-502 Results - Test kc, 5c and 6c 103
35 Calgon M-502 Results - Test 7c, 8c and Qc 10U
36 Calgon M-502 Results - ^est lOc and lie 105
IX
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FIGURES (Continued)
Number
ii •!••
37 Oalgon M_5Q2 Results - Test 12c 106
38 Calgon M-502 Results - Test 13c 107
39 Calgon M-502 Results - Test lite and 15c 108
ItO Calgon M-502 Results - Test l6c, ITc and l8c 109
Iti Calgon M-502 Results - Test 19c, 20c and 21c 110
i
It2 Calgon M-502 Results - Test 22c and 23c Ill
U3 Calgon M-502 Results - Test 2ltc, 25c, 26c and 27c. . . 112
ItU Calgon M-502 Results - Test 28c, 29c and 30c 113
It5 Calgon M-502 Results - ^est 31c, 32c and 33c lilt
H6 Calgon M-502 Results - Test 3^c and 35c 115
It7 Calgon M-502 Results - Test 3^c, 37c and 38c 116
It8 Calgon M-502 Results - Test 39c 117
It9 Calgon M-502 Pesults - Test UOc and Ulc 118
50 Calgon M-502 Results - ^est It2c, It3c and UUc 119
51 Calgon M-502 Results - Test It5c, H6c, It7c and U8c. . . 120
52 Calgon M-502 Results - ^gst ItQc, 50c and 51c 121
53 Rokrysol WF-5 Results - Test 1R „ 2R and 3R 123
5^ Rokrysol W-5 Results - Test UR, 7R a.nd 8R 12lt
5.5 Rokrysol WF-5 Pesults - Test OR, 10R and 11R 125
56 Rokrysol WF-5 Results - Test 12R, 13R and lltR 126
57 Rokrysol WF-5 Results - Test 15R and IfvR 127
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TABLES
Number
1 Standards of Permitted Pollutions in Inland Surface
Waters ......................... 18
2 Discharge Quantities from Lignite Mines .......... 19
3 Typical Quality of Waters Discharged from Lignite
Mines ......................... 20
U Particle Size Analysis of Sediment from Struga Biskupia
Sedimentation Basin and Particles of a Given Fraction
in Sample Specified, in % ............... 21
5 Specific C-ravity of Sediments from "Struga Biskupia"
Sedimentation Basin .................. 21
£ Characteristics of the Four Largest Sedimentation Basins
at Lignite Mines .................... 23
7 Characteristics of Surface Mines Used in Study ...... 31
8 Composition of Overburden Rocks of Study Mine ....... 31
9 Physico-Chemical Composition of Mine Waters
II Mine ..................... 33
10 Physico-Chemical Composition of Mine Waters
Konin-Patnov Pit
11 Physico-Chemical Composition of Mine Waters
Adamow .............. ........... 35
12 Relationship between Turbidity and Suspended Solids. ... 37
13 Results of the Laboratory Flocculant Tests ........ 38
Ik Results of ^ests with Aeration During Fast Mixing ..... ^7
15 Results Acquired from Analysis of the Flow Waves ..... 63
l6 Comprehensive Specification of Results of Mine Waters
Purification Tests in Sedimentation Basin with the
Use of Calgon M-502 Flocculant ............. 68
xi
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Tables (Continued)
Number Pa,ge
17 Specification of Results of Water Samples Physico-
Chemical Analyses from Field Tests of Calgon M-502
Application ..................... 69
18 Comprehensive Specification of Water Particle ..... TO
19 Result of Mine ¥a,ter Purification Field Tests in
Sedimentation Basin, with the Flocculant
Rokrysol WF-5 .................... 72
20 Results of Water Sample Analyses, from Field Tests
with the Application of Rokrysol WF-5 ........ 73
21 Results of Water Analyses for Oxygen Demand and
Suspended Solids with the Application of
Rokrysol WF-5 .................... 7^
22-38 Turow II Mine Water Results - I Series ......... 129
39-U1] Turow II Mine Wa,ter Results - II Series ........ 133
Ii5_69 Turow II Mine Water Results - VIII Series .......
70-82 Adamow Mine Water Results - III Series .........
83-96 Adamow Mine Water Results - IV Series .........
97-111 Adamow Mine Water Results - VII Series ......... lU8
112-118 Mamow Mine Water Results - X Series .......... 152
119-122 Konin-Patnow Mine Water Results - V Series ....... 156
Xll
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This re-port was prepared on the basis of results obtained from research
work carried out by the Central Research and Design Institute for the
Onenpit Mining - Poltegor - in Wroclaw, Poland. The work was conducted in
cooperation with the following institutions:
-Institute of the Environment Protection Engineering of the Wroclaw
Technical University
-Zjednoczone Zaklady TTrzadzen Jadrowych POLON in Poznan
-Geological Institute in Wroclaw
-Zaklady Badawcze Nadodrzanskich Zakladow Przemyslu Meorganicznego ROKITA
in Brzeg - Dolny near Wroclaw
-Open-pit lignite mine "Adamow" in Turek.
The research was conducted and the report prepared by Mr. Henryk Janiak,
M.Sc., Principal Investigator. 'For the II. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Ronald Hill, Director, Resource Extraction and Handling Division,
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,
served as Project Officer.
We herewith express the acknowledgments and gratitude to the Project
Officer for his assistance and advice for supplies, materials a,nd publica-
tions, and flocculants of American production necessary to perform the field
and laboratory tests, and for making possible contacts with appropriate
institutions in the U.S.A., that allowed us to get acquainted with American
experiments within the scope of this project.
Eor the assistance rendered to us in organizational and clearance
matters, we thank Mr. "Thomas J. Lepine, Chief of the Special Foreign
Currency Program, TTSEPA.
We offer our thanks also to the specialists from other scientific
institutions of the U.S.A., and in particular to Professor A. P. Black from
the University of Florida for consultations regarding results of laboratory
and field research, and for familiarizing us with the results of investi-
gations that had bearing on the effects of the water purification with the
application of cationic flocculants, to the specialists from the University
of Arizona, and the University of Kentucky for discussing with us problems
of turbidity removal from polluted waters, to specialists from the Centralia
Mine for discussions on problems of mine water purification, and for enabling
us to visit their treatment facilities, to the representatives of Union
Carbide Corporation for consultations on problems of synthetic flocculants
application; the Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, for discus-
sions of problems of suspensions and turbidity removal from water, to
Mr. Robert B. Scott and specialists from the Crown Field Site, USEPA, for
consultations on water purification problems and for familiarizing us with
interesting experiments of technologies of the iron reduction in mine waters.
xiii
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SECTION 1
SUMMARY
The object of this research work was the improvement in the technology
of removing suspended matter from waters drained from lignite mines. As much
as 70 m /min of polluted water is pumped from the Polish lignite open-pit
mines. very often the only pollutants of these waters are the high concentra-
tions of suspended matter (up to 7,500 ppm), turbidity (up to 1,000 NTU) and
oxygen demand (up to 600 ppm). The remaining physico-chemical parameters
usually are within the limits permitted for waters to be discharged to ground
or surface receivers.
The main source of the pollution are the mineral and coal suspended
particles washed with underground or rain waters from th'e slopes and benches
of the open-pit workings. The suspended particle loads are a function of the
quantity of run off waters, the geological-hydrological- and exploitation
factors, and the meteorological and climatic conditions.
High turbidity and suspended matter concentrations occur particularly
during or immediately after the occurrence of atmospheric precipitations or
spring thaws creating dangers of pollution to surface receivers such as
streams, lakes and water reservoirs. The presence of suspended matter
deteriorates the conditions for biological life development in the receivers
and diminishes the quantities of available pure water in areas often deficient
in water.
Up to the present time the purification of mine waters for suspended
solids has taken place in large sedimentation basins utilizing gravitational
sedimentation. This practice required the construction of large sedimenta-
tion basins (as large as 20 hectares) in order to provide more than 1 day of
retention time and to obtain the required reduction in suspended matter.
Large sedimentation basins, apart from the fact they occupy large areas, are
costly and difficult to construct and are vulnerable to atmospheric
conditions. With the occurrence of high wind velocities, the effect of water
purification in these sedimentation basins is unsatisfactory. ^Moreover, in
some mines the waters contain large quantities of fine grained colloidal
suspensions with high potentials and stabilized colloidal elements that are
difficult to remove by gravitational sedimentation.
The necessity to improve the effectiveness of mine waters purification
evolved from the imperfection of the employed technology and from a gradual
tightening of regulations concerning the quality of waters which could be
discharged to surface receivers. Investigations were carried out in the
following areas:
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-Improving the effectiveness of sedimentation basins through the adoption of
appropriate shape and size of the basin to obtain optimum hydraulic
conditions
-Improving the processes of raining and drainage in order to limit the propor-
tion of polluted waters to the total quantity of mine drainage
-Development of new methods of purification such as coagulation, flocculation,
radiation and filtration to improve suspended solids removal.
The research report here concentrated on the application of the floccula-
tion processes for water purification. Laboratory investigations of the
usability of a radiation process for the mine water purification are sum-
marized in a separate report.
The research was comprised of the following:
-survey and literature review of research in the field of purification of
waters drained from lignite mines
-characterization of mine yaters in the light of Polish regulations, and of
methods used for purification of mine waters.
-laboratory investigations of 1R synthetic flocculants to assist in the puri-
fication of mine waters
-laboratory investigations to determine those factors that influence the use
of flocculants to treat mine waters
-construction of an experimental sedimentation basin to enable performance
testing of flocculants on a pilot scale
-hydraulic investigations of the experimental sedimentation basin in order
to establish design criteria for sedimentation basins
-tests with the optimum flocculants as found in the laboratory studies,
to verify the results on a pilot plant scale
The overall object of the research work was the development of technology
to purify mine water so that the suspended matter would be under 30 ppm,
utilizing for this purpose synthetic flocculants.
The results of this research, other research by Poltegor and research by
others has provided the following conclusions. Dependent on the quality of
waters drained from the lignite mines and on the required reduction in sus-
pended solids one can employ one of three technologies for purification.
1. In waters with low or average suspended matter (the mines from the
regions of Konin and Adamow), and a required treatment to 30 ppm can
be obtained by the use of sedimentation basins alone.
2. In case of waters in item 1, where the required treatment to below 30
ppm of suspended solids for the whole year, the employment of
sedimentation aided with synthetic flocculants is recommended.
3. In the case of mine waters that are difficult to purify, such as at the
mine Turow, coagulation aided with flocculants should be used. In cases
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where the water is to be utilized for drinking or for industrial
processes the use of filtration through appropriate sandbeds is
recommended.
Discussed in detail in this report is the technology of purification with
use of flocculants. The results of these investigations prove the usability
of cationic flocculants in the reduction of suspended solids and turbidity in
water drained from Polish lignite mines. Best results were obtained with
Calgon M-502, which in small doses obtained a high level of turbidity removal
and were able to reduce suspended solids to below 30 ppm and even to under 20
ppm. In the course of the research work there were established a number of
qualitative and quantitative relationships which afford design information
for treatment facilities. However, it should not be concluded that these
investigations have exhausted all the possibilities of improving the effec-
tiveness of the mine waters' purification.
utilization of these results for American mine conditions charac-
terized with different geological -hydrological and mining features, with
different meteorological and other conditions would require verifying tests.
The results of these tests should help to specify a program for such tests,
the methodology for their performance , a timetable and the expected effects.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
The results of these investigations on the removal of suspended matter
from waters drained from lignite mines having an average turbidity of 100 NTU,
mineral-organic suspended matter of 300 ppm (periodically up to 1000 ppm),
pH between 6.5 and 8.5, temperature up to 23°C, iron content to 3 ppm Fe and
a colloidal particles potential under -30 uV are described below. The goal of
the purification was to reduce the suspended matter to below 30 ppm.
CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
1. The investigations have shown, that for mine waters with an average
concentration of suspended matter up to 300 ppm (mines of Konin and
Adamow), good effects were obtained using cationic flocculants. The best
were Calgon M-502 and M-503 of the U.S.A. production, and Rokrysol WF-5
of Polish production. Optimum doses of Calgon was to 0.1-3.0 ppm, and of
Rokrysol 10-20 ppm. Reduction of turbidity was up to 99^, and the
oxygen demand up to 70%.
2. In the case of waters more difficult to purify and containing large
quantities of fine grained suspensions with a low potential (under
-30 uV), purification with the use of flocculants did not always give
satisfactory results. For these waters conventional coagulants, such as
lime, were better.
3. The investigations did not indicate any influence of water temperature
on the effect of purification within the temperature range of 0 - 23°C.
k. The investigations did not indicate any influence of pH on the effects
of purification within the range 6.5 to 8.5. However, pH's over 9-0
induced improvement in the suspended matter reduction when flocculants
were used.
5. The investigations proved an influence of the length of time of fast
mixing when cationic flocculants were used. The best results were
achieved when employing fast mixing for 8 to 10 minutes. Further in-
creases in the time of fast mixing td 30 minutes improved the performance
only slightly. Positive results w/ere achieved with compressed air
induced fast mixing for 10 minutes, /and' then with mechanical mixing for
about 3 minutes.
6. On the basis of the laboratory tests Calgon M-502, and Rokrysol WF-5
were selected as the best for pilot plant testing.
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CONCLUSIONS DRAW FROM HYDRAULIC TESTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SEDIMENTATION
BASIN
1. Hydraulic tests were carried out utilizing tracers isotopes and fluores-
cein dyes. The results showed that "both tracers are suitable for this
type of test and the results are similar. When fluorescein is used, care
should be taken to remove completely the suspended matter from the samples
This can be achieved by employing filtration, centrifugation, or sedimen-
tation for a specified time. Fluorescein is sensitive to strong sunlight
and within a few hours will gradually fade out of the solution.
2. The curves of flow acquired in this study are characterized of the
typical shape of those from elongated sedimentation basins and have
clearly marked maxima of tracer concentrations and the rising and falling
curve arms approach the established background values.
3. The analysis of the flow wave curves were carried by a number of methods,
of which the Wolfe-Resnick method gives the greatest values for the active
volume of the sedimentation basin. The real active volume of the sedi-
mentation basin by this method was 58-89% and the dead spaces was 11-1*2$.
At a basin detrth of 1.20 m the active area was higher (72-89$), than when
the depth was 2.20 m (58-81$).
U. The proportion of flow of the piston type amounted to 13 to 53% and of
perfect mixture flow from U7 to 87$. On the basis of results of these
tests, an increase in theoretical retention time decreased the proportion
of piston flow.
5. Normal active volume in the sedimentation basin was ^9-75$, and standard
active volume was from 33-65$. These values were much lower from the
real active volume of the sedimentation basin (58-89$).
6. For the same inflow, the coefficient of utilization and real active
volume was greater for a 1.2 m depth than a 2.2..m depth, although the
theoretical detention time was greater for the greater depth.
7. Average velocities of water flow in the tested sedimentation basin
fluctuated from 0.11 m/min to 0.88 m/min. No clear relationship could
be established between the velocity of flow and the active volume.
8. The Freude's number for the tested flows were within the limits of 10~ -
10~f, and only in one case came to 10"^. No clear relationship was found
-befween the Freude's number and the remaining parameters of flow.
9. The Reynold's number for the tested flows fluctuated from 1160 to 9835-
On the basis of these results an increase in Reynold's caused a decrease
in active volume and increased the piston flow within the sedimentation
basin.
CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM FIELD TESTS OF CALGON M-502 AND ROKRYSOL WF-5
1. The physical-chemical composition of the mine waters during the period of
tests was subject to significant fluctuations, especially in turbidity,
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suspended matter and oxygen demand. The quality of the mine waters was
dependent on the hydrogeological conditions, the extraction of the^lignite
deposit, the draining of the mine working, and on atmospheric conditions.
2. During the period of research performance two types of water could be^
distinguished, i.e., waters with coarsely grained suspensions not having
high turbidities (occurred in 1976) and waters with large amounts of fine
granulated suspension characterized by high turbidity in relationship to
the suspended matter (occurred in 1977). The waters differed in their
turbidity values but had small differences in average suspended matter.
3. The characteristics of the suspensions in the mine waters caused differ-
ences in the effects of water purification with or without the use of
flocculants.
h. The investigations showed that reduction in the mine water turbidity by
sedimentation alone was proportional to the time of retention in the sedi-
mentation basin. For-retention times of 1 to 15 hours, the average
turbidity reduction amounted to 0-51$, respectively.
5. Aiding the sedimentation process by an addition of Calgon in a quantity
of 0.5 ppm increased the suspended solids reduction or could reduce the
required volume of the sedimentation basin by a third and still provide a
turbidity reduction of 51$. Increasing in the dose of flocculant to 1
ppm improved turbidity reduction to 70-75$ and a dose of 1.5 ppm to about
77$ (with retention of 15 hours). Further increase in the dose to h ppm
did not increase materially the reduction in turbidity.
6. Addition of a flocculant effectively reduced the turbidity and. suspended
solids, especially with short times of retention up to 5 hours.
7. The investigations showed the optimum dose of Calgon M-502 was between
1.0 and 1.5 ppm. Dependent on the quality of the mine water the time,
and method of rapid mixing, this dose could be increased or decreased
within the limits of 0-75 - 2.0 ppm.
8. The capacity of the sedimentation chamber should ensure a real time of
retention of water of 3-8 hours. Further increase in the time of reten-
tion with the application of an optimum dose of flocculant improved the
effects of purification only slightly. This retention time corresponds
to an average real velocity of flow through the sedimentation chamber of
2-6 mm/sec.
9. The tests did not indicate an influence of temperature (within limits of
6-23°C) on the purification process.
10. ^he experimental sedimentation basin was not influenced by atmospheric
conditions, especially wind. No influence in basin depth (l.20 - 2.20 m)
on purification was observed.
-------
11. Extension of the time of fast mixing to more than 10 minutes with the
application of a compressed air stream in a special chamber improved the
reduction in turbidity (12$) and oxygen demand (30$) without increasing
the doses of flocculants.
12. Comparing the effects of purification of waters in the field sedimentation
basin "Teleszyna" (no flocculation and long retention times up to 5 days)
with the experimental sedimentation basin (no flocculation and maximum
retention 15 hours), it was found that the similar results were achieved.
Turbidity of water flowing from the sedimentation basin "Teleszyna"
during times when the wind velocity was not exceeding 3-^ m/sec in 1976
was 18-19 NTU, however, in 1977 it was 25-31 NTU.
13. Water sampled, at 1/2 and 3A of the distance from the inlet indicated
that the basic process of suspended solids reduction was taking place in
the area between the inlet and. 1/2 the distance for both the full scale
and experiment basin. Reduction in turbidity within this area in a
majority of the tests constituted 70-80$ of the total reduction.
lU. Rokrysol WF-5 was an effective flocculant in doses of 10-20 ppm.
Reduction in turbidity with the application of this flocculant and a
retention time of 5 hours was close to 60$, producing a concentration of
suspended matter in the pxirified water under 30 ppm in case of mine waters
with avera.ge pollution. With waters with high concentration of suspensions,
removal was under 50 ppm. Reduction in oxygen demand was to 70-80$.
15. Application of Rokrysol with prolonged fast mixing of the flocculant in an
aeration chamber improved the effects of water purification. Reduction in
turbidity was increased by 10-15$, and in oxygen demand up to ^0%.
16. Results of the field, tests with Calgon M-502 are presented in Figure 1.
-------
a
x
01
a
Dose
O
Optimal dose and retention
times in sedimentation chamber
14
16
Figure 1. Relationship of the dose of Calgon M-502, the time of
retention in sedimentation chamber, and turbidity reduction
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
Long term observations into the prevention of vater pollution from lig-
nite mines has shown that a major element is the employment of appropriate
technologies of drainage and deposit extraction, and the proper -waste water
management by the mine peonle. By so doing the quantities of polluted waters
and the concentrations of suspended matter there contained could be held to a
minimum. Within the mine there should "be a division between pure and dirty
waters through the employment of dual systems of water intakes and discharges.
In the exploitation of lignite, it is recommended that the levels of
particular overburden extraction be appropriate to avoid their location
on formations which could produce an increase in the concentration of pollu-
tants that are difficult to remove by water purification. Gradients of
permanent or of working benches should be such that the processes of erosion
is minimized. 'For this purpose flumes, ditches and channels draining the mine
workings should be lined.
In spite of the implementation of all these actions, a certain quantity
of waters requiring treatment will always be present in every mine. With
this in mind, recommendations for water purification are hereby presented.
RECOMMENDATIONS "FOR THE CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WATER PURIFICATION
1. mhe selection of the water purification method should be preceded by:
a. Appropriate laboratory investigations. The scope of which should
comprise:
the full physico-chemical analyses of the mine water
analyses of sedimentational properties of the suspended
matter
results of the analyses and their relevance to the require-
ments of regulations and standards.
b. Determination of characteristic values of pure and polluted
waters drained from mine, designation of a reliable volume of
flow as a basis for overall dimensioning of treatment facilities
and the determination of pollution load that will be discharged
to receivers.
c. Analysis of purification methods used on similar waters and the
results obtained.
-------
d. Designation of allowable load and concentration of suspensions in
purified waters and determination of their influence on the
receiver.
2. In the case of mine waters with turbidity less than 100 NTU quantities of
suspended matter under 300 ppm with good sedimentation characteristics
and zeta potentials of the colloids higher than -30 uV, and where the
desired discharge of suspended matter is 30 ppm, it is recommended that
purification through natural sedimentation in "basins with a retention time
of one day be utilized. The shape and dimensions of sedimentation basin
should be designed as described in Section 5-
3. In the case of waters described in 2 above but with the necessity to
ensure purification to under 30 ppm of suspended matter throughout the
year, it is recommended that the sedimentation process be aided with floc-
culants in accordance with advice given in Section 8.
U. In the case of waters with high turbidity (more than 100 NTU) and with
large quantities of finely granulated difficult to settle suspensions,
with zeta potential of colloids under the -30 uV, the recommended purifi-
cation technology is conventional coagulants (alum or lime) or flocculants
alone or in combination with conventional coagulants.
5. Before any treatment process is selected, it should be investigated in the
laboratory and in complicated cases verified in pilot studies.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PURIFICATION WITH FLOCCULANTS
1. It is recommended, that prior to the employment of a basic purification
process, waters drained from lignite mines should be subjected to an
initial sedimentation in initial sedimentation basins with a retention
time of 2-h hours. Initial sedimentation basins should be adapted to
frequent removal of sediments without interruptions to the continuity of
the purification process performance.
2. In the case of the purification of waters with suspended matter similar to
that presented in this report, it is recommended that the technology of
purification based on a process of sedimentation aided with flocculants
be used. Cationic polymers with high molecular weights and with proper-
ties similar to flocculants of the Calgon M-502 and M-503 type are
recommended. The choice of flocculant should be preceded by laboratory
tests to establish their usability and optimum doses.
3. Before use the flocculant should be diluted in pure water. Concentration
of the solution, time and method of diluting should be determined individ-
ually for each flocculant after consultation with the producer. In the
case of Calgon M-502 type flocculant a dilution not greater than 0.2%,
and the time of diluting the flocculant in water of 7 to 12°C should not
be shorter than 2 hours.
10
-------
!u Dosing the flocculant solution to the water should be done with a piston
pump or other apparatus that protects the flocculant from degradation of
its flocculating features.
5. In purifying waters with physico-chemical compositions similar to ones
in this report, the recommended doses of cationic flocculants of the
Calgon type is 0.75 to 1.5 ppm. The size of the dose should be propor-
tional to the suspended matter load of the treated waters.
6. Owing to the influence of fast mixing of the flocculant and water on the
effects of purification and utilization of the flocculant, a fast mixing
period length of 8-10 minutes is recommended. Prolonging this time to
over 10 minutes improves the purification only slightly and from an
economic point-of-view may not be profitable. Fast mixing may be either
by gravitational or mechanical means or by a stream of compressed air
introduced into the water in a special chamber.
RECOMMENDATIONS TOR THE SEDIMENTATION BASIN
1. Sedimentation basin used to remove suspended matter in a process aided
with flocculants should consist of two chambers:
A chamber of slow mixing with a retention time of at least 20
minutes.
A sedimentation chamber providing an average real retention time
of 3-8 hours.
The total number of chambers depends on the quantity of treated water
and on the required reserves.
2. Average real velocity of water flow through sedimentation basin should
stay within 2-5 mm/sec, limits.
3. Active depth of -sedimentation basin should be from 1.2 to 2.U m.
Sedimentation basin should have rectangular shapes, with the length of
width ratio of 1:5 - 1=8.
k. Owing to a negative influence of water undulation caused by wind on the
effects of water purifying in a sedimentation basin, it is recommended
that prior to locating a sedimentation basin, an analysis of the prevail-
ing wind direction be made. On the basis of this analysis the sides of
the sedimentation basin should be located in such a way that the
direction of the most frequent occurring wind should be parallel to the
shorter sides of the sedimentation basin. Independent of the above
recommended, the width of the sedimentation chambers should not exceed
liO-50 m, and the length 250-300 m. In the case of a longer sedimenta-
tion basin, a partition half-way down, distributing uniformly the flow
on its whole section, and shortening the run of waves should be erected.
11
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Moreover, to protect against the wind, shields of trees and shrubs should
"be planted around the sedimentation basins.
5- Construction of the inlet and outlet facilities of the sedimentation
basin should ensure minimum turbulence of the incoming and exiting water,
and the whole width of the sedimentation basin fed.
6. Sedimentation basins should have a part of its depth assigned for the
accumulation of sediment. The size of this part should depend on the
proposed frequency of cleaning on the suspended matter concentration and
on the type of equipment available to desludge the basin. The depth of
sediment accumulation part of the basin should be between 0.8 - 1.5 m.
T. After construction of the sedimentation basin it should be hydraulically
tested by tracer methods in order to determine the actual extent of
volume utilization. As tracers isotopes (dyes where turbidity is small)
with an adequate half-life are recommended. In the case where transit
flows or dead spaces are found, appropriate changes and reconstruction
(partitions, drifts, shields) in order to remove these unfavorable aspects
of the sedimentation basin should be employed.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
The investigations reported here do not exhaust all the problems connected
with the removal of suspended matter from mine waters. Further research of
these issues should be undertaken including filtration with plants and floe-
culation with other more effective chemical substances which without doubt will
be developed by the progressive chemical industry. Long term investigations
of the influence of synthetic flocculates and other chemical substances exerted
in the purification processes when ultimate utilization will be for drinking
and industrial purposes. Studies of their influence on biological life within
receivers is also needed.
12
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SECTION >4
OBJECT AND THE SCOPE OF RESEARCH
The objective of the research work was the development of technology to
purify waters drained from lignite surface mines specifically to reduce the
suspended solids to a value below 30 mg/1, with the application of
flocculants.
The scope of the research work was comprised of:
a. conceptional work
b. laboratory investigations
c. pilot plant evaluation
The conceptional work consisted of a survey of literature, publications
and up-to-date results of investigations in the following areas:
characteristics of waters drained from lignite surface mines, ways of purify-
ing mine waters and the effect of mine waters on the quality of waters in
receiving waters. The laboratory investigations were comprised of an analysis
of Polish and some American flocculants to remove suspended solids from mine
waters. The purpose of these studies were to determine those types of floc-
culants that provided the best results and under what conditions best floccula-
tion occurred. The field investigations consisted of the construction of an
experimental field sedimentation basin at the Adamow mine. The basin was
equipped with necessary equipment to carry out hydraulic and technological
tests on flocculation and sedimentation. During the field research the two
flocculants shown best during the laboratory tests were utilized. Dose rate,
different hydraulic conditions in the experimental sedimentation basin and
various ways of flocculants solution mixing with mine water were evaluated.
In addition laboratory studies were conducted utilizing sand filters to
remove suspended solids. Various different sand granulations, with and with-
out flocculant addition, were evaluated. Work was also performed in the
laboratory on the application of gamma radiation processes for the purification
of mine waters. This subject will appear in a separate report in 1978.
13
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SECTION 5
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LIGNITE DEPOSITS
Lignite deposits in Poland occur at depths from 20 to 350 m. Their
exploitation is made by the open pit mining method. A parallel or a fan-vise
face advance of the overburden and coal seam is made. Overburden removed
initially during exploitation is stacked on an external disposal site. Later
an internal area within the worked out open pit working, parallel and at a
suitable distance behind the progressing front of coal excavation is used for
disposal. The coal extraction and the overburden removal is made with large
wheel and chain mining machines, in layers from 10 to 20 m thick. The trans-
portation of overburden as a rule is made with belt conveyors and the coal is
transported to the power plant by a combination of belt conveyors and rail
haulage. The overburden is composed of quaternary formations, i.e. sands
of various granulations, clays, and silts, occurring in different proportions.
Lignite however is of tertiary origin, its calorific value ranges between
1900-2000 Kcal/kg. Almost the entire output of lignite is fired in power
plants.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEMS OF PURIFYING MINE WATERS FOR ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Exploitation of lignite in Poland is always connected with the initial
draining of the deposit. Waters flowing into the excavation are from ground-
water flows and from precipitation. From the point of view of their physio-
chemical parameters these flows are divided into two groups: (l) pure waters,
coming from wells around the mine system and sporadically also from underground
gallery drainage system when these systems have no mining work being performed
in its headings, and (2) the polluted waters derived mainly from surface
drainage of the excavation and from active underground draining workings.
The pure waters constitute no problem in the wastewater management of
mines. Their quality as a rule correspond^ to class I of purity and
can be discharged directly to receiving streams without special treatment.
In some cases waters pumped from wells can contain small quantities of sandy-
silty suspensions, which are usually a result of improper selection of well
filters or with fractured well casing or shifting of filter tubes. In such
cases the suspensions are removed by sand beds with a retention time of 0.5
to 2.0 hours. Sometimes these waters contain certain quantities of divalent
iron (Fe++), which after aeration in raceways becomes oxidized and precipitated
in the drainage water ditches or in sand beds.
lU
-------
The main problem in wastewater management in lignite mines is the purifi-
cation of waters belonging to the second group, the so-called "polluted waters"
or mine wastewaters. These waters contain suspended particles with diameters
of 1 - 10 u. The suspended matter Is composed of particles of sands, silt,
clays, and coal washed from surfaces of slopes and working benches by rain
waters; ground waters drifts, or waters washed from underground draining
workings.
The particles are characterized by various shapes, dimensions of grains,
and variable concentrations. mhese factors have an influence on the vari-
ability of their hydraulic and sedimentational properties. The sizes of the
suspension particles vary from colloids of carbon or clay origin to coarse
grains of sands or coal. The shape of suspensions vary from, round granules
to grains with lamellous shapes, with a considerable surface area in relation
to mass.
Concentrations and types of suspensions in the mine waters change both
daily and yearly depending on the geological, mining, atmospheric and other
conditions. These are discussed in detail later. Waters from lignite mines
contain In addition to inorganic compounds also organic compounds (humus),
which act as protective colloids imparting brown color, and hindering clarifi-
cation by means of the sedimentation process. Moreover, mine waters may some-
times contain larger quantities of sodium, chloride, calcium and magnesium
salts. When the lignite or overburden contain pyrites, e.g., Adamow mine,
then the waters draining, particularly from the spoil disposal site, may contain
a raised quantity of iron sulfate, which when oxidized forms iron hydroxide.
In summary, the main and often the only pollutant of the mine waters is
considerable quantities of suspensions giving the water color and turbidity.
The current practice in purifying mine waters in Poland Is the use of
large sedimentation basins, the surface of which may approach 22 ha and a
total capacity 550 thousand of m . Employed theoretical retention times in
these sedimentation basins are from 1 to 5 days. The efficiency of the basins
is dependent on atmospheric conditions prevailing in the region of the sedi-
mentation basin. The primary problems are the direction and speed of the wind
and the levels of pollutants discharged into the sedimentation basins.
In favorable atmospheric conditions, reduction in suspended solids in sedimen-
tation basins approached 95$, and concentration In the effluent reaches the
30-14-0 ppm level. One can assume, that over a year's time, this level of puri-
fication was attained 30-50$ of the time, i.e., in time of windless days or
when the velocity of wind did not exceed 2-U m/sec. In the remaining time
the sedimentation basins operated poorly because the wind caused water
movement which resuspended the solids. With wind velocities exceeding
h.0-5.0 m/sec in large sedimentation basins not protected against a wind
action, the reduction of suspended solids is minimal and limited to removal
of the coarsely grained suspension only.
US EPA Headquarters Library
[v«3s!code^nA!
1200
V'
15
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With the requirements of environment protection getting more stringent in
Poland, the necessity arose to increase the effectiveness in the purification
of mine waters. Various ways are available to attain this Improvement, either
through a change in design of sedimentation basins or application of other
technologies, such as coagulation, flocculation, filtration, filtration through
a complex set of plants or radiation.
The first direction toward improved effectiveness of water purification
was the subject of research by Poltegor performed in 1972-73. These studies
produced an elaboration of guidelines for the design and construction of
sedimentation basins that could help to attain purification to an average of
about 30 ppm over a year's time when the waters had a chemical-physical compo-
sition similar to waters drained from the Adamow and Konin mines. These waters
are fairly representative of the majority of waters drained from lignite mines.
In the case of waters with large loads of pollutants, similar to the waters
from the Turow mine, arid in the case where it was required to reduce the
pollutants to a value below 30 ppm, the purification of water by natural sedi-
mentation is not sufficient. This requires application of other techniques,
of which the processes of flocculation and filtration were the subject work
of research comprised in this report.
New more effective methods of the mine waters purification should provide
the following:
l) reduce the land areas required for the construction of purifying
facilities
2) increase the level of mine water purification
3) increase the utilization of waters discharged from surface mines for
drinking and the industrial purposes.
Another significant issue in the proper purification of mine waters is
the large quantity of such waters. Itt is anticipated that even greater
quantities will be produced in the future. The general trend is the growth
of lignite as a basic power raw material.
PROBLEMS OF THE WATER PURITY IN THE LIGHT OF POLISH REGULATIONS
The quality of waters which can be discharged to surface streams in Poland
is regulated by appropriate regulations and dispositions which are updated and
amended every few years, always in the direction of increased stringency in
the permitted standards of pollutions.
The present obligation in Poland are regulations put into force in 19751.
According to the statutes, all the surface waters and reservoirs are divided
16
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into three classes of purity. Class of purity depends on a planned assignment
of water use at a given flow. The I class waters include water which is
intended for drinking water, industry requiring water of a potable quality, and
for the breeding of salmon fish species. To the II class belong waters which
are designed for fish breeding, to supply the needs of cattle husbandry, to
organize spas and to practice water sports. To the III class belong waters
assigned to supply industries, excepting industries requiring waters of a
potable quality, to irrigate agricultural lands, utilized for gardening and
for glass cultures.
For waters of particular classes of purity there are determined appro-
priate standards of pollution levels, which must not be exceeded in a receiving
stream, below the outlet of the wastewaters. Polish standards of permitted
pollution levels of inland surface waters are presented in Table 1. The
suspended matter does not pertain to -oeriods of sudden water surges.
The current regulations also do not specify clearly the indices of
turbidity permitted for the discharge of wastewaters. In practice quantities
of pollutants in discharged mine waters are as a rule smaller and are deter-
mined each time by relevant bodies of a state administration, which simulta-
neously perform inspections of quality and quantity of polluted or wastewaters
being discharged from particular industrial enterprises.
QUANTITIES OF WATERS DISCHARGED FROM THE MINE DRAINAGE
The quantity of waters discharged from polish lignite mines change in
time, dependent on actual hydrogeological conditions of the deposit, on
intensity of excavation work, on atmospheric conditions and on many other
factors, that effect the inflow of underground or surface waters.
Average, quantities of waters drained from several lignite mines are
specified in Table 2. As can be seen in the table, polluted waters from
lignite mines make up about 60-90% of the water, while in mines now under con-
struction they make up only 20-30$ of the discharged waters. This reduction
is due to new design of the well system for drainage of the lignite deposits
of Belchatow and of Legnica, nie quantity of discharges from Polish mines
falls within 1:1 - 1:10, comparing favorably with the East German Democratic
Republic of 1:6 - I:l6.
CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERS AND OF SUSPENDED MATTER DRAINED FROM LIGNITE
SURFACE MINES
Chemical composition of waters drained from lignite surface mines is
approximately the same as the ground water quality of the region being mined.
The chemical quality of the water as a rule does not exceed the permitted
levels of class I or II waters (Table l). Some more important parameters of
mine water are' presented in Table 3. As seen in the table, the main pollutant
is the high suspended matter concentration and the associated turbidity. As
already mentioned, the quantity of suspensions is variable within very wide
17
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TABLE 1. STANDARDS OF PERMITTED POLLUTIONS ID INLAND SURFACE WATERS
R/RM 29 of November 1975, Dz. U. (Official Gazette) No. 13.XII.1975
Indices of Pollutants
Dissolved oxygen
BOD5
Concentra-
tion units
ppm of 02
M
Permanganate oxygen
consumption -
Bichromate oxygen consumption - " -
Chlorides
Sul fates
Total hardness
Dissolved substances
General s.s., sudden
water surges excepted
Temperature31
Smell
ppm of Cl
ppm of SOjj
mval/1
ppm
ppm
°C
Classes of Purity
T TI III
6 i
U t
10 !
1*0 S
250 i
150 8
7 8
500 8
20 8
22 8
V 8
IB above
< less
i less
i less
b less
< less
i less
t less
c less
b less
i less
5 «
8 (
20 f
60 l
300 i
200 J
11 8
1000 8
30 8
26 8
t above
i less
i less
!c less
c less
I less
IE less
e less
i less
« less
natural
1*8,
12 &
30 &
100 SB
1*00 SB
250 SB
ll* &
1200 &
50 SB
26 &
very
above
less
less
less
less
less
less
less
less
less
weakly
specific at most
ppm of Ft.
tural
Radioactive substances
pH values
Ammonia nitrogen
Nitrate nitrogen
Organic nitrogen
Total iron
Manganese
Phosphates
Rhodanates
Cyanides, fixed
cyanides excepted
Fixed cyanides
Volatile phenols
Detergents (substances
surface active)
Oils
Substances extracted
with petroleum benzine
Lead
Mercury
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium 3+
Chromium 6+
Nickel
Total of heavy metals
Silver
Vanadium
Boron
Arsenic
Free chlorine
Fluorine
Sulfides
Acrilonitrile
Caprolactam
Coli titre of faeces type
Pathogenic bacteria
Biologic tests with fish
in determined quantities in separate regulations
pH
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
Ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
N-yrj
JyHji
NO -j
Norg
Fe
Mn
P01*
CHS
CN
Me/CN/X
ppm
6.5-8.0
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0 !
6 i
0 !
0 f
1 S
2 i
02
01
0 8
05
c less
i less
Ib less
It less
c less
t less
SE less
SB less
IE less
& less
6.5-9-0
3.
7-
2.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0 &
0 SB
0 SB
5 SB
3 &
5 &
5 8=
01 !
0 SE
01 f
less
less
less
less
less
less
less
i less
less
IE less
6.
6.
15
10
2.
0.
1.
1.
0.
3.
0.
5-<
0 S
&
SE
0 !
8 f
0 i
0 f
05
0 8
05
J.O
i less
less
less
fc less
•c less
i less
< less
Ss less
IE less
& less
ppm 1.0 & less 2.0 8c less 3.0 SE less
ppm lack of visible traces on water faces
ppm 5.0 & less 15 & less 1*0 SB less
ppm Pb 0.1 SB less 0.1 8s less 0.1 & less
ppm Hg 0.001 & less 0.005 8s less 0.01 & less
ppm Cu 0.01 & less 0.1 & less 0.2 8= less
ppm Zn 0.01 & less 0.1 8s less 0.2 & less
ppm Cd 0.005 & less 0.03 SB less 0.1 & less
ppm Cr 0.5 & less 0.5 & less 0.5 SE less
ppm Cr 0.05 & less 0.1 SB less 0.1 8= less
ppm Ni 1.0 SE less 1.0 8s less 1.0 SE less
ppm 1.0 8= less 1.0 Ss less 1.0 SB less
ppm Ag 0.01 SB less 0.01 SB less 0.01 & less
ppm V 1.0 & less 1.0 & less 1.0 8; less
ppm B 1.9 SB less 1.0 SB less 1.0 8s less
ppm As 0.05 & less 0.05 SB less 0.2 & less
ppm Cl undetectable
ppm F 1.5 SB less 1.5 8= less 2.0 & less
ppm S undetectable 0.18s less
ppm 2.0 & less 2.0 & less 2.0 8s less
ppm 1.0 SB less 1.0 8i less 1.0 8s less
1.0 & above 0.1 SB above 0.1 & above
undetectable
2l* hours positive—fish should not die in water
, in 2l* hours
18
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TABLE 2. DISCHARGE QUANTITIES FROM LIGNITE MINES
Quantity of Drained Waters in m3/min
Polluted Waters
Total Pure Waters from Working
Name of Lignite Mine fr0m Wells and from Drain-
age Systems
Adamow
Patnow
Jozwin
Kazimierz
^urow I and II
Belchatow (proj . )
Legnica (proj . )
25
80
hO
50
37
200-500
130X
9.1*
10
1
1
6
150-^00
80
15-6
70
33
1*3
31
50-100/l85x
20/7 Ox
x = value together with precipitation waters
proj. = projected
limits. Investigations of the suspension concentration in various places within
the workings of the Turow, Patnow, Kazimierz, Jozwin, and Adamow mines did not
show a relationship to exist between the quantity of suspended matter and the
geological, working and atmospheric factors of the mine. The highest contents
of suspensions appeared in the waters from the Turow II mine, and the lowest
in mines of the Konin region. In predicting the quality of waters to be
drained from newly designed mines one can assume that the quality will be
similar where the geological conditions are similar. Mines in the Adamow region
should have an average quantity of suspensions of about 180-220 ppm, while those
in the region of Konin should be within the limits of 100-150 ppm.
The suspension consists of mineral and organic matter. Mineral suspended
matter is composed of sand, dust, and clay grains washed from the surfaces
of the floor, slopes and overburden benches of the mine and from slopes and
horizons of stacked overburden material in the working. Organic suspension on
the other hand are composed of various sized particles of coal coming from the
floor and from coal levels, and occasionally from underground active draining
galleries (headings). Electric potential of colloidal particles have been
found to be -20 uV for the suspensions from the mines Adamow and Konin, and
approaching -70 uV for the suspensions from the Turow mine.
Investigations at the Wroclaw technical University^ have shown that
53-8R5 of suspended matter in waters sampled at the Konin and Adamow mines
were composed grains with diameters greater than 10 u, and the number
Re > 2.6 x 10 , Sedimentation analysis of water from the Konin mine
indicated that the suspended sedimentation did not show any Brownian movement
interferences during the first 16 hours. The particles remaining in the sus-
pensions after l6 hours showed clear interferences caused by electrical charges.
Re - Reynolds number.
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TABLE 3. mYPICAL QUALITY OF WATERS DISCHARGED FROM LIGNITE MINES
Pollutant
Unit
Turow I Turov II Adamow
Konin
Open Pit Open Pit Open Pit
Patnow Kazimierz Jozwin
BOD,-
COD
Chlorides
Sul fates
Dissolved
substances
Total S.S.
pH
Total iron
Color
Turbidity
ppm 0?
ppm
ppm Cl
ppm SO^
TDpm
ppm
ppm
ppm Si Op
0.8-4.2 1.2-2.0
3-36
27-42
270-480
650-1050
tu 1000
7.5-8.1
0.01-2.0
10-30
10-1000
22-600
16-52
204-350
560-1000
20-7500
7.0-8.1
0.07-3.0
30-90
to not
transp.
1-4 0
64-390
20-100
50-150
tu 600
60-2800
7.0-8.1
0.0-5.0
15-20
10-not
transp.
8-52
tu 13
tu 40
270-500
44-4oo
7.0-8.0
tu 2.0
3-50
5-500
_
10-55
tu 14
tu 10
tu 500
73-370
7.6-8.3
tu 1.0
10-45
30-50
.
-
tu 13
tu 18
tu 600
tu 350
7.0-8.0
tu 0.7
tu 30
10-not
transp.
In water samples taken from the Konin mine the Brownian phenomenon occurred
after 20 hours of sedimentation. Results of Andreassen analyses showed that
only fractions of suspensions with Re > 10 will settle and their sedimenta-
tion speed can be calculated using Stokes formula.
One could assume that also a portion of suspensions with Re > 10~5 v'ill
settle, as some have only a small mobility. The remaining Re > 10~5 particles
will not settle and in order to settle them it is necessary to use coagulants
or flocculants.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENTS
The character of the suspensions entrained in water discharged from lignite
mines and the efficiency of sedimentation basins can be partially determined
by characterization of the quality and composition of the sediments deposited
in the sedimentation basins. For this reason in 1976 an analysis was performed
of sediment samples collected from the sedimentation basin "Struga Biskupia"
from the Konin mine. The samples were taken from the bottom of the basin under
the water in sections perpendicular to the direction of flow in the sedimenta-
tion basin, and at the following distances from the inlet: 40, 100, 160,
235, 335, 480 and 630 meters. Particle size composition of sediments taken
from particular sections is given in Table 4, and specific gravity in Table 5.
The data shoved that the larger size particles were removed near the inlet,
while the particles near the outlet were predominantly of the smaller sizes.
The particles near the inlet had a greater specific gravity than those near
the outlet.
20
-------
TABLE U. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT FROM STRUGA BISKUPIA
SEDIMENTATION BASIN AND PARTICLES OF A GIVEN FRACTION IN SAMPLE SPECIFIED, IN %
Distance from
Size of Inlet(meters)
fraction
particles Uo m 100 m 160 m 235 m 335 m U80 m 630 m
Total
99.
99.1 99.2 99.8 99.2 99=9
0. 6 mm
0.385-0.6 mm
0.25 - 0.385 mm
0.102-0.25 mm
0.075-0.102 mm
0.075 mm
18.
8.
16.
18.
20.
16.
1
6
7
9
5
6
9.
13.
15.
28.
16.
15.
8
U
1
7
3
8
11.3
12.7
18.5
25.7
12.3
18.7
8.
8.
5.
32.
lU.
30.
0
6
6
5
h
7
7.2
9.8
13.3
19.5
29.3
20.1
5.
10.
15.
18.
28.
21.
2
7
9
5
1
5
6.3
8.1
13.3
17.8
2)4.5
30.0
100.00
TABLE 5. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SEDIMENTS FROM "STRUGA BISKUPIA SEDIMENTATION
BASIN
Distance from
Size of Inlet (meters)
fraction
particles
0.6 mm
0.385-0.6 mm
0.25-0.385 mm
0.102-0.25 mm
0.075-0.102 mm
0.075 mm
UO m
1.73
1.82
l.RU
1.75
1.87
1.93
100 m
1.71
1.76
1.71
l.QO
1.95
1.93
160 m
1.72
1-75
1.75
1.67
1.82
1.90
235 m
1.57
1.55
1.6U
1.68
1.70
1.69
335 m
1.58
1.53
1.70
1.63
1.77
1.76
^80 m
1.53
1.51
1.55
1.59
1.6l
1.60
630 m
1.50
1.53
1.60
1.58
1.6U
1.59
21
-------
METHODS USED TO TREAT WATERS DRAINED FROM LIGNITE SURFACE MINES
The treatment of mine waters is limited to the reduction of excessive
amounts of total suspended solids in order to meet required effluent
regulations. The first step of suspended solids reduction takes place in
the reservoirs or galleries situated near the dewatering pumping stations.
Further reduction of the more difficult sediment suspensions takes place in
reservoirs, natural ponds, or artificial sedimentation basins constructed
on the land surface outside the pit or at the bottom of open pits. In the
sedimentation "basins the reduction of suspensions is by way of sedimentation
and partly of spontaneous coagulation.
In 196H-65 tests were performed to treat mine waters from the mine
Kazimierz by means of hydrocyclons. The results were not satisfactory, and no
use of this method for practical purposes are contemplated.
Total area of land utilized for sedimentation basins by lignite surface
mines in Poland amounts to about 60 ha, and in the near future it is antici-
pated that 120-150 ha of arable land further will be needed for sedimentation
basins for new mines, and about 50 ha for construction of more basins for
existing mines. In Table 6 typical parameters and effects of the four largest
sedimentation basins constructed in lignite mines- are presented.
REVIEW OF RESEARCH WORK AND PUBLICATIONS CONNECTED WITH THE PURIFICATION
OF THE LIGNITE MINE WATERS
The research work and publications connected with the purification of
waters drained from lignite mines can be divided into the following three
subject groups:
1. Research connected in particular with reconnaissance of the physical-
chemical composition of mine waters, and with hydraulic and technical
characteristics of the suspensions contained in these waters.
2. Studies connected with the determination of the most effective and most
economical technology of purification.
3. Investigations connected with the determination of influence of mine
waters on the physico-biochemical parameters of the receiving streams.
The majority of the up-to-date research has not been published and is
utilized in project work and in the development of the treatment facilities.
The early studies concerning the issues of*quality and ways of treating drain-
age waters were made in 1955 on waters drained from the then active surface
mine Goslawice in the region of Konin3. On the basis of laboratory analyses
of prepared samples of water with a coal and dusty - clayey suspension it was
determined, that the retention time necessary for these waters to obtain the
required reduction of suspensions was four days. The results of these tests
were for a long time the basis for designing treatment facilities in the
22
-------
TABLE 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOUR LARGEST SEDIMENTATION BASINS AT LIGNITE MINES
ro
uo
Name of
sedimenta-
tion
basin and
year of
construct .
Struga
Biskupia
I960 r.
Row glowny
1967
Teleszyna
1968
Sedimenta-
tion
basin by
shaft
Name of
surface
mines
Patnow
(Konin)
Patnow
(Konin)
Joz'win
(Konin)
Adamow
Kazimierz
kop.
Konin
Average
inflow
m /min
20
98
IT
20
Area of Sedimenta-
sedimen- tion basin
t at ion current
basin capacity
thousands
ha of .m^
10 123 + 126
21.1 210
7.8 170
6.8 87
Average Theore-
depth tical
time of
retention
m days
2.50 U.3
1.00X 1.5
2 . 20 7XX
1.^5 1.3
Cone.
of
suspen-
sions
inlet
ppm
60-120
100-200
180-250
350
Suspension
concentra-
tion -
- outlet
ppm
20
30-60
10-20
33
Average
reduc-
tion
susp.
at
l»
67-8>*
65-70
90-95
92
x - provisional depth, ultimate depth will be about 2.20 m
xx - in relation to the expected inflow of about 1.5 day rate
-------
lignite industry. In the subsequent years a number of studies were m^de gon-
cerning the influence of drained mine waters on the surface receivers ' ' ' .
These were made for the benefit of lakes situated in the region of the Konin
mines. In these studies a number of physico-chemical analyses of waters
drained from the lignite mines Goslawice, Patnow and Kazimierz were performed.
The efficiency and the effects of the first field sedimentation basins con-
structed at a lignite mine was also evaluated. The results of these studies
showed the water quality to be within the values shown in Table 3.
In 1965 physico-chemical and technological tests of mine waters drained
from lignite mines of the regions of Konin, Turow and Adamow2 were carried out.
On the basis of investigation of the sedimentation of suspended matter conducted
in the laboratory, new directives were provided regarding the sizing of sedi-
mentation basins. Recommended retention time of the mine waters in the sedi-
mentation basins was 2h hours, and the surface hydraulic load was 1.2 m3/m per
day. In the report it was concluded that these design factors would cause the
retention in the sedimentation basins of particles with a settling rate equal
to or larger than 1.3 x 10~3 cm/sec., which corresponds to a Reynold number
Re = 1 x 10"'. On the basis of these investigations a number of sedimentation
ba,sins was designed and constructed for the purification of lignite waste waters
and are working to this day.
Between 1971-73 surveys were carried out of the existing field sedimenta-
tion basins of the Konin and Adamow mines to evaluate the characteristics of
the flow of water through the sedimentation basins and to determine the distri-
bution of suspensions concentration within the basins"s9. These surveys were
based on a simultaneous measurement of actual time of water flow through the
sedimentation basins with the help of isotope tracers and on determination of
suspension concentration in particular measured sections. The results of this
survey was as follows:
1. The major suspended solids reduction in the constructed sedimenta-
tion basins was taking place in the inlet portion of the basins in an
area not exceeding 30-hOf-, of the basins' entire area. The remaining
basin areas had an insignificant effect in the reduction of the
suspension concentration.
?-. In the processes of gravitational sedimentation in large field
sedimentation basins, waters similar to waters from the mines of
Konin and Adamow can be treated to a suspended solids concentration
of about 30 ppm.
3. The effect of purification in field sedimentation basins depends
chiefly on force, direction, and velocity of winds prevailing in
the regions of the sedimentation basins. In case of occurrence of
winds with velocity exceeding the k.O - 5.0 m/sec, resuspension of
the suspended solids in the sedimentation basins takes place by the
effect of wave action. The general effectiveness of the sedimenta-
tion basin is then small.
-------
U. The average active basin capacity amounted to 30-505? of their entire
capacity, and a velocity of flow within the basins of 2.0-6.0 mm/sec,
5. The flow velocity within the sedimentation basins had a significant
lack of^uniformity. Local velocities of flow in particular portions
of the investigated sedimentation basins differed considerably,
from 0 mm in no flow areas to about 60 mm/sec, in the inlet regions.
On the basis of results of the above studies a new type of sedimentation
basin was devised for the purification of mine waters, in which the polluted
waters was to be retained 16-20 hours with a planned reduction of suspended
matter to 30 ppm, the standard. This value may not be obtained under adverse
atmospheric conditions.
The problems of purification of waters drained from lignite mines by way
of sedimentation, and problems of water flow hydraulics in the sedimentation
basins were presented in a number of publications10A!512,13. These publica-
tions among other things state the requirements, which should be met by the
inlet and outlet arrangements of the sedimentation basin, in order to achieve
the highest rate of surface volume utilization of the basin.
Investigations of hydraulic efficiency of the waste' water treatment
facility have been performed on full scale installations in other industries
using isotope tracers. A number of Dorra type-^ sedimentation basins and
rectangular multi-chamber^ sedimentation basins purifying industrial wastes
have been tested. These tests have shown the suitability of the isotope
tracers for studying the hydraulic characteristics of basins. The results of
these studies have been used to modify the physical arrangements of the sedi-
mentation basin or tank to obtain better purification. Isotopic tracers have
been used in investigations of the sedimentation processes1" associated with
bituminous coal.
Apart from, isotopes a number of other tracers have been employed in
investigating the hydraulic efficiency of treatment facility such as solutions
of sodium chloride1^*1"1, and fluorescein dyesl>»-'^. In tests of model sedi-
mentation basins dyes^ '--•' and solutions of salts and acids22523 have been
used as tracers. On the basis of the information received the best results
were obtained with isotopes, the fluorescein, the rodanine B, and the ions of
O|p o^ Of\
lithium were used as tracers' ' •>' >-u.
An important assignment in testing the hydraulic parameters of sedimenta-
tion basins is the appropriate methodology for conducting the research and
interpreting the acquired results. There are two methods of testing the
reservoirs by means of a traced wave of flow:
-the method of a Variable wave of flow obtained by introducing to the water
a determined quantity of tracer during a short period of time in relation
to the time of flow of water through the sedimentation basin;
25
-------
-the method of continuous wave of flow based on dosing tracer with a constant
intensity, till constant concentration appears at the outflow2T.
Owing to the large dimensions of the sedimentation basins used to purify
waters coming from lignite mines, the method of variable wave of flow was
adopted. Interpretation of results acquired with the use of this method is
a subject of many publications21'22 '23 >28»29 >31»32 an(j win be presented in
detail in the ensuing part of this report. The results are usually presented
in a so-called "chart of the flow wave," illustrating the concentration of
tracer as function of time in appropriate section or on outlet of a purifying
facility. Such a graph affords primarily a determination of the character of
flow going through the sedimentation basin. One can distinguish here two
basic types of flow, the so-called piston flow and the perfect mixture flow.
The piston flow is most desirable in sedimentation basins, however, it never
appears by itself, that is, it is always accompanied by a certain amount of
perfect mixture flow and by the existence of dead spaces. Wolf and ResnickSl
and other authors discern also a so-called "short circulating," defined as
portion of flow with infinite velocity, or a zero time of retention.
Interpretation of the Flow curve can be by the traditional manner, where
the basic characteristic parameters are the central values of the curve,
or with new methods-^!, where the whole of the curve is considered. Both
methods provide an analysis of the efficiency of a sedimentation basin under
test, the proportion of its active volume, the dead spaces, the degree of
flow disturbances, etc.
On the basis of the above publications it can be concluded that each
sedimentation basin prior to its use should be investigated for its flow
hydraulics. Results of these investigations should be used to modify the
execution of such adjustments of sedimentation basin, so as to secure a
maximum capacity utilization.
The acquisition of data on water purification with the aid of sedimenta-
tion in large sedimentation basins requires a comprehensive analysis of water
quality, of atmospheric conditions in the region of the sedimentation basin,
the selection of appropriate shape, dimensions of all elements of the sedi-
mentation basin, a penetrating analysis of the necessary time for retention
and the determination of the proper surface hydraulic loading and the appli-
cation of adequate protection shields against the effects of wave action.
Only correctly constructed sedimentation basins can prodxice the wanted results,
i.e., the suspension reduced to the 30 mg/1 level.
In some lignite mines (Turow) it is particularly difficult to purify the
waters and more intensive processes of purification are required. These
waters were a subject of laboratory tests with the application of coagulants
utilizing conventional chemical substances. Also undertaken were laboratory
scale tests of purifying the mine waters from the Turow mine by means of
electrocoagulation33 with some positive results recorded. Early tests on the
-------
.application of filtration under laboratory conditions gave positive results
in some
The first laboratory investigations utilizing the application of
traditional coagulation were performed in 196^7 with waters from the Konin
area mines. As a coagulant aluminum sulfate was used in doses of 30-100 ppm
(average 50 mg/l). The treated water after 2-hours sedimentation in a
cylinder was clear and lightly opalic. The oxygen demand was decreased to
h ppm of 0 With waters containing oxygen demand above 200 ppm 02 the
reduction in oxygen demand was smaller, nonetheless it decreased down to 28
ppm of Og. The content of iron and manganese in waters treated with alum
fell to the trace level. Changes in the acidity or alkalinity of the water
did not have a marked influence on the effect of coagulation.
In 1962 investigations were conducted with waters from the Goslawice
mine (region of Konin^ in which the mine water was mixed with an ash slurry
from the power plant 35. This combination gave positive results, ensuring fast
and effective sedimentation of suspensions. This method however has not found
wide application due to the large water requirement by the power plant, where
as a rule closed circuit systems in the hydraulic transportation of ashes are
practiced and also due to the rise in pH of the treated waters to over 9-0
and an increase in hardness.
Further laboratory tests on the application of coagulation were made
in 1Q68 on the mine waters from the Turow mine36. Used for the tests were
the following coagulants:
- bentonite
- fly ash from Turoszow power plant
- lime CaO
- sulfuric acid EpSO,
- aluminum sulfate AlCSOjJ 18 HO.
The coagulant was added to a water sample during rapid mixing, which
lasted for 3 minutes, and then was maintained at slow mixing for 20 minutes
which was followed by sedimentation for 2-2U hours. Results obtained from
these investigations provided the following conclusions:
1. Bentonite did not exert any influence on the acceleration of
the purification process and is not suitable as coagulant for
waters drained from mines.
2. Ashes from the power plant "Turos.zow" d}.d not have a positive
effect as a coagulant .
3. The sulfuric acid was a successful coagulant when used in very
large doses, but the pH was decreased to a level inadmissible for
discharge to surface waters.
-------
U. Coagulation with lime water in a quantity of about 120 ppm of CaO
gave positive results. A dose of lime water in quantity of about
120 ppm of CaO and a 2-hourly sedimentation caused a significant
reduction in the COD in waters down to about 5 PP^ of Og and the
color from 200 to 30 ppm of Pt, and maximally from 2000 to 30 ppm of
Pt.
5. Coagulation of water with aluminum sulfate also gave positive
results. A dose of this coagulant in the amount of 150 ppm and a
2lj-hour sedimentation period reduced the quantity of suspended
solids and the chemical oxygen demand down to values admissible for
waters to be run off to the surface receivers.
Fowever the results of these investigations were not put to use owing
to the large amounts of coagulants necessary for the purification of the mine
water, 30-150 m^/min.
Further laboratory investigations of the application of coagulation were
begun in 1972 3\ The tests were carried out on strongly polluted mine waters
of the Turow mine. The process of volumetric coagulation was carried out in
vessels of 1 liter capacity employing 2 minutes of fast mixing and 20 minutes
of slow mixing. After the completion of mixing, the water was subjected to
sedimentation for the period of 1 hour. The effect of coagulation was evalu-
ated by the measurement of color, turbidity and oxygen demand. In the tests
the basic coagulants used were aluminum sulfate, iron sulfate and calcium
and as aids were used edible gelatin, colloidal silica, fine sand, starch
flocculant P-26 and synthetic flocculants of polish production, the Gigtar,
and the Rokrysol WF-1. These aids were dosed either, simultaneously, or
ahead of, or behind in time in relation to the dosing of basic coagulant. The
usability of mixed coagulant was also considered (aluminum and iron sulfates).
Two types of water, one with average and the other with high levels of
pollution, were tested. The best results with water having an avera.ge level
of pollution, (turbidity to 100 ppm, color to 30 ppm of Pt. oxygen demand to
18 ppm of 02), were achieved using aluminum sulfate with Gigtar added as an
aiding substance. The dose of A19(SO, )^- 18 HgO was 100 ppm and Gigtar 1 ppm.
It was found that the timing of tn~e addition of the aiding substance was
critical. Optimum time of Oigtar dosing was 3-^ minutes ahead of the basic
coagulant or 10 minutes after dosing the basic coagulant. Under these condi-
tions the turbidity was reduced 90-100/J.
mhe other combinations of coagulant and aiding substances when used in
large doses also gave good results, but not as good as that quoted above. In
the case of strongly polluted waters, where the turbidity approached 1000 ppm
and oxygen demand was up to 600 ppm of Og, good results were acquired when
lime was used and then recarbonizing the water and employing a coagulant mixed
with aiding substances such as the active silica, and edible gelation. The
lime was added to the mine water in the form of a lime water in dosages of
100-600 ppm of CaO. Positive results also were obtained employing contact
coagulation followed by filtration through a filtering bed with granulations
2R
-------
1.5-2.0 mm diameter. From the practical standpoint of employing the results
of the above tests to full scale mine water purification, it was seen that
although some of these tests resulted in an almost 100^ purification of the
strongly Toolluted waters, the large doses of coagulates required and the
necessity to use sometimes several chemical substances would be troublesome
to employ and comparatively costly.
An important problem from the point of view of environmental protection
is the determination of the effect of mine waters on the chemical composition
and the biocenosis of receiving bodies of water. Early research efforts in
this field were conducted in 196(T . The influence of waters drained from
the Konin region mines on lake Goslawickie and Patnowskie were studied to
determine:
- the reach of the sediment entrained in the mine waters
- the influence and extent of inflowing waters on the composition
and the biocenosis of water in the lakes
- the necessary level of the mine water purification, to minimize the
harmful effects on the waters of the lakes.
The investigations showed that mine waters draining, into the lakes with
small quantities of colloidal suspensions of difficult to remove sediment
were to a small extent increasing the turbidity in the first Goslawickie lake.
It was found that on the whole the effect of mine waters on the composition
and the biocenosis of lake waters was small, and limited as a rule exclusively
to the lake to which mine water was directly discharged after their purifica-
tion in sedimentation basins.
The mine waters were causing some small beneficiation to the lake waters
because of their nutritious salts, which contribute to more intensive over-
growing of the lakes and to the increase in organic contents of the lake.
The investigations have shown, that from the point of view of preserving
proper composition of waters and biocenosis in the direct receiver, which was
lake Goslawickie, the purification necessary for the mine waters was the
reduction of suspended solids only. Further investigations were carried out
in 1961-62^, and the conclusions were approximately the same.
Subsequent investigations in 1965-66 , confirmed the minimal effects
of mine waters on the chemical composition and the biocenosis of lakes as
receivers. It was found in these investigations, that a quantity of biogenic
substances was inflowing into the lakes together with mine waters and their con-
centration in 1966 was determined to be 0.68 ppm of N, (?!%), 0.38 ppm of PO ,
and about 21 ppm of SiOg. The load of these substances was increasing with the
amount of mine water discharges. A comparison of the water composition in
the lake in the course of a 5-year period, 1961-1965, had shown that in this
time a small rise in the biogenic substances had occurred as seen by an in-
crease in the quantities of plankton and vasculous plants.
29
-------
Other research was conducted on the influence of waters drained from
the surface mine Turow on the receiver - Nysa Luzycka river. This analysis
was carried out by Poltegor in 196937. It was shown that mine waters had
impact on the river as noted "by the increased concentration of suspended
solids during low flow periods in the river, surpassing the allowed quantity
of pollution. At higher flow levels, the influence of mine waters was small.
The investigations did not include an analysis of the mine water influence
on the biocenosis of the river.
In summary the above survey of publications and research studies has
shown that at the present time a wide range of problems connected with the
purification of mine waters have been investigated particularly with the
application of the sedimentation process. Also, the processes of coagulation
with the use of conventional coagulants has received attention. However the
application of synthetic flocculants as separate, self-contained and basic
substances, of radiation influence on the process of water purification, or
the detailed studies of filtration have not been analyzed. The technology
of purifying waters with the aid of synthetic flocculants is widely employed
in purifying sewages and industrial waste waters, especially in the U.S.A.,
where more than 130 flocculants of all kinds are produced. In Poland
flocculants are used mainly to purify waters derived from plants of mechanical
processing of coal and from ore beneficiation plants. In 1972, 22 mines of
bituminous coal production used flocculates for the purification of waters
coming from processing plants, utilizing about UOO tons of flocculants
annually, mainly of the starch type . From the current literature and pub-
lications from both Poland and the U.S.A. it is apparent that radiation and
filtration are not used to purify waters drained from surface coal mines.
The use of coagulates or flocculates is not employed in the surface mines
in the U.S.A. with the exception of the Centralia mine operated in the State
of Washington. Fere runoff water polluted with suspended matter is purified
in a sedimentation basin using as the flocculant Nalco 63k in quantities of
about 10 ppm or Super Floe 330^".
Other publications dealing with the application of coagulants, and
flocculant, research methodology and sedimentation are presented as references
^0 to **8.
30
-------
SECTION 6
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF FLOCCULANT APPLICATION
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SURFACE MINES, FROM WHICH WATER SAMPLES
FOR TESTS WERE TAKEN
Water samples were collected from the Turow II, Konin and Adamow mines.
Water was sampled directly from the outlets of the pumping station pipelines.
Tables 7 and 8 present the general characteristics of the three mines and
their overburden. The Turow II mine had an average of 10-15 m^/min of dis-
charge water containing on the average 900-1100 ppm (max. - 7,500 ppm) of
suspended matter. Initial drainage of the Adamow deposit was accomplished
with a well system. Precipitation and seepage waters flowing into the work-
ings were conveyed to the lowest part of the working and pumped, from there to
the "Teleszyna" sedimentation basin. The average quantity of water drained
was 25 nP/min.of which 15.1+ nrVmin were polluted water with an average sus-
pended matter content of 100-250 ppm. The Patnow pit is drained with the aid
of wells and underground drainage galleries. Seepage and rain water are con-
veyed with a network of ditches to the lowest point of the working where
together with the mine draining headings are pumped to the sedimentation basin
"Row Glowny."
TABLE 7. CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE MINES USED IN STUDY
Area (hectors )
Internal spoil disposal
Bottom of workings
Slopes and levels of uncovered coal
Overburden slopes and levels
Adjacent terrain
Total catchment area
Turow II
Mine
0
50
127
1*03
60
6i*o
Adamow Konin
Mine Mine
Patnow Pit
236
111
58.5
87
309.5
802
350
5^
8
83
160
655
TABLE 8. COMPOSITION OF OVERBURDEN ROCKS OF STUDY MINE
Sands
Clays
Other
Percent
and gravels
Turow II
Mine
12
77
11
Adamow Konin Mine-
Mine Patnow Pit
35 56
61* 18
1 1
3,1) ($coal) (?5co;
il)
31
-------
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INVESTIGATED MINE WATERS
"Hie physico-chemical composition of the waters investigated was determined
in accordance with Polish methods. The results of the analyses are specified
in tables 9-11. Mine waters are characterized with high and very high turbidity,
a large quantity of suspensions and with increased oxygen demand. In addition
to these parameters these waters had a raised content of iron, whereas the
manganese appeared in trace amounts only. The remaining indices of chemical
composition did not exceed the permitted values for the class I or II
(Table l) surface water purity.
In the period of time under investigation the turbidity in the mine waters
of Turow II fluctuated from 250 to 1000 ppm, the quantity of suspensions from
lj-37 to 6300 ppm, the oxygen demand from 28 to ^0 ppm of 02, iron to 3 ppm of
Fe, sulfates up to 3^0 ppm of
The mine water of the Konin - Patnow open pit during the period of
investigation was characterized with turbidity about 300 ppm, with quantity
of suspensions - 250 - kf2 ppm, oxygen demand - lU-22 ppm of 02 , the
iron quantity did not exceed the 3 ppm.
The mine water of the Adamow open pit during the time considered had
turbidity of 250-600 ppm, suspensions - 12^-356 ppm, oxygen demand of
13-RO ppm of 02, iron - 2-8 ppm of Ee.
The data showed that the Turow II open pit had the poorest quality water.
The data also showed that a relationship existed between turbidity and sus-
pended solids (Table 12). This relationship is shown in Figure 2. The
directional coefficients of straight lines for the Adamow waters was 1.5;
for Konin waters 0.6; for Turow waters 0.075. The character of dependence
of ^urow raw water is the same, only the straight line is moved parallel
in relation to the straight line after 2 hours of sedimentation. In later
tests it was shown, that with a smaller value in the directional coefficient
of straight lines the removal of suspensions and turbidity became progressively
more difficult.
LABORATORY TESTS OF FLOCCULANT APPLICATION
Investigations of coagulation were performed in test of 1 dm^ volume on
a six-stand coagulator. Fast mixing with a velocity of 80 rev/min lasted in
the first stage of tests for 2 minutes, and the slow mixing with the velocity
of 20 rev/min for 20 minutes. The same was true for all types of flocculants,
a.nionic, non-ionic and cationic.
Polyelectrolites were dosed as water solutions with concentrations from
0.05 to 0.5*, while the remaining chemicals, as 1-5$ water solutions.
32
-------
TABLE 9- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MINE WATERS
TUROW II MINE
Parameter
Turbidity
Color
Smell
Reaction
Basicity
Hardness
Calcium
Magnesium
Chlorides
Manganese
Total iron
Ammonia
Nitrites
Oxygen Demand
Sul fates
Dissolved Solids
Mineral
Volatile
Suspensions
Mineral
Volatile
Carbonate hardness
Noncarbonate
Temp, of water sampling
Potential
Units
ppm
ppm of Pt .
PH
mval/dm^
degree
ppm Ca
ppm Mg
ppm Cl
ppm Mn
ppm Fe
ppm TT
ppm N
ppm. Op
ppm S01(
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
degree
degree
OK
uvolt
Test
2/18/75
1,000
15
Veg 1
8.3
F 0.1
M 3.8
20.5
78. k
ho.h
22.0
n.o.
n.t.
n.t.
n.t.
32
2lU
817
760
57
6313
h?jh
2039
10. U
10.1
2714.0
-23
1 Test
3/3/75
1,000
20
Veg 1
7.6
3.6
13.1
1*7.0
27.8
25.0
n.o.
3.0
n.t .
n.t.
20.0
3U6
783
683
100
5795
3953
18^2
10.1
3.0
277.0
-^5
2 Test 8
7/75
600
Veg 1
7.7
3.7
13.0
90
22
30
n.o .
1.15
O.U
0.2
23.0
109
1103
950
158
^37
3^7
90
10.1*
2.6
-26.5
After the process of flocculation and sedimentation for 20 to 30 minutes
analyses were made for color, turbidity, basicity, reaction, and oxygen demand.
In some cases the analysis was supplemented with the determination of hardness
and iron.
An additional inspection of the process was made denoting the value
of electrokinetic potential. The electrokinetic potential was determined
on the basis of measurement of electrophoretic particles movement, which was
determined with a zetameter. Both the colloidal particles of raw water and
the coagulated particles were measured.
Observed results of the flocculation tests under laboratory conditions
are shown in Table 13.
33
-------
TABLE 10. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CQMPOSITION OF MINE WATERS
KOWIN-PATNOV PIT
Parameter
Turbidity
Color
Smell
Reaction
Basicity
Hardness
Calcium
Magnesium
Chlorides
Manganese
Total iron
Ammonia
Nitrites
Nitrates
Oxygen demand
Sul fates
Dissolved solids
Mineral
Volatile
Suspensions
Mineral
Volatile
Carbotane hardness
Foncarbonate
Temp, of water sampling
Potential
Units
ppm
ppm
pH
mval/diiH
degree
ppm Ca
ppm Mg
ppm Cl
ppm Mn
ppm Fe
ppm N
ppm N
ppm N
ppm Op
ppm SOi^
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm.
ppm
ppm
degree
degree
°K
juVolt
Test 5
U/21/75
250
20
Veg 1
7.6
6. It
17-8
89.2
22.7
16
rut .
n.t .
0.1
0.005
trace
22.0
It 8
U13
337
76
250
190
60
17.8
0.0
286.0
-23
Test 6
6/9/75
360
20
Veg 2
7.7
14.2
16.8
93.5
15.8
32
n.t .
n.t .
n.t.
0.005
trace
1U.6
9)4
523
USD
93
1*72
399
73
11.7
5.1
-18.5
Test 9
7/28/75
300
15
Veg 2
7.7
6.5
18.8
7^.5
36
17
trace
2.3
0.06
0.06
0.0
16
102
U82
It 11
71
335
260
75
18.2
0.6
-
-------
TABLE 11. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MINE ¥ATERS
ADAMOW
Parameter
Turbidity
Color
Smell
Reaction
Basicity
Hardness
Calcium
Magnesium
Chlorides
Manganese
Total iron
Ammonia
Nitrites
Nitrates
Oxygen demand
Sul fates
Dissolved solids
Mineral
Volatile
Suspensions
Mineral
Volatile
Carbonate hardness
None arb onate
Temp, of water sampling
Potential
Unit
ppm
ppm Pt .
pH
mval/dm
degree
ppm Ca
ppm Mg
ppm Cl
ppm Mn
ppm Fe
ppm N
ppm N
ppm N
ppm Op
ppm SO^
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
degree
degree
°K
juVolt
Test 3
3/17/75
300
20
Veg 1
8.0
U.2
19.0
107.0
17.0
3^.0
0,28
3.7
n.o.
0.001
0.2
13.2
139
500
M5
85
12 1;
97
27
11.8
7.2
280.0
-12.5
Test h
U/7/75
600
10
Veg 1
8.0
U.l
19-3
108.0
21. U
26
n.t .
2.0
0.1
0.007
trace
1*4.0
lUO
509
395
llU
356
308
>48
11.5
7-8
280.0
-18.0
Test 7
6/23/75
250
25
Veg 1
7.8
3.6
17.0
9U
16
32
n.t.
6.0
0.1
0.001
trace
25
138
550
^39
111
218
196
22
10.0
7.0
-15.0
Test 10
7/25/75
300
20
Veg 2
8.2
U.5
20.2
110
21
30
8.1
0.1
0.005
trace
80
lAo
536
250
12.6
6.9
-16.0
35
-------
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 M30 USQ 500 550 600 650
SUSP MATTER
ppm
NOTICE; For water from Turdwll the scope of obcissae and of ordinates
is ten times greater.
Pig. 2. Relation between turbidity and quantity
of suspension (for laboratory tests).
36
-------
TABLE 12. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TURBIDITY AM) SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Suspended Solids
Type of Water ppm
6313
5795
^37
Turow II 1070
882
890
170
U86
T08
571
537
502
20H
Konin-Patnow 250
kT2
335
12 k
356
218
250
Adamow ; 13
17
25
35
86
130
172
Turbidity
ppm Remarks
1000 According to analyses of
1000 raw water after 2 hours of
600 sedimentation.
1000 Raw water 197^
1000 lU
1000
800
1000
900
800
900
700
??0
250
360
300
300
600
250
300
10*
20X
30X
50X
15 Ox
200X
250X
x - Results acquired from tests of water artificially^made turbid with
suspensions from sediment of mine water from Adamow.
37
-------
TABLE 13. RESULTS 0? THE LABORATORY FLOCCUIABT TESTS
Ord.
No.
1
2
3
14
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1?
13
llf
15
16
17
18
Type of
Polymer
M-502
M-503
M-550
M-570
M-580
M-590
tft-2570L
>ft-26^0
Poly-
hall 295
Poly-
hall 297
Poly-
hall 5^0
Poly-
hall 650
Poly-
ox
Rokrysol
WF-1
Rokrysol
WF-2
Rokrysol
WF-3_.
Rokrysol
WF-3
Gig-
tar 3
Optimal
Dose
0.5
0.5-5-0
1.0
1.0
0.1-1.0
1.0
5-30
3-5
0.3-0.5
1.0
1.0
l.n-S.n
0.1-0.5
1-30
0.1-2.0
60
5.0
, ,20-60
20.0
10.0
Moment of Floe
Formation Size of Floes
By the end of fast fine and average
and in the course
of slow mixing
In the course of fine and average
fast and slow mixing
At the beginning of average and large
fast mixing
In the course of large
fast mixing
In the course of large
fast mixing
In the course of large
fast mixing.
Tn the course of average and large
slow mixing.
In the course of large
slov mixing.
At the "beginning of large
fast mixing.
At the beginning of large
fast mixing
At the "beginning of large
At the "beginning of lar/re
fast mixing
By the end of fast small and
and in the course of average
slow mixing.
At the "beginning of large, spongy
fast mixing (rapidly)
In the course of fast average and large
mixing
By the end of fast and small and average
in the course of slov
mixinp;
By the end of fast and average and large
in the course of slow
mixing.
In the course of large
fast mixing.
Type of Sediment
Loose, uniformly distributed
at the reactor bottom.
Loose, uniformly distributed
at the reactor "bottom.
Compacted into lumps.
Compacted into minute lumps.
Compacted into small and
large .
Glued into large lumps
Compacted into large lumps
in the middle of reactor
bottom.
Compacted into small lumps
in the middle of reactor
bottom.
Compacted into large lumps.
Compacted into average and
and small lumps .
Cpnrpacted into average and
Compacted into large lirnps or
one spongy mass .
Fine , compacted into lumps
Compacted into large lumps and
sponpy agglomerations
Compacted into small lumps .
Fine compacted into small lumps .
In shape of thick, strong floes.
Fine, compacted into lumps.
Remarks
Floes fast sedimented in first 10
mins. of sedimentation. Residual
turbidity, 3-10 ispm.
Floes fast sedimented in first 10
mins. of sedimentation. Residual
turbidity, 3-10 ppm.
Floes settled down partially already
during slow, mixing. Residual
turbidity 30-UO ppm.
Flocks sedimented already. . .during
slow mix. Residual turbidity 30 PTO
Lumps of sediment aedimented during
slow mixing. Residual turbidity
15-80 ppm.
Lumps cf sediment sedimented during
slow mix. Residual turbidity 25-80
ppm.
Lumps were setting in initial phase
of sedimentation. Residual
turbidity 10-30 ppm.
Flocks were falling in the course
of the first 10 mins , of sediments-
Large lumps falling in the slow mix
course, small lumps in initial phase
of sedimentation. Residual
turbidity 30 ppm/
Sediment lumps quickly fell during
first 10 mins. Residual turbidity
25 ppm.
Lumps sedimented partly during glow
mix time. Residual "turbidity ''25 '<'fm
Lumps sedimented during slow mix.
Observed difficult to sediment floes
Residual turbidity 15-60 ppm.
Flocks were falling slowly, during
the whole sedimentation period.
Difficult to sediment floes observed.
Residual turbidity 30-50 ppm.
Floes sedimented during slow mix
time. Residual turbidity 20-1*0 ppm.
Floes sedimented slowly. Mot sedi-
mentihg floes in time of 20 mins ,
appeared. Residual turbidity
25-50 ppm.
Floes sedimented during whole sedi-
mentation period. Residual
turbidity 20-30 ppm.
Floes sedimented well in the first
half of sedimentation period.
Residual turbidity 10-15 T>pm.
Floes sedimented already during
slow mix. Residual turbidity
__. 50-80 ppm.
38
-------
RESULTS OF LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
Turow II Mine
¥aters from the Turow II mine were subjected to investigations three
times with the application of various types of flocculants in different doses,
with varied pH and temperature. Results of these tests are presented in the
Appendix. Turow II waters in comparison to waters from the Konin and Adamow
mines were more difficult to purify.
In the first series of tests, the best flocculants from the point of
view of turbidity and oxygen demand reduction were Calgon M-502 and M-503.
Reduction in turbidity with a flocculant dose of 1 ppm approached 99%.
Maximum reduction in oxygen demand (77-82^) was obtained with a dose of 10
ppm.
In the second series of tests the mine water was also strongly polluted
with suspended particles. Only a few flocculants effected the flocculation
process. Flocculants of polish production were not effective on this water.
The best flocculant was Calgon M-502 in doses of about 5-10 ppm. A reduction
in turbidity of about 97"/, and of oxygen demand of ^\% was obtained.
In the third series of tests the majority of flocculants studied, both
of Polish and American production, did not give satisfactory results. Again
Calgon ^-502 was shown to be most effective and reduced the turbidity by
about 96^ and oxygen demand by 85^, but only with a dose of 30 ppm. In
summary, the above tests showed that the optimal flocculant for the Turow
mine waters was Calgon M-502 in doses of 1-30 ppm.
Water, which is characterized with a high proportion of its particles
in the colloidal sizes, required higher flocculant doses. In cases when removal
of suspensions with the use of flocculation alone were unsatisfactory, lime was
used. The use of lime with Turow water worked well. Optimum doses of lime were
from 200 to 300 ppm of CaO. Decrease in the lime dose was possible through
the addition of polyelectrolites , used as aiding substances. Satisfactory
results were achieved in the application of 100 ppm of lime and 2 ppm of
Polyox, or 100 ppm of lime and 5 ppm of Rokrysol WF-5. Calgon M-502 used
separately was the most effective polyelectrolite , but with the addition of
lime it was shown to be ineffective. Polyox alone in a 5 ppm dose reduced
the turbidity down to 150 ppm. The same level of purification was obtained by
raising the pF to about 10 with soda lye. The influence of pH and temperature
on the flocculation process was determined. Doses of polyelectrolites were
varied within the limits of 0.01 to 100 ppm, however, most often they were
from 0.1 - S.O ppm. Polyelectrolites Calgon M-502, Polyox and Rokrysol WF-5
were used in tests to determine the influence of reaction and temperature on
the effects of flocculation. The pH was varied by the addition of 0.1 N
soda lye or 0.1 N of hydrochloric acid within a 5 to 11 pH range. The tempera-
ture of the water samples was varied through immersions into appropriate
thermostable baths within the limits of 273-5 to 2Q6 K for water from Turow,
27"5 to 296 K for Konin-Patnow water, and 276" to 296 K for Adamow water.
-------
The best results of turbidity and oxygen demand removal were achieved
at 2Q6 K temperature, while the change in pH from 5 to 9 did not affect the
process. Increase in pH over 9.0, decreased the rate of turbidity and oxygen
demand removal at this temperature, while with low temperatures this process
progressed better when water pH was raised. The influence of pH and tempera-
ture on electrokinetic potentials is.shown in Figure 3. No clear influence
of temperature on the potential values was observed. Within the pH limits
5-0 to 9.0, the seta potential was almost constant, while with pH > 9-0 an
increase was observed. Despite a rise in the zeta potential satisfactory
results in suspension removal were ascertained.
Polyox and Rokrysol WF-5 were used in combination with a constant dose
of lime in quantity of 100 ppm of CaO. The dose of Polyox and Rokrysol WF-5
was varied from 0.1 to 5.0 ppm, and the temperature of water within 278-298 K.
The change of temperature did not affect the process.
During the period under study iron in the water was found in the quantities
of 0.5-2.5 ppm. Filtration decreased this value by half. In the process
of coagulation with polyelectrolites the quantity of iron was decreased by
raising the polyelectrolite dose. Removal of iron to trace values was achieved
in the process of combined dosing with lime and polyelectrolites to water
(Rokrysol WF-5, Polyox). The pH was set at 9.0. Temperature within the range
studied did not affect the rate of iron removal.
Konin - Patnow Open-pit Mine
The results of three tests carried out on the removal of suspended solids
from the Konin-Patnow open-pit mine water are presented in the Appendix. The
best results were achieved with Calgon M-502, M-503, and the Rokrysol WF-5.
The range of optimum doses was 0.1-5 ppm of Calgon M-502, and about 10 ppm
of Rokrysol WF-5. In some cases the residual turbidity amounted to about
10-15 ppm. In these cases with pH adjusted to about 10, and the application
of 0.3 ppm Calgon M-502 the turbidity could be reduced to about 5 ppm. With
a dose of 3 ppm of Calgon M-502 removal of turbidity was 85-98%, and of oxygen
demand - 30-60%. For Calgon M-502 the reduction was 80-95% and 33-55%, and
for Rokrysol WF-5 85% and 60% respectively for turbidity and oxygen demand.
With the water from Konin and the use of Calgon M-502 the temperature
had no impact on the process nor on the zeta potential (Figure 3). The range
of investigated temperatures was 275-296 K. Optimum dose of lime for the
water from Konin was 250-300 ppm, and corresponded to a pH of greater than
11.5- Concentration of iron in the water during the investigation period was
about 0.6 ppm, and after filtering 0.15 ppm. Among the polyelectrolites
tested the Polyhall, Polyox, and Rokrysol WF-5 removed iron to trace amounts.
The rate of iron removal increased with increased dose amounts.
-------
>
E
LlJ
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0
-10
-20
-30-
4
~r
TUR0W
•*•
KONIN-PATNOW
ADAMOW
i i L
8
T
10 11
—I
• 296°K
* 299.5°K
o 276° K
• 296°K
* 288°K
o 276° K
• 296°K
* 289°K
o 276° K
PH
Pig. 3. Influence of pH and temperature on potential
of particles.
-------
Adamow - Open-pit Mine
Laboratory investigations of flocculants application for the purification
o-f -waters from the mine Adamow comprised h series (h repetitions) of tests.
In the first test the most effective flocculant was Calgon M-502, which
at a dose of 0.3 ppm produced a reduction in turbidity approaching 9&% and
in oxygen demand \Q%. Increasing the dose to 0.5 ppm reduced the oxygen
demand by 50$. Similar results were obtained in repetitions of the tests
in this series.
From the polish flocculants the most effective was Rokrysol WF-5 which
with doses of 2-20 ppm reduced turbidity 8^-88$, and oxygen demand by 58-6^.
With the application of Rokrysol at 3 ppm, in some cases no reduction in
turbidity nor in oxygen demand was observed. The optimium doses for Calgon
M-502 was from 0,5 to 5.0 ppm, as compared to Rokrysol WF-5 which was from
2 to 10 ppm.
No temperature influence within the range of 276-296 K on the effects of
purification with the use of Calgon M-502 was ascertained. Increasing pH to
more than 9 improved the removal effects of suspended solids.
Water sampled from Adamow in August 1975 contained large amounts of
organic pollutants (COD - about Ro ppm of 02). A very effective coagulant in
this case was iron sulfate. Optimum dose amounted to 50 ppm of Fe (SO^J^.pHgO.
The turbidity was reduced to 10-15 ppm at the same time. A combined applica-
tion of iron sulfate with Calgon M-502, or Polyox did not improve the removal
of COTi or turbidity. Improvements in purification were achieved with an appli-
cation of iron sulfate and a pH adjusted to 8.2 prior to coagulation.
In coagulation with iron sulfate temperature had a small influence in
removal of the oxygen demand. The best results were achieved at 292 K.
The Adamow water had the highest content of iron (5-7 - 8,9 ppm of Fe,
after filtration - 0.8 - 1.5 ppm). As the doses of polyelectrolites was
increased, the rate of iron removal also increased. Best results of iron
removal were achieved using Polyhall, Rokrysol WF-5, or the iron sulfate
together with Polyox. Calgon M-502 as an aid to coagulation with iron sulfate,
did not improve treatment.
INVESTIGATION OF THE COAGULATION PROCESS, BASED OT\T ZETA POTENTIAL
Colloidal and suspended particles differed in their electrokinetic
potential. The highest values of zeta potential were found in the mine waters
from the open-pit Turow II (-23 to -1+5 v ), lower values were found in waters
from the open-pit Konin-Patnow (-18.5 to -23 v ), and the lowest values from
the Adamow open-pit waters .(-12.5 to -18.0 v ). According to the literature,
the most difficult waters to purify are those containing stable colloidal
particles with a low zeta potential. However these tests showed that the
h?.
-------
most difficult waters to purify were from the open-pit Turow II, and the
easiest from the open-pit Adamow. In these tests it was found that the
process of floe formation took place with zeta potentials close to the value
of that in the raw water.
Changes in electrokinetic potential were dependent on the doses of the
selected polyelectrolites (Figure H). As shown in the Figure, the most
effective polyelectrolite should have been Calgon M-502. This finding was
confirmed in the conventional tests. The range of the zeta potential found
during the flocculation studies fluctuated for water from Turow II from -IT
to -23 v , for water from Konin-Patnow from -10.5 to -23 v , for Adamow from
-8.5 to -20 v .
In some instances a rise in zeta potential relevant to the raw water
values was observed after the addition of polyelectrolites. Despite this
increase the floe formation process was taking place. Presumably in these
cases the zeta potential was not determining the stability of the colloids.
Moreover the same potential value for different polyelectrolites produced
different purification results with the same water. With the pH raised to
10 to 11. an increase in the zeta potential was observed, to values of -27
from -30 v for Turow water, to -25 from -27 v for Konin water, and to about
-2^1 v for water from Adamow. Satisfactory purification at these values of
zeta potential, illustrate the effectiveness of chemical precipitation of
suspensions. In the case where iron sulfate was applied to Adamow water, the
floe formation appeared by zeta values from -12.5 to -19 v , and residual
turbidity was 20 ppm. This turbidity decreased to under 5 ppm by raising the
pH to 8.2. In coagulation with lime the Konin-Patnow waters, an effective
turbidity removal took place at a zeta value of about -3 v .
The influence of temperature on the zeta potential in the process of
coagulation is shown in tables in the Appendix. Selected tests are shown in
Figure 3. From the diagrams it appears that in the process of coagulation
with polyelectrolites, the temperature was not affecting the zeta potential.
A small influence was observed when iron sulfate was used.
-------
+30
+20
+10
ui 0
i—
o
-10
-20
-30
X
/ Jjt.
/ ~
*
30
50
,,/v
o CALGON M-502
• CALGON M-503
* ROKRYSOL WF-5
DOSE /ppm/
Pig. 4. Zeta potential as a function of Polyelectralite
dose.
44
-------
SECTION 7
LABORATORY STUDIES OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
FLOCCULATION PROCESS
INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THF DOSED FLOCCULANT
These investigations- were carried out on waters from the Adamow mine
having a turbidity of 1|0-50 NTU, and on waters from the open-pit mine Turow,
with higher turbidity level of 350-UOO NTU.
In the tests Calgon M-502 was used as the flocculant in concentrations
from 0.025 to 2.0$ at doses from 1 to 20 ppm. The tests were carried out in
a six-stand flocculator under the following conditions: *
- fast mix, at ^0 revs/min for R min.
- slow mix, at 20 revs/min for 20 min.
- sedimentation for 20 min.
The investigations revealed a relationship existed between concentration
of the flocculant solution and purification performance. This relationship was
more evident in waters with high turbidity, and the application of low or
average doses of flocculant. It was found that for the Calgon M-502 optimal
solution concentrations were within the range of 0.1 - 0.5$5 and the best
results were obtained at concentrations of 0.2 - 0.3$. Lower concentrations
than 0.1$ and higher than 0.5$ had no visible influence on the purification
process. The results of these investigations are presented graphically in
the diagram, Figure 5, for waters from the mine Turow with doses of flocculant
of 5-20 ppm.
Also presented in Figure 5 (dashed line) are results obtained when the
flocculant was dosed one minute before fast mixing. As can be seen in the
figure this had a clearly negative influence on the effects of purification.
INFLUENCE OF FAST MIXING
In the first phase of the laboratory tests to select the best type of
flocculant, identical times of mixing were used, i.e., most often 2 minutes
of fast mixing, 20 minutes of slow mixing and 20 minutes of sedimentation.
After the selection of cationic flocculants as the most suitable ones an
additional analyzing was made to determine the influence of other fast mixing
time period. These tests were made on Adamow waters having a turbidity of ^0
NTU and using a 0.1$ solution of Calgon M-502 and doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and
1.0 ppm. The time of fast mixing (80 rev/min) was varied from 1-30 minutes.
-------
DOSED SOLUTION IN THE COURSE OF FAST MIXING
O -o SOLUTION DOSED 1 MIN. PRIOR TO COMMENCING FAST MIXING
100
0.025 0.05 0.1 0.25 0.5
CONCENTRATION OF FLOCCULAMT DOSED PERCENT
1.0
2.0
PARAMETERS: S'-FAST MIX. so REVS./MIN.
20'- SLOW MIX.20 REVS/MIN
20'-SEDIMENTATION
WATER TURBIDITY 370 NTU
CALGON M-502
Pig, 5. Effect of dose concentration on coagulation.
-------
Results of these tests are presented, in Figure 6. The time of fast mixing
had an influence on turbidity removal when a cationic flocculant was used.
The optimum period of fast mixing, independent of the flocculant dose, was
found to be 8-10 minutes. Longer periods did not have a marked influence.
APPLICATION OF AIR DURING FAST MIXING
The use of compressed air streams during fast mixing was investigated.
Adamow water was used with the addition of Calgon M-502 in 5 and 10 ppm
doses and mixing with air was applied for periods of 5-10 minutes, at
different intensity of aeration. The tests were carried out with mechanical
mixing and air addition, and of wholly mechanical mixing.
The results of these tests are presented in Table lh. The most optimum
system was fast mixing with aeration for about 10 minutes and then mechanical
mixing for about 3 minutes. This method of mixing produced a reduction in
turbidity to 15 NTU, which was better than mechanical mixing alone for 10
minutes. When aeration was used, very small floccs formed which were
difficult to settle. Flotation of the particles occurred at a 10 ppm dose,
but to a smaller degree.
TABLF lU. RESULTS OF TESTS WITH AERATION DURING FAST MIXING*
Dose of flocculant ppm 5.0 10.0
Aeration time
Aeration intensity
Time of fast mix
80 rev/min
Sedimentation time
Turbidity, final
min.
1/h
min.
min.
NTU
5
200
-
30
ho
5
500
-
30
30
-
5
30
80
-
10
30
25
10
50
3
30
15
5
50
-
30
ho
5
200
-
30
^0
5
500
-
30
ho
*Turbidity of raw water - 300 NTU, Calgori M-502 used.
-------
100
80 -
-D
£
1234
10 12 14 16 18
Time of fast mixing, minutes
22 24 26 28 30
Figure 6. Effect of length of fast mixing on turbidity removal
-------
SECTION 8
FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
Field investigations constituted the second phase of research work and
were carried out in 1976 and 1977 in a specially constructed experimental
sedimentation basin at the lignite mine Adamow. The objective of this phase
of research was the determination of the hydraulic parameters of an experi-
mental sedimentation basin, and the determination of the effectiveness of
purification with the application of flocculants (Calgon M-502, and Rokrysol
VF-5) which were found best in laboratory studies under field conditions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH SEDIMENTATION BASIN
The experimental sedimentation basin was situated close to the sedimen-
tation basin purifying waters discharged from the open-pit mine Adamow. Waters
delivered to the experimental sedimentation basin were diverted from an open
channel carrying polluted waters pumped from the open-pit mine. The sedimen-
tation basin had dimensions at the bottom of 7 x 60 m, slope gradient 1:2 and
a 2.5 m depth. By proper arrangement of the receiving water flumes the basin
could be operated at depths of 1.2 and 2.2 m. An entrance and sedimentation
chamber were allotted in the sedimentation basin. The water entered and
exited from the sedimentation chamber across the whole width of the basin.
Adjacent to the inlet of the sedimentation basin an arrangement for dosing and
mixing of flocculants was constructed.
The equipment to prepare and to dose the flocculants were located in
a small building. Solutions of flocculants were dosed with a piston pump
into a mixing chamber into which polluted water flowed. After gravitational
mixing, with the flocculant, the water was delivered by an open ditch to the
sedimentation basin, or to a chamber where further mixing occurred with the
use of compressed air. The ditch, in which the water was carried to the sedi-
mentation basin was equipped with partitions that lowered the water in steps,
which provided further mixing. From here the water flowed into the entrance
chamber where the natural conditions of slow mixing existed. The water then
overflowed into the sedimentation chamber.
The sedimentation basin was equipped in a manner that the flow could be
varied over a wide range. A sampler that collected samples at predetermined
time intervals ^was used. In addition the direction and velocity of the wind
was measured. The bottom and slopes of the sedimentation basin were lined
with a layer of insulating foil preventing infiltration of the water into the
soil. Total capacity of the sedimentation basin at the 1.2 meter depth was
670 m3, and at 2.20 m depth it was 1536 m3.
-------
Sedimentation basin also was equipped with 3 platforms enabling water
sampling to be collected across the basin at these different locations.
Construction of the sedimentation basin together with details of its inlets
and outlets is shown in Figure 7.
HYDRAULIC TESTS OF THE SEDIMENTATION BASIN
Preliminary In format ion
The experimental sedimentation basin was submitted first to hydraulic
tests. The application of instrument to measure and investigate flow
hydraulics is limited owing to the occurrences of very small flow velocities.
In such conditions the best method of investigation is by means of tracers.
They allow the collection of information regarding the conditions of flow and
the hydraulic efficiency of a sedimentation basin. Tracer methods present
the ability to determine the so called curve of flow (flow wave). The curve
of flow is determined by the changes in tracer concentration, introduced at
the inlet, in the water flowing out of the sedimentation basin. A graphic
picture of the statistical distribution of residence time of particular
particles of marked water in the sedimentation basin is obtained. On the
basis of an analysis of this diagram the basic parameters of flow in the sedi-
mentation basin are computed, which define the SQ called "sedimentation basin
stability."
Stability determines, in general, to what extent the true time of flow of
all particles of water entering the sedimentation basin is in relationship
to the theoretical time calculated from the formula:
Q
where: V = sedimentation basin's capacity (m^)
Q = inflow rate (m-^/sec)
Only an ideal sedimentation basin has 100% stability. In a real sedimentation
basin water particles outflow at different times. Part of the water will
reach the outlet in a time shorter than theoretical, while part will stay
longer than would appear from the theoretical time of flow- The reasons can
be:
- different velocities of flow across the sedimentation basin's
cross-section
- occurrence of short circuits or areas in the basin where conditions
exist of greater flow velocities
- existence of dead spaces
- disturbances of flow caused by the wind, different density of inflowing
water, thermic changes or changes in suspension concentration.
-------
Sedimentation basin ,,Teleszyna
Ditch -polluted water
From mine Adamdw
Intake and rapid mixing chamber
Offtake ditch L- 50.0m
Delivery ditch
Access road
Chamber of mixing with air
Aocomodation for personnel and measuring
equipment
5\ 3'°
^YReseorch sedimentation basin
O
vPure water outlet
'O
o
FIGURE 7. POSITIONING OF THE TESTING SEDIMENTATION BASIN
0 5 10 20 30 40 50m
-------
B-B
c-c
i*•'," r^r ! |
3,0.5,0 I 7,0 5,0 I 5,Q
if if T T
J,5,Q .5,0 I 7,0 j 5,0 J3,Q
FIG.8 CHAMBERS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL BASIN
-------
Figure °. view of Ditch Carrying Mine Water, Sampler and Basin
Figure 10. Experimental Sedimentation Basin at Maximum Depth
(J S EPA Headquarters Library
IV!yi' code 3404T
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, DC 20460
""566-0556
-------
Figure 11. Experimental Sedimentation Basin Empty After
Completion of Tests from Inlet End
:
Figure 12. Building with Field Laboratory, and. Flocculant
Mixing and Pumping Equipment
-------
•BBI
Figure 13. Water Intake to the Experimental Sedimentation Basin
from Ditch Carrying Mine Water
n
K
Figure ih,
Chamber for Rapid Mixing with Air
the Ride of Outlet
55
-------
Figure 15- Rapid Mixing Chamber with Compressed Air
Figure In". Ra.pid Mixing Well and Ditch with Barriers
for Gravitational Fast Mixing
-------
Figure IT. Outlet from Rapid Mixing Well
Figure 18. Effluent Trough of Sedimentation Basin
-------
" 'S"r- (-K -A I-"?;
Figure 19. Effluent Trough at Maximum Hepth and Sampler
Figure 20. Effect of Sedimentation Basin Work with the
Application of Calgon M-502
-------
For a mathematical comprehension of the flow through a real sedimentation
"basin, simplified models of flow can be employed. There are four basic models
of flow:
a. piston flow
"b. perfect mixed flow (complete mixture)
c. flow with small longitudinal mixing
d. flow with mixture and dead spaces.
Of greatest practical significance are models for perfect mixture and
those which are a combination of piston flow and perfect mixture. Models of
piston flow have no practical use, as such flows in Newtonian fluids do not
occur.
In this research it was assumed that in a sedimentation basin the flow
is a combination piston and perfect mixture flow and that in the total volume
of sedimentation basin there is certain volume composing dead space taking no
part of the flow.
Tracers in Hydraulic Tests of Flow in Sedimentation Basins
Tracers are the substances deliberately introduced to the water at an
inlet to sedimentation basin, and whose concentration is measured at the outlet
in order to evaluate the performance of the basin. They have to fulfill a
number of conditions. First of all, they should behave similarly to the
particles within the fluid being investigated and not affect the hydrodynamic
conditions of the flow. Moreover they should not fade away as a result of
chemical reactions, action of light, volatilization or sorption. They should
be easily soluble, detectable in low concentrations by simple analytical
methods, and safe to use. In addition they must not appear in large concen-
trations in fluid being investigated because excessive concentration could
hinder the collection of accurate results.
For this study isotopes and fluorescein were utilized. Suitably prepared
tracers were injected into the well near the inlet, and their concentration was
measured on the outlet of the sedimentation basin. The isotope concentration
was measured with a waterproof counter probe of Geiger-Muller type and pre-
sented in diagram form showing impulses number as a function of time.
Isotope test was made under various flow conditions, thus different theoretical
times of retention. Measurements were made at two different water levels in
the sedimentation basin. Regulation of water inflow was made through changes
in the water levels in the open ditch at the intake and corresponding closings
of pipelines by the inlet well.
Prior to the isotope studies a series of tests were performed to deter-
mine the volume of flow at h characteristic closings of the intaking pipelines
with different inflows from the ditch delivering polluted waters from the
open-pit mine Adamow. The depth of water in the ditch was regulated with help
of log stops placed in special recesses in a concrete flume within the ditch.
59
-------
Selected for hydraulic tests were inflows which gave theoretical retention
times in the sedimentation basin of 1.6 to about 30 hours. During the test
runs the speed and direction of wind and the temperature of water and air were
measured.
The results of the tests are in time-concentration flow wave diagrams
(see Figures 27-33 Appendix).
Interpretation of the results of the hydraulic characterization studies
were oriented mainly on:
1. The determination of real time of flow corresponding to average time of
water retention in the sedimentation basin.
2. The determination of the hydraulic efficiency of the sedimentation basin
which was expressed as a ratio of average time of retention (T) to the
theoretical time (T~).
n = T
TT
with the ratio of median time to theoretical time;
n = ^50
TT
with the ratio of so called standard time of flow
P t
5.0. to theoretical time ru = s
3. The determination of piston flow (p) and of perfect mixture flow (l-p)
in sedimentation basin.
h. The determination of the proportion of dead space (m) and of active
capacity (l-m) relationship to the total volume of the sedimentation
basin.
Interpretation of the results was made by two methods: a classical
method based on utilization of the TCQ and T^ of the wave curve and a method
described by Wolf and Resnick^. This latter method enables the determination
of the hydraulic characteristics of the sedimentation basin in a relatively
simple way, utilizing for this purpose a full range of the flow curve. In
this method the flow curve is approximated by the equation:
(
*
Tn i = 1 - exp [. a
rp / m
'-T 1T
60
-------
where:
T
F ( -S. ) - is a function expressing the tracer quantity which leaves
Tip the sedimentation basin in time (relative) tn
aB - coefficients characterizing hydraulic parameters of flow,
value of piston flow, of perfect mixture and of dead spaces.
tn - real time of flow measured from the time of injecting the
tracer.
T - theoretical time of flow.
T
Values of a and 6 for various types of flow occurring in sedimentation basin
will adopt the following characteristic values:
piston flow a -»- % g > 0
perfect mixture flow a > 1, g = 0
occurrence of hydraulic breakthrough a < 1, g < 0.
According to the method of Wolf-Resnick the participation of zones of
flow, of mixture and stagnation in the sedimentation basin volume may be
determined employing the following formula
a =
0 = p (1-m)
After inserting these values into basic equation and obtaining logarithms of
both sides we acquire the following expression:
Ig [ 1 - F (^n) ] = - Ig e [ ^S. - P d-™) ]
TT " (1-mMl-p) TT
The diagram of this equation on a semilogarithmic scale is a straight line,
the inclination of which determines the value of the a coefficient :
Ige = a Ige
while the intersection of the abscissae axis by F (. n, ..,) = 0
TT
gives the relative time of the tracer appearance in the outflow corresponding
to the value of the 8 coefficient:
6 = p (1-m)
61
-------
Therefore having values of the a and 8 coefficients we can calculate the
characteristic parameters of flow, solving two equations with two unknowns
p =
1 +
m = 1 - _
Hydraulic efficiency expressing the rate of effective utilization of the sedi-
mentation basin's capacity can be defined as a ratio of active capacity to the
total capacity of the sedimentation "basin. Fence the value of hydraulic
efficiency corresponds to a 1-m value. Real average time of flow through the
sedimentation basin can therefore be computed from the following formula:
m =
value o^ average real time of flow through a T sedimentation basin can
also be determined in another way. This value is the gravity center of an
area demarcated with the flow curve and the value of tracer's natural
background, ^his can therefore be computed as the moment of time of the first
rank and determined from the formula:
— ^~*
C (t) dt
In case when the shape of obtained curve is symmetric, average real time of
water residence in the sedimentation basin is equal to the median and the
average standard time of •flow
T = T = ts
Computation of the T1 value is then very easy. Having measured values
—-r= F (=—- ) and the corresponding""^" values and presented them on a semi-
^ JT ' " "T
logarithmic system Ig (l-x), the graphs of the flow waves are in a form of
a straight line approximating values acquired from investigations. Approxi-
mation was achieved with the method of least squares.
All computations were made with the computer Odra 1306 according to a special
program JANI elaborated in Poltegor. Results of carried out computations are
specified in Table 15,.
-------
TABLE 15. RESULTS ACQUIRED FROM ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW WAVES
ON
Used
tracer
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
F
F
Water
inflow
quantity
q
rnVrns.
6.90
0.82
1.514
3.10
1.98
6.90
li.oB
6.90
3.2L
F -
1 -
Depth of
sedimenta-
tion baain
m
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
1.20
Fluoreecein
Isotopes
Capacity
of sedi-
mentation
basin
m^
670
670
670
670
1536
1536
1536
1536
670
Theoretical
tine of
retention
Tm
irns .
97
817
U35
216
776
223
376
223
__ 20T
Average
real time
of
re tent ion
tn-T
inns .
72.7
588.2
378.5
192.2
5l(3.2
129.3
30>(.6
H9.lt
159. It
Median
time
I,..
5&
nine .
60.1
1,03,2
32l(.5
155.9
1(67.6
103.9
21(0.6
111.9
128.1
Mode
time
TM
rans .
1(5
132
2U5
9lt
165
72
11.0
60
96
Standard
retention
time
T + T, .
2
inns .
52.5
267.6
2B14.8
125.0
316.3
88.0
190.3
86.0
112.1
Piston
flov
%
U8
13
53
37
32
U3
35
33
Ul
Perfect
mixture
flow
t
52
87
1(7
63
68
57
65
67
59
Dead
spaces
!
25
28
13
11
30
1*2
19
33
23
Active
sedimenta-
tion basin
volume
1-m
f
7-5
72
87
69
70
58
81
67
77
Standard
active
"basin's
volun~.e
T50 + TH
2
TT
s
5U
33
65
58
111
39
51
39
5U
Usual
active
basin's
volune
T50
T
T
<;
62
1.9
75
72
60
47
6U
50
62
-------
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FLOCCULATION PROCESSES
The general object of the field flocculation studies were to compare
the results obtained on a full technical scale with results acquired on a
laboratory scale, using mainly the Calgon flocculating agent. It was proposed
that the investigations would find the basic relationships necessary for the
planning of a system to purify mine waters using the cationic flocculants
of the Calgon M-502 type. To be evaluated was the dependence of purification
on:
- the type of flocculant
- the size of dose
- mixing method
- retention time in sedimentation basin
- atmospheric conditions
The rtain indicator used to measure purification was turbidity which was
measured directly on the site in water samples taken at the inlet and outlet
of the sedimentation basin. In addition full and shortened physico-chemical
analyses of treated waters and microscopic analyses of suspended particles
were made.
In the tests two cationic flocculants were used, Calgon M-502 of American
production and Rokrysol WF-5 of Polish production, both manufactured in a fluid
form. Polish flocculants are produced in 6-1% solution. Prior to dosing to
the mine water, the flocculants were diluted with pure water to 0.1-0.5$
concentration, dependent on dose used. The preparation of the solution took
place in a tank with a capacity of 200 1 and equipped with a manual agitator.
The tank was filled with water from the supply system and after addition of
a weighed portion of flocculant, the solution was mixed for 20-30 minutes for
Rokrysol, and for about 1-2 hours for Calgon and then poured into the reservoir
for the dosing pump. A piston pump was used with an output of 0-115 1/h and
with accuracy of dosing to 0.5$.
The flocculant solution was pumped through a 20 mm diameter pipeline to
the well for fast mixing. The solution was introduced through three apertures
directly into the stream of water flowing from the intake with a 2.5-3.0 m/sec
velocity.
First fast mixing took place in the well where a layer of turbulent water
0.7-0.8 m thick and a volume of 0.9-1.0 m3 was maintained, thus ensuring a
theoretical time of fast mixing of about 15-^0 sees. Further fast mixing
occurred during the initial phase of the investigations, in a ditch 76 m long
that delivered the water to the sedimentation basin. In the second phase of
the investigations, additional mixing took place in a special chamber of where
the water was mixed by air. Gradient of the ditch bottom was k% where the
velocity of flow was 1 to U.I m^/min. of 0.5 to 0.9 m/sec. Hence the resultant
mixing time was 80-150 m/sec. Total theoretical time of fast mixing amounted
to about 1.5-3.5 min., dependent on the flow volume. To improve the conditions
-------
of mixing in the flume, partitions were erected in it that dropped the water
in 5-10 cm steps. The partitions prolonged the time of mixing and increased
the velocities and enabled a better dispersion of the flocculant. To achieve
the effects of prolonged fast mixing to about 10 minutes, a special chamber
was constructed with a capacity of 30 m3. With it in a pipeline supplying
compressor air (60 m^/hour) was installed.
Water, after the process of fast mixing, was delivered to an initial
chamber of the sedimentation basin, where slow mixing caused by gravity took
place. Then the water overflowed across the whole width of the basin into
the sedimentation chamber. The shape and dimensions of sedimentation chamber
are given on Figure 8.
Theoretical and average real times of retention in the sedimentational
chamber under different conditions are specified in Table-'--' •
The average real times fluctuated was between 1-15 hours, and the basin
depth 1.20 m to 2.20 m.
The decanted water was removed by an overflow covering the whole width
of the basin. The water passed to a pipe and then into a ditch that carried
it into the river.
The investigations were comprised of test to determine purification
without flocculants and with flocculant doses between 0.1-2.0 ppm. Various
flows (0.82-6.9 m.3/min) and two levels of water depth in the basin were used.
A short and a prolonged time of fast mixing was investigated. The effects
of purification were measured in two ways:
1. Directly on site, through measurement of turbidity in water samples
taken from the inlet, outlet and from two sections of the sedimentation
basin every 0.5 or 1.0 hour. Measurements Were made with turbidimeter
of the EACH 2100 type.
2. Full and shortened analyses of water in laboratory.
Effects of the sedimentation basin were measured chiefly by the reduction
in turbidity, in suspension concentration and in oxygen demand and sporad-
ically (2-h times in a month) by the full water analysis taken at the inlet
and outlet of the basin.
In addition microscopic observations of the suspended particles were
made.
During the studies the wind speed, and temperature of water and of air
were measured. At the completion of the field tests, measurements were made
of the thickness of sediment layer in the experimentation basin and an
assessment of its granulation with th6 use of microscope tests carried out.
65
-------
A majority of the results are considered as reliable, and are shown
in tables and in the final conclusions presented graphically on Figure 1.
During the test periods a considerable variability in the quality of
the water discharged from the mine occurred. This was connected with,
among other things, the change in geological and hydrogeological conditions
of the deposit, which necessitated changes in the drainage technology
within the mine. Part of the deposit to be excavated from the end of 1976
to about 1982 occurs at a much lower level than the part mined during the
study. Excavation to this level has caused an increase in inflows,, especially
those flowing over the formations located below the lignite seam, which are
made up of fine and dusty sand fractions. Drawing down the deposit floor has
made gravitational drifts impossible for draining all water to the central
pumping station and it was necessary to construct intermediate pumping stations.
Considerable waterlogging of the bottom of the working greatly hindered the
excavation of proper reservoirs for the pumping stations. This caused an
increase in the quantity of particularly minute suspensions in the waters
delivered to the reservoir situated by the central pumping station. The
effect was an increase in the content of fine colloidal particles and an
alteration of the relationship between turbidity and the quantities of sus-
pensions during the year 1977 in comparison to 1976. The change in water
quality had a significant impact on purification. The suspended solids-
turbidity relationship for 1976 and 1977 are shown in Figure 25. In the year
1976 turbidity of the water was within the range 30-50 MTU and most often
between 35-^5 MTU. In one case the turbidity was 90 MTU and was caused by a
reserve pump with its sucking pipe immersed into the silt. The quantity of
suspended matter varied from Ho to 250 ppm with the prevalance being mineral
suspensions, sometimes close to 100$, but mostly from ko to 80%. Oxygen demand
varied within the limits from 8-30 ppm of (^, except for one time when it
amounted to 1^0 t>pm Op. This sample was the same one with a turbidity of 90
MTU. The remaining parameters of pollutions did not deviate from average for
waters of the mine Adamow and their values are tabulated in Tables lb and 17.
In the year 1977 the turbidity of mine Waters rose toSG-120 TTTU, most
being 50-70 MTU. The quantity of suspended matter was ^0-280 ppm with the
prevalance of mineral suspensions the same as in 1976. ^he oxygen demand
varied from 15 to 70 ppm 0 and was much higher than in 1976. The remaining
parameters of pollutants as a rule did not deviate from those occurring in
waters during 1976 (Tables 16 and 17).
Results of Tests with Galgon M-502
The tests using Calgon M-502 were performed from April 1976 to July 1977-
Ten series of measurements were performed. In each series U to 6 tests were
made using different flocculant doses and in some series different methods
of fast mixing were utilized. Total number of tests was approximately 60 from
which 51 were used in the report. In each test an average of 8-20
values of turbidity of the inlet, and the outlet water were taken. For each
measurement 2-3 shortened analyses were obtained and sporadically a full
66
-------
analyses was conducted. A total of 80 shortened and 18 full analyses were
run. Results of the tests are provided in Table IT and on Figures 33-52.
The chemical analyses are shown in Tables 16, 17 and 18.
Results Obtained With Rokrysol WF-5
Carried out in 1976 were 6 series of tests using Rokrysol WF-5 (6%
concentration) in doses of 5-30 ppm. This flocculant was dosed as a 1.2-7.0$
solution. Inflow of mine waters to the sedimentation basin during the tests
was constant and at a rate of U.08 m3/min. The depth of water in the basin
was 2.20 m, and the average real time of retention was about 5 hours.
The influent water had a turbidity within the 30-U8 NTU range, and
suspended solids of 35-135 ppm. After passing through the sedimentation
basin, and without the use of the flocculant, the reduction in turbidity was
small and amounted to only 3-20$. The effluent turbidity fluctuated within
the limits of 28-38 NTU, i.e., about 30-60 ppm of suspended solids. Turbidity
of effluent water with the addition of the flocculant, dependent on the
flocculant dose, was 20-25 NTU, and the suspended solids 19-30 ppm. Optimum
results were achieved with a dose of 20 ppm. Reduction in turbidity was then
55$5 and the outlet turbidity amounted to 20-22 NTU, corresponding to about
20 ppm of suspensions. In these tests gravitational mixing was used in the
inlet well and in ditch equipped with cross-partitions, delivering water to
sedimentation basin. Approximate time of fast mixing was determined to be
2-3 minutes. Reduction-in oxygen demand, when a 10 ppm dose, amounted to 50$
(a decrease from 17.0 to 7-8 ppm of 0^ "value). This method of purification
had no influence on the remaining physico-chemical parameters of the mine
waters.
The field results which revealed the optimum dose rate of flocculant
to be 20 ppm was in agreement with the laboratory tests, where the optimum
dose was considered to be within the 10-20 ppm range.
When a comparison was made of the results obtained in the full scale
sedimentation basin "Teleszyna" with a water retention of U-5 days, to the
results obtained with the optimum dose treatment, it was found that almost
identical effluent turbidities were obtained.
In 1977, the tests were repeated with the application of Rokrysol WF-5
in doses from 2 to 17 ppm, and with a solution concentration similar to that
used in 1976. Gravitational mixing in ditch and a prolonged fast mixing (10
minutes) with the help of air in a special chamber was used.
The results of tests were comparable with obtained results in 1976,
despite the changes in physico-chemical composition of mine waters. The
turbidity in mine waters in this period amounted to 60-90 NTU, and the
quantity of suspensions was 60-190 ppm. After passing through experimental
sedimentation basin, with no flocculants used, the turbidity subject to
effluent fluctuated from 30 to 90 NTU (reduction 0-50$). After application
67
-------
i- S. D J_ e 16 ^OMPBEHENSIVE SPECIFICATION OF RESULTS OF MINE WATERS PURIFICATION TESTS IB SEDIMENTATION BASIH WITH TEE USE OF CALG01I M-502 FLOCCULAIIT
HI
4-1
0
g
1C
3C
14C
5C
6C
7C
8c
9C
IOC
lie
12C
13C
lllC
15C
i6r
17C
I8c
19C
20C
21C
220
23C
21lC
25C
260
27C
29C
300
31C
32C
33C
35C
36c
37C
38C
390
kOC
lllC
142C
>43C
tltC
145C
I47C
I8c
1.9C
500
510
ss 1 I .!
si | | -a
J C O la .H o
^ p g ft p bp.rta) fl;
0 C B -H nT ,0 g
m/min m hour
1976 l.ll, 2.20 10 G
1976 ll.OK 2.20 5 0
1976 0.82 2.20 15 G
1976 0.82 3.20 9.B G
1976 3.3 1.20 3.2 G
1976 6.9 1.20 1.2 G
1977 14.08 2.20 5 G
P
G
p
P
1977 1.95 2.?0 a r.
1977 0.82 2.20 VI 5 G
1977 3.1 1.20 3.2 G
p
G
P
G
P
G
P
G
P
P
S
I
0
1.5
1.0
0.75
0.50
2.0
1.5
1.0
n.75
0.50
?.o
1.5
0.75
1.5
1.0
0.75
0.50
1.5
1.0
0.75
0.50
1.5
1.0
0.75
0.50
li.O
ll.O
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.0
0.75
0.5
2.0
1.0
0.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.50
H
11
0 R
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.14
0.14
0,2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
n.li
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1,0
O.ll
n.li
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.25
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
O.ll
O.ll
O.ll
O.ll
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Pollution
parameters of Pollution parame-
Pollution parameters outflowing ters of outflowing
of water inflowing to waters from waters from sedi-
sedimentation basin sedimentation mentation basin
basin, with no after adding floe.
floe.
p
1
NTU
li8-53
Ii0-li3
51
1.2-1.1.
fcli-liT
35-37
36
1.2-1.3
1.1-1.2
1.3-1.1.
37-38
36-37
32-33
1,1
33
38
111
33-37
90
La
t.0-1.2
39
142
U2
55
62-63
70-72
"5-7*
63-6k
61-62
85-86
57
51
59-61
145-53
148-52
50-614
70
82-85
92
98
57
71-72
98-110
100-120
110-115
90-91.
* content of suspension read from curve of relationships betwe
G gravitational mixing in ditch offtaking water to sedimentati
P - mixing in special chamber with air
a> 4 12
68 19
51.* 11
102 37
1U14 18
11.0* -
152 56
133 66
614 26
115 13.2
271 40
185 1.8
291 Ii6
282 50
n turbidity and
n basin
Turbidity
Approximate
quantity of
NTU ppm
23 21
21-22 20*
18 11
17-18 Hi
23-2ll 2ll*
21-22 20*
32-33 >43*
28-32 35*
28-32 35*
27-28 31*
ItO 70*
19-20 IP*
20-214 21*
32-33- >43*
2), -25 26*
17 15*
27 30*
33 15*
37 53*
32-33 !i3*
63-88
31-38
31-38
39
Ii2
111
3o 39*
53 58*
53 58*
65-69 82*
Ii9-51 52*
57-58 65*
36-38 36*
1,1, 1,5*
Ii5-!i6 37
16-27 30
22-2li 20*
19-22 18*
52-57 106
66-68 85
57 81
69-72 127
36-39 55
50-51 55*
82-83 93
9li-96 160
91-95 197
70 86
quantity of
o s ^ ° o
3 P S p 3
w E4 at o1 w
IFU vm
10-11 7*
11-12 5
11 8*
18-20 17*
18-20 17*
12 traces*
12 9*
12 9*
13 10*
26 28*
10 traces '
10 traces 7
15 12*
13 10*
111 9
12 15
16-27 12
22 2ll
17 16
18 111
28 22
21-23 27
18-20 22
23 32
23 2ll
30 66
17 4,
23 21
30 30
32 20
38-39 39
liO 52
3li-35 21
29 17
36 29
Iil-l42 26
16-17 18
16-17 19
19-22 15
23 2l|
21-23 15
Ii3 56
W 1,5
26 30
2l4 21*
55-59 52
1,9-60 61i
62 52
!i7-5li 67
suspensions
Oxygen
consumption
ppm 0
* 7.0
6.6
7.8
6.8
6.2
6.2
7.6
7.2
7.8
10.6
8.0
7.9
9.7
9.1
13.6
7,2
9.6
7.14
11.2
8.8
12.0
6.8
13.2
12
6.8
6.6
7.6
7
wis
13.5
6
22.1,
16. li
2.3
23.6
Turbidity ^
reduction in f .p
sedimentation h 9
basin S S 9
« v E 8
sg S3
0 V
SS
:i
si
-> %
51.
50
65
59
Ii5
53
12
17
17
35
li
55
13
33
58
18
13
10
T
16
20
0
0
0
2
31
15
25
11
21
7
57
23
19
66
614
22
20
38
27
29
21
111
17
i
-------
TABLE IT. SPECIFICATION OF RESULTS OF WATER SAMPLES PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSES FROM FIELD TESTS OF CALGON M-502 APPLICATION
No, of test and place of samplins
Type of
Pollutant
Turbidity
Color
Smell
Reaction
Alkalinity
Total hardness
Non-carbonate
hardness
Carhonate
hardness
Total iron
Manganese
Chlorides
Ammonia
Nitrites
Wit rates
Oxygen
consumption
Dissolved
solids
Dissolved
mineral
substances
Dissolved
volatile
substances
Sulfates
Total
solids
Mineral
suspensions
Volatile
suspensions
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
.p ^_
5 sok
o NO^
£ To€al
si
i "I"
I K*
-P
1
ppm
Ppm
pH
mval/1
deg.
deg.
deg.
ppm Fe
ppir Mn
ppm PT
ppm N
ppm N
ppm 02
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm SOj,
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm Ca
ppm Mg
ppm I-fa
ppm K
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
«
S
45
25
IVeg
7.8
4.2
16.9
11.8
5.1
0.2
0.28
40
0.25
p
|
S
11
10
IVeg
7.9
k.3
16.9
12.0
4.9
traces
0.28
40
0.3
!
-P -P -P +3
§ fl) "£ H 4J ,H 1u HOI
4 "3 U C ^C "3 C £ C
0 -H -rt 0-1 0 .H 0 -H
OL5O tJO O U CJU
} r-l f— o o
-------
Table 18 COMPREHENSIVE SPECIFICATION OF WATER RUSTICAL ANALYSES
FROM FIELD TESTS, WITH APPLICATION 0? CALCON M-502
1
-p
Q
0
1C
1C
2C
3C
7C
12C
13C
13C
I6c
16C
17C
18C
180
19C
19C
21C
21C
22C
22C
23C
23C
25C
25C
26C
26C
27C
27C
29C
29C
30C
30C
31C
31C
32C
32C
33C
33C
35C
350
36c
36c
37C
37C
37C
38C
38C
38c
39C
39C
39C
^OC
ItlC
lilC
klC
Me
Uc
i^c
t»5C
k$c
^5C
^6c
U6C
146C
MC
UTC
iiTC
U8c
^8c
tec
1>9C
ii$c
l*9C
5oc
50C
50C
5 1C
51C
51C
Place of tested sample
taking
inlet
outlet,
inlet
inlet
outlet ,
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
inLst
outlet ,
outlet ,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
inlet
outlet ,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
inlet
inlet
inlet
inlet
outlet j
inlet
in]et
outlet ,
outlet,
inlet
outlet ,
outlet,
Inlet
outlet,
outlet ,
inlet
outlet ,
outlet,
inlet
outlet ,
outlet ,
inlet
outlet,
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
outlet,
inlet
outlet ,
outlet ,
inlet
outlet,
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
outlet,
inlet
outlet,
outlet ,
inlet
outlet ,
outlet,
without flocculant
with flocculant
with f?occulant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculaht
without flocculant
with flocculant
without flocculant
with flocculaht
without flocculant
with flocculant
0,
R tM
0
C Pn
0 ft
I
32
6.0
6.8
(, Q
8.0
7.0
6.6
20
7.8
30.5
6.8
6.2
27
6.2
39
7.6
20.7
7.8
lUo . 0
10 6
19.2
8.0
16. 14
9.7
19.5
9.1
16.0
13.6
16
9.2
k 8
18
7.2
20
9.6
k.o
7 • k
22
36.0
12.0
28
6 8
18. o
18.0
13.2
12.0
lk.0
12.0
19.0
7 6
6.8
6.6
37.0
7.6
7 f!
56.0
21.6
19.2
66.0
56.0
13.5
26.0
8.0
6.0
13.2
13.2
7.0
1.0.0
19.6
22.14
1.8.0
140.0
18.1.
k.60
32.0
23.0
50.0
1.3.0
23.6
Suspension ppn
r-H H 0
JH 'H
s
o
251
21
68
63
traces
traces
52
traces
96
9
99
12
92
21.
57
1>4
2.59
22
73
27
101
32
2.20
21.
86
66
5k
39
1.0
21
70,
30
115
57
39
13. T
21
58
It 2
k6
29
314
37
26
68
30
18
19
102
1.1
15
152
81
56
133
127
1.5
61.
55
30
115
— -
271
93
52
185
160
61.
291
19T
52
282
86
67
ti
a
191
19
11
52
—
—
18
32
3
8
35
8
1.0
ll.
—
—
106
22
53
—
11
30
191.
12
35
3
23
29
31
12
33
23
65
17
1.9
23
75
17
141
23
26
18
21
33
18
1.8
13
12
56
31
3
127
62
".5
91
117
30
'16
22
105
193
65
37
163
111
37
205
1143
2lt
181.
63
56
a
o
60
2
22
Q
11
3k
61.
6
7
61.
14
52
10
153
Q
20
90
2
26
12'
51
63
31
10
9
9
37
7
50
3
8
16
62
1.
17
5
19
20
11
13
1.
8
20
19
5
7
1.6
10
12
25
19
11
1.2
10
10
9
8
9
78
28
15
22
1.9
27
85
5^4
28
98
23
11
TO
-------
of flocculant in doses of 2-17 ppm, reduction in turbidity increased and
amounted to 31-67$. Better effects of purification were achieved employing
a prolonged process of fast mixing. Reduction in turbidity in these test
series was higher by 15-30$.
Optimum results were obtained using a Rokrysol dose of 17 ppm and
prolonged fast mixing. During the performance of this test a very difficult
water to purify was occurring. In some measurements during this test, it
was found that plain sedimentation with 5 hours of retention produced no
noticeable reduction in turbidity. After application of flocculant, the
turbidity was decreased to the 37-^2 WTU level, corresponding to a suspended
solids of under 1*0 ppm. The mine water during performance of these tests
was characterized with a high oxygen demand (15-78 ppm Op). After passing
through the sedimentation basin with the optimum dose of flocculant, the
oxygen consumption was reduced by 7!*$ with application of prolonged fast
mixing, and 63$ with gravitational mixing only. Without the use of flocculants,
the oxygen demand after passing through the basin was within reduced limits
of 20-1*0$.
The remaining parameters of the water did not undergo substantial changes
with the exception of a small reduction in iron.
During the performance of tests no influence of temperature was observed
on the effects of purifying the water with the application of flocculant,
which is agreement with laboratory investigations and with literature.
Results of these tests with the application of Rokrysol are specified in
Tables 19, 20 and 21 and in Figures 53-57.
71
-------
TABLE 19. PKSULT OF MINE WATER PURIFICATION FIELD TESTS IN SEDIMENTATION BASIN, WITH THE FLOCCULANT ROKRYSOL WF-5
ro
No. of test
Year of test
performance
IB 1976
2R
2K
3R
ItR
5R
6R
TR 1977
8R
9R
10R
11E
12R
13R
llffl
15R
16R
a (6 o H -p e
•P g g 1 ;g M
J>1 ,0 n -ri 0) G
•p -H -p tn -H
*H G "ij M
-P O (U (-4 G C -rj
g -H W 0} «H -H E
D* -P "H TO O ,Q O
G ^ hk'H >tf
OS G (D G O O
IH -H .H G In 0) -H B
*H 13 HO 0> -P -P -P
S 0) -H 'H t> 0) (6 OJ
Mm En-p =£ fc .p E
!t,08 2.2 5 G
G
p
G
P
G
P
P
G
P
G
tn
o
Flocculant d
0
5
5
8.2
10
20
30
0
0
2
2
It. 2
It. 2
8.2
*r.T
16.7
0
of employ-
solution
C P
Concentratio:
ed flocculan
1.22
1.22
3.3U
2.1t5
It. 9
7.0
-
-
1.67
1.67
3.3lt
3.*
3.3U
6.8
6.8
-
Pollutant parameters
of waters flowing to
sedimentation basin
Turbidity
38
3lt-35
3lt-35
30
1.5
U6-U8
37-1*0
1*0-1(3
61-62
57-60
63-69
8U85
Tit
81.-85
96
85-89
88-91
is
Approx . susp
siona quanti
63
ItO
ItO
35*
12 It
135*
61t*
1)8
58
It6
125
1U5
130
198
238
171.
lltlt
i
c
o
cl
O TO
lit. 2
11.0
11.0
nt
170
nt
nt
16.8
25
15
23
62
19
Tit
78
58
78
Pollutant parameters Pollutant parame-
of outlet waters ters of outlet
from sed. basin with- waters from sed.
out added flocculant basin w/added floe
Turbidity
31.
30
30
28-29
30-33
32-38
29-33
22-30
l*3-lt5
33
33
TMs
55-56
52
88-89
86
81|-85
.1?
Id 'H
3 -P
to cj
Approximate
pensions qua
59
1*8
1*8
32*
52
58*
1*2*
7
35
2lt*
2lt*
98
35
1*5*
96
126
119
Oxygen
consumption
11.8
8.8
8.8
nt
13
nt
nt
8.6
lit
nt
nt
56
13
10
76
nt
60
Turbidity
20-25
20-25
20-22
23
20-22
20-23
-
-
2k-S6
25-26
55
2lt-30
30-
65-67
37-112
-
3 '.p
tn G
Approximate
pensions qua
16-26
16-26
20*
8
20*
21*
-
-
11
39
ItO
32
60
59
ItO
-
Oxygen con-
sumption
6.8-8.
6.8-8.
nt
7. U
nt
nt
-
-
8.6
11.2
26
10
7.0
26
15
-
Turbidity
reduction
in sedimen.
. basin
bo
Without addi
flocculant
11
,2 13
.2 13
t
5
30
25
17
37
28
1*3
50
12
25
38
8
0
6
After adding
flocculant
35
35
30
U9
55
lilt
-
-
57
61
35
6k
65
31
55
-
Oxy . cons .
reductiono
•H M
in sed. tn c
basin
-------
Tatle 20 RESULTS OF WATER SAMPLE ANALYSES, FROM FIELD TESTS WITH THE APPLICATION
OF BOKBYSOL W-5
Type of pollutants
Turbidity
Colour
Smell
Reaction
Alkalinity-
Total hardness
Non- carbonate hardness
Carbonate hardness
Total iron
Manganese
Chlorides
Ammonia
Nitrites
Hitrates
Oxygen consumption
Dissolved solids
Dissolved mineral substances
Dissolved volatile substances
Sulphates
Total suspended solids
Mineral suspensions
Volatile suspensions
Free carbon dioxide
Aggressive carbon dioxide
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
HC03
Cl
| so,,
g Total
1
» Cl~
| Kg **
S Ha *
K *
Total
Unit
ppm S-^g
ppm
P H
mval/1
dee
deg
deg
ppm, Pe
ppm, Mn
ppm, Cl
ppm, N
ppm, N
ppm , M
PP», °2
ppm
ppm
PPm
PPm SOjj
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm, C02
ppm, CO,,
ppm Ca
ppm Mg
ppm Ma
ppm K
mval/1
nval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mval/1
mv»l/l
mval/1
mval/1
Mval/1
2 R
inlet
110
20
1 Veg
7.8
3.3
18.0
B.8
9.2
0.014
0.1
44.0
4.0
0.02
11.0
512
403
109
121
40
40
0
-___
97.0
18.0
15.0
0.8
A H I 0
3.300
2.519
7.060
CAT!
4.850
1.564
0.652
0.026
7.092
2 R
outlet
45
20
1 Vee
8.0
3.3
17.3
8.1
9.2
0.1
ii.det.
4.8
0.4
0.02
6.8
511
397
114
118.9
16
16
0
92.0
18.8
19.0
0.75
N S
3.300
2.478
7.019
QMS
4.600
1.564
0.826
0.026
7.016
9 B
inlet
210
20
1 Veg
7.8
3.5
21.0
11.2
9.8
0.35
0.15
50.0
1.4
0.028
15.0
613
498
115
185
46
16
30
5.6
0
118
19.2
20.0
15.0
3.5
3.85
8.76
5.88
1.61
0.87
0.38
8.74
9 H
outlet
100
15
1 Veg
7.8
3.8
20.0
9.4
10.6
0.2
0.2lt
44.0
0.008
0.028
7.5
565
494
51
181
27
23
4
6.0
0
111
19.0
27.0
15
3.8
3.75
8.79
5.56
1.56
1.22
0.38
8.82
ig
13 R
inlet
600
1 Veg
7.4
3.7
20.5
10.1
10.4
0.25
0.077
44.0
0.008
7.4
540
465
75
160
198
137
61
15.0
2.0
14.5
6.0
18
7
3.7
3-33
6.27
5.17
2.14
0.78
0.18
8.27
13 B
outlet
20
1 Veg
7.4
3.7
20.0
9.6
10.4
0.3
n , det .
42.0
00.15
0.04
7.0
556
4-70
96
159
60
36
24
15.0
2.0
15.5
4.5
18
10
3.7
3.31
8.19
5.53
1.61
0.78
0.26
8.18
73
-------
TABLE 21. RESULTS OF WATER ANALYSES FOR OXYGEN DEMAND AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS
WITH THE APPLICATION OF ROKRYSOL WF-5
No. of
tests
1R
IE
2R
UR
UR
TR
7R
8R
8R
9R
10R
10R
11E
1IR
11R
12R
12R
12R
lUR
lUR
lUR
15R
15R
15R
16R
l6R
Place of taken Oxygen Demand Suspended Solids, ppm
water sample ppm of 05 Total Mineral Organic
inlet
outlet without flocculant
outlet without flocculant
inlet
outlet with flocculant added
inlet
outlet without flocculant
inlet
outlet without flocculant
outlet with flocculant added
inlet
outlet with flocculant added
inlet
outlet without flocculant
outlet with flocculant added
inlet
outlet without flocculant
outlet with flocculant added
inlet
outlet without flocculant
outlet with flocculant added
inlet
outlet without flocculant
outlet with flocculant added
inlet
outlet without flocculant
lU.2
11.8
8.8
17.0
7.U
16.8
8.6
25.0
lU.O
8.6
23.0
11.2
62.0
56.0
26.0
19.0
13.0
10.0
70.0
76.0
26.0
58.0
70.0
15.0
78.0
60.0
63
59
U8
12U
8
It8
7
58
35
11
125
39
1U5
98
Uo
52
35
32
238
96
59
ITU
126
Uo
lUU
119
63
U8
28
80
0
2U
5
U8
32
6
7U
17
81
65
2U
37
2U
20
121
57
U2
130
66
30
86
80
0
11
20
uu
8
2U
2
10
3
5
51
22
6U
33
16
15
11
12
117
39
17
UU
60
10
58
39
7U
-------
CHARACTERIZATION OF SUSPENSIONS
The content of the suspended matter, both mineral and organic, in the
influent and effluent of the "basin is specified in Tables 13, 1^, 16 and IT
on the basis of physico-chemical analyses. To determine the shapes and sizes
of suspension particles, in 19TT microscopic tests employing 100, 180, and
600-fold magnifications were conducted. The investigations showed the
occurrence in the polluted waters of large quantities of colloidal, pseudo-
colloidal and clayey particles, with 0.01 mm diameters. Particles with
diameters within the 0.01 to 0.1 mm range were occurring in smaller amounts
and were dependent on atmospheric conditions prevailing in the mine. After a
rainy period the quantity of these particles increased. Particles with
diameters above the 0.1 mm were occurring sporadically. The majority of the
grains constituted particles of quartz with compact shapes approximating
polyhedron. The second largest group were the suspended particles of coal
with various shapes from compact, to elongated and to jagged. The size of
these particles were different and up to 0.1 mm diameter. Encountered
sporadically were grains with larger diameters. Also found on occasions
were feldspathoid, biotite and muscovite grains and organic particles of
vegetable and sewage origin. The shape and size of suspension grains in
waters flowing into the sedimentation basin are shown at different magnifica-
tions in Figures 21-25. After addition of flocculating reagents, especially
Calgon M-502, the floccules formed were with dimensions approaching a few mm.
The shape and dimensions of floccules directly after fast mixing are shown
in Figure 23 and after the process of slow mining on 2^4.
Water flowing from the basin also contained suspensions , the amount of
which depended on the concentrations in the inflowing water, on the type and
dose of flocculant, and on the time of retention. Quantity of total mineral
and organic suspensions in purified waters in given in Tables 13, l1^, 16, IT.
Microscopic investigations for the shape and size of these suspensions
indicated that the majority of particles had diameters below the 0.005 mm with
various shapes, mainly grains of quartz, mica and coal. Occurring also were
smaller floes with loose fledged structure, which had found no conditions
in the sedimentation basin for their settling.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENTS
The experimental sedimentation basin with the addition of a flocculant
to the water gave a high degree of suspension reduction and a fast silting
of the sediment. During the period of the tests, the sedimentation basin
was desilted two times. -The desilting was' carried out when the average level
of sediment exceeded 0.30 m. The most intensive silting occurred in the
inlet half of the sedimentation chamber. In the other half the thickness of
sediment was about 10 cm less in comparison with the inletting part. The
average fall in grade of the sediments was about 1%. The sediment was
strongly hydrated and a greater part of the basin the sediment had a
-------
c
V *
.*•: f
J
4
*>
» Jkv *- ,
» i
V
4*
V *
*
0'
Figure 21. Suspensions in Polluted Mine
Waters (100 times magnification)
-------
*m
m
#••
I
illil
¥."• "%jf-
.1 rte,
'*'
....... •",:
,<••>,•
w
^jmW-Kjjm,
^r' : i^#2'--:'"'. ' 1 - P - ^""' 1 v' . fej • • <^L ;
I --.•:••,- , ^Sinrth
at, •,
••". ' :?«*•;:>/ ' ;•.,:•••>•
.« •
.': ^ IP;! f 1,1'"
Figure 22. Suspensions in Polluted Mine Waters
(l80 times magnification)
77
-------
5-'
Figure 23. Suspensions in Mine Waters after Fast Mixing
with Calgon M-502 Fiocculant (magnified 100 times)
T8
-------
s,
I
Figure 2h. Flocculated suspensions in mine waters from sedimentation
chamber (magnified 100 times)
79
-------
JQ
h.
3
40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Suspended Solids, ppm
100
80
z>
i—
•z.
>; 60
IE
3 40
H-
20
T I II I I
I I II I I
1977
I I I I I I I I i I I I I I
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Suspended Solids, ppm
Figure 25. Relationship between suspended solids
and turbidity / orientation/.
80
-------
consistency of thick cream. Only in the inlet part was the consistency more
dense.
Average content of solid particles in one liter of sediment was 0.033 kg
of which mineral particles were 0.0303 kg and organic 0.0027 kg. Due to
frequent desilting of sedimentation basin the volume of sediment was only a
small percentage of total capacity of the sedimentation basin, during the time
of research work (about 10$).
Under these conditions the sedimentation basin silting had no effects of
purification. A greater amount of silting would without any doubt affect the
active capacity of the sedimentation basin, decreasing the effect of suspension
reduction with the applied dose of flocculant in accordance with the relation-
ship presented in Figure 1. In designing a sedimentation basin one should
allot appropriate size of the inletting part, not to be included as part of
the active sedimentation basin capacity in accordance with recommendations
regarding the designing of the sedimentation basins provided in Section 3.
COSTS OF PURIFICATION TREATMENT PLANT EXPLOITATION
A detailed analysis of the cost of treatment can be carried out for a
specific system. Performed in this report was an analysis of the percentage
of the treatment cost that could be assigned to different cost parameters.
The design was based on a treatment plant with an output of 30 m^/min. and
with water similar to the waters drained from the surface mine Adamow. The
flocculant was to be Rokrysol WF-5 at an average dose of 15 ppm. Analysis
was performed taking into consideration the actual market prices under Polish
conditions. Omitted were depreciation costs which are dependent on the general
investment outlay and the accepted depreciation period.
Taking into consideration the above factors and that the gravitational
fast mixing would be used the costs are broken into five main groups:
Costs of flocculant - 63%
Service - 13$
Electric power - 10$
Sediment removal - 12$
Maintenance - 2$
Application of extended fast mixing with the use of air or mechanical
agitators will increase the costs by some 10-13$, dependent on the employed
equipment. Simultaneously, it would change the cost groups as follows:
Flocculant - 50$
Service - 1°%
Electric power - 15-30$
Sediment removal - 10%
Maintenance ~ 3$
81
-------
SECTION 9
PURIFICATION OF MINE WATERS WITH LARGE QUANTITIES
OF DIFFICULT TO SETTLE SUSPENSIONS
As already mentioned, waters drained from the open-pit lignite mine in
Turow contain largest amounts of suspensions, and are the most difficult to
purify; The suspensions have a colloidal or pseudocolloidal character, high
electrokinetic potential of up to -70v, and a colloidal system with con-
siderable stability. Periodically, particularly after a rainfall, these
waters have suspended solids concentrations approaching 7000 ppm.
Sedimentation tests carried out under still water conditions showed the
reduction of suspensions after 7 days was not sufficient to meet discharge
standards. Laboratory tests have indicated that the use of polymer as a
basic coagulant did not give results as positive as was the case with the
remaining lignite mines in Poland.
In the processes of gamma radiation application, although a 2-3 fold
acceleration in reduction of turbidity and suspensions was obtained in these
waters, the required time of sedimentation was too long and thus this method
was not satisfactory.
Also purification of the water by the use of a sand filtration process
with or without the aid of polyelectrolites gave no positive results due to
very short life of the filter. Owing however to needs of the environment
protection further research is needed on these waters.
These waters were investigated in a separate research study carried out
by the Institute of Environment Protection Engineering in Wroclaw Technical
University in the years 1976-197790.
As appeared from laboratory investigations carried out in 1975, the most
effective method of reduction of suspension and. turbidity in waters of the
Turow mine was shown to be the classical coagulation with application of
conventional coagulating substances such as lime, aluminum sulfate and iron
sulfate.
In the framework of this report a short characterization of the method-
ology and of acquired results of these investigations and a suggestion for
the purification of these waters will be provided.
Investigations were carried out for two cases:
-when purified water is to be used for the needs of power plant.
-when purified water will be discharged to surface flows.
82
-------
In the first instance a total reduction in turbidity is required and in the
second only to the level for surface waters of the I class of purity. On the
•basis of preliminary investigations it assumed that the technology of purifi-
cation will consist of four basic processes, initial sedimentation, coagulation
sedimentation and filtration.
Process of initial sedimentation was not a subject of investigations.
This process is the present technology and practiced in the reservoirs by
pumping stations draining the mines. Its task is to remove the coarsest
particles.
The investigations of the remaining processes were carried out on labora-
tory and fragmentary-technical scale.
Water during the time of performed tests had turbidity of 150-1000 ppm,
7.^-8.3 pH, iron content 0.0 to 1.25 ppm Fe, oxygen demand 15-65 ppm 02 , and
suspended solids 150-1200 ppm. Used in these tests were:
Alum
Al (SOjL . 18 H20
Lime
. 9 H0
The tests were carried out on a six stand flocculator using fast mixing
(80 rev/min) for 3 min, slow mixing (20 revs/min) for 20 min. , and sedimenta-
tion for 20-30 minutes.
In some cases the time of fast mixing was increased to 10 minutes. Effects
of coagulation were determined through measurements of turbidity, color, and
oxygen demand. Inspected during the tests were also basicity and pH of purified
water. Used in tests additionally were polyelectrolites but only in small doses
and only as aiding means. Investigations on fragmentary-technical scale were
carried out in mine working with the use of model of contact sedimentation bed.
Based upon these studies, the recommended treatment is as follows:
1) Treat with lime to a pH of 10, sedimentation and eventual filtration
through a sand bed in the case where water utilization will be for
drinking or for industrial purposes.
2) The coagulation with lime and iron sulfate to about pH 10, carried out
together with sedimentation with or without filtration as analogical in
item 1.
In both cases purified water must be subject to recarbonization processes,
due to high pH, to bring its reaction to a state required dependent on further
utilization.
83
-------
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-------
Pilipovich, J.B., A.P. Black, P.A. Eidsness, and T.W. Stearns. 1950.
Electrophoretic Studies of Water Coagulation. Jour. AWWA. 1958.
pp. 1467-1482.
Roman, M. 1960. C metodzie bade.n zbiornikow przeptywowych przy
pomocy wskaznikow. Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna. 1960.
str. 78-82.
Stumm, W., and Ch0 P. O'Melia, 1968. Stoichiometry of Coagulation.
Jour. AWWA. 1968. pp. 514-539.
Stumm, W., and J.J. Morgan. 1962. Chemical Aspects of Coagulation.
Jour. AWWA. 1962. pp. 971-994.
Suselska, J., E. Wysokinska, J. Rusek. 1973. Doswiadczalna ocena
efektywnosci sed.ymentacji zawiesin. Gaz, Woda i Technika Sani-
tarna, 1973. str. 272-285,
Tobiczyk, A. 1969. Plokulanty, ich wlasnosci i badania. Przeglad
Gorniczy, 1969. str. 33-38.
Tobiczyk, A. 1971. Niejonowe srodki flokulacyjne. Przeglad Gorniczy,
1971, str. 304-310.
92
-------
APPENDIX A
FLO¥ WAVE PLOTS
Pluorescein
Isotope
93
-------
Q2'0 P~
r\
0.1S _
0.10
\
IN FLOW
DEPTH
CAPACITY
- 6.9 m /min
- 1.2 m
- 670 m3
0.05
I INITmjTATE _p_p2_xJOOp _
O.OOL
60
120
TIME. min.
180
240
Pig» 26, Plow wave plot Number 1.
94
-------
MD
Ol
0.5
OA
O
0
o
"0
t/) pi"}
LU U-J
t/1
_J
Z>
Q.
21
0.2
0.1
-
_
ll
I
I
h
l
|
i
1
1
\
\
\
^
VI
\
\
\
\
IN FLOW - 0.82 mJ/min.
DEPTH - 1.2 m
CAPACITY - 670 m3
\
300Q
0.01
I I I I I
_1_
J_
120
360
480
600
720
8^0
960
1080
1200
1320
1560 1680
1800 192O
TIME min.
F'ig, 27. Plow wave plot Number 2.
-------
0.25_
0.20
(Q
8Q15
o
Q.
0.10
o.os
0.00
/ I
\
IN FLOW
DEPTH
CAPACITY
\
1.5 m/min
1.2 m
670 m3
INITIAL STATE 0.028 x. 3000
60
120
180
300 360
420
540 600
TIME. min.
660
720
780
840 900 960 1020
in
-------
rn /mns
3.1
1.2
670
3.24
1.2
670
ISOTOPE FLUORESCEIN
INITIAL STATE 0,02x3000
120
180 240
300 360
TIME. min.
420
480
540 60O
Pig. 29. Plow wave plots Number 4 and 9.
97
-------
0.25 _
00
0.20
o
o
o
m
* 0.15-
1/1
LU
0.10
l\
\_.
N—
IN FLOW
DEPTH
CAPACITY
1.98 m/mns
2.2 m
1536m3
\
\
\
DOS
oo
J I
I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 1
D 120 2i*0 360 <«80 600 720 84O 960 1080 1200
TIME- min
INITIAL STATE 0.05x3000
1320 1440 1560
1680
1800 1920
Pig. 30. Plow wave plot Number 5.
-------
0,055
0.0 S
0.04
0.03
01
E
ce
O
0.02
0.01
IN FLOW
DEPTH
CAPACITY
TRACER
m /mns
6.9
2.2
1536
ISOTOPES
8
6.9
2.2
1536
FLUORESCEIN
0.00 I 0.0
INITIAL STATE 0.05 xSOOO
60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480
Pig. 31. Flow wave plots Number 6 and 8.
540 600
TIME.min,
99
-------
O
O
0.8 _
0.7 .
0.6
8 0.5
0.4
:=>
Q.
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
V \
IN FLOW
DEPTH
CAPACITY
4.08 m3/ mns
2.2 m
1536 m3
\
V
v
INITIAL STATE 0.04x3000
60
120
180
300 360 420 480 540
TIME.min
600
660 720
780
840 900
Pig. 32. Plow wave plot Number 7.
-------
APPENDIX B
PLOTS OF RESULTS OF TESTS WITH CALGON M-502
/j\
inflow
outflow
speed of wind
samples for shortened analysis
samples for full analysis
101
-------
^ 60
£ 50
Q
| **°
^ 30
20
10
0
Q
£03
a, J
_ I/I
o~? 4
LU =
LU 5
Q. • 3
fin
1 50
>— ifO
1 30
cc
rD 20
i —
10
0
a i
S 3
5 o 4
LU , .
CL
V)
60
t- 50
TURBIDITY |*
rvo Uf jr-
O O O
10
o
S °
> O 1
zS1
o E2
LU
^ 3
TEST
dose
i i i - - 1
i i i i
0123 4T|ME
i i i i
i i i i
TEST
dose
> i i i
— -^"~ T — — ^— _
^ 6^
i i i i
01234 T|ME
i l i i
i i i i
TEST
dose
i i i i
- ~~~-_
; /^
01234
ill!
i I I 1
1C
Oppm
i i i i
i i i i i
.hours 6 7 8 9 10
ii i i
2C
1.5 ppm
i i i i i
i i i i i i
hours 67 8 9 10 11
1 i i i i —
i i i i i
3C
1.0ppm
ii ii i
-._ 9
-------
TEST 4C
dose 0.75 ppm
60
50
| 30
§ 20
10
0
9 1°
-£ I
A
'
-------
TEST ?c
dose 2.0 ppm
3 50
t 30
Q
S 20
-^ 1(^1
|— IU
0
2
o 3
—
£~E 6
LJ
8
9
rj
z 40
fc 30
Q
g 2°
2 10
0
i 5
S e 7
UJ g
Q- °
t/1
sn
2 40
>-
S 20
ID
"- 10
0
C
Q 2
I-'
1 1 1 -i J-- i l l
!=T^r::::T7 ^
i i i i i i i
0 1 2 3 TIME, hours & 7 8 <•
l ii i i i i i
i i i i i i i i
TEST 8C
dose 1.5 ppm
' _J________'__1— — — ' :
~^~~~-~,
i i i i i i i i
D 1 2 3TIME. hours 4567
i i i i i i i
iiiiliii
TEST 9C
dose LOppm
i i i i i i i
""^— ^____
i i i i i i i i
1234 T1. ... ,678?
TIME, hours
i i i i I l l I
""^i 1 l i i i ~i^ i-'^^
}
3
-
-
1 1C
-
Fig. 35. Calgon M502 Results - Test 7c, 8c and 9c.
104
-------
TEST ioc
dose 0.75 ppm
=> 60
§50
£ 40
Q
EB 30
cc
2 20
10
0
I
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
LU „
Q. 7
-1 1 1.. I.
J L
2 3 A S TIME.hours V 8 9 10
"T 1—' —i 1—' 1 1 1 :—I |—
cu
"i
o
z
<:
\
TEST 11C
dose 0.5 ppm
o bO
•—
o
£30
ce
2 20
10
0
(— T' I I I I I
/ ~~~^~-- ~
1 1 1 1 — 1 1 L :
TIME, hours
Pig. 36. Calgon M502 Results - Tests lOc and lie.
105
-------
7n
2 60
~z
o 40
55
£§ 30
"~ 20
10
0
o
P
0 o 1
•^ 2
I 3
z 5
a 6
UJ
a. 7
8
q
TEST 12C
dose 2.0ppm
( \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ i \ ' i i i
O
^\
I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 III
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 T|ME.hours9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 T
i i l i i i i i i i i i i i I l
-
s
_ .s
. ___^ ,-x'
"\, _^'' "^-- /-•
II 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1
Fig. 37. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 12c.
-------
TEST 13C
dose 1.5 ppm
a
CD
/o
60
SO
4U
30
On
10
0
1 -I 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 I
?
" --— — Q
n . J
-
I ! I I I I I I | | • I
! - I I ! I
-
-
-
. "
—
I I L I I
0 1
5 6 7TIME. hours 9 1° n 12 13 ^ 15 16 17
o
z
2 cu
I/I
a — •
LU c
LU fc
a.
u
1
2
3
4
CL
I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I
^ — . ^-'^
.. .^'
_ ^*^_ • ' _
"~^
-
1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1
Pig. 38. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 13c.
-------
o
oo
TEST 14C
dose tOppm
D
00
CC
Q £
LU C
CD
a;
Q
•z.
LU £
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
LU
Q.
in
TEST 15C
dose 0.5 ppm
I
I I
4
T~
7T|ME,hours 9
10
—I—
11
~T~
12
13
—i—
14
~T
15
~T—
16 17
Pig. 39. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 14c and 15c.
-------
TEST 16C
dose 15ppm
3U'
40
£ 30
0=1
5z 20
tE"2-
2 10
0
I I I I I I • — I 1 1 1 1 1 1
• -.. Q
1 1 L_ 1 l l I i i t t i i
5 6 TIME, hours 8 9 1° 11 12 13
z
z«
6jn
Qe
UJ
lil
Ou
u
1
2
3
| ' 1 1**v^ ^ | | | | 1
^^* — „ ______
i ] 1 t 1 1 1 1
tilt
—
~
I'll
14
TEST 17 C
dose I.Oppm
OU
40
30
20
10
0
111 l l l i I i
~r \ __9
i i i i i i l I.I
-
-
~
0123 4T|ME.hours6 7 8 ^9 10
Q
Z%
Q E
01
LU
Q_
U
1
2
3
/,
- '^-'>'" ' -
^"^~- /'^
i i i -i ] I 1 1 -l
TEST 18C
dose O.VSppnn
>_
t
O 3
— i_
§
O
2
u
Z
-------
PEED IN WIND TURBIDITY SPEED IN WIWD TURBIDITY SPEED IN WIMD TURBIDITY
m/sec NTU m/sec NTU m/sec NTU
50
40
30
20
10
0
2
3
4
5
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
40
30
20
10
<
1
2
0
TEST
dose
i i i
riii
01234
l i i i
i i i i
TEST
dose
> i i i
i i i i
19C
0.5 ppm
iii ii
ii ii
5 TIME. hours ? 8 9 10 <
i i ii
20C
1.5 ppm
i i
j i
0 1 2 3rlME hours 5678
i i i i
TEST
dose
i 11 i
_~--~~ ~~~~~
i i i i
i
"* ^
i i i
21 C
1.0 ppm
i i
i i
3 1 2 3T,ME. hours 5 6 7
i i i i
i i i . .
\
\^
i i
Fig. 41. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 19c, 20c and 21c.
110
-------
TEST 22C
dose 0. 75 p p m
0 1
5 6 TIME, hours 8 9 ^ 11 12 13
15
1
2
3
/,
i l__ i 1 1 1 1 1 | l 1 l ll
— - __ ^^,^-~"
.— --'
1 i i 1 1 l i l l i i i 1 l
o
CD
OL
O
2
O
LU
LU
50
AO
30
20
10 (-
0
2.
TEST 23C
dose 0. 5ppm
0 1
TIME. hours
T
-| T
i i .
Pig, 42. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 22c and 23c.
Ill
-------
CD
o:
Q
LU
TEST 2UC
dose 1.5 ppm
TEST 25C
dose 1.0 ppm
20
10
n
S -. ''.
i 1 1
Q
CD
CC.
0 1TIME hours 3 -U
0
1
2
•?
I 1 1 ^
, '•
-
i i t
'
5
Q
LU
LLJ
r>
t—
Z
o
Oi
I/I
6
10
0
- w -Y
O
i i i
0 1 TIME, hours 3
1
2
?
_
4
*
>-
Q
m ^
cc •—
13 z
g
^
^ O
-y OJ
^ VI
R E
LJJ
O-
TEST 26 (f
dose 0.75 ppm
50
w
30
20
10
0
?
, | ,
- \
-^ /
V
1*1
v^
1 1 1
>-
K-
o
00
9^
>-
^0 iTIME.hours 34
1
! 1 I
- -- —
I i " ~~T-
-^
LU
a
TEST 27C
dose O.Sppm
50
40
30
|20
10
0
9
, j_
^^ ->•
^ — ---_"'' .
.
-
i i i
-0
0 1 TIME. hours 3 U
0
o
% 1
E 9
i i i
^ ~~"~-^--^ — -
Pig. 43. Calgon M 502 Results - Tests 24c, 25c, 26c,
and 27c.
112
-------
1
t
Q
CO
a:
^
Q
Q~c
UJ fc
UJ
a.
20
10
0
0
1
2
TEST 28C
dose 1.0 ppm
i l r i i | i , i —
1 1 1 ' 1 ! 1 , 1
0 1 2 3 *• TIME.hours 6789
I 1 I i i 1 l___ jr»— l 1
i i 1 ~ -.-' f | i i i
-
-
1C
-
1—
>
h~
a
A
oc
i—
TURBIDITY NTU
'O
60
50
30
10
(
'0
bo
50
30
20
TEST 29C
dose 4.0 ppm
i i i i i i >
--— _ IP
i i i i i ' '
3123^*5678
TIME, hours
TEST 30C
Q dose 4.0 ppm
-f— — i- -• - i i i i _| ' •
, | III' J '
D12345678i
TIME, hours
Pig. 44. Calgon M502 Results - Tests 28c, 29c, and 30c.
113
-------
[
Z
r
Q
1—
^
•z.
>•
TURBIDI
=>
z
>-
t—
o
or
r>
i —
8O
vn
60
50
40
30
9n
*"
HO
70
60
50
40
30
20
yo
70
60
50
40
30
?n
TEST 31C
dose 1.5ppm
P
*— • "" """'*
-•N.
^
^^^ f^i
"~" ~~ — ^ -^. ^^\~
-— •— — ** _
I I i I ! i '
01 23456 7 (
TIME, hours
TEST32C
f~\ dose 1.5ppm
Ei > i i i i i
^,_ ' • •— -^_ ;
"*"S.
_ S. _
[ ^-^
[ \^?_-^:
i i i i i i i
01 2 3 4 5 6 7 £
TIME, hours
TEST33C
dose 0.5 ppm
.-. > ' i ---- i r - i i
- — - .
.
1 L. ... .. 1... 1 1 I.I
3
t
~
-
_
^~—~
-
01 23^5
TIME, hours
Test. 45. Calgon M 502 Results - Tests 31c, 32c,
and 33c.
114
-------
2
rURBIOITY
=>
Z
CD
t—
Q
2T
$0
SS
Q g
UJ
CL
qn
80
7n
60
50
on
30
T>
loo
90
80
/U
60
jQ
30
20
10
n
uc
3
U
t;
TEST 34 C
dose O.Sppm
' T T ' I I 1 1 1
^^r^^ -
1 L ,,,,,,
01 2 3, 4 5 6 7 8 5
TIME, hours
TEST 35C
dose 1.5ppm
V) ^^\
~ ~^-^-*. c
— — - "-j
. i i i i i i i i i
3 1 2 3 * STIME. hours 7 8 9
.--""
i i.i i i . -i. _j — _i — j-
>
i i
-
)
-
-
-
-
10 11 1
I " I
_
I I i
Pig. 46. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 34c and 35c.
115
U.S EPA Headquarters Library
Mai' cooe 3-i04T
1200 Pennsyivs^s Avenue NW
Washii-itnon. DC 20460
20^566-0556
-------
30
20
10
TEST 36C
dose 1.0 ppm
.2.
_l 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 L.
01234
567
TIME, hours
89 10 11 12
60
i=! so
z
>~
5 30
§20
TEST 37C
dose 0.75 ppm
-i r
I 1
0123 ^IMEJiours 6789
O 1
z
5 2
o
LU £ A
LU
ft s
' ( l"X' 1 i i I
\
| 1 1 1 I l**-^^. 1 .' 1
TEST 38C
dose 0.5 ppm
bO
70
C.f\
30
?r»
•i 't t i" 1 1 i 1 i i i
C\-
"6 " ;
i i i i i i i i i > i
Pig, 47. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 36c, 37c and 38c.
116
-------
TEST 39C
dose 2.0 ppm
1—
z
>-
TURBID IT
BO
70
60
^n
ou
40
30
20
.10
O
1 1 1 1
^~~—
P.s^
^^
^^
~-P
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i i i
*^**"-> j "v.
"""""»- ~*^~~ ^N
O
i i i i i i i ( i i i i i i
8 9-TIME. hours H 12 «
15 16 17 18 19
z u
5 g 1
-z. w
°"e 2
UJ C
UJ 1
1 1 1 1 ! !,-•" | 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1
. '
f ^~~~^
' "*"
I 1 t 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1
Pig. 48. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 39c.
-------
Co
TEST 40C
dose 10 ppm
TEST 41C
dose 0.5 ppm
70
60
50
i 30
-\
20
10
O
_1 1 L.
I I 1 1 1 1 1 L_
5 0
1 -
Ul
LU
r I | I ii i i
i i i i i i I i
i i
i i
1
i i i i ii
i i i i ii
Pig.' 49. Calgon M 5O2 Tests 4Oc and 41c.
-------
TEST 42C
dose 2.0ppm
5
CD
OL
2TIME. hours ^
> " ' I
P£ 3 ' —
i i r- T 1
1 i i"' ' — r- — i
TEST 44C
dose 1.5ppm
ioq
90:
70
60
50
40
30
20
5
0
TIME, hours
Q
UJ
8?
TEST 43C
dose 2.0ppm
=>
z
)—
a
03
ce
3U
80
70
50
^*0
30
20
1O
I 1 , — 1 ,
_ _
^V\ ""^v.
W ""»x
^v
"^^
SN _^ "
X f^\
^\
-^
1 1 1 1 1
2TIME. hours
Pis 50
^
Calgon M 502 Results
and 44c.
- Test 42c, 43c,
119
-------
TEST 45C
dose 1.5 ppm
~>
h-
z
>-
o
CO
§
o
g
g
o
ii
£
1OO
On
80
70
60
50
00
&°
\_ ^\^ ' ' ' -
_p xx
C X
x /
r x^ r^i /x
^^v V^, -^
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 TIME. hours 4 5 £
1
80
| 70
> 60
Q c^
m
30
20
TEST 47C
dose 1.0 ppm
1 2 .TIME, hours
TEST 46C
dose 1.0 ppm
Q
CO
Sri 0
TlME.hours
SE
TEST 48C
dose 0.75 ppm
120
= 110
2 100
I 90
| 80
"~ 70
60
i 50
I*'0
Fig. 51. Calgon M 502 Results - Test 45c, 46c, 47c and 48c.
120
-------
t—
2
>-
C
cc
a
*-
Q
2
LJ
Ul
TEST 49C
O dose 0.75
100
90
80
70
60
50
30
20
-\ .s*^
- \s^
^\ 'X
- o ^\
\
\
\ s~\
\o
'.
.
u n ° 1 2 TIME, hours
I1
ppm
"^\
\^
•^" """""
''"'"
456
'
TEST 50C
dose 0.50/ppm
^
z
>-
^
o
CD
(~
Q
§
^
LU
LU
Q-
1?n
110
100
90
80
70
6O
SO
LTi
i i j
C""""^ ^** **-
/O
^\""--
- 0 \x
^ 1
"•s.^^
~"~-
1 1 1
, ° 1 2TlME. hours
I/)
— j 1 • —
.
i*— v -*""**1 ~
) x"
T xx
•^
-
I 1
4 5 6
£
TEST 51
dose O.SOppm
MA A
Z
5
03
CC
"-
O
"Z.
z
IUU
90
80
70
60
50
40
1 ,1
^•~-—
•O ""-xx
1 I f
\ A 2
} TIME, hours
1 1 1
1 I
— • — " =
-
-
£-
-~-
1 ,
456
-
LU
LU
Q_
in
Pig. 52. Calgon M 502 Results - Tests 49c, 50c and 51c.
121
-------
APPENDIX C
PLOTS OF RESULTS OF TESTS WITH ROKRYSOL WF-5
inflow
outflow
speed of wind
O samples for shortened analysis
samples for full analysis
122
-------
TEST IR
dose 0 ppm
5 TIME, hours
TEST 2R
dose S.Oppm
o
ac.
_5
I—
3U
^ **U
30
20
10
0
(
(J>
7^
I —
L 6
— ! 1
3 1 2
i — r 1 — i
-— ——""""" ""'-••^ ___— - -^~*
^
> :
©
1 ' i i
3 <* 5 6 1
0
Lu
X
TIME, hours
0 1
Q 1
a
LU
Ul
a.
TEST 3R
dose 8.2ppm
SO
40
?n
20
10
0
~ — -_„ ^.— — — n
i i i.i i i i i i i
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TIME, hours
-i" • ' ^—i i r
\
_J I I L.
Pig.: 53. Rokrysol WP-5 Results - Test 1R, 2R and 3R.
123
-------
m =
§Z30
*~ 20-
10
0
P
TEST 4R
dose 10 ppm
Q
? 0
> o
a 2
LU
UJ o
Q. J
-------
80
1 60
50
40
30
20
10
TEST 9R
dose 2 ppm
I ,
123456789
TIME, hours
>-
I—
o
CO
ce
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
TEST 10R
dose 2ppm
345
TIME, hours
TEST 11R
dose 4.2ppm
ID
5
oa
K.
t—
nuo
30
80
70
60
SO
40
(
1 1 1 i II i
-£> —^
~~~~ — -— ~
^sZT"""""""-— -^ o -"""'
- ^ """•^--JL x-"""
_
, i , i i i
D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 E
TIME, hours
Pig.: 55. Rokrysol WF-5 Results - Test 9R, 10R and 11R.
125
-------
CD
CC
3
30-
TEST 12R
dose 4 2 ppm
3 4 5
TIME, hours
z 80
t 70
o
m 50
OL
2 50
30
20
10
TEST 13 R
dose 8.2 ppm
3 4 5
TIME hours
— i -inri
^ 90
5 80
00
g 70
60
50
TEST 14R
/->> dose 16.7 ppm
/ ' i iii i i
^"\2 ;
i i i i i i i
12345
TIME, hours
Pig. 56. Rokrysol WP-5 Results - Test 12R, 13R and 14R.
126
-------
TEST 15R
dose 16.7ppm
20
0 1
TEST 16R
dose 0 ppm
IUU
90
80
70
60
tin
^— _—— — _____
i i i i
r" i
6 -
. , -
0 1
2 3 U 5
TIME, hours
Rig. 57. Rokrysol WF-5 Results - Test 14R and 16R.
127
-------
APPENDIX D
THROW II MINE WATER
128
-------
I SERIES
Tab. 22
Coagulant
l
Temp. 23°C
CAJ.GON M-5O2
Nr
2
o
\
2
3
4
5
fe
*^~\
a E
s&
5
0,0
10
10
10
40
to
10
a: o
oE
T5<3-
<3
20,0
6,4
6,4
6,A
5,2
6, A
8,3
-23,0
-27.O
-20,0
-30,5
2o,5
20,0
20,5
19,7
2o,0
{5,1
12,0
Points from 12 05
above
Tab. 2A
3°C
CA1.GON AA-5O2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
O,0
10
10
to
10
10
4O
7,8
5,0
S,0
7,8
•3,0
10,0
1O,O
-
5,2
6,1
7,8
7.6
9.6
10,7
3,8
0,3
1,5
4,2
3,9
4,6
4, -I
30
30
20
24
b/4
34
24
3oo
10
20
15
15
15
10
2o,o
5,4
6,6
7.0
6,0
7,6
7,6
-23,0
-23,5
-23,5
-23,5
20,5
22,8
23,2
23,2
23,2
18.0
12,O
Points from \ , 1 as
above
3. Color designated
with SPeCOL
Tab. 25
1
22°C
CALGON M-5O3
2
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
0,0
1,0
2>,O
5,0
10,0
30,0
50 ,0
A
7,6
8,0
6,4
8,4
8,1
8,1
8,1
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
3,8
3,8
3,8
3,7
3,8
3,8
3,8
7
2.0
<10
<5
<5
<5
< 5
<5
8
300
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
< 2
9
32,0
7,3
6,9
6,6
5,8
7,0
8,0
\0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
Point5 from 4,2 as above
129
-------
Tab. 26
\
Tamp. 22°C
CALGON M-590
2
o
1
2
b
k
5
6
2>
0,0
0,1
0,5
0,5
1,O
3,0
5,O
A
7,6
8,2
8,2
8,2
8,2
8,2
8,2
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
3.8
3,8
3,8
3,8
3.7
3,7
3,7
7
15-20
15-20
15-20
5-1O
5-1O
5HO
5-10
8
500
AO
30
SO
30
25
2o
9
52,0
7,3
6,3
6,6
5,8
7,0
6,0
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
•f, Mine- waters after 2 hr&
of 5 edi marital ion
2. C,O£> ds/termi nsd infllfergd
off samples
Tab. 27
22°C
CALGON M-57O
o
1
2
3
A
5
6
O,o
0,1
o,3
0,5
10
3,0
5,0
7,6
7,3
7,5
7,9
7,8
7,8
7,8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5,8
3.8
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
2o
<5
<5
< 5
< 5
< 5
< 5
30O
5o
50
Ao
3o
30
30
2)2,0
8,0
8,7
9,3
9,0
9,0
\O,O
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
tein^ from 12 as above
fab, 26
21 °C
CALGON M-580
o
1
2
3
A
5
6
0,0
0,1
O,3
0,5
•1,0
3,0
5,0
7,8
8M
8,0
8,0
6,4
8,1
6,1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,8
3,6
3,6
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
20
<10
<10
<10
<10
<4O
<-IO
3oo
50
50
50
30
30
30
2O,0
13,0
11,2
1O,6
HO,8
10, 8
15,0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ftoinfs from -1,2 as dbov
-------
Tab. 30
A
TC-mp. 21 °C
CALGON M-502
'i.
o
\
2
3
k
6
6
•b
0,0
CM
0,3
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
4
7,8
6,8
6,7
6,7
6,7
6,8
6,8
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
3,8
3,6'
|_ 3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
7
20
S
S
5
5
5
5
8
3OO
-15
-10
1O
-IO
1O
4O
9
2O,o
5,0
5,0
4,a
4,6
4,6
4,4
-to
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
42
1. Mine, waters after 2 hrs
of sedimentation.
2. CO, IX determined In
fiifanzd off sa m p)C5 .
Tab, 31
23 °C
CALGON WT- 26 AO
o
4
2
3
^
5
6
0,0
O,1
O,3
O,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
Y,8
7,8
V.8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,6
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,6
3,6
3,fe
20
45
15
15
15
25
25
3OO
150
30
230
25
30
3D
20,0
6,2
5,1
3,2
3,4
4,2
5,0
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
Pomfsfrom 1,2 as above
Tab, 32
23 °C
CALGON WT-257OL
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,O
1.0
3,O
5,0
•1O.O
30 ,0
5O.O
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3, a
3,7
3,7
3,6
3,6
3,6
3.6
2,0
opal,
opal.
opal,
opal.
10
10
3oo
loo
So
30
25
iO
10
20,0
•10,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
7,5
7,0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Poinh) from 4,2 as above
Tab. 33
Z3°C
POLYHALL - 255
o
i
2
3
4
5
6
O,0
0,1
0,3
0,5
1,O
3,0
5,O
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,8
3,6
3,7
3,6
3,6
3,7
3,7
20
-10
10
10
1O
10
10
300
50
30
30
30
30
30
2o,o
9,A
7,2
7,8
8,0
6,5
8,8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Pointe from 4,2 as above.
131
-------
Tab. 34
4
Tamp. 25°C
POLYHALL-297
2
o
4
2
3
4
5
6
3
o,O
0,1
o,5
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
I*
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7.6
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
3,0
3,8
3,8
3,7
3,7
.3,6
3,6
7
20
{0
10
10
10
-to
10
&
3OO
50
3O
30
25
25
25
9
2O,0
7,8
S.o
8,8
9,4
9,5
10, S
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
1 Mine waters offer 2 hr5
of sedirnan+aHon.
2.C.O.D, determined in
filtered off sampler.
Tab. 35
20 °C
POLYHALL-65O
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
O,O
O,1
O,2>
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
r~78
-
-
-
-
-
-
7,8 | -
3.7
3.7
2>,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
20
opal.
5
5
5
10
•IO
3OO
150
20- 10
20-50
20
15
15
20,0
6,8
4,4
4,4
5,4
1O.O
8,0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Points from 1 2 as above,
Tab, 36
22 °C
POLVHALL-540
o
-I
2
3
A
5
6
O,O
0,1
O,2>
O,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
L_A°
8,0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,8
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,6
20
opal,
2o
15
5
10
10
250
50
30
30
25
30
25
17,0
9,2
8.0
7,2
7,8
1-1,6
9,2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
PoinV& from 4,2 as abova
Tab. 37
20 °C
CALGON M-5O2
o
/)
2
2)
O,O
-(0,0
5o,o
50,o
8,0
8,0
8,0
8,0
3,8
2> ,7
3,7
3,6
20
<5
<5
<5
3oo
3-5
3-5
3-5
•(5.0
3.4
S,2
3,2
-23,0
-22,0
-21,5
-21,0
Point-s from 4,2 as above
132
-------
Tab. 38
A
Temp, 2O°c
CALGON M-5O3
2
1
2
6
3
-(0,0
30.0
50,O
4.
8,0
6,0 J
8,0
5
-
-
-
&
3,7
3,6 1
5.6
7
<5
<5
<5
ft
3-5
3-5
3-5
9
5,6
3,0
•5,0
10
-21,0
-19. 0
-17.0
-12
4. Mine waters after 2 hrs
oF sach'mantoition.
2. C.O.D, datermiruzd m
f f 1 tared o ff sa m pie s .
E SERIES
Tab. 39
Coagulant
4
Temp. 3°C
CAL6ON M-5O2
Mr
2
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
0^
0°"
P&
3
0
40
10
10
10
10
-(O
8 3
^a1
A
7,9
5.0
6,0
7.9
9,0
-10,0
-1-1.0
^S1
an- Q
X3 O
S
-
5,6
6,4
8,-f
"3,4
9,7
-10,9
-£•
'oT
'•" F
0-5
cQ
6
3,6
0,3
-1,1
5,6
3,9
3,3
A, 5
of
s&
7
opal.
i^O
O
10
41
-10
O
£o
.•oE
•e a
s*
8
2OO
15
10
40
10
40
O
CO
a'o
dE
0&,
9
18,5
&,2
42
4,2
7,4
4,0
4,6
1?
,£^1
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
i?
~^
-?«-
-(-f
2o,O
20,5
20,5
20,5
20,5
15,0
12, -I
Remarks
42
-I. Mine waters after
4 hr& of 5,0
AS.O
O,0
13,0
A2.5
12,5
42.0
12,O
Points from \ to 3 aa
above.
Tab. 4-1
22°C
CALGON M-5O2
0
4
2
3
4
5
6
o
1,0
3,0
5,0
10,0
3O.O
50,0
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,7
3,8
•3,7
3,7
3,6
3,7
3,5
-
-
-
-
-
30
48
450
450
300
3oO
ioo
30
So
25,0
23,0
22,^
20,3
16,5
8,1
6,3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13,0
42,5
12.8
12,5
12,0
1b.o
12,0
-I. Mine waters after ZhrA
of sedi'mantafion.
Points from 2 and 3
as abova.
133
-------
Tab. 42
4
Temp. 22°C
ROKRVSOL WF-2
2
o
1
2
5
A
5
fe
3
O
0,1
0,3
0,5
1,0
1,0
5,0
U
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,8_^
7,8
7,8^
7,6
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
£
3,8
3,6
3,7
3,7
3,6
3,5
3,4
7
-
-
-
-
28
-
15
8
HOOO
450
200
300
2oo
ISO
150
9
37,0
25,1
12,0
13,2
7,2
7,0
6,5
40
-
-33,0
-30,0
-26,0
-24,0
-26,0
-22.O
14
13,0
12,5
12,5
12,5
12,5
12,0
12,0
-12
-1, Minfc waters after 2 h rs
of scdimantaHon.
2.C.O.D. determined fn
filtered off samples.
3, Color designated
With 5PECOL
Tab. 43
<1°C
CALGON M-502
o
1
2
3
A
5
6
O
1,0
3,0
5,0
1O,O
30,0
5O,0
7,2>
7,5
7,6
7,4
7,6
7,5
7,8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,4
3,4
3, A
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
-
22
8
17
6
10
6
150
30
15
5
20
15
30
12,5
6,4
5,8
5,8
5,8
5,y
6,2
-
-47,0
-37,0
-29.0
-2O,0
-1O,0
4-6,0
12,8
12,5
12,5
-12,5
12.5
12,5
12.5
1 Mfrxz waters after 24 hrs
of sedimentation.
Points from 2 and 3
as abov<2.
Tab. 44
23°C
POLVHALL 650
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
O
1,0
3,0
5,0
10,O
iO,0
50,0
7,4
7,4
7,4
7,4
7,4
7.4
7,4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
-
14
9
11
19
14
16
15O
60
60
60
90
90
90
12,5
5,0
6,6
7,2
7.4
7.6
12.0
-
-28,5
-27,5
-22,0
-13,0
-7,0
H2.0
Points from \ to 3 as above.
v-D SERIES
Tab. 45
Coagulant
4
Temp. 23 °C
GALGON 5SO
Nr.
2
O
^
2
3
4
5
&
fi O-
o a.
O^
*
O,O
0,1
0,3
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,O
4
4
aiol
5
u.
G
o C
i^l v^_^
7
lo a.
3 °L-
8
450
450
450
450
450
450
4-50
-u.
Q.
_O "fp
5 s
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CJ
pO
q £
10
4.0.0
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
4O,o
4o,o
4O,O
o
'-Z >
JU
ill
•J2
Re mark 5
0
Coagulation
proc<25& not
134
-------
Tab, 46-
23°C
CALGON 59O
o
1
2
3
A.
5
6
OiO
0,1
0,2)
0,5
•(,0
3,0
5,O
450
4-5O
Aso
4-50
45O
45O
450
_
_
-
_
-
-
,_ -
A-O.O
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
As above,
Tab, 47
25°C
CALGON M-503
o
'I
2 -
3
4
5
6
O,o
0,1
0,3
O,5
1,0
5,0
5,0
A 50
A5O
A 50
45O
45O
450
45O
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
40,0
Ao,o
4O,o
4o,o
Ae> above,
Tab, 48
23°C
CALSONWT-257OL
o
•f
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,J
0,5
4,0
3,0
5,O
4-50
450
45O
450
4.50
450
45O
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ao,o
4o,o
4o,o
4.0,0
4o,0
4o,o
4o,0
As above
Tab, 49
1
23 °C
BOKRYSOL WF-3
2
o
i
2
3
4
5
6
3
O,o
0,4
O,?)
0,5
•TO
3,0
5,O
4
6
6
7
&
45O
ABO
450
45O
450
4-50
450
<3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<0
4O,0
4o,o
4O,O
4o,o
4o, O
4o,o
4o,o
<•)
12
43.
Coaqulafion
procass nof
occurred.
135
-------
Tab. 50
22>°C
ROKRYSOL WF-5
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
O,1
0,3
0,5
1.0
3,0
5,0
450
A 50
A 50
A 50
45O
A5O
45O
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4o,o
4o,o
Ao.O
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
Ao,o
As above,
Tab,
23°C
GIGTAR
o
•1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,3
O,5
1,0
3,0
5,O
450
A5O
450
450
450
A 50
A50
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
40,0
4o,o
Ao,o
4o,o
4o,o
Ao,O
4o,0
As above.
Tab, 52
23°C
POLYHALL 65O
o
•I
2
3
4
5
6
0.0
0,1
O,3
0,5
1,0
3,0
6,O
A5O
A 50
450
450
450
450
A50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ao.o
AO.O
AO,O
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
4o,o
As above.
Tab, 53
1
23°C
POLVOX
2
O
\
2
3
4
5
6
1
O,0
0,1
0,3
O,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
U
5
6
7
6
450
450
45O
450
A 50
250
45O
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
HO
4o.o
Ao.o
4o,O
4o,o
39,0
31.2
2o,o
11
12
15
Coagulation
commences
(flocks appaar)
bij a dose, of
3ppm
136
-------
Tab. 54
22>°C
Na OH
o
<
2
3
-
-
-
-
8,0
8,5
<(O,O
450
450
450
-ISO
-
_
_
-
4o,o
4o,O
4o,o
<9,4
Similar c-ffocts
acquir
6
1,0
10
1,0
1,0
1,0
iO
7
2.2
2.2
2.2
2,2
2,2
2,2
S
450
100
100
30
30
4o
60
9
-
-
-
35
35
-
-
4O
4o,o
1O.O
9,6
9,0
9,2
3,4
1O,4
-M
-
-21,5
-24,5
-22,0
-22,0
-23,0
-23,5
M
a,e
s.e
8.6
8,6
8,8
8,6
45
Process was
carried out with
participation of
calcium in quan-
tity {OOq/m^of
CaO. Dcrtermina+icn
after 0,5 hr. of
sedimentation.
137
-------
Tab, 58
23°C
ROKRY5OL WF-5
HOO g/m* CaO
o
4
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,5
4,0
2,0
3,0
5,0
8,5
8,?>
8,3
8>,3
6,3
S,2>
8,2)
S, 3
8.3
8,3
8,3
6,3
4,O
•4.0
1,O
•f.O
1,0
4,O
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2
2,2
A5o
-1 00
60
30
30
25
5
-
-
-
35
35
35
35
40,0
10,2
9,4
9,6
9,4
9,4
6,0
-26,5
-260
-26,5
-25,5
-25,0
-24,5
8,8
8,8
S.8
8,8
8.8
S.fi
S.8
As above..
Tab, 59
Coagulant
4
Temp. 24°C
ROKRY50L WF-5
1ml = 4O mg
5-6%
Mr
2
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
K^
a £
>r>3J
cBl
3
0
is
5.0
1O,0
18 ,0
50,0
•lOO.O
0,43
O,1O
O.07
iraazs
O,O5
0,/!5
o
•z^
N t
S-*^
»2
-26,5
-23,0
-22,0
-20,5
-18,5
HO, 5
•H5
Remarks
4$
1 Water after 2A hrs
of sedfment.
2.Bapic( mixing 2'
3. Slow mi'xing 20'
4. Sedi'menhfor 2o'
5, Deterrninafi'cin
of C.O.D. in
fi'lterecj e>amplas,
Tab, 60
25°C
CALGON M-502
o
4
2
3
4
b
6
O
1,0
3,0
5,0
4O,0
30,O
50,0
O
10
3,0
r 5,0
'lO.O
30,0
5O,O
7,S
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
3,7
3,5
3,7
3,8
3,6
3,7
3,7
250
250
2OO
130
SO
40
tec<26
-26,5
-22,0
-2o,o
-)9,O
-47,0
-3,0
+ £0
As above.
lab. 61
1
Temp. 24°c
CALCIUM
DMOOmg/dm3
^-CALGON M-55O
•ff3
CALGON M-590
A<-6
-fml=5OmqCaO
SJ
O
f
2
3
4
5
6
2>
4
1OO+05
400+-2
1OO4-5
3
5
7,8
9,6
9,6
9,6
9,6
9,7
9,7
6
3,S
4,9
[4,8
4,9
4,8
4,8
4,8
7
450
30
5 1-10
•15
50
100
•150
6
opaliz
30
20
20
opad'z
opah'r
opaliz
9
45,0
•(0,2
6,2
8,6
9,6
-10,4
14,4
40
2,5
0,O6
o.os
0,08
0,10
0,15
0,2O
-M
1,2 j
O,O6
tracer
0,O2>
O,05
0,08
O.1O
138
12
_
-25,5
-23,0
-22,9
-22,5
-22,5
-32.5
43
4, Water without
azd. as abova.
2. Rapid mixing 2'
3.5lov mi'xing 20'
45edim
-------
Tab. 62
24°C
CALCIUM
DMOO mg/dm1
+CALGONWT-257OL
<*3
pOLYHALL 65O
4*6
o
1
2
5
A
5
b
4OOtO5
100*2
-fCOf-5
4OOK)5
1OO+21
•(001-5
7,8
9,5
L9,5
9, A
9,7
9,&J
9,6
3,8
,5,1
i_5,O
5,1
4,9
5,0
5,0
4-5O
50
30
45
50
25
25
opaliz.
-
-
20
-
20
-
A5,o
110
9,6
8,O
4O,0
9.4
9,6
2,5
0,08
o,os
0,06
O,O5
O,O 5
O,O7
-1,2
O O5
O.O3
f races
O,O5
O,O3
O,O2
_
-26,5
-25 O
-22 O
-22.0
-22,0
-23.O
As above.
Tab, 63
23 °C
Coagulation by
raised pM with
lyes of particular
polyalcctrolytas
o
\
2
3
4
5
&
0
2.0
5,0
0,5
2,0
5,0
2,0
Fblyox
WF-5
M-502
M-550
IW257C
W-650
7,8
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
3,8
5,1
5.4
5,4
5,2
4,9
4,9
A so
50
30
50
3O
5O
5O
Opalir.
-
-
—
_
-
-
45,0
41,2
9,8
.44,2
40,4
4O,6
M.O
2,5
0,08
O,O5
O,O8
O,03
O,O5
O,O "b
4,5
O,O5
0,03
O,0 5
O,O2
O,O5
traces.
_
-Ai,0
-25,0
-2.7,0
-24,0
-3>3,5
-35,0
As above
Tab. 64
5°C
Coagulation
with calcium
+ POLYOX
o
4
2
3
A
5
<&
O
400^01
100<-03
400*-OS
400 4-4
4001-3
K>O<-5
7,8
9,0
9,0
9,O
9,O
9,0
9,O
3,8
2,9
2,9
3,1
3,2
2,9
•b.1
A 50
20
50
20
25
15
5-t-4O
opaliz,
50
50
50
45
45
45
45,0
10,8
42,2
9,6
44,8
7,6
6,6
2,5
tracaa
•fraces
traces
traces
n.occ.
n.occ,
1,5
iraces
iracas
n.occ.
n.occ.
n.occ.
n.occ.
-
-24,0
-23.0
-23,5
-22,5
-22,0
-21,5
As above
Tab, 65
4
Temp. -1O °c
Coagulation
with calcium
••-POLYOX
2
o
4
2
3
4
5
6
2>
4
o
400+04
1OO+O3
IOOt-05
400f4
4OO+-2>
400^5
5
78
9,O
9,0
9,0
"3,0
9.O
9,0
6
3,6
2,1
2,1
2,1
2,1
3,0
2,4
7
45o
15
30
20
35
51-10
5 HO
6
opaliz
bo
50
35
50
30
30
9
45,o
9,o
6,6
9,8
8,8
8,4
7,0
40
2,5
n.occ.
fracas
v. lfl.tr
traces
n.occ.
n.occ.
-H
1,5
v, ltl.fr,
n.occ,
n,occ,
n.occ.
n.occ.
n.occ.
-(2
-
-2A,o
-22,5
H9,5
-24,5
-48.O
-49,0
O
Points 4 to 5
qa above,
139
-------
Tab. 66
46°c
Coagulation
with calcium
*POLYOX
o
l
2
3
4
5
6
0
4OO+01
{CO*03
traces
-
-27,0
-26,0
-24.0
-23,5
-25,0
-23,0
As abova
Tab. 69
•f
Temp, 1O°C
Coagulation
with cqfcium
+ ROKRYSOL WF-5
2
o
1
2
5
4
5
6
3
A
o
100*01
1CO-KD3
10O+O5
1OCH--I
1OO+2>
100+-5
5
7,6
9,0
9,0
9,0
9,0
9.0
9,0
6
3,8
3,1
2.6
3.1
3,O
2,7
2,7
7
450
30
25
2>0
50
2.0
25
8
-
opaliz.
-
-
-
-
-
9
4o
11,2
1o,s
1o,9
11,8
10,4
10,2
1O
2.5
traces
n.occ.
traces
traces
n.occ.
n.occ,
•M
1.5
traces
n.occ.
n.occ.
traces
n.occ.
n.occ.
12
-
-28.0
-26,5
-22,5
-21,5
-21,5
-22,0
-IS
Points \ to 5
as above
140
-------
APPENDIX E
ADAMO¥ MINE WATER
141
-------
ffi SERIES
Tab. 70
Coagulant
\
Temp. 2o°C
CALGON M-5O2
Nr.
1
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
^ c
d o-
Aa,
3
O,o
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
o,-)
0,1
e-
Sit
_Q g
k
7,7
5,0
6,0
7,7
9,0
10,0
1-1,0
3: ^ O>
a£g
c8
6
7,7
5,2
6,1
7,6
8,0
9,4
•(0,6
-H1
'.°-9
8E,
cfl-^
6
4,0
0,2
1,2
3,7
3,3
2,5
4,1
*1
35
7
25
11
25
25
17
16
19
-f^1
:s1t
-O a
na
1-3^
e
300
25
60
80
16
5
5
PO
°"?
0 S-
-s-
9
9,6
2,6
4,6
4,0
2.6
4,o
3,0
O
•-£ >
c P
tj C
{£>^
•10
H2.5
-12,0
-12.O
H3.5
H2.O
-49.5
-17,0
vn,_
s^
-HO
5£
•n
-18,6
18,3
16.A
t&A
15,0
5,0
1,6
Remarks
42
1 Mine waters offer 2 hrs
of aizdnrie.ntoii'ion.
2. Rapid mixing 2'
5,5low mixing 20'
A, 6<2;ciirnsn'rcjiion 2O'
5. C.o.B.dczte,rm\ned in
Fi Itered off" samples.
6. for th0 pH corrcctfon
was used HOL -M
an«q Na 6H 2.6n.
Tab. 71
Tizmp. 14 °C
CALGON M-502
0
1
2
3
A
5
6
0,0
7,8
O,1 5,0
O,1 6.0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
7,8
9,0
r
1O,O
1
7,8
A, 5
5,8
7,5
8,3
9,0
11,O | 10, 8
i — ; —
A.O
0,1
O
4,2
4.5
2.2
4,2
25
18
20
2O
16
\1
9
3OO
20
30
25
10
5
3
9,6
4,2
4,8
5,0
4.0
3, A
3,0
-12,0
-13, 0
-13,5
-12,0
-16,0
-17.0
H7,O
18,5
18,7
18.7
18,6
18,0
7,0
2.6
1. Mine, wdtera after 2hns
of sed i mentation .
2. Rapid mi'xing 2'
3, Slow mixing 2o'
4>. 5ed i' mantel no n 2o'
5. C.o.D. determined in
•filtered off samples.
6. for the, pH correction
wos used MCI 1H
and Net OH 2,5 r.
Tab, 72
7°C
CAL6ON M-502
o
1
2
3
A
5
6
0,O
0,1
O,1
O,1
O,1
0,1
0,1
7,5
5,0
6,0
7,5
9.0
too
11,0
7,5
5,5
6,1 ^
7,6
8,5
9,2
10, ^
A,o
O,3
1,6
4,1
4,0
2,2
3,6
25
16
15
1-1 1
14
11
9
3OO
15
10
10
5
3
O
10,4
i,4
4,8
5,0
5,0
4,0
3,8
-12,5
-15,0
-16,5
-15, 0
-12,O
-12.5
-13,0
18,6
19,0
18,5
18,6
17,0
7,0
•3,7
Fbinf s from 4 to 6
05 above,
Tab, 73
1.5°C
CALGON M-502
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
7,7
5,0
6,0
7,7
9,0
1O,O
11,O
7.7
5,3
M
7,6
8,1
9,7
10,7
4,0
0,2
1,6
3,8
3,A
2,6
4,4
25
12.
11
13
14
-12
11
3oo
5
10
15
5
3
3
9,6
3,2
3,6
3,6
5,2
2,8
2,9
-15,0
-16,5
-17,O
-15,0
Hfo,O
-2O,O
-20,0
18,5
18,4
18,5
18.2
15,1
4-, 7
2,0
Points from 1 to 6
d5 above.
142
-------
Tab. 74
1
22°C
CALGON AA-580
t
o
1
2
3
A
5
to
5
0,0
0,10
0,3O
O,50
1,C
3,0
5,0
4
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
i_7,3
7,3
7,5
5 n
Fv.3
8,4
8,4
8,4
8,A
8, A
6,4
L_6 n
4,2
4,1
4,1
4,0
4,0
4,0
LJLL.
7 n
2o
15
1A
12>
14
14
16 J
8
3oo
16
15
i 16
15
15
15
9
•f2>,2
5,6
5,0
5,0
5,2
6,6
4,6
<0
_
_
_
_
_
-
| 12
Points from 1 to 5 as above .
Tab.
Tamp. 22° C
CALGON M-5O3
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
O,O
1,0
3,0
5,O
1O,0
3O,0
5O,0
7,2
7.2,
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
72
7,2
7,2
7,2
42
4,1
4.1
41
4.1
n<
nc
20
19
16
11
15
3t me
pt rno
3OO
16
15
15
15
rk.ed
rked
13,2
'~ir2~
3,6
4,6
4,0
-
-
-12,5
-12,0
-10,0
-6,5
-8,5
1-15,5
i-16,5
1. Mine wafers offer 2hre of
Sedime-nfcch'on.
2. Rapid mi'xfnq 2'
3, Slow mixing 2O'
4. 5ed i me n ta non 2O '
S.C.O.t). dafermined fn -filtered
off samples.
6.inthe.tast nr Sand 6 no
coagulation occurred.
Tab. 76
22° C
CALGON WT-257OL
o
i
2
3
4
5
6
O,O
1,0
3.0
S,o
10,0
30,0
5O.O
7,3
7,3
7,3
7.3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,2
7,2
7,2
, 7,2
7,2
7,2
4,2
4,1
4,1
4,1
4,1
4,1
4.1
20
18
1i
15
15
16
16
3oo
15
<5 1
15
15
15
15
o.e
5,2
6,0
42
4,8
5,2
5,2
-12,5
-12>,0
-12,6
-13.0
-12,0
-<2,5
-12,O
Fbinte from 1 to 5 as above
Tab. 77
22°C
POUYHALL 650
o
1
2
3
A
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,2.
0,5
1,0
3,O
5,0
7,3
7.3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7.3
7,2
7,2
7,3
7,2
7,5
4,2
4,1
4,1
4,1
4,1
4,1
4,1
20
17
16
16
17
15
16
3OO
15
15
15
15
15
15
13,2
6,0
6,2
5,6
5,8
5,6
6,0
-12,5
-13,O
-13,0
-13,5
-16,O
-16,0
-15,0
Points from 1 ho 5 as above
143
-------
Tdb. 78
H
2.2° C
ROKRYSOL WF-4
2
o
1
2
3
4
S
6
3
0,0
0,4
0,3
0,5
•I.O
3.0
5,0
A
•7,3
7,3
7.3
7,3
7,3
7,3)
7,3
5
7,3
7,3
7.2>
7,3
7,2
7,2
7,3
6
4,2
4,1
4,1
4,1
4,0
4,0
4,0
7
20
12
12
12
13
12
14
8
3OO
20
20
15
15
15
15
9
•13,2
4,6
4,2
5,8
5,8
6.0
6,8
\0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
Poi'nts from 4 fo 5 as above
Tab. 79
Temp. 2.2°C
ROKRYSOL WP-2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
O,O
0,1
0,3
0,5
4,0
3,0
5,O
7. a
7, -a
7,3
7,3
7,5
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,2
7,3
7,3
4.2
4.2
A.2
4,1
4.1
41
4.1
20
17
1A
14
46
44
14
300
25
25
25
30
30
30
13,2
5,6
5,O
5,2
6,O
6,8
7,0
-
-
—
-
-
~
—
1 Min« waters after 2 hrs of
sed t mcntaHon .
Z.Bqpid mi'xmq 2'
3. slow mixing 2O1
4. Sedimanfcxh'on 2O'
5, C.O.D. datermined in filtered
off samples.
Tab, 8O
23°C
POL VOX
o
4
2
3
A
5
6
0,0
0,1
O,3
0,5
1,O
3,O
5,O
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,4
7,4
7.3
7,2
7,3
7,4
4,2
4,2
4,1
M
4,o
4,0
4,0
15
2o
<8
1U
15
15
17
30O
90
90
£O
50
50
50
to.-l
7,4
5,6
4,8
4,6
5,A
5,2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Poini-s -from •! to 5 as above
Tab. 61
2.2°C
CALGON M-5O2
o
^
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,5
•1,0
3,0
5,0
10,0
3O.O
7,3
7,3
7.3
7,3
7,3
7.3
7,3
7.3
7,4
7,6
7,6
7.5
7,5
7,8
4.2
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4.0
4,0
20
13
9
•(O
S
a
6
300
10
10
15
15
20
120
13,2
3.6
5,4
4,0
4,6
4,2
4,6
—
-
_
-
-
-
Points from 1 "to 5 qs above
-------
Tab. 82
23°c
CALGON M-502
0
4
2
3
4
5
6
O.OO
O,O1
O,O3
O.05
O,1
0,3
0,5
7,5
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
7,3
4,2
4,2
4,2
4,1
4,2
4,1
4,2
20
£0
r20
. -iv
-15
12
1£
3OO
15O
50
20
l_J5 J
5
5
8,0
6,0
4,8
4,8
4,8
4,6
4,0
_
_
_
_
_
-
Points from 1 to 5 as qbove
5 SERIES
Tab. 63
Coagulant
4
Temp. 22>^C
CALGON M-5O2
Nf:
2
o
•1
2
3>
A
5
6
*?
<§£
3
o.o
0,3
0,?)
o,2>
O,3
0,3
O,3
-3,
s<8?
O5g
J3O
4
7.7
5,0
6.0
7.7
9.0
10,0
-1-1,0
iil
a'to
Ou
5
7,7
5,4
6.2
7.S
8,0
9,6
40,7
-?
.'Q9
J*
6
4,0
0,5
•f,<3
3.9
3,5
2.5
3,S
s~\
0^
«3Q>
7
•15
40
9
-11
7
8
5
-=fiV
UE
^ a
3&
8
3oo
30
15
20
15
5
3
*
3
1O.O
S,&
7,2
e.s
• 5,6
5,4
4,o
D
•€>
^ATv
10
-17,5
-20,0
-24.5
-•(4,5
--14,0
-23,0
-18,0
J?
^o
It
M
19,5
-(8,7
•18,7
18.7
•(4,7
5,0
IS
Remarks
-te
1 M fna waters after 2 h PS
of sedi men fatten.
2. Rapfd rnixinq 2'
3,5low mixing 2o'
A'.bedirniznf'afi'on 2o'
5.C.O.D.def!2rmine.d in
filtered off iampies.
fc.Tbr the pH correction
was usczd HCI -1H
and NaOH 2.5n
Tab, 84
•16° C
CALGON M-5O2
o
4
2
•b
4
5
6
O,o
O,?)
O,2>
O,3
0,3
0,3
0,2)
7,7
5.0
6.O
7,7
9,0
10,0
W.O
7,7
5,2
6,1
7,6
8.0
<3,2>
10,7
4,o
0,5
2,<
4,o
3,3
2,0
3,3
20
20
2-1
-15
9
6
O
3oo
20
20
20
20
to
5
lao
6,
0,0
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0.3
0,2>
7,7
5,0
-------
Tab. 86
\
2°C
CALGON M-5O2
2
o
4
2
3
4
5
6
3
0,0
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,2)
O,3
O,3
4
7,5
5,0
<3,O
7,5
9,0
4O,0
-1-1,0
5
7,5
5,1
6,4
7,5
7,9
9,0
-10,8
6
4,0
0,5
2,2
3,8
3,1
.18
3,2
7
-15
15
•IS
8
8
7
O
8
3OO
20
20
2o
20
45
2>
9
8,0
7,0
7,2
7,0
6,O
7,0
7,0
1O
-17,5
-16,0
-18,5
-16,5
-15,5
-21.5
-24.0
«
19,5
19,3
4<3,3
18,8
15,0
6,O
2,2
12
Fbirvb from 1 tog as
above.
Tab. S7
Temp. 24°C
CALGON M-503
o
4
2
3
A
5
6
O,O
4,O
5,0
5,0
•fO.O
3O.O
50 O
7,5
7.6
7,5
7-5
7,6
7,5
7,6
7,5
7,6
7,5
Y,5
7,6
7,5
7,6
3,9
5.9
3,9
3,9
3,9
3,9
3,9
25
O
3
O
0
20
22
3oo
15
15
15
40
H5
3OO
8,0
6,0
6.0
6,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
-17,5
-20,5
-16,5
-10,5
+6,5
+9,5
+£•(,5
i Mfna waters after 2hr5 of
sedimentation.
2 Bapid mixing 2'
3. 5low mixing 2O'
4. ScdimenfeiHon 2O'
5.C.O.O. de-fermined in fi'lfenec
off samples,
£,.3n the test nr6 no coqqu-
lafion occurred.
Tab-6S
24°C
CALGON WT-Z57OL
o
1
2
5
4
5
6
0,0
f,0
3,0
5,O
1O,O
30,0
5O,0
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
4,1
4,0
4,o
4,o
3,9
3>,a
3,6
2.5
7
O
2
4
5
5
300
SO
3o
20
45
15
15
110
7,4
7,4
7,0
8,0
7,0
7,8
-47,5
-15,5
-46,0
-12,0
-20,5
-15,5
-13,5
Ftoi'rvh) from \ -to 5 as above
Tab. 89
24°C
CALGON M-58O
o
4
2
3
4
5
G
0,0
0,1^
0,t>
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,6
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
4,1
4,0
4,0
4,0
3,9
3,9 -
3,9
25
3
3
2
3
O
O
3OO
30
3O
30
30
30
30
44, 0
7,O
7,6
6,6
6,6
8,0
9,6
-18,0
-16,5
-2o,o
-47,5
-2O,5
-17,0
-17,5
Points from 4 to 5 a s> above.
146
-------
Tab. 90
i
24 CC
POLYHALL 650
2
0
4
2
•*>
A
5
6
3
0,0
O,1
0,5
0,5
<,O
3,0
5,0
A
7,7
7.7I
7.7
7,7
u!il_
r7/r~
7,7
5
7,7
7,5
[ 7,6
7,6
I 7,6
7,6
7,6
6
4,1
I 4,0
U,o
4,0
3,9
3>,<3
5,9
7
25
2
£
1
3
3
3
8
3oo
5o
3O
20
15
15
1O
9
9,8
6,6
7,0
7,2
6,6
7,4
8,0
40
-17,0
-25,5
HO,O
-12.0
-45,5
H2.5
f£ -
Ffoihta from \ -fo 5 as above
Tab. 91
Tamp. 24 °C
POLYOX
0
\
2
3
4
5
G
0,0
OH
0,3
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,O
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
L7,7
7,7
7.7
7.7
7,7
L^l.Q
7,8
7,8
7,9
6,0
4,0
4.0
4,0
3,9
3.6
5,6
3.8
ZO
16
5
5
2
Q
5
3OO
4-0
4o
4o
to
AO
4o
9,o
.6,6
7,0
7,0
6,6
6,6
7,4
-17,5
-19,0
H8.0
-<6,0
-19,5
-21O
-19,0
1, Mine waters a fter 2hrs of
sedimentation ,
2.Rapid mixing 2'
3. Slow mixing 2O'
4. SadiiTKZ.n'haffon 2o'
5, C.O.D. determi'nel fn fllferac
off samples.
Tab. 92
24'°C
ROKRYSOL WF-3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,1
G,2>
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7.7
7,7
^7,7
-
-.
-
7,7
7,7
7,7
L4,o
nof
no-h
not
4,0
4,0
4,0
20
mar
mar
mar
-fo
20
15
300
cad
,5
Fbints from 1 fo 5 as above
6. 3n +ha test nr \ , 2 and 3 no
coaojulah'on occurred-
Tqb. 93
24 °C
ROKRYSOLWF-3
0
1
2
3
k
5
G
0,0
1,0
3,0
5,0
4O,0
^0,0
50,0
7.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,8
7.7
7,7
7,7
7.7
4,0
4.0
4,o
4,o
3,9
3,9
3,9
20
20
15
6
8
10
-10
•300
4o
30
30
30
30
3O _,
15.O
7,4
6,6
6,6
6.8
6,4
£,8
H7,5
-n.o
-11,5
H7,0
-14,0
-21.0
H9.5
Roi'nfa from 1 te 5 as above
-------
fob, 94
i
24° C
CALGON M-5O2
2
0
1
2
3
U
5
6
5
0,0
1,0
3,0
5,O
40,0
30,0
50, 0
u
7,7
7.7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
5
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7.7
G
4,0
4,o
4,0
4,o
4,0
4,0
4.0
7
15
O
o
O
o
5
20
ft
3OO
<1O
<1O
10
15
20O
300
7
7.0
6,0
6,2
6,2
6,2
8,O
9,0
<0
-
-20,5
-13.O
H1.5
f-7,0
+ 14,0
+00,5
<2
Poi'nfd from 4 fo 5 as above
6. 3n fhe test nr G no cooigu-
lafion occurred.
Tab. 95
Temp. 24 °C
CALGON M-502
o
/I
2
3
4
5
6
O.OO
0.01
O,o2>
0,0 s
0,1
e>,3
0,5
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
-
-
-
7,7
7,7
7,7
4,o
n
rx
n
4,o
4,o
4,o
20
tf me
yf ma
3-f ma
10
7
5
30O
rlieol
rked
rliGidi
70
20
20
•M.O
-
-
-
7,4
7.o
8,4
-•(7,5
-
-
-
-f7.5
-18,o
--18,5
l-bfnfs -from A to 6 ois above
6,3n the test nr -1 te 2 Qr»d ?> no
coaqulcxnf occurr&ol,
Tab. 96
2A°C
CALG-ON M-502
o
-1
2
3
4
5
&
O.CXD
0.0^
o.os
0,05
0.1
o.i
0-5
7,7
7,7
7.7
7.7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7.7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7.6
V.T
1,1
4,o
4,o
4,0
4,0
3,9
4,o
4,o
eo
IS
15
10
M
43
6
3oo
aoo
70
25
20
15
16
8,0
7,0
£,&
7.0
7,2
6,6
7.6
-17,5
-18,5
-15,5
-17.O
-17,0
-18,5
-21.5
Points fom 4 to 5 a a above
YM SERIES
Tab. 97
Coaqulanf
-1
Tamp, 2.4°C
CALGON M-550
Nr
2
o
1
2
5
4
5
6
s"?
IS
3
O,O
0,1
0,3
0,5
1.0
3,0
5,0
£>3
1 P?
al§
4
7.8
7.8
7,6
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,6
I ^ O1
Q-iS
0 o
5
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
.?
:s>^
fl C
as
G
3.6
3,5
3,5
3,5
2>, 4
3,4
3,3
-5V
5 E
-S
(3£>
7
25o
70
50
"bO
30
30
30
4-
o.
0?
0 a.
U&
&
25
25
25
2.0
20
20
20
~r cj
g 0
Q -§-
o &
e>
g
23.0
s.o
8,4
8,6
9,0
9,6
1O,O
?6
^ Q-
1^
10
6,2
-
—
-
-
-
-
IF
"~ti:
-M
1,0
0,1
Oil
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
s>
4§
c2-M>
42
-15
-15
-15
-<£
-\
-------
Tab. 98
1
24°C
CAL6ON M-590
I
o
4
2
a
4
5
e
5
0,0
0,1
0,3
^O,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
A-
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7, S
7,8
7,8
5
7.6
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
6
3,6
3,6
^,5
3,5
3,4
3,4
3,4
7
250
50
50
50
30
30
30
ft
26
20
20
20
-(5
15
15
9
22>,0
1O,O
9.6
9,A
9,4
9,2
9,0
10
6,2
-
_
_
-
-
11
1,0
o,ie
o,42
eMO
O,1O
OiOS
O.O9
42
-15
-16
-16
-16,5
-17
-18,5
-20
•13
As above.
Tab. 99
24°C
POLVHALL 650
o
1
2
3
4
5
e
0,0
0,1
O.i
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
7.8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
L7,6
7,8
7,8
3,6
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,4
3,4
3,3
250
50
50
40
30
20
20
25
20
20
20
20
15
15
23, 0
10,2
10,2
10,2
9,4
3,2
9,0
6,2
—
—
_
_
-
1,0
O.05
0,05
0,05
O,0 5
•fraoxs
traaz5
-15
-11,5
-10
-11,5
-12
HA
-16
As above
Tab, loo
Temp. 22°C
POL VOX
0
-i
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,3
0,5
1,O
3.0
5,0
7,8
7,3
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,8
7.6
7.8
3,&
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,5
3,5
3,5
250
1Oo
60
50
50
50
50
25
2.5
25
25
25
25
25
26,0
15.2
11,4
1O,6
12.6
12,6
12,8
5,7
1,84
1,62
1,48
1,40
1,60
1.8O
0,80
0,30
on&
0,44
0,21
O,2S
0,35
-15
-16
-16
-15,5
-1
-------
fab. -102
1
22°C
CALGON WT-2570L
Z
o
\
1
3
L,
5
e
3
0,0
0,1
0,2,
0,5
1,O
3,0
5,0
4
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,8
5
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,5
7,6
7,6
6
3,6
3,6
3,6
5,5
3,5
3,5
3,4
7
250
250
200
100
80
50
40
8
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
9
25,0
17,0
-17,2
17.O
,6
3.6
5,6
3,5
3,5
3,5
250
50
30
20
20
20
20
25
25
20
20
15
15
13
25.O
1i,0
9,2
8,8
8,0
7,4
7,0
6,2
4,8
4,66
1,34
•1,12
4,08
1,04
io
0,52
0,32
0,11
O,OS
0,01
fraces
-15
-15,5
-16
-16,5
-15
-13
-M,5
As above
Tab.
24° G
ROKRYSOL WFH
6% solution
o
1
2
3
4
5
S
0,O
2,0
6,O
1O, O
2OO
60,0
1OO.O
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,S
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
3,6
3,5
3,8
3,5
3,5
3,4
3,4
250
4o
30
30
30
3O
2>O
25
20
20
20
2O
20
£0
25,O
8,0
8,4
9,0
9,6
9,8
•10,0
6,2
0,<3
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
1,O
O,O8
0,O8
0,08
0,0fi
O.O7
O,O7
-15
-16
-16,5
-14
-16,5
-16,5
-17,6
Ftoints 'HoBasdba*
Tqb, 105
24°C
ROKRY5OL WF-2
6% solution
o
-(
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
2,0
6,0
•10,0
20,0
60,0
100,0
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
Y,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
3,6
S,5
3,5
3,5
3,i
3,4
3,3
250
5O
5O
50
50
50
5O
25
25
25
25
25
25-
25
25,0
1O.O
1O,8
-11,4
12,0
12,0
12,2
6,2
0,74
0,74
0,74
O,74
O,74
0,74
1,0
O,12
0,12
0,14
0,4A
0,12
0,17
-15
-14,5
-l(S,5
-13
-15,5
-17
-18
As above.
•(50
-------
ROKRYSOLWF-3
6% solution
Tab. 107
23°C
ROKRY50L WF-5
o
-I
2
•2>
.4
5
6
O,o
2..0
£,O
10.0
ZO,O
60,0
1OO.O
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,6
7,8
5,6
3,5
3,5
3,5
•5,4
3,4
3,4
250
40
30
30
3o
20
20
25
2o
2o
20
20
15
10
23,0
8,2
6,6
9,6
8,6
9,0
9,0
5,7
0,46
0,33
O,32
O,26
0,23
O,2o
o,e
0,11
0,11
"traces
traces
O,O
O,o
-15
-14
-13,5
-1i
-<1,6
-1O.O
-8,5
As above.
Tab. 10&
Temp, 22°C
GIGTAR
7-8% solution
o
4
2
3
4
5
6
O,0
2,0
6,O
10,O
20,0
£>O,O
100. 0
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,6
7,6
7,8
7.6
7,8
3,6
250
not*
25
ckzno
25,0
tad
5,7
O.8O
-
teints 4 to 5
as above.
Coagulation within
the ranges of tested
samples did not
occurred.
Tab. 109
Cagulanf
\
Temp. 23°C
CALGON
M-5O2
Nr
1
0
4
2
3
4
5
6
II
3
0,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
O;5
0.5
0,5
-Jl-
°-l?
4
7,8
5,0
6,0
7.S
9,0
-IO.O
1-1.0
1_ 3
I U 0>
GH- R
5
7,8
5,3
6,5
7,9
6,8
9,3
1O,7
-?
•if
cS^
6
3,6
0,2
0,7
3,5
4,O
2,5
3,5
tf>
«
7
-17,0
17,0
17.O
no
16,0
6,6
3,5
-?
5?
£ °-
t 0-
I-J ^-i-'
/ —
e «
250
20
20
20
20
20
10
-M
l_ 0-
0 --•
SI
-Sv
9
25
20
20
20
20
40
5
CJ
P 0
o?
u,a
10
23,0
6,0
8.8
6,2
8,2
^_8,4
8,0
-guS
II
11
5,7
0,62
0,62
0,&8
o,sg
0,86
0,17
.- &
_p_.~,
I^JE
&e$
12
0,8
O,2fe
O,25
O,OB
O.49
O.39
traces
1*
_g c
t2>^
13
-15
-14
-12,5
-14,5
-17
-22,6
-24,5
Remarks
14
1 Mine waters after
2hre of sediment.
2,Bapid mi'xino 2'
S.Slow rnixing 2o'
4.Seo|imanfo]ti'on 2O1
5. CO.D. denoted in
filtrated of aarnpl.
6-TbpH proof radinq
wenzusizcl : HCL
-(H; NaOH 2,5m
151
-------
Tab. HO
A
2>°C
CALGON
M-502
2
o
•I
2
3
4
5
6
3
o.o
0,5
0,5
O,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
k
7, a
5,p
6,0
7,8
3,0
1O(0
MiO
5
7.6
LS,2
6,f
7,6
8,2
9, A
40.8
&
3,6
0,3
0,5
3,5
4,2
2,6
3.6
7
•(7,0
17,1
•(6,3
•17,0
15,8
7,1
3,6
&
250
10
10
2O
20
fO
10
9
25
15
15
r 2o
20
15
1O
10
23.0
7,8
8,O
8,2
8,0
8,2
7, S
•M
5,7
2,08
1,80
1.2O
0,92
o,GA
0,52
*2
0,8
O.SO
0,52
0,40
O,2o
rraoas
fraces
13
-15
-14
-15
-45,5
-14
-22,5
-25
44.
Asdbovfi,.
Tab.
16° C
CALGON
M-502
0
\
2
5
A
&
6
O,0
0,5
0,5
O,5
O,5
0,5
0,5
7,8
5,0
fi,O
7,8
9,0
1o,o
HO
7.8
5,4
fc.S
8,0
8,3
9,3
10,6
3,£
o,2
0,6
3,6
41
2,7
4,0
17.O
17,0
17,1
no
16,1
6,4
3,7
25O
10
20
2O
10
10
10
25
10
15
20
15
15
5
23,0
6,2
&,2
8,6
S,A
8,2
8,0
5,7
1,2)
1,10
0,86
o,ee
0,70
0,20
0,8
o.Ao
0,2>2
0,12
0,O5
ircices
fracas
-15
-14
-12)
-14
-17.5
-22,5
-23,5
As> above
S SERIES
Tab.
Coaqulant
1
Tczrnp. 2O°C
CALGON M-502
Mr
2
o
1
2
3
4
5
e
w t
<0 CL
0 Q-
3
0,0
0,1
0,3
O,5
1,0
3,0
50
^ 3
^ nO1
n 4= Q
S 0
_D ixi'no| 2'
3,S]ow mixi'ng 2O'
^.Sedfmentaf. 2o'
5. C.O.D, denoted in
filfrafed samples
20 °C
CALGON M-590
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
-0,-t
0,3
o,S
1,0
3,0
5,0
8,0
6,0
6,0
6,0
8,0
8,0
S.O
Points -\ fo 4
as qbove,
5, Not denofed lack
of -t-urbfclify
reduction.
152
-------
Tab.
\
2O°C
POLYHALL 650
2
o
1
2
3
A
5
G
5
O,o
0,1
0,5
O,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
U
6,2
8,2
8,2
8,2
8,2
6,2
8,2
5
6
7
8
9
-------
4
Fc2/S04/5.
. n H2O
2
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
0,0
5,0
4O,O
2O,O
3o,o
4o,o
50.O
4
8,0
6,0
8,O
8,0
6,0
8,0
S,o
•>
3,0
7,8
7,7
7,7
7,5
7,2
7,O
6
4,5
4,0
•5,6
3,4
3,0
2,7
2,5
7
3OO _,
25O
20O
loo
50
2O
•10
6
20
20
20
2O
20
45
-(5
9
76,0
20,0
12>,£
-M.3
6,0
5,0
A,o
10
8,0
l,4o
1,20
1,00
0,3c
O,1&
o,og
u
•1,50
1,00
O,80
Q,
-------
APPENDIX F
KONIN-PATNOW MINE WATER
155
-------
5 SECIES
Tab.
Coagulant
4
Tamp. 23°C
CALC3UM
Nr.
2
D
4
2
i
M.
5
£
^?
_^
!oT
JO D-
D •£>
8
ZOO
2oo
loo
50
30
45
5
oS
°i.
O.CL
9
9,2 n
£,0
6,2
6,0
6,0
5,0
A, 8
^>
C £
S.^
10
-23,0
-16,0
-15,5
-15,0
-14,0
-9,0
-3,0
«
S^
•Hfe
5^
-M
18,6
13,3
7,6
5,8
5.9
6,1
8,6
Remark &
<2
i Mine water after 2hrs of
sedfmenfafion.
2.Capid mixing 2'
5, 5low mixing 2O'
4, Sizdimizntatibn 2O'
5, C.O.D. determined in
fi'lfenzd ofF samples.
6. Calcium employed in
a from of whitewash
•1 m 1 - 20 mg
Tab.
22°C
CAUGON M-5O2
o
4
2
i
/.
5
G
o.o
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
O,5
0,5
7,7
5,0
6,O
7,7
9.0
1O,0
11,O
7,7
5,2
20O
4o
30
30
20
16
10
9,0
7,0
£>,&
6,8
6,8
72_j
7,0
-23,0
-13,5
-18,5
-14,5
-11,5
-17,5
-16,0
18r7
16,7
18,5
16,2
15,2
5,3
2,0
Points -from \ +o <3
as above.
Tab. -122
8°C
CALGON M-5O2
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
O,O
0,5
0,5
O,5
O,5
0,5
0,5
7,7
5,0
6,O
7,7
9,0
10,O
11,0
7,7
5,1
6,1
7,6
8,0
3,5
40,8
(S.7
1,3
3.6
4,6
4,2
3,9
5,4
25
40
9
10
6
4
4-
200
4o
50
30
15
10
40
9,0
7,2
7,0
7,0
6,8
6,9
7,0
-23,0
-14,0
-2O,0
H8,0
H6.0
-21,5
-27,5
18,7
48,6
48,7
<7,8
14,8
5,1
3,2
Points frorn 1 to S
as above.
156
-------
Tab. 123
4
15°C
CAL6ON M-5O2
2
o
1
2
3
k
5
6
•*>
0,0
0,5
0,5
0,5
O,5
O,5
O,5
u
7,7
5,0
6,O
7,7
9,0
10,0
11,O
5
7,7
5,1
6,2
7,7
6,4
9,6
10,8
6
6,7
2,0 '
4,0
A, 8
4,2
.4,3
5,2
7
25
It
HO
8
6
7
4
6
2oo
ko
30
20
15
40
10
9
9,o
7:2
6,8
6,8
6,e>
7,2
7,2
10
-23,0
-17,0
-17,O
-16,5
-16,0
-2io
-23,5
U
18,7
18,6
•18,7
18,5
15,0
5, if
3,1
12 '
Points -from \ -ho 6
as abov<2..
Tab. 12A
1
POLY HALL 650
2
o
1
2
3
A
5
6
3
0,0
OA
0,2.
0,5
1,0
2>,0
5,0
^»
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
5
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,8
&
6,7
6,5
6 A
6,4
6,3
6,3
6,2
7
25
12
5
•b
3
A
6
8
250
120
7O
60
50
20
10
9
8,6
6,6
6,2
e,A
7,&
8,8
9,4
\Q
-23,0
-21,5
-16,5
-17,0
-22.0
-22,O
-14.O
HZ
Points from •) fo 6 as abova
Tab.
CALGON WT2570L
o
1
2
2>
4
5
6
0>0
1,0
•5,0
5,0
-10,0
•ba.O
5O,O
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,6
7,6
7,S
6,7
6,5
6,A
6,4
6,1
6,3
6,3
25
25
20
<6
1O
4
2
250
140
90
60
40
30
25
9,0
7,4
5,6
6,0
5,6
6,2
6.6
-23-0
H6,O
-15,O
-16,0
-14,5
-16,5
-15,5
1,Min
0,5
1,0
3,o
5,0
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,9
7,9
7,9
7,9
7,9
7,9
6,7
6,4
fe,4
6,4
6,3
6,2
&,2
25
25
25
17
15
17
17
250
100
90
90
80
60
BO
9,0
7,4
6,6
7,0
7,6
8,4
3,4
-23,0
-15,5
-18.0
-16,0
-16,0
-21,0
H7,O
Points from \ to 5 as above,
157
0 S EPA Headquarters Library
Mai! cede 3404T
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20460
202-566-0556
-------
Tab. 127
1
Temp. 22°C
CALGON M-503
2
o
1
2
5
4
5
6
3
0,0
4,0
5,0
5,0
10,0
10,0
5O.O
4
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,V
7,7
7,7
7,7
3
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
-
-
G
6,7
6,4
6,4
£,4
6,4
no1
not
7
25
15
9
5
5
marl'
mar!'
&
250
60
5O
40
4.0
^d
ed
9
9,0
e,4
5,8
5,2
5", 4
-
-
1O
-23,0
-17,0
-20,5
H5.0
-1-1,5
-
-
42
Points -from 4 to 5 as abova.
Tab. 128
22°C
POLYOX
0
-i
2
3
A
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,?>
o,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,9
7.9
7,9
7,9
7,9
7, "3
6,7
6,4
6,4
£,4
6,4
6,5
6,2
25
46
17
15
-12
10
8
250
70
70
50
50
50
feO
9,2
6,4
5.8
6,0
5,2
6,0
6,2
-23,0
-18,0
-18,0
-16,5
-48,0
-16,0
-18,0
Fbi'nts from •! fo 5 as above
Tab. 129
Temp. 23°C
ROKRYSOL WFH
o
4
2
5
4
5
6
O,o
1,0
3,0
5,0
4O,o
30,0
5O,O
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,7
7,7
6.7
£.5
6,5
6,4-
6,3
6,3
6,2>
25
18
12
40
8
6
7
200
400
70
5O
30
30
3O
9.e
6,8
6,4
6,6
6,4-
5,8
6,2
-23,0
-16,0
-17,5
--(6,5
-2O,0
-<8,o
-
IMi'ae waters after 2hrs of
sad i m e.nta-1-fon ,
2.Dapid mixing 2'
3, Slow mixing 20'
4. Sedfmentaffon 2O'
5, C.O.D.de+ermined m filtered
off sarnpies.
Tab, 130
.22°C
ROKRYSOL WF-3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
O,o
4,o
3.0
StO
10,O
5O,O
5O,0
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7.7
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
6,7
6,5
6,4
6,-2>
6,2
6,1
<2>,0
25
15
15
45
-13
15
7
2oo
430
60
50
50
30
30
9,0
7,8
8,8
7,4
6,0
6,0
6,2
-23,0
-45,0
HS.O
-15,5
-14,0
HB,5
-15,5
Tbints from \ iu 5 as above
158
-------
Tab
1
22°C
GI&TAR
2
o
'I
2
b
4
b
6
3
OcO
4,0
3,0
5,o
10,0
50,0
5o,O
A.
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
S
7,8
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,7
7,8
L 7,8
G
£,Y
e,s
6,4
G,3
G,2
6,1
e,o
7
25
IS
-I -I
•IO
9
•11
10
a
200
12O
YO
go
so
60
7O
I 9
9,0
6.8
6,4
6,4
6,8
7,2
7,0
1O
-23 o
-15,5
-16,5
H6.O
-45,O
-18,o
-
12
Fbi'irte from 1 to 5 as above
Tab.
23°C
CALGON M-502
o
1
2
2>
4
5
6
O,O
0,1
0,2,
0,5
1,0
i,0
5,0
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
7.9
7,<3
7,9
7,3
6,7
(5,5
6,4
(3,3
G,2>
6,2
6,2 n
25
15
10
S
8
7
10
2oo
2>o
SO
3o
30
So
30
9,2
5,2
5,4
5,8
6,0
6,2
6,0
-23,0
-•16,0
-15,0
-14,0
-16,6
-15,0
Hii.o
Ftoinfs> frorn 1 +o 5 as above
Tab-
Temp. 23 °C
CALGON M-5O2
o
1
2
•b
A
5
&
O,0
O,O5
O,1
O,2
O,3
O,/*
0,5
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,9
7,9
7,9
7,9
7,9
7,9
c
o a.
PA
5
0,0
0,3
o.-i
0,3
0,3
03
0,3
£~5
^1!
4
7,7
5,0
6,O
7,7-
9,0
1O,0
11,O
-rtjV
Stg
n8
5
7,7
B,k
G,2
7,7
^^L
9,8
10,8
jJ'
.SS1
8£
CQ
6
4,3
0,4
1,7
4.2
3.7
3,<
A,3
^T^
o e
0 a
o a
7t
20^
10
1O
IO
10
10
5
Turbidify
(ppnn)
8
2oo
10
10
10
<0
10
5
CJ
po
0?
o&
9
13.5
7,0
7,2
7,8
6,4
8,O
8,4
o
|i
c£^
10
-(8,5
-16,5
-14,5
-15,5
-•16,5
-22,5
-25,5
c?
T|
5£
11
16,6
16,8
46,8
16,7
13,5
A.1
2,7
Remarks
12
feints -from 1 fo 5
qs above
6,For+he pH correcfion
wos used HCI 1H
and NaOH 2,5n
159
-------
Tab,13>7
\
3°C
CALGON M-502
2
o
'I
2
2)
4
5
6
i
0,0
o,3
0,3
0,3
0*2,
0,3
0,3
/*
7,7
5,0
6.0
7,7
9,0
-(0,0
11,0
5
7,7
5,1
6,2
7,6
8,2
9,7
10, S
6
4,3
0,3
1,6
4,2
3,5
3,0
4,2
7
20
15
15
-10
10
1O
10
8
2oo
10
10
10
10
5
5
9
13,5
6,8
6.8
7,0
7,2
7-6
6,0
«>
H8-.5
H9.0
-16.5
H2>,0
-IS, 5
-21,0
-25,O
n
16,8
16,8
16,7
16,6
12,6
4,3
2,6
12
Poi'nts from -1 to 6
as above
Tab. 136
45°C
CALGON M-502
0
-i
2
1
4
5
6
0,0
0,3
0,3
0.3
0,3
0,3
0,3
7,7
5,0
G.o
7,7
9,0
10,0
14,0
7,7
5,2
6,2
7,7
8,0
9,6
10,7
4,3
0,5
1,9
4,4
3,8
3,2
4,3
20
15
1O
10
10
10
5
2OO
10
10
1O
10
10
5
13,2
7,0
7,2
7,2
7,6
8,O
8l2j
-18,5
-48.O
H6.O
H6.0
-16.5
-2<.5
-27,0
16,8
16,7
16, &
16,7
13,2
4,3
2,8
Poinfs from "f to fi
a 3 abo\/c;
Tab. -137
4
Temp. 22°C
CALGON M-503
2
o
-1
2
3
4
5
6
3
O,O
O,1
0,3
O/5
1,0
3,0
5,O
4
7.6
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
5
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
7,6
G
4,3
4,2
4,<
4,1
4,0
4,0
r 3,9
7
20
20
20
15
10
1O
5
&
2.OO
90
2O
15
10
10
10
9
i4,5
9,0
6,0
7,2
7,0
6,8
6A
4O
-18,5
-28,5
-215
-16,0
-17,5
-16,0
-13,0
«
1, Mine water after 2 hrs
of sedim&n'tetlion.
2. Rapid mixing 2'
3, Slow mixing 2o'
4, SedimentaHon 20'
5, C.o.D. determined in filtered
of samples.
Tab. 138
22°C
CALGON WT-257O L
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
o,i
0,3
0,5
f,0
3,O
5,0
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,8
7,8
7.6
4,3
4,-S
4,3
4,2
4,2
4,1
4,1
20
20
20
15
45
10
-------
Tab. 139
1
22°C
POLYHALL-650
2
o
1
2
i>
4
5
£
L 3
0,O
CM
0,3
0,5
iO
3,0
5,0
4 j
fv,?
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
5
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7.7
7.7
7,7
6
4,3
4?
42
AM
4,0
3,9
3,8
7
20
20
20
20
15
45
15
e
200
80
50
40
30
25
20
9
15,0
8,8
6,8
6,6
6,8
8,6
8,4
HO
-18,5
-18,0
-2o.o
-18,o
-19,0
-20, 0
-22,O
12
Points from -1 to 5 aa above .
Tab.
22°C
ROKRYSOLWF-3
0
4
2
3
4
5
6
O,o
0,12
0,56
O,6
1,2
3.6
6,0
f.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
77
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
43
4,3
4,3
4,2
4,2
4,2
4,2
2o
20
20
20
20
15
15
200
30
25
25
20
20
20
15,0
8,6
84
8,0
10,0
1O,O
10,2
-18,5
-16,0
-14.O
-17,0
-15,5
-15,5
-13,0
Points from 1 to 5 as above.
Tab.
Tamp. 22 °C
CALGON M-502
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
0,1
0,3
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,7
7,7
7.7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,9
4,3
4,2
42
41
4,0
4,0
4,0
20
2o
20
15
15
10
10
2oo
25
10
5
5
5
10
12,0
9,0
6,0
8,0
8,0
7,4
7,0
-16,5
-18,0
-16, 0
-14,5
-12,5
-15,5
-10, 5
1, Mine waters after 2hrs of
feed imanta Hon.
Z.Eapid mixinq 2'
3, Slow mi'xinq 20'
4, Sedimentation 20'
5. c.o.D. determined in filtered
off samples.
Tab. 142
22°C
POLYOX
o
\
2
3
4
5
6
0,O
O,l
0,5
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7.8
7,&
7,8
7,9
4,3
4,5
4.2
42
4,1
4,1
4,0
20
20
f5
15
15
15
15
200
30
3o
30
30
30
30
12.O
8.6
6,4
8,4
&,4
8,6
9,O
HS,5
-17,5
-<6.o
-18.0
-15,0
-17,5
-15.0
Points frorn \ to 5 as above.
161
-------
Tab. 143
\
22 °C
CALGON M-S8O
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
£
3
O,O
0,1
0,3
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,0
L,
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7 ~l
7,7
7,7
7,7
5
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,8
7,8
7,8
&
A, 3
4.2
4,2
4,1
4,1
40
4,0
7
20
2O
20
2O
20
20
20
£>
2OO
25
20
50
7O
<(OO
ISO
*
13,5
8.S
8,8
9,0
9,6
9,8
1O.O
1O
HS,5
-•(6,0
-16,0
-16,0
-16,o
-16,0
-(6,O
42
Points from 1 to 5 as above.
'3 SERIES
Tab. 1-44
Coagulant
1
Temp. 23 °C
CALGON M-5O3
Nr
2
O
4
2
3
4
5
6
- fl n'
D^
3
O,o
CM
0,3
0,5
1,0
3,0
5,O
«-^
T
O-'fi 0
^8
4
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,8
. 3
nit S
0 Q
5
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
_£>
0 ">•
cQ
6
6.5
6,5
6,5
6,4
6,3
6,1
6,2
_?
S E
•£ a
j2 ^_ .
7
250
6O
50
4o
20
30
30
#
0 C
0 §_
UA
8
25
25
25
20
20
20
15
OJ
-^
- Q.
U S/
9
16,0
8,2
7,8
7,2
7,0
7,0
7,2
o c£
o S'-1
1 ^a
-(0
O,60
O.30
0,20
0,16
0,16
0,12
0,12
Pff-
,E*^-
_ i_ r
D P5
-feft &~
fl rid
f— U^i
-«
0,15
O,1O
O.O6
0,O6
"traces
-fracas
traces
Remarks
12
4,Mi'ne waters after 2 hr
of sadiment
Z.Rapidmixinq 2'
3. Slow mixing 20'
4, Sedimentation 2o'
5, C.O.D. denoted in filtra-
ted Samples.
Tab, 445
23 °C
CALGON M-502
o
4
5
£
3
0,0
0,1
0,3
0,5
1.O
3,0
5,0
4
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
5
7.S
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,8
7,8
6
6,5
6,5
6,4
6,4
-------
1
23 °C
CALGON M-590
'i
o
l
2
3
4
5
6
'4
0,0
0,1
0,3
o,5
1.0
3,o
5,o
A
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7.8
7,8
7,8
5
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7.8
7.8
7,8
fi
6,5
6,5
6,4
6,4
6,3
6,3
6,3
7
250
120
too
90
8O
80
80
6
25
25
25
25
25
20
20
9
16.O
7,8
7,2
7,4
8,0
8,4
8,6
r~^-\
0,60
O,2o
0,18
0,16
O,-)6
O,14
0,16
•fl
0,15
0,09
o,oe
O.O8
o,oa
O.O6
o.os
12
As oibove
Tab,-146
23°C
POLYHALL 65O
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
O,0
0,1
0,3
0,5
1,O
3,0
5,O
7.8
V,6
7,6
7,8
7,6
V.8
7,8
7,S
7,6
7,S
7,8
7,8
7.5
7,8
6,5
6,A
fi,ii
6,3
63
G,2
250
120
too
So
So
4o
Ao
25
25
25
20
20
20
40
46,0
7,0
6,8
0,72
0,12
0,11
0,11
0,1-1
0,15
O.o
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
A5 aboviz
Tab .4 50
1
~temp.22,5°C
ROKRYSOl-WF-'l
6% Solution
2
0
1
2
3
A
5
&
3
O,O
2.0
S.O
1O.O
2O.O
GO.O
1OO,O
A
7.8
7.8
7,8
7,6
7,8
7.8
7,8
5
7,8
7,6
78
78
78
7,8
7,6
6
6,5
&,5
-------
•Tab.
1
23°C
ROKRY5OLWF-2
6% soluh'on
i
o
-1
2
3
4
5
6
5
0,0
2,0
6,0
•10,0
20,0
60,0
1OOiO
k
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
5
7,8
7,6
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,6
7,6
6
6,5
6,A
6,5
6,i
6,3
6,3
6,2
7
250
2OO
4.5O
1OO
70
50
50
8
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
9
46,0'
6,4
6,2
7,6
7,2
6,a
7,0
1(0
O.&o
0,26
0,20
0,16
O,H
0,14
0,1-1
4.1
O,<6
0,10
O,40
OilO
OiO4
0,01
0,01
-12
As above
Tab. 152
23°C
ROKRY50L WF-3>
6% Solution
0
4
2
3
4
5
6
0,0
2,0
6,0
1O,o
2O,O
6o,O
4OO.O
7,6
7,8
7,6
7,8
7,8
7,8
T,e
7,S
7,8
7,7
7,7
7.S
7,6
7.7
&,&
G,i
6,4
G,5
e,3
6,2
6,2
250
80
60
50
4o
SO
30
25
25
20
20
45
•15
45
16,o
8,0
7,6
7, A
7,0
6.6
5,8
0,&o
O.1&
0,16
0,11
0,10
0,08
0,0/t
O,1 5
O.O8
O,O 4
O,o£
O,o-f
o,ol
-traces
As abova
Tab. 153
2S°C
ROKRYSOL WF-5
6?o solufion
o
-1
1
3
4
5
&
O,O
2.0
6,0
I0,o
20,0
60,0
100,0
7,8
7,6
7.6
7.8
7,8
7.8
7.8
7,8
7,7
7,5
7,S
7,6
7,7
7.6
6,5
6,4
£,A
6.3
6,2
6,2
6,2
25o
4o
2o
45
20
20
30
25
20
^0
45
15
<0
40
16.O
6,2
5,6
6,0
4,6
5,2
4,6
O,6o
0,
-------
/PI TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(flease read JaUructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-099
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Purification of Waters Discharged from Polish
Lignite Mines
5. REPORT DATE
April 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
issuing date
7. AUTHOR(S)
Henryk Janiak
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Central Research and Design Institute for Open-pit
Mining, POLTETOR
51-6l6 Wroclaw, Poland
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE826
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
05-53^-3
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
September 197H-August 1977
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
exploit at ion of lignite deposits is linked with the necessity of lower-
ing the groundwater table and dewatering the mine of precipitation. A large percent-
age of the discharge waters requires purification prior to delivery of receiving
streams. The chief pollutants of these waters are the oxygen demand, and occasion-
ally high iron. Purification of these waters is limited, as a rule, to a reduction
in suspended matter and turbidity. The method most commonly used is sedimentation
in large sedimentation basins. For some difficult to purify mine waters and during
periods of adverse atmospheric conditions, this technology does not produce satisfac-
tory results. To improve sedimentation basin efficiency studies were conducted
utilizing flocculants. The dependence of purification on the length of fast mixing,
flocculant dose rates, and concentration of solutions employed were evaluated.
The laboratory results were verified in a pilot scale sedimentation basin. The scope
of the research included studies of the hydraulics of the sedimentation basin and
investigations of flocculant application. The relationships between the dose of floe
culant and time of retention and the reduction of suspended solids, turbidity, oxygen
demand and other chemical parameters were made. Results of pilot tests confirmed the
usability of cationic polyelectrolites in purification of mine waters.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Coal Mining
Sedimentation
Water Treatment
Industrial Waste
Hydraulics
Lignite
Water Quality
Poland
Sedimentation Ponds
Suspended Solids
Polyelectrolites
13B
2C
81
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
TTTTf!T.flgRTT?TTim
21. NO. OF PAGES
177
22. PRICE
U EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
165
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 — 657-060/1662
------- |