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  Afftf»W WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIFS • 18010 D PV 07/71
Water Quality  Criteria Data Book

            Volume 2


     Inorganic Chemical Pollution
           of Freshwater
      U.S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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        WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes
the results and progress in the control and abatement
of pollution in our Nation's waters.  They provide a
central source of information on the research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities in the Environmental
Protection Agency, through inhouse research and grants
and contracts with Federal, State, and local agencies,
research institutions, and industrial organizations.

Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications
Branch, Research Information Division, Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D. C. 20460.

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            Water Quality  Criteria  Data Book,  Vol. 2

           INORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF FRESHWATER
                       Arthur p. Little, Inc.
                            Acorn Park
                 Cambridge, Massachusetts   02140
                                for  the
                   ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                          Project #18010 DPV
                         Contract #14-12-538
                               July  1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $2.25

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              EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the EPA, and
approved for publication.  Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
                        ii

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                                  ABSTRACT
A survey of the literature dealing with inorganic chemical compounds was
conducted to obtain and reference data relevant to the establishment of
water quality criteria.  More than 5,000 publications were reviewed.
While nearly 300 inorganic species may exist in freshwater only 87 were
identified in the literature.  A wide distribution in concentrations in
potable and polluted water was found.

Data on acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity,
and teratogenicity of inorganic chemicals have been tabulated.  Because
of the design of most of these toxicological determinations, it is diffi-
cult to extrapolate from this data to human health.  This inability is
furthered in that the concentrations of many -materials in freshwater are
reported in terms of elemental analysis alone without reference to the
ionic or complex form of the material.  However, toxicity varies with the
complex ion and oxidation state.

Correlations have been made of minimum lethal oral dose versus maximum
concentrations reported in freshwater, and of minimum chronic toxic dose
versus maximum concentration reported in drinking water.  Examples of
inorganic species which approach a safety limit have been observed.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project No. 18010 DPV,
Contract  No. 14-12-538 under the sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
                                      iii

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                                 CONTENTS






Section




   I        Conclusions                                            1




   II       Recommendations                                        3




   III      Introduction                                           5




   IV       Methods and Approach                                   7




   V        Problems in Data Interpretation                        9




   VI       Inorganic Chemicals in Freshwater                     11




   VII      Toxicity of Inorganic Chemicals                      111




   VIII     Sources of Inorganic Chemicals in Freshwater         221




   IX       Quality Criteria                                     233




   X        Health Effects of Inorganic Chemicals in Freshwater  251




   XI       References                                           255




   XII      Index                                                275

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                      FIGURES
                                                      PAGE

Relationship between lethality and concentrations       , ,
reported in freshwater in the United States

Relationship between chronic toxicity and concen-
trations reported in drinking water in the United      246
States

Relationship between chronic toxicity and concen-      „,,.
trations reported in freshwater in the United States
                          vi

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                               TABLES
No.                    -                                        Page
I        Listing of potential inorganic pollutants in
         freshwater                                              13

II       Concentration of inorganic pollutants in freshwater     19

III      Mammalian acute toxicity of inorganic chemicals        113

IV       Mammalian chronic toxicity of inorganic chemicals      139

V        Carcinogenicity in mammals of inorganic chemicals      189

Va       Carcinogenicity in mammals of inorganic chemicals
         examined by routes of administration other than
         oral                                                   196

VI       Mutagenicity and teratogenicity of inorganic chem-
         icals                                                  215

VII      Sources of inorganic pollutants found in freshwater    222

Vila     Sources of inorganic chemicals                         224

VIII     Reported permissible concentrations of inorganic
         pollutants in freshwater                               235

IX       Ranking of reported acute minimum lethal oral doses
         in mammals                                             240

X        Acute toxicity ranking of inorganic pollutants in
         freshwater as determined by LD5Q in mammals using
         oral administration                                    241

XI       Ranking of reported oral threshold doses               243
                                 vii

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                                  SECTION I

                                 CONCLUSIONS
1.  A survey of available literature on inorganic chemical pollution of
water disclosed that 266 inorganic chemicals, because of solubility and
other properties, can potentially pollute fresh water.  Of these, 87 have
been identified as being present in fresh water.

2.  Although evidence which directly relates the presence of inorganic
chemicals in water with human health occurs more frequently with inorganic
chemicals than with organic chemicals, specific information as regards dose
is generally lacking.

3.  The reported sources of inorganic chemicals in freshwater  are, except
for a few used as pesticides, fertilizers and detergents, almost entirely
industrial and municipal in origin.

4.  Concentrations of chemicals in freshwater  in the US were reported
almost exclusively for basic elements.  Since health effects are dependent
upon the form of the elements reported, it is difficult to relate this in-
formation to health with any degree of certainty.  In addition, the toxicity
information available, though providing substantial detail, presented rela-
tively little information which would be useful in determining safety levels
for acute exposure and safety criteria for long-term exposure.  In particular,
data on chronic threshold or maximum "no-effect" doses are virtually non-
existent.  Some inorganic compounds at appropriate doses show beneficial
long-term effects.

5.  The proportion of inorganic chemicals which are carcinogenic is only
somewhat smaller than that for organic compounds (18% vs. 22.5%) and, like
organic chemicals, all compounds examined for mutagenicity are positive.  On
the other hand, the proportion of teratogenic inorganic chemicals is much less
than that for organic compounds (20% vs. 62.5%).

6.  Examination of the relationship between highest concentrations of in-
organic chemicals reported in water and lowest doeses of these reported to
have produced a lethal or a chronic effect show that not only is raw fresh-
water in some localities unfit for consumption, but also some drinking water
supplies are a hazard to health.

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                                 SECTION ~II

                               RECOMMENDATIONS


As it has been noted in the Abstract, factual information upon which quality
criteria of water can be rationally based is generally lacking in the litera-
ture.  Thus, while it is not possible to make specific recommendations concern-
ing new threshold or permissable limits of inorganic chemicals in freshwater,
we believe it important to say a few words under this heading concerning the
need for directed toxicological investigation designed to provide such inform-
ation.  It is our belief that only through a more directed accumulation of
such data will it be possible in the future to establish extensive, valid
water quality criteria for man.

If in fact it is desirable, as we believe, to discover and relate to man the toxicity
of those chemicals known to exist in freshwater  then it is axiomatic that
chronic toxicity data must be generated using that form of the inorganic mater-
ial present in water and a mammalian species to which that material should be
administered orally at reasonable concentrations.  We recognize that such a
research program would indeed be formidable, but it is also believed that in
its absence the continued accumulation of data on the concentration of toxic
chemicals in water will be ineffective insofar as the ability to use this data
in determining what water supplies may be safe for human consumption.

The generation of data relative to carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and terato-
genicity is a greater problem and, while we would recommend that a systematic
identification of these hazards be conducted, cost of such an undertaking make
it prohibitive except on a selected basis.  Unfortunately, such selection
usually results from publicity directed at a particular chemical species and,
since studies of carcinogenicity require an extended period of time, results
pertinent to question of safety usually result a number of years after the
initial concern.

We further recommend the summarizing and referencing of the world-wide liter-
ature on water quality criteria as it relates to radioneuclides in freshwater.
Such a report would seem a logical complement to the existing report on organic
chemicals in freshwater  and this report on inorganic chemicals in freshwater.

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                                SECTION III

                                INTRODUCTION
This report on the relationship between inorganic chemical pollution of
freshwater and health is an extension of the report entitled, "Water Quality
Criteria Data Book Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater," and
is, therefore, supplementary in nature.  Many of the general statements made
in the earlier report also apply in this instance.  This is particularly
true for the introduction, quality of the literature, and general remarks
referable to quality criteria.  On the other hand, the approach has been
different to the extent that since the inorganic chemicals consist of a
finite list of elements and their ionic forms, compounds and complexes, the
search for pertinent information was in large part directed by this listing.
The informational content in the two studies does differ somewhat.  For
example, the organic chemical study contains a much greater amount of chronic
toxicity information relevant to "no-effect" or "threshold doses."  Pertinent
foreign literature was generally lacking for inorganic chemicals, however.

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                                 SECTION IV

                            METHODS AND APPROACH
LITERATURE SEARCH

More than 5000 publications, the titles and abstracts of which appeared to
be pertinent, were collected.  Of these, 273 were found to have information
which could be used.  In carrying out the literature search, the sources
explored were essentially the same as those listed in the report entitled,
"Water Quality Criteria Data Book  Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of
Freshwater."  Where possible, only available, recent information was used.

QUALITY OF LITERATURE

As with the literature reviewed for "Water Quality Criteria Data Book
Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater," the quality of the
literature searched was not of high order.  Information concerning origin
of pollutant and its geographical location from the point at which the
sample was taken for study was rarely reported.  Descriptions of the waters
being investigated were generally lacking, while a large body of literature
was devoted to extensive examination of inorganic chemicals which have little
relationship to health but a pertinent relationship to the quality of water
for domestic and industrial purposes,  Toxicity information characterizing
dose relationships, which would be useful in arriving at quality criteria,
was also generally lacking.  Only a few chronic toxicity studies presented
information pertinent to the problem of determining health standards.  Car-
cinogenicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity studies rarely performed
dose-relationship investigations which are of considerable importance due
to the fact that measures to entirely eliminate such compounds from fresh-
water are not a practical possibility in a significant number of instances.
Therefore, we ought to know levels which can be tolerated with safety on a
long-term basis.  Nearly all the literature concerned with determinations
of inorganic chemicals in water failed to identify the form of the element
found.  This is of importance because of the high variability in toxicity
between different forms of the same element.

INFORMATION EXTRACTED

The concentrations of chemicals in water were obtained together with inform-
ation as to source and location.  Toxicity information including carcinogen-
icity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity was obtained along with available
data on duration, dose-effects, comparison of results with control data,
species of animals used, effects perceived, and other information likely
to be pertinent.  Where possible, only the oral route of administration
was considered; where this was not available alternative routes of administra-
tion were presented and denoted as such.  Toxicity data obtained with non-
mammalian species could be excluded from this report, as opposed to  the
organic chemical study in which data on fish was used because of the paucity
of pertinent mammalian data.

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                                  SECTION V

                       PROBLEMS IN DATA INTERPRETATION


It should be readily apparent that water contains a mixture of ions.  It is
logical to assume that the presence of diverse chemical species can either
potentiate or mitigate the toxicity of one particular constituent of inter-
est by causing further damage at the site of action, interferring with detox-
ification mechanisms, competing for the active site, competing for a trans-
port pathway, etc.  Unfortunately, toxicity data is collected entirely on
pure compounds, and the results of measurements of the water concentration
of potentially hazardous materials are usually reported in isolation.
Because of the lack of relevant data, we have had to ignore what may be an
important consideration.

In our previous report on organic chemical pollution of freshwater and health,
comments were made concerning the inadequacy of the analytical methods used
on water samples for tjtoe determination of the potential health effects of"
organic pollutants.  While most of these arguments apply to this study, further
emphasis should be placed on the importance of determining the true identity
of materials found in water.  As can be seen in Table II, in which the
concentration of inorganic materials found in water is listed, except for a
few materials such as bicarbonate, no statement is made concerning the ionic
form of the materials.  This is presumably the result of performing many of
these analyses by atomic absorption spectroscopy which does not differentiate
between various ionic forms.  However, in many cases just the parent elements
have been identified.  Since toxicity is based upon the various ionic species,
the data is of little value in applying pertinent toxicity information and
evaluating the hazards to health.

Both the ionic species with different oxidation numbers and the various
oxidized and complex forms of the elements are important.  A few examples
can best illustrate this consideration.  Chromium ion in the +6 oxidation
state shows a chronic toxicity when administered at 5 mg/l/day.  Chromium
with a +3 oxidation number, however, does not show any toxicity at this
dose level.  Tellurium with a  +6 oxidation number has been reported to be a
positive carcinogen.  However, tellurium with a +4 oxidation number has been
demonstrated in like experiments to be negative insofar as cancer producing
activity,is concerned.   Finally, in terms of acute toxicity, arsenite will
kill animals at a dose of 18 mg/kg of body weight.  However, arsenate ion is
more than 10 times less toxic, causing lethal effects at 238 mg/kg.  These ex-
amples should show the inportance of improving analytical methods to differ-
entiate chemical species if this data is to be applied to questions of human health,

In the study on organic pollutants, we dealt  extensively with the problem of
choosing model animal species.  The same consideration applies here.  For
instance, when niobium ion was tested in the mouse it was found to decrease
the growth rate but increase the longevity of the animal.  However, when
tested in the rat, the growth rate was significantly increased while the
longevity was decreased.  In neither species was survival affected.  In
trying to extrapolate to man, there is no basis for determing whether man
reacts like the rat or mouse.

                                      9

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In reviewing the literature, difficulty in making objective determinations
of toxicity are hindered by the increased publicity and speculation in the
area of the health hazard of pollutants.  ^Thus, the current strong emphasis
on mercury pollution has focused attention in that direction.  On the basis
of its concentration in water, mercury in water per se is much less of a
problem to human health than a number of other compounds found in the course
of this study.  The mercuric ion has been reported as being present mainly
in slit and not in water.  The high concentrations of mercury approaching
what might be toxic levels are never found in water but in hydrophobic
materials in which they can be concentrated (such as the flesh of fish),
Another area of speculation relates to the potential toxicity of nitrates
resulting from an interaction of this ion with secondary amines so as to
yield nitrosoamines with carcinogenic capability.  However, since such
reactions in dilute aqueous media remain in the realm of speculation, we
have not included information indicating nitrites  as toxic in this sense.

As opposed to the organic pollutants, some inorganic compounds appear to
be beneficial.  There apparently is an optimal level of fluoride at which
beneficial results are obtained.  The same is true of iodine.  Increasing
interest is being expressed on the association between cardiovascular
disease and the mineral content of water.  A definite correlation between
increased cardiovascular disease, bronchitis, and other causes of death
has been made with the calcium content of waters (35).  Such information
found in the literature, however, is not directly pertinent to the direction
of this study, but it has occasionally been included with data on the
toxicity of such materials.
                                     10

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                                 SECTION VI

                     INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN FRESHWATER


POTENTIAL INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER

Table I lists the non-radioactive inorganic pollutants which we believe
are of potentital concern in freshwater.  The list has been compiled from
among all those potential ions, salts, and organometallic compounds which
theoretically might be found in freshwater.  Specifically, only those compounds
which are both soluable and stable in water are included.  Since most inorganic
Compounds which are soluble in water ionize, the list is composed primarily of
ions.

Although an unlimited number of inorganic compounds theoretically exist, those
expected in freshwater are limited to those contained in this list.  The major
reason for this is that many inorganic compounds and organometallic compounds
do not occur in any significant extent in nature, nor are they involved in
industrial processes which would release them into freshwater.  Also, the long
list of salts to be found in various reference volumes are not pertinent to the
potential inorganic pollutants of freshwater.  As mentioned above, these salts
are either insoluble or they dissociate to ions in water such that those specific
combinations of cations with anions which yield salts are not relevant to water
pollution.

Even when one considers the ions alone, however,  most can be discounted from
being in water.  This is because most are laboratory curiosities which in the
presence of the hydrolytic and oxidative environment decompose upon solution.
Thus, most complex ions in dilute solution become simpler ionic species;
oxides become hydroxides, hydrides release hydrogen, etc.  Disproportionation
and neutralization reactions are also important.

Another factor to be considered is hydration effects.  Metals, for instance,
cannot be found as pollutants in freshwater but only in sediments.  Although
justification can be made for considering such sediments in suspension to be
part of the water and thus involved in health effects, we have not done so
here.  Thus, in the text and tables, an uncharged elemental chemical species
refers to an undefined ionic or other soluble form of the parent element.
Certain metals, of course, do become hydrated and ionized upon addition to water.
                                       11

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The reaction of metallic sodium to yield sodium ion in water is well known.
In this fashion we have considered only those forms of elements which would
be present in water and these are the inorganic chemicals which are listed
in Table I.  Thus, liquid bromine can exist dissolved in water.  Likewise,
oxygen gas can exist in water in a dissolved form.  However, with a gas such
as sulphur dioxide (802), the form found in water is the sulfite ion and it
is only 'this form of1 
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        TABLE I - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
Aluminum
   aluminum ion
Antimony
   stibous
   stibic
   triethylantimony

Argon
Arsenic
   arsenous
   arsenic
   arsenide
   metaarsenite
   arsenite
   metaarsenate
   arsenate
   cacodylate
   methylarsenate
   phenylarsenate
   arsine
   trimethylarsine
   tetramethyldiarsyl
Barium
   barium ion
Beryllium
   beryllium ion
Bismuth
   bismuthous
   bismuthic
Al
Al
Sb
Sb
Sb
As
As
As
As
As°
As(CH3)2
HasCH ~
C.-.H^AsO-
 65   3
As(CH3)3
Ba

Be
Be"
Bi
Bi"
Bi
  •+-H-
Boron
   boron ion
   metaborate
   peroxyborate
   borate
   diborate
   tetraborate
   pentaborate
   borotungstate
   organoborate
   trimethylboron
   decaborane
Bromine
   bromide
   bromate
   hypobromate
   bromaurate
   bromoplatinate
   bromoselenate
   bromostannate
   liquid bromine
Cadmium
   cadmium ion
Calcium
   calcium ion
Carbon
   carbonate
   bicarbonate
   carbon monoxide
   carbon dioxide
   carbonyl sulfide
   carbon disulfide
B2°5™
B4°7~~
B5°8~
BW12°40
B10H14
Br
Br~
Br°3~
BrO~
PtBr,
SeBr,
SnBr,
Cd
Cd^
Ca
Ca^
C
co;
HCO,
CO
co2
COS
cs,.
                                      13

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TABLE I -(CONT.)  -  LISTING  OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
Cerium
   cerrous
   cerric
Cesium
   cesium ion
Chlorine
   chloride
   hypochlorite
   chlorate
   perchlorate
   chloraurate
   chloroplatinate
   chlorostannate
   chloroplumbate
   chlorine gas
Chromium
   chromous
   chromic
   chromate
   peroxychromate
   dichromate
Cobalt
   cobaltous
   cobaltic
                  Ce
                  Ce

                  Cs
                  Cs4
                  Cl
CIO
cio3"
C104~
AuCl^
PtCl
SnCle
PbClf
Cl,
Cr
                      o
                  Cr
                  Cr04"
                  CtOg~
                  Cr20/
                  Co
Copper
cuprous
cupric
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Cu
Cu
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
                        Fluorine               F
                           fluoride            F
                           fluoborate          BF^
                           hexabluophosphate   PFg
                           fluorophosphate     P03I
                           difluorophosphate   P02I
                           fluosilicate        SiF(
                           fluoaluminate       A1F,
f luosulfonate
fluorine gas
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
ethylgermanium
oxide
Gold
aurous
auric
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
hydrogen ion
hydrogen gas
deuterium
Indium
lo dine
iodide
iodate
periodate
paraperiodate
iodine solid
S03F
F2
Gd
Ga
Ge

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     TABLE  I  (CONT.)  - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
 Iridium
 Iron
    ferrous
    ferric
    ferrocyanide
    ferricyanide
 Krypton
 Lanthanum
 Lead
    plumbic
    plumbate
 Lithium
    lithium ion
 Lutetium
 Magnesium
    magnesium  ion
 Manganese
    manganous
    manganic
    permanganate
    manganate
 Mercury
    mercurous
    mercuric
    ammonomercuric
    organomercurie
    diorganomercury
Molyb denum
   molybdic
   molybdate
   paramolybdate
   phosphomolybdate
Ir
Fe
FeH
FeH
Fe(CN)
Fe(CN)
Kr
La
Pb
      6
Li
Li
Lu
Mg
Mg'
Mn
Mn"
Hg
Hg
Hg(NH2)"
RHg+
Mo
Mo'
Neodymium
Neon
Nickel
nickelous
hexaminenickel
Nd
Ne
Ni
Ni^
Ni(NH3)6
Niobium
Nitrogen
   azide
   nitrite
   nitrate
   cyanide
   cyanate
   thiocyanate
   ammonium
   carbamate
   cyanaurate
   cyanocobaltate
   nitrogen gas
   nitrous oxide
   nitric oxide
   hydrazine
   hydroxylamine
Osmium
Oxygen
   peroxide
   hydroxide
   oxygen gas
   ozone
Palladium
Nb
N
V
N03~
CN~
OCN"
SCN"
Au(CN)(
Co(CN)
N2
N2°
NO
                                                     D
                                               Os
                                               0

                                               OH"
                                               °2
                                               °3
                                               Pd
PM°12°40"
                                     15

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     TABLE I  (CONT.) - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
Phosphorus
   metaphosphate
   hypophosphate
   phosphite
   phosphate
   pyrophosphate
   hypophosphite
   phosphine
Platinum
   platinic
Potassium
   potassium ion
Praseodymium
Radium
Rhenium
   perrhenate
Rhodium
Rubidium
   rubidium ion
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
   selenium ion
   selenide
   selenite
   selenate
Silicon
   metasilicate
   silicate
   disilicate
po3
p°r
P2°7~
HLPO,
Pt
Pt

K
K+

Pr

Ra

Re
Rh
Rb
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Se
Se
Se0
Si
Si0
Si0
Silver                 Ag
   argentous           Ag
   argentic            Ag
Sodium                 Na
   sodium ion          Na
Strontium              Sr
   strontium ion       Sr
Sulfur                 S
   sulfide             S
   sulfite
   sulfate
   thiosulfate
   hydrosulfite
   pyrosulfite
   dithionate
   pyrosulfate
   peroxydisulfate
   trithionate
   tetrathionate
   pentathionate
   sulfur dioxide
   hydrogen sulfide
Tantalum
Tellurium
   tellurate
   diethyl telluride   (C_
   dimethyl telluro-
     nium-dichloride   C-E
Terbium                Tb
Thallium               Tl
   thallium ion        Tl
Thorium                Th
so3
so4
s2o3-
S2°4"
S2°6
S2°8"
S3°6~
S4°6~
'S5°6~
so
Ta
Te
TeO,
                                     16

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TABLE I (CONT.) - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
                  R2Sn
                  Ti
                  W
Thulium                Tm
Tin                    Sn
   stannous            Sn
   stannic
   organostannic
   diorganostannic
Titanium
Tungsten
   tungsten ion
   tungstate           W0;
   phosphotungstate
Uranium
   uranous             u
                         i, I
   uranic              U
Vanadium               V
   vanadate            V0q
Xenon                  Xe
Ytterbium              Yb
Yttrium                Y
Zinc                   Zn
   zinc ion            Zn
Zirconium              Zr
                                 17

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CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER

Table II lists the concentrations of inorganic pollutants found in freshwater.
Where large amounts of detailed information were available, average or range of
concentations are given with dates over which determinations were made.  The
source of the chemical is given where this information was available,  together
with the location where the sample was obtained.  No attempt was made in search-
ing through the literature to assess the quality of the quantitative results.
Techniques used by different investigators, sampling methods, and the sensitiv-
ity of analytical procedures were not assessed.  In almost every instance,  the
agent cited was the essential element, with no description of the ionic form
included.  Therefore, it is difficult to relate the reported concentrations to
health because toxicity is dependent upon the ionic, salt, or complex forms of
the element.
                                         18

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  AGENT
                      SOURCE
                                                      LOCATION
                                      CONCENTRATION (ing/I)
                              REFERENCE
Aluminum
  Al
New Jersey Surface water
  1) spring flow
  2) summer flow
                                                                                 0.09-0.33
                                                                                 0.08-0.31
                   1968
                                                                    241
              Industrial waste, mine
                drainage
              Weathering of rock
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin

Yellowstone R. near Sidney, Mont.
Mean Positive:
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
  Fla.
                                                                           La.
                                                                           La.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
  Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village
  Alaska
0.028 1962-67
0.022
0.117
0.030
0.141
0.056
0.018
0.017
0.213
0.068
0.050
0.333
0.030
0.063
0.015
0.011
                                                                                             2.760
                                                                                          (max. cone.)
                                                                    Ill
    0.073-2.550

    0.462-1.640
    0.012-0.153
    0.082-0.238
    0.225-0.775
    0.281-1.050
    0.084-0.818

    0.060-1.110
    0.027-0.102
    0.082
     1958-59
                                                                                                               111
47,58

-------
    AGENT
       SOURCE
                                                          LOCATION
                                   CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                REFERENCE
  Aluminum
  (cont.)
KJ
o
  Antimony
    Sb
Weathering of rock

Weathering of rock and
  acid waters
Weathering of rock
Streams in California

North Atlantic Slope Basins
  (max. at Potomac R. at
  Kitzmiller, Md.)
Average:  0,015

       0.0-6.2
                                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                                   1964-65
                                Ohio R. Basin (max. at Trade-         0.0-21.0
                                  water R. at Olney, Ky.)
                                St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at        0.0-1.3
                                  St. Louis R. at Scanlon, Minn.)

                                Missouri R. Basin (max. at Cedar      0.0->6.0
                                  Creek near Columbia, Mo.)
                                Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.     0.0-2.9
                                  Basins (max. at Chippewa R, near
                                  Milan, Minn.)
                                                 California Gulch and Arkansas  R.  at   <0.0025-11.6  1964-65
                                                   Malta,  Colo.  (max.  at  California
                                                   Gulch)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
  at Walnutport, Pa. - 1950)

Principal rivers of U.S.
                                                                                       0.0-1.7
                                                                                  1945-66
    None detected  1958-59
                                                 Selected drinking water supplies
                                                   in:
                                                 Delaware
                                                 New York
                                                 Pennsylvania
                                                 Kentucky
                                                 Maryland
                                                 North  Carolina
                                                 Virginia
                                                 West Virginia
                                                 Alabama
                                                                 <0.0100-<0.0200  1962-63
                                                                 <0.0030-<0.0400
                                                                 <0.0100-<0.0200
                                                                 <0.0090
                                                                 <0.0070-<0.0080
                                                                 <0.0050-<0.0100
                                                                 <0.0060-<0.0100
                                                                 <0.0200
                                                                 <0.0030-<0.0300
222

178



179

179


180

180



181



180


47,58



  44

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Antimony
(con t.)
SOURCE
                                 LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington


<0.0100-<0.0200 1962-63
<0.0030-<0.0200
<0.0060-<0.0300
<0.0070
<0.0080-<0,0100
<0.0200-<0.0300
<0,0200-<0.0400
<0.0020-<0.0200
<0.0100-<0.0300
<0.0200-<0.0300
<0.0200-<0.0300
<0.0300-<0.0500
<0.0040-<0.0100
<0.0100-<0.0300
<0.0300-<0.0400
<0.0250-<0.0350
<0.0500-<0.0700
<0.0200
<0.0200-<0.0500
<0.0400-<0.0500
<0. 0200-0. 1000
<0.0090-<0.0200
<0.0600
<0.0100
<0.0200-<0.0400
<0.0800
<0.0090-<0.0700
<0.0020
<0.0080
<0. 0020-0. 0200
REFERENCE
                                                                                                                  44

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Arsenic
  As
SOURCE
               Laundry detergent dis-
                  charge into sewage
                  system

               Mineral rock; waste
                  from industry and
                  mining activity;
                  residues from
                  pesticides
LOCATION
                    Kansas R.  at Lawrence
                    Kansas R.  at Topeka

                    Kansas R.  and Lawrence R.

                    Kansas R.

                    Northeast  Basin
                    North Atlantic Basin
                    Southeast  Basin
                    Tennessee  R. Basin
                    Ohio R. Basin
                    Lake Erie  Basin
                    Upper Mississippi R.  Basin
                    Western Great Lakes Basin
                    Missouri R.  Basin
                    Lower Mississippi R.  Basin
                    Colorado R.  Basin
                    Western Gulf Basin
                    Pacific Northwest Basin
                    Great Basin
                    Alaska Basin

                    Maumee R.  at Toledo,  Ohio
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                           0.003
                           0.008

                           0.002-0.010

                           0.002-0.008
                1970
                1970

                1970
                       Mean Positive:  0.034 1962-67
                                      0.047
                                      0.035
                                      0.050
                                      0.066
                                      0.308
                                      0.069
                                      0.037
                                      0.123
                                      0.091
                                      0.053
                                      0.022
                                      0.068
                                      0.020
                                      0.034

                                      0.336
                                   (max.  cone.)
REFERENCE

   132
   168,36

     9

     7

   111
                                                                              None detected
                    Principal rivers of U.S.

                    Pacific Slope Basins in Washington     0.0-0.01
                      and Upper Columbia R.  Basin (max.
                      at Tolt R. near Carnation, Wash.)

                    Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and     0.0-0.01
                      Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
                      Walla Walla R. near Touchet,
                      Wash.)
                    Snake R. Basin                         0.0
                                             1958-59

                                             1964-65



                                             1964-65
                              111


                                47,58

                               183



                               183



                                183

-------
 TABLE H(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
   AGENT

 Arsenic
 (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
U>
                    Selected drinking water supplies
                      in:
                    Connecticut
                    Maine
                    Massachusetts
                    New Hampshire
                    Vermont
                    Delaware
                    New York
                    Pennsylvania
                    Kentucky
                    Maryland
                    North Carolina
                    Virginia
                    W. Virginia
                    Alabama
                    Florida
                    Georgia
                    Mississippi
                    South Carolina
                    Tennessee
                    Illinois
                    Indiana
                    Michigan
                    Ohio
                    Wisconsin
                    Iowa
                    Kansas
                    Minnesota
                    Missouri
                    Nebraska
                    North Dakota
                    South Dakota
                    Louisiana
                    New Mexico
                    Oklahoma
                    Texas
                    Colorado
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                              <0.010
                              <0.010

                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              <0.010
                              0.000-<0.010
                                                                                                   1962-63
                                                                                                                REFERENCE
                                44

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Arsenic
( con t.)
        SOURCE
                                        LOCATION
Barium
  Ba
Weathering of rock;
  brines from oil
  well wastes
              Weathering of rock;
                brines from oil
                well wastes
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin

Coosa R. Below Rome, Ga.
                            Apalachicola R.  at Blounstown,
                              Fla.
                            Atchafalaya R.  at Krotz Springs,
                              La.
                            Colorado R. at  Yuma, Ariz.
                            Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
                            Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
                            Mississippi R.  Near Baton Rouge, La.
                                       CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
                                                                                 <0.010-0.010
                                                                                 <0.010
                                                                                 <0.010
                                                                                 <0.010
                                                                                 <0.010-0.020
                                                                                 <0.010

                                                                                 <0.010
                                                                                 <0.010
                                                                                 1962-63
                               REFERENCE
                                   44
Mean Positive:
 0.021 1962-67
 0.025
 0.026
 0.025
 0.043
 0.042
 0.039
 0.015
 0.063
 0.090
 0.060
 0.067
 0.027
 0.042
 0.041
 0.017

 0.340
(max.  cone.)
                                  Ill
                                       0.021-0.042

                                       0.043-0.132

                                       0.128-0.152
                                       0.033-0.048
                                       0.028-0.060
                                       0.072-0.127
                      1958-59
                                                                                                               111
                      47,58

-------
   TABLE II  (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
     AGENT

   Bariuir
   (cont.)
       SOURCE
Weathering of rock,
  brines from oil
  well wastes
                   Weathering of rock,
                     brines from oil
                     well wastes
                                       LOCATION
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
  Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
  Assunpink Creek at Trenton, N.J.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)        REFERENCE

   0.047-0.075  1958-59        47,58

   0.009-0.056
   0.024-0.038
   0.026-0.109
                                                                      0.010-0.150  1964-65        178
to
Ul
                           Selected drinking water supplies
                             in:
                           Connecticut
                           Maine
                           New Hampshire
                           Vermont
                           Delaware
                           New York
                           Pennsylvania
                           Kentucky
                           Maryland
                           North Carolina
                           Virginia
                           West Virginia
                           Alabama
                           Florida
                           Georgia
                           Mississippi
                           S. Carolina
                           Tennessee
                           Illinois
                           Indiana
                           Michigan
                           Ohio
                           Wisconsin
                           Iowa
                           Kansas
                           Minnesota
                           Missouri
                                              0.005     1962
                                              0.0020
                                           0.0040-0.0060
                                              0.0060
                                          0.0050-<0.0100
                                          <0.0006-0.0800
                                           0.0020-0.0400
                                              0.0300
                                           0.0060-0.0130
                                         <0.0010-<0.0030
                                          0.0100-<0.0230
                                              0.0200
                                           0.0008-0.0800
                                           0.0030-0.0080
                                          <0.0007-0.0190
                                              0.0300
                                           0.0130-0.0300
                                           0.008-0.0300
                                           0.0200-0.0300
                                          <0.0050-0.0400
                                           0.0020-0.0200
                                           0.0050-0.0900
                                           0.0030-0.0100
                                          <0.0040-0.0200
                                          <0.0070-0.1000
                                          <0.0030-0.0030
                                           0.0100-0.0900
                                                                                                                      49

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Barium
(cont.)
        SOURCE
            LOCATION
Beryllium
  Be
Effluent from atomic
  reactors, metal-
  lurgy, aircraft,
  rocket and missile
  fuel industries;
  weathering of
  mineral beryl
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

Drinking water

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin

Monongahela R. at Pittsburgh, Pa.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)        REFERENCE
                                                                                  0.0070-<0.0090  1962-63        44
                                                                                  <0.0060-<0.0090
                                                                                  0.0200-3.0000
                                                                                  <0.0050-0.0710
                                                                                  0.0250-0.0500
                                                                                  0.0030-0.0090
                                                                                  0.0200-0.2000
                                                                                  <0.0020-0.0200
                                                                                  <0.0100-0.0100
                                                                                  <0.0020=0.0100
                                                                                  0.0050=0.0400
                                                                                  0.0140-0.1230
                                                                                  <0.0020-0.0700
                                                                                  <0.0005
                                                                                  0.0220
                                                                                  0.0050
                                                                                  0.0020-0.0600
                               238

                               111
    0.00001-0.0007

Mean Positive: 0.0002  1962-67
               0.00012
               0.00005
               0.00016
               0.00028
               0.00017
               0.00005
               0.00023
               0.00002
                                                                                             0.00122  1962-67    111
                                                                                             (max.  cone.)

-------
TABLEII (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
_ AGENT

Beryllium
 (cont.)
       SOURCE
Weathering of mineral
  beryl
                                     LOCATION
                Weathering of  rock
Apalachicola R. at Blounstown,
  Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
  La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
  La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
  Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento,
  Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village,
  Alaska

Streams in California

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.
  at Delaware R. at Trenton, N.J.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch, Arkansas R.
  and a few minor streams (max.
  at California Gulch at Malta,
  Colorado)

Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
  CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)

0-<0.000058    1958-59

0-<0.00022

   0.0
   0.0
   0.0
   0.0

   0.0

   0.0

   0.0

   0.0

None detected

<0.00005-<0.0024 1964-65


 0.0-<0.040
                                                                                 0.00000
                                                                                 0.00000

                                                                                 0.00000-<0.00001
                                                                                <0.00001
                                                                                <0.00070-<0.00100
                                                                                <0.00002-<0.00100
                                                                                <0.00001-<0.00100
                                                                                <0.00004
                                                                                  1962-63

                                                                                  1962-63
                                                                      REFERENCE
47,58
                                                                                                  222

                                                                                                  178


                                                                                                  181
                                                                                                                   44

-------
   TABLE n (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  _ AGENT

  Beryllium
    (cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
00
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington
  CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.00001
<0.00003
<0.00002
<0.00010
<0.00002
<0.00002-
<0.00001
<0.00003
<0.00001
<0.00004
<0.00010
<0.00010-
<0.00001
<0.00t)05
<0.00003
<0.00010
<0.00020
<0.00020
<0.00007
<0.00020
<0.00100
<0.00030
<0.00005-
<0.00100-

-------
 TABLE II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
   AGENT

 Bismuth
   Bi
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
Weathering of rock
                 Weathering of rock
N3
Principal rivers of U.S.

Streams in California

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch and Arkansas I
  at Malta, Colorado (max. at
  California Gulch)

Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
 CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

 None detected   1958-59

 0.0006-0.0008

<0.00026-<0.020  1954-55
REFERENCE

   47,58

   232

   181
 0.0000
(0.0003
CO.0003
(0.0008
(0.0070-
(0.0020-
(0.0004-
(0.0040
(0.0010-
(0.0030-
(0.0020-
(0.0100
<0.0020-
(0.0020-
(0.0010-
<0.0030-
(0.0010-
<0.0040-
<0.0100-
<0.0100-
<0.0010-
<0.0050-
<0.0020-
<0.0100
<0.0200
<0.0020-
<0.0070-
<0.0200-
                                                                          <0.0100
                                                                          <0.0200
                                                                          <0.0300

                                                                          <0.0030
                                                                          <0.0050
                                                                          <0.0060

                                                                          •<0.0100
                                                                          <0.0100
                                                                          <0.0100
                                                                          •<0.0100
                                                                          •<0.0030
                                                                          •<0.0060
                                                                          •<0.0150
                                                                          •<0.0200
                                                                          •<0.0100
                                                                          •<0.0160
                                                                          -<0.0100
                                                                                           •<0.0060
                                                                                           •
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Bismuth
(cont.)
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
Boron
  B
Large masses of boron-
  bearing rock

Weathering of boron-
  bearing rock; waste
  from cleaning
  operations
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

California
                                        Northeast Basin
                                        North Atlantic Basin
                                        Southeast Basin
                                        Tennessee R.  Basin
                                        Ohio R.  Basin
                                        Lake Erie Basin
                                        Upper Mississippi R. Basin
                                        Western  Great Lakes Basin
                                        Missouri R.  Basin
                                        Lower Mississippi R. Basin
                                        Colorado R.  Basin
                                        Western  Gulf Basin
                                        Pacific  Northwest Basin
                                        California Basin
                                        Great Basin
                                        Alaska Basin

                                        Colorado R.  at Yuma, Ariz.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                <0.0100-<0.0200
                                                                                <0.0300
                                                                                <0.0400-<0.0100
                                                                                <0.0100-<0.0250
                                                                                <0.0200-<0.0300
                                                                                <0.0030-<0.0500
                                                                                <0.0050-<0.0100
                                                                                <0.0300
                                                                                <0.0050-<0.0070
                                                                                <0.0080-<0.0250
                                                                                <0.0090-<0.0400
                                                                                <0.0040-<0.0400
                                                                                <0.0010
                                                                                <0.0020
                                                                                <0.0040
                                                                                <0.0010-0.0080

                                                                                     100
                                                                                    1962-63
                 REFERENCE
                                44
                                      Mean Positive:
                  1962-67
0.032
0.042
0.029
0.024
0.067
0.210
0.105
0.019
0.154
0.131
0.179
0.289
0.030
0.143
0.084
0.028
                                                                               1.800
                                                                             (max.  cone.)
                                                                        257
                                                                        111
                                                                                                   111

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
                       SOURCE
                                     LOCATION
Boron
      .)
Weathering of rock
                Weathering of rock
Apalachicola R, at Blounstown,
  Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
  La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. at Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
  La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
  Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village,
  Alaska

Colorado R. Basin (max. at Virgin
  R. at Littlefield, Ariz.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Calif, (max.
  at Cache Creek near Capay, Calif.)

Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
  (max. at Humboldt R. near Rye Patch,
  Nev.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington and
  Upper Columbia R. Basin (max. at
  Colville R. at Kettle Falls, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
  Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
  at Hooper, Wash.)

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Raritan R. at Manville, N.J.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
  of Mexico Basins (max. at Choctawhat-
  chee R. near Newton, Ala.)
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)^
0.005-0.011

0.014-0.019

0.034-0.052
0.0039-0.011
0.009-0.020
0.0061-0.029

0.0016-0.017

0.0098-0.025
0.0043-0.016
0.011-0.013


0.0-1.0

0.0-4.8


0.0-0.6


0.0-0.15


0.0-0.12


0.0-0.09


0.006-0.57

0.0-0.22
1958-59
                            REFERENCE

                                47,58
                                                                                  1964-65
                                                                                                  1964-65
               182




               183


               183


               183


               183


               178

               178

-------
   TABLE II (CONT.)  - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

   Boron
   (cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
u>
to
                  St. Lawrence R. Basin (max.  at
                    St. Louis R. at Scanlon, Minn.)

                  Missouri R. Basin (max.  at Horse
                    Creek near Vale, S. Dak.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
                    Basin (max. at Mission Bay of
                    Devils Lake near Devils Lake,
                    N. Dak.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max.
                    at Cottonwood R. near Plymouth,
                    Kans,)
                  Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
                    at Rio Grande at El Paso,  Tex.)

                  Illinois surface waters (max. at
                    Kaskaskia R. at Shelbyville-
                    1960)

                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

0.02-0.26     1964-65
                                                                                      0.0-1.3

                                                                                      0.0-6.5




                                                                                      0.0-3.1


                                                                                      0.0-0.74


                                                                                      0.0-0.7
              1964-65
              1964-65
              1956-66
REFERENCE

   111


   180

   180




   181


   181


    86
                                                                                      0.090
                                                                                      0.060
              1962-63
                                                                                                                      44
                                                                                      0.050
                                                                                      0.050
                                                                                      0.070-
                                                                                      0.000-
                                                                                      0.040-
                                                                                      0.170
                                                                                      0.010-
                                                                                      0.020-
                                                                                      0.030
                                                                                      0.120
                                                                                      0.020
                                                                                      0.020
                                                                                      0.020
                                                                                      0.020
                                                                                      0.020
     -0.060
      •0.140
      •0.140
      •0.150

      -0.110
      -0.060
      -0.380
       0.210
       0.120
       •0.110
       0.740
      -0.090

-------
TABLEII (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Boron
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Bromine
  Br





























Rainfall, combustion
of leaded gasoline
containing ethy-
lene dibromide





Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Lake Superior, Mich.
Lake Superior tributaries
Lake Michigan
Lake Huron
St. Glair R.
Lake St. Glair
Detroit R.
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario


0.070-0.110 1962-63
0.090-0.110
0.020-0.150
0.000-0.100
0.020-0.140
0.030-0.090
0.120-0.150
0.170
0.020-0.030
0.060-0.100
0.080-0.210
0.120-0.200
0.080-0.210
0.030-0.740
0.030-0.090
0.150-0.170
0.030-0.560
0.070-0.130
0.170-0.210
0.050-0.120
0.020-0.080
0.020-0.620
0.030-0.500
0.020
0.040
0.040
0.000-0.100
0.007-0.033 1969
0.005-0.260
0.011-0.021
0.013-0.029
0.019-0.039
0.045-0.055
0.020-0.028
0.020-0.054
0.038-0.077
                                                                                                               REFERENCE
                                                                                                                   44
                                                                                                                  239

-------
     TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
       AGENT

     Cadmium
       Cd
        SOURCE
Electroplating plants;
  weathering of ores
                                        LOCATION
LO
•e-
                    Weathering of rock
                    Weathering of rock
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Packfic Northwest Basin
Great Basin

Cuyahoga R. at Cleveland, Ohio


Principal rivers of U.S.

Streams in California

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch, Arkansas R.
  and a few minor streams (max,
  at California Gulch at Malta,
  Colo.)

Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
Alabama
Florida
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive: 0.005 1962-67
0.003
0.005
0.007
0.050
0.006
0.005
0.002
0.010
0.005
0.001
REFERENCE
111
                                                                                                 0.120
                                                                                                (max.  cone.)
                                                              None detected

                                                              None detected

                                                                  0.0-<0.100
1958-59
1964-65
111


 47,58

222

181
                                                                                       0.0000
                                                                                       0.0001
                                                                                       <0.0001
                                                                                       0.0003
                                                                                       <0.0030-<0.0050
                                                                                       <0.0010-<0.0100
                                                                                       0.0001-<0.0120
                                                                                       <0.0030
                                                                                       <0.0010-0.0020
                                                                                       <0.0020-<0.0030
                                                                                       <0.0010-<0.0040
                                                                                       <0.0060
                                                                                       <0.0008-<0.0080
                                                                                       0.0005-<0.0050
                                                                                     1962-63
                                                                                                                      44

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Cadmium
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                     <0.0010
                                                                                     <0.0020
                                                                                     <0.0020
                                                                                     <0.0020
                                                                                     <0.0050
                                                                                     <0.0050
                                                                                     <0.0006
                                                                                     <0.0030
                                                                                     <0.0005
                                                                                     <0.0060
                                                                                     <0.0100
                                                                                     <0.0010
                                                                                     <0.0040
                                                                                     <0.0100
                                                                                     <0.0060
                                                                                     <0.0200
                                                                                     <0.0010-
                                                                                     <0.0060-
                                                                                     <0.0100-
                                                                                     <0.005  •
                                                                                     <0.002Q.
                                                                                     <0.0200
                                                                                     <0.0030-
                                                                                     <0.0040
                                                                                     <0.0020
                                                                                     <0.0030
                                                                                      0.0007
                                                                                     <0.0040
                                                                                     <0.0020
                                                                                     <0.0006
                                       <0.0050
                                       •<0.0060
                                      - 0.0030
                                       -<0.0040
                                       -<0.0080
                                       -<0.0100
                                       -<0.0050
                                       -<0.0080
                                       -<0.0090
                                       - 0.0090

                                       -<0,0030
                                       -<0.0070

                                      -<0.0090

                                       •<0.0050
                                       •<0.0130
                                       •<0.0200
                                       •<0.0300
                                       •<0.0060

                                       -<0.0040
                                       -<0.0130
                                       -<0.0030
                                       -<0.0200
                  1962-63
                                                                                        REFERENCE
44
                                      -<0.0050

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
Calcium
 Ca
                       SOURCE
                                                     LOCATION
                Bozeman City Sewage
                  Treatment Plant;
                  slaughter house
                  and stockyard,
                  etc.,  Montana

                Weathering of rock
 Surface waters  in U.S.
 Surface waters  in 98 U.S. rivers

 Drinking water  of 163 U.S. metro-
   politan  areas

 New Jersey surface waters:
   1)  spring flow
   2)  summer flow

 New Jersey surface waters - Big
   Flat Brook:
   Calcareous -  Site 1
   Acidic - Site 2

 Platte R..  near Venice, Neb.
 Platte R.  at Ashland9 Neb.
 Elkhorn R.  at Q Street} Neb.

 Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.
   (various locations along river
   from sources of pollution)
Colorado R. Basin (max. at
  San Rafael R. near Green
  River, Utah
Pacific Slope Basins in California
  (max. at Salinas R. near
  Spreckles, Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
  Lake, Utah (max. at Kennecott
  Drain near Magna, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at Garb Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
    CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

      8.5      Aug.  1961
     28.0     Sept.  1961
     37.0      Oct.  1961
     84.0           1961

     11-408         1961

Average: 31.1    1950-51
                                                                                    1.0-18.3
                                                                                    0.9-31.3
    35.0
    11.2

    46.8             1969
    54.0             1969
    55.6             1969

Range: 1.90-2.10
REFERENCE

   133




   155

   206



   241



   241




    39



   227
Range: 20.0-441.0 1964-65
                                                                                    2.8-131.0
                                                                                    4.8-451.0
                                                                                    2.0-52.0
                                    182
                                                                                                                  182
                                    182
                                    182

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Calcium
  Ca
  (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon
                    and Lower Columbia R. Basin
                    (max. at Walla Walla R. near
                    Touchet, Wash.)
                  Snake R. Basin (max, at Snake R.
                    at Heise, Idaho)
                  Alaska (max. at Tanana R. near
                    Tanacross, Alaska)

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max,
                    at Little Schulykill R. at S.
                    Tamaqua, Pa.)
                  South Atlantic Slope and Eastern
                    Gulf of Mexico Basins (max. at
                    Shark R. near Homestead, Fla.)

                  Ohio R. Basin (max. at Salt Fork
                    near Cambridge, Ohio)
                  St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at
                    Fairville Creek at Fairville Sta.,
                    N.Y.)

                  Missouri R. Basin (max. at Cedar Creek
                    near Columbia, Mo.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
                    Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
                    near Lakota, N. Dak.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
                    Apishapa R. near Fowler, Colo.)
                  Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
                    at Colorado R. near Ira, Tex.)

                  Illinois surface waters (max. at
                    Beaucoup Creek near Matthews-1964)

                  Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Nesquehoning
                    Creek near Nesquehoning, Pa.-1945)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                               2.0-53.0



                               6.8-54.0

                               1.6-38.0


                               0.4-224.0


                               0.04-1910,0



                               0.6-203.0

                               4.0-226.0
                                                                                    9.6-374.6
                                                                                    0.7-64.0
                1964-65
                                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                    4.2-445.0      1964-65

                                                                                    20.0-531.0



                                                                                    1.2-539.0      1964-65

                                                                                    5.0-1320.0
                                              1956-6
                                              1945-66
REFERENCE

   183



   183

   183


   178


   178



   179

   179



   180

   180



   181

   181


    86


   130

-------
   TABLEII  (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
     AGENT
   Calcium
                          SOURCE
            LOCATION
oo
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
 8.5 -
 3.2

 3.6-4.0
 15.0
 18.0-23.0
 5.0-77.0
 26.0-42.0
 31.0
 7.2-30.0
 12,0-14.0
 10.0-28.0
 46.0
 5.6-22.0
 20.0-36.0
 8.0-24.0
 1.2-41.0
 3.2-9.0
 25.0-39.0
 29.0-54.0
 45.0-77.0
 15.0-36.0
 22.0-42.0
 19.0-57.0
 16.0-48.0
 34.0-76.0
 14.0-18.0
 23.0-48.0
 40.0-67,0
 27.0-35.0
 25.0-66.0
 1.6-23.0
 34.0-81.0
 26.0-47.0
 10.0-89.0
 11.0-207.0
 54.0-56.0
 15.0-17.0
                                                                                                    1962-63
                                                                      REFERENCE
                                                                                                                      44

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Calcium
(cont.)
       SOURCE
                                     LOCATION
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Carbon
  C
Bozeman City Sewage
  Treatment Plant;
  slaughter house
  and stockyards,
  etc., (Montana)
Carbonate ion   Weathering of rock
  co3=
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R»
  (various locations along rivers
  from sources of pollution)
                         Colorado R. Basin (max. at Yellow
                           Creek near White River, Colo.)
                         Great Basin excluding Great Salt
                           Lake (max. at Jordan R. at Salt
                           Lake City, Utah)
                         Pacific Slope Basins in California
                           (max. at Salinas R. near Spreckles,
                           Calif.)
                         Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
                           and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
                           at Flathead R. at Columbia Falls,
                           Mont.)
                         Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
                           Lower Columbia R. Basin (max.  at
                           Columbia R. at Washougal, Wash.)
                         Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R.
                           at King Hill, Idaho)

                         North Atlantic Slope Basins
                         South Atlantic Slope Basins
                         Ohio R. Basin (max. at Great Miami
                           R. at Elizabethtown, Ohio)
                         St.  Lawrence R. Basin  (max. at Maumee
                           R. at Toledo, Ohio)
38.0-81.0
41.0-99.0
8,8-35.0
0.8
12.0 -
13.0
6.4-32.0

38.00-63.90
                                                                                   0.0
                                                                                   Q..O
                                                                                   0.0-11.0

                                                                                   0.0-18.0
                                                                                                 1962-63
                                                                                               REFERENCE
                                                                                                                   44
                               227
                                          0.0-1Q2.0      1964-65

                                          0.0-13.0


                                          0.0--49.0


                                          0.0-80.0



                                          0.0-1.0


                                          0.0-6,0
                                                         1964-65
                               182

                               182


                               182


                               182



                               182


                               182


                               178
                               178
                               179

                               179

-------
TABLE II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION  OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT	

Carbonate
 (cont..)
       SOURCE
Weathering of rock
                                     LOCATION
Bicarbonate
  ion
 HCOr
                Bozeman City Sewage
                  Treatment Plant;
                  Slaughter house
                  and stockyards,
                  etc., (Montana)

                Weathering of rock
 Missouri R. Basin (max.  at Knife
   R. near Golden Valley, N. Dak.)
- Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi
   R, Basins (max. at Souris R.
   near Verendrye, N. Dak.)

 Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
   Arkansas R. at Arkansas City, Kans.)

Surface water of 98 U.S.  cities

 Drinking water in 163 metropolitan
   areas of U.S.

 Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.
   (various locations along rivers
   from sources of pollution)
                         Colorado R.  Basin (max.  at Yellow
                           Creek near White River, Colo.)
                         Pacific Slope Basins  in  California
                           (max. at Salinas R.  near Spreckles,
                           Calif.)
                         Great  Basin  excluding  Great  Salt  Lake
                           (max. at Goggin Drain  near Magna,
                           Utah)

                         Pacific Slope Basins  in  Washington
                           and  Upper  Columbia R.  Basin  (max.
                           at Crab  Creek  near  Smyrna, Wash.)
                         Pacific Slope Basins  in  Oregon and
                           Lower Columbia R. Basin  (max. at
                           Walla Walla R.  near  Touchet,  Wash.)
                         Snake  River  Basin (max.  at Boise  R.
                           at Notus,  Idaho)
                         Alaska (max.  at  Tanana R. near Tana-
                           cross, Alaska)
                                           CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
             REFERENCE
0.0-39.0 1964-65
0.0-32.0
180
180
                                                                   0.00-24.0


                                                                   14-242

                                                                Average: 98.1


                                                                   3.23-4.72
1961

1950-51
181


155

206


227
                                            42.0-1600.0    1964-65

                                            8.0-792.0


                                            19.0-408.0



                                            12.0-379.0    1964-65


                                            11.0-254.0


                                            29.0-278.0

                                            16.0-157.0
                182

                182


                182



                183


                183


                 183

                 183

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH
  AGENT

Bicarbonate
  (con*-)
       SOURCE
             LOCATION
Weathering of rock
 Cerium
   Ce

 Cesium
   Cs

 Chlorine
   Cl
 North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.
   at Cobbs Creek near Upper Darby,
   Pa.)
 South Atlantic Slope and Eastern
   Gulf of Mexico Basins (Phillippe
   Creek near Sarasota, Fla.)
 Ohio R. Basin (max.  at Great Miami
   R. at Middletown,  Ohio)
 St.  Lawrence R.  Basin (max. at Tru-
   mansburg Creek at  Trumansburg,
   N.Y.)

 Missouri R. Basin (max. at Bitter
   Lake near Wauboy,  S. Dak.)
 Hudson R. and Upper  Mississippi R.
   Basins (max, at East Devils Lake
   near Hamar, N. Dak.)

 Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
   at Chambers Creek  near Corsicana,
   Tex.)
 Lehigh R. Basin (max, at Monocacy
•   Creek at Bethlehem, Pa.-1963)

 Principal rivers of  U.S.
                         Principal rivers of U.S.
                         Lake Superior
                         Lake Superior tributaries
                         Lake Michigan
                         Lake Huron
                         St. Clair R.
                         Lake St. Clair
                         Detroit R.
                         Lake Erie
                         Lake Ontario
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

0.0-2630.0     1964-65


0.0-452.0


0.0-344.0

0.0-382.0



0.0-2630.0     1964-65

71.0-1950.0
                                                                   0,0-434.0
                                                                   0.0-208.0
                                                                                                  1964-65
                                                                                                  1945-66
                                                                                   None detected  1958-59
                                           None detected  1958-59
                                           0.5-2.8
                                           0.4-8.3
                                           44.0-56.4
                                           4.3-5.7
                                           16.0-82.0
                                           19.0-22.0
                                           6.8-51.0
                                           13.0-24.0
                                           23.0-24.0
REFERENCE

   178


   178


   179

   179



   180

   180



   181


   130


    47,58


    47
                               239
                               239
                               239
                               239
                               239
                               239
                               239
                               239
                               239

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
Chloride ion
SOURCE
                                                     LOCATION
                Sewage discharge
                Highway deicing
                Municipal and indus
                  trial pollution

                Weathering of rock
                  New Jersey surface waters
                    1) spring flow
                    2) summer flow

                  New Jersey surface water
                    Big Flat Brook :
                    Calcareous - Site 1
                    Acidic - Site 2

                  Santa Anna R.  at Prado  Dam

                  Platte R.  near Venice  Neb.
                  Platte R.  near Ashland'  Neb.
                  Elkhorn R. at  Q Street  ' Neb.

                  Surface waters of 98 U.S.  rivers

                  Surface waters of U.S."  rivers
                  Drinking water for 163 metropolitan
                    areas of U.S.

                  Seven Maine rivers
                  Lower Detroit R.
                  Colorado R.  Basin (max.  at Dolores R.
                    near Cisco,  Utah)
                  Pacific Slope  Basins in Calif,  (max.
                    at Salt Slough near Los Banos,
                    Calif.)
CONCENTRATION (mg_/_l)_
                                                                                    8.5-20.0      1968
                                                                                    6.7-15.5
                                                                                    11.5
                                                                                    4.0
89-152

6.8
6.8
10.1

1-702

5.5
8.0
10.0
83.0

20.1
              1952-68
                                                                                                 1961

                                                                                            Aug.  1961
                                                                                           Sept.  1961
                                                                                           Oct.   1961
                                                                                                 1961
                                                                                                 1950-51
July <0.5-7.1 1965-67
Oct. <0.5-7.8
Apr. <0.5-3.8

 7-70
  1.0-1840.0    1964-65

  0.0-524
                                                                                       REFERENCE
                               241
                                                                                                                 241
 12

 39
 39
 39

155

133
                                                                                                                  206
                                                                                            95
182

182

-------
TABLEII  (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Chloride
 (cont.)
       SOURCE
Weathering of rock .
                                     LOCATION
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
  Lake  (max. at Goggin Drain near
  Magna, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
  Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R, Basin (max. at Snake R, at
  King Hill, Idaho)
Alaska  (max. at Anchor R. at Anchor
  Point, Alaska)

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Byberry Creek at Philadelphia, Pa.)
South Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Shark R. near Homestead, Fla.)

Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tuscarawas R,
  at Newcomerstown, Ohio
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max, at Grand R.
  at Painesville, Ohio)

Missouri R. Basin (max. at Saline R. at
  Wilson Dam, Kans.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
  Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
  near Lakota, N. Dak.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
  Bayou Funny Louis near Trout, La.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max. at
  Mission R. at Refugio, Tex.)

Illinois surface waters (max. at Bonpas
  Creek at Browns-1964)

Lehigh R. Basin (max. as Asquashicola
  Creek at Palmerton-1964)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

0.0-3420.0     1964-65


0.2-60.0


0.5-30.0


0.0-26.0

0.4-5.7


0.0-970.0      1964-65

0.5-21,900.0


0.2-1290.0     1964-65

0.0-7220.0


0.0-2030.0     1964-65

0.6-12,600



0.6-17,200.0   1964-65

0.1-36,900.0


1.0-1350.0     1956-66
                                                                                   0.5-49.0
                                                                                  1945-66
REFERENCE

    83


    83


    83


    83

    83


   178

   178


   179

   179


   180

   180



   181

   181


    86


   130

-------
TABLE H(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Chloride
 (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Selected drinking water  supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New Jersey
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North  Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W.  Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South  Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North  Dakota
                  South  Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                       REFERENCE
                                                             44
                                                                                   3.8
                                                                                   4.0
                                                                                   18.0
                                                                                   3.6-4.0
                                                                                   6.0
                                                                                   33.0-38.0
                                                                                   6.0
                                                                                   3.7-42.0
                                                                                   7.0-23.0
                                                                                   6.5-26.0
                                                                                   6.5-15.0
                                                                                   7.0-8.0
                                                                                   11.4-32.6
                                                                                   43.0
                                                                                   2,0-12.8
                                                                                   9.0-46.0
                                                                                   5.3
                                                                                   27.0-50.0
                                                                                   3.6-9.5
                                                                                   4.0-31.0
                                                                                   14.0-25.0
                                                                                   7.0-31.0
                                                                                   2.0-50,0
                                                                                   7.0-45.0
                                                                                   7.0-9.0
                                                                                   11.5
                                                                                   28.3-83.0
                                                                                   3.5
                                                                                   15.0-16.0
                                                                                   15.0
                                                                                   16.0
                                                                                   112.0
                                                                                   7.0

                                                                                   130.0-143.0
                                                                                   10.0-461.0
                                                                                   6.0-35.0
                                                                                   45.0-50.0
                                             1962-63

-------
  TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT
  Chloride
   (cont.)
                         SOURCE
                                                       LOCATION
  Chromium
    Cr
Industrial waste
Ui
                  Industrial waste
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at Issaquah Creek near Issaquah,
  Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin (max.  at
  Columbia R. below McNary Dam,
  near Umatilla, Oreg.)
Snake R. Basin

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
  Elizabeth R. at Elizabeth, N.J.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch, Arkansas R.  and
  a few minor streams (max. at Calif-
  ornia Gulch at Malta, Colo.)

New Jersey surface water
  1) spring flow
  2) summer flow

New Jersey surface water
  Big Flat Brook;
  Calcareous - Site 1
  Acidic - Site 2

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
                                                                   CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
5.0-7.1        1962-63
8.0-50.0
68.0-605.0

5.6
5.0

1.5-3.9

0.0-0.02       1964-65
                                                                   0.0-0.02



                                                                   0.0

                                                                   0.0002-0.350    1964-65


                                                                   0.0-<0.100      1964-65
                                                                      REFERENCE
                                                                                                                     44
                               183



                               183



                               183

                               178


                               181
                                                                                                    1968
                                                                                     0.001-0.003
                                                                                     0.011-0.025
    0.002
    0.002

Mean Positive:
                                                                              0.014 1962-67
                                                                              0.006
                                                                              0.004
                                                                                                                    241
                                                                                                                    241
                               111

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Chromium
(cont.)
        SOURCE
Industrial waste
            LOCATION
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R.  Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R.  Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin

St. Lawrence R. at Massewa, N.Y.
                                           Apalachicola R.  near Blounstown,
                                             Fla.
                                           Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                                             La.
                                           Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                                           Columbia R. above Dalles,  Oreg.
                                           Hudson R. at Green Island,  N.Y.
                                           Mississippi R. at Baton Rouge,  La.
                                           Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,  Ala.
                                           Sacramento R. at Sacramento,  Calif.
                                           Susquehanna R. at Conowingo,  Md.
                                           Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

                                           Selected drinking water supplies
                                             in:
                                           Connecticut
                                           Maine
                                           New Hampshire
                                           Vermont
                                           Delaware
                                           New York
                                           Pennsylvania
                                           Kentucky
                                           Maryland
    CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
  0.006  1962-67
  0.007
  0.012
  0.007
  0.006
  0.017
  0.016
  0.016
  0.025
  0.006
  0.015
  0.004
  0.009

  0.112  1962-67
(max.  cone.)
                                                                  REFERENCE
                                                                     111
                                                                  0.0022-0.0078

                                                                  0.0024-0.030

                                                                  0.010-0.024
                                                                  0.0092-0.020
                                                                  0.015-0.040
                                                                  0.0026-0.084
                                                                  0.0019-0.0068
                                                                  <0.00072-0.0070
                                                                  0.0013-0.0045
                                                                  0.0023-0.0070
                                                                   0.0000
                                                                   0.0001
                                                                   <0.0001-<0.0002
                                                                   <0.0004
                                                                   <0.0010-<0.0020
                                                                   <0.0003-<0.0040
                                                                   <0.0002-<0.0080
                                                                   <0.0009
                                                                   <0.0010-<0.0020
                                                         1958-59
                                 111


                                  47,58

                                  47,58

                                  47,58
                                  47,58
                                  47,58
                                  47,58
                                  47,58
                                  47,58
                                  47,58
                                  47,58

                                  44

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION  OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT_

Chromium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                   <0.0005-0.003
                                                                                   <0.0006-<0.0020
                                                                                   <0.002
                                                                                   <0.0003-<0.0030
                                                                                   <0.0010-0.0020
                                                                                   <0.0003-0.0110
                                                                                   0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                   <0.0007-<0.0020
                                                                                   <0.0008-<0.0010
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0030
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0100
                                                                                   <0.0002-0.0030
                                                                                   <0.0020-0.0080
                                                                                   <0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0030
                                                                                   <0.0030-<0.0050
                                                                                   <0.0007-0.0010
                                                                                   <0.0010-<0.0020
                                                                                   <0.0030-<0.0040
                                                                                   <0.0030-<0.0040
                                                                                   <0.0050-<0.0070
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0040
                                                                                   <0.0050-<0.0060
                                                                                   <0.0040-<0.0050
                                                                                   <0.002-<0.0080
                                                                                   <0.0009-<0.0020
                                                                                   <0.0060
                                                                                   <0.0010
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0050
                                                                                   <0.0040-<0.0080
                                                                                   <0.0009-<0.0070
                                                                                   <0.0002
                                                                                   0.0040
                                                                                   <0.0008
                                                                                   <0.0003-0.0100
                                               1962-63
                                                                                        REFERENCE
                                                              44

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Chromium
(cont.)
        SOURCE
Industrial waste
                                        LOCATION
Cobalt
  Co
Weathering of rock
               Weathering of rock
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and UPper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at Spokane R. near Otis Orchards,
  Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin
Snake R. Basin

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin

Allegheny R. at Pittsburgh, Pa.
                            Apalachicola R. near  Blounstown,
                              Fla.
                            Atchafalaya R.  at  Krotz  Springs,
                              La.
                            Colorado  R.  at  Yuma,  Ariz.
                            Columbia  R.  above  Dalles, Oreg.
                            Hudson  R.  at Green Island, N.Y.
                            Mississippi R.  near Baton Rouge,
                              La.
                            Mobile  R.  at Mt. Vernon  Landing,
                              Ala.
                            Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
                            Susquehanna R.  at  Conowingo, Md.
                            Yukon R.  at  Mountain  Village, Alaska
                                       CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.1
1964-65
                           REFERENCE
                                                                                                183
0.0
0.0
Mean Positive: 0.014 1962-67
0.009
0.001
0.019
0.033
0.018
0.011
0.008
0.036
0.011
0.008
0.048
(max. cone.)
183
183
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111

                                       0.0-<0.00075

                                       0.0-0.0052

                                       0.0
                                       0.0-<0.0011
                                       0.0-<0.0013
                                       0.0-0.0058

                                       0.0-<0.00089

                                       0.0-<0.0033
                                       0.0-trace
                                       0.0-trace
                 1958-59
                                          Vermont  rivers
                                           65  streams  in California
                                           North  Atlantic Slope Basins (max.
                                            Passalc R.  near Chatam,  N.J.)
                                                              Detected
                                                              at
                                                         1964-65
                47,58

                47,58

                47,58
                47,58
                47,58
                47,58

                47,58

                47,58
                47,58
                47,58

               273

               222

-------
TABLE H(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION  OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Cobalt
 Co
 (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
                    California Gulch, Arkansas R.
                    and a few minor streams  (max.
                    at California Gulch at Malta,
                    Colo.)

                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
CONCENTRATION (tng/D
                                                            0.0-0.112
                                            1964-65
                                                                                                                REFERENCE
                                                                                            181
                                                                                                                    44
                                                                                    0.0000
                                                                                    <0.0001
                                                                                    <0.0001-
                                                                                    <0.0004
                                                                                    <0.0030-
                                                                                    <0.00'06-
                                                                                    <0.0002-
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0040
                                                                                    <0.0005-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0007-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0020-
                                                                                    <0.0020-
                                                                                    <0.0050-
                                                                                    <0.0004-
                                                                                    <0.0020-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0,0040-
                                                                                    <0.0070'
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0030-
                                                                                    <0.007Q.
                                                                                    <0.0060
                                                                                    <0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0090
                                            1962-63

                                      •<0.0002

                                      •<0.0050
                                      •<0.0080
                                      •<0.0240

                                      •<0.0020
                                      •<0.0030
                                      -<0.0030

                                      -<0.0050
                                      -<0.0050
                                      XO.OOSO
                                      -< 0.0060
                                      -<0.0070
                                      -<0.0030
                                      -<0.0080
                                      -<0.0100
                                      -<0.004
                                      -<0.0080
                                      -<0.0060
                                      -<0.0060
                                      -<0.0100
                                      -< 0.0030
                                      -<0.0050
                                      -<0.0090
                                      -<0.0090

                                      -<0.0050
                                      -<0.0060
                                      i-<0.0100

-------
TABLE II  (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Cobalt
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Copper
 Cu
                Corrosive action of
                  water on copper
                  and brass tubing;
                  Industrial efflu-
                  ents; herbicide;
                  weathering of rock
                  Selected drinking water  supplies
                    in:
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  New Jersey surface waters
                    1) spring flow
                    2) summer flow

                  New Jersey surface water
                    Big  Flat Brook :
                    Calcareous -Site 1
                    Acidic *- Site  2

                  Northeast Basin
                  North  Atlantic Basin
                  Southeast Basin
                  Tennessee R. Basin
                  Ohio R.  Basin
                  Lake Erie Basin
                  Upper  Mississippi R.  Basin
                  Western Great Lakes Basin
                  Missouri R.  Basin
                  Lower  Mississippi R.  Basin
                  Colorado R.  Basin
                  Western Gulf Basin
                  Pacific Northwest Basin
                  California Basin
                  Great  Basin
                  Alaska Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
                                                             44
                                                                                   <0.0050-<0.0300
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0060
                                                                                   <0.0100
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0030
                                                                                   <0.0040-<0.0130
                                                                                   <0.0040-<0.0200
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0100
                                                                                   <0.0005
                                                                                   <0.0090
                                                                                   <0.0020
                                                                                   <0.0004-<0.0020
                              Q.013-0.020
                              0.022-0.030
                                                                                   0.016
                                                                                   0.022
                                               1962-63
                 1968
                          Mean Positive:
           0.015 1962-67
           0.017
           0.014
           0.011
           0.023
           0.011
           0.014
           0.007
           0.017
           0.019
           0.010
           0.011
           0.009
           0.012
           0.012
           0.009
                                                            241
                                                                                                                  241
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111
   111

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Copper
(cont.)
       SOURCE
Corrosive action of
  water on copper
  and brass tubing;
  industrial efflu-
  ents; herbicide;
  weathering of rock
                                     LOCATION
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
  Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
  La.
Colorado R, at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
  La.
Mobile R. at Mt.  Vernon Landing,
  Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at N. Fork Stillaquamish R. near
  Arlington, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
  Walla Walla R.  near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
  at Hooper, Wash.)

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Raritan R. at Stanton, N.J.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch, Arkansas R. and  a
  few minor streams (max. at California
  Gulch at Malta, Colo.)
CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)

0.0021-0.0051    1958-59

0.0036-0.010

0.0085-0.0088
0.003-0.027
0.0045-0.044
0.0069-0.074

0.0027-0.028

0.0014-0.014
0.0051-0.105
0.0025-0.0063

0.0-0,10         1964-65
                                                                                   0.01-0.05
                                                                                   0.01-0.05
                                                                                   0.0008-0.340     1964-65
                                                                                   0.0-7.0
                                         Streams in California
                                         Monongahela R,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.
                                                               Average:   0.018

                                                                   0.28
                                                                  (max.  cone.)
                                                            1962-67
REFERENCE

    47,58

    47,58

    47,58
    47,58
    47,58
    47,58

    47,58

    47,58
    47,58
    47,58

  183
                               183


                               183


                               178


                               181




                               222

                               111

-------
   TABLE II (COm.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
     AGENT

   Copper
   (cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
Ul
NO
                  Selected drinking  water  supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North  Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W.  Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South  Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North  Dakota
                  South  Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0009
0.0040

0.0400-0.0460
0.0160
0.0100-0.0500
0.0010-0.0800
<0.0004-0.2000
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.001-0.0020
0.0020-0.0500
<0.0002-0.1000
0.0200
0.0003-0.0020
0.0010-0.0100
0.0020-0.0150
0.0030-0.0100
0.0007-0.0700
0.0030-0.0400
<0.0008-0.0090
0.004-0.300
0.0009-0.0400
0.0020-0.0400
0.0060-0.9800
<0.0006-0.006
<0.0010
<0.0030-0.0040
0.0010-0.0090
0.0080-0.0100
0.0070-0.0100
<0.0020
0.0010-0.0180
0.0030-0.0200
<0.0010-0.0100
<0.0020-0.1000
0.0060-0.01600
0.006-0.0100
0.0030-0.2000
                                                                                                     1962-63
REFERENCE
                                44

-------
 TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
   AGENT

 Copper
 (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Dysprosium
  Dy

Erbium
  Er

Europium
  Eu
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Principal rivers of U.S.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                              0.0010-0.0030   1962-63
                              <0.0020-0.0350
                              0.0004-0.2000
                              0.0200
                              0.0080
                              0.0080
                              0.001-0.0600

                              None detected   1958-59
                              None detected   1958-59
                              None  detected    1958-59
                                                          REFERENCE
                                                              44
                                47,58


                                47,58


                                47,58
Fluoride ion
  F~
                 Bozeman City Sewage
                   Treatment Plant;
                   slaughter house
                   and stockyards,
                   etc., (Montana)

                 Weathering of rock
                  Surface waters of U.S.
                  Drinking water of 163 metropolitan
                    areas in U.S.

                  Rocky Creek and East  Gallatin R.
                    (various locations  along  rivers
                    from sources of pollution)
                  Colorado R.  Basin (max,  at Virgin
                    R.  below Littlefield,  Ariz.)
                  Pacific Slope Basins  in  Calif,  (max.
                    at  Colusa Trough near  Colusa,
                    Calif.)
                              0.1
                              0
                              0.4
                              0.4

                          Average:   0.25
                              3.6-16.0
                              0.0-0.9

                              0.1-0.7
              June 1961
              Sept 1961
              Oct. 1961
                   1961

                1950-51
                1964-65
133
133
133
133

206
                                                             227
182

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Fluoride
  F~
  (cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
                  Great Basin excluding Great Salt
                    Lake (max.  at Humboldt R. near
                    Rye Patch,  Nev.)
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
                    and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
                    at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
                    Lower Columbia R.  Basin (max. at
                    Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
                  Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R.  at
                    King Hill,  Idaho)
                  Alaska (max.  at Tonsina R.  at Tonsina,
                    Alaska)

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                    Wissachickon Creek at Fort Washing-
                    .ton, Pa.)
                  South Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                    Alafia R. at Lithia, Fla.)

                  Ohio R. Basin (max.  at Tuscarawas  R.
                    at Newcomerstown,  Ohio)
                  St.  Lawrence  R. Basin (max. at Black
                    R. at Elyria, Ohio)

                  Missouri R. Basin (max. at  Cedar  Creek
                    near Columbia, Mo.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper  Mississippi R.
                    Basins (max. at Souris R. near
                    Verendrye,  N. Dak.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin  (max.  at
                    Center Creek at Oronogo,  Mo.)
                  Western Gulf  of Mexico Basins (max.  at
                    Double Mountain Fork Brazos R.  at
                    Justiceburg, Tex.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.8


0.0-1.0


0.0-0.5


0.0-0.9

0.0-0.6


0,0-1.4


0.0-17.0


0.0-4.2

0.0-1.7


0.0-3.4

0.0-1.2



0.0-15.0

0.0-2.1
1964-65
                                                                                                  1964-65
                                                                                                  1964-65
                                                                                                  1964-65
                                          Illinois surface waters (max. at Illinois 0.0-2.4
                                            R.  at Peoria-1964)
                                                                           1956-66
REFERENCE

   183


   183


   183


   183

   183


   178


   178


   179




   180

   180



   181

   181



     86

-------
 TABLE ii (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
_ AGENT

 Fluoride
   F~
   (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                                                                                     CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
                  Natural  sources
Ln
Ln
                  Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R, a
                    at Bethlehem, Pa.-1966)

                  Community water supplies with natural
                    fluoride content of 0.7 mg/1 or
                    greater:
                  Alabama
                  Arizona
                  Arkansas
                  California
                  Colorado
                  Connecticut
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Idaho
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Iowa  ,
                  Kansas
                  Kentucky
                  Louisiana
                  Maine
                  Maryland
                  Michigan
                  Minnesota
                  Mississippi
                  Missouri
                  Montana
                  Nebraska
                  New Hampshire
                  New Jersey
                  New Mexico
                  New York
                  North Dakota
                  Ohio
                  Oklahoma
                              0.0-1.6
                                                                                     0,
                                                                                    *0,
   -3.2
   -9.7
                                                                                     0.8-
                                                                                    *0.
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                     *0.6-
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                     *0.
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                     *0,
                                                                                      0,
0.8
0.7
1.8
0.8
0.7-
0.8-
                                  9,
                                  1.6
                                  4.0
                                  4.0
                                  2,1
                                  2.4
                                  3.5
                                  4.2
                                  5.8
                                  2.2
                                  6.0
                                  4.0
                                  1.2
                                  8.0
                                                                                     *0,
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                      0.7-
                                                                                      0.
                                                                                      0.
                                                                                      0.
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                      0,
                                                                                      0.7
                                  •4.5
                                  •2.0
                                  3.6
                                  •2.0
                                  •5.0
                                    0
                                  1.5
                                  1.3
                                  2.0
                                  11.0
                                  -2.9
                                  -5.4
                                  -2.4
                                  -13.6
                                                                           1945-66
                                                                                        REFERENCE
                                                                                            130
                                             1969
                                                                                                                     152
                                                *below 7 mg/1 reading due to communities reporting
                                                 maximum and minimum cone, within system.

-------
  TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Fluoride
    F~
    (cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
Ul
ON
                  Community water supplies with  natural
                    fluoride content of  0.7 mg/1 or
                    greater:
                  Oregon
                  Rhode Island
                  South Carolina
                  South Dakota
                  Texas
                  Utah
                  Virginia
                  Washington
                  West Virginia
                  Wisconsin
                  Wyoming
                  Alaska

                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W.  Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                      0.7-2.1
                                                                                      0.8-1.4
                                                                                      0.7-4.5
                                                                                     *0,4-7.8
                                                                                      0.7-7.6
                                                                                      0.7-1.4
                                                                                     *0.6-10.1
                                                                                     *0.5-2.1
                                                                                      0.8
                                                                                     *0.4-2.5
                                                                                     *0.4-1.4
                                                                                      1.4-2.6
1.0
0.0
0.0-0.2
0.5
1.1
0.0-1.0
0.1-1.0
  2
0.2-1,1
0.8-1.0
0.7-1.0
0.4
0.0-0.8
0.2-1.2
0.0-0.4
0.1-0.5
0.0-0,2
0.2-0.9
                                                                                      0
REFERENCE
                               152
                1969
                                                                                                                      44
                                                                                                      1962-63
                                                 *below 7 mg/1 reading due to communities reporting
                                                  maximum and minimum cone, within system.

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
	AGENT

Fluoride
  F~
  (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington


0.2-1.4 1962-63
0.1-1.4
0.1-1.1
0.2-1.0
0.2-1.1
0.2-1.2
0.6-1.1
0.0-1.0
1.1-1.2
0.4-0.6
0.9-1.4
0.4-0.9
0.1-1.1
0.5=0.6
0.9-1.0
0.3-0.9
0.9-1.3
0.7-0.8
0.1-0.2
0.1-0.3
0.5-1.1
0.0-0.6
0.0
<0.1
0.0
0.0-0.4
Gadolinium
  Gd

Gallium
 Ga
                  Principal rivers of U.S.


                  Principal rivers of U.S.

                  Streams in California

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
                    California Gulch and Arkansas R.
                    at Malta, Colo. (max. at Califor-
                    nia Gulch)
REFERENCE
                                                                                            44
                              None detected   1958-59


                              None detected   1958-59

                              None detected

                              <0.0005-<0.40   1964-65
                                47,58


                                47,58

                               222

                               181

-------
   TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
Ul
00
     AGENT

   Germanium
    Ge
                        SOURCE
            LOCATION
   Gold
    Au
Hafnium
 Hf

Holmium
 Ho

Hydrogen ion
 H +
Principal rivers of U.S.

Streams in California

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch and Arkansas R.
  at Malta, Colo. (max. at Califor-
  nia Gulch)

Fresh and. ground waters

Principal rivers in U.S.

Principal rivers of U.S.


Principal rivers of U.S.
                                             Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
                                               and Upper Columbia R. Basin
                                               High - Little Spokane R. at Dart-
                                                 ford, .Wash;
                                               Low - Stillaguamish R. near
                                                 Silvana, Wash.
                                             Snake River Basin
                                               High - Snake-R. at King Hill, Idaho
                                               Low - Palouse R. at Hooper, Wash.
                                             Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
                                               Lower Columbia R. Basin
                                             Alaska
                                               High - Tanana R. near Tanacross,
                                                 Alaska
                                               Low - Anchor R. at Anchor Point,
                                                 Alaska
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

None detected   1958-59

0.00041 and 0.0037

<0.00025-<0.020 1964-65
0.000001-0.044

None detected   1958-59

None detected   1958-59


None detected   1958-59


0.0004-0.000004 1964-65
                                                                                    0.0001-0.000004


                                                                                    0.00032-0.000005

                                                                                    0.00012-0.000004
REFERENCE

    47,58

   222

   181
   103

    47,58

    47,58


    47,58


   183
                                                                         183


                                                                         183

                                                                         183

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER


  AGENT                 SOURCE
 Hydrogen ion
 (cont.)
 H+
VD
                                                        LOCATION
Colorado R, Basin
  High - Dolores R. near Cisco, Utah
  Low - Green R. near LaBarge, Wyo.
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
  High - Jordan R. at Salt Lake City,
    Utah
  Low - Kennecott Drain near Magna,
    Utah
Pacific Slope Basins in California
  High - Shasta R. near Yreka, Calif.
  Low - Calaveras R. near Stockton,
    Calif.

North Atlantic Slope Basins
  High - Neshamlny Creek near Langhone,
    Pa.
  Low - Potomas R. at Steyer, Md.
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
  of Mexico Basins
  High - Miami Canal near Miami, Fla.
  Low - St. Mary's R. near MacClenny,
    Fla.

Ohio R. Basin
  High - Collins R. near McMinnville,
    Tenn.
  Low - Kiskiminetas R. at Leechburg,
    Pa.
St. Lawrence R. Basin
  High - Maumee R. at Toledo, Ohio
  Low - Black R. at Elyria, Ohio

Missouri R, Basin
  High - Kiowa Creek near Lyman, Neb.
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
  Basins
  High - Big Coulee near Churches
    Ferry, N. Dak.
  Low - Sheyenne R, at Lisbon, N. Dak.
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                                                  REFERENCE
                                                                                    0.00032-0.000002   1964-65     182
                                                                                     0.0004-0.00000063
                                                                                     0.00032-0.0000016
                                                                                     0.63-0.0000025
                                                                                     0.032-0.000004
                                                                                                                    182
                                                                                                                    182
                                                                                                                    178
                                                                                                                    178
                                                                                     0.79-0.0000005




                                                                                     0.032-0.000012



                                                                                     0.50-0.000002^^  1964-65

                                                                                     0.0002-0.0000032
                                                                                                                   179




                                                                                                                   179



                                                                                                                   180

                                                                                                                   180

-------
TABLE II(CONT.)  - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
	AGENT

Hydrogen ion
(cont.)
HH-
SOURCE
LOCATION
Indium
 In

Iodine
  I
Iridium
 Ir

Iron
 Fe
                 Industrial
                 Industrial waste,
                   natural brines
                 Sewage treatment
                   plant effluent
                  Lower Mississippi R.  Basin
                    High - Arkansas R.  at Arkansas
                      City, Kansas
                    Low - California Gulch at Malta,
                      Colo.
                  Western Gulf of Mexico Basins
                    High - Old R. near  Cove, Tex.
                    Low - Rabbit Creek  at Kilgore,
                      Tex.

                  Lehigh R. Basin
                    High - Jordan Creek at Guthsville,
                      Pa.-1960
                    Low - Quakake Creek tributary at
                      Hudsondale, Pa.-1945

                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Lake Superior
                  Lake Superior tributaries
                  Lake Michigan
                  Lake Huron
                  St.  Clair R.
                  Lake St.  Clair
                  Detroit R.
                  Lake Erie
                  Lake Ontario

                  Potomac R.

                  Patuxent R. (near point of discharge)


                  Principal rivers of U.S.


                  98 U.S. rivers

                  Surface waters in U.S.
                                                                                    CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)     REFERENCE

                                                                                    0.50-0.0000004   1964-65    181
                                                                                    0.10-0.0000025
                                                         181
                                                                                    0.79-0.0000016   1964-65     130
                              None detected
                              0.0004-0.0022
                              0.0003-0.0041
                              0.0007-0.0014
                              0.0009-0.0021
                              0.0014-0.0031
                              0.0015-0.0021
                              0.0010-0.0017
                              0.0009-0.0042
                              0.0018-0.0055

                              0.0045

                              0.019
                                                                                    None detected
                                                                                                     1958-59
 47,58


239
                                               1958-59
                              0.02-3.0  (1 yr. range)

                              0.0   Aug. 1961
                              0.17  Sept 1961
                              0.40  Oct. 1961
                                                                                                                256

                                                                                                                256


                                                                                                                 47,58


                                                                                                                155

                                                                                                                133

-------
TABLE II(COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Iron
 Fe
 (cont.)
       SOURCE
Dissolved mineral
  matter
                                     LOCATION
1,400 wells in Blythertle, Ark.

Drinking water of 163 metropolitan
  areas in U.S.

Platte R. near Venice, Neb.
Platte R. at Ashland , Neb.
Elkhorn R. at Q Street , Neb.

New Jersey surface waters
  1) spring flow
  2) summer flow

New Jersey surface water
  Big Flat Brook
  Calcareous - Site 1
  Acidic - Site 2

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
    0.01

Average: 0.12
                                                                                    0.42
                                                                                    0.41
                                                                                    0.35
                                                                                    0.07-0.54
                                                                                    0.12-2.0
1961

1950-51


1969



1968



1968
                                                                                    0.08
                                                                                    0.03

                                                                                Mean Positive:  0.051 1962-67
                                                                                               0.019
                                                                                               0.120
                                                                                               0.037
                                                                                               0.028
                                                                                               0.035
                                                                                               0.035
                                                                                               0.022
                                                                                               0.037
                                                                                               0.069
                                                                                               0.040
                                                                                               0.173
                                                                                               0.032
                                                                                               0.046
                                                                                               0.070
                                                                                               0.025
REFERENCE

   155

   206
                                                                                                   39
                                                                                                   39
                                                                                                   39

                                                                                                  241
                                                                                                                   241
                                                                                                  111
                                          Sabine R. near Ruliff, Tex.
                                                                              0.95"2
                                                                            (max. cone.)
                                                                         111

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Iron
(undefined)
      SOURCE
                                    LOCATION
Municipal and
  industrial

Weathering of rock,
  acid waters, etc.
                                         CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Iron
 Fe
Lake Erie
Apalachicola R. near
  Blounstown, Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,  La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. at Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,  Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

Colorado R. Basin
  (Maximum - Yampa R. near
  Maybell, Colo.)

Pacific Slope Basins in California
Crater Lake near Crater Lake, Oreg.

Great Basin excluding Great Salt
  Lake (Maximum - Weber R. at
  Gateway, Utah)

Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at Issaquah Creek near Issaquah,
  Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin (max.  at
  Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
                                         0.020
                                                                                     0.085-1.22

                                                                                     0.517-1.24
                                                                                     0.111-0.160
                                                                                     0.131-0.280
                                                                                     0.207-0.650
                                                                                     0.663-1.67
                                                                                     0.125-0.735
                                                                                     0.112-1.210
                                                                                     0.031-0.154
                                                                                     1.130

                                                                                     0.00-0.79
                                                                                     0.01
                                                                                     0.0-0.21
                                                                                     0.00-0.74
                                                                                     0.03-0.32
1966
1958-59
          REFERENCE
                                                                                                                   47
                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                                182
                                                                                                                   182
                                                                                                182
              183
                                                                                                183

-------
  TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Iron
   Fe (cont.)
SOURCE
a-.
	LOCATION	

Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R.
  at Clarkston, Wash.)
Alaska  (max. at Matanuska R. at
  Palmer, Alaska)

North Atlantic Slope Basin  (max.
  at Mullica R. near Batsta, N.Y.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
  of Mexico Basins  (max. at Pasquo-
  tank R. near Elizabeth City, N.C.)

Ohio R. Basin  (max. at Tradewater R.
  at Olney, Ky.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Black
  R. at Elyrla, Ohio)

Missouri R. Basin  (max. at Cedar
  Creek, near Columbia, Mo.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
  Basins (max. at Bois de Sioux R.
  near White Rock, S.D.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin  (max. at
  California Gulch" at Malta, Colo.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
  at Angelina R. near Zavalla, Tex.)

Surface waters in Illinois  (max. at
  Bay Creek at Nebo-1966)

Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
  at Lehigh Tanner, Pa.-1959)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.43
0.0-0.74
0.0-3.5 1964-1965
0.0-1.4
0.0-21.0 1964-65
0.0-3.9
0.0-15.0 1964-65
0.0-0.95
0.0-34.0 1964-65
0.0-1.7
REFERENCE
183
183
178
178
179

180
180
181
181
                                                                                       0.0-116.0
                                                                                       0.0-1.2
                                                                             1956-66
                                                                             1945-66
 86
130
                                              Streams in California
                                                         Average: 0.033
                                                                         222

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Iron
(cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
                  Selected drinking  water  supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North  Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W.  Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South  Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North  Dakota
                  South  Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                1962-63
                                                                                   0.0020
                                                                                   0.0150

                                                                                   0.0770-0.1000
                                                                                   0.0270
                                                                                   0.0050-0.0400
                                                                                   0.0050-0.3000
                                                                                   0.0000-0.0600
                                                                                   0.0030-0.0200
                                                                                   0.0400-0.0600
                                                                                   0.0100-0.0200
                                                                                   0.0050-0.0810
                                                                                   0.2000
                                                                                   0.0090-0.0500
                                                                                   0.0030-0.0100
                                                                                   0.0040-0.0330
                                                                                   0.0500-0.0800
                                                                                   0.0100-0.2730
                                                                                   0.0040-0.0400
                                                                                   <0.0080-0.0500
                                                                                   0.0100-0.200
                                                                                   0.0060-0.2500
                                                                                   0.0050-0.1000
                                                                                   0.0050-0.0290
                                                                                   0.0040-0,0600
                                                                                   <0.0070-0.0200
                                                                                   0.003-0.0100
                                                                                   0.0200-0.1000
                                                                                   0.0300-0.0700
                                                                                   <0.0070-0.0350
                                                                                   0.0500-1.0000
                                                                                   0.0050-0.1410
                                                                                   0.0130-0.0200
                                                                                   0.0200-0.3000
                                                                                   <0.0070-0.2000
                                                                                   0.0090=0.0400
                                                                                   0.0200-0.1000
                                                                                   0.0700-0,2000
REFERENCE
                                                                                                                    44

-------
  TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Iron
  (cont.)
       SOURCE
                                     LOCATION
  Lanthanum
   La
  Lead
   Pb
Ul
Weathering of lime-
  stone and galena;
  various mining
  and industrial
  effluents
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

Principal rivers of U.S.
  Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
  Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
    Ala.
  Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                   1962-63
                                REFERENCE
                                                                                                   44
                                                                                      0.0050-0.0130
                                                                                      0.0050-0.2000
                                                                                      0.0200-1.0000
                                                                                      0.2000
                                                                                      0.2550
                                                                                      0.0500
                                                                                      0.0100-0.3000
    0.0-trace
    0.0-trace

    0.0-trace

Mean Positive: 0.017 1962-67
               0.014
               0.008
               0.017
               0.030
               0.039
               0.033
               0.014
               0.039
               0.037
               0.032
               0.004
               0.015
               0.004
               0.018
               0.012
                                                                                                   47
                                                                                                  111
                                           Ohio R. at Evansville, Ind.
                                                                             0.140
                                                                             (max. cone.)
                                                                         Ill

-------
TABLE II(COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Lead
(cont.)
       SOURCE
Weathering of lime-
  stone and galena;
  various mining
  and industrial
  effluents
                                     LOCATION
 Apalachicola R,  near  Blounstown,
   Fla.
 Atchafalaya R. at Krotz  Springs,
   La.
 Colorado  R.  at Yuma,  Ariz.
 Columbia  R.  above Dalles, Oreg.
 Hudson  R.  at Green  Island, N.Y.
 Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
 Mobile  R.  at Mt. Vernon  Landing, Ala.
 Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
 Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
 Yukon R.  at Mountain  Village, Alaska

 Streams in California

 North Atlantic Slope  Basins  (max. at
   Assunpink Creek at  Trenton, N.J.)

 Lower Mississippi R.  Basin:
   California Gulch, Arkansas R. and
   a  few minor streams (max. at
   California Gulch  at Malta, Colo.)

 Selected  drinking water  supplies
   in:
 Connecticut
 Maine
 Massachusetts
 New Hampshire
 Vermont
 Delaware
 New York
 Pennsylvania
 Kentucky
Maryland
 North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

0.0021-0.0062   1958-59
                                                                                   0.0011-0.011

                                                                                   <0.008-0.016
                                                                                   <,0012-0.0050
                                                                                   0.0029-0.010
                                                                                   0.004-0,009
                                                                                   0.0012-0.015
                                                                                   0.0-0.0045
                                                                                   0.0011-0.0072
                                                                                   0.0015-0.0086

                                                                               Average:  0.0057

                                                                                   <0.0012-0.240   1964-65
                                                                      REFERENCE
47,58
                                                                                   0.0-1.0
                                                                                  1964-65
                                                                                                  222

                                                                                                  178


                                                                                                  181
                                                                                                   1962-63
                                                                                                                   44
                                                                                   0.0001
                                                                                   0.0003

                                                                                   0.0004-0.0006
                                                                                   0.0010
                                                                                   <0.0070-<0.0100
                                                                                   <0.0020-<0.0200
                                                                                   0.0005-<0.0120
                                                                                   <0.0040
                                                                                   <0.0010-<0.0040
                                                                                   <0.0030-0.0050
                                                                                   0.0020-<0.0060
                                                                                   0.0100

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Lead
(cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0.0100
                                                                                    0.0020-<0.0100
                                                                                    <0,0020-0.0330
                                                                                    <0.0030-<0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0030-0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0040-0.0060
                                                                                    <0.0100-<0.0150
                                                                                    <0.0100-0.0200
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0050-<0.0160
                                                                                    0.0020-0.0200
                                                                                    0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0200
                                                                                    <0.0020-
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Lithium
 Li
       SOURCE
Industrial waste and
  small amount of
  rock weathering
                                     LOCATION
Lutetium
 Lu

Magnesium
 Mg
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
  Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
  La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz,
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg,
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La,
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif,
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Raritan R. at Manville, N.J.)

Principal rivers of U.S.
                         Surface waters of U.S.
                                          Drinking water for 163 metropolitan
                                            areas in U.S.

                                          Platte R. near Venice, Neb.
                                          Platte R. at Ashland, Neb.
                                          Elkhorn R. at Q Street, Neb.

                                          New Jersey surface waters
                                            1) spring flow
                                            2) summer flow

                                          New Jersey surface waters
                                            Big Flat Brook:
                                            Calcareous - Site 1
                                            Acidic - Site 2
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

<0.000075-0.00070  1958-59

0.0019-0.0045

0.035-0.037
0.00059-0.0039
0.00028-0.0022
0.0018-0.0049
0.00014-0.0024
0.00066-0.0021
0.0034-0.0035
0.0020
                                                                      REFERENCE

                                                                          47,58
                                                                                    0.0-0.027
                                                                  None detected
                                          2.6
                                          7.0
                                          8.9
                                          28.0
       Aug. 1961
       Sept.1961
       Oct. 1961
            1961
                                                                   Average:  9.75
                                                                   11.3
                                                                   13.2
                                                                   20.4
                                                                   0.6-9.0
                                                                   0.40-15.3
                                                                   7.5
                                                                   2.4
                                                                                     1964-65
                   1958-59
                                                             1950-51
                                                             1969
                                                                                      1968
                               178
                                                                                                                   47
                                                                                                 133
                                                                                                  206
                                39
                                                                         241
                                                                                                  241

-------
TABLE  II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Magnesium
 Mg
  (cont.)
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
Bozeman city sewage
  treatment plant;
  slaughter house
  and stockyard,
  etc. (Montana)

Weathering of rock
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin
  R. (various locations along
  rivers from sources of
  pollution)
                                          Colorado R, Basin  (max. at San
                                            Rafael R. near Green River,
                                            Utah)
                                          Pacific Slope Basins in California
                                            (max. at San Benito R. near
                                            Willow Creek School, Calif.)
                                          Great Basin excluding Great Salt
                                            Lake  (max. at Goggin Drain near
                                            Magna, Utah)

                                          Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
                                            and Upper Columbia R, Basin (max.
                                            at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
                                          Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
                                            Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
                                            Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
                                          Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R, at
                                            King Hill, Idaho)
                                          Alaska  (max. at Nenana R. near Healy,
                                            Alaska)

                                          North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
                                            Little Schulykill R. at South
                                            Tamaqua, Pa.)
                                          South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
                                            of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
                                            near Homestead, Fla.)

                                          Ohio R. Basin (max. at Monongahela R.
                                            at Charleroi, Pa.)
                                          St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Black
                                            Creek at Churchville, N.Y.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

1.41-2.01
                                                                      REFERENCE
                                                                                                  227
                                          2.3-243.0


                                          0.0-120.0


                                          0.1-382.0



                                          0.2-32.0


                                          0.5-20.0


                                          0.2-22.0

                                          0.5-13.0


                                          0.2-136.0


                                          0.0-1480.0



                                          0.1-54.0

                                          0.5-48.0
                1964-65
                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                   1964-65
182


182


182



183


183


183

183


178


178



179

179

-------
TABLE  II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Magnesium
 Mg
  (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Missouri R.  Basin (max.  at Medicine
                    Lake near  Florence,  S.  Dak.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
                    Basins (max. at Eastern Stump
                    Lake near  Lokota, N.  Dak.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
                    Purgatoire R.  near Las Animas,
                    Colo.)
                  Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
                    at Colorado R. near Ira, Tex.)

                  Illinois surface waters (max. at
                    Wolf Creek near Beecher City-1963)

                  Lehigh R. Basin (max.  at Nesquehoning
                    Creek near Nesquehoning, Pa.-1945)

                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W.  Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                              0.1-12,000.0

                              3.0-7,500.0



                              0.0-573.0


                              0.0-573.0


                              0.1-225.3


                              0.3-25.0
                                                                                  3.2
                                                                                  0.5

                                                                                  0.5-1.2
                                                                                  6.5
                                                                                  9.2
                                                                                  2.7-33.0
                                                                                  1.2-19.0
                                                                                  2.4
                                                                                  2.9-5.8
                                                                                  1.5-2.9
                                                                                  2.9-8.7
                                                                                  9.7
                                                                                  1.2-12.0
                                                                                  2.4-4.6
                                                                                  1.0-19.0
                                                                                  0.8-13.0
                                                                                  1.0-3.0
                                                                                  6.3-7.8
                                                                                  9.7-29.0
                                                                                  11.0-31.0
                 1964-65
                                                                                                   1964-65
                 1956-66


                 1945-66


                 1962-63
REFERENCE

   180

   180
                               181
                                                                                                                 181
                                                                                                                  86
                                                                                                                 130
                                                                                                                   44

-------
 TABLE  II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Magnesium
 Mg
 (cont.)
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
Manganese
 Mn
Dissolved mineral
  matter
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California•
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

Well, Mansfield, Mass.

Surface waters in Mass., N.J.,
  Calif., Ohio, Md.,  and Holland
  Wanaque Reservoir,  N.J.

Surface and ground Waters in U.S.
CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
1.9-11.0
4.3-26.0
1.0-35.0
22.0-30.0
15.0-25.0
4.4-5.3
11.0-17.0
9.7-14.0
3.9-9.7
14.0-39.0
<0.1-8.0
5.8-16.0
14.0-21.0
2.9-33.0
2.9-33.0
39.0-48.0
3.4-6.3
8.7-40.0
2.9-31.0
5.3-19.0
2.9
4.4
0.7
4.0-16.0

0.30

0.0-0.90
                                                                                  0.0-0.16
                                                                                    1962-63
           REFERENCE
                                                                                                   44
1961
                                                                                    1961
155

264



133

-------
  TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Manganese
    (cont-)
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
Dissolved mineral
  matter; acid
  mine waste  (Ohio
  Basin)
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska
    CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
0.0035
0.0027
0.0028
0.0037
0.232
0.138
0.0098
0.0023
0.0138
0.009
0.012
0.010
0.0028
0.0028
0.0078
0.0018
1962-67
                 REFERENCE
                                                                                                  111
K>
Dissolved mineral
  matter
                 Dissolved mineral
                   matter; acid
                   mine waste  (Ohio
                   Basin)
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
  Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
  La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

Streams in California

North Atlantic Slope Basins  (max. at
  Schulykill R. at Cressona, Pa.)

Allegheny R.  at Pittsburgh,  Pa.
    0.004-0.025

    0.012-0.100

    0.021-0.037
    0.0055-0.014
    0.035-0.150
    0.012-0.185
    0.0067-0.020
    0.0063-0.050
    <0,0021-0.079
    0.181

    Average:  0.0071

    0.0-7.4
                                                                    3.230
                                                                   (max. cone.)
         1958-59
                                                                                                                    47,58
                                                                                                                    222

                                                                                                                    178
                         1962-67

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Manganese
 (cont.)
       SOURCE
Weathering of rock
                                     LOCATION
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tradewater
  R. at Olney, Ky.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at
  Sandusky R. near Fremont, Ohio)

Missouri R. Basin  (max. at Cedar
  Creek near Columbia, Mo.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
  Basins (max. at Sheyenne R. near
  Cooperstown, N. Dak.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
  California Gulch at Malta, Colo.)

Illinois surface waters (max. at
  Otter Creek near Paliuyra-1964)

Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R. at
  Catasauqua, Pa.-1945)

Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-29.0

0.0-1,2


0.0-50.0

0.0-3.8



0.0-340.0


0.0-4.2


0.0-0.65
1964-65
                                                                                                  1964-65
REFERENCE

   179

   179


   180
                                                                                                  1956-66
                                                                                                  1945-66
                                                                                                  1962-63
                                                                                                   181


                                                                                                    86


                                                                                                   130


                                                                                                    44
                                                                                  0.0000
                                                                                  0.0004

                                                                                  0.0020-0.0026
                                                                                  0.0006
                                                                                  <0.0050-0.0200
                                                                                  <0.0030-<0.0200
                                                                                  0.0000-0.0680
                                                                                  <0.0030
                                                                                  <0.0010-0.0300
                                                                                  0.0050-0.0300
                                                                                  0.0020=0.0900
                                                                                  0.2000
                                                                                  <0.0010-0.0200
                                                                                  <0.0002-<0.0050
                                                                                  <0.0010-0.0230
                                                                                  <0.0060-0.0600
                                                                                  0.0025-0.0700

-------
  TABLE II (COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Manganese
   (cont.)
        SOURCE
                                     LOCATION
  Mercury
   Hg
Caustic-chlorine
  plants, vinyl
  chloride plants;
  pulp and paper
  mills; mines from
  Hg containing
  ores
 Selected drinking water supplies
   in:
 Tennessee
 Illinois
 Indiana
 Michigan
 Ohio
 Wisconsin
 Iowa
 Kansas
 Minnesota
 Missouri
 Nebraska
 North Dakota
 South Dakota
 Louisiana
 New Mexico
 Oklahoma
 Texas
 Colorado
 Idaho
 Montana
 Utah
 Arizona
 California
 Hawaii
 Nevada
 Oregon
Washington

 9 municipal water supplies, Denver,
  Colo.

Principal rivers of U.S.
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                      1962-63
        REFERENCE
                                                                                                   44
                                                                                    <0.0030-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0050-0.0100
                                                                                    0.0090-0.2000
                                                                                    0.0010-0.0070
                                                                                    <0.0040-0.1000
                                                                                    <0.0002-0.1000
                                                                                    <0.0080-2.0000
                                                                                    <0.0100-<0.0200
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0050-<0.0090
                                                                                    <0.0100-0.0200
                                                                                    <0.0060-0.0090
                                                                                    <0.0300-0.3000
                                                                                    <0.0004-0.0120
                                                                                    <0.0060-<0.0130
                                                                                    0.0200
                                                                                    
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
SOURCE
                                                    LOCATION
Molybdenum   Mineral weathering
 Mo
             Mineral weathering
             Molybdenum deposits
               and  their pro-
               cessing
                   Northeast Basin
                   North Atlantic Basin
                   Southeast Basin
                   Tennessee R. Basin
                   Ohio R. Basin
                   Lake Erie Basin
                   Upper Mississippi R. Basin
                   Western Great Lakes Basin
                   Missouri R. Basin
                   Lower Mississippi R. Basin
                   Colorado R. Basin
                   Western Gulf Basin
                   Pacific Northwest Basin
                   California Basin
                   Great Basin
                   Alaska Basin

                   Arkansas R. at Coolidge, Kans.
                   Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
                     Fla.
                   Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                     La.
                   Colorado*R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                   Columbia R. above Dalles,  Oreg.
                   Hudson R.  at Green Island,  N.Y.
                   Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,  La.
                   Mobile R.  at Mt. Vernon Landing,  Ala.
                   Sacramento R. at Sacramento,  Calif.
                   Susquehanna R. at Conowingo,  Md.
                   Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

                   Surface waters of Colorado (max.  at
                     East Fork Eagle R.)

                   Streams in California
    CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
0.025
0.033
0.015
0.025
0.070
0.068
0.088
0.028
0.083
0.095
0.130
0.024
0.030
0.045
0.145
0.017
                                                                                            1.100
                                                                                          (max. cone.)
1962-67
                 REFERENCE
                                   111
    0.0-0.0062

    0.0-<0.0027

    0.0065-0.0069
    found-0.0021
    0.0-0.0017
    0.0-<0.0026
    0.0-0.00035
    0.0-<0.00047
    0.0-0.00054
    0.0-0.0012   ~

    0.0-3.8


    0.0001-0.005
       1958-59
                                   111
             47,58
        1965
                     10
                                                                                                                222

-------
TABLE II  (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
Molybdenum
 Mo
 (cont.)
                        SOURCE
Molybdenum-bearing
  ores and processing
  plant effluent
                                                      LOCATION
 Tenmile Creek  (receiving effluent)
 Dillon Reservoir  (about 20 miles
   downstream from plant)
 Marston filter plant - finished
   water

 North Atlantic Slope Basins  (max.
   at Raritan R. at Manville, N,J.)

 Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
   California Gulch and Arkansas R.
   at Malta, Colo. (max. at Califor-
   nia Gulch)

 Selected drinking water supplies
   in:
 Connecticut
 Maine
 Massachusetts
 New Hampshire
 Vermont
 Delaware
 New York
 Pennsylvania
 Kentucky
 Maryland
 North Carolina
 Virginia
 W. Virginia
 Alabama
 Florida
 Georgia
 Mississippi
 South Carolina
 Tennessee
 Illinois
 Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
 Iowa
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

8.5-1.57  spring 1967
0.188-0.452  1967-69
                                                                                    0.040
                                                                                    1970
                                                                                    0.00008-0.014  1964-65
                                                                                    <0.00025-<0.020 1964-65
                                                                                    <0.0001
                                                                                    <0.0006

                                                                                    <0.0007-
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    0.0100-0
                                                                                    <0.0006-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0,0010-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0010-
                                                                                    <0.0040
                                                                                    <0.0005-
                                                                                    <0.0030-
                                                                                    <0.0007<
                                                                                    <0.0010
                                                                                    <0.0010
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0004
                                                                                    <0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0060
                                                                           <0.0008

                                                                           .0200
                                                                           <0.0080
                                                                           <0.0680

                                                                           0.0030
                                                                           <0.0030
                                                                           0.0050

                                                                           -<0.0050
                                                                           <0.0080
                                                                           •<0.0050
                                                                           •<0.0060
                                                                           •<0.0020
                                                                           •<0.0080
                                                                           •<0.0080
                                                                           •0.0100
                                                                           •0.0050
                                                                           •0.0100
                                                                           •0.0470
                                                                           <0.0100
REFERENCE

    61


    61


   178


   181




    44

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Molybdenum
 Mo
 (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Neodymium
 Nd

Nickel
 Ni
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North  Dakota
                  South  Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  Principal rivers  of  U.S.
                  New Jersey surface waters
                    1)  spring flow
                    2)  summer flow

                  New Jersey surface waters
                    Big Flat Brook
                    Calcareous - Site 1
                    Acidic - Site 2
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                1962-63
REFERENCE
                                44
                              0.0100
                              <0.0010-<0.0030
                              0.0040-0.0070
                              0.0070-0.0200
                              <0.0060-<0.0090
                              <0.0100-0.0100
                              <0,0050-<0.0190
                              <0.0060-<0.0130
                              0.0100
                              <0.0040-0.0300
                              <0.0020-<0.0060
                              0.0200
                              <0.0020-0.0040
                              0.0040-<0.0130
                              0.0161-0.0410
                              <0.0020-0.0300
                              <0.0005
                              <0.0020
                              <0.0020
                              <0.0004-0.0050

                              None  detected
                              0.002-0.009
                              0.001-0.017
                                                                                    0.006
                                                                                    0.001
                 1958-59
                                               1968
    47,58
                               241
                                                                                                                   241

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Nickel
(con t.)
        SOURCE
Metal plating; some
  weathering (insolu-
  ble compounds)
           LOCATION
00
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin

Cuyahoga R. at Cleveland, Ohio
                                        U.S. waters

                                        Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
                                          Fla.
                                        Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                                          La.
                                        Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                                        Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
                                        Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
                                        Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
                                        Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
                                        Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
                                        Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
                                        Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

                                        Streams in California

                                        North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
                                          Assunpink Creek at Trenton, N.J.)
    CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
0.008
0.008
0.004
0.004
0.031
0.056
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.017
0.012
0.003
0.010
0.010
0.004
0.005
                                                                               0.130
                                                                             (max.  cone.)
1962-67
                  REFERENCE
                                                                                                    111
                                                                                                                 111
0.001-0.07
0.0026-0.034
found-0.047
1960-61
1958-59
128
47,58
                                                                    0.0-0.30
                                                                    found-0.036
                                                                    0.0055-0.071
                                                                    found-0.033
                                                                    0.0061-0.029
                                                                    found-0.020
                                                                    found-0.011
                                                                    found-0.017

                                                                    0.001-0.005

                                                                    0.0005-0.260
                                                             1964-65
                                     222

                                     178

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Nickel
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Lower Mississippi R.  Basin:
                    California Gulch and Arkansas  R.
                    at Malta,  Colo. (max. at Califor-
                    nia Gulch)

                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                              0.0-0.069
               1964-65
                                                                                                   1962-63
REFERENCE
                                                                                          181
                                                                                                                    44
                                                                                    0.0000
                                                                                    <0.0001

                                                                                    <0.0001-<0.0002
                                                                                    <0.0004
                                                                                    0.0030-0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0005-<0.0080
                                                                                    <0.0002-0.1000
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0010-0.0050
                                                                                    <.0.0040
                                                                                    <0.0005-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0,0010-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0007-<0.0050
                                                                                    0.0010-<0.0060
                                                                                    <0.0010-0.0080
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0050=<0.0080
                                                                                    <0.0050-<0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0004-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0030-<0.0080
                                                                                    <0.0010-0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0040-0.0090
                                                                                    <0.0070-0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0030-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0070-<0.0090
                                                                                    <0.0060-<0.0090
                                                                                    <0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0.0050

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Nickel
(cont.)
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
Niobium
 Nb
Nitrite
 ion
 NOJ

Nitrate
 ion
 N03
Municipal and
  industrial
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington

Principal rivers of U.S.

Tap water from laboratory
Tap water from laboratory (four
  days in pipes)

Lake Erie
                         Surface waters of 98 U.S. rivers

                         Surface waters of U.S.
                                          Missouri R. water
                                            in Omaha, Neb.
                                            in Kansas City, Mo.
                                            in St. Louis County, Mo,
                                            in St. Louis, Mo.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                     1962-63
                               REFERENCE
                                44
                                                                                    <0.0060-
                                                                                    <0.0090-
                                                                                    <0.0050-
                                                                                    <0.0020-
                                                                                    <0.0100
                                                                                    0.0020-0
                                                                                    <0.0040-
                                                                                    <0.0020-
                                                                                    <0.0020-
                                                                                    0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0040
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0004-
                                                                           <0.0130
                                                                           <0.0100
                                                                           <0.0300
                                                                           <0.0060

                                                                           .0040
                                                                           <0.0130
                                                                           <0.0080
                                                                           <0.0100
                                                                           <0.0030
                                                                   None detected

                                                                   0.00958
                                                                   0.0235
                                                                                    0.002
                  1958-59
                                   47,58

                                  209
Range: 0.1-10.0

   4.7
   0.5
   3.2
   1.4
                  1966
                                                            1960-61
                                                       Aug. 1961
                                                       Sept 1961
                                                       Oct. 1961
                                                            1961
                                                                   0.2-8.6
                                                                   1.8
                                                                   1.0-9.0
                                                                   2.1-11.3
                                                            1951-66
                                                   monthly composite
                               155

                               133




                               125

-------
   TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Nitrate
 ioii

 (cont.)
                           SOURCE
                    Municipal waste

                    Industrial mfg. of
                      ammonium nitrate
                                                         LOCATION
                    Agricultural

                    Municipal and indus-
                      trial pollution
oo
Hudson R.

Iowa

Ohio, 10% of municipal water supply

Mahoning R.

Ohio rural water supplies

Drinking water in 163 metropolitan
  areas in U.S.

Missouri wells

Lake Erie
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Gila R.
  below Gillespie Dam, Ariz.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Calif, (max.
  at Salinas R. near Sprechles, Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
  (max. at Jordan R. at Salt Lake City,
  Utah)

Pacific Slope Basins in Washington and
  Upper Columbia R.  Basin (max. at
  Flett Creek at Tacoma, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R.  Basin (max. at
  Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
  at Hooper, Wash.)
Alaska (max. at Trail R. near Lowing,
  Alaska
                                          North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
                                            Rockaway R. at Pine Brook, N.J.)
                                          South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
                                            of Mexico Basins  (max. at Plantation
                                            Rd. Canal near Fort Lauderdale, Fla.)
                                          CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                      REFERENCE
0.2-1.0
10.0-100.0
<1.0
-v-10
10.0-100.0
Average : 2 .
^5-300
1.0
0.00-60.0
0.0-38.0
)
0.0-17.0
1970
1948
July 1947
March 1948
1948
3 1950-51

1966
1964-65



90
260
260
260
260
206
225
5
182
182

183
                                                                                       0.0-12.0


                                                                                       0.0-4.2


                                                                                       0.0-14.0

                                                                                       0.0-2.8


                                                                                       0.0-62.0

                                                                                       0.0-620.0
                                                                                                    1964-65
                                                                         183


                                                                         183


                                                                         183

                                                                         183


                                                                         178

                                                                         178

-------
  TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Nitrate
    ion
   (cont. )
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
oo
                  Ohio R.  Basin (max.  at Great Miami        0.0-23.0
                    R. at  Elizabethtown, Ohio)
                  St.  Lawrence R.  Basin (max.  at            0.2-113.0
                    Black  R.  at Elyria, Ohio)

                  Missouri R. Basin (max.  at Horse          0.0-77.0
                    Creek  near Vale, S. Dak.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.        0.0-24.0
                    Basins (max. at Blue Earth R. near
                    Rapidan,  Minn.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at       0.0-302.0
                    Fountain Creek at Pueblo,  Colo.)
                  Western  Gulf of  Mexico Basins (max.       0.0-54.0
                    at Yegua Creek near Somerville,  Tex.)

                  Illinois surface waters  (max. at          0.0-48.4
                    Illinois  R. Meredosia-1962)

                  Lehigh R. Basin  (max. at Black Creek      0.0-23.0
                    near Weatherly-1963)

                  Selected drinking water  supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut                               0.00
                  Maine                                     0.1
                  Massachusetts                             0.0
                  New  Hampshire                             0.1
                  Vermont                                    0.0
                  New  Jersey                                 0.0
                  New  York                                  0.0-45.7
                  Pennsylvania                              0.0-4.4
                  Kentucky                                  0.5-1.3
                  Maryland                                  0.3-1.8
                  North Carolina                            0.1
                  Virginia                                  0.7-4.9
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama                                    0.0-3.4
                  Florida                                    0.2-0.6
                  Georgia                                    0.8
                  Mississippi                               0.0-4.4
                  South Carolina                            0.0-0.3
                                            1964-65
                                                                                                    1964-65
                                                                                                    1956-66
                                                                                                    1945-66
REFERENCE

   179

   179


   180

   180
                                                             181

                                                             181


                                                              86


                                                             130


                                                              44

-------
   TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
     AGENT

   Nitrate
    ion
    NO^

    (cont.)
       SOURCE
                                     LOCATION
oo
co
   Cyanide ion
    CN-
Train wreck in Dun-
  reith, Indiana,
  Jan. 1, 1968
Selected drinking water supplies
  in:
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
Hawaii
Nevada
Washington

Buck Creek (downstream from Dunreith)
Big Blue River
Various sites downstream to Seymour,
  Ind.
                                          CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
                                                         1962-63
1.7-2.9
1.1-2.6
0.1-1.7
0.0-0,2
0.0-0.6
0.1-0.3
0.1
5.5-5.8
0.3
3.2-5.0
0.2

0.8-0.9
0.0-5.6
0.0-3.6
1.4-2.2
0.2-1.0
0.5-12.0
1.0-99.8
1.6
0.0
0.8-1.8

405
20
0.015-15.6
                            REFERENCE

                                 44
Jan. 3, 1968
147
147
147
   Ammonium ion
    NH.+
      4
Fertilizer spill
                    Municipal and indus-
                      trial
Missouri R.
  Omaha, Neb.
  Kansas City, Mo.
  St. Louis County, Mo.
  St. Louis, Mo,

Lake Erie

Illinois surface waters (max.  at
  Rock R, at Como-1957)
0.05-13.0
0.0-6.3
0.0-13.0
0.0
0.027
0.0-2.2
1951-66
1966
1945-66
125
5
86

-------
   TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
     AGENT
                           SOURCE
   Osmium
    Os

   Palladium
    Pd

   Phosphorus
    P
                                                         LOCATION
00
-R-
Detergents
                    Downstream from a
                      domestic sewage
                      treatment plant
                      effluent
Heavy domestic or
  agricultural
  drainage
                         Principal rivers of U.S.
                         Principal rivers of U.S.
Lake Erie
U.S. rivers

Wisconsin Creek
                                             Lakes  and  reservoirs in Illinois

                                             Lake water
                                             Northeast  Basin
                                             North Atlantic Basin
                                             Southeast  Basin
                                             Tennessee  R. Basin
                                             Ohio R.  Basin
                                             Lake Erie  Basin
                                             Upper Mississippi R. Basin
                                             Western  Great Lakes Basin
                                             Missouri R. Basin
                                             Lower Mississippi R. Basin
                                             Colorado R, Basin
                                             Western  Gulf Basin
                                             Pacific  Northwest Basin
                                             California
                                             Great Basin
                                             Alaska Basin
                                                                   CONCENTRATION (mg/1)         REFERENCE
                                          None detected   1958-59         47,58
                                          None detected   1958-59          47
0.0-0.65
0.01-1

0.4
                                          0-0.1

                                          0.8



                                      Mean Positive:
                                                                              0.044  1962-67
                                                                              0.048
                                                                              0.043
                                                                              0.042
                                                                              0.130
                                                                              0.153
                                                                              0.243
                                                                              0.031
                                                                              0.353
                                                                              0.081
                                                                              0.121
                                                                              0.173
                                                                              0.047
                                                                              0.083
                                                                              0.037
                                                                              0.040
117
 34

 34
                                34

                                34



                               111
                                             Big  Sioux  R.
                                               S.  Dak.
                                      Below Sioux Falls,
                                                      5.040
                                                     (max.  cone.)
                               111

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT	

Phosphorus
  P
  (cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
Phosphate  ion
                 Municipal and indus-
                   trial pollution
                 Detergents, water
                   treatment, domestic
                   and industrial
                   sewage, fertilizers
                  Apalachicola R.  near Blounstown,
                    Fla.
                  Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                    La.
                  Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                  Columbia R. at Dalles,  Greg.
                  Hudson R. at Green Island,  N.Y.
                  Mississippi R, near Baton Rouge,
                    La.
                  Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                    Ala.
                  Sacramento R. at Sacramento,  Calif.
                  Susquehanna R. at Conowingo,  Md.
                  Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

                  Ohio R. Basin (max. at  Kanawha R.  at
                    Winfield, W. Va.)
                  St. Lawrence R.  Basin .(max.  at Maumee
                    R. at Toledo,  Ohio)

                  Missouri R. Basin (max.  at  East Fork
                    Chariton R. near Huntsville, Mo.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin  (max. at
                    Center Creek near Carterville, Mo.)

                  Wolf R., Wisconsin
                  Upper Fox River, Wisconsin
                  Lake Winnebago Shores,  Wisconsin

                  Detroit R.  (mouth - U.S.  portion)

                  Detroit R.  (western basin)

                  Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
                    and Upper Columbia R.  Basin (max,
                    at Issaquah Creek near Isaaquah,
                    Wash.)
CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
0-<0.058

0-<0.186

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0-<0.223

0.0-<0.098

0.0-<0.110
0.0
<0.195

0.0-13.1

0.02-3.3


0.0-0.06


0.0-11.8
•^0.09-0.58
^0.13-1.55
0.15-0.82

<0.18
1 . 2 (maximum)
0.0-0.99
1958-59
              REFERENCE
  47,58
                                                                                                   1964-65
 1966-68
179

179


180


181


175
 1964-65
                               183

-------
  TABLE II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  __AGENT	

  Phosphate

   P°*
    (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
oo
  Platinum
   Pt

  Potassium
    K
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
                    Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
                    Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
                  Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R. at
                    Hooper, Wash.)

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
                    Rockaway R. at Pine Brook, N.J.)
                  South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
                    of Mexico Basins  (max. at Mill Branch
                  - tributary near Fort Meade, Fla.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
                    Center Creek near Carterville, Mo.)
                 ^Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
                    at Trinity R. near Rosser, Tex.)

                  Illinois surface waters (max. at
                    Illinois R. at Peoria-1963)

                  Stream in Davis mine, Rowe, Mass.,
                  Providence R.

                  Principal rivers 6f U.S.
                  98 rivers in U.S.

                  Surface waters in U.S.
                                            New  Jersey  surface  waters
                                               1)  spring flow
                                               2)  summer flow
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                              0.0-0.48


                              0.08-1.0


                              0,0-25.0

                              0.0-603.0
               1964-65
                                                                                                      1964-65
                                                                                       0.0-31.0        1964-65

                                                                                       0.36-10.00
                                                                                       0.0-9.4
                                                                                       0.17
                                                                                       1.34
                                             1956-66
                                             1968
                                             1969
                              None detected  1958-59
REFERENCE

   183


   183


   178

   178



   181

   181


    86


   100


    47,58

1.5
0.9
5.1
4.0

0.6-9.0
0.40-15

Aug.
Sept.
Oct.



.3
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1968


155
133



241



-------
  TABLE  II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Potassium
    K
    (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                   Bozeman city sewage
                     treatment plant;
                     slaughter house
                     and stockyard,
                     etc.  (Montana)

                   Weathering of rock
oo
                  New Jersey surface water
                    Big Flat Brook
                    Calcareous - Site 1
                    Acidic - Site 2

                  Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.
                    (various locations along rivers
                    from sources of pollution)
                  Colorado R. Basin (max, at Dolores
                    R. near Cisco, Utah)
                  Pacific Slope in California (max.
                    at Salinas R. near Spreckles,
                    Calif.)
                  Great Basin excluding Great Salt
                    Lake (max. at Humboldt R. near
                    Rye Patch, Nev.)
                  Pacific Slope Basin in Washington
                    and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
                    at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
                    Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
                    Walla Walla R. near Touchet,
                    Wash.)
                  Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
                    at Hooper, Wash.)
                  Alaska (max. at Anchor R.  at Anchor
                    Point, Alaska)

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                    Wissahickon Creek at Fort Washing-
                    ton, Pa.)
                  South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
                    of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
                    near Homestead, Fla.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                              6.6
                              0.6

                              1.96-6.65
                              0.8-35.0

                              0.0-23.0


                              0.5-12.0


                              0.0-20.0


                              0.1-7.8



                              0.4-5.8

                              0.0-8.0


                              0.0-15.0


                              0.0-440.0
REFERENCE
                                                           241
                                                                                                                    227
               1964-65
   182

   182


   182


   182


   182



   182

   182


   178


   178

-------
  TABLE II(CONT.)  - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT	

  Potassium
    K
    (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
00
00
  Praseodymium
   Pr

  Rhenium
   Re

  Rhodium
   Rh

  Rubidium
   Rb
                  Ohio R. Basin (max. at Kiskiminetas
                    R. at Leechburg, Pa.)
                  St. Lawrence R.  Basin (max. at Tru-
                    mansburg Creek at Trumansburg,
                    N.Y.)

                  Missouri R. Basin (max. at Bitter
                    Lake near Waubay, S. Dak.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
                    Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
                    near Lakota, N. Dak.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
                    Little R. near Rochelle, La.)
                  Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
                    at Mission R.  at Refugio, Tex.)

                  Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
                    at Glendon, Pa.-1957)

                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
                    Fla.
                  Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                    La.
                  Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                  Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
                  Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
                  Mississippi R.. near Baton Rouge,
                    La.
                  Mobile R. at Mt. V-ernon Landing,
                    Ala.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)      REFERENCE

0.0-13.0      1964-65        179

0.1-7.8                      179
                                                                                      0.6-1010.0    1964-65

                                                                                      0.8-1400.0



                                                                                      0.2-109.0

                                                                                      0.5-112.0
                                                                                      0.0-7.0
                                            1945-66
                              None detected 1958-59


                              None detected 1958-59


                              None detected


                              <0.00075-0.002 1958-59

                              0.0002-<0.0027

                              0.0-<0.008
                              <0.0011-0.0014
                              <0.0011-0.0021
                              0.0025-0.0074

                              <0.00089-0.0039
                             180

                             180



                             181

                             181


                             130


                              47,58


                              47,58


                              47,58


                              47,58

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Rubidium
 Rb
 (cont.)
SOURCE
                                                        LOCATION
 Ruthenium
  Ru

 Samarium
  Sm

 Scandium
  Sc

CO
Selenium
 Se
                  Sacramento R.  at Sacramento,  Calif.
                  Susquehanna R. at Conowingo,  Md.
                  Yukon R.  at Mountain Village, Alaska

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                    Passaic R. near Chatam,  N.J.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basins

                  Principal rivers of U.S.


                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Apalachicola R.  near Blounstown,
                    Fla.
                  Atchafalaya R.  at Krotz Springs,
                    La.
                  Hudson R.  at Green Island,  N.Y.
                  Mobile R.  at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                    Ala.

                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
                                                                                      0.001-<0.0016   1958-59      47,58
                                                                                      <0.0015-<0.0021
                                                                                      0.0

                                                                                      0.00006-0.016   1964-65     178
                                                                                     0.0             1964-65     181

                                                                                     None detected   1958-59      47,58


                                                                                     None detected   1958-59      47,58


                                                                                     0.0-trace                    47

                                                                                     0.0-trace                    47

                                                                                     0.0-trace                    47
                                                                                     0.0-trace                    47
                                                                                                                   44
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010
                                                                                      <0.010

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT	

Selenium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Silicon
 Si
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  New Jersey surface waters
                    1) spring flow
                    2) summer flow

                  New Jersey surface water
                    Big Flat Brook
                    Calcareous *- Site 1
                    Acidic - Site 2
                                                                             1962-63
                                                                                                               REFERENCE
                                                            44
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.0005-<0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0,010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                                                                                     <0.010
                              3.5-11.2
                              3.7-12.1
                                                                                     2.5
                                                                                     4.0
                                                                                                      1968
                                                           241
                                                                                                                   241

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN  FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Silicon
d ioxide
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
Weathering of rock
                  Weathering of rock
Surface waters of 98 U.S.
  rivers

Missouri R.
  Omaha, Neb.
  Kansas City, Mo.
  St. Louis County, Mo.
  St. Louis, Mo.

Colorado R. Basin (max. at Gila
  R. near Gila, N. M.)
Pacific Slope Basins in California
  (max. at Shasta R. near Yreka,
  Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
  Lake (max. at Goggin Drain near
  Magna, Utah)

Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
  Champoeg Creek near Champoeg, Ore.)
Snake R._ Basin (max. at Boise R. at
  Notus, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Anchor R. at Anchor
  Point, Alaska)

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Wippany R. near Wippany, N.J.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
  of Mexico Basins  (max. at Alafia R.
  at Lithia, Fla.)

Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tradewater R.
  at Olney, Ky.)
St.  Lawrence R. Basin (max. at St.
  Louis R. at Scanlon, Minn.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
8-48



4.2-16.0
2.0-24.0
5.0-20.0
7.5-13.6

1.5-39.0

2.5-51.0


1.2-60.0



0.9-32.0


3.6-39.0


3.7-34.0

3.0-31.0


0.3-3.0

0.2-65.0



0.4-4990.0

0.7-17.0
1961
                                                                                                       1951-66
                                                                                              REFERENCE
155
                                                                                                 125
                                                                                    1964-65

                                                                                    1964-65
                                                                                                       1964-65
            182

            182


            182



            183


            183


            183

            183


            178

            178



            179

            179

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Silicon
dioxide
(cont.)
        SOURCE
            LOCATION
Silver
 Ag
Leaching of ores;
  electroplating;
  processing of
  food and beve-
  rages
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Hale
  Drain near Scottsbluff, Neb.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi
  R. Basins (max. at Big Coulee
  near Churches Ferry, N. Dak.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max.
  at Canadian R. near Amarillo,
  Tex.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins
  (max. at Croton Creek near
  Joyton, Tex.)

Surface waters in Illinois (max.
  at Cache R. at Forman-1957)

Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
  at Bethlehem, Pa.-1960)

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin

Colorado R. at Lotna, Colo.
                                       Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
                                         Fla.
                                       Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                                         La.
                                       Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                                       Columbia R. near Dalles, Ore.
    CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

    2.2-69.0

    2.9-66.0
                                                                                0.6-73.0


                                                                                0.1-56.0
                                                                                0.6-66.7
                                                                                1.1-14.0
                                                                                    1956-66
                                                                                    1945-66
Mean Positive: 0.0019  1962-67
               0.0009
               0.0004
               0.0021
               0.0053
               0.0034
               0.0014
               0.0012
               0.0043
               0.0058
               0.0009
               0.0003
               0.0011

               0.038   1962-67
              (max. cone.)

    <0.000058-0.00011  1958-59

    0.0-0.00033

    0-0.001
    0.00009-0.00015
REFERENCE

   180

   180
                                                                                                               181
                                                                                                   181
                                                                                                                86
                                                                                                               130
                                                                                                               111
                                                                                                    111


                                                                                                     47,58

                                                                                                     47,58

-------
  TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Silver
  (cont.)
       SOURCE
            LOCATION
  Sodium
   Na
vo
LO
Recharge water pur-
  chas-ed from the
  metropolitan
  water district
                    Highway deicing
                    Weathering of rock,
                      etc.
                         Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
                         Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
                           La.
                         Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                           Ala.
                         Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
                         Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
                         Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

                         North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
                           Wippany R. at Morristown, N. J.)
                    CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
                          REFERENCE
Santa Ana R.,  Calif.
                                             Platte R.
                                             Platte R.
          near Venice
          at Ashland ,
,  Neb.
 Neb.
                         Elkhorn R. at Q Street , Neb.

                         New Jersey surface waters
                           summer flow

                         New Jersey surface water
                           Big Flat Brook
                           Calcareous - Site 1
                           Acidic - Site 2

                         Seven rivers in Maine
                         Colorado R. Basin (max. at Dolores
                           R. near Cisco, Utah)
                         Pacific Slope Basins in California
                           (max. at San Benito R. near Willow
                           Creek School, Calif.)
                         Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
                           (max. at Goggin Drain near Magna,
                           Utah)
                                          <0.00013-0.00059  1958-59     47,58
                                          0-<0.00022

                                          <0.000085-0.00028

                                          0-<0.00016
                                          0.0-0.00029
                                          <0.00020-0.00031
                                                                                       0.0-0.00012
high

31.6
33.1
24.3
                                                                                       3.0-9.6
                                                            1964-65    178
1970

1969
1969
1969

1968
                                          3.7
                                          2.5

                                          <0.5-10.7   July
                                          0.5-8.8    October
                                          0.5-10.7   April

                                          2.3-1160.0        1964-65

                                          1.3-298.0


                                          1.4-5260.0
194

 39



241


241




 95



182

182


182

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN  FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Sodium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
                    and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
                    at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
                    Lower Columbia R. Basin (max.  at
                    Walla Walla R. near Touchet)
                  Snake R. Basin (max. at Boise R.
                    at Notus, Idaho)
                  Alaska (max. at Matanuska R. at
                    Palmer, Alaska)

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                    Potomac R. near Morgantown, Md.*)
                  South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
                    of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
                    near Homestead, Fla.)

                  Ohio R. Basin (max. at Lynch R.  near
                    Glenville, W. Va.)
                  St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Oswego
                    R. at Oswego, N.Y.)

                  Missouri R. Basin  (max. at Medicine
                    Lake near Florence, S. Dak.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi  R.
                    Basins (max. at Eastern Stump  Lake
                    near Lakota, N. Dak.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
                    Little R. near Rochelle, La.)
                  Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
                    at Mission R. at Refugio, Tex.)

                  Illinois surface waters (max. at Wolf
                    Creek near Beecher City-1963)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)      REFERENCE

0.7-139.0       1964-65      183
                                                                                     1.6-46.0


                                                                                     1.3-57.0

                                                                                     0.5-12.0
                                                                                      0.2-5,860.0

                                                                                      1.0-21,400


                                                                                      0.0-1,407.0
                                                           183


                                                           183

                                                           183
                                                                                     0.4-3070        1964-65      178

                                                                                     0.7-12,500.0                 178
                                                                                     0.5-258.0

                                                                                     0.8-210.0


                                                                                     1.4-6,940.0      1964-65

                                                                                     1.2-24,300.0
                                              1964-65
                             179

                             179


                             180

                             180



                             181

                             181


                               86
                                                    *calculated as Na+K, reported  as Na

-------
  TABLE II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION  OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Sodium
  (cont,)
SOURCE
LOCATION
vo
Ol
                  Lehigh R.  Basin (max.  at Aquashicola
                    Creek at Palmerton,  Pa.-1957)

                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

0.5-44.0
                              2.5
                              1.5
                              2.5-4.0
                              3.5
                              12.0-13.0
                              2.0-14.0
                              4.5-14.0
                              3.0
                              4.0-8.5
                              3.5-6.5
                              6.0-120.0
                              17.0
                              2.5-54.0
                              8.0-22.0
                              2.5-12.0
                              1.8-149.0
                              3.5-19.0
                              4.1-9,5
                              6.5-15.0
                              8.0-27.0
                              2.2-26.0
                              7.0-34.0
                              4.0-6.0
                              7.0-34.0
                              45.0-73.0
                              1.0-5.0
                              9.5-13.0
                              23.0-50.0
                              33.0-54.0
                              17.0-150.0
                              26.0-138.0
                              28.0-47.0
                              85.0-100.0
                              20.0-300.0
                              2.0-44.0
                              63.0-76.0
                                                                                                       1962-63
REFERENCE

   130
                                                                                                                      44

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Sodium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Strontium
Sr
                  Weathering of rock
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  Public water supply, Wanbeska,
                    Wisconsin
                    1) Northtown
                    2) Baxter Street
                    3) Moreland

                  New Jersey surface waters
                    1) spring flow
                    2) summer flow

                  New Jersey surface water
                    Big Flat Brook
                    Calcareous - Site 1
                    Acidic - Site 2

                  Northeast Basin
                  North Atlantic Basin
                  Southeast Basin
                  Tennessee R. Basin
                  Ohio R. Basin
                  Lake Erie Basin
                  Upper Mississippi R. Basin
                  Western Great Lakes Basin
                  Missouri R. Basin
                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin
                  Colorado R. Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                              4.5-11.0
                              3.5-25.0
                              59.0-372.0
                              4.0-170.0
                              3.2
                               .0
                               .6
                                                                                     7.
                                                                                     3.
                                                                                     3.2-6.0
                                                                                     38
                                                                                     24
                                                                                     12
                                                                                     0.004-0.040
                                                                                     0.002-0.129
                              0.500
                              0.030

                          Mean Positive:
                                             1962-63
                                                                                                               REFERENCE
                              44
                                                                                                                  146
                                             1959
                                             1959
                                             1959

                                             1968
            0.076  1962-67
             0.062
             0.026
             0.047
             0.130
             0.260
             0.105
             0.044
             0.342
             0.540
             0.697
                                                                                                                  241
                                                                                                                  241
                                                                                                                  111

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
SOURCE
                                                   LOCATION
Strontium   Weathering of rock
(cont.)
 Sulfate ion
 SO,
                   Western Gulf Basin
                   Pacific Northwest
                   California Basin
                   Great Basin
                   Alaska Basin

                   Arkansas R. at Coolidge, Kans.
    CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)

Mean Positive: 0.652  1962-67
               0.068
               0.153
               0.152
               0.081

               5.00   1962-67
             (max. cone.)
                   Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
                     Fla,
                   Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                     La.
                   Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                   Columbia R. above Dalles, Ore.
                   Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
                   Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
                     La.
                   Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                     Ala.
                   Sacramento R. at Sacramento,  Calif.
                   Susquehanna R. at Conowingo,  Md.
                   Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

                   North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                     Raritan R. at Manville, N.J.)

                   Surface waters of 98 U.S. rivers

                   Missouri R. water
                     in Omaha, Neb.
                     in Kansas City, Mo.
                     in St. Louis County,  Mo.
                     in St. Louis, Mo.

                   Hudson R., Nyack, N.Y.

                   Drinking water of 163 metropolitan
                     areas of U.S.
    0.0075-0.034

    0.011-0.154

    0.715-0.802
    0.030-0.112
    0.072-0.106
    0.034-0.105

    0.039-0.068

    0.0063-0.061
    0.012-0.074
    0.015-0.129

    0.0008-1.1


    4.0-473
                                                                                46.0-253.0
                                                                                36.0-286.0
                                                                                35.0-206.0
                                                                                45.0-203.0

                                                                                25

                                                                                Average: 43.9
                                                                                                  1958-59
                                                                                                   1964-65
                                                                                                  1951-66
                      1969

                      1950-51
REFERENCE
                                                                                           111
                                                                                                               111
    47,58
   178


   155

   125
   125

   206
                                       Platte R.  near Venice, Neb.
                                                           67.2
                      1969
    39

-------
TABLE II (COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
	AGENT_

Sulfate
(con t.)
SOURCE
                  Bozeman city sewage
                    treatment plant;
                    slaughter house
                    and stockyard,
                    etc, (Montana)

                  Acid mine drainage
                  Weathering of rock,
                    mine waste, etc.
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                  Platte R.  at Ashland , Neb.                63.5          1969
                  Elkhorn R. at Q Street, Neb.               50.2          1969

                  Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.           20.02
                    (various locations along rivers
                    from sources of pollution)
                  Deepwater Creek,  Henry County, Mo.         140-200        1966-67

                  Montrose Reservoir,  Henry,  County,         230
                    Mo.

                  Colorado R.  Basin (max.  at  Price R.        2.5-3,690.0    1964-65
                    at Woodside,  Utah)
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Calif,  (max.       0.0-675.0
                    at Salt Slough  near Los Banos,
                    Calif.)

                  Great  Basin excluding Great Salt Lake      0.0-2,260.0    1964-65
                    (max. at Goggin Drain near Magna,
                    Utah)
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Washington and     0.0-170.0
                    Upper Columbia  R.  Basin  (max. at
                    Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
                  Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon  and Lower   0.0-59.0
                    Columbia R. Basin  (max. at Walla Walla
                    R. near Touchet, Wash.)
                  Snake  R. Basin (max.  at Boise R. at        0.0-80.0
                    Notero, Idaho)
                  Alaska (max. at Nenana R. near  Healy,      0.5-47.0
                    Alaska)

                  North  Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at      3.6-960.0
                    Ostsquago Creek at Fort Plain, N.Y.)
                  South  Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf      0.0-2,560.0
                    of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
                    near Homestead, Fla.)
REFERENCE

    39
    39

   227
                                                            25

                                                            25


                                                           182

                                                           182



                                                           183


                                                           183


                                                           183


                                                           183

                                                           183


                                                           178

                                                           178

-------
TABLE  II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION  OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT_

Sulfate
(con t.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
                  Ohio R. Basin (max. at Lynch Runn
                    near Glenville, W. Va.
                  St. Lawrence R.  Basin (max. at
                    Fairville Creek at Fairville Sta., N
                    N.Y.)

                  Missouri R. Basin (max.  at Medicine
                    Lake near Florence, S. Dak.)
                  Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
                    Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
                    near Lakota, N. Dak.)

                  Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
                    Arkansas R. at Lamar,  Colo.)
                  Western Gulf of  Mexico Basins (max.
                    at Colorado R. near Ira, Tex.)

                  Illinois surface waters  (max. at
                    Beaucoup Creek near Matthews-1964)

                  Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Nesquehoning
                    mine drainage  tunnel-1965)

                  Selected drinking water  supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  Massachusetts
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New Jersey
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

0.4-1,530.0    1964-65

5.0-426.0
                                                                                     0.0-61,600.0   1964-65

                                                                                     5.5-66,000.0
              REFERENCE
                179
                                                                                     0.0-2,710.0

                                                                                     4.0-4,360.0


                                                                                     1.6-1,627.0


                                                                                     0.5-965.0
                                                                                     0.00
                                                                                     4.9
                                                                                     19.0
                                                                                     10.8
                                                                                     48.0-52.0
                                                                                     40.0
                                                                                     10.0-36.5
                                                                                     42.0-70.0
                                                                                     36.0-84.0
                                                                                     8.6-39.0
                                                                                     9.7-21.4
                                                                                     12.7-38.8
                                                                                     153.0
                                                                                     2.1-82.0
                                                                                     9.0-45.0
1964-65




1956-66


1945-66


1962-63
                               180

                               180



                               181

                               181


                                86


                               130


                                44

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
SOURCE
                                                      LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                                                                        REFERENCE
Sulfate
(con*1-)
























Tantalum
Ta
Tellurium
Te
Terbium
Tb
Thallium
Tl
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
Nevada
Washington
Principal U.S. rivers

Principal rivers of U.S.

Principal rivers of U.S.

Principal rivers of U.S.

1962-63

6.0
1.4-56.5
1.6-29.0
28.0-58.0
33.0-73.0
2.0-33.0
30.0-117.0
23.0-27.0
99.0
120.0-136.0
3.0
58.9-69.4
191.0
40.0
51.0
76.0-136.0
7.0-205.0
20.0-130.0
106.0-118.0
10.0-57.0
11.0-141.0
60.0-205.0
19.2
3.3-10.7
None detected 1958-59

None detected 1958-59

None detected 1958-59

None detected 1958-59

44

























47,58

47,58

47,58

47,58


-------
TABLE II (CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN  FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Thorium
 Th
       SOURCE
Naturally occurring
  minerals
                                     LOCATION
Thulium
 Tm
Weber R., Utah
Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah
Williams Creek, Idaho
Blye Mountain, Calif.
Well-Arches National Monument, Utah
Hot Spring-Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Truckee R. Nevada
Walker R. Nevada
Humbolt R., Nevada
Carson R., Nevada
Sevier R., Utah
Lake Tahoe,  Calif.
Pyramid Lake, Nevada

Principal rivers of U.S.

Principal rivers of U.S.
CONG ENTRATION  (mg/1)

0.00041
<0.0015
0.00004
0.00033
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0005
0.00017
0.0001
0.00008
<0.00003
0.0002

None detected    1958-59

None detected    1958-59
                                                                      REFERENCE
273
                                                                                                   47,58

                                                                                                   47,58
Tin
 Sn
                         Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
                           Fla.
                         Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                           Ala.

                         North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                           Passaic R. at Chatam, N.J.)

                         Selected drinking water supplies
                           in:
                         Connecticut
                         Delaware
                         New York
                         Pennsylvania
                         Kentucky
                         Maryland
                         North Carolina
                         Virginia
                         W. Virginia
                         Alabama
                         Florida
                                          0.0-0.0013

                                          0.0-0.0014


                                          <0.0003-0.Oil
                 1958-59
                                                                                                     1964-65
 47,58

 47,58


178



 44
                                                                                    <0.0030
                                                                                    <0.006-
                                                                                    <0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0010
                                                                                    <0.0010
                                                                                    <0.0010
                                                                                    <0.0040
                                                                                    <0.0005
                                                                                    <0.0030
                                                 -<0.0050
                                                 <0.0080
                                                 -<0.0060

                                                 =<0.0029
                                                 -<0.0030
                                                 -<0.0030

                                                 -<0.0050
                                                 •<0.0050

-------
 TABLE II(CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

 Tin
 (cont.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
o
to
  Titanium
   Ti
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
                    Fla.
                  Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
                    La.
                  Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
                  Columbia R. above Dalles, Ore.
                  Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.0007-
<0.0010-
<0.0010
<0.0020-
<0.0050-
<0.0050-
<0.0004-
<0.0020-
<0.0050-
<0.0040-
<0.0070-
<0.0010-
<0.0050
<0.0070-
<010060-
<0.0100
<0.0050'

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Titanium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Tungsten
 W

Uranium
 U
                 Naturally occurring
                   minerals
                  Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
                  Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
                  Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
                  Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
                  Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska

                  Streams in California

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
                    Passaic R. at Little Falls, N.J.)

                  Lower Mississippi R, Basin:
                    California Gulch and Arkansas R. at
                    Malta, Colo. (max. at California
                    Gulch)

                  Principal rivers of U.S.
                  Walker R.,  Calif,
                  Weber R., Utah
                  Little Cottonwood Creek,  Utah
                  Williams Creek, Idaho
                  Blye Mountain, Calif.
                  Well-Arches National Monument,  Utah
                  Hot Spring-Pyramid Lake,  Nevada
                  Truchee R., Nevada
                  Walker R.,  Nevada
                  Humbolt R., Nevada
                  Carson R.,  Nevada
                  Sevier R.,  Utah
                  Lake Tahoe, Calif.
                  Pyramid Lake, Nevada (South End)
                  Pyramid Lake, Nevada (North End)
                  Walker Lake
                  Mono Lake
                                                                                    CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

                                                                                    0.0067-0.072      1958-59
                                                                                    0.0027-0.038
                                                                                    <0.00086-0.106
                                                                                    0.0-0.0057
                                                                                    <0,. 002-0.016

                                                                                    Average:   0.0065

                                                                                    <0.0003-0.027     1964-65


                                                                                    <0.00051-<0.040    1964-65
                                                          REFERENCE
                                                              47,58
                                                                                    None detected
                              0.0009
                              0.0013
                              0,002
                              0.0003
                              0.00004
                              0,0050
                              0.00008
                              0.0046
                              0.016
                              0.0072
                              0.0047
                              0.0081
                              0.0008
                              0.016
                              0.025
                              0.077
                              0.139
                                                1958-59
222

178


181




 47,58


273

-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
Uranium
 U
(con t.)
SOURCE
                                                      LOCATION
                 Uranium ore process-
                   ing mill
                  Drinking water

                  Drinking water

                  Surface waters

                  Principal rivers of U.S.

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins  (max.  at
                    Susquehanna R. at Harrisburg, Pa.
                    and Potomac R. at Hancock, Md.)

                  St. Lawrence R. Basin
                    Genessee R. at Rochester, N.Y.

                  South Atlantic Slope Basins  (max.  at
                    Yadkin R. at Yadkin College, N.C.
                    and St. Johns R.  at Christmas, Fla.)

                  Gulf of Mexico Basin (max. at
                    Missouri R. at Nebraska City, Neb.)

                  Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.

                  Pacific Coast Basins (max. at
                    San Joaquin R. at Vernalis, Calif.)

                  Yukon R. at Rampart, Alaska

                  Red.R. (N) at Grand Forks, N.D.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)        REFERENCE

0.002-0.05       1968          160

0.04-0.05        1969          158

Detected                       274

None detected    1958-59        47,58

<0.0004-0.0006   1960-61       178




<0.0004          1960-61       1?9

<0.0004-0,0007   1960-61       183



<0.0004.0.0066   1960-61        47,58


0.0076                          47,58

<0.0004-0.008                  183


0.0014                          47,58

0.0014                          47>58

-------
TABLE II  (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT
       SOURCE
                                                      LOCATION
                                          CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
                             REFERENCE
Vanadium
Uranium-vanadium
  milling opera-
  tions

Minerals
o
Ul
Colorado R. Basin

New Mexico waters

Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Alaska Basin

Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
  Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
  La.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Ore,
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y,
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.

Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.

Streams in California

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Elizabeth R. at Elizabeth, N.J.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch at Malta, Colo.
                                                                                    0.002-0.0492
                                                                                    0.02-0.15
                 1969
                                                                                Mean Positive:
            0.009 1962-67
            0.012
            0.010
            0.022
            0.054
            0.020
            0.171
            0.025
            0.105
            0.009
            0.013
            0.030
            0.032

0.0-0.0022        1958-59

0.0-<0.0065

0.0-0.004
0.0-0.0056
0.0-<0.0055
0.0-0.004

0.0-0.0067       1958-59

Average: 0.003

<0.0002-0.018


0.0-<0.020
122

131

111
                                                                                                                     47,58

                                                                                                                     47,58

                                                                                                                     47,58
                                                                                                                     47,58
                                                                                                                     47,58
                                                                                                                     47,58

                                                                                                                     47

                                                                                                                    222

                                                                                                                    178


                                                                                                                    181

-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Vanadium
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W.  Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North  Dakota
                  South  Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                              1962-63
REFERENCE
                                44
                                                                                    0.0000
                                                                                    <0.0001
                                                                                    <0.0001-<0.0002
                                                                                    <0.0004
                                                                                    0.0030-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0006-<0.0080
                                                                                    <0,0002-<0.0120
                                                                                    <0.0020
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0,0040
                                                                                    <0.0005-<0,0050
                                                                                    <0.0010-0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0007-<0,0050
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0060
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0,0030
                                                                                    <0.0050-<0.0080
                                                                                    <0.0050-<0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0004-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0030-<0.0080
                                                                                    <0.0010-<0.0060
                                                                                    <0.0040-0.0060
                                                                                    <0.0070-<0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0010-0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0030-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0070-<0.0090
                                                                                    <0.0060-<0.0090
                                                                                    <0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0.0050
                                                                                    <0.0060-0.0130
                                                                                    <0.0090-<0.0100
                                                                                    <0.0050-<0.0300
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0.0060
                                                                                    0.0300-0.0500
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0.0030
                                                                                    <0.0020-<0.0130

-------
  TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Vanadium
  (con t.)
SOURCE
                              LOCATION
  Ytterbium
   Yb
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Arizona.
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  Apalachicola R.  near Blounstown,
                    Fla,
                  Atchafalaya R.  at Krotz Springs,
                    La.
                  Hudson R. at Green Island,  N.Y.
                  Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                    Ala.
CONCENTRATION  (mg/1)
              1962-63
                                                                                      <0.0040-<0.0200
                                                                                      <0.0020-0.0200
                                                                                      0,0010  .
                                                                                      <0.0040
                                                                                      <0.0020
                                                                                      <0.0004-<0.0030
0.0-trace

0.0-trace

0,0-trace
0.0-trace
1958-59
              REFERENCE
                  47
47

47

47
47
  Yttrium
   Y
o
-j
                  Apalachicola R.  near Blounstown,
                    Fla.
                  Atchafalaya R.  at Krotz Springs,
                    La.
                  Hudson R.  at Green Island,  N.Y.
                  Mississippi R.  near Baton Rouge,
                    La.
                  Mobile R.  at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                    Ala.
0.0-trace

0.0-trace

0.0-trace
0.0-trace

0.0-trace
                  47

                  47

                  47
                  47

                  47
  Zinc
   Zn
                  New Jersey surface waters
                    1) spring flow
                    2) summer flow

                  New Jersey surface waters
                    Big Flat Brook
                    Calcareous - Site 1
                    Acidic - Site 2

                  Northeast Basin
                  North Atlantic Basin
                  Southeast Basin
                  Tennessee R, Basin
                  Ohio R. Basin
                1968
0.010-0.019
0.010-0.085
                                                                                      0.010
                                                                                      0.010

                                                                                  Mean Positive:
            0.096 1962-67
            0.049
            0.052
            0.028
            0.081
                 241
                                                                                                                     241
                 241

-------
  TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF  INORGANIC  POLLUTANTS  IN  FRESH WATER
    AGENT

  Zinc
  (cont.)
       SOURCE
                                     LOCATION
                         Lake Erie
                         Upper Mississippi R.  Basin
                         Western Great Lakes  Basin
                         Missouri R.  Basin
                         Lower Mississippi R.  Basin
                         Colorado R.  Basin
                         Western Gulf Basin
                         Pacific Northwest Basin
                         California Basin
                         Great Basin
                         Alaska Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.205
0.045
0.024
0.039
0.085
0.051
0.092
0.040
0.016
0.044
0.028
1962-67
                                                                      REFERENCE
                                                                         111
o
00
Industrial waste and
  some weathering of
  rock
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.

Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
  and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
  at Spokane R. near Otis Orchards,
  Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
  Lower Columbia R. Basin
Snake R. Basin

North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
  Assunpink Creek at Trenton, N.J.)

Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
  California Gulch, Arkansas R. and
  a few minor streams (max, at Cali-
  fornia Gulch at Malta, Colo.)

Streams in California

Cuyahoga R.  at Cleveland, 0.
0.0-<0.125    1958-59
0,0-<0.110
0.0-trace

0.05-0.40     1964-65
                                                                                      0.05
                                                                                      0.05

                                                                                      0.008-0.730


                                                                                      <0.00005-860.0




                                                                                      Average: 0.029

                                                                                      1.182
                                                                                     (max. cone.)
 47,58



183



183

183

178


181




222

111

-------
TABLE II (CONT.)  -  CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS  IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Zinc
 (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  Connecticut
                  Maine
                  New Hampshire
                  Vermont
                  Delaware
                  New York
                  Pennsylvania
                  Kentucky
                  Maryland
                  North Carolina
                  Virginia
                  W. Virginia
                  Alabama
                  Florida
                  Georgia
                  Mississippi
                  South Carolina
                  Tennessee
                  Illinois
                  Indiana
                  Michigan
                  Ohio
                  Wisconsin
                  Iowa
                  Kansas
                  Minnesota
                  Missouri
                  Nebraska
                  North Dakota
                  South Dakota
                  Louisiana
                  New Mexico
                  Oklahoma
                  Texas
                  Colorado
                  Idaho
                  Montana
                  Utah
                  Arizona
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
                                            1962-63
                                                                                                                 REFERENCE
                                44
                                                                                    <0.05
                                                                                    0.04
                                                                                    0.03-0.19
                                                                                    0.00
                                                                                    0.04-<0.05
                                                                                    0.02-3.00
                                                                                    0.00-1.00
                                                                                    <0.40
                                                                                    0.00-<0.40
                                                                                    <0.03-<0.3
                                                                                    0.01-<0.60
                                                                                    <1.00

                                                                                    <0.01-<0.05
                                                                                    0.01-<0.05
                                                                                    <0.06-<0.30
                                                                                    0.02-<0.90
                                                                                    <0.40-<0.60
                                                                                    <0.05-<1.00
                                                                                    <0.05-<2.00
                                                                                    <0.05-<0.9
                                                                                    <0.05-<0.8
                                                                                    0.00-0.47
                                                                                    <1.00
                                                                                    <2.00
                                                                                    <0.01-<0,03
                                                                                    <0.7-<1.00
                                                                                    <2.00
                                                                                    <0.06-<0.09
                                                                                    <3.00
                                                                                    0.00-<0.05
                                                                                    <0.06-<0.13
                                                                                    <2.00-<3.00
                                                                                    0.01-<4.00
                                                                                    <0.02-0.10
                                                                                    <3.00
                                                                                    <0.50-<0.70
                                                                                    <0.04-<0.13
                                                                                    0.01-<4.00

-------
TABLE ll(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
  AGENT

Zinc
 (cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Zirconium
 Zr
                  Selected drinking water supplies
                    in:
                  California
                  Hawaii
                  Nevada
                  Oregon
                  Washington

                  Apalachicola R.  near Blounstown,
                    Fla.
                  Atchafalaya R.  at Krotz Springs,
                    La.
                  Hudson R. at Green Island,  N.Y.
                  Mississippi R.  near Baton Rouge,
                    La.
                  Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
                    Ala.
                  Sacramento R. at Sacramento,  Calif.

                  North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.  at
                    Passaic R. near Chatam, N.J.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)

               1962-63

0.10-<4.00
0.40
0.08
<0.40
<0.10-<0,80

0.0-trace       1958-59

0.0-trace

0.0-trace
0.0-trace

0.0-trace

0.0-trace

<0.0003-<0.012   1964-65
                                                          REFERENCE
                                                                                            44
                                                              47

                                                              47

                                                              47
                                                              47

                                                              47

                                                              47

                                                             178

-------
                                 SECTION VII

                       TQXIGITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
ACUTE TOXICITY

Table III presents available acute toxicity Information on inorganic
pollutants in freshwater as these relate to the animal species in which
the toxicity was examined, the dose used, the effect found, and occasionally
the minimum lethal dose  (MLD).  A separate column has been reserved for the
LD5Q of the compounds.  The LD5Q is an estimation of the dose which could be
expected to kill one-half of an unlimited population of a specific strain of
animals.

All doses, except where indicated, were administered orally.  Other routes of
administration are included in Table III only if oral data was not available.
Pertinent information on species other than mammals, if included, is presented
only if data on mammals or adequate data on mammalian spcies were not available.

Many of the same factors need to be considered in assessing toxicity data as
were pointed out in "Water Quality Criteria Data Book Volume I, Organic Chemical
Pollution of Freshwater."  Chemical interaction is of more significance with
inorganic materials than with organic compounds.  The formation of complex ions
and salts results in materials in water which may have distinct toxic actions
from the particular ionic species involved in such reactions.  While microbal
decomposition of inorganic species cannot occur, the microbal transformation
of one form of an element to another has become well known with the recognition
that metallic mercury will result in soluble forms of mercury by the action of
micro-organisms.  Many of the particular salts which have been measured for
toxicity in animals have a low solubility in water.  When administered by the
oral route, this low solubility may result in a decreased toxicity.  Thus if
a different salt of a particular ion were tested, an entirely different pattern
of symptoms might result.

Unlike the case with organic compounds, one can be reasonably certain of the
initial purity of the inorganic material which was used in testing for toxicity.
One can never be certain, however, as to what toxicity would have resulted if
a particular material were tested in the presence of other compounds.  The
synergistic effects observed with organic compounds also apply to inorganic
species.  This can be especially true of inorganic materials that are administered
in the presence of chelating agents or of cations administered in diets rela-
tively deficient in other specific cationic species.
                                     Ill

-------
One further caveat is necessary in evaluating toxicity data obtained with
inorganic chemical compounds.  It is possible to kill an animal with a large
dose of sodium chloride, although sodium chloride is considered not to have
significant acute toxicity.  High concentrations of inorganic materials can
upset the water balance of animals, however.  The extent to which a chemical
species results in toxicity due to its ionic strength or buffering effect
versus the poisonous nature of one of its ionic constituents is difficult
to assess when large quantities are administered.  Thus in Table III large
     values should not necessarily be the cause for -undue attention.
                                      112

-------
TABLE III - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Aluminum
chloride

Antimony




Antimony
potassium
tartrate








Antimony
trichloride

SPECIES DOSE
Mouse


Human 100 mg
97.2 mg
48.6 mg
Laboratory 50 mg
animals
Rabbit


10-20 mg/kg
Rat 300 mg/kg
Mouse
Rat 110 ing /kg




Rat

Guinea pig
EFFECT LDr/, (mg/kg)
— 	 - •-- • -— 	 	 ___ . . 	 j}u
1,130

3,730
Lethal
Lethal to adult
Lethal to child
Death; acute symptoms

115

115-120
Lethal
Minimum lethal dose
599-666
Cardiac lesions, congestion
of liver with some degen-
eration and polymorpho-
nuclear infiltration and
toxic glomerular nephritis.
675

574
REFERENCE
170

228
26,131,165
131
131
131

26

228


228





10

10

-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE WXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Antimony
trif luoride
Ant imony
pentachloride
Arsenic
(undefined)
SPECIES DOSE
Guinea pig 110 mg/kg
Rat
Guinea pig
Human 130 mg
100 mg
EFFECT LDP^ (mg/kg) REFERENCE
Lethal 131
1,115 10
900 10
Lethal 131
Severe poisoning; cumulative 131
               Laboratory
                 animals
               Dog
               Swine
               Sheep, goat,
                 horse
               Cow
  9 mg/kg
 20 mg

 10-20 mg
 50-100 mg
1,000-1,500 mg

1,500-3,000 mg
  toxic effect;  small erup-
  tions on hands and soles of
  feet, sometimes developing
  into cancer;  possible liver
  damage and heart ailments,
  causal factor for Hoff's
  disease.

Lethal
Lethal or acute symptoms

Toxic
Toxic
Toxic

Toxic
131
165

131
131
131

131

-------
 TABLE Hi (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
                                          DOSE
                                    EFFECT
Arsenic
(metal)
Arsenic
trioxide
Arsenite
ion
 Sodium
 arsenite
Human
 Arsenate
 ion
Human

Rat
Dog

Human


Rat and mouse

Human

Rat


Guinea pig

Rat and mouse
Ingestion
 70-180 mg
 30-70 mg/kg

Ingestion




325 mg




 14-30 mg/kg
Burning and dryness of mouth
  and throat, dysphagia,
  colicky abdominal pain, pro-
  jectile vomiting, profuse
  diarrhea, hematuria, shock,
  paralysis, and increased
  permeability of the
  splanchnic capillary bed.

Fatal
Lethal

>400 people died in decade




Lethal




Lethal
(mg/kg)    REFERENCE
— —

           250
                                                                                            <50
                                                                                             75-500
                                                                                            138
                                                                                            138+13
                                                                                             18.36
                                                                                            <50
                                                                                             70
                                                                                            238
           250

           246
            26
             8
           228

           228

           208


           208

           131

           246
           102

           228

           208

-------
 TABLE III  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
Calcium
arsenate

Arsine
        DOSE
           EFFECT
Barium
(undefined)

Barium
carbonate
Rat
Human
Guinea pig




Human


Human


Rabbit

Rat
Ingestion
250 ppm

  0.5-2 ppm




500-600 mg


800 mg


170-300 mg/kg



 50-200 mg/kg



 50-200 mg/kg
Hemolysis of RBC;  headache,
  anorexia, nausea, vomit-
  ing and paresthesia, jaun-
  dice and tenderness of
  liver and spleen.

Lethal in 30 minutes

Increased red cell fragility,
  leukopenia, and a rapid
  fall of red cells to 80%
  of normal.

Lethal
Lethal
                                                           Lethal
                                                           Lethal
                                                           Lethal
    .(mg/kg)    REFERENCE

298            131


               250
                                                                                            800
                                                                                            1,480*340
               250

               250




               131


               174


               228

               131

               200

               228

               228

-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
  AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
                                                                     EFFECT
LDrn(mg/kg)    REFERENCE
Barium
carbonate
(cont. )

Barium
chloride







Barium
fluoride
Barium
nitrate

Beryllium
(metal)
Mouse

Rabbit
Guinea pig
Human

Rat
Dog
Mouse
Rat
Dog
Horse
Rabbit
Guinea pig

Rabbit

Dog
Rabbit
200 mg/kg



100 mg/kg



7-14 mg/kg
355-533 mg/kg
90 mg/kg
800-1,000 mg/kg
170/kg


300-600 mg/kg

2,000 8,000 mg/kg
40 mg injected
	 . 	 _ 	 — DU — - — —
Lethal

170-130
1,000
Lethal

250
90
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
350

Lethal

Lethal
19/24 died from liver necrosis;
2/24 had pulmonary infections.
228,200

200
200
200

59
131
200
228
200,228
200,228
200,228
131,228

174

174
16

-------
    TABLE III  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE  TOXICITY  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
00
AGENT
Beryllium
chloride
Beryllium
sulfate
Bismuth
(undefined)
Boron
(undefined)
Boric acid





Sodium
borate
SPECIES
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Human
Mouse
Laboratory
animals
Human
Mouse
Rat

Dog
Human
DOSE EFFECT LDr^ (mg/kg)
jU 	
92
86
80
82
Single injection Damage to kidneys and anuria
1,000-4,000 mg/kg Intoxication in liver
1,200-3,450
250-330 mg/kg Lethal
3,450±158
5,140
2, 6601220
>1,000
83-250 mg/kg Lethal
REFERENCE
198
198
198
198
26
252
252
174
228
228
228
228
131

-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Sodium
bromate
Cadmium
(undefined)



Cadmium
chloride



Calcium
chloride
SPECIES
Rabbit
Human
Dog
Mouse
Rabbit
Rabbit
Cat
Gerbil
Rat
Rat
DOSE
580 mg/kg
150 mg/kg
14 . 5 mg
150-600 mg/kg
50-100 mg/kg
300-500 mg
150-300 mg/kg
70-150 mg/kg
125 mg/1 of food
*
S.C.

3,650 mg/kg
               Rabbit
1,384 mg/kg
                                                         	EFFECT	

                                                         Minimum lethal  dose


                                                         Lethal in 1.5 hrs.

                                                         Nausea and vomiting

                                                         Lethal

                                                         Lethal

                                                         Lethal

                                                         Lethal

                                                         Lethal

                                                         Lethal

                                                         Acute damage-to ovarian
                                                            tissue



                                                         Lethal



                                                         Lethal
                                                         LD  (mg/kg)    REFERENCE

                                                                        131
                                                                        131

                                                                        131

                                                                        131

                                                                        121

                                                                        121

                                                                        131

                                                                        228

                                                                        131

                                                                        106
                                                          88
                                                         4,000
228

131

228

228
Subcutaneous

-------
  TABLE III (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
SPECIES
                                          DOSE
                                                   EFFECT
(mg/kg)     REFERENCE
Bicarbonate
ion
Sodium
carbonate
Cerium
chloride





Sodium
chlorate


Human
Rat
Rabbit

Mouse
Laboratory
animals
Laboratory
animals


Rat
Laboratory
animals
Rat
Rabbit
700 mg/1 Unhealthful to most people
10,000-20,000 mg/kg Lethal to young



10 mg I.V.* Paralysis of heart muscle
and degenerative changes
in blood cells
10 mg P.O.** and S.C. None of the above effects
observed possibly due to
longer contact with nu-
cleic acids which con-
verts Ce to insoluble
compounds .

20,000-40,000 mg/1 Considered non-toxic
12,000 mg/kg Lethal
8,000-12,000 mg/kg Lethal
— su^—* — *"- 	
131
131
50-60 I.V.* 26

35.3 I.V. 26
26
26


12,000 131
131
228
228
*  Intravenous
** Oral

-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Sodium
chlorate
(cont. )
Ammonium
perchlorate

Chromium
Potassium
dichromate


Cobalt
(undefined)

SPECIES
Cat
Dog
Mouse and
rabbit
Rat
Rat
Human
Human
Rat
Dog
Human
Dog
Laboratory
animal
DOSE
1,350-1,940 mg/kg
700 mg/kg


500 mg/kg
10 mg/1 for 15 days
10 mg/1 in drinking
water for 3 wks.
(0.35 mg/kg/day)
500 mg/1 in drinking
water
2,829 mg/kg


EFFECT
Lethal
Lethal


Maximum non-toxic limit
Nausea
No effect except 3 periods
of vomiting
Toxic
Lethal
Low toxicity
Vomiting by local
irritation
LD.n (mg/kg) REFERENCE
jU
228
228
1,900 219
4,200 219
131
131
269
269
228
131
>30 . 131
131

-------
    TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
     AGENT
                     SPECIES
                          DOSE
                                    EFFECT
Copper
(undefined)
Human
Human
10,000 mg/kg
60-100 mg
Lethal
Gastroenteritis with
K
  Copper
  chloride

  Copper
  nitrate

  Copper
  sulfate
 Sheep

Rat


Rat


Human




Human

Laboratory
  animals

Rat
                                     10-30 mg
44 mg/1 in water con-
  taminated by cor-
  roded drinking
  fountain

18,000-182,000 mg/kg
 10-15 grains




Ingestion

890 mg
                                             nausea and intestinal
                                             irritation

                                           No poisoning even after
                                             many days
                                                             Lethal
Severe abdominal pain,
  vomiting, diarrhea, hema-
  turia and convulsions,
  possibly fatal.

Hemolytic anemia

Intense inflammation of the
  gastro-intestinal tract
                                 LD  (mg/kg)    REFERENCE


                                                 78

                                                131



                                                131


                                                131
                                                                                              940
                                                          140
                                                131

                                                228


                                                228


                                                 26
                                                                                              300
                                                                                                               26

                                                                                                               26


                                                                                                              228

-------
    TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
N3
Co
AGENT SPECIES
Aluminum Mouse
fluoride
Magnesium Guinea pig
fluoride
Gallium Rat
(undefined)

Rabbit

Dog
DOSE

1,000 mg/kg
110-121 mg/kg S.C.
47 mg/kg I.V.
97 mg/kg S.C.
43 mg/kg I.V.
Fatal dose
EFFECT LDr^ (mg/kg)
_>u —
103
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Severe gastro-intestinal dis-
REFERENCE
170
228
26
26
26
26
26
   Gallium
   citrate &
   Gallium
   lactate

   Germanium
   (undefined)
Mouse

Dog & goat


Rabbit
                                                               turbance with anoexia, di-
                                                               arrhea, and blood in feces;
                                                               rapidly progressive debility
                                                               and weakness culminating in
                                                               coma and death
S.C.

I.V.


586 mg/kg S.C.
                                 600

                                  10-15
Lethal
26

26


26

-------
    TABLE III (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
    SPECIES
                                          DOSE
                                    EFFECT
Germanium
(undefined)
  (cont.)
Indium
(undefined)
Indium
chloride
Indium
sulfate
Potassium
iodide
                Laboratory
                  animals
Mouse
Rat
Laboratory
  animals

Rabbit

Human


Mouse
                  Lethal
Dose which caused
  death in 3-6 days
 20 mg/kg I.V.


 20-30 mg for
  27 days

1300-2000 mg

300-1300 mg
Hypothermia, listlessness,
  diarrhea, cyanosis, and
  almost complete respira-
  tory an  cardiac depression;
  edema, hemorrhage of lungs,
  petechial hemorrhage in
  walls of small intestine
  and peritoneal effusion

Failure to eat, loss of
  weight, dirty roughened
  coat, muscular twitchings
  and dyspnea
                                                           Severe hepatic damage and
                                                             death within a few days

                                                           No ill effects
                                                           Minimal lethal dose

                                                           lodism in sensitive
                                                             individuals
                                                                                            LD^Qng/kg)     REFERENCE
                                                                          26
                                                            1.8 I.P.

                                                            4.1 I.V.
                                                                                            1980-2070
 26




 42

 42

 65


 26


228

131


131
 Intraperitoneal

-------
    TABLE III  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN  ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
      AGENT
SPECIES
                                             DOSE
EFFECT
LDr/,(mg/kg)    REFERENCE
NJ
Ln
Ferrous
chloride



Ferric
chloride
Lanthanum
acetate
Lanthanum
nitrate

Lead
(unidentified)


Lead
acetate
Lead
carbonate
Human 100 mg/kg

Dog 200-800 mg
Rat 984-1986 mg/kg
Rabbit 890 mg/kg
Rat

Rat

Rat

Rat

Human


Dog 300 mg/kg

Guinea pig 1000 mg/kg

	 	 -jy 	
Acute poisoning of 2-1/2-
year old girl
No physiological effect
Lethal
Lethal
900

10,000

1450

4500

Irritability, vomiting, con-
vulsions, coma, and death
Encephalopathy
Lethal

Minimum lethal dose

131

131
228
228
131,228

228

131

228

218

26
228

228


-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
 AGENT
SPECIES
                                        DOSE
EFFECT
LD^ (mg/kg)   -REFERENCE
Lead
chloride
Lead
oleate
Lead
sulfate
Lithium
(undefined)


Lithim
citrate
Lithium
fluoride

Magnesium
chloride
Magnesium
sulfate
Manganese
(undefined)
Guinea pig

Guinea pig

Guinea pig

Laboratory
animals


Human

Guinea pig

Guinea pig
Laboratory
animals
Human

Human

1500-2000 mg/kg

8000 mg/kg

35,000 mg/kg

P.O. or I.V.



20 grains 3Xday



200 mg/kg
40,000 mg/kg

200 mg/kg



ju — — —
Minimum lethal dose

Lethal

Minimum lethal dose

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, and salivation;
loss of weight, dehydration
and fall of body temperature
Ataxia, general weakness and
epileptiform convulsions
200

Lethal
Diarrhea, loss of appetite
and possible death
Lethal

Possible association with
hemochromatosis
228

228

228

26



26

131

228
131

131

26


-------
 TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
                   SPECIES
Mercury
(undefined)
                                          DOSE
                                    EFFECT
Mercuric
chloride
                Human
                Rabbit


                Rabbit

                Human
                Rat

                Dog
1000-2000 mg/kg

Ingestion of a toxic
  dose
 3 mg/kg/day for
   3 days.  S.C.
170-330 mg/kg

  1.7 mg/kg

  8 mg/kg



 10-15 mg/kg
Lethal

Paresthesia of mouth, hands,
  feet, etc.  Constriction
  of visual fields, hearing
  difficulty, speech dis-
  orders, neurasthenia, in-
  ability to write, read, or
  recall basic things, emo-
  tional instability, ataxia,
  stupor, coma, and death in
  extreme cases.

Impairment of blood platelet
  aggregation
Fatal

Acute poisoning

Fatal



Lethal
LD  (mg/kg)    REFERENCE

               136

                55, 56, 57
                                                                                             37
                                                                                             37
                71


               228

               131

               165

               165, 75

               131

               136

-------
   TABLE III (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
     AGENT
                     SPECIES
                          DOSE
                                    EFFECT
  Methyl-
    mercuric
    chloride
Rat
                  Mouse
to
00
Sublethal I.P.
                  125 ing/kg


                   85 rag/kg

                   58 rag/kg


                   40 mg/kg


                   28 mg/kg


                   18.5 mg/kg

                   18.5 mg/kg/day for
                     7 days

                   12.5 mg/kg/day for
                     7 days
                                      8.5 and 5.8 mg/kg/day
                                       for 7 days
Higher rate of litter resorp-
  tion;  decrease in fertili-
  ty rate;  increase in per-
  centage of fetuses born dead

Death w/out neurological
  symptoms
                         Death with neurological
                           symptoms in all mice

                         Survival with neurological
                           symptoms in some mice

                         Survival w/out neurological
                           symptoms in all mice
                         Death with neurological
                           symptoms in all mice

                         Survival with neurological
                           symptoms in all mice
                           up to the 30th day

                         Survival w/out neurological
                           symptoms in all mice
(mg/kg)     REFERENCE

            56




           235


           235

           235


           235


           235


           235

           235


           235



           235

-------
    TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
     AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
                                                                         EFFECT
LD,.,. (mg/kg)    REFERENCE
M
to
Molybdenum
(undefined)
Ammonium
molybate



Calcium
molybdate
Nickel
(salts)

Nickel
carbonate
Nickel
chloride
Niobium
chloride
Rat 116 mg/kg
Rat
Rat and 1,200 mg/kg
guinea pig
Guinea pig 203 mg/kg
Rabbit 1,870 mg/kg
Cat >1, 600-3, 200 mg/kg
Rat
Laboratory Large dose
animals
Dog 500 mg
Rat
Dog
Rat
	 DU — 	 	
Lethal 61
333 131
Anorexia, colic, trembling, 131
uncoordinated movements
and dyspnea
Lethal 228
Lethal 228
Lethal 228
101 131
Gastro-intestinal irritation 26
with vomiting and diarrhea
Lethal 26
250-1,000 ppm 205
1.5-30 205
41 228

-------
   TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
     AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
                            EFFECT
LDC.(me/kg)    REFERENCE
Co
o
Potassium
niobate
Sodium
cyanate
Hydrogen
cyanide




Potassium
cyanide

Sodium
cyanide
Hydrazine

Rat

Rat

Human
Cow
Sheep
Horse
Dog
Rat

Dog
Human
Sheep
Rat
Mouse


300 mg/kg

50-60 mg
161 mg
390-920 mg
40-100 mg
390 mg
30-40 mg
10-15 mg/kg

5.3 mg/kg
200 mg
5.21 mg/kg




Lethal

Lethal
Lethal in 15 minutes
Toxic - lethal
Toxic - lethal
Toxic - lethal
Toxic - lethal
Minimum lethal dose

Lethal
Lethal
Lethal


DU-^— 	 — ••• •••
725 43

269

131
131
131
131
131
131
228
10 72
228
131
131
60 131
60 131

-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXIGITY OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
AGENT
Nitrite
ion
Sodium
nitrite
Nitrate
ion
Potassium
nitrate




Sodium
nitrate




SPECIES
Human
Dog
Human
Human
Dog
Horse
Cow
Sheep
Cow
Sheep
Dog
Pig
Rat 
-------
    TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT

Potassium
hydroxide
Sodium
hydroxide

SPECIES

Human

Human

Rat
DOSE

43 rag /kg

1.95 mg/kg

10,000 mg/1
EFFECT

Lethal

Lethal

Nervousness, sore eyes,
LD „ „ (mg/kg ) REFERENCE
iU 	 — —
131

131

131
Palladium
Potassium
chloride

Rubidum
(undefined)

Selenium
(undefined)
                Rabbit
Rabbit
Rat
Laboratory
  animals

Human
943 mg/kg
  (10% solution)

  0.6 mg/kg I.V.
2,430 mg/kg


Large amount in low
  potassium diet

  2-4 mg/kg

Large dose
                                                             diarrhea, retarded growth
                                           Lethal
Damage mainly to heart, kid-
  neys, bone marrow and liver

Lethal
Violent tetanic spasms, fol-
  lowed by death in few weeks

Minimum lethal dose

Vomiting, garlic odor of breath,
  dyspnea, tetanic spasms and
  death from respiratory fail-
  ure;  eye lesions;  acute
  congestion of liver, kidney;
  atony of smooth muscles and
  erosion of long bones
228


 26


228


 26


 23

 26
                Rat
                    0.012 mg/kg
                                                           Near sub-threshold
                                                                                                             23

-------
    TABLE III  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE  TOXICITY  OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
     AGENTS
SPECIES
                                             DOSE
EFFECT
(mg/kg)     REFERENCE
Selenium
(undefined)
(cont. )
Selenous
acid
Sheep
Chick
0.4 mg/kg
Injected at Day 4
of incubation
	 _____ — DU-
Stimulated the inhibitory
process of brain cortex
up to 10-20 days
Low RBC count and hemoglobin
values; decrease in up-
247
116
to
Potassium
selenate
Sodium
selenate
Sodium
selenite
Silver
nitrate
Potassium
sulfate
Sodium
sulfate
Chick
(embryo)
Rabbit
Lamb
Rabbit
Human
Human
Poultry

4 mg/kg
3.5 mg/kg
4 mg/kg
10,000 mg
45,000 mg
7,500 mg/1
                                                                take of tritiated thymidine;
                                                                decrease in the lymphocyte
                                                                of the bursa of Fabricius
                                                                and spleen removed from
                                                                19-day-old chicks
                                                              Lethal1()0


                                                              Lethal in 10-12 hours

                                                              Lethal1()0



                                                              Lethal


                                                              Lethal


                                                              Lethal in 1/3 in 15 days
                                                                           2.00 ppm       83


                                                                                         228


                                                                                         115

                                                                                         228

                                                                           6.3            30

                                                                                         131


                                                                                         131


                                                                                         131

-------
TABLE III  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY  OF  INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENTS
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
LD..,. (mg/kg)    REFERENCE
Tantalum
chloride

Tantalum
fluoride
Tellurite
ion
Potassium
M tellurite
•C-

Sodium
tellurite


Tellurate
ion
Sodium
tellurate
Laboratory
animals
Rat 50% solution

Rat 2.5 mg/kg
Dog 700 mg
500 mg I.V.
500 mg
Mouse
Rat
Guinea pig
Rabbit
Rat 20-30 mg/kg
Mouse
Rat
DU 	
958 26
1,900 228
1,150 26
Minimum lethal dose 165
Drowsiness and vomiting 26
Death preceded by con- 26
vu Is ions
Lethal 26
20 119
83 119
45 119
67 119
Minimum lethal dose 165
165 119
385 119

-------
TABLE III (GONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
AGENTS SPECIES
Thallium Human
(undefined)
Dog
DOSE EFFECT
12 mg/kg Lethal
12-15 mg/kg S.C. Lethal
LD (mg/kg)
3-17

REFERENCE
165
174
26
 Thallous
 acetate
 Thallous
 oxide
 Stannous
 chloride
                 Laboratory
                   animals
Rat, rabbit,
  dog

Rat, rabbit,
  dog

Rat, rabbit,
  dog

Rat, rabbit,
  dog

Dog
                                     or  I.V.
                  Acute dose
                                    26-39 mg/kg
 21-31 mg/kg


500 mg/kg
                        Restlessness, ataxia,  con-
                          vulsive movements fol-
                          lowed by partial paralysis,
                          tremors, dyspnea, loss of
                          weight, hemorrhagic  di-
                          arrhea and death from res-
                          piratory failure;  lesions
                          in  small intestine,  kidneys,
                          lungs and nervou-s tissue
                         Lethal
                                                            Lethal
Paralysis
                                                                                             32
                                                                                             39
                                                 26
                                                                        131
                                                                         41
                                                                        131
                                                                                                            41
                                                                                                            26

-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT SPECIES
Tungsten Rat
(salts)

Uranium Rat
(undefined)
Rabbit
Vanadium Rat
(undefined)
Vanadium Human
pentoxide
Human
Calcium Chick
vanadate
Yttrium Rat
chloride
Yttrium Rat
nitrate
Yttrium Rat
oxide
DOSE
2% with sodium tung~
state; and 5%
with ammonium
paratungstate


1 mg/kg

30 mg I.V.
Toxic


350 mg/kg I. P.

350 mg/kg I. P.

500 mg/kg I. P.

EFFECT LD Q (mg/kg)
Lethal

2,083
400
Minimum lethal dose

Lethal
Nausea, vomiting, rise in
temperature , albuminuria ,
hematuria, diarrhea, emaci-
ation, nervous disturbance,
and a dry hacking cough
300-350

Lethal

Lethal

Lethal

REFERENCE
131

20
20
214

26,128
26
131

60

60

60


-------
TABLE III (GONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
   AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
                                                   EFFECT
, (mg/kg)     REFERENCE
Zinc
(salts)
Zinc
chloride


Zinc
I-1 sulfate
OJ
•-j


Human
Human
Rat
Mouse
Guinea pig
Human
Rat
Rabbit
Guinea pig
Large
6,000 mg


45,000 mg
2,200 mg/kg
1,914-2,200 mg/kg
1% solution for
	 	 - - - 	 — 5(j^-~ —
Corrosive action on
digestive membrane
Lethal
350
350
200
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Increased number of poly-
26
131
26
26
26
131
228
228
70
                                     10 days
                                          chromatocytes;   appearance
                                          of basophilic granuloery-
                                          throcytes, lower hemoglo-
                                          bin cone., and neutro-
                                          phillc leucocytosis with a
                                          shift to the left

-------
CHRONIC TQXICITY

Table IV presents available chronic toxicity of inorganic pollutants in
freshwater in accordance with the species of animals used, dose examined,
and effects perceived.  Again, doses are oral unless otherwise indicated.
It will be noted that the methods of oral administration were highly variable,
and in some instances the different techniques of administration could not
be brought to a common expression.  In other instances, especially in man,
doses were not available.  Only a relatively few studies demonstrated dose~
related effects which would allow an assessment of maximum non-effective or
threshold doses important for arriving at quality criteria.  Information on
maximum no-effect concentrations in the Table are usually of Russian origin
and represent the Russian practice of using animal data directly as standards
for man, with no safety factor applied.  The advisability of this approach
is discussed in the report entitled, "Water Quality Criteria Data Book
Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater."
                                     138

-------
TABLE IV - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TQXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
                           SPECIES
                             DOSE
 Aluminum
 (undefined)
 Aluminum
 chloride
 Antimony
 (undefined)
 Antimony  ion
   Sb
    +3
Animal
                        Man
Rabbit
Rat


Rabbit



Cat

Rat
Mouse
                        Rat
1,400 ppm in diet
                     Large amounts
10 and 20 mg/kg for
  6 mos.
4 mg/1 (0.50 mg/kg/
  day)

<- 1,000 mg/kg/day
  in food

In food
                                             In food
5 mg/1 for
  life (0.50 mg/kg/
  day)

5 mg/1 for life
  (0.73 mg/kg/day)
	EFFECT	      REFERENCE

Lowered  level  of inorganic           26
   phosphorus in bone

Change in  route of elimination      26
   of  inorganic phosphorus

No effect  on hemoglobin, ery-      170
   throcyte, leucocyte,  blood
   sugar  or cholinesterase
   concentration

Maximum  no-effect  dose              170
Normal growth but  consistent        131
   injury  to heart

Progressive increase  in  nemo-       131
   globin  and in  total red
   cells "

Decrease  in white  cej.ls             131

.Increase  in serum  cholesterol       203
   and serum glucose in female;
   increase in effect  on
   aortic  plaques;  no  effect
   on blood pressure

Significant decrease  in  growth      203
   rate; no effect .on  survival
   or longevity

Significant decrease  in  survival    203
   and longevity; no effect on
   growth  rate

-------
 TABLE IV (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
   AGENT
Antimony
potassium
tartrate
   SPECIES
Human
                  Human
        DOSE
I.V.* for schistoso-
  miasis
                          I.V. for schistoso-
                            miasis
          EFFECT
Severe electrocardiographic
  abnormalities, skin
  eruptions and pneumonia.
  Moderate toxicity includes
  injury to internal organs
  and severe toxicity in-
  cludes serious debilita-
  ting effects or death.

Adams-Stokes syndrome with
  severe ventricular arrhy-
  thmia
                                                                REFERENCE
131
                                                                 26
Antimony
trichloride
Arsenic
 (undefined)
                  Human
                  Rat
Guinea Pig
Laboratory
  animals
                  Human
Up to 100 mg/kg for
  12 mos.

0.046 mg/kg for 6
  mos.
0.5 mg/kg/day

2.5 mg/kg/day
                          Prolonged ingestion
                            of sublethal doses
                                                       Injury to liver
Consistent injury to the
  heart

Slight reduction in blood HS-
  concns; no effect on hemo-
  globin and reticulocyte
  concnss muscular chronaxy,
  or electroencephalograms

Change in conditioned reflexes

Morphological changes in blood
  and impairment of kidney
  function; cumulative in
  organs

Possible damage to liver;
  chronic arsenic poisoning
 26


 26


 10
  4

  9



 165
 Intravenous

-------
 TABLE IV ( CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
Arsenic
 (cont.)
Human
Chronic intoxication
 Sodium
 arsenite
Mouse
5 mg/1  for  life
  (0.50 mg/kg/day)
 Barium
  (undefined)
 Human
          EFFECT
Weakness, loss of appetite,
  gastrointestinal dis-
  turbances, peripheral
  neuritis, occasional
  hepatitis and skin dis-
  orders

Neurologic changes, in-
  creased salivation,
  hoarseness, cough, laryn-
  gitis, conjunctivitis,
  colicky abdominal pain
  and various skin changes

Significant decrease in
  survival and longevity
REFERENCE

  8,174
                                                                                                          250
203
                                                                         Increase in serum cholesterol,  203
                                                                           decrease in serum glucose,
                                                                           no effect on blood pressure
                             Possible effect on heart,
                               blood vessels and nerves;
                               constricts blood vessels
                               to cause increase in blood
                               pressure; muscle stimulant
                               especially to heart; does
                               not accumulate in bone
                               muscle, kidney or other
                               tissue
                                                                                                         131

-------
 TABLE IV (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
                                                    DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Barium
chloride
Rat
                  Rabbit
Beryllium
(undefined)
Human
                  Laboratory
                    animal
20 mg/kg/day and
  10 mg/kg/day
  drinking water
  for 6.5 mos.
                                            5 mg/kg/day in drink-
                                              ing water for 6.5
                                              mos.
                          5, 2.5 and 1 mg/kg/
                            day in drinking
                            water for 13.2 mos.
                                            5 mg/kg or 100 mg/1
                          0.001 mg/1 (long-
                            term)
Change in conditioned
  reflexes; slight
  structural change in
  tissues; increased
  blood cholinesterase
  activity

No change in conditioned
  reflexes; no change
  in tissues, very slight
  decrease in cholineste-
  rase activity in 2/3
  animals

Decrease in cholinester-
  ase activity at 5 mg/
  kg; no change at other
  doses; no change in
  blood picture

Maximum no-effect dose

Not harmful when taken
  internally through the
  digestive tract

Maximum no-effect dose
                               REFERENCE
59
                                                                                       59
                                                             59
                                                             59

                                                            131



                                                            199
                  Dog, Rabbit
                    and Rat
                          Inhalation of Be
                            salt aerosols
                             Effect on hemopoiesis
                                230
                  Rabbit
                          Inhalation of Be
                            salt aerosols
                             Depressed blood sugar
                               level
                                                                                                         230

-------
TABLE IV  (GOUT.) - MAMMALIAN  CHRONIC  TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
   AGENT
Beryllium
sulfate
   SPECIES
                                                    DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Potassium
bismuth
 Bismuth
 sulfate
 Boric
 acid
 Cadmium
 (undefined)
Laboratory
  animals
                  Rat
Laboratory
  animal
Laboratory
   animals
Animal
Rat
                   Rabbit
0.001 mg/kg/day
  for 8.5 mos.
0.001-0.0001 mg/kg/
  day for 8.5 mos.

0.00001 mg/kg or
  0.0002 mg/1 (long-
  term)

0.025 mg/kg (long-
  term)
0.05 mg/kg (long-
  term)
2,500 mg/1 in drink-
  ing water (250 mg/
  kg/day)

In drinking water
  or food

0.005 mg/kg for 5
  mos. in diet
Decrease in hemoglobin level;
  decrease in reticulocyte
  number in first 2 mos;;
  erythropoiesis in bone
  marrow; no pathological
  changes in internal organs

Disturbance in conditioned
  reflexes

Maximum no-effect dose
                                  REFERENCE
198
                                                                                        198
                                                                                                          198
Decrease in hydrosulfide groups   48
  of blood serum and liver,
  decrease in succinate dehy-
  drogenase

Decrease in hydrosulfide groups   43
  of blood serum and liver,
  decrease in succinate dehy-
  drogenase

Growth inhibited                 131,257
Decrease in hemoglobin content   131
  of blood

No change in blood morphology,   121
  glycogenic function or
  histology

-------
TABLE IV  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
                                                    DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Cadmium
 (undefined)
   (cont.)
Human
                  Human
                  Rabbit
                  Rat
From water and food
                          From water-"high
                            cone."
                          I.V.  6-8 wkly.
                            injections
                          10 mg/1 in drinking
                            water for 2-4 mos.
                            (1.5 mg/kg/day)
Hypertension linked to in-
  creased retention of Cd
  in kidneys

Disorders of renal func-
  tion; phosphate level
  in the blood serum de-
  creases; sizeable loss
  of minerals from the
  bones.  "Itai etai"
  disease.

Aortic strips obtained
  developed a significantly
  lower active tension to
  angiotension in compa-
  rison with aortic strips
  from normotensive animals

Chronic arterial hypertension
                                                                                        REFERENCE
126,231,265
                                                                                                           28, 29
                                                              265
                                                                                                          207
                  Human
                  Laboratory
                    animals
                          0.03-35 mg/m  by
                            inhalation
                          Small doses
                             Weight of children differed      244
                               significantly from those
                               of non-exposed females

                             Damage to vascularture of the    126
                               testes, causing hemorrhages
                               and necrosis of tissue and
                               consequent sterility

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
  SPECIES
Cadmium
(undefined)
  (cont.)
                                                    DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Mouse
                   Rat
                   Rat
5 mg/1 for life
  (0.50 mg/kg/day)
                         5 mg/1 for life
                           (0.73 mg/kg/day)
 Cadmium
 acetate
                    Rat
Rat
845-8,450 ppm in
  diet
                                            845 ppm in diet
Significant decrease in sur-
  vival and longevity;  no
  effect on growth rate

Significant increase in
  growth rate, decrease in
  survival and longevity;
  causes hypertension

Increase in blood pressure;
  increased incidence of
  aortic plaques;  increase
  in serum cholesterol in fe-
  male;  no effect on serum
  glucose

Hypertension;  cardiac en-
  largement;  renal arterio-
  lar hypertrophy and early
  schlerosis

Decrease in body weight,  re-
  duced protein and fat di-
  gestion, and decreased  phos-
  phorus absorption;   increase
  in mortality

Liver and heart tissue exhi-
  bited increased malic de-
  hydrogenase and glucose 6
  phosphate dehydrogenase
  activities
REFERENCE
126
                                                              203
                                                                                                          203
                                                                                                          203
263
                                                                                       263

-------
 TABLE IV (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
   AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
Cadmium
acetate
  (cont.)

Cadmium
chloride
                                                                                   EFFECT
                  Rat
                  Rat
                   Laboratory
                     animal
                  Rabbit
                       10.25-20.5 ppm in
                         diet
                       98-815 ppm in food
                         for 100 days
                       25-50 mg/kg S.C.* or
                         I.V.
                       0,41 mg/kg/day S.C.
                         5X/wk.  for 7 mos.
Significant decrease in
  bone citric acid concen-
  trations

Severe anemia, cardiac
  hypertrophy, and bleach-
  ing of the incisor teeth;
  no effect found on bone

Hemorrhagic infarction in
  ovaries, ovarian duct
  and uterus; acute ne-
  crosis of granulosa
  cells of Graafian fol-
  licles and hemorrhages
  into the paraluteal
  cells

Severe protunuria and ex-
  tensive tubular damage
                                                                                                          REFERENCE
                                                      263
                                                       29
                                                      110
                                                      253
                  Rat and Fowl
                       4.4 mg/kg (injected)
                                             14.8-14,800 mg/1
                                              in vitro
                     Inhibition of carbonic an-
                       hydrase activity in the
                       testes followed by in-
                       creased enzyme activity
                       10 minutes after injec-
                       tion

                     Inhibition of carbonic an-
                       hydrase activity in the
                       testes
                                                                                                           99
                                                                                       99
*S.C. - Subcutaneous

-------
    TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC  TOXICITY  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
       AGENT
    Cadmium
    chloride
       (cont.)
   SPECIES
                                                        DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Rat
.P-
•-j
                       Rat  and  Dog
                       Rat
                       Cat

                       Rabbit
40 mg/1 in drinking
  water (5,8 mg/kg/
  day)

50 mg/1 in food or
  water (7.3 mg/kg/
  day)

16 mg/1 in diet (2.3
  mg/kg/day)

31 mg/1 in diet (4.5
  mg/kg/day)

0.1-10.0 mg/1 in
  drinking water for
  1 year (0.0005-1.5
  mg/kg/day)

50 mg/1 for 3 mos.
  (7.3 mg/kg/day)
                          0.56 mg/day

                          0.41 mg/kg 5 days/
                            wk. for 24 wks.
Increased incidence of caries
                                                                             Decrease  in blood hemo-
                                                                               globin; pigmentation
                                                                               of  tooth enamel

                                                                             Bleaching of  teeth
                                                                             Change in growth rate
                                                       Retained by kidney and
                                                         liver; no other effects
Reduction in growth rate;
  reduction in water con-
  sumption; reduction in
  blood hemoglobin;
  bleached teeth

No cumulative effect

Nephrosis; decreased hemo-
  globin; large amounts of
  cadmium in renal cortex;
  alkaline phosphatase ac-
  tivity decreased; tubular
  damage in renal cortex
                                                              REFERENCE
131
                                                                                         131
                                                                                         131
                                                                                         131
                                 131
                                                                                        131
                                                              131

                                                              173

-------
    TABLE IV (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
       AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
    Cadmium
    sulfate
Rat
                      Human
                      Human
00
    Calcium
    (undefined)
Human
                      Human
Exposure up to 7 mos.
                          0.5-4 mg/1 (<0.02-
                            .14 mg/kg/day)

                          185 mg/1 in drinking
                            water for 255 or
                            112 days (<6.5
                            mg/kg/day)
0.19 mg/1 in drinking
  water for 255 or
  112 days (<.006
  mg/kg/day)

From hard water in
  the states in the
  watershed of the
  Missouri-Mississippi
  river and its tri-
  butaries

From hard water
Weight of newborn signifi-
  cantly below that of con-
  trol; livers of newborn
  rats 2.5X as much Cd
  as controls; within 3
  mos. 7% control and 26%
  treated died

Phagocytosis of red cells
  and thrombocytes

No external manifestations
  of pathological effects;
  degenerative changes in
  liver, kidney, heart
  spleen and brain

Slight changes in kidneys
Correlation with lower death
  rates from coronary heart
  disease
                                                       Correlation with lower death
                                                         rates from coronary heart
                                                         disease
                                                                                        REFERENCE
244
                                                                                                               76
                                                                                                               98
                                                                                                               98
                                                                                                              201
                                                                                                               268

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
Calcium
(undefined)
  (cont.)
   SPECIES
                                                DOSE
                                        EFFECT
Human
Soft water (low Ca)
                                        Excessive cone, in
                                          water
                                        100-150 mg/1 in drink-
                                           ing water  (O.5-5.2
                                           mg/kg/day)

                                        Hard water areas
 Calcium
 carbonate
                 Pig
Human
                                         Hard and soft water
                                          areas of Colorado
Hard and soft drink-
  ing water


From hard water
Related to mortality and
  cardiovascular disease

Predisposing to the forma-
  tion of concretions in
  the body such as kidney
  or bladder stones

Elevated occurrence of uri-
  inary disease, arthritis
  and polyarthritis

Lower death rate from car-
  diovascular diseases
  and to a lesser extent
  bronchitis mortality rate
  than in soft water areas

No correlation with hyper-
  tension and/or hyperten-
  sive heart disease

Does not influence the for-
  mation of early arterio-
  sclerotic lesions

Correlation with lower
  death rate from cario-
  vascular disease
                                   REFERENCE
189,206
                                                                                                        131
                                                                                        266
                                                                                         35
                                                                                        148
                                                                                        177
  6,268

-------
    TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
       AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                        EFFECT
Ul
o
    Calcium
    chloride
    Calcium
    hydroxide
    Calcium
    sulfate
    Bicarbonate
    ion
    Calcium
    bicarbonate
    ion
Cow


Sheep

Rat



Rat
Rat
                    Human
Human
Human, rat
10,000-15,000 mg/1
  (500-700 mg/kg/day)

20,000-25,000 mg/1

1,800 mg/1 for sever-
  al generations
  (260 mg/kg/day)

50 and 350 mg/1 in
  drinking water
  for 3 mos. (7.3
  and 51 mg/kg/day)
2,400 mg/1 (350
  mg/kg/day)

Saturated CaSO,
  solution

High level of NaCl
  and CaSO.
                                            Soft water
3.5 gm in drinking
  water
Moderate effect on nerves
  and appetite

Tolerated for 6 weeks

No ill effects
Significant weight loss;  de-
  crease in hemoglobin and
  RBC;  decrease in phago-
  cytes;  inhibition of gastric
  secretion

Normal growth and reproduc-
  tion

Satisfactory growth
Correlated with glaucoma
  in Irtutsk district in
  USSR

Associated with higher
  death rates from degen-
  erative cardiovascular
  disease

Disturbance of purine
  metabolism
REFERENCE

131


131

131



254
                                                                                                            131
                                                                                                            131
                                                                                                            270
                                                                                        204,206
                                                                                                            266

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
Potassium
bicarbonate

Sodium
bicarbonate
Sodium
carbonate
                                                DOSE
                                        EFFECT
Sheep
Rat
Livestock
50,000 mg/1
15,000-20,000 mg/1
  in drinking water
  (2,200-2,900
  mg/kg/day)

High cone.  in drink-
  ing .water
Adverse effects on appetite
  and growth

Thirst, diarrhea, impaired
  growth
Diarrhea, malnutrition, un-
  satisfactory growth and
  may in erfere with repro-
  duction
                                                                                        REFERENCE
                                                                                        131
259
                                                                                                        131
 Chloride
 ion
 Chlorine
 Cl,,
                 Rat
Human
 Human
10,000-1 ,000 mg/1
  (1,500-2,800
.  mg/kg/day)  .

Up to 1,000 mg/1
  «35 mg/kg/day) ,

High cone, of chlo-
  rides, sulfates,
  in drinking water
90 mg/1 (<3.2 mg/kg/day)
                                                      Inhibited growth                  131
Not harmful in hot dry areas      131
Apparently accounts for find-     175
  ing high incidence of cho-
  lelitliasis and cholecytitis
  in a region of the USSR.

Strong physiological              131
  effects
                                         Chlorinated  drinking
                                           water
                                                      May cause asthma,  colitis,
                                                        and eczema
                                                                131

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
Chlorine

C12
  (cont.)
Ammonium
perchlorate
Chromium
ion Cr+6
Mice
                Rat
                Rat
Rabbit
Human
                Rat
200 mg/1 in drinking
  water (20 mg/kg/day)

100 tng/ I/day in drink-
  ing water
  (15 mg/kg/day)
                        High doses - long term
190 mg/kg  or 3 mos.
                                        2 mg/kg, long-term
0.25 mg/kg or 5 mg/1
  long-term

1.0-25.0 mg/1 in well
  water

5 mg/1 in drinking water
  with 11 mg/1 selenium
  (0.73 mg/kg/day)
No effect
No toxic effect on ferti-
  lity, growth, or blood
  picture, or on the his-
  tology of liver, spleen,
  kidneys, or other organs

Irritating effect on upper
  sections of digestive
  tract

Effect on cholinergic and
  vegetative nervous
  systems

Influence on thyroid
  activity

Max. no-effect dose
No ill effects on physical
  exam of entire family

Increase in mortality
                                                                REFERENCE
131
                                                                                                         45
 80



219



219


219


131


131

-------
   TABLE IV  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN  CHRONIC  TOXICITY  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
        AGENT
                          SPECIES
                                  DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Ul
OJ
     Chromium ion
     Cr+6
        (cont.)
      Chromium ion
      Chromium
      (undefined)
      Potassium
      chromate
Rat (cont.)
                       Human
                       Mouse
Mouse  and  rat
                        Rat
 Rat
                        Rabbit
25 mg/1 in drinking
  water for 6 mos.
  (3.6 mg/kg/day)
                          0.005 mg/kg in
                            drinking water  -
                            for 6 mos.

                          25 mg/1 in drinking
                            water for 3 years
                            «0.9 mg/kg/day)

                          5 mg/1  for  life "
                            (0.50 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
  (0.50-0.73 mg/kg/day)
                                                 Diet deficient in Cr
                           500 mg/1 in drinking
                            water
                             (62.5 mg/kg/day)
Slight drop in hemoglobin,
  no histological changes.
  Large amount of Cr   in
  kidney, liver and
  bony tissue

No change in conditioned
  reflexes
                             No harmful effects
Significant increase in
  growth rate;  decrease in
  survival and longevity

Significant increase in
  growth, survival and
  longevity

Antherosclerosis;  relative
  hypercholesteremia which
  increased with age, and
  mild to moderate hypergly-
  cemia;  increased incidence
  of aortic plaques

Decrease in serum cholesterol,
  serum glucose;  decreased
  aortic plaques;  no effect
  on blood pressure

No effect on food utili-
  zation
                                                                                        REFERENCE
 59
                                                                                                               59
                                                                                                               269
                                                              203
203
                                                                                        203
                                                                                                               203
                                                              131

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Potassium         Rat
chromate (cont)
Zinc
chromate
Cobalt
(undefined)
Cobaltic
chloride

Cobaltic
sulfate
Rat
Animal
                  Calves
                  Rat
Rat
Lamb
                  Cattle
                  Bull
                          11 mg/1 for 1 year
                            (1.6 mg/kg/day)
10,000 mg/1 in
  drinking water
  (1500 mg/kg/day)

25 mg/day
Small amount daily

500 mg in diet/day
  as salt

100 mg/1 in drinking
  water
  (15 mg/kg/day)

Inj ections
5 mg/day for 10 mos.
                          50 mg/100/k/day
                            (1.1 mg/kg/day)

                          Higher, doses than
                            above

                          10 g/d. 90-127 days
No significant difference
  in weight, food, intake,
  or water consumption or
  blood analysis

Markedly interfered with
  digestion
Affected hemoglobin
  cone, of blood

Polycythemia

Loss of appetite and
  and weight

Tissue damage
Polycythemia


Anemia


Blood changes
                             Appetite, growth, and co-
                               ordination also affected

                             Tolerated
REFERENCE

131




131



131


131

131


131



196


131


131



131


 131

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
Cupric
sulfate
                                                DOSE
                                        EFFECT
Cattle
 Fluorine
Sheep


Dog

Human



Rat
 Fluoride
 ion
 Human
1000/mg/lb. (2200
  mg/kg/day)
1500 mg daily for
  30-80 days

4000 mg daily

Live in area of a
  fluorine-emitting
  aluminum factory

Extract of dust emitted
  from aluminum factory
  + NaF (4.4 mg/day)
  during pregnancy S.C.

Extract of dust emitted
  from aluminum factory
  + NaF (0.44 mg/day)
  in first 10 days of
  life S.C.

<5 mg/1
Loss of appetite;  copper
  accumulation in liver,
  jaundice and yellow dis-
  coloration of whole
  animal

Chronic poisoning
Slight effect

Bluish skin spots in women
  and children attributed
  to capillary damage

No cutaneous lesions or
  increased capillary
  fragility of skin
                                                                      No cutaneous lesions or
                                                                        increased capillary
                                                                        fragility of skin
No harmful effects except
  mottling of teeth
                                                                REFERENCE
131
131


131

 31



 31




 31
                                                                                                         131

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
Fluoride
Ion
  (cont.)
Human
                Sheep




                Cattle


                Dogs

                Cows


                Mice

                Livestock
0.2-6.0 mg/1
4.4-12.0 mg/1
                        11.8 mg/1
                        12.0 mg/1

                        1.0 mg/1
                        4.0 mg/1
                        20.0 mg/1
                        120 mg/lday

                        1.0 mg/kg
                        3.0 mg/kg

                        5 mg

                        11.78 mg/1
                        18 mg./l

                        1.4-4.5 mg/1

                        High - in water, food,
                          etc.
	EFFECT	        REFERENCE

Mild to severe mottling           131
Chronic fluorosis and             131
  affected skeletal
  system

Fluorine intoxication             131
Affects deciduous teeth           131

Fluoride poisoning                131
Mottled and pitted teeth          131
20% weight reduction              131
Threshold for general health      131

Mottling of teeth                 131
Bone damage and death             131

Hypertension                      131

Mottling teeth                    131
Slowly increasing fluorosis       131

Mottling of teeth                 131

Mottling, staining, hypocalci-    221
  fication, pitting and abra-
  sion of teeth;  degree of
  osteofluorosis;  abnormal
  amount of fluorine in urine;
  intermittent lameness
                Human
                        1.0-9.2 mg/1
                                                                      Skeletal fluorosis
                                                                258

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHORNIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                                                 EFFECT
Fluoride ion
  (cont.)
Human
                  Rat
1,2-5.7 mg/1 (water
  consumed during
  lifetime)
                          0,2-0.3 mg/1 in
                            drinking water
                                             15 mg/1 in drinking
                                              water
                   Calves
                          100 mg/1 in drinking
                            water for 11 mos.
                   Human
                          High quantities in
                            drinking water over
                            period of years
Fluoride osteosclerosis;
  died of terminal sep-
  ticemia and pneumonia
  (2 cases)

Conditioned reflexes dev-
  eloped faster than con-
  trols

Retarded development;
  slight decrease in ex-
  cretion of pyruvic acid
  in urine, blood sugar,
  activity of blood cho-
  linesterase, thyroid
  activity  and oxygen
  consumption

Depression of calcium ab-
  sorption rate from gastro-
  intestinal tract; increase
  in rate of removal of cal-
  cium from bone;  decrease
  in  mineral density,  larger
  intertrabecular  spases and
  prominent resorption cavi-
  ties in metacarpal bones

Disorder affecting teeth,
  skeletal system and ner-
  vous system; no  significant
  alteration in thyroid,
  adrenocortical or para-
  thyroid functions;  serum
  enzymes normal except in-
  crease in serum alkaline
  phosphatase level
                                                                                                           REFERENCE
258
                                                              243
                                                                                        243
                                                              184
                                                                                                          184

-------
   TABLE  IV  (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC  TOXICITY  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
      AGENT
   SPECIES
00
    Fluoride
    ion
      (cont.)
        DOSE
          EFFECT
   Aluminum
   fluoride
    Sodium
    fluoride
   Gallium
    (undefined)
   Gallium
   chloride
Rat
Rabbit
Rat
Mouse
Laboratory
  animals
450 ppm in diet
                                            2-6 mg  infused  into
                                              femoral vein/day
18 mg/kg/day for
  6 mos.
3 mg/1 (0.4 mg/kg/day)

1.5 and 15.0 mg/1 in
  drinking water for
  6 mos.  (0.2 and 2.2
  mg/kg/day)

15.0 mg/1 in Drinking
  water for 6 mos.
  (2.2 mg/kg/day)

5 mg/1 for life
  (0.5 mg/kg/day)
1,000 ppm in diet
  for 13 weeks
Increased plasma fluoride;
  reduction in growth rate
  and food intake

Decrease in food intake
  possibly due to effect on
  cellular metabolism

Loss of weight, fall in
  hemoglobin value, changes
  in cholinesterase acti-
  vity and marked mottling
  of tooth enamel

Maximum no-effect dose

No changes in cardiac
  activity
Manifested some function-
  al disturbances in
  brain cortex

Significant decrease in
  growth rate and
  longevity

No ill effects
REFERENCE
131
                                                                                        131
                                                                                                           170
170

109




109




203



  26

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
                                                    DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Sodium
germanate
Mouse
                  Rat
                  Rat
 Indium
 chloride
 Indium
 (undefined)
 Rat
 Mouse
 Potassium
 iodide
                   Rat
5 mg/1 for life
  (0.5 mg/kg/day)

5 mg/1 for life
  (0.73 mg/kg/day)

5 mg/1 for life
  (0.73 mg/kg/day)
0-4% in diet for 3
  mos.
5 mg/1
  (0.5 mg/kg/day)
                          10,000 mg/1 in drink-
                            ing water (1,500
                            mg/kg/day)
Significant decrease in
  survival, longevity

Significant decrease in
  survival

Decrease in serum cholesterol
  in male, increase in female;
  increase in serum glucose in
  female; increased effect on
  aorta plaques; no effect on
  blood pressure; hepatic cell
  degeneration and necrosis and
  fatty degeneration of liver;
  proteinuria

Marked weight depression at
  4% level, slight depression
  at 2.4% - increase in lung
  weight at both levels

Significant decrease in growth
  rate; no effect on survival
  or longevity

Hemorrhagic lesions in lung,
  liver and kidneys; inflamma-
  tory and degenerative changes
  in liver, kidneys and heart

Inhibits reproduction
                                                                                                           REFERENCE
                                                                                                            203
                                                                                                            212
                                                                                                            203,212
                                                                                                             42
                                                                                                            203
                                                                                                             65
                                                                                                            131

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
Lead
(undefined)
Lead
 Pb
Animal



Rat

Human



Human
                  Rat
                  Human
Human
                  Higher Animals
                    and Humans
                  Animal
0.18 mg/1 in soft
  water (0,02 mg/kg/
  day)

0.005 mg/kg

2.0-4.0 mg/1 for
  3 mos. «.07-.14
  mg/kg/day)

From drinking water -
  high cone.
                          Chronic lead poison-
                            ing
Lead poisoning



CNS changes

Harmful range
Disorder of renal function;
  phosphate level in the
  blood serum decreases;
  sizeable loss of minerals
  from bone

Increase in serum cholesterol
  in female; decrease in
  serum glucose in male;
  no effect on aortic plaques
  or blood pressure

Microcytic anemia and ence-
  phalopathy

Much like multiple sclerosis;
  CNS damage
REFERENCE

131



131

165



 28
                                                                                                          203
                                                                                                          218
                                                                                                          266
                                                       Changes in blood enzymes;        266
                                                         blood serum adolase activity
                                                         increased

                                                       Cellular abberations of ery-     266
                                                         throcytes; swollen mitochon-
                                                         dria, simple and compound
                                                         vacuoles, clusters of
                                                         ferrin in the cells; blockage of
                                                         heme synthesis

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                       EFFECT
Lead
 Pb
 (cont.)
Mouse and Rat
                  Rat
25 mg/1 for life
  (2.5 and 3.6 mg/kg/
  day)
 Lead
 acetate
Rat
5 mg/1 in drinking
  water for life
  (0.73 mg/kg/day)

5 mg/1 in drinking
  water + chromium
  (essential for op-
  timal metabolic
  function) for life
  span (0.73 mg/kg/
  day)
 Lead
 carbonate
 Mouse
 (suckling)
In diet of maternal
  animals immediately
  after giving birth
Significant decrease in
  survival and longevity;
  no effect on growth
  rate

Significant increase in
  serum cholesterol in
  female only; decrease
  in serum glucose in male;
  no effect on blood pres-
  sure or aortic plaques

Progressively toxic in terms
  of life span compared to
  controls

No increase in mortality com-
  pared to controls

38.5% vs. 11.4% (controls)
  died of infectious diseases

78.5% vs. 34.6% (controls)
  died during epidemic of
  viral pneumonia

No increased incidence of
  hypertension, diabetes, or
  hypercholesteremia

Faulty growth and development;
  hematologic evidence of lead
  poisoning; neuropathological
  changes
                                                                                                           REFERENCE
                                                                                                           203
                                                                                                          203
202
                                                                                                          202
                                                                                                          202
                                                                                                          202
                                                                                                          202
                                                                                                          192

-------
TABLE  IV  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
Lithium
(undefined)
Human
Lithium
carbonate
Magnesium
 (undefined)
Human
Human
                  Human
Magnesium
chloride
Pigs



Pig

Horses
From drinking water
                                            From drinking water in
                                              100 U.S. cities
300-1,800 mg/day for
  treatment of manic-
  depression (5-30
  mg/kg/day)

From hard water in
  the states in the
  watershed of the
  Missouri-Mississippi
  River with its tri-
  butaries

Hard water areas
                                            Hard and soft water
                                              areas of Colorado
                                            Hard and soft drinking
                                              water
20 g daily

400 g daily
Correlation with ischemic
  heart disease

Negative correlation between
  Li level and atherosclero-
  tic heart mortality

Tremor of hands, diarrhea,
  skin rash, alopecia, con-
  fusion, toxic psychosis,
  coma and convulsions

Correlation with lower death
  rates from coronary heart
  disease
Correlation with lower death
  rates from coronary heart
  disease

No correlation with hyperten-
  sion and/or hypertensive
  heart disease

Does not influence the forma-
  tion of early arterioscle-
  rotic lesions

No adverse effect

No adverse effect
                                                              REFERENCE
                                                                                                           22
                                                                                                          255
                                                                                                          248
                                                                                                          201
268



148



177



131

131

-------
     TABLE  IV  (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC  TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
        AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                       EFFECT
     Magnesium
     chloride
        (cont.)
     Magnesium
     sulfate
M.
CSS
Sheep

Rat
Human
                        Rat and Other
                          Small Animals
                        Rabbit
      Manganese
       (undefined)
 Human
                        Rabbit
60 g daily
10,000-15,000 mg/1
  (1,500-2,200
  ing/kg/day)

Excessive cone, in
  drinking water
  (1,000-2,000 mg)
                          High cone.
                          Distilled water with
                            MgSO  added
                           500-600 mg/kg/day
No adverse effect

No effect on tooth decay

Interfered with growth



Purgative effect
                             Retarded growth, caused ema-
                               ciation, rough coat, dia-
                               rrhea, and increased mor-
                               tality among the young

                             No cases of atherosclerosis
                               vs. results with hard water,
                               high fat and cholesterol
                               diet and regular diet with
                               distilled water

                             Three persons died as a result
                               of poisoning by well water
                               contaminated by manganese
                               derived from dry cell bat-
                               teries buried nearby

                             Encephalitis-like disease
                               traced to Mn in drinking
                               water in area outside Tokyo

                             Cause of a race disease ende-
                               mic in Manchukuo

                             Stunted growth and interfered
                               with bone development
REFERENCE

131

131

131
                                                                                                                131
                                                                                                                131
                                                                                                                 38
                                                                                         131
                                                                                                                131
                                                                                                                131
                                                                                                                131

-------
 TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
    AGENT
 Manganese
   (cont.)
 Manganous
 chloride
 Manganous
 sulfate

 Mercury
 (undefined)
                      SPECIES
                                                     DOSE
Methyl
mercuric
chloride
 Rat
 Rat
 Rat
 Human
                   Human
EthyImercurie     Human
chloride
Human
                  Human
                  (fetus)
 5  mg/kg   for life
   span
 8 mg/kg daily I.P.*
                                                                                    EFFECT
                           0.55-9.9 mg  in diet
                          Over a  long period
                            of time - in food,
                            water, etc.
                          Small amounts
From flour treated
  with Agrosan-GN
  (West Pakistan)

From fish
 Decrease  in  serum  glucose;
   no  effect  on blood pres-
   sure, serum cholesterol
   or  aortic  plaques

 Appreciable  damage to
   seminiferous tubules at
   150 days and at 180 days
   50% of  tubules were de-
   generated

 1.9-9.9 mg.' had inhibiting
  effect on rat's thyroid

Anxiety, excessive self-
   consciousness, difficulty
   in  concentrating, irrati-
  bility, resentment of
  criticism, headache,
  fatigue, blushing and
  excessive perspiration

Produce kidney damage, mus-
  cular tremors, irritabi-
  lity, and depression

Effect on CNS; optic nerve
  atrophy frequently observed,
  blindness often permanent

Neurological disturbance and
  death in inhabitants of
  Minamata Bay, Japan

Damage to brain cells
                                                                                         REFERENCE
                                                                                        203
                                                                                         32
                                                                                        107
                                                              140
                                                                                                          137
                                                                                         57
                                                                                         97
                                                                                        123
 Intraperitoneal

-------
     TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
        AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                                                 EFFECT
i-n
     Methyl
     mercuric
     chloride
       (cont.)

     Methyl
     mercury
      Methyl
      mercuric
      dicyandiamide
Human (survi-
  vors of
  Minimata)


Human
                        Human

                        Human
                        (infant)
 Chicken
                        Ferret
                        Human
From fish
From swine whose feed
  had been contamina-
  ted with Panogen
  (Alamagordo, N. M.)

From water, fish, etc.

From mother (3 mos.
  pregnant) eating
  swine whose feed
  had been contami-
  nated with Panogen

Wheat treated with com-
  pound at a rate of
  12 mg/kg/day for
  35-44 days

Muscle and liver of
  above chickens (Hg
  content equivalent
  to 5 or 7 mg/kg)
                          From wheat in
                            Guatemala
Cerebellar ataxia, blind-
  ness, and dysarthria
Visual difficulties, bizarre
  behavior, difficulty in
  walking, lethargy and
  coma

Partial brain damage

Markedly abnormal electro-
  encephalogram
No clinical signs of poison-
  ing
Ataxia, trembling and para-
  lysis; degenerative changes
  in CNS and peripheral ner-
  vous system; high Hg levels
  in kidney, liver, brain,
  skeletal muscle and gonads;
  death by 58th day

Encephalitis-like effects
REFERENCE


138




 57




139

246
                                                                                                                85
                                                                                                                85
                                                                                                                57

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                                                 EFFECT
Methyl
mercuric
sulfide
Rat
Mercuric
chloride
Pheny liner curie
chloride
Rat
Swine
(5 wks. old)
1.3 rag/kg/day
  for 3 mos.
2, 3, and 4 mg/kg/day
  in drinking water
3.6 or 7.1 mg/kg for
  ^90 days
                                            0.3 mg/kg for =90 days
                                            0.59 mg/kg for <90 days
                                            1.2 mg/kg for ^90 days
                                            3.6 mg/kg for =90 days
                                            7.1 mg/kg for =90 days
Lesions of granular cell
  layer in cerebellum
  closely related to
  course of vessels;
  pathological changes
  in granular cells:
  disappearance of orga-
  nelles and diminution
  of nuclear substance,
  changes in mitochondria.

Decrease in alkaline phos-
  phatase activity in
  neutrophils

Typhlitis, colitis and
  nephrosis; high levels
  of Hg in kidney and
  colon

No lesions on kidneys,
  BUN 15 mg/100 ml in 2/5
  animals

No lesions on kidneys;
  BUN 17-22 mg/100 ml in
  3/5 animals

No lesions on kidneys;
  BUN 15-20 in 3/5 animals

Minimal-moderate renal
  lesions on 4/5 animals;
  BUN:  20-90 mg/100 ml

Minimal-severe renal lesions
  in 4/5 animals; BUN:
  18-140 mg/100 ml
                                                                                                          REFERENCE
135
127
242
                                                                                        242
                                                                                        242
                                                                                        242
                                                                                        242
                                                                                        242

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
                                                DOSE
                                        EFFECT
Molybdenum
(undefined)
Molybdenum
ion
Mo+6

Ammonium
molybdate
Rat
               Cattle
Rat and Mouse
Laboratory
   animals

Rabbit
                         100-350 mg in diet
                            (long-term)
10 mg/1 for life
  (1-1=5 mg/kg/day)
500 mg/day
                                         10.2-100.4 mg/kg/day
                                           for  6 mos.
Increase in serum glucose;
  no effect on blood pres-
  sure, serum cholesterol
  or aortic plaques

Severe diarrhea, anemia,
  loss of weight and dis-
  coloring of hide

No effect on growth rate,
  survival or longevity
Anorexia, listlessness and
  loss of weight

Retardation of weight gain
                                                                                         REFERENCE
                                                                                         203
                                                                                                         61
                                                                                                        203
                                                                                        131
                                                                11
                Rat
                                         5.1  mg/kg/day  for
                                           6  mos.
                                         1.02  mg/kg/day  for
                                           6 mos.
                          0.051 mg/kg or 1.02 mg/1

                          1.02 mg/kg for 2-1/2 mos.
                            in milk

                          2.04 mg-kg for 20 days
                            after  0.5 mg/kg for
                            2-1/2  mos.
                              Raise in erythocyte  count,         11
                                but became reversed  as
                                experiment proceeded.
                                Rise in SH groups  in serum

                              Rise in SH groups  and  a de-       11
                                crease in content  of Vita-
                                min C in the  liver

                              Maximum no-effect  dose            11

                              Marked rise in WBC;  histolo-     167
                                gical changes  in liver

                              Similar effects  but  more          167
                                pronounced than  above;
                                focal granular dystrophy
                                of the kidneys

-------
TABLE IV  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
                                                                        EFFECT
Ammonium
molybdate
   (cont.)
Rabbit
Molybdenum
trioxide
MoO,,
Nickel
(undefined)
0.051-0.1 mg/kg
                                 0.51 mg/kg
                                 1.02 and 2.04 mg/kg
                  P.O. or inhalation
                Rat
Increase in cystine, histidine,
  arginine, glycine, threonine,
  alanine, valine, leucine, and
  Isoleucine in blood serum

Decrease in arginine, glutamic
  acid, methionine and valine
  in serum;  increase in cys-
  tine, histidine, glycine,
  thronine, alanine, leucine,
  isoleucine and phenylalanine
  in blood serum

Decrease in cystine, arginine,
  glycine, glutamic acid, threo-
  nine, alanine, methionine, and
  phenylalanine;  histidine in-
  creased significantly at 1.02
  mg/kg and decreased signifi-
  cantly at 2.04 mg/kg

Changes chiefly in liver and kid-
  neys;  some evidence of cellular
  breakdown in lungs;  granulets
  of a Mo compound in a few cells

Capacity to inhibit enzyme systems

Decrease in serum cholesterol in
  male, decrease in serum glucose
  in female;  no effect on blood
  pressure or aortic plaques
                                          REFERENCE
                                                                                                      247
                                                                                                      247
                                                                                                      247
                                                                      61




                                                                     128

                                                                     203

-------
TABLE IV  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
Nickel
carbonate
Calf
 Nickel
 chloride

 Niobium
 (undefined)
 Niobium
 ion
 Nb+5
 Niobium
 chloride
 NbCl5

 Potassium
 niobate
Cat and Dog
Rat
Mouse
                Rat
 Rat
 Rat
62.5, 250, 1,000 ppm
  in total diet from
  13-21 wks. of age
4-12 mg/kg/day - 200
  days
5 mg/1 for life
  (0.5 mg/kg/day)
                         5 mg/1 for life
                            (0.7 mg/kg/day)
29.1 mg/kg (repeated
  injections)
29.5 mg/kg (repeated
  injections)

In diet
Reduced feed intake and
  growth rate at 250 and
  1,000 ppm; kidneys were
  nephritic; no effect
  on ruminal, abomasal,
  duodenal, liver and tes-
  ticular histology

No apparent effect
Decrease in serum cholesterol
  in male; no effect on serum
  glucose, blood pressure, or
  on aortic plaques

Significant decrease in growth
  rate, increase in longevity
  and no effect on survival

Significant increase in growth
  rate, decrease in longevity
  and no effect on survival

Renal injury
Renal damage
                                                                       No lesions  on  liver, kidney or
                                                                         spleen
                                                                                         REFERENCE
164
131


203




203



203



 43



 43


 43

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMLIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
Ammonia
Hydrogen
cyanide
Ammonium
thiocyanate

Potassium
thiocyanate

Hydrazine
Nitrite ion
Sodium "
nitrite
Rabbit
Rat
Laboratory
  animals

Laboratory
  animals

Rat
               Guinea Pigs
Mice
Rat
50-80 ml of 0.5%-
  ammonia for
  17 mos. (80-130
  mg/kg/day)

100-300 rag/kg diet
  for 2 yrs.
0.005 mg/kg
0.005 mg/kg
100 mg/1 in drinking
  water (15 mg/kg/day)

0.5 mg/1 (0.-07 mg/kg/
  day)
300 and 450 mg/kg in
  drinking water for
  56 days (44-66
  mg/kg/day)
Chronic acidosis and tissue
  changes
No signs of toxicity; no
  hematological or patholo-
  gical changes

Effect on carbohydrate and
  cholesterol exchange

Effect on carbohydrate and
  cholesterol exchange

Reluctant.to drink the water
                                                       Pronounced decrease in hemo-
                                                         globin; thyroid function
                                                         disturbance; decrease in
                                                         SH groups in whole blood;
                                                         disturbance in liver func-
                                                         tion
Reduced activity patterns in      77
  experiment carried out in
  a barrier activity box

Decrease in weight gain; in-      77
  crease in methemoglobin
  levels
                                                               REFERENCE
                                                                                                       131
131



112


112


131


 50

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
Sodium
nitrite
   (cont.)
Rat
Nitrate  ion
Human
                   Laboratory
                     animals
                   Human
3.0 mg/1 in drinking
  water during last
  week of pregnancy
  (0.4 mg/kg/day)

3.0 mg/1 after birth
  of litter (0.4
  mg/kg/day)

High cone, in drinking
  water used for
  infant formula
  (>50 mg/1)
                                             >45 mg/1
                          From drinking water
High level of methemoglobin
                                                                         No effect on suckling
                                                                           rats
Methemoglobinemia
                             Methemoglobinemia causing
                               hypoxia found in infants,
                               school children and
                               adults

                            -Methemoglobinemia in infants

                             Period of 3 yrs:   139 cases  of
                               nitrate poisoning with 14
                               deaths

                             Inhibits iodine and Vitamin
                               A metabolism; may have
                               effect on pregnancy

                             Methemoglobin level elevated
                               in certain diseases; fluc-
                               tuation of level following
                               the degree of Vitamin C
                               saturation of the organism
                                                                                                           REFERENCE
                                                                                                           77
                                                                                         77
  I, 40,131
197,206,231
                                                                                                          151
                                                                                         96
                                                                                                          192
                                                                                                          267
                                                                                                          114

-------
      TABLE  IV  (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN  CHRONIC  TOXICITY  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
         AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
          EFFECT
      Nitrate ion
         (cont.)
i--
^j
NJ
      Potassium
      nitrate
Human  (infant)



Human

Human  (children)


Dog
                        Human (<6 mos.
                          old)
                        Human (12-14 yrs.)
                        Human
Rat
                        Guinea Pig
>100 mg/1 in drinking
  water and some leafy
  green vegetables

From food and water

88.5-117 mg/1 drinking
  water (<3 mg/kg/day)

22.13-110.67mg/1  in
  drinking water (1.0-
  5.1 mg/kg/day)

524 mg/1 nitrates
0.07 mg/1 nitrites
368 mg/1 chlorides
  in water used to
  prepare formula

105 mg/1 in drinking water
  «3.7 mg/kg/day)
                          Drinking water in Colo-
                            rado  (high nitrate
                            areas)
                          5,000 mg/1 and 30,000
                            mg/1 in drinking
                            water (700-4,000
                            mg/kg/day)
Alimentary methemoglobinemia



Methemoglobinemia

Methemoglobinemia
                                                                               Methemoglobinemia in from
                                                                                 4/8-19/22 animals
                                                       Developed cyanosis as a
                                                         result of methemoglo-
                                                         binemia
Increase in reaction time to
  conditional visual and
  auditory stimuli compared
  to control children.  Sug-
  gests probable effect of
  nitrates on CNS

Possible relationship to
  hypertension
                             2 out of 8 rats had normal
                               litters

                             Evidence of reproductive
                               disturbance
REFERENCE

150, 223



 77,118

233


233



108
                                                                                        171
                                                                                                                148
                                                                                                                267
                                                                                                                267

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
  AGENT

Potassium
nitrate
  (cont.)

Sodium
nitrate
Palladium
(undefined)

Potassium
chloride

Rhodium
ion
Rh+4

Rubidium

Scandium
 Selenium
 (undefined)
   SPECIES
           DOSE
            EFFECT
Human



Cow


Pig


Mouse


Human


Mouse



Animals

Mouse


Human
Various cone.
6,200 mg/1 (400 mg/kg/day)
1,740-2,970 mg/1 in soup
  prepared with well water

5 mg/1 for life (0.5
  mg/kg/day)

153-191 mg/kg
5 mg/1 for life (0.5
  mg/kg/day)
High cone, in low K diet

5 mg/1 for life (0.5
  mg/kg/day)

From seliniferous areas
                                              5-7 mg/1 in food

                                              In water
Diuretic, vomiting, diarrhea,
  muscular weakness, collapse
  and death

Frenzy, paralysis, diuresis,
  cyanosis and death

Death from methemoylobinemia
                                                                                           REFERENCE
131
131
                                                                                                              131
Significant increase in growth   203
  rate, survival and longevity

Effects on nervous system and    131
  kidneys

Decrease in growth rate; no      203
  effect on survival or long-
  evity

Irritation of muscular nerves    131

Significant decrease in growth   203
  rate

High rate of dental caries;      131
  tendency for increased mal-
  occlusion and gingivitis

Harmful to liver                 155

Increase susceptibility to       231
  dental caries, G.I.  dis-
  turbances , icterus

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
          DOSE
                                                                      EFFECT
Selenium
  (cont.)

Selenium
ion
Se
  ,+4
Selenium
ion
Se+&
Selenium
dioxide
Livestock
Mouse
                   Rat
                   Mouse
                   Rat
Rat
3 mg/1 for life
                           3 mg/1 for life
                           3 mg/1 for life
                           3 mg/1 for life
4 mg/kg/day for
  40 days
                                                                             Anemia,  liver damage and ic-
                                                                               terus

                                                                             Significant  increase in
                                                                               growth rate
                               Most animals  died young
                                                                             Increase in serum cholesterol;
                                                                               no effect on serum glucose,
                                                                               blood pressure or on aortic
                                                                               plaques

                                                                             Caused hyperchromic  anemia
                                                                               decreased serum cholines-
                                                                               terase, dystrophic changes
                                                                               in liver and kidney, slight
                                                                               dystrophic changes in epi-
                                                                               thelium of seminiferous ducts
                                                                               of testicle
                                                                                                              REFERENCE
                                                                                                               84
                                                                                           203
                                                                                                              203
                               Increase in serum cholesterol;   203
                                 increase in serum glucose
                                 in female;  no  effect  on  blood
                                 pressure or aortic plaques

                               Significant decrease in growth   203
                                 rate

                               Significant increase in longe-   203
                                 vity
                                                                                                              203
                                                                                                               73

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
Selenium
dioxide
   (cont.)
   SPECIES
                                                        DOSE
                                           EFFECT
Selenite
ion
 Sodium
 selenite

 Silver
 (undefined)
Rat
2 mg/kg/day for 30 days
                   Rat
Rat
                           1 mg/kg/day for 30 days
              59
In food and Fe   injected
 Lamb


 Human

 Rabbit
0.1-1 mg/kg
1 g I-V.

0.25 and 0.025 mg/kg/
  day for 11 mos.
Caused hypochromic anemia,
  decrease in serum cholin-
  esterase, dystrophic changes
  in liver and kidneys of some
  animals

Caused hypochromic anemia and
  a decrease in serum cholin-
  esterase

Extensive decline of the hemo-
  globin concentration and of
  the newly incorporated Fe
  in blood occurred at same
  time.  At death, overall
  reduction of hemoglobin less
  than reduction of label;
  hemoglobinuria in final
  stages.  Indication anemia
  caused by hemolysis rather
  than a defect in RBC synthe-
  sis

Decreased argyrophilia;  reduced
  blood glutathione

Produces argyria
                                 REFERENCE
                                                                                                               73
                                                                                                               73
                                                                                                               84
                                                                131
                                                                             Marked effect  on immunological     15
                                                                               capacity

                                                                             Histopathological changes in      15
                                                                               the vascular,  nervous,  and glial
                                                                               tissue of the  encephalon and
                                                                               medulla
                                                                             Effect on conditioned  reflexes     15

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
Silver
  (cont.)
                      SPECIES
                                     DOSE
                                                                      EFFECT
Rabbit
Sodium
(undefined)
Human
0.0025 mg/kg or 0.05 mg/1

High cone, in drinking
  water
Sodium
chloride
Livestock
From salt poisoning in
   water
No effect on hemoglobin, RBC,
  differential WBC, the pro-
  teinogenic function of the
  liver or on serum SH groups

Maximum ineffective dose
                                                                REFERENCE
                                                                 15
                                                                                                               15
In conditions such as congestive 194
  heart failure, hypertension,
  renal disease, cirrhosis of
  the liver and in pregnancy, in
  which water is poorly elimina-
  ted, the presence of sodium
  in plasma causes further reten-
  tion of water, resulting in
  progressive circulatory and
  respiratory distress.  In toxe-
  mia of pregnancy patient has
  marked edema and stores water
  and sodium in great excess.
Malnutrition, wasting disease
                   Swine
                           7000 mg/1 in drinking
                             water
                               Slight scouring
                                                                                                              131

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TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
           EFFECT
Sodium
chloride
   (cont.)
Cattle
                Rat
                 Cattle
 Sulfate
 ion
 Cattle
                 Dog
7,000 mg/1 in drinking
  water
  (360 mg/kg/day)

10,000 mg/1 in drinking
  water
  (1,500 rag/kg/day)

15,000 mg/1 in drinking
  water
  (2,200 mg/gk/day)

15,000 mg/1 in drinking
  water
  (800 mg/kg/day)

15-17,600 mg/1 in drink-
  ing water
  (8-900 mg/kg/day)

From drinking water in
  Minn.
  3,590 and 2,104 mg/1
  (190 and 110 mg/kg/day)

2,500 mg/1
  (115 mg/kg/day)
Reduction in weight
                                                     Decreased reproduction
                                                                     Retarded growth, some
                                                                       deaths
                                                     Reduced water intake
                                                                     Sickened or killed
Developed rundown,
  ragged appearance,
  and eventually
  weakened and died

Diarrhea
                                                                                        REFERENCE
                                                                                                         131
                                                                                                        131
                                                                                                        131
                                                                                                        131
                                                                                                        131
                                                                                                        131
                                                                                                        193

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TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
     AGENT
SPECIES
Sulfate
ion
(cont.)
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
sulfite
Ammonium
persulfate
Tellurium
ion
Te+4
Human
(infant)
Human
Cattle
Rat
Dog
Mouse

                                                       DOSE
          EFFECT
  Te
    +6
                  Rat
                  Rat
                  Mouse
                                             600-1,000 mg/1
                                                (<21 mg/kg/day)

                                             High concentration of
                                                chlorides and sulfates
                                                in drinking water
                                             7,000-10,000 mg/1
                                               in drinking water
                                               (370-520 mg/kg/day)

                                             15,000 mg/1 in drinking
                                               water
                                               (2,200 mg/kg/day)

                                             23,850 mg/kg for 16 mos.
                                             2 mg/1 for life
                                               (0.2 mg/kg/day)
                      2 mg/1 for life
                      (0.3 mg/kg/day)
                                                     Diarrhea
                                                     Apparently accounts for
                                                       finding high incidence
                                                       of cholelithiasis and
                                                       cholecytitis in a re-
                                                       gion of the USSR

                                                     Weight loss
                                                     No apparent effect
                                                     No effect
Significant decrease in
  longevity; no effect
  on growth rate or
  survival

No effect on growth rate,
  survival or longevity
REFERENCE
                                 193
                                                                                      175
                                                                                                             131
                                                                                      131
                                                                                      131
                                                                                      203
                                                                                                             203
                      2 mg/1 for life
                        (0.2 mg/kg/day)
Increase in serum cholesterol;   203
  increase in serum glucose
  in female; no effect on blood
  pressure or aortic plaques

No effect on growth rate, sur-   203
  vival or longevity

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS

     AGENT             SPECIES                         DOSE
Sodium
  tellurite
Rat and rabbit
                  Rat
0.005-0.5 mg/kg/day
  for 7 mos.
                                             0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg/day
                                               for 7 mos.
                                             0.5 mg/kg/day
                                               for 7 mos.
                           0.005-0.5 mg/kg/day
                             for 7 mos.
                                                                    EFFECT
                                                                REFERENCE
                                                                   119
                                             0.01 mg/1 or
                                               0.0005 mg/kg/day
Marked reduction in the blood
  catalase activity during
  first month; Vitamin C de-
  pletion of suprarenals and
  lungs
                               Catalase activity remained          119
                                 low through experiment;
                                 some inhibition of blood
                                 cholinesterase activity

                               Some disturbance in  glycogenic      119
                                 function of liver;  reduced
                                 level of free serum SH groups

                               Dark-colored  granular and  thread-    119
                                 like inclusions in all internal
                                 organs;  disturbance in condi-
                                 tioned reflexes.   After  cessa-
                                 tion of dosage, cerebral cortex
                                 showed focal changes in  the  in-
                                 terneuromc connections and nerve
                                 cells, denticular  dilations  of
                                 the dendrites and  shrinkage  of
                                 nerve cells with lysis of the
                                 nuclei;  decrease in cholinester-
                                 ase activity and in content  of
                                 SH groups  in the grey matter of
                                 the cortex

                               Ineffective  toxic dose ' ',:            119

-------
00
o
     TABLE IV (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC  CHEMICALS

    	AGENT	        SPECIES                         DOSE
    •• Sodium
       tellurite
       (cont.)
     Thallium
       Salts
       (undefined)
Thallous
  acetate

Thallous
  oxide

Thorium
  (undefined)
     Thorium
       dioxide
    Tin
       (undefined)
                  Rat
                  Animal
                       Rat
Rat
                       Rat
                  Dog, rat, rabbits
                  and guinea pig
                  Rabbits
                           0.005-1 rag/kg
                                                  0.0005 mg/kg
                           0.003% in diet
0.0035% in diet
                           17,500 mg/kg
                             (other doses
                             I.V., I.M. and
                             I.T.)
                           5.69 mg/cu.m. by
                             inhalation (1 yr.
                             exposure)

                           1 g every 6-10 days
                             (40 mg/kg/day)
                                                                                      EFFECT
Some disturbances in the
  rate of nervous processes
  and morphological changes
  in brain tissue

No changes in brain cortex

Cumulative poison, 4 X as to-
  xic as arsenous oxide;
  effects sympathetic nervous
  system; causes muscular pain,
  endocrine disturbances and
  loss of hair

Marked growth depression after
  30 days

Marked growth depression after
  30 days
                               Simple compounds:  content  of
                                 Th equal in organic  and  mi-
                                 neral components of  bone.
                                 Complex compounds:   appre-
                                 ciable increase in Th con-
                                 tent in organic component
                                 of bone

                               No toxic effects
                               Death in 1-2 mos. with renal
                                 and hepatic degeneration and
                                 paralysis of hind legs
                                                                REFERENCE

                                                                   120




                                                                   120

                                                                   131
 41


 41



169
                                                                                                                88
                                                                                                                     211

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    TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
         AGENT
                           SPECIES
                                     DOSE
                                         EFFECT
    Stannous-
      chloride
Mouse
                      Rat
00
     Sodium
       stannous-
       tartrate
                      Dog
 Rabbit,  cat
   dog
                      Rabbit

                      Laboratory animals
5 mg/1 for life
  (0.5 mg/kg/day)

5 mg/1 for life
  (0.7 mg/kg/day)
500 mg/kg/day in
  milk
  (23 mg/kg/day)

0.5-12.5 mg/kg daily
  until death, s.c.
                           I.V. injections
No effect on growth rate,
  survival or longevity

Significant decrease in
  survival and longevity;
  no effect on growth rate

Increase in serum choles-
  terol and serum glucose
  in female; increase in
  effect on aortic plaques;
  no effect on blood pres-
  sure; fatty degeration of
  liver, hepatic cellular
  degeneration of necrosis;
  vacuolar changes in pro-
  ximal convoluted tubule
  of kidney

Paralysis after 14 mos.
Diarrhea; death preceded by
  paralysis and twitching of
  limbs.  Cats were more sen-
  sitive and also developed
  anesthesia of limbs; vomit-
  ing in cats and dogs

Albuminuria

Spleen has bluish-grey appear-
  ance due to deposition of
  tin in reticulo-endothelial
  cells
                                 REFERENCE

                                 203
                                                                                                                 212
                                                                                                                 212
                                                                                                                  18
                                                                                                                  18
                                                                 18

                                                                 18

-------
    TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
       AGENT
   SPECIES
        DOSE
            EFFECT
    Titanium
    (undefined)
    Titanium ion

    Ti+4
Laboratory
  animals
Mouse
    Tungsten salts  Rat
    (undefined)
    Uranium
    (undefined)
oo
S3
Laboratory
  animals

Human
                    Rabbit
                    Laboratory
                      animals
1 mg/1 (periodic
  introduction)
5 mg/1 for life
                 2.5-5 mg/1 in drink-
                   ing water
1,000-5,000 mg/1
  (150-730 mg/kg/day)

30-60 mg/1
  (3-6 mg/kg/day)

0.04-0.05 mg/1 in
  water sources of
  town A.  0.002-
  0.004 mg/1 in
  water sources of
  town B
                 0.6 and 60 mg/1 for
                   13 mos.

                 Long-term chronic
No harmful reactions or functional
  changes;  histological investi-
  gation negative

Significant increase in growth rate,
  decrease in survival & longevity

Slightly reduced the toxicity of se-
  lenium to rats fed a ration con-
  taining 11 mg/1 of selenium

Retarded growth
Inhibition of nucleic acid metab-
  olism in kidney and liver

Residual and amino nitrogen, pro-
  thrombin and SH groups and ther-
  mal coagulation time were normal
  in A and B;  catalase index be-
  low normal in A and B;  vitamin
  C content in blood and urine 2/3
  normal in A and B, serum albumen
  was lower and a, and A-globulins
  higher in A

Does not confirm albumin/globulin
  data from towns A and B

Effect on reproductive maturity and
  reproductive cycle;  changes in
  natural immunity characteristic,
  cardiovascular system, thyroid
  gland, and blood phosphatase
                                                                       REFERENCE
216, 217
203
                                                                       131
                                                                                                            131
162
                                                                                                            159
                                                                       159
                                                                       157

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    TABLE IV (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS

   __    AGENT	  	SPECIES                         DOSE
   Uranium
    (natural)
Rat
oo
    Uranium — VI
 Rat
6 and 60 tng/1
  (long-term)
                                                 0.6 mg/1
                                                  - (long-term)
0.06 mg/1
  (long-term)

60 mg/1 for
  11 mos.
  (9 mg/kg/day)
                                                 6 mg/1 for
                                                   11 mos.
                                                   (0.9 mg/kg/day)

                                                 0.6 mg/1 for
                                                   11 mos.
                                                   (0.1 mg/kg/day)
                                                                    EFFECT
                                                                REFERENCE
                                                                                              188
Retards sexual maturity;
  decrease ub oxygen con-
  sumption at 60;
  inhibited thyroid func-
  tion, increased parathyroid
  function; serum contained
  smaller amounts of inorganic
  phosphorus and larger amounts
  of alkaline phosphatase;

Inhibits thyroid function, in-      188
  creased parathyroid function,
  serum contained smaller amount
  of inorganic phosphorus and
  larger ants of alkaline phos-
  phatase than controls

No effect                           188
Inhibited metabolism of nucleic    163
  acids in kidneys and liver;
  increase in serum alkaline
  phosphatase; no change in
  weight gain; no significant
  difference between experimental
  and control in urea, creatinine
  and serum chloride levels

Increase in alkaline phosphatase   163
  activity
                                                          No significant effect              163

-------
     TABLE IV (COOT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
          AGENT
     SPECIES
                                                           DOSE
                                         EFFECT
     Uranium
       (solid)
     Uranyl
       fluoride
     Uranyl
       nitrate
Rat and rabbit
Rat
                       Rat
Rat
                       Rabbit
00
                       Dog
208 and 40 rag/kg respective-
  ly 10 times and
  417 and 80 mg/kg respec-
  tively 10 times
0.25 and 0.5% in diet
                             0.15% in diet
0.02 mg/kg
                           2.11 mg/kg
                             for 12 mos.
                           0.042-0.42 mg/kg for
                             12 mos.

                           2.11 mg/kg
                             for 21 mos.
                                                  0.21 mg/kg
                                                    for 21 mos.
Distribution greatest in
  bone, also found in
  liver, kidney and spleen.
  Poisoning caused struc-
  tural changes in kidneys

Tendency toward anemia

Definite renal tubular da-
  mage

No significnat incidence
  of atypical white blood
  cells

No variation from controls
  in weight gain, decrease
  in activity of acid phos-
  phatase in spleen; in-
  hibition of the metabolism
  of nucleic acids in kidneys
  and liver;  no change in
  urea, creatinine or serum
  chloride levels

No significant changes
                               Changes in blood morphology,
                                 disturbance of thyroid
                                 function; increased basal
                                 metabolism; changes in
                                 hepatic function; effect
                                 on heart; hematopoietic
                                 deficiency

                               Hematopoietic deficiency
                                 REFERENCE
 20
131

131


190



163
                                                                                                                  163
                                                                                                                  163
                                                                                           163

-------
   TABLE  IV  (CONT.)  - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC  TOXICITY OF  INORGANIC CHEMICALS
        AGENT
   Vanadium
      (undefined
     SPECIES
                                                          DOSE
                                         EFFECT
Rat
                      Rabbit
                      Animals
10 rag/kg
                           1 ing/kg
P°
                      Rat
    Vanadium
      ion
 Rat and mouse
5 mg/1 for. life
  (0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg/
  day)
Fatal; damaged gastroin-
  testinal tract, liver
  and kidneys

Developed hypochronic ane-
  mia; blood and urine phos-
  phorus rose to considerably
  higher level

Reduced blood cholesterol le-
  vels and cholesterol and
  phospholipid metabolism
  in liver; inhibits sulf-
  hydryl-dependent succinic
  dehydrogenase of liver and
  reduces levels of cysteine
  in hair and fingernails

Increase in serum cholesterol in
  female; decrease in serum cho-
  lesterol in male and increase
  in serum glucose; no effect
  on aortic plaques or blood
  pressure

No significant effect on growth
  rate, survival or longevity
                                                                                           REFERENCE
214
                                                                   214
                                                                                              128
                                                                                              203
203
    Vanadium
      Pentoxide
 Rabbit
                      Human
100 mg/kg of diet
                           In drinking water
Lowered free cholesterol and        131
  phospholipid content of liver

Correlated with the lowest in-      131
  cidence of coronary heart di-
  sease in New Mexico

-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
     AGENT
     SPECIES
                                                       DOSE
                                         EFFECT
Yttrium
Zinc
  (undefined)
Mouse
Human
                  Rat
                  Rat
5 mg/1 for life
  (0.5 mg/kg/day)
From drinking water
  high concentration
                           34.4 mg/day for
                             35-53 weeks
                             (150 mg/kg/day)

                           0.5-1% in food
                                             0.5% in food
                           1% in food


                           0.4% in food


                           0.75% in food
Significant decrease in
  growth rate, survival
  and longevity

Disorder of renal function;
  phosphate level in the
  blood serum decreases;
  sizable loss of minerals
  from the bones; "itai Itai"
  disease

Non-toxic
                               Reduced growth,  anemia,  poor
                                 reproduction

                               Reduces liver catalase and
                                 cytochrome oxidase, reduces
                                 weight and fat of liver, low-
                                 ers Ca/P of femurs, increased
                                 urinary and fecal nitrogen,
                                 reduces urinary and fecal ni-
                                 trogen, reduces urinary phos-
                                 phate and sulfate; depresses
                                 food intake, inhibits copper
                                 and causes anemia

                               Anemia and reduced cytochrome
                                 oxidase

                               Reduces liver ferritint hemo-
                                 siderin

                               Decreases bone calcium
                                                                REFERENCE
                                                                                                                203
28
                                                                   176
                                                                                                                176
                                                                                              176
                                    176


                                    176


                                    176

-------
   TABLE IV  (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC  TOXICITY  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
      AGENT
   Zinc
   carbonate
   Zinc
   sulfate
   SPECIES
                                                   DOSE
    Zirconium
    Zr
CO
•-4
Rat
Dog
  (chloralosed)

Rat, Cat, Frog,
  Snail

Rat

Mouse
                    Rat
0.96-1.92% for
  30 weeks
8-16 mg
                                            8-16 mg
3,000 ing/kg

5 mg/1 for life
  (0.5 mg/kg/day)
                        5 mg/1 for life
                          (0.7 mg/kg/day)
	' EFFECT	         REFERENCE

Drop in hemoglobin to 10.2        176
  and 6.1 g/100 ml
  respectively

Arterial and cardiac de-            33
  pressor

Arterial and cardiac de-            33
  pressor

Some arrest in growth               33

No significant effect on            33
  growth rate, survival,
  or longevity

Significant increase in           203
  growth rate;  no effect
  on survival or longevity

Increase in serum cholester-      203
  ol and serum glucose in
  female;  no effect on
  blood pressure

-------
CARCINOGENICITY

Table V lists the carcinogenicity of mammals of Inorganic compounds examined
by the oral route of administration.  Fifty inorganic chemicals were examined
in mammalian species, including human.  Significantly, only a few of these
showed positive results (potassium, arsenate, palladium, rhenium"™, selenium  ,
tellurium"1"", yttrium, zinc, and zinc chloride).  Some showed a decrease in
tumor incidence (sodium germanate and nickel).   The nine inorganics which show
positive carcinogenic effects were not examined for dose effects.

For the sake of completeness, and in the event that carcinogenicity of
inorganic pollutants in freshwater will need to be assessed in terms other
than oral administration, Table Va is presented.  It will be noted that,
using routes of administration other than oral, the proportion of compounds
which are carcinogenic increases.
                                     188

-------
    TABLE V - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF  INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
       AGENT
     SPECIES
    ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
          DOSE
                                                                                                                REFERENCE
oo
VO
Antimony Mouse and rat
Sb+3
Antimony Rat
trioxide


Arsenic
trioxide Mouse
Negative
Negative
0/20
0/10
0/10
0/75
5 mg/1 for life span
2% in diet for 8 mos,
2% in diet for <_ 240 d.
5.0 g suspended in 5 ml water
2.5 g suspended in 5 ml water
0.01% solution in drinking
203
220
220
220
220
19
     Sodium
     arsenite
     Potassium
     arsenate
     (Fowler's
     solution)

     Beryllium
     carbonate
Mouse
                       Rat
                       Rat
Human
Rat
 Possible decrease in
   methylcholanthrene-
   induced skin tumors in
   one strain of mouse

 Significant decrease in
   tumor incidence

 Significant decrease in
   tumor incidence

 No tumors above control
 Positive
Negative
                                                          water

                                                        0.01%  in drinking  water for
                                                          8  mos.
8.67 mg/1 for life span
                                                        8.67  mg/1  for  life  span

                                                        8.67  mg/1  in drinking  water
                                                          for life span  plus 0.80
                                                          mg/kg  of diet
3, 6% in diet, 14-160 days
145




203



212

105



208




220

-------
     TABLE  V  (CONT.)  - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
      AGENT
SPECIES
                                                    ANIMALS  WITH  TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
vo
o
Bismuth Rat
carbonate
Sodium Dog
bromide
Cadmium Mouse and rat
Cadmium Rat
chloride

Cadmium Pig
oxide


Chromium Mouse and rat
Cr+3
Chromic Rat
chloride
Chromium Mouse and rat
Cr+6
Potassium Rabbit
chr ornate _



Calcium Rat
fluoride
Negative

0/4

Negative
0/16


Negative


Negative
Negative

0/21

Negative

0/3
0/21

0/80

Negative

2% in diet for life span

128 mg/kg/d. in capsule in
food
5 mg/1 for life span
0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0
and 50.0 ppm in drinking
water
170 mg/d. in food for 3 days,
off 6 wks; 170 mg/d. for
3 days
170 mg/d. in food
5 mg/1 for life span

76 mg/1 in drinking water for
1 year
5 mg/1 for life span

100 mg every other day
93 ppm in drinking water for
1 year
1.68, 8.22, 16.81, 28.76, and
41.08 ppm in drinking water
200 ppm in riboflavin deficient
diet for 5 wks.
52

220

203
220


220


226
203

228

203

220
220

220

220


-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
   AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
                                                               DOSE
                                                                                                             REFERENCE
Sodium
fluoride
NaF



Sheep

Rat
Rat
Rat
0/16
0/16
Negative
Negative
Negative
Mean of 33 mg/day for
26 mos . , 20 ppm
Mean of 18 mg/day for
26 mos. , 10 ppm
4 mg/day in water for
14 wks .
2 mg/day in water for
14 wks.
1, 5, 10, 50, or 100 ppm
220
220
220
220
220
                    Rabbit
  Sodium
  silico-
  fluoride
                    Rat

                    Rabbit
                    Dog


                    Rat
                     Negative


                     0/13

                     0/10
                     0/11
                     0/30


                     Negative

                     0/3
                     0/1


                     Negative
                             in 15-20 ml soln/day
                             in diet for 107, 192
                             and 210 days
                           30-140 mg/kg/day as 5%             220
                             suspension for 30-200
                             days
                           50 mg/kg/day                       220
                           30 mg/kg/day                       220

                           10 mg/kg/day                       220
                           10-50 mg/kg/day as 1, 3,           220
                             or 5% soln or susp. for
                             4-12 wks.
                           828.95, 221.05, 110.53, 22.1,      220
                             11.05, 4.42 ppm in diet
                           100 mg/kg/day                      220
                           20 mg/kg (2% soln)/day for         220
                             146 days

                           120 ppm in riboflavin deficient    220
                             diet for 5 wks.

-------
     TABLE V  (CONT.)  -  CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
       AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
                                                                                                                 REFERENCE
(-•
VD
Gallium
Sodium
germanate


Indium
Iodine
Lead
Pb+2
Lead
acetate
Mercuric
chloride
Molybdenum
Mo*6
Nickel
Ni+2
Niobium
Nb+5
Potassium
thiocyanate

Mouse
Mouse
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Mouse and Rat
Rabbit
Rat
Rat and mouse
Mouse
Mouse and rat
Rat

Negative
No tumors above control
Decreased incidence
Decreased incidence
Negative
25/154 (ademoma of thyroid
and pituitary)
Negative
Negative
0/12
0/8
Negative
Significant decrease in
tumor incidence
Negative
0/10
0/36
5 mg/1 for life span
11.47 mg/1 for life span
plus 0.73 mg/kg of diet
11.47 mg/1 for life span
11.47 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
Chronic iodine deficient
diet
In drinking water
25 mg/1 for life span
2 ml soln 20% every second
day
0.030 mg in water every
second day
10 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
50 mg/kg/day in diet for
30 days
7,5 ing/day + 0.03 mg thyroxin/
203
105
203
229
203
21
71
203
220
220
203
203
203
220
220
                                                                                  day fed low-iodine diet for

                                                                                  18 mos.

-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
   AGENT
                        SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
Potassium Rat
thiocyanate
(cont.)
Hydrazine Rat




Palladium Mouse
Rhodium Mouse
Scandium Mouse
Selenium Mouse
Se Mouse and rat
Sodium selenite Rat

Laboratory animal
0/35
0/10
0/10
0/10
0/10
0/10
Positive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Positive
Negative
0/6
0/6
7.5 mg/day in low-iodine
diet over 18 mos .
0.2 mg/ml of drinking water
for 14 wks.
0.5 mg/ml of drinking water
for 4 wks.
1 mg/ml of drinking water for
3 wks.
2 mg/ml of drinking water for
4 wks.
0/1 mg/ml of drinking water for
14 wks .
5 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
3 mg/1 for life span
3 mg/1 for life span
-
10 ppm in diet for 42 days
In diet
220
220
220
220
220
220
203
203
203
203
203
71
220
71

-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
     AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
                                                                                   REFERENCE
Potassium Rat
selenate
Sodium Sheep
chloride
Rat



Tellurium Mouse and rat
Te+6 Mouse
Stannous
chloride Mouse
Mouse and rat
Stannous Rat
oleate
Sodium Rat
chlorostannate
Titanium Rat
Vanadium Mouse and rat
v+4
Vanadium Rabbit
pentoxide
Negative
0/40
0/30
0/30
0/30
0/30
Negative
Positive
No tumors above control
Negative
Negative

3/30

Negative
Negative
0/5

4.2, 7.0 and 21.0 ppm in
drinking water
0.5, 4.8, 9.1, or 13% in
diet for 253 days
9.8% in diet ad lib
8.4% in diet ad lib
7.0% in diet ad lib
5.6% in diet ad lib
2 mg/1 for life span
2 mg/1 for life span
8 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water plus 0.63
mg/kg of diet
8 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water
5,000 ppm in diet

2% in diet

As salt in drinking water for
life span
5 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water
100 ppm in diet for 68 days

220
220
220
220
220
220
203
203
165
203
71

71

71
203
220


-------
     TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
       AGENT
                             SPECIES
                                                    ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
                                                                    DOSE
                                REFERENCE
Vanadyl Mouse
sulfate

Yttrium Mouse
Zinc Mouse
Zinc Rodent
chloride
6/38
15/141
Positive
Positive
Positive
14.43 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water + 9.23
mg/kg of diet
Control for above
5 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water
5-30 mg/1 in drinking water
2-3 years up to 16 genera-
tions
In drinking water
105
105
203
81
71
VO
Ui
      Zirconium
Mouse and rat
                                                  Negative
5 mg/1 in drinking water for
  life span
71

-------
   TABLE Va - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
                                                        OTHER THAN ORAL
     AGENT
               SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
                                                                                 DOSE
                                                                                                            REFERENCE
Aluminum Rat







Rabbit

Aluminum Mouse
hydroxide
Rat

Aluminum Rabbit
oxide
0

0

0/26

0/12

0/6

0/15

0/24
0/12
0/4

Powder 100 mg susp . in water or
alcohol I. P.*
Powder 50 mg susp . in water or
alcohol I.T.** inj .
95 mg dust and 5 mg quartz dust
susp. in 1.5 ml saline I.T.
100 mg dust susp. in 1.5 ml saline
I.T.
0.5 g powder susp. in 4 ml saline
4 at monthly intervals I.T.
0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 ml as a
susp. I. P.
14 and 50 mg dust in 1.1 ml saline
60 mg dust in 1.1 ml saline I.T.
300 mg in 3 ml saline, 15 mg in 1
ml saline 10X in 4 wks. I.T. and
220

220

220

220

220

220

220
220
220

                     Guinea Pig
                     Mouse
 *I.P.
**I.T.
Intraperitoneal
Intratracheal
Intravenous
                                         0/11



                                         0/40


                                         0/40



                                         0/30
                            I.V.***
                          500 mg in 4 ml saline,  25  mg in 1       220
                            ml saline 10X in 4 wks.  I.™,  and
                            I.V.

                          200 mg in 2 ml saline,  10  mg in         220
                            0.5 ml saline 10X in 4 wks.  I.T.
                            and I.V.
                          15 mg in 0.25 ml saline, 2 mg in        220
                            0.35 ml saline 4 Xin 4 wks.  I.T.
                            and I.V.

                          10 mg in 0.5 ml water I.P.              220

-------
   TABLE Va  (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY  IN MAMMALS OF  INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OP ADMINISTRATION

                                                                OTHER THAN ORAL
   AGENT
Aluminum
oxide
(Cont.)
                        SPECIES
 Aluminum
, phosphate
i
 Arsenic
Rat

Rabbit



Rat


Rat




Rat




Human
                     Rat
  ANIMALS WITH TUMOR

         0/12

         0/6
         0/12


         0/12


         0/18

         0/30


May be carcinogenic

Positive (epidermal
  cells) ,

Arsenic waters may be
  carcinogenic to
  skin and liver

No tumors above control

No tumors above control
                                                  11/20
                                         (4 adenofibromas, 3 adre-
                                           nal angiomas, 1 adrenal
                                           cortical adenoma, 1 en-
                                           dometrial fibrous polyp,
                                           2 basophilic pituitary
                                           adenomas, 2 hepatomas,
                                           2 abdominal sarcomas)
                                                             DOSE
50 mg in 1 ml water I.P.

0.5 g dust in 4 ml saline
  susp. 4  at monthly inter-
  vals I.T.

50 mg dust (0.02 y in diameter)
  in 1.1 ml saline

50 mg dust (<1 y in diameter)
  in 1.1 ml saline

35 mg susp. in 1 ml tap water

50 mg dust in 1.1 ml saline
  I.T.
                                                0.2 ml lanolin intrafemoral;
                                                  repeated in 10 mos.

                                                0.05 ml lanolin suspension
                                                  monthly for 6 mos.  intra-
                                                  pleural

                                                0.1 ml of 1% lanolin susp. in
                                                  paranasal sinuses 3X
REFERENCE

220

220
220


220


220

220


71, 231

104


131



91


91



91

-------
     TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
                                                                  OTHER THAN ORAL
      AGENT
   SPECIES
   Arsenic
   (Cont.)
   Arsenic
   trioxide
M  Sodium
VO
oo  arsenate
   Barium
   sulfate

   Barium
   sulfide

   Beryllium
Human
Mouse


Rat


Mouse


Laboratory
  animals

Rabbit

Rat
  ANIMALS WITH TUMOR

         8/20
(3 adenofibromas of
  breast, 2 basophi-
  lic adenomas of
  hypophysis, 1 cor-
  tical adenoma of
  adrenal gland, 2
  cavernous angiomas
  of adrenal gland)

No significant change in
  cancer mortality com-
  pared to non-arsenical
  industry

         0/87
         0/24
         0/35
                                                                                    DOSE
Positive
                                           Positive (bone sarcomas)

                                                    +/20
                                           (7 mammary adenofibromas,
                                             1 cortical adenoma,  2
                                             round-cell sarcomas,
                                             1 teratomatous cancer)

                                                    3/25
                                           (1 spindle-cell sarcoma,
                                             2 lymph node sarcomas)
                                                Control for above:  0.2 ml
                                                  lanolin in paranasal sinus
                                                  2X with 2 mo. interval
Normal exposure in arsenical
  industry
1.58% soln in water containing
  2.5% Tween, topical

26 yg susp., once weekly for
  10 wks. I.T. insufflation

Cream mixed with water applied
  for few minutes, topical
                            0.5 ml of 10% soln intrafemoral
                                        REFERENCE
                                                                                        91
 275




 19


 220


 220


230,231,121


 196

 91
                                                                                        91
                                                Control for above:
                                                  intrafemoral
                                                0.2 ml lanolin

-------
  TABLE Va  (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY  IN MAMMALS OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS  EXAMINED  BY ROUTES  OF  ADMINISTRATION
                                                               OTHER THAN ORAL
   AGENT
                       SPECIES
Beryllium
(Cont.)
Rat
Beryllium
oxide
Beryllium
silicate
Rabbit

Rabbit

Rabbit

Guinea Pig
Rat
                    Rabbit
  ANIMALS WITH.TUMOR

         3/20
(1 mediastinal round-
  cell sarcoma,  1
  osteogenic fibro-
  sarcoma of spine,
  1 round-cell sar-
  coma in liver and
  marrow of sternum)

         7/25
(1 fibrosarcoma and
  squamous-cell papil-
  lotna of forestomach,
   1 papillary cystaden-
  oma of ovary,  3 an-
  giomas of adrenal
  medulla, and 4 mam-
  mary adenofibromas)

         2/24

Bone sarcomas

Bone sarcomas

         0/6
Positive (pulmonary
  epidermoid, squa-
  mous cell or adeno-
  matous neoplasia)
                                                             DOSE
0.5 ml of 10% soln intrapleural
                                                                                        REFERENCE
 91
                                                                    Control for above:  0.05 ml lanolin
                                                                      intrapleural IX/mo.
                                                                                        91
40 mg I.V.

I.V.	

I.V.

3 mg/kg/day for 40 days S.C.*
12.49 mg in 0.25 ml saline 3X/wk.
  at  wkly.  intervals I.T.
                    Positive  (bone sarcomas)    I.V.
16

196

196

220
220
                                                                                                            196
*S.C. - Subcutaneous

-------
  TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

                                                               OTHER THAN ORAL
   AGENT
   SPECIES
Carbon
(graphite)

Cerium

Cerium
chloride

Chromium
Rat
Rat
Human
                    Rabbit
  ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
             DOSE
                                                 0/18
         0/17
                    Positive
         0/10
Positive (bronchogenic
  carcinoma)

         2/8
(1 at site of injection,
  1 endometrial papil-
  lary cystic adenoma, 1
  vaginal hemangioma, 1
  pleural fibrolipoma)
                                                  wk.  for 10 wks.  S.C.
                                                1.21 mg/kg 6 days/wk. up to
                                                  10 wks. S.C.

                                                Plates 7 x 7 x  0.1 mm S.C.
S.C. implant

60 tng/ml 100 mg/kg


Industrial exposure
                                                0.4 ml of a 35% susp.  powdered
                                                  Cr in lanolin;  after 30 mos.
                                                  reinjected with 2X original
                                                  dose intrafemoral
                                                                    REFERENCE
Beryllium Rabbit
silicate (cont.)
Beryllium Rat
sulfate


Zinc Mouse and
beryllium Rabbit
silicate
Rabbit
Cadmium Rabbit
sulfate
S3
o
o
1/17

Positive (pulmonary
epidermoid , squamous
cell or adenomatous
neoplasia)
Positive (bone sarcoma)


6/17
0/5
0/5
0/6
2X/wk. (6 or 10 injections)

12.49 mg in 0.25 ml saline
3X/wk, at wkly. intervals
I.T.

I.V.


2X/wk. (6 or 10 injections)
1 mg every second day S.C.
0 . 5 mg every second day S.C.
0.5 ml of 0.3% soln/kg 6 days/
17

220



196


17
220
220
220
  220


  220


  82

  220


68,71,144,196


  220

-------
    TABLE  Va (CONT.)  - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

                                                                  OTHER THAN ORAL
     AGENT
   SPECIES
  Chromium
  (Cont.)
Rabbit
                      Rat
to
O
                                            ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
0/2
                    Positive  (2 spindle
                      cell sarcomas, 1
                      cellular fibroma,
                      2 round cell sar-
                      comas of ileocecal
                      lymph nodes, 1
                      adreno-medullary
                      hemangioma, 1
                      pancreatic insuloma)

                              4/30
                                          No  tumors  above  control
                                           No  tumors  above  control
                                                    7/25
                                           (4  ileo-cecal  round  cell
                                            sarcomas,  1  adreno-
                                            medullary  hemangioma,
                                            2 pulmonary  papillary
                                            adenomas)

                                           No  tumors above  control
                                                    5/25
                                DOSE
Control for above:  0.2 ml
  lanolin intrafemor-al
REFERENCE

220


220
                   Control for above:  gelatin
                     intrafemoral

                   6 monthly doses of 0.05 ml of
                     a 33.6% susp. of powdered
                     chromium in lanolin intrapleural

                   6 wkly. doses of 0.1 ml of a 0.5%
                     susp. of powdered chromium in
                     2.5% gelatin-saline soln intra—
                     pleural

                   6 wkly. doses of 0.18 ml of 0.05%
                     susp. of powdered Cr in a 2.5%
                     gelatin—saline soln.  I.V.  vena
                     saphena
                                                2 monthly doses of 0.1 ml of a
                                                  33.6% Cr susp. in lanolin para-
                                                  nasal

                                                6 wkly. doses of 0.1 ml of 0.05%
                                                  Cr susp. in a 2.5^ gelatin soln
                                                  I.P.
                                                                                                               220
                                                                                         220
                                                                                        220
                                                                                        220
                                                           220
                                                           220

-------
    TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

                                                                 OTHER THAN ORAL
     AGENT
   SPECIES
  Chromium
   Cr+3

  Chromic
  acid

  Chromium
  trioxide
  Barium
  chromate
o
S3
Cock
Rat
Rat
                      Mouse
  ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
                    Positive
Positive
        15/19
 (sarcoma at implant
  site)

        14/20
 (sarcoma at implant
  site)

Negative
                    76.3% of survivors
                      with pulmonary aden-
                      omas; 51.7% with
                      multiple tumors

                    63.3% of survivors with
                      pulmonary adenomas;
                      47.4% with multiple
                      tumors

                    73.9% with pulmonary
                      adenomas; 52.9% with
                      multiple tumors

                    68.2% with pulmonary
                      adenomas; 40.0% with
                      multiple tumors
             DOSE
2 ml of 2% soln injected into
  testicles

25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat intra-
  muscular implant


25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat intra-
  pleura-1 implant
25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat intra-
.  muscular" and intrapleural
  implant

2.35 mg in 0.1 ml of 1% saline
  susp. given 9X at 4-6 wk.
  intervals I.V.
                                                                      Control for above:
                                                                        fate
                                                barium sul-
                                                                      0.24 and 0.47 mg in 0.3 ml of 1%
                                                                        saline susp. in olive oil given
                                                                        5X at 4-6 wk. intervals I.T.
                                                                      Control for above:
                                                                        in olive oil
                                                barium sulfate
REFERENCE

79


79



93



93



220



220




220




220



220

-------
    TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED  BY ROUTES  OF ADMINISTRATION
                                                                 OTHER THAN ORAL
   AGENT
Calcium
chromate
Calcium
chromate
(sintered)
   SPECIES
Rat
                    Mouse
                    Mouse
Mouse
                                          ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
                            8/13
                            21/35
                    (sarcomas at site)

                            3/218
                    (intrathoracic fibro-
                      sarcomas)
                                         (3 sarcomas at implant
                                          site)
(2 sarcomas at implant
  site)

        1/52
(spindle cell sarcoma)

        0/52


        1/52


        9/52


        0/52
             DOSE
25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat
  intramuscular implant and
  intrapleural implant
                                                                    10 mg every 2 mos. I.T.
                                                                      5X
                                                12.5 mg in gelatin capsule.
                                                  Intrapleural implant
                                                                    12.5 mg in gelatin capsule.
                                                                      I.M.* implant
10 mg dust/20 mg sheep fat
  as pellet.  I.M. implant

Control for above:   I.M.  sheep
  fat implant

10 mg dust in 0.2 ml trica-
  pylin S.C.

10 mg dust/20 mg sheep fat as
  pellet.  I.M.  implant


Control for above:   I.M.  sheep
  fat implant
REFERENCE
93
                                       92
                                                                                                            220
                                                                                       220
                                                                                                           220
                                                                                                           220
                                                                                       220
220
                                                                                                           220
*I.M. - Intramuscular

-------
     TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

                                                                  OTHER THAN ORAL
     AGENT
  Calcium
  chromate
  (sintered)
  (Cont.)
  Strontium
  chromate

  Zinc chromate

  Sodium
  dichromate
N>
O
  Cobalt
   SPECIES
Rat


Rat




Rat


Rat

Rat
                      Rabbit
                      Rat
                      Guinea Pig
  ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
        0/52
        8/14
        17/26
(sarcoma at site)

        2/218
(fibrosarcoma of lung)

Negative

        3/39
        2/39
(adenocarcinoma of right
  lung, reticulum cell
  sarcoma of liver, round
  cell sarcoma of ileoce-
  cal lymph node, squa-
  mous cell carcinoma of
  the uterine mucosa)

Positive

Positive (fibrosarcoma
  at site)

        5/20
(rhabdomyosarcomas)

        0/6
                                                  0/6
                                                                                   DOSE
10 mg dust in 0.2 ml triapry-
  lin S.C.

25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat
  intramuscular implant and
  intrapleural implan*-
Up to 10 mg every 2 mos. I.T.
  5X

10 mg every 2 mos. 5X I.T.

2 mg/mo., 16 inj., I.P. and
  I.M.
                                                400 mesh powder with fowl serum,
                                                  0.028 g in 0.4 ml serum I.M.

                                                25 mg of dust susp. in saline
                                                  diluted to 10% susp., injected
                                                  1 wk. apart I.T.

                                                25 mg of dust susp. in saline,
                                                  diluted to 10% susp. I.T.
REFERENCE

220


220




92


92

92
                                      59,71

                                      196


                                      83,87,220


                                      220



                                      220

-------
    TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED  BY  ROUTES  OF  ADMINISTRATION

                                                                 OTHER THAN ORAL
     AGENT
   SPECIES
  Cobalt
  (Cont.)
to
o
Ln
   Cobalt
   chloride
Guinea Pig
                     Rat
Rat
                      Rabbit
                      Dog
                                            ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
         0/6
                                              DOSE
                                           Negative
         9/20
(5 rhabdomyofibrosarcomas,
  3 fibrosarcomas, 1 round
  cell sarcoma at injection
  site)

         8/10
(5 rhabdomyofibrosarcomas,
  2 sarcomas, 1 fibrosarco-
  mas, 1 fibrosarcoma at
  injection site)

Negative

         +/30
(sarcomas at injection site)

Negative


Negative

         0/5


         0/2
50 mg of dust susp. in saline,
  diluted to 10% susp, I.T.

Two 5 mg doses of dust susp.
  in saline, diluted to 10%
  susp., injected 1 wk. apart
  I.T.

Susp. of 0.028 g powdered Co
  in 0.4 ml fowl serum I.M.
                                                                            Susp.  of  0.028 g powdered Co
                                                                              in 0.4  ml  fowl serum I.M.
3-10 mg susp. in saline I.T.

Susp. of 0.28 g powdered Co
  in 0.4 ml fowl serum I.M.

0.4% soln 6X/wk. receiving
  from 2.5-10 rug/kg S.C.

2 mg/day I.P.

5 mg/kg alternate days and
  alternate wks. for 20 wks.

5 mg/kg alternate days and
  alternate wks. for 20 wks.
                                                                                            REFERENCE
 220
                                                                                                                 220
                                                                                           220
220

220


220


220

220


220

-------
     TABLE Va (CONT.)  - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

                                                                 OTHER THAN ORAL
      AGENT
   Cobaltic
   oxide
   Copper

   Copper
   sulfate

   Dysprosium

   Gadolinium

   Gold
N>
o
   Iron
   Iron-dextran
   complex
   SPECIES
Guinea pig
Rat
Rat
                      Mouse
                      Rat
                      Mouse
Rat
                                             ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
         0/6
                     Negative
         0/20
Positive

Positive

Negative

9 sarcomas



3 sarcomas
                              68/77

                              0/31

                              0/20

                              0/20
                                              DOSE
                                           Positive
150 mg dust susp.  in saline
  in 10% susp.  in  3 equal
  quantities at wkly,  inter-
  vals
0.1% 3X/wk.  I.P.


Implanted S.C.

Implanted S.C.

I.V.

17 x 0.02 mm discs,  6 under
  skin of back,  4 I.P.,  2
  under skin of  abdomen

12 x 0.02 mm discs,  6 under
  skin of back,  4 I.P.,  2
  under skin of  abdomen

17 mm disc;  8/animal S.C.

Fragments 1 x 1 x 0.02 mm S.C.

S.C.

20 mg wkly.  for 16 wks.

Injection
REFERENCE

220




71

220


82

82

71

220



220



220

220

220

220

71

-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
                                                             OTHER THAN ORAL
                                                                                     DOSE
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
                                                                                                           REFERENCE
Iron-dextran Rat
complex
(Cont. )


Rat
Ferrous Mouse
sulfate
Lanthanum Rat
Lanthanum
chloride
Lanthanum
nitrate
Lead Rat
phosphate

Magnesium Rat


Manganese
Manganese Rat
chloride
Rat and Rabbit
Negative




16/23
1/20
(fibroma)
0/120
0/15

0/10

Positive

Negative
Negative

Negative
Negative
0/20

Negative
Pellets of 25 mg Fe suspended
in 50 mg wool fat in right
pleural cavity; 12 mos.
later same put into right
thigh
20 mg Fe/wk. I.M.
2,5 mg/wk. for 16 wks.

75, 150, and 300 mg/kg I. P.
60 mg/ml 100 mg/kg I. P.

450 mg/kg in water I. P.

Injected

Injected
8 mg-5 m strips
bladder and I.M.


4% 3X/wk. I. P.

1% soln, 2 ml/day intradermal
92




222
220,222

220
220

220

71

71
220

71
71
220

220

-------
     TABLE Va (CONT.)  -  CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
       AGENT
   SPECIES
    Potassium
    permanganate

    Mercury
Mouse


Rat

Rat
    Nickel
o
00
Human -
Nickel workers

Human
                       Rat
                                                                  OTHER THAN ORAL
  ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
         0/50
       Positive

         +39
(spindle cell sarcoma
  of penitoneum)

         5/39
(abdominal spindle cell
  sarcomas)

       Positive
(lung,  nasal sinuses)

       Positive

       Positive

         3/34
(spindle cell sarcoma,
  squamous cell carci-
  noma  of uterine en-
  dome trium and skin
  of cheek)

         5/17
(osteogenic spindle cell
  sarcoma, squamous cell
  sarcoma, round cell sar-
  coma  in abdominal cavity)

         4/10
(similar to tumors from
  intrafemoral injection)
             DOSE
S.C.
I.P. every 2 wks,

0.05 ml twice at 14 day
  intervals I.P.
                                                                             0.05 ml IX/wk.  for 2 wks.
                                                                               I.P.
                                                                             In nickel-containing drugs
                                                      0.02 ml susp. nickel powder
                                                        intrapleural injection
                                                                             50 mg susp. in lanolin intra-
                                                                               femoral injection
                                                                             50 mg susp. in lanolin.
                                                                               Intrapleural injection
                                                                               monthly 5X
 REFERENCE

 220


 71

 71



 71



24,144,234


 263

 128

 92
                                                                                                                  54
                                                                                           54

-------
      TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

                                                                   OTHER THAN ORAL
       AGENT
    Nickel
    (Cont.)
   SPECIES
Rat
ISJ
O
                       Rabbit
                       Mouse
  ANIMALS WITH TUMOR

         1/3
(round cell sarcoma of
  thoracical and abdo-
  minal lymph nodes)

Control for above

         +/100
(27 malignant at site; 20
  additional malignant
  and benign tumors else-
  where)

         +/23
(no malignant at site; 10
  malignant and benign
  elsewhere)

         +/25
(7 sarcoma in region of
  groin, 1 mammary fibro-
  adenoma, 2 mammary ade-
  nomas, 3 basophilic
  pituitary adenomas,
  3 adrenomedullary
  hetnangiomas)

         0/10
                              0/50
                                                     0/50
                                                                                          DOSE
0.1 ml of 12.5% susp, in
  lanolin into nasal sinuses
  every 2 mos. 3X


Absence of similar tumors

0.1 ml of 5% gelatin-saline
  susp.  Intrafemoral implan-
  tation repeated in survi-
  ving rats after 18 mos.


Control for above
                                                                             0.5 ml/kg of 0.5% susp. in
                                                                               gelatin-saline soln IX/wk.
                                                                               6X I.V. (vena saphena)
0.5 ml/kg of a 1% susp.  in
  gelatin-saline soln IX/wk.
  I.V. 6X

0.02 ml of a 0.05% susp. in
  gelatin-saline soln I.M.

0.02 ml of a 0.06% susp, in
  gelatin-saline soln.
  Intrapleural
REFERKNCK

54




54

53
                                                                                                                  53
                                                                                           53
                                                                                                                  53
                                                                                                                 53
                                                                                                                 53

-------
  TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
   AGENT
Phosphorus
Platinum
   SPECIES
Dog
                   Rat
                   Mouse
                   Rat
                                                               OTHER THAN ORAL
  ANIMALS  WITH TUMOR
             DOSE
         13/46
(11 papillomas,  2  pulmo-
  nary adenomas)

       Negative
                            Positive
                          (sarcomas)
                            Positive
                          (6 sarcomas)
                              52/69
                            (sarcomas)
                                                                                                              REFERENCE
Nickel
(Cont.)

Nickel
chloride
Nickel
sulf ide
Potassium
cyanate
Rat


Rat

Rat

Mouse

Positive


Negative

Positive

7/15
(papillomas)
Injected into femoral
pleural cavity and
sinuses
2 ing/day I. P.

Implantation

2,5 mg in saline once
subsequent treated
cavity.
nasal





, 4 days
with twice-
196


220

71

220

                                                                           weekly skin applications  of
                                                                           5% croton oil  soln  for  40
                                                                           wks.  I.P.

                                                                         Control for  above ;croton  oil         220
1 mg/kg/day in peanut oil soln,       220
  5 mg/ml S.C.
                                Discs 17 x 0.02 mm, 6 under skin     220
                                   of back, 4 I.P., 2 under ab-
                                   dominal skin

                                Discs 12 x 0.02 mm, 6 under skin     220
                                   of back, 4 I.P., 2 under
                                   abdominal skin

                                17 mm disc implanted S.C. 8/rat      220
                   Rat
                              0/31
                                 Fragments  1  x  1  x  0.02 mm S.C,
                                     220

-------
  TABLE  Va (CONT.)  - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
                                                                OTHER THAN ORAL
   AGENT
Praseodynium

Ammonium
potassium
selenide

Silicon
dioxide
                      SPECIES
Rat
Rat, G uinea P ig,
  Mouse, Rabbit
                   Rat
                   Rat
                   Rat
Calcium
silicate
                    Rat
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR

    Positive

    Positive
    Negative
                              +/30
                      (2 hepatic reticulum cell
                       sarcomas, 1 mammary
                       adenofibroma, 3 uterine
                       carcinomas)

                      4 uterine carcinomas, 1
                       ovarian carcinoma

                              +/45
                      (1 lymph node reticulum cell
                       sarcoma, 1 hepatic cholan-
                       gioma, 2 hepatic reticulum
                       cell sarcomas, 2 pulmonary
                       mesotheliomas, 1 uterine
                       carcinoma, 1 ovarian cys-
                       tadenoma)

                              +/200
                      (11 reticulum cell sarcomas,
                       1 pulmonary adenoma, 3
                       mammary adenofibromas,
                       1 renal carcinoma

                              0/14


                              0/16
                                                                   DOSE
                                                      S.C, implantation
S.C., I.P., I.T., intramesen-
  teric injection, and I.V.
  various doses for various
  lengths of time

300 mg powder I.P.
                               300 mg powder once S.C.
                                                                         Control for above
                               25 mg dust 3X about 1 wk.
                                 apart I.T.

                               5 mg of dust  I.T.
REFERENCE

220

71



220
                                                                    220
                                                                                                              220
                                     220
                                                                                                              220
                                     220
                                                                                                              220

-------
 TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
                                                              OTHER THAN ORAL
   AGENT
   SPECIES
Silver
Rat

Rat

Rat

Mouse
Silver
nitrate

Tantalum
Tantalum
oxide
Mouse


Rat

Rat


Dog


Guinea Pig
  ANIMALS  WITH TUMOR

      Positive

      Positive

        0/13

      Positive
     (1 sarcoma)
                                              Positive
                                              (5 sarcomas)
         +/84
     (65 sarcomas)

         14/25
     (fibrosarcoma
        at  site)

         0/35

      Negative


      Positive

         2/25
(fibrosarcoma at  site)

      Negative


         0/6
	DOSE	       REFERENCE

Colloidal silver I.V.                71

Imbedded silver foil                 166

Implanted in bladder                 220

Discs 12 x 0.02 mm, 6 under          220
  skin of back, 4 I.P.,  2
  under abdominal skin

Discs 17 x 0.02 mm, 6 under          220
  skin of back, 4 I.P.,  2
  under abdominal skin

17 mm disc implanted 8/animal        220
                                                                         2 pieces of foil, 1.5 cm wide        220
                                                                           S.C. abdominal wall
Fragments 1 x 1 x 0.02 mm S.C.

Fused crystals; colonic mucosa       220
  through anus

S.C. imbedded                        82

2 pieces of foil 1.5 cm wide         220
  S.C. in abdominal wall

0.010 in. thick and 0.25 in. in      220
  diameter disc.  I.M. implant

150 mg dust susp. in saline in       220
  10% susp. in 3 equal quantities
  at .wkly. intervals.  I.T. in-
  jection

-------
     TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

                                                                  OTHER THAN ORAL
       AGENT               SPECIES             ANIMALS WITH TUMOR             	DOSE                     REFERENCE

    Tantalum           Guinea  Pig                 Negative                   100 rag dust susp. in saline           220
    oxide                                                                       in 10% susp.
    (Cont.)

    Uranium            Rat                          11/33                   50 rag U in susp.; intrafemoral        94
      U                                          (sarcomas at  site)              injection

                                                     2/33                    50 mg U in susp.; intrapleural        94
                                                 (sarcomas-chest                 injection
                                                   wall)

    Ytterbium          Rat                       Positive                   S.C. embedding                        82
to

-------
MUTAGENICITY AMD lERATOGENICITY

Table VI lists the teratogenicity and mutagenicity of inorganic chemicals.
Nineteen inorganic chemicals have been examined for teratogenicity.  Four
of these, or approximately 20%, are negative.  The remainder show terato-
genic anomalies of one form or another.  Two of these (lithium carbonate
and methyl mercury) have been shown to be teratogenic in humans..  In the
case of lithium carbonate, the effects seen were club feet and meningomyocoele.
In the case of methyl mercury, the effects were the result of eating con-
taminated fish.

Fifteen inorganic compounds have been examined for mutagenicity, and all
have shown some change indicative of possible mutagenic effects.  Three of
these (manganous nitrate, lead, and methyl mercury) have shown effects in
humans, with a fourth (sodium diarsenate) identified as showing i-n vitro
effects on chromosomes.  The effect of lead in the human was a result of
chronic poisoning which showed excess chromosome breaks.  The data on
methyl mercury was the result of eating contaminated fish which caused a
higher incidence of chromosome breaks.  The usual caution (discussed in
Water Quality Criteria Data Book Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution in
Freshwater") in interpreting mutagenic effects, should be applied.
                                     214

-------
    TABLE VI - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS

                           MUTAGENICITY

    AGENT     SPECIES       DOSE              EFFECT
   Aluminum   Insect
   chloride

   Sodium
   arsenate
                        Point mutations
                                                 REF.   SPECIES
                                                 :67
                                                                      Hamster
t-o
M
Ln
   Sodium
   diarse-
   nate

   Boron

   Cadmium

   Cadmium
   nitrate

   Cadmium
   sulfate
Human
           In vitro
Pulverization of
  chromosomes
218
 Insect
                        Point mutations
                                                  67
                                                        Hamster
                                                        Hamster
                                                                           TERATOGENICITY
                                             DOSE
                                      EFFECT
REF.
                                                                  15-^25 mg/kg
                                                                   I.V.*
                                                                                20 mg/kg
                                                                                  I.V-.  on
                                                                                  8th day
                                                                                  of"gesta-
                                                                                  tion

                                                                                20 mg/kg
                                                                                  I-.V.
                                                        Anencephaly,  renal
                                                         agenesis,  and rib
                                                         malformations

                                                       Exencephaly
                                                          180
                                                                                   offspring malformed
                                                                                 or resorbed;  exence-
                                                                                 phaly,  encephalocele,
                                                                                 cleft-palate,  micro-
                                                                                 anophthalmia and ear
                                                                                 malformations
                                                                                    89
                                          High
                                            tug/kg
                                            I.V.  on
                                            8th day
                                            of  ges-
                                            tation
                              Positive

                              Positive
                              Exencephaly, microphthal-
                                mia, cleft lip/palate
   37

  231




   62
   *I.V. -  Intravenous

-------
  TABLE VI  (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
  AGENT     SPECIES
 Cadmium
 sulfate
 (cont.)
             MUTAGENICITY

              DOSE
                                                                                     TERATOGENICITY
                                            EFFECT
                                                 REF.
                                SPECIES
 Cobalt

 Cobalt
 chloride
Gallium
sulfate
Chick
Disturbance of
  normal mitosis
87
                                                        Rat
Germanium
trioxide
Indium
nitrate
                                                                   Rat
                                                                   Hamster
                    DOSH
                               EFFECT
                                                                                REF.
                                                        Hamster   2 rag/kg I.V.
                               72% offspring malformed
                                 or resorbed, enceph-
                                 alocele, cleft palate/
                                 lip, exencephaly,  and
                                 microanophthalmia
                                                                  2 mg/kg I.V.   Severe  facial  abnorma-
                                                                    on 8th day     lities
                                                                    of gesta-
                                                                    tion
Hamster

Chick     0.!
in ova
                                          30 and 40
                                            mg/kg,
                                            I.V. on
                                            8th day
                                            of gesta-
                                            tion

                                          40 and 100
                                            mg/kg I.V.
                                            on 8th day
                                            of gesta-
                                            tion

                                          0.5 and 1.0
                                            mg/kg I.V.
                                            on 8th day
                                            of gesta-
                                            tion
Negative

Overdevelopment of
  neural and mesodermal
  structures especially
  of notochord and
  heart

Possible teratogen 1
  limb bud abnormality,
  1 spina bifida and
  1 exencephaly out of
  21 mothers
                                                                               Negative
                                                                                Malformation of limbs,
                                                                                  especially digits;
                                                                                  some microphthalmia
                                                                                  and  fusion of ribs
                                                                                   89
                                                                                                                      64
                                                          64

                                                           2
                                                          65
                                                                                                           65
                                                          65

-------
    TABLE VI (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
   AGENT

  Ferrous
  chloride
SPECIES

Micro-
organisms
                           MUTAGENICITY
DOSE
                  EFFECT
REF.   SPECIES
          Point mutations
  Lead       Human       Chronic       Excess  chromosome
                          poisoning      breaks
 67
                                                 218
                                                                           TERATOGENICITY
   DOSE
        EFFECT
                                                       REF.
  Lead
  acetate
  Lithium
  carbonate
Mammal
          Chromosome
            aberrations
 67
                                                        Hamster
                                                        Human
KJ
M
-J
   Lithium
   chloride
                                                                     Chick
                                                                     Chick
50 mg/kg
  I.V. on
  8th day
  of ges-
  tation

900-1,200
  rag/day as
  treatment
  for manic-
  depression
  beginning
  8 wks.
  prior to
  conception

0.05 ml or
  0.2 ml
  after
  incubation
  18-30 or
  18-24 hrs.
Tail malformations
                             62
                                                                 Child with bilateral
                                                                   club feet and
                                                                   meningomyecele in
                                                                   lumbar  region
                                                          248
                                                                  11.8 mM or
                                                                    15.7 mM
                                                                 Unclosure  of  neural
                                                                   tube,  retardation
                                                                   and  severe  inhibi-
                                                                   tion of  develop-
                                                                   ment,  eye-defect,
                                                                   enlargement of
                                                                   aorta  and myocoele,
                                                                   and  tissue  trans-
                                                                   formation

                                                                 Cyslopia
                                                                                                           156
                                                          191

-------
  TABLE VI  (CONT.)  - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS




                           MUTAGENICITY
TERATOGENICITY
00
AGENT
Manganous
acetate
Manganous
nitrate
Methyl
mercury






















SPECIES
Micro-
organisms
Human

Human




Human

Fruit
flies,
onion
root
cells
Fruit
fly
Onion
Fruit
fly
Fruit
fly
Fruit
fly
Onion
root
tip
DOSE EFFECT REF . SPECIES DOSE EFFECT REF.
Point mutations 67

C-mitosis 123

Swedes eat- Significantly higher 56 Human From fish Congenital cases 187
ing fish frequency of lymph- born
3 times/ ocyte chromosome
wk. breakage than in
control subjects
From fish Chromosome breaks 224
(lymphocytes)
<0.1 ppm Inhibition of mitosis 56 Human From fish 19 infants born with 57
and chromosome congenital cere-
breaks bral paresis


0.25 ppm in Offspring with one 134
food extra chromosome
0.05 ppm Chromosome break 266
Weak mutagen 266

XXY daughters and XO 266
sons
0,25 mg XXY daughters 185
Hg/1
C-mitosis 185



-------
TABLE VI  (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
 AGENT
SPECIES
Methyl     Onion
mercury    root
chloride   tip
           Human
Methyl
mercury
dicyandia-
mide
   MUTAGENICITY

   DOSE
                                           EFFECT
                        Chromosome stickiness,
                          C-mitosis, various
                          mitotic disturbances,
                          low frequency of
                          chromosome breakage

            10  --10    C-mitosis (leucocytes)
                                                                                     TERATOGENICITY
                                                  REF.
                                      220
                                             SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
REF.
                                                              68
                                                         Chick
                                                                    Negative
                                       240
Phenyl
mercury
Onion
root
tip

Fruit
fly
           Onion
           root
           tip

Hyponi-    Vieia
trites     fdba

Hydrazine  Mammal
Pyrophos-   V-Loia
phates

Sodium
selenite
0.05 ppm    Chromosome breaks         266
                                   Weak mutagen              266

                                   XXY daughters and XO      266
                                     sons
                        0.025 mg
                         Hg/1
                        XXY daughters
            ^0.25 uM    C-mitosis
                        Chromosome breaks

                        Chromosome aberra-
                          tions

                        Chromosome breaks
                                      185


                                      185




                                      218

                                       67


                                      218
                                                        Hamster   2 mg/kg
                                                                    I.V.
                                                                    Negative, 6% malformed
                                                                      or resorbed
                                        89

-------
   TABLE VI  (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
 AGENT     SPECIES
Sodium
chloride
 MUTAGENICITY

   DOSE
                                                                                       TERATOGENICITY
                                           EFFECT
                                      REF.
                                 SPECIES
                                             Mouse
Thallium

Thallium
sulfate
                                             Chick

                                             Rat
Zinc
sulfate
Rainbow
trout
79.02 mg/1
44,45 mg/1
Mitosis completely
  inhibited after
  96 hrs.

Destructive changes
  in cell structure
  of gonads
                                      49
                                                             49
                                                          DOSE
                                                                                         EFFECT
REF.
                                           2,500 and
                                             1,900
                                             rag/kg S.C,*
                                             at 10 or 11
                                             days  ges-
                                             tation
                                                                     Shortness of forelimb       154
                                                                       and foot,  malformed
                                                                       wrist  and  ankle
                                                                       joint  and  various
                                                                       digital defects
                                           2.5 mg/kg on
                                             8, 9, 10
                                             or on 12,
                                             13, 14th
                                             day of ges-
                                             tation; 10.0
                                             mg/kg on 12,
                                             13, 14th
                                             day of gest-
                                             ation I.P.**
                                                                    Achondroplasia                37

                                                                    Hydronephrosis, brachy-       74
                                                                       gnathia,missing  or
                                                                       nonossification  of
                                                                       vertebral bodies and
                                                                       phalange nonossifi-
                                                                       cation
                                                                               *S.C.  - subcutaneous
                                                                              **I.P.  - intraperitoneal

-------
                                SECTION VIII

               SOURCES OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER


Table VII lists compounds and their sources in accordance with the overall
categorization of industrial, agricultural, municipal, and domestic.  It can
be seen that the sources of inorganic chemical pollutants in freshwater are
principally from industrial and municipal sources.  Industrial sources are
subcategorized according to type of industry and show that inorganic chemicals
derive from a variety of types of industry.

The agricultural sources, as with organic pollutants, are principally derived
from the use of inorganic chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and
herbicides.  The domestic sources are due to the use of detergents.

Table Vila presents sources of inorganic compounds as reported in the available
literature and again shows industry as  the principal source of chemicals which
are or potentially could be present in  freshwater.
                                       221

-------
TABLE VII - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS FOUND IN FRESH WATER
A.  INDUSTRIAL

    Unspecified
      Arsenic
      Boron
      Chloride
      Chromium
      Copper
      Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Mercury
Mercuric Chloride
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonium Ion
Phosphate Ion
Zinc
    Mining Operations
      Aluminum
      Arsenic
      Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Sulfate
Uranium
Vanadium
    Petroleum and Fuel
      Barium
Beryllium
Bromine
    Metallurgy and Electroplating
      Beryllium
      Cadmium
Nickel
Silver
    Atomic Reactors
      Beryllium
    Accidental Spills
      Ammonium Ion
Cyanide Ion
Nitrate
                                  222

-------
   TABLE VII  (CONT.) -  SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS FOUND IN FRESH WATER

   INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)

   Caustic Chloride and Vinyl Chloride  Plants
     Mercury
     Mercuric Chloride
    Pulp and Paper Mills
      Mercury

B.  MUNICIPAL (including sewage treatment)
      Boron
      Calcium
      Carbon
      Bicarbonate
      Chloride Ion
      Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonium Ion
                                                        Phosphate Ion
                                                        Phosphorus
                                                        Potassium
                                                        Sodium
                                                        Sulfate
                                Phosphorus
                                Nitrate
                                Phosphorus
                         Phosphate Ion
                         Phosphate Ion
C.  DOMESTIC
      Arsenic

D.  AGRICULTURAL
      Arsenic
      Copper

E.  NATURAL

    Natural sources were reported for all but 10 of the 45 inorganic
    chemicals which have been found in fresh water.  Those for which
    natural sources were not reported are:  carbon, chromium, indium,
    mercury, mercuric chloride, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium ion, phos-
    phorus  and phosphate ion.
                                   223

-------
  TABLE Vila - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
                               INDUSTRIAL
Chemical Industry:
   Aluminum
   Aluminum fluoride
   Ammonia
   Ammonia nitrate
   Ammonia sulfide
   Ammonia thiocyanate
   Arsenic
   Barium
   Boric acid
   Borate,sodium
   Cadmium
   Cadmium chloride
   Carbonate
   Bicarbonate,sodium
   Copper
   Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Cyanate
Ethylmercuric chloride
Ferric chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Gallium
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrazine
Iodine
Nitric acid
Mercury
Mercuric chloride
Methylmercuric chloride
Osmium
Ozone
Potassium chloride
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium sulfate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfide
Sulfuric acid
Tantalum
Titanium
Uranium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulfate
Ore Processing:
   Cadmium
   Cadmium sulfate
   Ammonium chloride
Lead
Mercuric chloride
Bromate, Na
Ammonium molybdate
 Ink Manufacturing:
   Mercuric chloride
   Cupric  chloride
 Cobalt  chloride
 Ferric  sulfate
Nickel nitrate
                                     224.

-------
 TABLE Vila (CONT.)  - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
                           INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Dye and Pigment Industry
   Aluminum
   Aluminum ammonium sulfate
   Aluminum potassium sulfate
   Ammonium chloride
   Antimony fluoride
   Arsenic
   Arsenate,  Na
   Arsenite,  Na
   Cadmium
   Cadmium  chloride
   Chlorate
   Cupric chloride
   Cupric nitrate
Cupric sulfate
Ferric chloride
Ferric potassium sulfate
Ferric sulfate
Lead nitrate
Lead sulfate
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulfate
Nitrate
Potassium hydroxide
Selenium
Thallium
Thallous acetate
Thallous oxide
Titanium
 Petroleum:
    Bromine
    Carbon monoxide
    Boric Acid
    Magnesium chloride
    Ammonium
    Ammonium carbonate
 Ammonium sulfide
 Cyanide
 Ammonium thiocyanate
 Ammonium ferrocyanide
                                        225

-------
  TABLE Vila  (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
                           INDUSTRIAL (CQNT.)
Pottery and Porcelain:
   Antimony fluoride
   Arsenic
   Boric Acid
   Sodium chromate
Ammonium dichrornate
Magnesium sulfate
Uranium
Water Treatment Plants:
   Aluminate, Na
   Chloride
   Fluoride
   Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluorosilicate
Iodine
Ferric chloride
Ferric sulfate
Ozone
Tribasic phosphate
Pyrophosphate, Na
Alloy Manufacturing:
   Berylium chloride       Indium
   Gallium                 Osmium
                              Palladium
                              Tantalum
Wood Preservation:
   Arsenic
   Boric Acid
   Borate, Na
Ammonium fluoride
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Potassium hydroxide
Zinc sulfate
Metallurgy:
   Arsine
Lead nitrate
Tungsten
                                         226

-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
                           INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Electroplating industry:
   Bismuth
   Cupric nitrate
   Cupric chloride
   Sodium chromate
   Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Cupric sulfate
Indium
Mercuric chloride
Cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Sodium tellurite
Tungsten
Zinc sulfate
Paint Industry:
   Barium
   Barium chloride
   Barium sulfide
   Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Lead chloride
Lead sulfate
Osmium
Titanium
Zinc sulfate
Photography:
   Bromide, Na
   Cadmium chloride
   Ammonium dichromate
   Chloroauric acid
   Potassium iodine
Lead nitrate
Ammonium molybdate
Ammonium sulfite
Potassium thiocyanate
Nitrate
Tribasic phosphate
Uranium
Glass Industry:
   Antimony
   Arsenic
   Barium
   Boric Acid
Cobalt
Calcium fluoride
Chloroauric acid
Lanthanum
Sodium nitrate
Titanium
Vanadium
                                      227

-------
 TABLE Vila (CONT.)  - SOURCES  OF INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
                          INDUSTRIAL  (CONT.)
Paper Mills:
   Aluminum
   Aluminum potassium sulfate
   Calcium sulfate
   Carbonate
   Chlorine
   Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Ozone
Tribasic phosphate
Sodium sulfite
Sodium bisulfite
Hydrogen sulfite
Sodium hydrosulfide
Tantalum
Titanium
Vanadium
Mercuric chloride
Dye and Tanning;
   Aluminum nitrate
   Aluminum potassium sulfate
   Arsenic
   Barium chloride
   Sodium chromate
   Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Cupric sulfate
Ferric sulfate
Magnesium sulfate
Mercuric chloride
Ammonium chloride
Tribasic phosphate
Hydrogen sulfide
Sodium hydrosulfide
Zinc sulfate
Pharmaceutical;
   Aluminum sulfate
   Bromate, Na
   Bromine
   Bicarbonate
Cupric sulfate
Gallium
Hydrochloric Acid
Iodine
Ferric sulfate
Osmium
Tantalum
Mercury
                                      .228

-------
   TABLE Vila  (CONT.)  -  SOURCES  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
                           INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Textile Plants:
   Aluminate, Na
   Ammonium fluoride
   Ammonium thiocyanate
   Antimony
   Arsenate, Na
   Barium chloride
   Boric acid
   Cadmium
Chlorine
Chlorate
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Magnesium sulfate
Mercuric chloride
Nickel sulfate
Nitrate
Ferric potassium sulfate  Ozone
Ferric sulfate            Potassium thiocyanate
Lead nitrate              Sodium hydroxide
Lead sulfate              Sodium bisulfite
Embalming:
   Barium fluoride
Mercuric chloride
Zinc chloride
Rubber Industry;
   Antimony
Barium sulfide
Tantalum
Nuclear Technology:
   Cobalt
   Fluorine
   Hydrazine
Hydrazine peroxide
Indium
Uranium
Yttrium
Nickel Plating Plants;
   Nickel chloride
Nickel nitrate
                          Nickel sulfate
                                      229

-------
 TABLE Vila  (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
                           INDUSTRIALS (CQNT.)
General Industry:
   Antimony
   Ammonia sulfate
   Barium
   Barium nitrate
   Boric acid
   Bicarbonate
   Calcium
   Chromium
   Cobalt chloride
   Copper
   Calcium fluoride
   Cyanide
Fluoride
Gallium
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrazine
Hydrogen sulfide
Iron
Iodine
Lead
Lead sulfate
Lithium chloride
Lithium fluoride
Magnesium chloride
Manganous chloride
Osmium
Nitric acid
Sodium
Sodium fluoride
Sodium sulfite
Strontium chloride
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur
Tantalum
Pyrotechnics:
   Lithium chloride
   Magnesium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Strontium chloride
Strontium nitrate
Electronic Tube Manufacturing:
   Barium nitrate          Berylium nitrate
                              Berylium sulfate
Food Stuff Containers Manufacturing:
   Indium                  Ferric sulfate
                                       230

-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
                                INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Disinfectants Manufacturing:
  Potassium permanganate
  Manganese chloride
Sodium bisulfite
Sulfur
Detergents:
  Potassium hydroxide
  Phosphoric acid
                                 DOMESTIC
Tribasic phosphate
                                     .231

-------
 TABLE Vila (CONT.)  -  SOURCES  OF  INORGANIC  CHEMICALS
                              AGRICULTURAL
Fertilizers:
   Cadmium
   Magnesium sulfate
   Manganous sulfate
Ammonium sulfate
Sodium nitrate
Potassium chloride
Potassium sulfate
Sulfur
Insecticides;
   Sodium arsenate
   Sodium arsenite
   Fluoride
Ammonium fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Hydrogen cyanide
Selenium
Sulfur
Pes ticides;
   Arsenic
   Sodium arsenite
   Arsenic trioxide
Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluoroaluminate
Thallium
Thallous acetate
Thallous oxide
Herbicides:
   Borate, Na
                                     232

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                                 SECTION IX

                              QUALITY CRITERIA


As pointed out in the report on the "Water Quality Criteria Data Book Volume I,
Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater", chemical quality criteria of water
for human consumption should he based on concentrations which, when exceeded,
are likely to produce adverse health effects.  As also previously pointed out,
this approach applies only to chemicals in isolation and disregards the products
of interactions between chemicals and ignores possible synergistic biological
effects of chemicals acting in combination.

In order to arrive at quality criteria, we are highly dependent upon animal
toxicity data and must consider the type of information which would be most
useful.  Although in this and the previous report we present LD5Q data on acute
toxicity (Table X), we do so only because it is traditionally available because
of its use in pharmacotoxicological evaluations and not because of its applic-
ability to chemical water quality criteria.  The only acute toxicity information
which is of value for our purposes is that which reveals the highest dose which
does not produce death in animals.  This information can be Used as a baseline
to determine concentrations in water likely to be acutely hazardous to man
(Table IX, page 240).

Although acute toxicity information is useful in accidental or uniquely
polluted situations, of equal if not greater importance is information on the
highest dose which produces no effect when ingested daily on a long-term basis
(Table XI).  As can be seen in this Table, the pertinent information is generally
lacking and quality criteria in most instances must of necessity be based upon
arbitrary decisions.  Therefore, it seems that if sound water criteria are to
be set, there is a need to perform toxicological studies specifically to provide
necessary information, especially for those chemicals which are thought to be
most hazardous to health.  Such studies should examine dose-relationships and
include the investigation of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects.
Dose-relationships are important because it is unlikely that inorganic chemicals
can be removed entirely from water and we should know levels in water which can
be tolerated from the health point of view.
                                     233

-------
Figure 1 (page 244) illustrates the relationship between reported minimum
lethal oral dose and highest reported concentrations of inorganic chemicals
in freshwater in the U.S.  Naturally only those chemicals for which both types
of information are available can be included.  Maximum and usual mean water
intake for a 70 kg man with a 100-fold safety factor is included in the Figure
and shows that a number of inorganic chemicals are either within the danger
levels (to the right of the water intake levels) or are uncomfortably close
to them.

Even less information of this nature is available for chronic effects of
inorganic chemicals found in drinking water (Fig. 2, page 246) and raw fresh-
water (Fig. 3, page 248).  Out of approximately two dozen inorganic chemicals
which can be related in this manner, about 50% are either frankly within  or
near the danger zone (again considering a hundred-fold safety factor to account
for individual variation) for drinking water and about 40% within the danger
zone for raw freshwater.  When we consider that the chemicals represented in
Figure 2 have been found in the indicated concentrations in drinking water,
the matter is of some concern.  This concern is even greater when we further
consider that the chronic toxicity  doses  presented are based on frank toxic
effects and not on more subtle effects which might be indicative of eventual
health problems when ingested on a long-term basis.

In essence the information contained in this section shows that existing
quality criteria are available for only a few inorganic chemicals, that per-
tinent toxicity data upon which to base standards are generally lacking and
that both freshwater and drinking water in particular locations in the U.S.
contain inorganic chemicals at concentrations which can be considered to be a
health hazard.  Because of the limited data, however, it is not possible to
determine how widespread or how severe such a hazard might be.
                                     234

-------
                                 TABLE VIII




                     REPORTED PERMISSABLE CONCENTRATIONS




                    OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER






     Data for drinking water in the United States (p. 236) was obtained '




from a "Survey of Community Water Supply Systems" (129) and the California




Water Quality Control Boards "Water Quality Criteria" (131).  The more




recent data  (p. 239) was obtained from "Raw-Water Quality Criteria for




Public Supplies"  (186) and "Water Quality Criteria Report of the National




Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior" (261).






     Data for drinking water in Europe (p. 237) was obtained from "River




Pollution Causes and Effects"  (276) and the California "Water Quality Criteria"




(131).






     Data for drinking water in the USSR are referenced as to source within




the Table (p. 238).  Only half of these standards are identified as having




been made as the basis of toxicological considerations.
                                     235

-------
 TABLE VIII -USPHS  DRINKING WATER STANDARDS  IN THE U.S.  -  1962
    AGENT
Arsenic

Barium

Boron

Cadmium

Chloride
        +6
Chromium

Copper

Cyanide

Fluoride

Iron

Lead

Manganese

Nitrate

Selenium

Silver

Sulfate

Zinc
RECOMMENDED LIMIT
      (mg/1)

       0.01
       1.0



       250.0



       1.0

       0.01

       Varies

       0.3



       0.05

       45.0
MANDATORY LIMIT
    (mg/1)

     0.05

     1.0

     5.0

     0.01
     0.05



     0.2

     Varies



     0.05
                                0.01

                                0.05
       250

       5.0
                                       236

-------
TABLE VIII  (CONT.)  - 1961 WHO EUROPEAN STANDARD FOR DRINKING WATER







                             PERMISSIBLE LIMIT         EXCESSIVE LIMIT

       AGENT                     (mg/1)                    (mg/1)




    Arsenic                                                   0.2




    Cadmium                                                   0.05




    Chromium                                                  0.05




    Copper                            1.0                      1.5




    Cyanide                                                   °-01



    Fluoride                          1.5




    Iron                              0.1




    Lead                              0.1



    Manganese                         0,1                       0.5




    Nitrate                           50-°



    Selenium                                                  °'05




    Sulfate                           250-°



    7.                                                         5.0
    Zinc
                                             237

-------
TABLE VIII (CONT.) - USSR MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
                      INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN RESERVOIR WATERS
AGENT
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Bismuth
Bi+3
Bi+5
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Copper
Cyanide
Fluorine
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Sulfides
Titanium
Uranium
Vanadium
Zinc
MFC (mg/1)
0.5
0.05
0.05
4.0

0.5
0.1
0.01
0.0001
1.0
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.5
0.1
0.005
0.5
0.1
0.01
None
0.1
0.6
0.1
1.0
LIMITING INDEX
Organoleptic
-
Sanitary-toxicological
Organoleptic

Sanitary- toxicological
Sanitary- toxicological
General sanitary
Toxicological
General sanitary
General sanitary
Sanitary-toxicological
Sanitary-toxicological
Organoleptic
Sanitary-toxicological
Sanitary-toxicological
-
Sanitary-toxicological
Sanitary-toxicological
General sanitary
Sanitary-toxicological
-
Sanitary-toxicological
General sanitary
REFERENCE
170,10,157

153,157
153

215
215
153
98
153
153
153
153,170
153
153,157
128,153,157
157
153
153,159
153,216
216
157
153,157
153
                                         238.

-------
TABLE VIII (CONT.)
AGENT
Ammonia
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Nitrates
and Nitrites
Phosphorus
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Uranyl ion
Zinc
	 -•_ _ _. \Ji-fi-i -LVv" vv£\J- IjJX iJ U .E J7 J_i J_ £|ji
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT
(mg/1)
0.5
0.05
1.0
1.0
0,01
250.0
0.05
1.0
0.20
Varies
0,3
0.05
0.05
10.0
Varies
0.01
0.05
250.0
5.0
5.0
o J.IN inji u.o. — j_:?uo
DESIRABLE LIMIT
(mg/1)
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
<25.0
Absent
Virtually absent
Absent
Varies
Virtually absent
Absent
Absent
Virtually absent
Varies
Absent
Absent
<50.0
Absent
Virtually absent
                                      239

-------
TABLE IX - RANKING OF REPORTED ACUTE MINIMUM LETHAL ORAL DOSE (mg/kg) IN MAMMALS
     HCN
     NiCl
     Se
     Tl
     NaCN
     Se°
     Ba
     As
     KCN
     AS2°3
     BaCO
     Sb
     As°2~
     N0~
     TlOAc
     Co
     Ni
     NbCl
     KOH
     Cd
     CH3HgCl
     NH2NH2
     BeSO,
     Na borate
     BeCl
     ZnCl2
     CaMoO.
     A1F,,
 0.8
 1.5
 2
 2
 2.5
 3
 3.3
 3.5
 7
 8
 9
 10
 12
 13
 16
 18
 20
 20
 20
 21
 26
 33
 34
 41
 43
 50
 58
 60
 80
 83
 86
100
100
101
103
SbF
Sb
Mo
NO ~
3
KNO
CdCl2
Na2Te04
AgNO
LiF
MgS04
AsOT
4
boric acid
Ba(N03)2
CaVO.
4
NaOCN
Mo03
BaF2
U
NaN03
Cr+6
SbClQ
3
NaBrO _
3
K3Nb04
ZnSO.
4
K2S°4
SbCl5
FeCl3
Hg
A1C1
LaNO.
3
NH.C10.
4 4
KI
CaCl0
2
Na2C°3
Cu
NaCIO
110
115
116
117

133
150
165
170
200
200
238

250
300
300

300
333
350
400
410
550
574

380

725
750

750
900
900
1000
1130
1450

1900
1980
3650

10,000
10,000
12,000
                                          240

-------
TABLE X - ACUTE TOXICITY RANKING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
           AS DETERMINED BY LD5Q IN MAMMALS USING ORAL ADMINISTRATION
                             0-49 mg/kg
          Arsenite ion
          Arsenic trioxide
          Sodium arsenite
          Mercuric chloride
          Niobium chloride
          Potassium  cyanide
          Nickel chloride
Nitrite ion
Sodium selenite
Sodium tellurite
Thallium
Thallous acetate
Thallous oxide
                             50 - 99 mg/kg
          Barium  chloride
          Beryllium  chloride
          Beryllium  sulfate
Cadmium chloride
Hydrazine
                             100  -  199 mg/kg
          Antimony  potassium tartrate
          Copper nitrate
          Aluminum  fluoride
Calcium molybdate
Sodium tellurate
                             200  -  299 mg/kg
          Arsenate  ion
          Calcium arsenate
          Barium  carbonate
Lithium fluoride
Zinc chloride
                                    241,

-------
TABLE X (CONT.) - ACUTE TOXICITY RANKING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
                   AS DETERMINED BY LD - IN MAMMALS USING ORAL ADMINISTRATION
                           300 -499 mg/kg

         Barium fluoride                 Calcium vanadate
         Copper sulfate                  Uranium
         Ammonium molybdate

                           500 _-_ 999 mg/kg

         Antimony trichloride            Potassium niobate
         Copper chloride                 Tantalum chloride
         Ferric chloride

                          1000 - 5000 mg/kg

         Aluminum chloride               Calcium chloride
         Antimony pentachloride          Potassium iodine
         Boric acid                      Lanthanum nitrate
         Ammonium perchlorate            Tantalum fluoride

                             >500Q mg/kg

         Lanthanum acetate               Sodium chlorate
                                   242

-------
       TABLE XI- RANKING OF REPORTED ORAL THRESHOLD  DOSES
                                           mg/1
Beryllium sulfate




Beryllium




Silver




Aluminum molybdate




Aluminum fluoride




Aluminum chloride




Ammonium perchlorate




Barium chloride
  0.0002




  0.001




  0.05




  1.02




  3.0




  4.0




  5.0




100.0
  mg/kg







0.00001









0.0025




0.051




0.40




0.50




0.25




5.00
                                    243

-------
FIGURE 1:  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LETHALITY AND CONCENTRATIONS




             REPORTED IN FRESH WATER IN THE UNITED STATES









Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the available reported




minimum lethal oral dose of inorganic chemicals and maximum concentra-




tion of these chemicals which have been reported in fresh water in




the United States.  The diagonal lines denote the area of potential




toxicity for man calculated on the basis of the mean maximum water




requirement of man (35 ml/kg x 70 kg) and the mean usual daily intake




of drinking water of man (one liter).  The usual safety factor of one




hundred times the value obtained with animal models has been included




in calculating these limits.  Thus, for example, a compound producing




lethality at a dose of 100 mg/kg could produce cases of fatal poisoning




if present in water at 29 mg/liter (on the basis of the consumption of




2.45 liters) or 70 mg/liter (on the basis of 1 liter consumption) if




the 100-fold safety factor is considered.









In order to include in the graph as many elements as possible, the




relationship has been represented on a logarithmic scale.  Those  elements




placed just outside the limit of the graph indicate compounds which were




reported at either a lower concentration in water or a higher lethal




dose than represented by the graph.  It will be noted that of all those




compounds for which concentrations in water and minimum lethal oral dose




are available, three fall within the usual and possible consumption of




water by man and a number fall uncomfortably close to these levels of




consumption.
                                 244

-------
                                  Fig.  I:   Relationship between Lethality and Concentrations
                                           reported in Fresh Water in the United States
Ln
                                                                                                                          1000
                                                                                                                               •3,
                                                                                                                               zr
                                                                                                                               Si

                                                                                                                               O
                                                                                                                               cu
                                                                                                                              O
                                                                                                                              en
                                                                                                 100
                                                 Maximum Concentration  Reported (mg/l)

-------
FIGURE 2:  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC TOXICITY AND CONCENTRATIONS




              REPORTED IN DRINKING WATER IN THE UNITED STATES










Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between the reported lowest




dose at which a chronic effect occurs (involving tissue damage, organ




damage, growth effects or death) caused by inorganic chemicals and maxi-




mum concentration of these chemicals which have been reported in drinking




water in the United States.  It is to be realized that the chronic toxi-




city effects do not include reported biochemical or cellular changes




which might be related to health.  As described for Figure 1, the diagonal




lines denote the area of potential toxicity for man based on the mean




maximum and mean usual levels of human consumption of water and an applied




safety factor of 100.  We find that there are nine reported inorganic




chemicals which fall into the usual and possible water consumption of




man and three which are uncomfortably close to these levels of water




consumption.









Only two threshold or maximum no-effect doses are available for use on this




graph.  These are for barium and chloride shown encircled.  It is most likely




that if this type of information had been available for other chemicals,




many of them, if not all, would fall into the danger zone based on mean




daily water consumption of man.
                                246

-------
                                                 Fig .  2:   Relationship  between  Chronic Toxicity and  Concentrations
                                                           reported in Drinking Water in the United States
KJ
•P-
                                            V
                                            Mo
                                       Co
                           Se Or    As Sn
                           Ci
                                                                     6
                                                                                                                                a
                                                                                                                                      1000
                              ,01
0.1                 1.0                 10                  100
        Maximum Concentration reported  in  Drinking Water (mg/lI
                                                                                                                                      100
    10
                                                                                                                                          3
                                                                                                                                          c
                                                                                                                                          o
                                                                                       §
                                                                                                                                          o
                                                                                                                                          X
                                                                                                                           5      -
                                                                                                                                      0.1
100

-------
FIGURE 3:  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC TOXICITY AND CONCENTRATIONS




           REPORTED IN FRESH WATER IN THE UNITED STATES
Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between the reported lowest




dose in which a chronic effect was seen and maximum concentration of




inorganic chemicals which have been reported in raw "fresh water"




in the United States.  We find that there are 12 inorganic chemicals




whose chronic toxicity doses fall within the normal consumption of




water for man with a number of chemicals falling uncomfortably close




to the maximum water requirements of man.
                               248

-------
                                            Fig.  3:  Relationship between Chronic Toxicity and Concentrations

                                                    Reported in Fresh  Water in the United States
•P-
VO
                              _l—_l
                                                             B
                                                                                                    Ci
                                                                   •c

                                                         _L_I_
                         0.1
 DL

LO
10
                                                                                                        100°
                                                                                                                               Mg

                                                                                                                               so;
                                                                                                                                    1000
                                                                                                                                   100
                                                                                                                                   10
                                                                                             3

                                                                                             3
                                                                                             c
                                                                                             3

                                                                                             o

                                                                                             o

                                                                                             o"
                                                                                             —I
                                                                                             o
                                                                                                                                        0
                                                                                                                                        O
                                                                                                                                   1.0   -

                                                                                                                                  ai
                                                         Maximum  Concentration  in  Fresh  Water (mg/l)

-------
                                  SECTION X

            HEALTH EFFECTS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN FRESHWATER


In discussing the health effects of chemicals in water, there is a temptation
to extrapolate beyond available information.  Although there are reasonable
assumptions by which this can be done, we have chosen to deal only with those
health effects which are supportable by existing facts available to us in terms
of known concentrations in water and known toxicological information and the
relationship between these as depicted in Figures 1, 2, and 3 on pages 243,
245, and 247 respectively, applying a safety factor of 100.

It is, of course, obvious that the information contained in these Figures is
limited to those chemicals where both types of information (concentration in
water and toxicity in mammals) are available.  It should also be understood
that the concentrations depicted in Figures 1, 25 and 3 are maximum concentra-
tions found in raw water in  the case of Figures 1 and 3 and drinking water in the case
of Figure 2 and that the toxicity information is based on minimum doses found in
mammals within a safety factor of 100 applied according to maximum and usual water
consumption of a 70 kg man.
In Figure 1 we find nitrate  and iron within concentrations which have been
reported as acutely lethal.

In Figure 2 for drinking water we find sulphate, nitrate, sodium, chloride,
fluoride, calcium, manganese, lead, and cadmium within chronic toxicity danger
limits within nickel, antimony, lead, and barium close to these limits.

At the indicated dose, sulfate produces diarrhea in human infants, nitrate ion
produces methomoglobinemia,  sodium and chloride (as NaCl) cause loss of weight,
fluoride causes severe mottling of teeth and affects the skeletal system,
calcium at the level indicated has been correlated with increased urinary
disease and arthritic conditions in humans, manganese is reported to cause
kidney damage and inhibition of thyroid runction in the rat, while cadmium
has been shown to produce a  variety of cardiovascular and renal effects.  Lead,
of course, produces a variety of toxic effects in a. number of organ systems
including the central nervous system.

Examination of the chronic effects of barium, nickel and antimony at the
indicated doses show that barium produces  structural tissue changes, antimony
induces a significant decrease in growth in the mouse and a decrease in survival
and longevity in the rat.  Nickel affects  food intake, growth rate and renal
changes.
                                      251

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These reported chronic effects are at doses which produce an effect  and are
not maximum no-effect doses which, if available, would more than likely shift
many of these chemicals well within the danger limits as shown for the threshold
or maximum no-effect doses for "barium and fluoride (circled symbols).

In essence the limited available data on the relationship between concentra-
tion of inorganic chemicals in water and health effects indicate that water in
the U.S. contains inorganic chemicals in concentrations which when ingested
could either be acutely lethal especially in susceptible individuals or produce
frank organ or tissue damage when ingested daily on a long-term basis.  Inorganic
chemicals which can produce long-term effects are found at undesirable con-
centrations not. only in raw water but also in water supplies intended for human
consumption.  Because water treatment methods are not intended to remove
chemicals in general, the existence of high concentrations in raw water which
might be treated for domestic use is of some concern.

The full impact of carcinogens, teratogens and mutagensin water cannot be fully
evaluated at this time because of the general unavailability of dose-effect
relationships to determine threshold or maximum no-effect doses.  It would be
desirable that both organic and inorganic substances with these effects be
eliminated from water entirely, but this is probably an impractical solution
and some level in water must be tolerated.  At this time the establishment of
such a. level for each compound can be derived only on an arbitrary basis.

Relatively speaking, the proportion of inorganic carcinogenic chemicals is
about the same as that of organic carcinogenic chemicals (^20%).  On the other
hand, a smaller proportion of inorganic chemicals are teratogenic (^20% vs.
60%) and all organic as well as inorganic chemicals examined for mutagenicity
are positive.  The exact meaning of this mutagenic information must be approached
with caution.

Theoretically all freshwater sources can be used for human consumption after
treatment.  However, treatment of such water is aimed at elimination of micro-
organisms, turbidity and organoleptic effects and, if this treatment removes
chemical pollutants, it Is by accident rather than design. Therefore, Figure 3
is presented on the same basis as Figure 2 for concentrations of organic chem-
icals >;aich have been found in raw water in the U.S. and their chronic toxicity.
We fini, that for a total of about 30 chemicals which have been found in "fresh-
watei" 12 or approximately 40% fall within the danger zone of normal human water
consumption.  In addition to those chemicals already discussed with Figure 2 we have
these additional chemicals:  magnesium,  potassium,  molybdenum and chlorine. As will b<
noted,  all 12 chemicals are within the average consumption of water by man allowing
for the 100-fold safety factor.              or               j-
At the indicated concentrations, magnesium can retard growth, potassium produces
neural, muscular and renal effects, molybdenum causes anemia, gastrointestinal
effects and loss of weight and chlorine can induce strong physiological effects.
Again as with Figure 2, threshold or maximum no-effect doses would most likely
place many compounds outside the danger zone with levels which would be of health
concern.  Again, it should be emphasized that the chemicals depicted in Figure 3
are limited only to those for which both concentration in water and  toxicity
data are available.
                                     252

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Unlike organic chemicals, many of the inorganic chemicals have shown
beneficial effects.  Calcium has been consistently shown to lower death
rates from coronary heart disease in man, fluoride at concentrations less
than 4 mg/1 has been shown  to reduce the incidence of dental caries, niobium
at 5 mg/± orally increases  longevity (however, at the expense of a decreased
growth rate in the mouse, but with  the opposite effect in the rat), selenium
at j mg/1 increases growth  rate in  the mouse and longevity in the rat,
zirconium at 5 mg/1 increases growth in the rat.

In^terms of carcinogenicity, sodium arsenlte, sodium germanate, and nickel
(Ni  ), all decrease tumor  incidence when administered orally.

Therefore, some inorganic chemicals which are found or could be found in
water have beneficial health effects.
                                      253

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                                SECTION XI

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15.  Barkov, G.D. and L.I. El'piner.  The need for limiting the silver
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 38.   Dingle, J.H.,  P.  Oglesby,  W.H.  Sebrell,  W.H.  Strain, A. Wolman,
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46.  Duckett, S.  Fetal encephalopathy following ingestion of tellurium.
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47.  Durum, W.H. and J. Haffty.  Occurrence of minor elements in water.
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48.  Effect of chronic bismuth compounds intoxication on biochemical
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49.  Effects of pollution on fish life, heavy metals,  A literature review.
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50.  Ekshtat9 B. Ya.  Maximum permissible concentration of hydrazine
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51.  Epstein, S.S.  Control of chemical pollutants.  Nature 228:816-819,
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52.  Examination of bismuth carbonate for cancerogenic activity.
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54.  Experimental studies in metal carcinogenesis.  I.  Nickel cancers
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55.  Eyl, T.B.  Alkylmercury contamination of foods.  JAMA 215(2):287,
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56.  Eyl, T.B.  Methyl mercury poisoning in fish and human beings.
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57.  Eyl, T.B.  Organic-mercury food  poisoning.  New Eng. J. Med.
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58.  Faber, H.A. and L.J. Bryson.  Conference on physiological aspects
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59.  Faidysh, Ye V.  Determination of the maximal permissible hexa-
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60.  Fairhall, L.T.  Industrial toxicology.  Baltimore, Maryland:
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61.  Farnsworth, C.G.  Study of molybdenum in public water supply.
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62.  Ferm, V.H.  The  synteratogenic effect of  lead  and  cadmium
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63.  Ferm, V.H. and S.J.  Carpenter.  Malformation induced by sodium
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77.  Gruener, N. and H.I. Shuval.  Health aspects of nitrates in
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98.  Izmerov,  N.F.  Cadmium in  the  external  environment  and its hygienic
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103. Jones,  R.S.  Gold  content  of water, plants,  and  animals.   U.S. Geol.
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106.  Kaul, O.K. and L.S. Ramaswami.  Effect of cadmium chloride on the
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107.  Khakimova, A.M., N.P. Zelenkova, and E.I. Panchenko.  Thyroid
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108.  Keleti, I. and P. Kamenski.  Nitrates in drinking water in relation
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109.  Knizhnikov, V.A., A.B. Tsypin, E.N. Shcherbova, and P.F. Bugryshev.
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110.  Kodousek, R., K. Dostalova, and D. Kalouskova.  Experimental cadmium
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111.  Kopp, J.F. and R.C. Kroner.  Trace metals in waters of the United
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112.  Kostovetskii, Ya. M., K.F. Meleshechenko, Z.I. Zholdekova, R.K.
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137. Mercury and mud.  Sci. Amer. 223(3):82-86,  1970.

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143. Mercury's turn as villain.  Chem. Eng.  77(16):8b-86, 1970.

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157. Novikov, Yu, V. Hygienic standardization of natural uranium in
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158. Novikov, Yu. V. and L.N. Abramova.  Determination of uranium con-
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159. Novikov, Yu. V., N.N. Pushkina, and A.M. Tambovtseva.  The effects
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164. O'Dell, G.D., W.J. Miller, W.A. King,  S.L.  Moore,  and  D.M.  Blackman.
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165. Offner, H,G. and E.F. Witucki.  Toxic inorganic materials and
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166. Oppenheimer, B.S., E.T. Oppenheimer, I. Danishefsky, and
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167. Osmolovskaya, E.V. and D.A. Gratsianov.  Effect of various doses
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190. Rodionova, L.F.  Cytological study of white blood cells in investi-
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191. Rogers, K.T.  Experimental production of perfect cyclopia in the chick
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193. Running water.  Lancet 2:1176, 1969.


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194.  Russell, E.L.  Sodium imbalance in drinking water.  J, Amer.
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195.  Salveson, A.  Phosphate distribution in the Fox and Wolf rivers,
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197.  Sapeika, N.  Water, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages.
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201.  Schroeder, H.A.  Hardness of local water supplies and mortality
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209.  Schroeder, H.A. and J.J.  Balassa.  Abnormal trace metals in man:
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241. Toth, S.J.  Metallic  elements  in  inland waterways.  J, Amer.
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                                    273

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                              SECTION  XII

                      INDEX  TO INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Aluminum, 19, 139, 196, 222, 224,
  225, 228, 238
Aluminum ammonium sulfate, 225
Aluminum chloride, 113, 139, 215,
  240, 242, 243
Aluminum fluoride, 123, 158, 224,
  240, 241, 243
Aluminum hydroxide,  196
Aluminum molybdate,  243
Aluminum nitrate, 228, 232
Aluminum oxide, 196
Aluminum phosphate,  197
Aluminum potassium sulfate, 225,
  228
Aluminum sulfate, 228
Ammonia, 170, 224, 239
Ammonia nitrate, 224
Ammonia sulfate, 230
Ammonia sulfide, 224
Ammonia thiocyanate, 224
Ammonium, 225
Ammonium carbonate,  225
Ammonium chloride, 224, 225,
  228, 229
Ammonium dichromate, 226, 227
Ammonium ferrocyanide, 225
Ammonium fluoride, 226, 232, 229
Ammonium ion, 83, 222, 223
Ammonium molybdate,  129, 167, 224,
  227, 242
Ammonium nitrate, 230
Ammonium perchlorate, 121, 152, 240,
  242, 243
Ammonium persulfate, 178
Ammonium potassium selenide, 211
Ammonium sulfate, 21, 232
Ammonium sulfide, 225
Ammonium sulfite, 227
Ammonium thiocyanate, 170, 225, 229,
  230
Antimony, 20, 113, 139, 227, 229,
  230, 238, 240, 251
Antimony fluoride, 225, 226
Antimony ion, 139, 189
Antimony pentachloride, 114, 240,
  242
Antimony potassium tartrate,  113,  140,
  241
Antimony trichloride, 113,  140,  240,
  242
Antimony trifluoride, 114,  240
Antimony trioxide, 189
Arsenate, 188, 240
Arsenate ion, 9, 115, 240,  241
Arsenic, 22,  114, 140, 197,  222,  223,
  224, 225, 226, 227, 228,  232,  236,
  237, 238, 239, 240
Arsenic trioxide, 115, 189,  198,  227,
  232, 240, 241
Arsenite, 9
Arsenite ion, 115, 240, 241
Arsine, 116,  226
B
Barium, 24, 116, 141, 222,  224,  227,
  230, 236, 238, 239, 240,  246,  251
Barium carbonate, 116, 240,  241
Barium chloride, 117, 142,  227,  228,
  229, 240, 241, 243
Barium chromate, 202
Barium fluoride, 117, 229,  240,  242
Barium nitrate, 117, 230,  240
Barium silicate, 199
Barium sulfate, 198
Barium sulfide, 198, 227,  229
Beryllium, 26, 117, 142, 198, 222, 243
Beryllium carbonate, 189
Beryllium chloride, 118, 226, 240, 241
Beryllium nitrate, 230
Beryllium oxide, 199
Beryllium silicate, 199
Beryllium sulfate, 118, 143, 200,  230,
  240, 241, 243
Bicarbonate, 9, 223, 228,  230
Bicarbonate ion, 12, 41, 120, 150
Bismuth, 29, 118, 227
Bismuth carbonate, 190
Bismuth ion, 238
Bismuth sulfate, 143
Boric acid, 118, 143, 224,  225,  226,  227,
  229, 230, 240, 242
                                    275

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Boron, 30, 118, 215, 222, 223, 236
  239
Bromine, 12, 34, 222, 225, 228
Cadmium, 34, 119, 143, 190, 215, 222,
  224, 225, 229, 232, 236, 237, 238,
  239, 240, 250, 251
Cadmium acetate, 145
Cadmium chloride, 119, 146, 190, 224,
  225, 227, 240, 241
Cadmium nitrate, 215
Cadmium oxide, 190
Cadmium sulfate, 148, 200, 215, 224
Calcium, 10, 37, 148, 223, 230, 250,
  251, 253, 254
Calcium arsenate, 116, 241
Calcium bicarbonate ion, 150
Calcium carbonate, 149
Calcium chloride, 119, 150, 240, 242
Calcium chromate, 203
Calcium chromate (sintered), 203
Calcium fluoride, 190, 227, 230
Calcium hydroxide, 150
Calcium molybdate, 129, 240, 241
Calcium silicate, 211
Calcium sulfate, 150, 228
Cklcium vanadate, 136, 240, 242
Carbon, 12, 40, 200, 223
Carbon monoxide, 225
Carbonate, 224, 228
Carbonate ion, 12, 40
Cerium, 42, 200
Cerium chloride, 120, 200
Cesium, 42
Chlorate, 225, 229
Chloride, 21, 226, 236, 239, 246,
  250, 251
Chloride ion, 42, 151, 222, 223
Chlorine, 41, 151, 228, 229, 253
Chloroauric acid, 227
Chromic acid, 202
Chromic chloride, 190
Chromium, 9, 46, 121, 153, 200, 222,
  223, 230
Chromium ion, 9, 152, 190, 202, 236,
  237, 239, 240
Chromium trioxide, 202
Cobalt, 48, 121, 154, 204, 216, 227,
  229, 238, 240
Cobalt chloride, 205, 216, 224, 230
Cobaltic chloride, 154
Cobaltic oxide, 206
Cobaltic sulfate, 154
Copper, 50, 122, 206, 222, 223, 224,
  230, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240
Copper chloride, 122, 242
Copper nitrate1, 122, 241
Copper sulfate, 122, 206, 242
Cupric chloride, 224, 225, 227, 229
Cupric nitrate, 224, 225, 227, 229
Cupric sulfate, 155, 225, 227, 228
Cyanate, 224
Cyanide, 225,  227, 230,  236,  237,  238,
  239
Cyanide ion, 83, 222
Dysprosium, 53, 206
Erbium, 53
Ethylmercuri.c chloride, 164,  224
Europium, 53
Ferric chloride, 125, 224, 225,  226,
  240, 242
Ferric potassium sulfate, 225, 229
Ferric sulfate, 224, 225, 226, 228,
  229, 230
Ferrous chloride, 125, 217, 240
Ferrous sulfate, 207, 224
Fluoride, 10, 223, 226, 230, 232, 236,
  237, 239, 250, 251, 253, 254
Fluoride ion, 53, 155
Fluorine, 155, 229, 238
Gadolinium, 57, 206
                                  276

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Gallium, 57, 123, 158, 192, 224, 226,
  228, 230
Gallium chloride, 158
Gallium citrate, 123
Gallium lactate, 123
Gallium sulfate, 216
Germanium, 58, 123
Germanium trioxide, 216
Gold, 58, 206
H
Hafnium, 58
Holmium, 58
Hydrazine, 130, 170, 193,  219, 224,
  229, 230, 240,  241
Hydrazine peroxide, 229
Hydrochloric acid, 224, 228, 230
Hydrogen cyanide, 130, 170, 232, 240
Hydrogen ion, 58
Hydrogen sulfide, 224, 228, 230
Hydrogen sulfite, 228
Hyponitrites, 219
Indium,  60,  124, 159,  192, 222, 223, 226,
  227, 229,  230
Indium chloride, 124,  159
Indium nitrate, 216
Indium sulfate, 124
Iodine, 10,  61, 192, 222, 223, 224,
  226, 228,  230
Iridium,  60
Iron,  60, 206, 222, 223, 230, 236, 237,
  238, 239,  250
Iron-dextran complex,  206
Lanthanum,  65, 207, 227
Lanthanum acetate, 125, 242
Lanthanum chloride, 207
Lanthanum nitrate, 125, 207, 240, 242
Lead, 65, 125, 160, 192, 214, 217, 222,
  224, 230, 236, 237, 238, 239, 250, 251
Lead acetate, 125, 161, 192, 217
Lead carbonate, 125, 161
Lead chloride, 126, 227
Lead nitrate, 225, 226, 227, 229
Lead oleate, 126
Lead phosphate, 207
Lead sulfate, 126, 225, 227, 229, 230
Lithium, 68, 126, 162, 222
Lithium carbonate, 162, 214, 217
Lithium chloride, 217, 230
Lithium citrate, 126
Lithium fluoride, 126, 230, 240, 241
Lutetium, 68
M
Magnesium, 68, 162, 207, 222, 223, 253
Magnesium chloride, 126, 162, 225, 230
Magnesium fluoride, 123
Magnesium fluorosilicate, 226
Magnesium nitrate, 230
Magnesium sulfate, 126, 163,  225,  226,
  228, 229, 232, 240
Manganese, 71, 126, 163, 207, 222, 236,
  237, 239, 250
Manganous acetate, 218
Manganous chloride, 164, 207, 230, 231
Manganous nitrate, 214, 218
Manganous sulfate, 164, 232
Mercuric chloride, 74, 127, 166,  192,
  222, 223, 224, 227,  228,  229,  240,
  241
Mercuric ion, 10
Mercury, 10, 75, 127, 164, 208,  222,
  223, 224, 228, 238,  240
MethyImercurie chloride, 128, 164, 219
  224, 240
Methylmercuric dicyandiamide, 165, 219
Methylmercurie sulfide, 166
Methyl mercury, 165, 214, 218
Molybdenum,  75, 129, 167, 222,  238,  240,
  253
Molybdenum ion, 167, 192
Molybdenum trioxide, 168, 240
N
Neodynium, 77
Nickel, 77, 129, 168, 188, 208, 222,
  238, 240, 251, 254
                                     277

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Nickel carbonate, 129, 169
Nickel chloride, 129, 169, 210, 229,
  240, 241
Nickel ion, 192, 253
Nickel nitrate, 224, 229
Nickel sulfate, 229
Nickel sulfide, 210
Niobium, 80, 169, 253, 254
Niobium chloride, 129, 169, 240, 241
Niobium ion, 9, 169, 192
Nitrate, 222, 223, 225, 227, 229
  236, 237, 239, 240, 250
Nitrate ion, 80, 131, 171, 251
Nitric acid, 224, 230
Nitrite,10, 222, 223, 239
Nitrite ion, 80, 131, 170, 240, 241
0
Osmium, 84, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230
Oxygen, 12
Ozone, 224, 226, 228, 229
Palladium, 85, 132, 173, 188, 193,
  226
Phenyl mercuric chloride, 166
Phenyl mercury, 219
Phosphate ion, 85, 222,  223
Phosphoric acid, 231
Phosphorus, 84, 210, 223, 239
Platinum, 86, 210
Potassium, 86, 188, 223, 253
Potassium arsenate, 189
Potassium bicarbonate, 151
Potassium bismuth, 143
Potassium chloride, 132, 173, 224,
  232
Potassium chromate, 153, 190
Potassium cyanate, 210
Potassium cyanide, 130,  240, 241
Potassium dichromate, 121, 227, 228
Potassium fluoride, 232
Potassium hydroxide, 132, 224, 225, 226,
  231, 240
Potassium iodide, 124, 159
Potassium iodine, 227, 240, 242
Potassium niobate, 130,  169, 240, 242
Potassium nitrate, 131, 172, 240
Potassium permanganate, 208, 231
Potassium selenate,' 133, 194
Potassium sulfate, 133, 224, 232, 240
Potassium tellurite, 134
Potassium thiocyanate, 170, 192, 227,
  229
Praseodymium, 88, 211
Pyrophosphate, 219
R
Rhenium, 88
Rhenium ion, 188
Rhodium, 88
Rhodium ion, 173, 193
Rubidium, 88, 132, 173
Ruthenium, 89
Samarium, 89
Scandium, 89, 173, 193
Selenite ion, 175, 240
Selenium, 89, 132, 173, 225, 232, 236,
  237, 238, 239, 253, 254
Selenium dioxide, 174
Selenium ion, 174, 188, 193, 240
Selenous acid, 133
Silicon, 90
Silicon dioxide, 91, 211
Silver, 92, 175, 212, 222, 236, 239, 24;
Silver nitrate, 133, 212, 240
Sodium, 12, 93, 176, 223, 230, 251
Sodium aluminate, 226, 229
Sodium arsenate, 198, 215, 225, 229, 232
Sodium arsenite, 115, 141, 189, 225, 232
  241, 253, 254
Sodium bicarbonate, 151, 224
Sodium bisulfite, 224, 228, 229, 231
Sodium borate, 118, 224, 226, 232, 240
Sodium bromate, 119, 224, 228, 240
Sodium bromide, 190, 227
Sodium carbonate, 120, 151, 240
Sodium chlorate, 120, 240, 242
Sodium chloride, 176, 194, 220,  224
Sodium chlorostannate, 194
Sodium chromate, 226, 227, 228
Sodium cyanate, 130, 240
                                  278

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Sodium cyanide, 130, 227, 240
Sodium diarsenate, 214, 215
Sodium dichromate, 204, 227, 228
Sodium fluoride, 158, 191, 226, 230,
  232
Sodium fluoroaluminate, 232
Sodium fluorosilicate, 226
Sodium germanate, 159, 188, 192, 253,
  254
Sodium hydrosulfide, 228
Sodium hydroxide, 132, 224, 229
Sodium ion, 12
Sodium nitrate, 131, 173, 227, 232
Sodium nitrite, 131, 170, 240
Sodium pyrophosphate, 226
Sodium selenate, 133
Sodium selenite, 133, 175, 193, 219,
  241
Sodium silicofluoride, 191
Sodium stannoustartrate, 181
Sodium sulfate, 133, 178, 224
Sodium sulfide, 224
Sodium sulfite, 178, 228, 230
Sodium tellurate, 134, 240, 241
Sodium tellurite, 134, 179, 227, 240,
  241
Stannouschloride, 135, 181, 194
Stannous oleate, 194
Strontium, 96
Strontium chloride, 230
Strontium chromate, 204
Strontium nitrate, 230
Sulfate, 222,  223, 236, 237, 239, 251
Sulfate ion, 97, 177
Sulfide, 238
Sulfite ion, 12,
Sulfur, 230, 231, 232
Sulfuric acid,  224, 230
Tellurium acetate, 240
Tellurium ion, 178, 188, 194
Terbium, 100
Thallium, 100, 135, 180, 220
  225, 232, 240, 241
Thallium sulfate, 220
Thallous acetate, 135, 180,  225,  232,
  240, 241
Thallous oxide, 135, 180,  225,  232,
  240, 241
Thorium, 101, 180
Thorium dioxide, 180
Thulium, 101
Tin, 101, 180
Titanium, 102, 182, 194, 224,  225,  227,
  228, 238
Titanium ion, 182
Tribasic phosphate, 226, 227,  228,  231
Tungsten, 103, 136, 182, 226,  227
U
Uranium, 103, i36)  182,  213,  222,  224,
  226, 227, 229,  238,  240,  242
Uranium (solid),  184
Uranium VI, 183
Uranyl fluoride,  184
Uranyl ion, 239
Uranyl nitrate, 184
V
Vanadium, 105, 136,  185,  222,  227,  228,
  238
Vanadium ion, 185,  194
Vanadium pentoxide,  136,  185,  194
Vanadyl sulfate, 195
Tantalum, 100, 212, 224, 226, 228, 229,
  230                      i
Tantalum chloride, 134, 242
Tantalum fluoride, 134, 242
Tantalum oxide, 212
Tellurate ion, 134, 240
Tellurite ion, 134, 240
Tellurium, 9, .100, 188
Ytterbium. 107 ,  213
Yttrium, 107 ,  186, 188,  195,  224,  229
Yttrium chloride, 136
Yttrium nitrate, 136
Yttrium oxide,  136
                                   •279

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Zinc, 107, 137, 186, 188, 195, 222, 224
  236, 237, 238, 239
Zinc beryllium silicate, 200
Zinc carbonate, 187
Zinc chloride, 137, 188, 195, 224, 229,
  240, 241
Zinc chromate, 154, 204
Zinc sulfate, 137, 187, 220, 224, 226, 227,
  228, 240
Zirconium, 110, 187, 195, 253, 254
                                    280

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1

5
Accession Number
2

Sub/erf Field & Group
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Organization
Arthur D. Little, Inc.. Cambridge, Massachusetts
                 Life Sciences Division
      Title
           Water Quality Criteria Data Book, Volume 2
           Inorganic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater
1
Davis, Thomas R.A.
Burg, Alan W.
Butters, Kathleen M.
Wadler, Bella D.
16

21

Project Designation
18010DPV
Note
  22
      Citation
      July,  1971.   280 pp.,  3 fig., 13 tab., 276 ref.
  23
Descriptor* (Starred Fir««>
*Inorganic  Compounds,  *Freshwater, *Water Pollution  Sources,  *Water Quality,
*Toxicity,  Human Pathology, Animal Pathology, Public Health,  Water Pollution
Effects,  Chemicals
  25
Identifiers (Starred First)
*Acute Toxicity,  *Chronic Toxicity, *Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity,  Teratogenicity,
Tissue Concentrations
  27 Abstract
      A  survey of the literature dealing with inorganic  chemical compounds was conducted to
obtain and reference data relevant to the establishment  of water quality criteria.  More
than 5,000 publications were reviewed.  While nearly  300 inorganic species may exist in
freshwater only 87 were identified in the literature.  A wide  distribution in concentrations
in potable and polluted water was found.

Data on  acute  toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity
of inorganic chemicals have been tabulated.  Because  of  the  design of  most of these toxico-
logical  determinations, it is difficult to extrapolate from  this data  to human health.   This
inability  is furthered in that the concentrations of  many materials in freshwater are reported
in terms of elemental analysis alone without reference to the  ionic or complex form of  the
material.   However,  toxicity varies with the complex  ion and oxidation state.

Correlations have  been made.of minimum lethal oral dose  versus maximum concentrations report-
ed in freshwater,  and of minimum chronic toxic dose versus maximum concentration reported in
drinking watery.  Examples of inorganic species which  approach  a  safety limit have been
observed.      \

This report wasjsubmitted in fulfillment of Project No.  18010DPV,  Contract No.  14-12-538
under the sppnaorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.  (Burg-ADL)	
 Abstractor
         Alan  W.  Burg,  Ph.D.
                                Institution
                                    Arthur D.  Little,  Inc.
   WR:I02 (REV. JULY
   WRSIC
                                          SEND TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
                                                 US. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                                                 WASHINGTON. O. C. 2024O
                                                            "U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 tsi-iS3/109 1-3

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