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Afftf»W WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIFS 18010 D PV 07/71
Water Quality Criteria Data Book
Volume 2
Inorganic Chemical Pollution
of Freshwater
U.S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes
the results and progress in the control and abatement
of pollution in our Nation's waters. They provide a
central source of information on the research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities in the Environmental
Protection Agency, through inhouse research and grants
and contracts with Federal, State, and local agencies,
research institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief, Publications
Branch, Research Information Division, Research and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D. C. 20460.
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Water Quality Criteria Data Book, Vol. 2
INORGANIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF FRESHWATER
Arthur p. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140
for the
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Project #18010 DPV
Contract #14-12-538
July 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $2.25
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the EPA, and
approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute en-
dorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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ABSTRACT
A survey of the literature dealing with inorganic chemical compounds was
conducted to obtain and reference data relevant to the establishment of
water quality criteria. More than 5,000 publications were reviewed.
While nearly 300 inorganic species may exist in freshwater only 87 were
identified in the literature. A wide distribution in concentrations in
potable and polluted water was found.
Data on acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity,
and teratogenicity of inorganic chemicals have been tabulated. Because
of the design of most of these toxicological determinations, it is diffi-
cult to extrapolate from this data to human health. This inability is
furthered in that the concentrations of many -materials in freshwater are
reported in terms of elemental analysis alone without reference to the
ionic or complex form of the material. However, toxicity varies with the
complex ion and oxidation state.
Correlations have been made of minimum lethal oral dose versus maximum
concentrations reported in freshwater, and of minimum chronic toxic dose
versus maximum concentration reported in drinking water. Examples of
inorganic species which approach a safety limit have been observed.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project No. 18010 DPV,
Contract No. 14-12-538 under the sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
iii
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CONTENTS
Section
I Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 3
III Introduction 5
IV Methods and Approach 7
V Problems in Data Interpretation 9
VI Inorganic Chemicals in Freshwater 11
VII Toxicity of Inorganic Chemicals 111
VIII Sources of Inorganic Chemicals in Freshwater 221
IX Quality Criteria 233
X Health Effects of Inorganic Chemicals in Freshwater 251
XI References 255
XII Index 275
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FIGURES
PAGE
Relationship between lethality and concentrations , ,
reported in freshwater in the United States
Relationship between chronic toxicity and concen-
trations reported in drinking water in the United 246
States
Relationship between chronic toxicity and concen- ,,.
trations reported in freshwater in the United States
vi
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TABLES
No. - Page
I Listing of potential inorganic pollutants in
freshwater 13
II Concentration of inorganic pollutants in freshwater 19
III Mammalian acute toxicity of inorganic chemicals 113
IV Mammalian chronic toxicity of inorganic chemicals 139
V Carcinogenicity in mammals of inorganic chemicals 189
Va Carcinogenicity in mammals of inorganic chemicals
examined by routes of administration other than
oral 196
VI Mutagenicity and teratogenicity of inorganic chem-
icals 215
VII Sources of inorganic pollutants found in freshwater 222
Vila Sources of inorganic chemicals 224
VIII Reported permissible concentrations of inorganic
pollutants in freshwater 235
IX Ranking of reported acute minimum lethal oral doses
in mammals 240
X Acute toxicity ranking of inorganic pollutants in
freshwater as determined by LD5Q in mammals using
oral administration 241
XI Ranking of reported oral threshold doses 243
vii
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
1. A survey of available literature on inorganic chemical pollution of
water disclosed that 266 inorganic chemicals, because of solubility and
other properties, can potentially pollute fresh water. Of these, 87 have
been identified as being present in fresh water.
2. Although evidence which directly relates the presence of inorganic
chemicals in water with human health occurs more frequently with inorganic
chemicals than with organic chemicals, specific information as regards dose
is generally lacking.
3. The reported sources of inorganic chemicals in freshwater are, except
for a few used as pesticides, fertilizers and detergents, almost entirely
industrial and municipal in origin.
4. Concentrations of chemicals in freshwater in the US were reported
almost exclusively for basic elements. Since health effects are dependent
upon the form of the elements reported, it is difficult to relate this in-
formation to health with any degree of certainty. In addition, the toxicity
information available, though providing substantial detail, presented rela-
tively little information which would be useful in determining safety levels
for acute exposure and safety criteria for long-term exposure. In particular,
data on chronic threshold or maximum "no-effect" doses are virtually non-
existent. Some inorganic compounds at appropriate doses show beneficial
long-term effects.
5. The proportion of inorganic chemicals which are carcinogenic is only
somewhat smaller than that for organic compounds (18% vs. 22.5%) and, like
organic chemicals, all compounds examined for mutagenicity are positive. On
the other hand, the proportion of teratogenic inorganic chemicals is much less
than that for organic compounds (20% vs. 62.5%).
6. Examination of the relationship between highest concentrations of in-
organic chemicals reported in water and lowest doeses of these reported to
have produced a lethal or a chronic effect show that not only is raw fresh-
water in some localities unfit for consumption, but also some drinking water
supplies are a hazard to health.
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SECTION ~II
RECOMMENDATIONS
As it has been noted in the Abstract, factual information upon which quality
criteria of water can be rationally based is generally lacking in the litera-
ture. Thus, while it is not possible to make specific recommendations concern-
ing new threshold or permissable limits of inorganic chemicals in freshwater,
we believe it important to say a few words under this heading concerning the
need for directed toxicological investigation designed to provide such inform-
ation. It is our belief that only through a more directed accumulation of
such data will it be possible in the future to establish extensive, valid
water quality criteria for man.
If in fact it is desirable, as we believe, to discover and relate to man the toxicity
of those chemicals known to exist in freshwater then it is axiomatic that
chronic toxicity data must be generated using that form of the inorganic mater-
ial present in water and a mammalian species to which that material should be
administered orally at reasonable concentrations. We recognize that such a
research program would indeed be formidable, but it is also believed that in
its absence the continued accumulation of data on the concentration of toxic
chemicals in water will be ineffective insofar as the ability to use this data
in determining what water supplies may be safe for human consumption.
The generation of data relative to carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and terato-
genicity is a greater problem and, while we would recommend that a systematic
identification of these hazards be conducted, cost of such an undertaking make
it prohibitive except on a selected basis. Unfortunately, such selection
usually results from publicity directed at a particular chemical species and,
since studies of carcinogenicity require an extended period of time, results
pertinent to question of safety usually result a number of years after the
initial concern.
We further recommend the summarizing and referencing of the world-wide liter-
ature on water quality criteria as it relates to radioneuclides in freshwater.
Such a report would seem a logical complement to the existing report on organic
chemicals in freshwater and this report on inorganic chemicals in freshwater.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
This report on the relationship between inorganic chemical pollution of
freshwater and health is an extension of the report entitled, "Water Quality
Criteria Data Book Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater," and
is, therefore, supplementary in nature. Many of the general statements made
in the earlier report also apply in this instance. This is particularly
true for the introduction, quality of the literature, and general remarks
referable to quality criteria. On the other hand, the approach has been
different to the extent that since the inorganic chemicals consist of a
finite list of elements and their ionic forms, compounds and complexes, the
search for pertinent information was in large part directed by this listing.
The informational content in the two studies does differ somewhat. For
example, the organic chemical study contains a much greater amount of chronic
toxicity information relevant to "no-effect" or "threshold doses." Pertinent
foreign literature was generally lacking for inorganic chemicals, however.
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SECTION IV
METHODS AND APPROACH
LITERATURE SEARCH
More than 5000 publications, the titles and abstracts of which appeared to
be pertinent, were collected. Of these, 273 were found to have information
which could be used. In carrying out the literature search, the sources
explored were essentially the same as those listed in the report entitled,
"Water Quality Criteria Data Book Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of
Freshwater." Where possible, only available, recent information was used.
QUALITY OF LITERATURE
As with the literature reviewed for "Water Quality Criteria Data Book
Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater," the quality of the
literature searched was not of high order. Information concerning origin
of pollutant and its geographical location from the point at which the
sample was taken for study was rarely reported. Descriptions of the waters
being investigated were generally lacking, while a large body of literature
was devoted to extensive examination of inorganic chemicals which have little
relationship to health but a pertinent relationship to the quality of water
for domestic and industrial purposes, Toxicity information characterizing
dose relationships, which would be useful in arriving at quality criteria,
was also generally lacking. Only a few chronic toxicity studies presented
information pertinent to the problem of determining health standards. Car-
cinogenicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity studies rarely performed
dose-relationship investigations which are of considerable importance due
to the fact that measures to entirely eliminate such compounds from fresh-
water are not a practical possibility in a significant number of instances.
Therefore, we ought to know levels which can be tolerated with safety on a
long-term basis. Nearly all the literature concerned with determinations
of inorganic chemicals in water failed to identify the form of the element
found. This is of importance because of the high variability in toxicity
between different forms of the same element.
INFORMATION EXTRACTED
The concentrations of chemicals in water were obtained together with inform-
ation as to source and location. Toxicity information including carcinogen-
icity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity was obtained along with available
data on duration, dose-effects, comparison of results with control data,
species of animals used, effects perceived, and other information likely
to be pertinent. Where possible, only the oral route of administration
was considered; where this was not available alternative routes of administra-
tion were presented and denoted as such. Toxicity data obtained with non-
mammalian species could be excluded from this report, as opposed to the
organic chemical study in which data on fish was used because of the paucity
of pertinent mammalian data.
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SECTION V
PROBLEMS IN DATA INTERPRETATION
It should be readily apparent that water contains a mixture of ions. It is
logical to assume that the presence of diverse chemical species can either
potentiate or mitigate the toxicity of one particular constituent of inter-
est by causing further damage at the site of action, interferring with detox-
ification mechanisms, competing for the active site, competing for a trans-
port pathway, etc. Unfortunately, toxicity data is collected entirely on
pure compounds, and the results of measurements of the water concentration
of potentially hazardous materials are usually reported in isolation.
Because of the lack of relevant data, we have had to ignore what may be an
important consideration.
In our previous report on organic chemical pollution of freshwater and health,
comments were made concerning the inadequacy of the analytical methods used
on water samples for tjtoe determination of the potential health effects of"
organic pollutants. While most of these arguments apply to this study, further
emphasis should be placed on the importance of determining the true identity
of materials found in water. As can be seen in Table II, in which the
concentration of inorganic materials found in water is listed, except for a
few materials such as bicarbonate, no statement is made concerning the ionic
form of the materials. This is presumably the result of performing many of
these analyses by atomic absorption spectroscopy which does not differentiate
between various ionic forms. However, in many cases just the parent elements
have been identified. Since toxicity is based upon the various ionic species,
the data is of little value in applying pertinent toxicity information and
evaluating the hazards to health.
Both the ionic species with different oxidation numbers and the various
oxidized and complex forms of the elements are important. A few examples
can best illustrate this consideration. Chromium ion in the +6 oxidation
state shows a chronic toxicity when administered at 5 mg/l/day. Chromium
with a +3 oxidation number, however, does not show any toxicity at this
dose level. Tellurium with a +6 oxidation number has been reported to be a
positive carcinogen. However, tellurium with a +4 oxidation number has been
demonstrated in like experiments to be negative insofar as cancer producing
activity,is concerned. Finally, in terms of acute toxicity, arsenite will
kill animals at a dose of 18 mg/kg of body weight. However, arsenate ion is
more than 10 times less toxic, causing lethal effects at 238 mg/kg. These ex-
amples should show the inportance of improving analytical methods to differ-
entiate chemical species if this data is to be applied to questions of human health,
In the study on organic pollutants, we dealt extensively with the problem of
choosing model animal species. The same consideration applies here. For
instance, when niobium ion was tested in the mouse it was found to decrease
the growth rate but increase the longevity of the animal. However, when
tested in the rat, the growth rate was significantly increased while the
longevity was decreased. In neither species was survival affected. In
trying to extrapolate to man, there is no basis for determing whether man
reacts like the rat or mouse.
9
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In reviewing the literature, difficulty in making objective determinations
of toxicity are hindered by the increased publicity and speculation in the
area of the health hazard of pollutants. ^Thus, the current strong emphasis
on mercury pollution has focused attention in that direction. On the basis
of its concentration in water, mercury in water per se is much less of a
problem to human health than a number of other compounds found in the course
of this study. The mercuric ion has been reported as being present mainly
in slit and not in water. The high concentrations of mercury approaching
what might be toxic levels are never found in water but in hydrophobic
materials in which they can be concentrated (such as the flesh of fish),
Another area of speculation relates to the potential toxicity of nitrates
resulting from an interaction of this ion with secondary amines so as to
yield nitrosoamines with carcinogenic capability. However, since such
reactions in dilute aqueous media remain in the realm of speculation, we
have not included information indicating nitrites as toxic in this sense.
As opposed to the organic pollutants, some inorganic compounds appear to
be beneficial. There apparently is an optimal level of fluoride at which
beneficial results are obtained. The same is true of iodine. Increasing
interest is being expressed on the association between cardiovascular
disease and the mineral content of water. A definite correlation between
increased cardiovascular disease, bronchitis, and other causes of death
has been made with the calcium content of waters (35). Such information
found in the literature, however, is not directly pertinent to the direction
of this study, but it has occasionally been included with data on the
toxicity of such materials.
10
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SECTION VI
INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN FRESHWATER
POTENTIAL INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER
Table I lists the non-radioactive inorganic pollutants which we believe
are of potentital concern in freshwater. The list has been compiled from
among all those potential ions, salts, and organometallic compounds which
theoretically might be found in freshwater. Specifically, only those compounds
which are both soluable and stable in water are included. Since most inorganic
Compounds which are soluble in water ionize, the list is composed primarily of
ions.
Although an unlimited number of inorganic compounds theoretically exist, those
expected in freshwater are limited to those contained in this list. The major
reason for this is that many inorganic compounds and organometallic compounds
do not occur in any significant extent in nature, nor are they involved in
industrial processes which would release them into freshwater. Also, the long
list of salts to be found in various reference volumes are not pertinent to the
potential inorganic pollutants of freshwater. As mentioned above, these salts
are either insoluble or they dissociate to ions in water such that those specific
combinations of cations with anions which yield salts are not relevant to water
pollution.
Even when one considers the ions alone, however, most can be discounted from
being in water. This is because most are laboratory curiosities which in the
presence of the hydrolytic and oxidative environment decompose upon solution.
Thus, most complex ions in dilute solution become simpler ionic species;
oxides become hydroxides, hydrides release hydrogen, etc. Disproportionation
and neutralization reactions are also important.
Another factor to be considered is hydration effects. Metals, for instance,
cannot be found as pollutants in freshwater but only in sediments. Although
justification can be made for considering such sediments in suspension to be
part of the water and thus involved in health effects, we have not done so
here. Thus, in the text and tables, an uncharged elemental chemical species
refers to an undefined ionic or other soluble form of the parent element.
Certain metals, of course, do become hydrated and ionized upon addition to water.
11
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The reaction of metallic sodium to yield sodium ion in water is well known.
In this fashion we have considered only those forms of elements which would
be present in water and these are the inorganic chemicals which are listed
in Table I. Thus, liquid bromine can exist dissolved in water. Likewise,
oxygen gas can exist in water in a dissolved form. However, with a gas such
as sulphur dioxide (802), the form found in water is the sulfite ion and it
is only 'this form of1
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TABLE I - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
Aluminum
aluminum ion
Antimony
stibous
stibic
triethylantimony
Argon
Arsenic
arsenous
arsenic
arsenide
metaarsenite
arsenite
metaarsenate
arsenate
cacodylate
methylarsenate
phenylarsenate
arsine
trimethylarsine
tetramethyldiarsyl
Barium
barium ion
Beryllium
beryllium ion
Bismuth
bismuthous
bismuthic
Al
Al
Sb
Sb
Sb
As
As
As
As
As°
As(CH3)2
HasCH ~
C.-.H^AsO-
65 3
As(CH3)3
Ba
Be
Be"
Bi
Bi"
Bi
+-H-
Boron
boron ion
metaborate
peroxyborate
borate
diborate
tetraborate
pentaborate
borotungstate
organoborate
trimethylboron
decaborane
Bromine
bromide
bromate
hypobromate
bromaurate
bromoplatinate
bromoselenate
bromostannate
liquid bromine
Cadmium
cadmium ion
Calcium
calcium ion
Carbon
carbonate
bicarbonate
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
carbonyl sulfide
carbon disulfide
B2°5
B4°7~~
B5°8~
BW12°40
B10H14
Br
Br~
Br°3~
BrO~
PtBr,
SeBr,
SnBr,
Cd
Cd^
Ca
Ca^
C
co;
HCO,
CO
co2
COS
cs,.
13
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TABLE I -(CONT.) - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
Cerium
cerrous
cerric
Cesium
cesium ion
Chlorine
chloride
hypochlorite
chlorate
perchlorate
chloraurate
chloroplatinate
chlorostannate
chloroplumbate
chlorine gas
Chromium
chromous
chromic
chromate
peroxychromate
dichromate
Cobalt
cobaltous
cobaltic
Ce
Ce
Cs
Cs4
Cl
CIO
cio3"
C104~
AuCl^
PtCl
SnCle
PbClf
Cl,
Cr
o
Cr
Cr04"
CtOg~
Cr20/
Co
Copper
cuprous
cupric
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Cu
Cu
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
Fluorine F
fluoride F
fluoborate BF^
hexabluophosphate PFg
fluorophosphate P03I
difluorophosphate P02I
fluosilicate SiF(
fluoaluminate A1F,
f luosulfonate
fluorine gas
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
ethylgermanium
oxide
Gold
aurous
auric
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
hydrogen ion
hydrogen gas
deuterium
Indium
lo dine
iodide
iodate
periodate
paraperiodate
iodine solid
S03F
F2
Gd
Ga
Ge
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TABLE I (CONT.) - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
Iridium
Iron
ferrous
ferric
ferrocyanide
ferricyanide
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lead
plumbic
plumbate
Lithium
lithium ion
Lutetium
Magnesium
magnesium ion
Manganese
manganous
manganic
permanganate
manganate
Mercury
mercurous
mercuric
ammonomercuric
organomercurie
diorganomercury
Molyb denum
molybdic
molybdate
paramolybdate
phosphomolybdate
Ir
Fe
FeH
FeH
Fe(CN)
Fe(CN)
Kr
La
Pb
6
Li
Li
Lu
Mg
Mg'
Mn
Mn"
Hg
Hg
Hg(NH2)"
RHg+
Mo
Mo'
Neodymium
Neon
Nickel
nickelous
hexaminenickel
Nd
Ne
Ni
Ni^
Ni(NH3)6
Niobium
Nitrogen
azide
nitrite
nitrate
cyanide
cyanate
thiocyanate
ammonium
carbamate
cyanaurate
cyanocobaltate
nitrogen gas
nitrous oxide
nitric oxide
hydrazine
hydroxylamine
Osmium
Oxygen
peroxide
hydroxide
oxygen gas
ozone
Palladium
Nb
N
V
N03~
CN~
OCN"
SCN"
Au(CN)(
Co(CN)
N2
N2°
NO
D
Os
0
OH"
°2
°3
Pd
PM°12°40"
15
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TABLE I (CONT.) - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
Phosphorus
metaphosphate
hypophosphate
phosphite
phosphate
pyrophosphate
hypophosphite
phosphine
Platinum
platinic
Potassium
potassium ion
Praseodymium
Radium
Rhenium
perrhenate
Rhodium
Rubidium
rubidium ion
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
selenium ion
selenide
selenite
selenate
Silicon
metasilicate
silicate
disilicate
po3
p°r
P2°7~
HLPO,
Pt
Pt
K
K+
Pr
Ra
Re
Rh
Rb
Rb
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Se
Se
Se0
Si
Si0
Si0
Silver Ag
argentous Ag
argentic Ag
Sodium Na
sodium ion Na
Strontium Sr
strontium ion Sr
Sulfur S
sulfide S
sulfite
sulfate
thiosulfate
hydrosulfite
pyrosulfite
dithionate
pyrosulfate
peroxydisulfate
trithionate
tetrathionate
pentathionate
sulfur dioxide
hydrogen sulfide
Tantalum
Tellurium
tellurate
diethyl telluride (C_
dimethyl telluro-
nium-dichloride C-E
Terbium Tb
Thallium Tl
thallium ion Tl
Thorium Th
so3
so4
s2o3-
S2°4"
S2°6
S2°8"
S3°6~
S4°6~
'S5°6~
so
Ta
Te
TeO,
16
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TABLE I (CONT.) - LISTING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
R2Sn
Ti
W
Thulium Tm
Tin Sn
stannous Sn
stannic
organostannic
diorganostannic
Titanium
Tungsten
tungsten ion
tungstate W0;
phosphotungstate
Uranium
uranous u
i, I
uranic U
Vanadium V
vanadate V0q
Xenon Xe
Ytterbium Yb
Yttrium Y
Zinc Zn
zinc ion Zn
Zirconium Zr
17
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CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER
Table II lists the concentrations of inorganic pollutants found in freshwater.
Where large amounts of detailed information were available, average or range of
concentations are given with dates over which determinations were made. The
source of the chemical is given where this information was available, together
with the location where the sample was obtained. No attempt was made in search-
ing through the literature to assess the quality of the quantitative results.
Techniques used by different investigators, sampling methods, and the sensitiv-
ity of analytical procedures were not assessed. In almost every instance, the
agent cited was the essential element, with no description of the ionic form
included. Therefore, it is difficult to relate the reported concentrations to
health because toxicity is dependent upon the ionic, salt, or complex forms of
the element.
18
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AGENT
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (ing/I)
REFERENCE
Aluminum
Al
New Jersey Surface water
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
0.09-0.33
0.08-0.31
1968
241
Industrial waste, mine
drainage
Weathering of rock
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Yellowstone R. near Sidney, Mont.
Mean Positive:
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
La.
La.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village
Alaska
0.028 1962-67
0.022
0.117
0.030
0.141
0.056
0.018
0.017
0.213
0.068
0.050
0.333
0.030
0.063
0.015
0.011
2.760
(max. cone.)
Ill
0.073-2.550
0.462-1.640
0.012-0.153
0.082-0.238
0.225-0.775
0.281-1.050
0.084-0.818
0.060-1.110
0.027-0.102
0.082
1958-59
111
47,58
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AGENT
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
Aluminum
(cont.)
KJ
o
Antimony
Sb
Weathering of rock
Weathering of rock and
acid waters
Weathering of rock
Streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins
(max. at Potomac R. at
Kitzmiller, Md.)
Average: 0,015
0.0-6.2
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Trade- 0.0-21.0
water R. at Olney, Ky.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at 0.0-1.3
St. Louis R. at Scanlon, Minn.)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Cedar 0.0->6.0
Creek near Columbia, Mo.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R. 0.0-2.9
Basins (max. at Chippewa R, near
Milan, Minn.)
California Gulch and Arkansas R. at <0.0025-11.6 1964-65
Malta, Colo. (max. at California
Gulch)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
at Walnutport, Pa. - 1950)
Principal rivers of U.S.
0.0-1.7
1945-66
None detected 1958-59
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
Alabama
<0.0100-<0.0200 1962-63
<0.0030-<0.0400
<0.0100-<0.0200
<0.0090
<0.0070-<0.0080
<0.0050-<0.0100
<0.0060-<0.0100
<0.0200
<0.0030-<0.0300
222
178
179
179
180
180
181
180
47,58
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Antimony
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
<0.0100-<0.0200 1962-63
<0.0030-<0.0200
<0.0060-<0.0300
<0.0070
<0.0080-<0,0100
<0.0200-<0.0300
<0,0200-<0.0400
<0.0020-<0.0200
<0.0100-<0.0300
<0.0200-<0.0300
<0.0200-<0.0300
<0.0300-<0.0500
<0.0040-<0.0100
<0.0100-<0.0300
<0.0300-<0.0400
<0.0250-<0.0350
<0.0500-<0.0700
<0.0200
<0.0200-<0.0500
<0.0400-<0.0500
<0. 0200-0. 1000
<0.0090-<0.0200
<0.0600
<0.0100
<0.0200-<0.0400
<0.0800
<0.0090-<0.0700
<0.0020
<0.0080
<0. 0020-0. 0200
REFERENCE
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Arsenic
As
SOURCE
Laundry detergent dis-
charge into sewage
system
Mineral rock; waste
from industry and
mining activity;
residues from
pesticides
LOCATION
Kansas R. at Lawrence
Kansas R. at Topeka
Kansas R. and Lawrence R.
Kansas R.
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Maumee R. at Toledo, Ohio
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.003
0.008
0.002-0.010
0.002-0.008
1970
1970
1970
Mean Positive: 0.034 1962-67
0.047
0.035
0.050
0.066
0.308
0.069
0.037
0.123
0.091
0.053
0.022
0.068
0.020
0.034
0.336
(max. cone.)
REFERENCE
132
168,36
9
7
111
None detected
Principal rivers of U.S.
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington 0.0-0.01
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Tolt R. near Carnation, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and 0.0-0.01
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet,
Wash.)
Snake R. Basin 0.0
1958-59
1964-65
1964-65
111
47,58
183
183
183
-------
TABLE H(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Arsenic
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
U>
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
0.000-<0.010
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Arsenic
( con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Barium
Ba
Weathering of rock;
brines from oil
well wastes
Weathering of rock;
brines from oil
well wastes
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Coosa R. Below Rome, Ga.
Apalachicola R. at Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. Near Baton Rouge, La.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.010-0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010-0.020
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
Mean Positive:
0.021 1962-67
0.025
0.026
0.025
0.043
0.042
0.039
0.015
0.063
0.090
0.060
0.067
0.027
0.042
0.041
0.017
0.340
(max. cone.)
Ill
0.021-0.042
0.043-0.132
0.128-0.152
0.033-0.048
0.028-0.060
0.072-0.127
1958-59
111
47,58
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Bariuir
(cont.)
SOURCE
Weathering of rock,
brines from oil
well wastes
Weathering of rock,
brines from oil
well wastes
LOCATION
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Assunpink Creek at Trenton, N.J.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1) REFERENCE
0.047-0.075 1958-59 47,58
0.009-0.056
0.024-0.038
0.026-0.109
0.010-0.150 1964-65 178
to
Ul
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
S. Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
0.005 1962
0.0020
0.0040-0.0060
0.0060
0.0050-<0.0100
<0.0006-0.0800
0.0020-0.0400
0.0300
0.0060-0.0130
<0.0010-<0.0030
0.0100-<0.0230
0.0200
0.0008-0.0800
0.0030-0.0080
<0.0007-0.0190
0.0300
0.0130-0.0300
0.008-0.0300
0.0200-0.0300
<0.0050-0.0400
0.0020-0.0200
0.0050-0.0900
0.0030-0.0100
<0.0040-0.0200
<0.0070-0.1000
<0.0030-0.0030
0.0100-0.0900
49
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Barium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Beryllium
Be
Effluent from atomic
reactors, metal-
lurgy, aircraft,
rocket and missile
fuel industries;
weathering of
mineral beryl
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Drinking water
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
Monongahela R. at Pittsburgh, Pa.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1) REFERENCE
0.0070-<0.0090 1962-63 44
<0.0060-<0.0090
0.0200-3.0000
<0.0050-0.0710
0.0250-0.0500
0.0030-0.0090
0.0200-0.2000
<0.0020-0.0200
<0.0100-0.0100
<0.0020=0.0100
0.0050=0.0400
0.0140-0.1230
<0.0020-0.0700
<0.0005
0.0220
0.0050
0.0020-0.0600
238
111
0.00001-0.0007
Mean Positive: 0.0002 1962-67
0.00012
0.00005
0.00016
0.00028
0.00017
0.00005
0.00023
0.00002
0.00122 1962-67 111
(max. cone.)
-------
TABLEII (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
_ AGENT
Beryllium
(cont.)
SOURCE
Weathering of mineral
beryl
LOCATION
Weathering of rock
Apalachicola R. at Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento,
Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village,
Alaska
Streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.
at Delaware R. at Trenton, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch, Arkansas R.
and a few minor streams (max.
at California Gulch at Malta,
Colorado)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0-<0.000058 1958-59
0-<0.00022
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
None detected
<0.00005-<0.0024 1964-65
0.0-<0.040
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000-<0.00001
<0.00001
<0.00070-<0.00100
<0.00002-<0.00100
<0.00001-<0.00100
<0.00004
1962-63
1962-63
REFERENCE
47,58
222
178
181
44
-------
TABLE n (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
_ AGENT
Beryllium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
00
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.00001
<0.00003
<0.00002
<0.00010
<0.00002
<0.00002-
<0.00001
<0.00003
<0.00001
<0.00004
<0.00010
<0.00010-
<0.00001
<0.00t)05
<0.00003
<0.00010
<0.00020
<0.00020
<0.00007
<0.00020
<0.00100
<0.00030
<0.00005-
<0.00100-
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Bismuth
Bi
SOURCE
LOCATION
Weathering of rock
Weathering of rock
N3
Principal rivers of U.S.
Streams in California
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch and Arkansas I
at Malta, Colorado (max. at
California Gulch)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
None detected 1958-59
0.0006-0.0008
<0.00026-<0.020 1954-55
REFERENCE
47,58
232
181
0.0000
(0.0003
CO.0003
(0.0008
(0.0070-
(0.0020-
(0.0004-
(0.0040
(0.0010-
(0.0030-
(0.0020-
(0.0100
<0.0020-
(0.0020-
(0.0010-
<0.0030-
(0.0010-
<0.0040-
<0.0100-
<0.0100-
<0.0010-
<0.0050-
<0.0020-
<0.0100
<0.0200
<0.0020-
<0.0070-
<0.0200-
<0.0100
<0.0200
<0.0300
<0.0030
<0.0050
<0.0060
<0.0100
<0.0100
<0.0100
<0.0100
<0.0030
<0.0060
<0.0150
<0.0200
<0.0100
<0.0160
-<0.0100
<0.0060
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Bismuth
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Boron
B
Large masses of boron-
bearing rock
Weathering of boron-
bearing rock; waste
from cleaning
operations
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
California
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.0100-<0.0200
<0.0300
<0.0400-<0.0100
<0.0100-<0.0250
<0.0200-<0.0300
<0.0030-<0.0500
<0.0050-<0.0100
<0.0300
<0.0050-<0.0070
<0.0080-<0.0250
<0.0090-<0.0400
<0.0040-<0.0400
<0.0010
<0.0020
<0.0040
<0.0010-0.0080
100
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
Mean Positive:
1962-67
0.032
0.042
0.029
0.024
0.067
0.210
0.105
0.019
0.154
0.131
0.179
0.289
0.030
0.143
0.084
0.028
1.800
(max. cone.)
257
111
111
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
SOURCE
LOCATION
Boron
.)
Weathering of rock
Weathering of rock
Apalachicola R, at Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. at Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village,
Alaska
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Virgin
R. at Littlefield, Ariz.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Calif, (max.
at Cache Creek near Capay, Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
(max. at Humboldt R. near Rye Patch,
Nev.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington and
Upper Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Colville R. at Kettle Falls, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
at Hooper, Wash.)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Raritan R. at Manville, N.J.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Choctawhat-
chee R. near Newton, Ala.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)^
0.005-0.011
0.014-0.019
0.034-0.052
0.0039-0.011
0.009-0.020
0.0061-0.029
0.0016-0.017
0.0098-0.025
0.0043-0.016
0.011-0.013
0.0-1.0
0.0-4.8
0.0-0.6
0.0-0.15
0.0-0.12
0.0-0.09
0.006-0.57
0.0-0.22
1958-59
REFERENCE
47,58
1964-65
1964-65
182
183
183
183
183
178
178
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Boron
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
u>
to
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at
St. Louis R. at Scanlon, Minn.)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Horse
Creek near Vale, S. Dak.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basin (max. at Mission Bay of
Devils Lake near Devils Lake,
N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max.
at Cottonwood R. near Plymouth,
Kans,)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Rio Grande at El Paso, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at
Kaskaskia R. at Shelbyville-
1960)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.02-0.26 1964-65
0.0-1.3
0.0-6.5
0.0-3.1
0.0-0.74
0.0-0.7
1964-65
1964-65
1956-66
REFERENCE
111
180
180
181
181
86
0.090
0.060
1962-63
44
0.050
0.050
0.070-
0.000-
0.040-
0.170
0.010-
0.020-
0.030
0.120
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.020
-0.060
0.140
0.140
0.150
-0.110
-0.060
-0.380
0.210
0.120
0.110
0.740
-0.090
-------
TABLEII (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Boron
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Bromine
Br
Rainfall, combustion
of leaded gasoline
containing ethy-
lene dibromide
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Lake Superior, Mich.
Lake Superior tributaries
Lake Michigan
Lake Huron
St. Glair R.
Lake St. Glair
Detroit R.
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
0.070-0.110 1962-63
0.090-0.110
0.020-0.150
0.000-0.100
0.020-0.140
0.030-0.090
0.120-0.150
0.170
0.020-0.030
0.060-0.100
0.080-0.210
0.120-0.200
0.080-0.210
0.030-0.740
0.030-0.090
0.150-0.170
0.030-0.560
0.070-0.130
0.170-0.210
0.050-0.120
0.020-0.080
0.020-0.620
0.030-0.500
0.020
0.040
0.040
0.000-0.100
0.007-0.033 1969
0.005-0.260
0.011-0.021
0.013-0.029
0.019-0.039
0.045-0.055
0.020-0.028
0.020-0.054
0.038-0.077
REFERENCE
44
239
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Cadmium
Cd
SOURCE
Electroplating plants;
weathering of ores
LOCATION
LO
e-
Weathering of rock
Weathering of rock
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Packfic Northwest Basin
Great Basin
Cuyahoga R. at Cleveland, Ohio
Principal rivers of U.S.
Streams in California
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch, Arkansas R.
and a few minor streams (max,
at California Gulch at Malta,
Colo.)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
Alabama
Florida
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive: 0.005 1962-67
0.003
0.005
0.007
0.050
0.006
0.005
0.002
0.010
0.005
0.001
REFERENCE
111
0.120
(max. cone.)
None detected
None detected
0.0-<0.100
1958-59
1964-65
111
47,58
222
181
0.0000
0.0001
<0.0001
0.0003
<0.0030-<0.0050
<0.0010-<0.0100
0.0001-<0.0120
<0.0030
<0.0010-0.0020
<0.0020-<0.0030
<0.0010-<0.0040
<0.0060
<0.0008-<0.0080
0.0005-<0.0050
1962-63
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Cadmium
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.0010
<0.0020
<0.0020
<0.0020
<0.0050
<0.0050
<0.0006
<0.0030
<0.0005
<0.0060
<0.0100
<0.0010
<0.0040
<0.0100
<0.0060
<0.0200
<0.0010-
<0.0060-
<0.0100-
<0.005
<0.002Q.
<0.0200
<0.0030-
<0.0040
<0.0020
<0.0030
0.0007
<0.0040
<0.0020
<0.0006
<0.0050
<0.0060
- 0.0030
-<0.0040
-<0.0080
-<0.0100
-<0.0050
-<0.0080
-<0.0090
- 0.0090
-<0,0030
-<0.0070
-<0.0090
<0.0050
<0.0130
<0.0200
<0.0300
<0.0060
-<0.0040
-<0.0130
-<0.0030
-<0.0200
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
-<0.0050
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Calcium
Ca
SOURCE
LOCATION
Bozeman City Sewage
Treatment Plant;
slaughter house
and stockyard,
etc., Montana
Weathering of rock
Surface waters in U.S.
Surface waters in 98 U.S. rivers
Drinking water of 163 U.S. metro-
politan areas
New Jersey surface waters:
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface waters - Big
Flat Brook:
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Platte R.. near Venice, Neb.
Platte R. at Ashland9 Neb.
Elkhorn R. at Q Street} Neb.
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.
(various locations along river
from sources of pollution)
Colorado R. Basin (max. at
San Rafael R. near Green
River, Utah
Pacific Slope Basins in California
(max. at Salinas R. near
Spreckles, Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake, Utah (max. at Kennecott
Drain near Magna, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Garb Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
8.5 Aug. 1961
28.0 Sept. 1961
37.0 Oct. 1961
84.0 1961
11-408 1961
Average: 31.1 1950-51
1.0-18.3
0.9-31.3
35.0
11.2
46.8 1969
54.0 1969
55.6 1969
Range: 1.90-2.10
REFERENCE
133
155
206
241
241
39
227
Range: 20.0-441.0 1964-65
2.8-131.0
4.8-451.0
2.0-52.0
182
182
182
182
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Calcium
Ca
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon
and Lower Columbia R. Basin
(max. at Walla Walla R. near
Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max, at Snake R.
at Heise, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Tanana R. near
Tanacross, Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max,
at Little Schulykill R. at S.
Tamaqua, Pa.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern
Gulf of Mexico Basins (max. at
Shark R. near Homestead, Fla.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Salt Fork
near Cambridge, Ohio)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at
Fairville Creek at Fairville Sta.,
N.Y.)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Cedar Creek
near Columbia, Mo.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
near Lakota, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Apishapa R. near Fowler, Colo.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Colorado R. near Ira, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at
Beaucoup Creek near Matthews-1964)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Nesquehoning
Creek near Nesquehoning, Pa.-1945)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
2.0-53.0
6.8-54.0
1.6-38.0
0.4-224.0
0.04-1910,0
0.6-203.0
4.0-226.0
9.6-374.6
0.7-64.0
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
4.2-445.0 1964-65
20.0-531.0
1.2-539.0 1964-65
5.0-1320.0
1956-6
1945-66
REFERENCE
183
183
183
178
178
179
179
180
180
181
181
86
130
-------
TABLEII (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Calcium
SOURCE
LOCATION
oo
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
8.5 -
3.2
3.6-4.0
15.0
18.0-23.0
5.0-77.0
26.0-42.0
31.0
7.2-30.0
12,0-14.0
10.0-28.0
46.0
5.6-22.0
20.0-36.0
8.0-24.0
1.2-41.0
3.2-9.0
25.0-39.0
29.0-54.0
45.0-77.0
15.0-36.0
22.0-42.0
19.0-57.0
16.0-48.0
34.0-76.0
14.0-18.0
23.0-48.0
40.0-67,0
27.0-35.0
25.0-66.0
1.6-23.0
34.0-81.0
26.0-47.0
10.0-89.0
11.0-207.0
54.0-56.0
15.0-17.0
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Calcium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Carbon
C
Bozeman City Sewage
Treatment Plant;
slaughter house
and stockyards,
etc., (Montana)
Carbonate ion Weathering of rock
co3=
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R»
(various locations along rivers
from sources of pollution)
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Yellow
Creek near White River, Colo.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake (max. at Jordan R. at Salt
Lake City, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in California
(max. at Salinas R. near Spreckles,
Calif.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Flathead R. at Columbia Falls,
Mont.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Columbia R. at Washougal, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R.
at King Hill, Idaho)
North Atlantic Slope Basins
South Atlantic Slope Basins
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Great Miami
R. at Elizabethtown, Ohio)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Maumee
R. at Toledo, Ohio)
38.0-81.0
41.0-99.0
8,8-35.0
0.8
12.0 -
13.0
6.4-32.0
38.00-63.90
0.0
Q..O
0.0-11.0
0.0-18.0
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
227
0.0-1Q2.0 1964-65
0.0-13.0
0.0--49.0
0.0-80.0
0.0-1.0
0.0-6,0
1964-65
182
182
182
182
182
182
178
178
179
179
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Carbonate
(cont..)
SOURCE
Weathering of rock
LOCATION
Bicarbonate
ion
HCOr
Bozeman City Sewage
Treatment Plant;
Slaughter house
and stockyards,
etc., (Montana)
Weathering of rock
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Knife
R. near Golden Valley, N. Dak.)
- Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi
R, Basins (max. at Souris R.
near Verendrye, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Arkansas R. at Arkansas City, Kans.)
Surface water of 98 U.S. cities
Drinking water in 163 metropolitan
areas of U.S.
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.
(various locations along rivers
from sources of pollution)
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Yellow
Creek near White River, Colo.)
Pacific Slope Basins in California
(max. at Salinas R. near Spreckles,
Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
(max. at Goggin Drain near Magna,
Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake River Basin (max. at Boise R.
at Notus, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Tanana R. near Tana-
cross, Alaska)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
0.0-39.0 1964-65
0.0-32.0
180
180
0.00-24.0
14-242
Average: 98.1
3.23-4.72
1961
1950-51
181
155
206
227
42.0-1600.0 1964-65
8.0-792.0
19.0-408.0
12.0-379.0 1964-65
11.0-254.0
29.0-278.0
16.0-157.0
182
182
182
183
183
183
183
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH
AGENT
Bicarbonate
(con*-)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Weathering of rock
Cerium
Ce
Cesium
Cs
Chlorine
Cl
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.
at Cobbs Creek near Upper Darby,
Pa.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern
Gulf of Mexico Basins (Phillippe
Creek near Sarasota, Fla.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Great Miami
R. at Middletown, Ohio)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Tru-
mansburg Creek at Trumansburg,
N.Y.)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Bitter
Lake near Wauboy, S. Dak.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max, at East Devils Lake
near Hamar, N. Dak.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Chambers Creek near Corsicana,
Tex.)
Lehigh R. Basin (max, at Monocacy
Creek at Bethlehem, Pa.-1963)
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Lake Superior
Lake Superior tributaries
Lake Michigan
Lake Huron
St. Clair R.
Lake St. Clair
Detroit R.
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-2630.0 1964-65
0.0-452.0
0.0-344.0
0.0-382.0
0.0-2630.0 1964-65
71.0-1950.0
0,0-434.0
0.0-208.0
1964-65
1945-66
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
0.5-2.8
0.4-8.3
44.0-56.4
4.3-5.7
16.0-82.0
19.0-22.0
6.8-51.0
13.0-24.0
23.0-24.0
REFERENCE
178
178
179
179
180
180
181
130
47,58
47
239
239
239
239
239
239
239
239
239
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Chloride ion
SOURCE
LOCATION
Sewage discharge
Highway deicing
Municipal and indus
trial pollution
Weathering of rock
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook :
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Santa Anna R. at Prado Dam
Platte R. near Venice Neb.
Platte R. near Ashland' Neb.
Elkhorn R. at Q Street ' Neb.
Surface waters of 98 U.S. rivers
Surface waters of U.S." rivers
Drinking water for 163 metropolitan
areas of U.S.
Seven Maine rivers
Lower Detroit R.
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Dolores R.
near Cisco, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Calif, (max.
at Salt Slough near Los Banos,
Calif.)
CONCENTRATION (mg_/_l)_
8.5-20.0 1968
6.7-15.5
11.5
4.0
89-152
6.8
6.8
10.1
1-702
5.5
8.0
10.0
83.0
20.1
1952-68
1961
Aug. 1961
Sept. 1961
Oct. 1961
1961
1950-51
July <0.5-7.1 1965-67
Oct. <0.5-7.8
Apr. <0.5-3.8
7-70
1.0-1840.0 1964-65
0.0-524
REFERENCE
241
241
12
39
39
39
155
133
206
95
182
182
-------
TABLEII (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Chloride
(cont.)
SOURCE
Weathering of rock .
LOCATION
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake (max. at Goggin Drain near
Magna, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R, Basin (max. at Snake R, at
King Hill, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Anchor R. at Anchor
Point, Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Byberry Creek at Philadelphia, Pa.)
South Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Shark R. near Homestead, Fla.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tuscarawas R,
at Newcomerstown, Ohio
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max, at Grand R.
at Painesville, Ohio)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Saline R. at
Wilson Dam, Kans.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
near Lakota, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Bayou Funny Louis near Trout, La.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max. at
Mission R. at Refugio, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at Bonpas
Creek at Browns-1964)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. as Asquashicola
Creek at Palmerton-1964)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-3420.0 1964-65
0.2-60.0
0.5-30.0
0.0-26.0
0.4-5.7
0.0-970.0 1964-65
0.5-21,900.0
0.2-1290.0 1964-65
0.0-7220.0
0.0-2030.0 1964-65
0.6-12,600
0.6-17,200.0 1964-65
0.1-36,900.0
1.0-1350.0 1956-66
0.5-49.0
1945-66
REFERENCE
83
83
83
83
83
178
178
179
179
180
180
181
181
86
130
-------
TABLE H(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Chloride
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
44
3.8
4.0
18.0
3.6-4.0
6.0
33.0-38.0
6.0
3.7-42.0
7.0-23.0
6.5-26.0
6.5-15.0
7.0-8.0
11.4-32.6
43.0
2,0-12.8
9.0-46.0
5.3
27.0-50.0
3.6-9.5
4.0-31.0
14.0-25.0
7.0-31.0
2.0-50,0
7.0-45.0
7.0-9.0
11.5
28.3-83.0
3.5
15.0-16.0
15.0
16.0
112.0
7.0
130.0-143.0
10.0-461.0
6.0-35.0
45.0-50.0
1962-63
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Chloride
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Chromium
Cr
Industrial waste
Ui
Industrial waste
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Issaquah Creek near Issaquah,
Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Columbia R. below McNary Dam,
near Umatilla, Oreg.)
Snake R. Basin
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Elizabeth R. at Elizabeth, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch, Arkansas R. and
a few minor streams (max. at Calif-
ornia Gulch at Malta, Colo.)
New Jersey surface water
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook;
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
5.0-7.1 1962-63
8.0-50.0
68.0-605.0
5.6
5.0
1.5-3.9
0.0-0.02 1964-65
0.0-0.02
0.0
0.0002-0.350 1964-65
0.0-<0.100 1964-65
REFERENCE
44
183
183
183
178
181
1968
0.001-0.003
0.011-0.025
0.002
0.002
Mean Positive:
0.014 1962-67
0.006
0.004
241
241
111
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Chromium
(cont.)
SOURCE
Industrial waste
LOCATION
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
St. Lawrence R. at Massewa, N.Y.
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. at Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
0.006 1962-67
0.007
0.012
0.007
0.006
0.017
0.016
0.016
0.025
0.006
0.015
0.004
0.009
0.112 1962-67
(max. cone.)
REFERENCE
111
0.0022-0.0078
0.0024-0.030
0.010-0.024
0.0092-0.020
0.015-0.040
0.0026-0.084
0.0019-0.0068
<0.00072-0.0070
0.0013-0.0045
0.0023-0.0070
0.0000
0.0001
<0.0001-<0.0002
<0.0004
<0.0010-<0.0020
<0.0003-<0.0040
<0.0002-<0.0080
<0.0009
<0.0010-<0.0020
1958-59
111
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
44
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT_
Chromium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.0005-0.003
<0.0006-<0.0020
<0.002
<0.0003-<0.0030
<0.0010-0.0020
<0.0003-0.0110
0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0007-<0.0020
<0.0008-<0.0010
<0.0020-<0.0030
<0.0020-<0.0100
<0.0002-0.0030
<0.0020-0.0080
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0020-<0.0030
<0.0030-<0.0050
<0.0007-0.0010
<0.0010-<0.0020
<0.0030-<0.0040
<0.0030-<0.0040
<0.0050-<0.0070
<0.0020-<0.0040
<0.0050-<0.0060
<0.0040-<0.0050
<0.002-<0.0080
<0.0009-<0.0020
<0.0060
<0.0010
<0.0020-<0.0050
<0.0040-<0.0080
<0.0009-<0.0070
<0.0002
0.0040
<0.0008
<0.0003-0.0100
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Chromium
(cont.)
SOURCE
Industrial waste
LOCATION
Cobalt
Co
Weathering of rock
Weathering of rock
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and UPper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Spokane R. near Otis Orchards,
Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin
Snake R. Basin
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
Allegheny R. at Pittsburgh, Pa.
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.1
1964-65
REFERENCE
183
0.0
0.0
Mean Positive: 0.014 1962-67
0.009
0.001
0.019
0.033
0.018
0.011
0.008
0.036
0.011
0.008
0.048
(max. cone.)
183
183
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
0.0-<0.00075
0.0-0.0052
0.0
0.0-<0.0011
0.0-<0.0013
0.0-0.0058
0.0-<0.00089
0.0-<0.0033
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
1958-59
Vermont rivers
65 streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.
Passalc R. near Chatam, N.J.)
Detected
at
1964-65
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
273
222
-------
TABLE H(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Cobalt
Co
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch, Arkansas R.
and a few minor streams (max.
at California Gulch at Malta,
Colo.)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
CONCENTRATION (tng/D
0.0-0.112
1964-65
REFERENCE
181
44
0.0000
<0.0001
<0.0001-
<0.0004
<0.0030-
<0.00'06-
<0.0002-
<0.0020
<0.0010-
<0.0010-
<0.0010-
<0.0040
<0.0005-
<0.0010-
<0.0007-
<0.0010-
<0.0010-
<0.0020-
<0.0020-
<0.0050-
<0.0004-
<0.0020-
<0.0010-
<0,0040-
<0.0070'
<0.0010-
<0.0030-
<0.007Q.
<0.0060
<0.0100
<0.0020
<0.0050
<0.0090
1962-63
<0.0002
<0.0050
<0.0080
<0.0240
<0.0020
<0.0030
-<0.0030
-<0.0050
-<0.0050
XO.OOSO
-< 0.0060
-<0.0070
-<0.0030
-<0.0080
-<0.0100
-<0.004
-<0.0080
-<0.0060
-<0.0060
-<0.0100
-< 0.0030
-<0.0050
-<0.0090
-<0.0090
-<0.0050
-<0.0060
i-<0.0100
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Cobalt
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Copper
Cu
Corrosive action of
water on copper
and brass tubing;
Industrial efflu-
ents; herbicide;
weathering of rock
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook :
Calcareous -Site 1
Acidic *- Site 2
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
44
<0.0050-<0.0300
<0.0020-<0.0060
<0.0100
<0.0020-<0.0030
<0.0040-<0.0130
<0.0040-<0.0200
<0.0020-<0.0100
<0.0005
<0.0090
<0.0020
<0.0004-<0.0020
Q.013-0.020
0.022-0.030
0.016
0.022
1962-63
1968
Mean Positive:
0.015 1962-67
0.017
0.014
0.011
0.023
0.011
0.014
0.007
0.017
0.019
0.010
0.011
0.009
0.012
0.012
0.009
241
241
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Copper
(cont.)
SOURCE
Corrosive action of
water on copper
and brass tubing;
industrial efflu-
ents; herbicide;
weathering of rock
LOCATION
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R, at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at N. Fork Stillaquamish R. near
Arlington, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
at Hooper, Wash.)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Raritan R. at Stanton, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch, Arkansas R. and a
few minor streams (max. at California
Gulch at Malta, Colo.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0021-0.0051 1958-59
0.0036-0.010
0.0085-0.0088
0.003-0.027
0.0045-0.044
0.0069-0.074
0.0027-0.028
0.0014-0.014
0.0051-0.105
0.0025-0.0063
0.0-0,10 1964-65
0.01-0.05
0.01-0.05
0.0008-0.340 1964-65
0.0-7.0
Streams in California
Monongahela R, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Average: 0.018
0.28
(max. cone.)
1962-67
REFERENCE
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
183
183
183
178
181
222
111
-------
TABLE II (COm.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Copper
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Ul
NO
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0009
0.0040
0.0400-0.0460
0.0160
0.0100-0.0500
0.0010-0.0800
<0.0004-0.2000
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.001-0.0020
0.0020-0.0500
<0.0002-0.1000
0.0200
0.0003-0.0020
0.0010-0.0100
0.0020-0.0150
0.0030-0.0100
0.0007-0.0700
0.0030-0.0400
<0.0008-0.0090
0.004-0.300
0.0009-0.0400
0.0020-0.0400
0.0060-0.9800
<0.0006-0.006
<0.0010
<0.0030-0.0040
0.0010-0.0090
0.0080-0.0100
0.0070-0.0100
<0.0020
0.0010-0.0180
0.0030-0.0200
<0.0010-0.0100
<0.0020-0.1000
0.0060-0.01600
0.006-0.0100
0.0030-0.2000
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Copper
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Dysprosium
Dy
Erbium
Er
Europium
Eu
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0010-0.0030 1962-63
<0.0020-0.0350
0.0004-0.2000
0.0200
0.0080
0.0080
0.001-0.0600
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
REFERENCE
44
47,58
47,58
47,58
Fluoride ion
F~
Bozeman City Sewage
Treatment Plant;
slaughter house
and stockyards,
etc., (Montana)
Weathering of rock
Surface waters of U.S.
Drinking water of 163 metropolitan
areas in U.S.
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.
(various locations along rivers
from sources of pollution)
Colorado R. Basin (max, at Virgin
R. below Littlefield, Ariz.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Calif, (max.
at Colusa Trough near Colusa,
Calif.)
0.1
0
0.4
0.4
Average: 0.25
3.6-16.0
0.0-0.9
0.1-0.7
June 1961
Sept 1961
Oct. 1961
1961
1950-51
1964-65
133
133
133
133
206
227
182
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Fluoride
F~
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake (max. at Humboldt R. near
Rye Patch, Nev.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R. at
King Hill, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Tonsina R. at Tonsina,
Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Wissachickon Creek at Fort Washing-
.ton, Pa.)
South Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Alafia R. at Lithia, Fla.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tuscarawas R.
at Newcomerstown, Ohio)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Black
R. at Elyria, Ohio)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Cedar Creek
near Columbia, Mo.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Souris R. near
Verendrye, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Center Creek at Oronogo, Mo.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max. at
Double Mountain Fork Brazos R. at
Justiceburg, Tex.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.8
0.0-1.0
0.0-0.5
0.0-0.9
0.0-0.6
0,0-1.4
0.0-17.0
0.0-4.2
0.0-1.7
0.0-3.4
0.0-1.2
0.0-15.0
0.0-2.1
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
Illinois surface waters (max. at Illinois 0.0-2.4
R. at Peoria-1964)
1956-66
REFERENCE
183
183
183
183
183
178
178
179
180
180
181
181
86
-------
TABLE ii (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
_ AGENT
Fluoride
F~
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Natural sources
Ln
Ln
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R, a
at Bethlehem, Pa.-1966)
Community water supplies with natural
fluoride content of 0.7 mg/1 or
greater:
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa ,
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
0.0-1.6
0,
*0,
-3.2
-9.7
0.8-
*0.
0,
0,
*0.6-
0,
0,
*0.
0,
*0,
0,
0.8
0.7
1.8
0.8
0.7-
0.8-
9,
1.6
4.0
4.0
2,1
2.4
3.5
4.2
5.8
2.2
6.0
4.0
1.2
8.0
*0,
0,
0.7-
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.7
4.5
2.0
3.6
2.0
5.0
0
1.5
1.3
2.0
11.0
-2.9
-5.4
-2.4
-13.6
1945-66
REFERENCE
130
1969
152
*below 7 mg/1 reading due to communities reporting
maximum and minimum cone, within system.
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Fluoride
F~
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Ul
ON
Community water supplies with natural
fluoride content of 0.7 mg/1 or
greater:
Oregon
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.7-2.1
0.8-1.4
0.7-4.5
*0,4-7.8
0.7-7.6
0.7-1.4
*0.6-10.1
*0.5-2.1
0.8
*0.4-2.5
*0.4-1.4
1.4-2.6
1.0
0.0
0.0-0.2
0.5
1.1
0.0-1.0
0.1-1.0
2
0.2-1,1
0.8-1.0
0.7-1.0
0.4
0.0-0.8
0.2-1.2
0.0-0.4
0.1-0.5
0.0-0,2
0.2-0.9
0
REFERENCE
152
1969
44
1962-63
*below 7 mg/1 reading due to communities reporting
maximum and minimum cone, within system.
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Fluoride
F~
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
0.2-1.4 1962-63
0.1-1.4
0.1-1.1
0.2-1.0
0.2-1.1
0.2-1.2
0.6-1.1
0.0-1.0
1.1-1.2
0.4-0.6
0.9-1.4
0.4-0.9
0.1-1.1
0.5=0.6
0.9-1.0
0.3-0.9
0.9-1.3
0.7-0.8
0.1-0.2
0.1-0.3
0.5-1.1
0.0-0.6
0.0
<0.1
0.0
0.0-0.4
Gadolinium
Gd
Gallium
Ga
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Streams in California
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch and Arkansas R.
at Malta, Colo. (max. at Califor-
nia Gulch)
REFERENCE
44
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
None detected
<0.0005-<0.40 1964-65
47,58
47,58
222
181
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
Ul
00
AGENT
Germanium
Ge
SOURCE
LOCATION
Gold
Au
Hafnium
Hf
Holmium
Ho
Hydrogen ion
H +
Principal rivers of U.S.
Streams in California
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch and Arkansas R.
at Malta, Colo. (max. at Califor-
nia Gulch)
Fresh and. ground waters
Principal rivers in U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin
High - Little Spokane R. at Dart-
ford, .Wash;
Low - Stillaguamish R. near
Silvana, Wash.
Snake River Basin
High - Snake-R. at King Hill, Idaho
Low - Palouse R. at Hooper, Wash.
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin
Alaska
High - Tanana R. near Tanacross,
Alaska
Low - Anchor R. at Anchor Point,
Alaska
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
None detected 1958-59
0.00041 and 0.0037
<0.00025-<0.020 1964-65
0.000001-0.044
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
0.0004-0.000004 1964-65
0.0001-0.000004
0.00032-0.000005
0.00012-0.000004
REFERENCE
47,58
222
181
103
47,58
47,58
47,58
183
183
183
183
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT SOURCE
Hydrogen ion
(cont.)
H+
VD
LOCATION
Colorado R, Basin
High - Dolores R. near Cisco, Utah
Low - Green R. near LaBarge, Wyo.
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
High - Jordan R. at Salt Lake City,
Utah
Low - Kennecott Drain near Magna,
Utah
Pacific Slope Basins in California
High - Shasta R. near Yreka, Calif.
Low - Calaveras R. near Stockton,
Calif.
North Atlantic Slope Basins
High - Neshamlny Creek near Langhone,
Pa.
Low - Potomas R. at Steyer, Md.
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins
High - Miami Canal near Miami, Fla.
Low - St. Mary's R. near MacClenny,
Fla.
Ohio R. Basin
High - Collins R. near McMinnville,
Tenn.
Low - Kiskiminetas R. at Leechburg,
Pa.
St. Lawrence R. Basin
High - Maumee R. at Toledo, Ohio
Low - Black R. at Elyria, Ohio
Missouri R, Basin
High - Kiowa Creek near Lyman, Neb.
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins
High - Big Coulee near Churches
Ferry, N. Dak.
Low - Sheyenne R, at Lisbon, N. Dak.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
0.00032-0.000002 1964-65 182
0.0004-0.00000063
0.00032-0.0000016
0.63-0.0000025
0.032-0.000004
182
182
178
178
0.79-0.0000005
0.032-0.000012
0.50-0.000002^^ 1964-65
0.0002-0.0000032
179
179
180
180
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Hydrogen ion
(cont.)
HH-
SOURCE
LOCATION
Indium
In
Iodine
I
Iridium
Ir
Iron
Fe
Industrial
Industrial waste,
natural brines
Sewage treatment
plant effluent
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
High - Arkansas R. at Arkansas
City, Kansas
Low - California Gulch at Malta,
Colo.
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins
High - Old R. near Cove, Tex.
Low - Rabbit Creek at Kilgore,
Tex.
Lehigh R. Basin
High - Jordan Creek at Guthsville,
Pa.-1960
Low - Quakake Creek tributary at
Hudsondale, Pa.-1945
Principal rivers of U.S.
Lake Superior
Lake Superior tributaries
Lake Michigan
Lake Huron
St. Clair R.
Lake St. Clair
Detroit R.
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Potomac R.
Patuxent R. (near point of discharge)
Principal rivers of U.S.
98 U.S. rivers
Surface waters in U.S.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1) REFERENCE
0.50-0.0000004 1964-65 181
0.10-0.0000025
181
0.79-0.0000016 1964-65 130
None detected
0.0004-0.0022
0.0003-0.0041
0.0007-0.0014
0.0009-0.0021
0.0014-0.0031
0.0015-0.0021
0.0010-0.0017
0.0009-0.0042
0.0018-0.0055
0.0045
0.019
None detected
1958-59
47,58
239
1958-59
0.02-3.0 (1 yr. range)
0.0 Aug. 1961
0.17 Sept 1961
0.40 Oct. 1961
256
256
47,58
155
133
-------
TABLE II(COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Iron
Fe
(cont.)
SOURCE
Dissolved mineral
matter
LOCATION
1,400 wells in Blythertle, Ark.
Drinking water of 163 metropolitan
areas in U.S.
Platte R. near Venice, Neb.
Platte R. at Ashland , Neb.
Elkhorn R. at Q Street , Neb.
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.01
Average: 0.12
0.42
0.41
0.35
0.07-0.54
0.12-2.0
1961
1950-51
1969
1968
1968
0.08
0.03
Mean Positive: 0.051 1962-67
0.019
0.120
0.037
0.028
0.035
0.035
0.022
0.037
0.069
0.040
0.173
0.032
0.046
0.070
0.025
REFERENCE
155
206
39
39
39
241
241
111
Sabine R. near Ruliff, Tex.
0.95"2
(max. cone.)
111
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Iron
(undefined)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Municipal and
industrial
Weathering of rock,
acid waters, etc.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Iron
Fe
Lake Erie
Apalachicola R. near
Blounstown, Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs, La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. at Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Colorado R. Basin
(Maximum - Yampa R. near
Maybell, Colo.)
Pacific Slope Basins in California
Crater Lake near Crater Lake, Oreg.
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake (Maximum - Weber R. at
Gateway, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Issaquah Creek near Issaquah,
Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
0.020
0.085-1.22
0.517-1.24
0.111-0.160
0.131-0.280
0.207-0.650
0.663-1.67
0.125-0.735
0.112-1.210
0.031-0.154
1.130
0.00-0.79
0.01
0.0-0.21
0.00-0.74
0.03-0.32
1966
1958-59
REFERENCE
47
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
182
182
182
183
183
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Iron
Fe (cont.)
SOURCE
a-.
LOCATION
Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R.
at Clarkston, Wash.)
Alaska (max. at Matanuska R. at
Palmer, Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basin (max.
at Mullica R. near Batsta, N.Y.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Pasquo-
tank R. near Elizabeth City, N.C.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tradewater R.
at Olney, Ky.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Black
R. at Elyrla, Ohio)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Cedar
Creek, near Columbia, Mo.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Bois de Sioux R.
near White Rock, S.D.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
California Gulch" at Malta, Colo.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Angelina R. near Zavalla, Tex.)
Surface waters in Illinois (max. at
Bay Creek at Nebo-1966)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
at Lehigh Tanner, Pa.-1959)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.43
0.0-0.74
0.0-3.5 1964-1965
0.0-1.4
0.0-21.0 1964-65
0.0-3.9
0.0-15.0 1964-65
0.0-0.95
0.0-34.0 1964-65
0.0-1.7
REFERENCE
183
183
178
178
179
180
180
181
181
0.0-116.0
0.0-1.2
1956-66
1945-66
86
130
Streams in California
Average: 0.033
222
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Iron
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
0.0020
0.0150
0.0770-0.1000
0.0270
0.0050-0.0400
0.0050-0.3000
0.0000-0.0600
0.0030-0.0200
0.0400-0.0600
0.0100-0.0200
0.0050-0.0810
0.2000
0.0090-0.0500
0.0030-0.0100
0.0040-0.0330
0.0500-0.0800
0.0100-0.2730
0.0040-0.0400
<0.0080-0.0500
0.0100-0.200
0.0060-0.2500
0.0050-0.1000
0.0050-0.0290
0.0040-0,0600
<0.0070-0.0200
0.003-0.0100
0.0200-0.1000
0.0300-0.0700
<0.0070-0.0350
0.0500-1.0000
0.0050-0.1410
0.0130-0.0200
0.0200-0.3000
<0.0070-0.2000
0.0090=0.0400
0.0200-0.1000
0.0700-0,2000
REFERENCE
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Iron
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Lanthanum
La
Lead
Pb
Ul
Weathering of lime-
stone and galena;
various mining
and industrial
effluents
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Principal rivers of U.S.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
0.0050-0.0130
0.0050-0.2000
0.0200-1.0000
0.2000
0.2550
0.0500
0.0100-0.3000
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
Mean Positive: 0.017 1962-67
0.014
0.008
0.017
0.030
0.039
0.033
0.014
0.039
0.037
0.032
0.004
0.015
0.004
0.018
0.012
47
111
Ohio R. at Evansville, Ind.
0.140
(max. cone.)
Ill
-------
TABLE II(COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Lead
(cont.)
SOURCE
Weathering of lime-
stone and galena;
various mining
and industrial
effluents
LOCATION
Apalachicola R, near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Assunpink Creek at Trenton, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch, Arkansas R. and
a few minor streams (max. at
California Gulch at Malta, Colo.)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0021-0.0062 1958-59
0.0011-0.011
<0.008-0.016
<,0012-0.0050
0.0029-0.010
0.004-0,009
0.0012-0.015
0.0-0.0045
0.0011-0.0072
0.0015-0.0086
Average: 0.0057
<0.0012-0.240 1964-65
REFERENCE
47,58
0.0-1.0
1964-65
222
178
181
1962-63
44
0.0001
0.0003
0.0004-0.0006
0.0010
<0.0070-<0.0100
<0.0020-<0.0200
0.0005-<0.0120
<0.0040
<0.0010-<0.0040
<0.0030-0.0050
0.0020-<0.0060
0.0100
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Lead
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.0020-<0.0100
0.0020-<0.0100
<0,0020-0.0330
<0.0030-<0.0100
<0.0030-0.0030
<0.0040-0.0060
<0.0100-<0.0150
<0.0100-0.0200
<0.0010-<0.0100
<0.0050-<0.0160
0.0020-0.0200
0.0100
<0.0200
<0.0020-
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Lithium
Li
SOURCE
Industrial waste and
small amount of
rock weathering
LOCATION
Lutetium
Lu
Magnesium
Mg
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz,
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg,
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La,
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif,
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Raritan R. at Manville, N.J.)
Principal rivers of U.S.
Surface waters of U.S.
Drinking water for 163 metropolitan
areas in U.S.
Platte R. near Venice, Neb.
Platte R. at Ashland, Neb.
Elkhorn R. at Q Street, Neb.
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface waters
Big Flat Brook:
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.000075-0.00070 1958-59
0.0019-0.0045
0.035-0.037
0.00059-0.0039
0.00028-0.0022
0.0018-0.0049
0.00014-0.0024
0.00066-0.0021
0.0034-0.0035
0.0020
REFERENCE
47,58
0.0-0.027
None detected
2.6
7.0
8.9
28.0
Aug. 1961
Sept.1961
Oct. 1961
1961
Average: 9.75
11.3
13.2
20.4
0.6-9.0
0.40-15.3
7.5
2.4
1964-65
1958-59
1950-51
1969
1968
178
47
133
206
39
241
241
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Magnesium
Mg
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Bozeman city sewage
treatment plant;
slaughter house
and stockyard,
etc. (Montana)
Weathering of rock
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin
R. (various locations along
rivers from sources of
pollution)
Colorado R, Basin (max. at San
Rafael R. near Green River,
Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in California
(max. at San Benito R. near
Willow Creek School, Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake (max. at Goggin Drain near
Magna, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R, Basin (max.
at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Snake R, at
King Hill, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Nenana R. near Healy,
Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Little Schulykill R. at South
Tamaqua, Pa.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
near Homestead, Fla.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Monongahela R.
at Charleroi, Pa.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Black
Creek at Churchville, N.Y.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1.41-2.01
REFERENCE
227
2.3-243.0
0.0-120.0
0.1-382.0
0.2-32.0
0.5-20.0
0.2-22.0
0.5-13.0
0.2-136.0
0.0-1480.0
0.1-54.0
0.5-48.0
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
182
182
182
183
183
183
183
178
178
179
179
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Magnesium
Mg
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Medicine
Lake near Florence, S. Dak.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Eastern Stump
Lake near Lokota, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Purgatoire R. near Las Animas,
Colo.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Colorado R. near Ira, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at
Wolf Creek near Beecher City-1963)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Nesquehoning
Creek near Nesquehoning, Pa.-1945)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.1-12,000.0
3.0-7,500.0
0.0-573.0
0.0-573.0
0.1-225.3
0.3-25.0
3.2
0.5
0.5-1.2
6.5
9.2
2.7-33.0
1.2-19.0
2.4
2.9-5.8
1.5-2.9
2.9-8.7
9.7
1.2-12.0
2.4-4.6
1.0-19.0
0.8-13.0
1.0-3.0
6.3-7.8
9.7-29.0
11.0-31.0
1964-65
1964-65
1956-66
1945-66
1962-63
REFERENCE
180
180
181
181
86
130
44
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Magnesium
Mg
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Manganese
Mn
Dissolved mineral
matter
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Well, Mansfield, Mass.
Surface waters in Mass., N.J.,
Calif., Ohio, Md., and Holland
Wanaque Reservoir, N.J.
Surface and ground Waters in U.S.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1.9-11.0
4.3-26.0
1.0-35.0
22.0-30.0
15.0-25.0
4.4-5.3
11.0-17.0
9.7-14.0
3.9-9.7
14.0-39.0
<0.1-8.0
5.8-16.0
14.0-21.0
2.9-33.0
2.9-33.0
39.0-48.0
3.4-6.3
8.7-40.0
2.9-31.0
5.3-19.0
2.9
4.4
0.7
4.0-16.0
0.30
0.0-0.90
0.0-0.16
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
1961
1961
155
264
133
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Manganese
(cont-)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Dissolved mineral
matter; acid
mine waste (Ohio
Basin)
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
0.0035
0.0027
0.0028
0.0037
0.232
0.138
0.0098
0.0023
0.0138
0.009
0.012
0.010
0.0028
0.0028
0.0078
0.0018
1962-67
REFERENCE
111
K>
Dissolved mineral
matter
Dissolved mineral
matter; acid
mine waste (Ohio
Basin)
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Schulykill R. at Cressona, Pa.)
Allegheny R. at Pittsburgh, Pa.
0.004-0.025
0.012-0.100
0.021-0.037
0.0055-0.014
0.035-0.150
0.012-0.185
0.0067-0.020
0.0063-0.050
<0,0021-0.079
0.181
Average: 0.0071
0.0-7.4
3.230
(max. cone.)
1958-59
47,58
222
178
1962-67
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Manganese
(cont.)
SOURCE
Weathering of rock
LOCATION
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tradewater
R. at Olney, Ky.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at
Sandusky R. near Fremont, Ohio)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Cedar
Creek near Columbia, Mo.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Sheyenne R. near
Cooperstown, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
California Gulch at Malta, Colo.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at
Otter Creek near Paliuyra-1964)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R. at
Catasauqua, Pa.-1945)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-29.0
0.0-1,2
0.0-50.0
0.0-3.8
0.0-340.0
0.0-4.2
0.0-0.65
1964-65
1964-65
REFERENCE
179
179
180
1956-66
1945-66
1962-63
181
86
130
44
0.0000
0.0004
0.0020-0.0026
0.0006
<0.0050-0.0200
<0.0030-<0.0200
0.0000-0.0680
<0.0030
<0.0010-0.0300
0.0050-0.0300
0.0020=0.0900
0.2000
<0.0010-0.0200
<0.0002-<0.0050
<0.0010-0.0230
<0.0060-0.0600
0.0025-0.0700
-------
TABLE II (COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Manganese
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Mercury
Hg
Caustic-chlorine
plants, vinyl
chloride plants;
pulp and paper
mills; mines from
Hg containing
ores
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
9 municipal water supplies, Denver,
Colo.
Principal rivers of U.S.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
<0.0030-<0.0050
<0.0050-0.0100
0.0090-0.2000
0.0010-0.0070
<0.0040-0.1000
<0.0002-0.1000
<0.0080-2.0000
<0.0100-<0.0200
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0050-<0.0090
<0.0100-0.0200
<0.0060-0.0090
<0.0300-0.3000
<0.0004-0.0120
<0.0060-<0.0130
0.0200
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
SOURCE
LOCATION
Molybdenum Mineral weathering
Mo
Mineral weathering
Molybdenum deposits
and their pro-
cessing
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Arkansas R. at Coolidge, Kans.
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado*R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Surface waters of Colorado (max. at
East Fork Eagle R.)
Streams in California
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
0.025
0.033
0.015
0.025
0.070
0.068
0.088
0.028
0.083
0.095
0.130
0.024
0.030
0.045
0.145
0.017
1.100
(max. cone.)
1962-67
REFERENCE
111
0.0-0.0062
0.0-<0.0027
0.0065-0.0069
found-0.0021
0.0-0.0017
0.0-<0.0026
0.0-0.00035
0.0-<0.00047
0.0-0.00054
0.0-0.0012 ~
0.0-3.8
0.0001-0.005
1958-59
111
47,58
1965
10
222
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Molybdenum
Mo
(cont.)
SOURCE
Molybdenum-bearing
ores and processing
plant effluent
LOCATION
Tenmile Creek (receiving effluent)
Dillon Reservoir (about 20 miles
downstream from plant)
Marston filter plant - finished
water
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max.
at Raritan R. at Manville, N,J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch and Arkansas R.
at Malta, Colo. (max. at Califor-
nia Gulch)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
8.5-1.57 spring 1967
0.188-0.452 1967-69
0.040
1970
0.00008-0.014 1964-65
<0.00025-<0.020 1964-65
<0.0001
<0.0006
<0.0007-
<0.0020
0.0100-0
<0.0006-
<0.0010-
<0.0020
<0,0010-
<0.0010-
<0.0010-
<0.0040
<0.0005-
<0.0030-
<0.0007<
<0.0010
<0.0010
<0.0020
<0.0050
<0.0100
<0.0004
<0.0030
<0.0050
<0.0060
<0.0008
.0200
<0.0080
<0.0680
0.0030
<0.0030
0.0050
-<0.0050
<0.0080
<0.0050
<0.0060
<0.0020
<0.0080
<0.0080
0.0100
0.0050
0.0100
0.0470
<0.0100
REFERENCE
61
61
178
181
44
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Molybdenum
Mo
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Neodymium
Nd
Nickel
Ni
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Principal rivers of U.S.
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface waters
Big Flat Brook
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
0.0100
<0.0010-<0.0030
0.0040-0.0070
0.0070-0.0200
<0.0060-<0.0090
<0.0100-0.0100
<0,0050-<0.0190
<0.0060-<0.0130
0.0100
<0.0040-0.0300
<0.0020-<0.0060
0.0200
<0.0020-0.0040
0.0040-<0.0130
0.0161-0.0410
<0.0020-0.0300
<0.0005
<0.0020
<0.0020
<0.0004-0.0050
None detected
0.002-0.009
0.001-0.017
0.006
0.001
1958-59
1968
47,58
241
241
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Nickel
(con t.)
SOURCE
Metal plating; some
weathering (insolu-
ble compounds)
LOCATION
00
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Cuyahoga R. at Cleveland, Ohio
U.S. waters
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Assunpink Creek at Trenton, N.J.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive:
0.008
0.008
0.004
0.004
0.031
0.056
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.017
0.012
0.003
0.010
0.010
0.004
0.005
0.130
(max. cone.)
1962-67
REFERENCE
111
111
0.001-0.07
0.0026-0.034
found-0.047
1960-61
1958-59
128
47,58
0.0-0.30
found-0.036
0.0055-0.071
found-0.033
0.0061-0.029
found-0.020
found-0.011
found-0.017
0.001-0.005
0.0005-0.260
1964-65
222
178
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Nickel
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch and Arkansas R.
at Malta, Colo. (max. at Califor-
nia Gulch)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.069
1964-65
1962-63
REFERENCE
181
44
0.0000
<0.0001
<0.0001-<0.0002
<0.0004
0.0030-0.0050
<0.0005-<0.0080
<0.0002-0.1000
<0.0020
<0.0010-<0.0020
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0010-0.0050
<.0.0040
<0.0005-<0.0050
<0,0010-<0.0050
<0.0007-<0.0050
0.0010-<0.0060
<0.0010-0.0080
<0.0020-<0.0030
<0.0050=<0.0080
<0.0050-<0.0100
<0.0004-<0.0050
<0.0030-<0.0080
<0.0010-0.0100
<0.0040-0.0090
<0.0070-0.0100
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0030-<0.0050
<0.0070-<0.0090
<0.0060-<0.0090
<0.0100
<0.0020-<0.0050
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Nickel
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Niobium
Nb
Nitrite
ion
NOJ
Nitrate
ion
N03
Municipal and
industrial
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Principal rivers of U.S.
Tap water from laboratory
Tap water from laboratory (four
days in pipes)
Lake Erie
Surface waters of 98 U.S. rivers
Surface waters of U.S.
Missouri R. water
in Omaha, Neb.
in Kansas City, Mo.
in St. Louis County, Mo,
in St. Louis, Mo.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
<0.0060-
<0.0090-
<0.0050-
<0.0020-
<0.0100
0.0020-0
<0.0040-
<0.0020-
<0.0020-
0.0020
<0.0040
<0.0020
<0.0004-
<0.0130
<0.0100
<0.0300
<0.0060
.0040
<0.0130
<0.0080
<0.0100
<0.0030
None detected
0.00958
0.0235
0.002
1958-59
47,58
209
Range: 0.1-10.0
4.7
0.5
3.2
1.4
1966
1960-61
Aug. 1961
Sept 1961
Oct. 1961
1961
0.2-8.6
1.8
1.0-9.0
2.1-11.3
1951-66
monthly composite
155
133
125
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Nitrate
ioii
(cont.)
SOURCE
Municipal waste
Industrial mfg. of
ammonium nitrate
LOCATION
Agricultural
Municipal and indus-
trial pollution
oo
Hudson R.
Iowa
Ohio, 10% of municipal water supply
Mahoning R.
Ohio rural water supplies
Drinking water in 163 metropolitan
areas in U.S.
Missouri wells
Lake Erie
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Gila R.
below Gillespie Dam, Ariz.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Calif, (max.
at Salinas R. near Sprechles, Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
(max. at Jordan R. at Salt Lake City,
Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington and
Upper Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Flett Creek at Tacoma, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
at Hooper, Wash.)
Alaska (max. at Trail R. near Lowing,
Alaska
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Rockaway R. at Pine Brook, N.J.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Plantation
Rd. Canal near Fort Lauderdale, Fla.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
0.2-1.0
10.0-100.0
<1.0
-v-10
10.0-100.0
Average : 2 .
^5-300
1.0
0.00-60.0
0.0-38.0
)
0.0-17.0
1970
1948
July 1947
March 1948
1948
3 1950-51
1966
1964-65
90
260
260
260
260
206
225
5
182
182
183
0.0-12.0
0.0-4.2
0.0-14.0
0.0-2.8
0.0-62.0
0.0-620.0
1964-65
183
183
183
183
178
178
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Nitrate
ion
(cont. )
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
oo
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Great Miami 0.0-23.0
R. at Elizabethtown, Ohio)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at 0.2-113.0
Black R. at Elyria, Ohio)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Horse 0.0-77.0
Creek near Vale, S. Dak.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R. 0.0-24.0
Basins (max. at Blue Earth R. near
Rapidan, Minn.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at 0.0-302.0
Fountain Creek at Pueblo, Colo.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max. 0.0-54.0
at Yegua Creek near Somerville, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at 0.0-48.4
Illinois R. Meredosia-1962)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Black Creek 0.0-23.0
near Weatherly-1963)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut 0.00
Maine 0.1
Massachusetts 0.0
New Hampshire 0.1
Vermont 0.0
New Jersey 0.0
New York 0.0-45.7
Pennsylvania 0.0-4.4
Kentucky 0.5-1.3
Maryland 0.3-1.8
North Carolina 0.1
Virginia 0.7-4.9
W. Virginia
Alabama 0.0-3.4
Florida 0.2-0.6
Georgia 0.8
Mississippi 0.0-4.4
South Carolina 0.0-0.3
1964-65
1964-65
1956-66
1945-66
REFERENCE
179
179
180
180
181
181
86
130
44
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Nitrate
ion
NO^
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
oo
co
Cyanide ion
CN-
Train wreck in Dun-
reith, Indiana,
Jan. 1, 1968
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
Hawaii
Nevada
Washington
Buck Creek (downstream from Dunreith)
Big Blue River
Various sites downstream to Seymour,
Ind.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
1.7-2.9
1.1-2.6
0.1-1.7
0.0-0,2
0.0-0.6
0.1-0.3
0.1
5.5-5.8
0.3
3.2-5.0
0.2
0.8-0.9
0.0-5.6
0.0-3.6
1.4-2.2
0.2-1.0
0.5-12.0
1.0-99.8
1.6
0.0
0.8-1.8
405
20
0.015-15.6
REFERENCE
44
Jan. 3, 1968
147
147
147
Ammonium ion
NH.+
4
Fertilizer spill
Municipal and indus-
trial
Missouri R.
Omaha, Neb.
Kansas City, Mo.
St. Louis County, Mo.
St. Louis, Mo,
Lake Erie
Illinois surface waters (max. at
Rock R, at Como-1957)
0.05-13.0
0.0-6.3
0.0-13.0
0.0
0.027
0.0-2.2
1951-66
1966
1945-66
125
5
86
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
SOURCE
Osmium
Os
Palladium
Pd
Phosphorus
P
LOCATION
00
-R-
Detergents
Downstream from a
domestic sewage
treatment plant
effluent
Heavy domestic or
agricultural
drainage
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Lake Erie
U.S. rivers
Wisconsin Creek
Lakes and reservoirs in Illinois
Lake water
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R, Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1) REFERENCE
None detected 1958-59 47,58
None detected 1958-59 47
0.0-0.65
0.01-1
0.4
0-0.1
0.8
Mean Positive:
0.044 1962-67
0.048
0.043
0.042
0.130
0.153
0.243
0.031
0.353
0.081
0.121
0.173
0.047
0.083
0.037
0.040
117
34
34
34
34
111
Big Sioux R.
S. Dak.
Below Sioux Falls,
5.040
(max. cone.)
111
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Phosphorus
P
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Phosphate ion
Municipal and indus-
trial pollution
Detergents, water
treatment, domestic
and industrial
sewage, fertilizers
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. at Dalles, Greg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R, near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Kanawha R. at
Winfield, W. Va.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin .(max. at Maumee
R. at Toledo, Ohio)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at East Fork
Chariton R. near Huntsville, Mo.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Center Creek near Carterville, Mo.)
Wolf R., Wisconsin
Upper Fox River, Wisconsin
Lake Winnebago Shores, Wisconsin
Detroit R. (mouth - U.S. portion)
Detroit R. (western basin)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max,
at Issaquah Creek near Isaaquah,
Wash.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0-<0.058
0-<0.186
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0-<0.223
0.0-<0.098
0.0-<0.110
0.0
<0.195
0.0-13.1
0.02-3.3
0.0-0.06
0.0-11.8
^0.09-0.58
^0.13-1.55
0.15-0.82
<0.18
1 . 2 (maximum)
0.0-0.99
1958-59
REFERENCE
47,58
1964-65
1966-68
179
179
180
181
175
1964-65
183
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
__AGENT
Phosphate
P°*
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
oo
Platinum
Pt
Potassium
K
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R. at
Hooper, Wash.)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Rockaway R. at Pine Brook, N.J.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Mill Branch
- tributary near Fort Meade, Fla.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Center Creek near Carterville, Mo.)
^Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Trinity R. near Rosser, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at
Illinois R. at Peoria-1963)
Stream in Davis mine, Rowe, Mass.,
Providence R.
Principal rivers 6f U.S.
98 rivers in U.S.
Surface waters in U.S.
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0-0.48
0.08-1.0
0,0-25.0
0.0-603.0
1964-65
1964-65
0.0-31.0 1964-65
0.36-10.00
0.0-9.4
0.17
1.34
1956-66
1968
1969
None detected 1958-59
REFERENCE
183
183
178
178
181
181
86
100
47,58
1.5
0.9
5.1
4.0
0.6-9.0
0.40-15
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
.3
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1968
155
133
241
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Potassium
K
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Bozeman city sewage
treatment plant;
slaughter house
and stockyard,
etc. (Montana)
Weathering of rock
oo
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R.
(various locations along rivers
from sources of pollution)
Colorado R. Basin (max, at Dolores
R. near Cisco, Utah)
Pacific Slope in California (max.
at Salinas R. near Spreckles,
Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake (max. at Humboldt R. near
Rye Patch, Nev.)
Pacific Slope Basin in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet,
Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Palouse R.
at Hooper, Wash.)
Alaska (max. at Anchor R. at Anchor
Point, Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Wissahickon Creek at Fort Washing-
ton, Pa.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
near Homestead, Fla.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
6.6
0.6
1.96-6.65
0.8-35.0
0.0-23.0
0.5-12.0
0.0-20.0
0.1-7.8
0.4-5.8
0.0-8.0
0.0-15.0
0.0-440.0
REFERENCE
241
227
1964-65
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
178
178
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Potassium
K
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
00
00
Praseodymium
Pr
Rhenium
Re
Rhodium
Rh
Rubidium
Rb
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Kiskiminetas
R. at Leechburg, Pa.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Tru-
mansburg Creek at Trumansburg,
N.Y.)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Bitter
Lake near Waubay, S. Dak.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
near Lakota, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Little R. near Rochelle, La.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Mission R. at Refugio, Tex.)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
at Glendon, Pa.-1957)
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Oreg.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R.. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. V-ernon Landing,
Ala.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1) REFERENCE
0.0-13.0 1964-65 179
0.1-7.8 179
0.6-1010.0 1964-65
0.8-1400.0
0.2-109.0
0.5-112.0
0.0-7.0
1945-66
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
None detected
<0.00075-0.002 1958-59
0.0002-<0.0027
0.0-<0.008
<0.0011-0.0014
<0.0011-0.0021
0.0025-0.0074
<0.00089-0.0039
180
180
181
181
130
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Rubidium
Rb
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Ruthenium
Ru
Samarium
Sm
Scandium
Sc
CO
Selenium
Se
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Passaic R. near Chatam, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basins
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
0.001-<0.0016 1958-59 47,58
<0.0015-<0.0021
0.0
0.00006-0.016 1964-65 178
0.0 1964-65 181
None detected 1958-59 47,58
None detected 1958-59 47,58
0.0-trace 47
0.0-trace 47
0.0-trace 47
0.0-trace 47
44
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Selenium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Silicon
Si
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook
Calcareous *- Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.0005-<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0,010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
3.5-11.2
3.7-12.1
2.5
4.0
1968
241
241
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Silicon
d ioxide
SOURCE
LOCATION
Weathering of rock
Weathering of rock
Surface waters of 98 U.S.
rivers
Missouri R.
Omaha, Neb.
Kansas City, Mo.
St. Louis County, Mo.
St. Louis, Mo.
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Gila
R. near Gila, N. M.)
Pacific Slope Basins in California
(max. at Shasta R. near Yreka,
Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt
Lake (max. at Goggin Drain near
Magna, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Champoeg Creek near Champoeg, Ore.)
Snake R._ Basin (max. at Boise R. at
Notus, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Anchor R. at Anchor
Point, Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Wippany R. near Wippany, N.J.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Alafia R.
at Lithia, Fla.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Tradewater R.
at Olney, Ky.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at St.
Louis R. at Scanlon, Minn.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
8-48
4.2-16.0
2.0-24.0
5.0-20.0
7.5-13.6
1.5-39.0
2.5-51.0
1.2-60.0
0.9-32.0
3.6-39.0
3.7-34.0
3.0-31.0
0.3-3.0
0.2-65.0
0.4-4990.0
0.7-17.0
1961
1951-66
REFERENCE
155
125
1964-65
1964-65
1964-65
182
182
182
183
183
183
183
178
178
179
179
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Silicon
dioxide
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Silver
Ag
Leaching of ores;
electroplating;
processing of
food and beve-
rages
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Hale
Drain near Scottsbluff, Neb.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi
R. Basins (max. at Big Coulee
near Churches Ferry, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max.
at Canadian R. near Amarillo,
Tex.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins
(max. at Croton Creek near
Joyton, Tex.)
Surface waters in Illinois (max.
at Cache R. at Forman-1957)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Lehigh R.
at Bethlehem, Pa.-1960)
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Colorado R. at Lotna, Colo.
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. near Dalles, Ore.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
2.2-69.0
2.9-66.0
0.6-73.0
0.1-56.0
0.6-66.7
1.1-14.0
1956-66
1945-66
Mean Positive: 0.0019 1962-67
0.0009
0.0004
0.0021
0.0053
0.0034
0.0014
0.0012
0.0043
0.0058
0.0009
0.0003
0.0011
0.038 1962-67
(max. cone.)
<0.000058-0.00011 1958-59
0.0-0.00033
0-0.001
0.00009-0.00015
REFERENCE
180
180
181
181
86
130
111
111
47,58
47,58
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Silver
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Sodium
Na
vo
LO
Recharge water pur-
chas-ed from the
metropolitan
water district
Highway deicing
Weathering of rock,
etc.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Wippany R. at Morristown, N. J.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
Santa Ana R., Calif.
Platte R.
Platte R.
near Venice
at Ashland ,
, Neb.
Neb.
Elkhorn R. at Q Street , Neb.
New Jersey surface waters
summer flow
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Seven rivers in Maine
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Dolores
R. near Cisco, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in California
(max. at San Benito R. near Willow
Creek School, Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake
(max. at Goggin Drain near Magna,
Utah)
<0.00013-0.00059 1958-59 47,58
0-<0.00022
<0.000085-0.00028
0-<0.00016
0.0-0.00029
<0.00020-0.00031
0.0-0.00012
high
31.6
33.1
24.3
3.0-9.6
1964-65 178
1970
1969
1969
1969
1968
3.7
2.5
<0.5-10.7 July
0.5-8.8 October
0.5-10.7 April
2.3-1160.0 1964-65
1.3-298.0
1.4-5260.0
194
39
241
241
95
182
182
182
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Sodium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Walla Walla R. near Touchet)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Boise R.
at Notus, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Matanuska R. at
Palmer, Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Potomac R. near Morgantown, Md.*)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf
of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
near Homestead, Fla.)
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Lynch R. near
Glenville, W. Va.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at Oswego
R. at Oswego, N.Y.)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Medicine
Lake near Florence, S. Dak.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
near Lakota, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Little R. near Rochelle, La.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Mission R. at Refugio, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at Wolf
Creek near Beecher City-1963)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1) REFERENCE
0.7-139.0 1964-65 183
1.6-46.0
1.3-57.0
0.5-12.0
0.2-5,860.0
1.0-21,400
0.0-1,407.0
183
183
183
0.4-3070 1964-65 178
0.7-12,500.0 178
0.5-258.0
0.8-210.0
1.4-6,940.0 1964-65
1.2-24,300.0
1964-65
179
179
180
180
181
181
86
*calculated as Na+K, reported as Na
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Sodium
(cont,)
SOURCE
LOCATION
vo
Ol
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Aquashicola
Creek at Palmerton, Pa.-1957)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.5-44.0
2.5
1.5
2.5-4.0
3.5
12.0-13.0
2.0-14.0
4.5-14.0
3.0
4.0-8.5
3.5-6.5
6.0-120.0
17.0
2.5-54.0
8.0-22.0
2.5-12.0
1.8-149.0
3.5-19.0
4.1-9,5
6.5-15.0
8.0-27.0
2.2-26.0
7.0-34.0
4.0-6.0
7.0-34.0
45.0-73.0
1.0-5.0
9.5-13.0
23.0-50.0
33.0-54.0
17.0-150.0
26.0-138.0
28.0-47.0
85.0-100.0
20.0-300.0
2.0-44.0
63.0-76.0
1962-63
REFERENCE
130
44
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Sodium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Strontium
Sr
Weathering of rock
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Public water supply, Wanbeska,
Wisconsin
1) Northtown
2) Baxter Street
3) Moreland
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface water
Big Flat Brook
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Ohio R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
4.5-11.0
3.5-25.0
59.0-372.0
4.0-170.0
3.2
.0
.6
7.
3.
3.2-6.0
38
24
12
0.004-0.040
0.002-0.129
0.500
0.030
Mean Positive:
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
146
1959
1959
1959
1968
0.076 1962-67
0.062
0.026
0.047
0.130
0.260
0.105
0.044
0.342
0.540
0.697
241
241
111
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
SOURCE
LOCATION
Strontium Weathering of rock
(cont.)
Sulfate ion
SO,
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
Arkansas R. at Coolidge, Kans.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Mean Positive: 0.652 1962-67
0.068
0.153
0.152
0.081
5.00 1962-67
(max. cone.)
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla,
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Ore.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Raritan R. at Manville, N.J.)
Surface waters of 98 U.S. rivers
Missouri R. water
in Omaha, Neb.
in Kansas City, Mo.
in St. Louis County, Mo.
in St. Louis, Mo.
Hudson R., Nyack, N.Y.
Drinking water of 163 metropolitan
areas of U.S.
0.0075-0.034
0.011-0.154
0.715-0.802
0.030-0.112
0.072-0.106
0.034-0.105
0.039-0.068
0.0063-0.061
0.012-0.074
0.015-0.129
0.0008-1.1
4.0-473
46.0-253.0
36.0-286.0
35.0-206.0
45.0-203.0
25
Average: 43.9
1958-59
1964-65
1951-66
1969
1950-51
REFERENCE
111
111
47,58
178
155
125
125
206
Platte R. near Venice, Neb.
67.2
1969
39
-------
TABLE II (COOT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT_
Sulfate
(con t.)
SOURCE
Bozeman city sewage
treatment plant;
slaughter house
and stockyard,
etc, (Montana)
Acid mine drainage
Weathering of rock,
mine waste, etc.
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
Platte R. at Ashland , Neb. 63.5 1969
Elkhorn R. at Q Street, Neb. 50.2 1969
Rocky Creek and East Gallatin R. 20.02
(various locations along rivers
from sources of pollution)
Deepwater Creek, Henry County, Mo. 140-200 1966-67
Montrose Reservoir, Henry, County, 230
Mo.
Colorado R. Basin (max. at Price R. 2.5-3,690.0 1964-65
at Woodside, Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Calif, (max. 0.0-675.0
at Salt Slough near Los Banos,
Calif.)
Great Basin excluding Great Salt Lake 0.0-2,260.0 1964-65
(max. at Goggin Drain near Magna,
Utah)
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington and 0.0-170.0
Upper Columbia R. Basin (max. at
Crab Creek near Smyrna, Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and Lower 0.0-59.0
Columbia R. Basin (max. at Walla Walla
R. near Touchet, Wash.)
Snake R. Basin (max. at Boise R. at 0.0-80.0
Notero, Idaho)
Alaska (max. at Nenana R. near Healy, 0.5-47.0
Alaska)
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at 3.6-960.0
Ostsquago Creek at Fort Plain, N.Y.)
South Atlantic Slope and Eastern Gulf 0.0-2,560.0
of Mexico Basins (max. at Shark R.
near Homestead, Fla.)
REFERENCE
39
39
227
25
25
182
182
183
183
183
183
183
178
178
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT_
Sulfate
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Ohio R. Basin (max. at Lynch Runn
near Glenville, W. Va.
St. Lawrence R. Basin (max. at
Fairville Creek at Fairville Sta., N
N.Y.)
Missouri R. Basin (max. at Medicine
Lake near Florence, S. Dak.)
Hudson R. and Upper Mississippi R.
Basins (max. at Eastern Stump Lake
near Lakota, N. Dak.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin (max. at
Arkansas R. at Lamar, Colo.)
Western Gulf of Mexico Basins (max.
at Colorado R. near Ira, Tex.)
Illinois surface waters (max. at
Beaucoup Creek near Matthews-1964)
Lehigh R. Basin (max. at Nesquehoning
mine drainage tunnel-1965)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
Vermont
Delaware
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.4-1,530.0 1964-65
5.0-426.0
0.0-61,600.0 1964-65
5.5-66,000.0
REFERENCE
179
0.0-2,710.0
4.0-4,360.0
1.6-1,627.0
0.5-965.0
0.00
4.9
19.0
10.8
48.0-52.0
40.0
10.0-36.5
42.0-70.0
36.0-84.0
8.6-39.0
9.7-21.4
12.7-38.8
153.0
2.1-82.0
9.0-45.0
1964-65
1956-66
1945-66
1962-63
180
180
181
181
86
130
44
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
Sulfate
(con*1-)
Tantalum
Ta
Tellurium
Te
Terbium
Tb
Thallium
Tl
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
Nevada
Washington
Principal U.S. rivers
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
1962-63
6.0
1.4-56.5
1.6-29.0
28.0-58.0
33.0-73.0
2.0-33.0
30.0-117.0
23.0-27.0
99.0
120.0-136.0
3.0
58.9-69.4
191.0
40.0
51.0
76.0-136.0
7.0-205.0
20.0-130.0
106.0-118.0
10.0-57.0
11.0-141.0
60.0-205.0
19.2
3.3-10.7
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
44
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Thorium
Th
SOURCE
Naturally occurring
minerals
LOCATION
Thulium
Tm
Weber R., Utah
Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah
Williams Creek, Idaho
Blye Mountain, Calif.
Well-Arches National Monument, Utah
Hot Spring-Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Truckee R. Nevada
Walker R. Nevada
Humbolt R., Nevada
Carson R., Nevada
Sevier R., Utah
Lake Tahoe, Calif.
Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Principal rivers of U.S.
Principal rivers of U.S.
CONG ENTRATION (mg/1)
0.00041
<0.0015
0.00004
0.00033
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0005
0.00017
0.0001
0.00008
<0.00003
0.0002
None detected 1958-59
None detected 1958-59
REFERENCE
273
47,58
47,58
Tin
Sn
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Passaic R. at Chatam, N.J.)
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
0.0-0.0013
0.0-0.0014
<0.0003-0.Oil
1958-59
1964-65
47,58
47,58
178
44
<0.0030
<0.006-
<0.0030
<0.0020
<0.0010
<0.0010
<0.0010
<0.0040
<0.0005
<0.0030
-<0.0050
<0.0080
-<0.0060
=<0.0029
-<0.0030
-<0.0030
-<0.0050
<0.0050
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Tin
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
o
to
Titanium
Ti
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
California
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Ore.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
<0.0007-
<0.0010-
<0.0010
<0.0020-
<0.0050-
<0.0050-
<0.0004-
<0.0020-
<0.0050-
<0.0040-
<0.0070-
<0.0010-
<0.0050
<0.0070-
<010060-
<0.0100
<0.0050'
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Titanium
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Tungsten
W
Uranium
U
Naturally occurring
minerals
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Yukon R. at Mountain Village, Alaska
Streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Passaic R. at Little Falls, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R, Basin:
California Gulch and Arkansas R. at
Malta, Colo. (max. at California
Gulch)
Principal rivers of U.S.
Walker R., Calif,
Weber R., Utah
Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah
Williams Creek, Idaho
Blye Mountain, Calif.
Well-Arches National Monument, Utah
Hot Spring-Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Truchee R., Nevada
Walker R., Nevada
Humbolt R., Nevada
Carson R., Nevada
Sevier R., Utah
Lake Tahoe, Calif.
Pyramid Lake, Nevada (South End)
Pyramid Lake, Nevada (North End)
Walker Lake
Mono Lake
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.0067-0.072 1958-59
0.0027-0.038
<0.00086-0.106
0.0-0.0057
<0,. 002-0.016
Average: 0.0065
<0.0003-0.027 1964-65
<0.00051-<0.040 1964-65
REFERENCE
47,58
None detected
0.0009
0.0013
0,002
0.0003
0.00004
0,0050
0.00008
0.0046
0.016
0.0072
0.0047
0.0081
0.0008
0.016
0.025
0.077
0.139
1958-59
222
178
181
47,58
273
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Uranium
U
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Uranium ore process-
ing mill
Drinking water
Drinking water
Surface waters
Principal rivers of U.S.
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Susquehanna R. at Harrisburg, Pa.
and Potomac R. at Hancock, Md.)
St. Lawrence R. Basin
Genessee R. at Rochester, N.Y.
South Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Yadkin R. at Yadkin College, N.C.
and St. Johns R. at Christmas, Fla.)
Gulf of Mexico Basin (max. at
Missouri R. at Nebraska City, Neb.)
Colorado R. at Yuma, Ariz.
Pacific Coast Basins (max. at
San Joaquin R. at Vernalis, Calif.)
Yukon R. at Rampart, Alaska
Red.R. (N) at Grand Forks, N.D.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1) REFERENCE
0.002-0.05 1968 160
0.04-0.05 1969 158
Detected 274
None detected 1958-59 47,58
<0.0004-0.0006 1960-61 178
<0.0004 1960-61 1?9
<0.0004-0,0007 1960-61 183
<0.0004.0.0066 1960-61 47,58
0.0076 47,58
<0.0004-0.008 183
0.0014 47,58
0.0014 47>58
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
SOURCE
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
REFERENCE
Vanadium
Uranium-vanadium
milling opera-
tions
Minerals
o
Ul
Colorado R. Basin
New Mexico waters
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R. Basin
Lake Erie Basin
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Alaska Basin
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Columbia R. above Dalles, Ore,
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y,
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge, La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing, Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Streams in California
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Elizabeth R. at Elizabeth, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch at Malta, Colo.
0.002-0.0492
0.02-0.15
1969
Mean Positive:
0.009 1962-67
0.012
0.010
0.022
0.054
0.020
0.171
0.025
0.105
0.009
0.013
0.030
0.032
0.0-0.0022 1958-59
0.0-<0.0065
0.0-0.004
0.0-0.0056
0.0-<0.0055
0.0-0.004
0.0-0.0067 1958-59
Average: 0.003
<0.0002-0.018
0.0-<0.020
122
131
111
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47,58
47
222
178
181
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Vanadium
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
0.0000
<0.0001
<0.0001-<0.0002
<0.0004
0.0030-<0.0050
<0.0006-<0.0080
<0,0002-<0.0120
<0.0020
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0010-<0.0050
<0,0040
<0.0005-<0,0050
<0.0010-0.0050
<0.0007-<0,0050
<0.0010-<0.0060
<0.0010-<0.0030
<0.0020-<0,0030
<0.0050-<0.0080
<0.0050-<0.0100
<0.0004-<0.0050
<0.0030-<0.0080
<0.0010-<0.0060
<0.0040-0.0060
<0.0070-<0.0100
<0.0010-0.0030
<0.0030-<0.0050
<0.0070-<0.0090
<0.0060-<0.0090
<0.0100
<0.0020-<0.0050
<0.0060-0.0130
<0.0090-<0.0100
<0.0050-<0.0300
<0.0020-<0.0060
0.0300-0.0500
<0.0020-<0.0030
<0.0020-<0.0130
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Vanadium
(con t.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Ytterbium
Yb
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Arizona.
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla,
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
<0.0040-<0.0200
<0.0020-0.0200
0,0010 .
<0.0040
<0.0020
<0.0004-<0.0030
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0,0-trace
0.0-trace
1958-59
REFERENCE
47
47
47
47
47
Yttrium
Y
o
-j
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
47
47
47
47
47
Zinc
Zn
New Jersey surface waters
1) spring flow
2) summer flow
New Jersey surface waters
Big Flat Brook
Calcareous - Site 1
Acidic - Site 2
Northeast Basin
North Atlantic Basin
Southeast Basin
Tennessee R, Basin
Ohio R. Basin
1968
0.010-0.019
0.010-0.085
0.010
0.010
Mean Positive:
0.096 1962-67
0.049
0.052
0.028
0.081
241
241
241
-------
TABLE II(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Zinc
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Lake Erie
Upper Mississippi R. Basin
Western Great Lakes Basin
Missouri R. Basin
Lower Mississippi R. Basin
Colorado R. Basin
Western Gulf Basin
Pacific Northwest Basin
California Basin
Great Basin
Alaska Basin
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
0.205
0.045
0.024
0.039
0.085
0.051
0.092
0.040
0.016
0.044
0.028
1962-67
REFERENCE
111
o
00
Industrial waste and
some weathering of
rock
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
Susquehanna R. at Conowingo, Md.
Pacific Slope Basins in Washington
and Upper Columbia R. Basin (max.
at Spokane R. near Otis Orchards,
Wash.)
Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and
Lower Columbia R. Basin
Snake R. Basin
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Assunpink Creek at Trenton, N.J.)
Lower Mississippi R. Basin:
California Gulch, Arkansas R. and
a few minor streams (max, at Cali-
fornia Gulch at Malta, Colo.)
Streams in California
Cuyahoga R. at Cleveland, 0.
0.0-<0.125 1958-59
0,0-<0.110
0.0-trace
0.05-0.40 1964-65
0.05
0.05
0.008-0.730
<0.00005-860.0
Average: 0.029
1.182
(max. cone.)
47,58
183
183
183
178
181
222
111
-------
TABLE II (CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Zinc
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
Connecticut
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Delaware
New York
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Maryland
North Carolina
Virginia
W. Virginia
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Mississippi
South Carolina
Tennessee
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Ohio
Wisconsin
Iowa
Kansas
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
Colorado
Idaho
Montana
Utah
Arizona
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
REFERENCE
44
<0.05
0.04
0.03-0.19
0.00
0.04-<0.05
0.02-3.00
0.00-1.00
<0.40
0.00-<0.40
<0.03-<0.3
0.01-<0.60
<1.00
<0.01-<0.05
0.01-<0.05
<0.06-<0.30
0.02-<0.90
<0.40-<0.60
<0.05-<1.00
<0.05-<2.00
<0.05-<0.9
<0.05-<0.8
0.00-0.47
<1.00
<2.00
<0.01-<0,03
<0.7-<1.00
<2.00
<0.06-<0.09
<3.00
0.00-<0.05
<0.06-<0.13
<2.00-<3.00
0.01-<4.00
<0.02-0.10
<3.00
<0.50-<0.70
<0.04-<0.13
0.01-<4.00
-------
TABLE ll(CONT.) - CONCENTRATION OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AGENT
Zinc
(cont.)
SOURCE
LOCATION
Zirconium
Zr
Selected drinking water supplies
in:
California
Hawaii
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Apalachicola R. near Blounstown,
Fla.
Atchafalaya R. at Krotz Springs,
La.
Hudson R. at Green Island, N.Y.
Mississippi R. near Baton Rouge,
La.
Mobile R. at Mt. Vernon Landing,
Ala.
Sacramento R. at Sacramento, Calif.
North Atlantic Slope Basins (max. at
Passaic R. near Chatam, N.J.)
CONCENTRATION (mg/1)
1962-63
0.10-<4.00
0.40
0.08
<0.40
<0.10-<0,80
0.0-trace 1958-59
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
0.0-trace
<0.0003-<0.012 1964-65
REFERENCE
44
47
47
47
47
47
47
178
-------
SECTION VII
TQXIGITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
ACUTE TOXICITY
Table III presents available acute toxicity Information on inorganic
pollutants in freshwater as these relate to the animal species in which
the toxicity was examined, the dose used, the effect found, and occasionally
the minimum lethal dose (MLD). A separate column has been reserved for the
LD5Q of the compounds. The LD5Q is an estimation of the dose which could be
expected to kill one-half of an unlimited population of a specific strain of
animals.
All doses, except where indicated, were administered orally. Other routes of
administration are included in Table III only if oral data was not available.
Pertinent information on species other than mammals, if included, is presented
only if data on mammals or adequate data on mammalian spcies were not available.
Many of the same factors need to be considered in assessing toxicity data as
were pointed out in "Water Quality Criteria Data Book Volume I, Organic Chemical
Pollution of Freshwater." Chemical interaction is of more significance with
inorganic materials than with organic compounds. The formation of complex ions
and salts results in materials in water which may have distinct toxic actions
from the particular ionic species involved in such reactions. While microbal
decomposition of inorganic species cannot occur, the microbal transformation
of one form of an element to another has become well known with the recognition
that metallic mercury will result in soluble forms of mercury by the action of
micro-organisms. Many of the particular salts which have been measured for
toxicity in animals have a low solubility in water. When administered by the
oral route, this low solubility may result in a decreased toxicity. Thus if
a different salt of a particular ion were tested, an entirely different pattern
of symptoms might result.
Unlike the case with organic compounds, one can be reasonably certain of the
initial purity of the inorganic material which was used in testing for toxicity.
One can never be certain, however, as to what toxicity would have resulted if
a particular material were tested in the presence of other compounds. The
synergistic effects observed with organic compounds also apply to inorganic
species. This can be especially true of inorganic materials that are administered
in the presence of chelating agents or of cations administered in diets rela-
tively deficient in other specific cationic species.
Ill
-------
One further caveat is necessary in evaluating toxicity data obtained with
inorganic chemical compounds. It is possible to kill an animal with a large
dose of sodium chloride, although sodium chloride is considered not to have
significant acute toxicity. High concentrations of inorganic materials can
upset the water balance of animals, however. The extent to which a chemical
species results in toxicity due to its ionic strength or buffering effect
versus the poisonous nature of one of its ionic constituents is difficult
to assess when large quantities are administered. Thus in Table III large
values should not necessarily be the cause for -undue attention.
112
-------
TABLE III - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Aluminum
chloride
Antimony
Antimony
potassium
tartrate
Antimony
trichloride
SPECIES DOSE
Mouse
Human 100 mg
97.2 mg
48.6 mg
Laboratory 50 mg
animals
Rabbit
10-20 mg/kg
Rat 300 mg/kg
Mouse
Rat 110 ing /kg
Rat
Guinea pig
EFFECT LDr/, (mg/kg)
- -- - ___ . . j}u
1,130
3,730
Lethal
Lethal to adult
Lethal to child
Death; acute symptoms
115
115-120
Lethal
Minimum lethal dose
599-666
Cardiac lesions, congestion
of liver with some degen-
eration and polymorpho-
nuclear infiltration and
toxic glomerular nephritis.
675
574
REFERENCE
170
228
26,131,165
131
131
131
26
228
228
10
10
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE WXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Antimony
trif luoride
Ant imony
pentachloride
Arsenic
(undefined)
SPECIES DOSE
Guinea pig 110 mg/kg
Rat
Guinea pig
Human 130 mg
100 mg
EFFECT LDP^ (mg/kg) REFERENCE
Lethal 131
1,115 10
900 10
Lethal 131
Severe poisoning; cumulative 131
Laboratory
animals
Dog
Swine
Sheep, goat,
horse
Cow
9 mg/kg
20 mg
10-20 mg
50-100 mg
1,000-1,500 mg
1,500-3,000 mg
toxic effect; small erup-
tions on hands and soles of
feet, sometimes developing
into cancer; possible liver
damage and heart ailments,
causal factor for Hoff's
disease.
Lethal
Lethal or acute symptoms
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
131
165
131
131
131
131
-------
TABLE Hi (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Arsenic
(metal)
Arsenic
trioxide
Arsenite
ion
Sodium
arsenite
Human
Arsenate
ion
Human
Rat
Dog
Human
Rat and mouse
Human
Rat
Guinea pig
Rat and mouse
Ingestion
70-180 mg
30-70 mg/kg
Ingestion
325 mg
14-30 mg/kg
Burning and dryness of mouth
and throat, dysphagia,
colicky abdominal pain, pro-
jectile vomiting, profuse
diarrhea, hematuria, shock,
paralysis, and increased
permeability of the
splanchnic capillary bed.
Fatal
Lethal
>400 people died in decade
Lethal
Lethal
(mg/kg) REFERENCE
250
<50
75-500
138
138+13
18.36
<50
70
238
250
246
26
8
228
228
208
208
131
246
102
228
208
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
Calcium
arsenate
Arsine
DOSE
EFFECT
Barium
(undefined)
Barium
carbonate
Rat
Human
Guinea pig
Human
Human
Rabbit
Rat
Ingestion
250 ppm
0.5-2 ppm
500-600 mg
800 mg
170-300 mg/kg
50-200 mg/kg
50-200 mg/kg
Hemolysis of RBC; headache,
anorexia, nausea, vomit-
ing and paresthesia, jaun-
dice and tenderness of
liver and spleen.
Lethal in 30 minutes
Increased red cell fragility,
leukopenia, and a rapid
fall of red cells to 80%
of normal.
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
.(mg/kg) REFERENCE
298 131
250
800
1,480*340
250
250
131
174
228
131
200
228
228
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
LDrn(mg/kg) REFERENCE
Barium
carbonate
(cont. )
Barium
chloride
Barium
fluoride
Barium
nitrate
Beryllium
(metal)
Mouse
Rabbit
Guinea pig
Human
Rat
Dog
Mouse
Rat
Dog
Horse
Rabbit
Guinea pig
Rabbit
Dog
Rabbit
200 mg/kg
100 mg/kg
7-14 mg/kg
355-533 mg/kg
90 mg/kg
800-1,000 mg/kg
170/kg
300-600 mg/kg
2,000 8,000 mg/kg
40 mg injected
. _ DU -
Lethal
170-130
1,000
Lethal
250
90
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
350
Lethal
Lethal
19/24 died from liver necrosis;
2/24 had pulmonary infections.
228,200
200
200
200
59
131
200
228
200,228
200,228
200,228
131,228
174
174
16
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
00
AGENT
Beryllium
chloride
Beryllium
sulfate
Bismuth
(undefined)
Boron
(undefined)
Boric acid
Sodium
borate
SPECIES
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Human
Mouse
Laboratory
animals
Human
Mouse
Rat
Dog
Human
DOSE EFFECT LDr^ (mg/kg)
jU
92
86
80
82
Single injection Damage to kidneys and anuria
1,000-4,000 mg/kg Intoxication in liver
1,200-3,450
250-330 mg/kg Lethal
3,450±158
5,140
2, 6601220
>1,000
83-250 mg/kg Lethal
REFERENCE
198
198
198
198
26
252
252
174
228
228
228
228
131
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Sodium
bromate
Cadmium
(undefined)
Cadmium
chloride
Calcium
chloride
SPECIES
Rabbit
Human
Dog
Mouse
Rabbit
Rabbit
Cat
Gerbil
Rat
Rat
DOSE
580 mg/kg
150 mg/kg
14 . 5 mg
150-600 mg/kg
50-100 mg/kg
300-500 mg
150-300 mg/kg
70-150 mg/kg
125 mg/1 of food
*
S.C.
3,650 mg/kg
Rabbit
1,384 mg/kg
EFFECT
Minimum lethal dose
Lethal in 1.5 hrs.
Nausea and vomiting
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Acute damage-to ovarian
tissue
Lethal
Lethal
LD (mg/kg) REFERENCE
131
131
131
131
121
121
131
228
131
106
88
4,000
228
131
228
228
Subcutaneous
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
(mg/kg) REFERENCE
Bicarbonate
ion
Sodium
carbonate
Cerium
chloride
Sodium
chlorate
Human
Rat
Rabbit
Mouse
Laboratory
animals
Laboratory
animals
Rat
Laboratory
animals
Rat
Rabbit
700 mg/1 Unhealthful to most people
10,000-20,000 mg/kg Lethal to young
10 mg I.V.* Paralysis of heart muscle
and degenerative changes
in blood cells
10 mg P.O.** and S.C. None of the above effects
observed possibly due to
longer contact with nu-
cleic acids which con-
verts Ce to insoluble
compounds .
20,000-40,000 mg/1 Considered non-toxic
12,000 mg/kg Lethal
8,000-12,000 mg/kg Lethal
su^* *"-
131
131
50-60 I.V.* 26
35.3 I.V. 26
26
26
12,000 131
131
228
228
* Intravenous
** Oral
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Sodium
chlorate
(cont. )
Ammonium
perchlorate
Chromium
Potassium
dichromate
Cobalt
(undefined)
SPECIES
Cat
Dog
Mouse and
rabbit
Rat
Rat
Human
Human
Rat
Dog
Human
Dog
Laboratory
animal
DOSE
1,350-1,940 mg/kg
700 mg/kg
500 mg/kg
10 mg/1 for 15 days
10 mg/1 in drinking
water for 3 wks.
(0.35 mg/kg/day)
500 mg/1 in drinking
water
2,829 mg/kg
EFFECT
Lethal
Lethal
Maximum non-toxic limit
Nausea
No effect except 3 periods
of vomiting
Toxic
Lethal
Low toxicity
Vomiting by local
irritation
LD.n (mg/kg) REFERENCE
jU
228
228
1,900 219
4,200 219
131
131
269
269
228
131
>30 . 131
131
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Copper
(undefined)
Human
Human
10,000 mg/kg
60-100 mg
Lethal
Gastroenteritis with
K
Copper
chloride
Copper
nitrate
Copper
sulfate
Sheep
Rat
Rat
Human
Human
Laboratory
animals
Rat
10-30 mg
44 mg/1 in water con-
taminated by cor-
roded drinking
fountain
18,000-182,000 mg/kg
10-15 grains
Ingestion
890 mg
nausea and intestinal
irritation
No poisoning even after
many days
Lethal
Severe abdominal pain,
vomiting, diarrhea, hema-
turia and convulsions,
possibly fatal.
Hemolytic anemia
Intense inflammation of the
gastro-intestinal tract
LD (mg/kg) REFERENCE
78
131
131
131
940
140
131
228
228
26
300
26
26
228
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
N3
Co
AGENT SPECIES
Aluminum Mouse
fluoride
Magnesium Guinea pig
fluoride
Gallium Rat
(undefined)
Rabbit
Dog
DOSE
1,000 mg/kg
110-121 mg/kg S.C.
47 mg/kg I.V.
97 mg/kg S.C.
43 mg/kg I.V.
Fatal dose
EFFECT LDr^ (mg/kg)
_>u
103
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Severe gastro-intestinal dis-
REFERENCE
170
228
26
26
26
26
26
Gallium
citrate &
Gallium
lactate
Germanium
(undefined)
Mouse
Dog & goat
Rabbit
turbance with anoexia, di-
arrhea, and blood in feces;
rapidly progressive debility
and weakness culminating in
coma and death
S.C.
I.V.
586 mg/kg S.C.
600
10-15
Lethal
26
26
26
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Germanium
(undefined)
(cont.)
Indium
(undefined)
Indium
chloride
Indium
sulfate
Potassium
iodide
Laboratory
animals
Mouse
Rat
Laboratory
animals
Rabbit
Human
Mouse
Lethal
Dose which caused
death in 3-6 days
20 mg/kg I.V.
20-30 mg for
27 days
1300-2000 mg
300-1300 mg
Hypothermia, listlessness,
diarrhea, cyanosis, and
almost complete respira-
tory an cardiac depression;
edema, hemorrhage of lungs,
petechial hemorrhage in
walls of small intestine
and peritoneal effusion
Failure to eat, loss of
weight, dirty roughened
coat, muscular twitchings
and dyspnea
Severe hepatic damage and
death within a few days
No ill effects
Minimal lethal dose
lodism in sensitive
individuals
LD^Qng/kg) REFERENCE
26
1.8 I.P.
4.1 I.V.
1980-2070
26
42
42
65
26
228
131
131
Intraperitoneal
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
LDr/,(mg/kg) REFERENCE
NJ
Ln
Ferrous
chloride
Ferric
chloride
Lanthanum
acetate
Lanthanum
nitrate
Lead
(unidentified)
Lead
acetate
Lead
carbonate
Human 100 mg/kg
Dog 200-800 mg
Rat 984-1986 mg/kg
Rabbit 890 mg/kg
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Human
Dog 300 mg/kg
Guinea pig 1000 mg/kg
-jy
Acute poisoning of 2-1/2-
year old girl
No physiological effect
Lethal
Lethal
900
10,000
1450
4500
Irritability, vomiting, con-
vulsions, coma, and death
Encephalopathy
Lethal
Minimum lethal dose
131
131
228
228
131,228
228
131
228
218
26
228
228
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
LD^ (mg/kg) -REFERENCE
Lead
chloride
Lead
oleate
Lead
sulfate
Lithium
(undefined)
Lithim
citrate
Lithium
fluoride
Magnesium
chloride
Magnesium
sulfate
Manganese
(undefined)
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
Laboratory
animals
Human
Guinea pig
Guinea pig
Laboratory
animals
Human
Human
1500-2000 mg/kg
8000 mg/kg
35,000 mg/kg
P.O. or I.V.
20 grains 3Xday
200 mg/kg
40,000 mg/kg
200 mg/kg
ju
Minimum lethal dose
Lethal
Minimum lethal dose
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, and salivation;
loss of weight, dehydration
and fall of body temperature
Ataxia, general weakness and
epileptiform convulsions
200
Lethal
Diarrhea, loss of appetite
and possible death
Lethal
Possible association with
hemochromatosis
228
228
228
26
26
131
228
131
131
26
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
Mercury
(undefined)
DOSE
EFFECT
Mercuric
chloride
Human
Rabbit
Rabbit
Human
Rat
Dog
1000-2000 mg/kg
Ingestion of a toxic
dose
3 mg/kg/day for
3 days. S.C.
170-330 mg/kg
1.7 mg/kg
8 mg/kg
10-15 mg/kg
Lethal
Paresthesia of mouth, hands,
feet, etc. Constriction
of visual fields, hearing
difficulty, speech dis-
orders, neurasthenia, in-
ability to write, read, or
recall basic things, emo-
tional instability, ataxia,
stupor, coma, and death in
extreme cases.
Impairment of blood platelet
aggregation
Fatal
Acute poisoning
Fatal
Lethal
LD (mg/kg) REFERENCE
136
55, 56, 57
37
37
71
228
131
165
165, 75
131
136
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Methyl-
mercuric
chloride
Rat
Mouse
to
00
Sublethal I.P.
125 ing/kg
85 rag/kg
58 rag/kg
40 mg/kg
28 mg/kg
18.5 mg/kg
18.5 mg/kg/day for
7 days
12.5 mg/kg/day for
7 days
8.5 and 5.8 mg/kg/day
for 7 days
Higher rate of litter resorp-
tion; decrease in fertili-
ty rate; increase in per-
centage of fetuses born dead
Death w/out neurological
symptoms
Death with neurological
symptoms in all mice
Survival with neurological
symptoms in some mice
Survival w/out neurological
symptoms in all mice
Death with neurological
symptoms in all mice
Survival with neurological
symptoms in all mice
up to the 30th day
Survival w/out neurological
symptoms in all mice
(mg/kg) REFERENCE
56
235
235
235
235
235
235
235
235
235
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
LD,.,. (mg/kg) REFERENCE
M
to
Molybdenum
(undefined)
Ammonium
molybate
Calcium
molybdate
Nickel
(salts)
Nickel
carbonate
Nickel
chloride
Niobium
chloride
Rat 116 mg/kg
Rat
Rat and 1,200 mg/kg
guinea pig
Guinea pig 203 mg/kg
Rabbit 1,870 mg/kg
Cat >1, 600-3, 200 mg/kg
Rat
Laboratory Large dose
animals
Dog 500 mg
Rat
Dog
Rat
DU
Lethal 61
333 131
Anorexia, colic, trembling, 131
uncoordinated movements
and dyspnea
Lethal 228
Lethal 228
Lethal 228
101 131
Gastro-intestinal irritation 26
with vomiting and diarrhea
Lethal 26
250-1,000 ppm 205
1.5-30 205
41 228
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
LDC.(me/kg) REFERENCE
Co
o
Potassium
niobate
Sodium
cyanate
Hydrogen
cyanide
Potassium
cyanide
Sodium
cyanide
Hydrazine
Rat
Rat
Human
Cow
Sheep
Horse
Dog
Rat
Dog
Human
Sheep
Rat
Mouse
300 mg/kg
50-60 mg
161 mg
390-920 mg
40-100 mg
390 mg
30-40 mg
10-15 mg/kg
5.3 mg/kg
200 mg
5.21 mg/kg
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal in 15 minutes
Toxic - lethal
Toxic - lethal
Toxic - lethal
Toxic - lethal
Minimum lethal dose
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
DU-^
725 43
269
131
131
131
131
131
131
228
10 72
228
131
131
60 131
60 131
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXIGITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Nitrite
ion
Sodium
nitrite
Nitrate
ion
Potassium
nitrate
Sodium
nitrate
SPECIES
Human
Dog
Human
Human
Dog
Horse
Cow
Sheep
Cow
Sheep
Dog
Pig
Rat
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Potassium
hydroxide
Sodium
hydroxide
SPECIES
Human
Human
Rat
DOSE
43 rag /kg
1.95 mg/kg
10,000 mg/1
EFFECT
Lethal
Lethal
Nervousness, sore eyes,
LD (mg/kg ) REFERENCE
iU
131
131
131
Palladium
Potassium
chloride
Rubidum
(undefined)
Selenium
(undefined)
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rat
Laboratory
animals
Human
943 mg/kg
(10% solution)
0.6 mg/kg I.V.
2,430 mg/kg
Large amount in low
potassium diet
2-4 mg/kg
Large dose
diarrhea, retarded growth
Lethal
Damage mainly to heart, kid-
neys, bone marrow and liver
Lethal
Violent tetanic spasms, fol-
lowed by death in few weeks
Minimum lethal dose
Vomiting, garlic odor of breath,
dyspnea, tetanic spasms and
death from respiratory fail-
ure; eye lesions; acute
congestion of liver, kidney;
atony of smooth muscles and
erosion of long bones
228
26
228
26
23
26
Rat
0.012 mg/kg
Near sub-threshold
23
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENTS
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
(mg/kg) REFERENCE
Selenium
(undefined)
(cont. )
Selenous
acid
Sheep
Chick
0.4 mg/kg
Injected at Day 4
of incubation
_____ DU-
Stimulated the inhibitory
process of brain cortex
up to 10-20 days
Low RBC count and hemoglobin
values; decrease in up-
247
116
to
Potassium
selenate
Sodium
selenate
Sodium
selenite
Silver
nitrate
Potassium
sulfate
Sodium
sulfate
Chick
(embryo)
Rabbit
Lamb
Rabbit
Human
Human
Poultry
4 mg/kg
3.5 mg/kg
4 mg/kg
10,000 mg
45,000 mg
7,500 mg/1
take of tritiated thymidine;
decrease in the lymphocyte
of the bursa of Fabricius
and spleen removed from
19-day-old chicks
Lethal1()0
Lethal in 10-12 hours
Lethal1()0
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal in 1/3 in 15 days
2.00 ppm 83
228
115
228
6.3 30
131
131
131
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENTS
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
LD..,. (mg/kg) REFERENCE
Tantalum
chloride
Tantalum
fluoride
Tellurite
ion
Potassium
M tellurite
C-
Sodium
tellurite
Tellurate
ion
Sodium
tellurate
Laboratory
animals
Rat 50% solution
Rat 2.5 mg/kg
Dog 700 mg
500 mg I.V.
500 mg
Mouse
Rat
Guinea pig
Rabbit
Rat 20-30 mg/kg
Mouse
Rat
DU
958 26
1,900 228
1,150 26
Minimum lethal dose 165
Drowsiness and vomiting 26
Death preceded by con- 26
vu Is ions
Lethal 26
20 119
83 119
45 119
67 119
Minimum lethal dose 165
165 119
385 119
-------
TABLE III (GONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENTS SPECIES
Thallium Human
(undefined)
Dog
DOSE EFFECT
12 mg/kg Lethal
12-15 mg/kg S.C. Lethal
LD (mg/kg)
3-17
REFERENCE
165
174
26
Thallous
acetate
Thallous
oxide
Stannous
chloride
Laboratory
animals
Rat, rabbit,
dog
Rat, rabbit,
dog
Rat, rabbit,
dog
Rat, rabbit,
dog
Dog
or I.V.
Acute dose
26-39 mg/kg
21-31 mg/kg
500 mg/kg
Restlessness, ataxia, con-
vulsive movements fol-
lowed by partial paralysis,
tremors, dyspnea, loss of
weight, hemorrhagic di-
arrhea and death from res-
piratory failure; lesions
in small intestine, kidneys,
lungs and nervou-s tissue
Lethal
Lethal
Paralysis
32
39
26
131
41
131
41
26
-------
TABLE III (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT SPECIES
Tungsten Rat
(salts)
Uranium Rat
(undefined)
Rabbit
Vanadium Rat
(undefined)
Vanadium Human
pentoxide
Human
Calcium Chick
vanadate
Yttrium Rat
chloride
Yttrium Rat
nitrate
Yttrium Rat
oxide
DOSE
2% with sodium tung~
state; and 5%
with ammonium
paratungstate
1 mg/kg
30 mg I.V.
Toxic
350 mg/kg I. P.
350 mg/kg I. P.
500 mg/kg I. P.
EFFECT LD Q (mg/kg)
Lethal
2,083
400
Minimum lethal dose
Lethal
Nausea, vomiting, rise in
temperature , albuminuria ,
hematuria, diarrhea, emaci-
ation, nervous disturbance,
and a dry hacking cough
300-350
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
REFERENCE
131
20
20
214
26,128
26
131
60
60
60
-------
TABLE III (GONT.) - MAMMALIAN ACUTE TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
, (mg/kg) REFERENCE
Zinc
(salts)
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
I-1 sulfate
OJ
-j
Human
Human
Rat
Mouse
Guinea pig
Human
Rat
Rabbit
Guinea pig
Large
6,000 mg
45,000 mg
2,200 mg/kg
1,914-2,200 mg/kg
1% solution for
- - - 5(j^-~
Corrosive action on
digestive membrane
Lethal
350
350
200
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Increased number of poly-
26
131
26
26
26
131
228
228
70
10 days
chromatocytes; appearance
of basophilic granuloery-
throcytes, lower hemoglo-
bin cone., and neutro-
phillc leucocytosis with a
shift to the left
-------
CHRONIC TQXICITY
Table IV presents available chronic toxicity of inorganic pollutants in
freshwater in accordance with the species of animals used, dose examined,
and effects perceived. Again, doses are oral unless otherwise indicated.
It will be noted that the methods of oral administration were highly variable,
and in some instances the different techniques of administration could not
be brought to a common expression. In other instances, especially in man,
doses were not available. Only a relatively few studies demonstrated dose~
related effects which would allow an assessment of maximum non-effective or
threshold doses important for arriving at quality criteria. Information on
maximum no-effect concentrations in the Table are usually of Russian origin
and represent the Russian practice of using animal data directly as standards
for man, with no safety factor applied. The advisability of this approach
is discussed in the report entitled, "Water Quality Criteria Data Book
Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater."
138
-------
TABLE IV - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TQXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
SPECIES
DOSE
Aluminum
(undefined)
Aluminum
chloride
Antimony
(undefined)
Antimony ion
Sb
+3
Animal
Man
Rabbit
Rat
Rabbit
Cat
Rat
Mouse
Rat
1,400 ppm in diet
Large amounts
10 and 20 mg/kg for
6 mos.
4 mg/1 (0.50 mg/kg/
day)
<- 1,000 mg/kg/day
in food
In food
In food
5 mg/1 for
life (0.50 mg/kg/
day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.73 mg/kg/day)
EFFECT REFERENCE
Lowered level of inorganic 26
phosphorus in bone
Change in route of elimination 26
of inorganic phosphorus
No effect on hemoglobin, ery- 170
throcyte, leucocyte, blood
sugar or cholinesterase
concentration
Maximum no-effect dose 170
Normal growth but consistent 131
injury to heart
Progressive increase in nemo- 131
globin and in total red
cells "
Decrease in white cej.ls 131
.Increase in serum cholesterol 203
and serum glucose in female;
increase in effect on
aortic plaques; no effect
on blood pressure
Significant decrease in growth 203
rate; no effect .on survival
or longevity
Significant decrease in survival 203
and longevity; no effect on
growth rate
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Antimony
potassium
tartrate
SPECIES
Human
Human
DOSE
I.V.* for schistoso-
miasis
I.V. for schistoso-
miasis
EFFECT
Severe electrocardiographic
abnormalities, skin
eruptions and pneumonia.
Moderate toxicity includes
injury to internal organs
and severe toxicity in-
cludes serious debilita-
ting effects or death.
Adams-Stokes syndrome with
severe ventricular arrhy-
thmia
REFERENCE
131
26
Antimony
trichloride
Arsenic
(undefined)
Human
Rat
Guinea Pig
Laboratory
animals
Human
Up to 100 mg/kg for
12 mos.
0.046 mg/kg for 6
mos.
0.5 mg/kg/day
2.5 mg/kg/day
Prolonged ingestion
of sublethal doses
Injury to liver
Consistent injury to the
heart
Slight reduction in blood HS-
concns; no effect on hemo-
globin and reticulocyte
concnss muscular chronaxy,
or electroencephalograms
Change in conditioned reflexes
Morphological changes in blood
and impairment of kidney
function; cumulative in
organs
Possible damage to liver;
chronic arsenic poisoning
26
26
10
4
9
165
Intravenous
-------
TABLE IV ( CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
Arsenic
(cont.)
Human
Chronic intoxication
Sodium
arsenite
Mouse
5 mg/1 for life
(0.50 mg/kg/day)
Barium
(undefined)
Human
EFFECT
Weakness, loss of appetite,
gastrointestinal dis-
turbances, peripheral
neuritis, occasional
hepatitis and skin dis-
orders
Neurologic changes, in-
creased salivation,
hoarseness, cough, laryn-
gitis, conjunctivitis,
colicky abdominal pain
and various skin changes
Significant decrease in
survival and longevity
REFERENCE
8,174
250
203
Increase in serum cholesterol, 203
decrease in serum glucose,
no effect on blood pressure
Possible effect on heart,
blood vessels and nerves;
constricts blood vessels
to cause increase in blood
pressure; muscle stimulant
especially to heart; does
not accumulate in bone
muscle, kidney or other
tissue
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Barium
chloride
Rat
Rabbit
Beryllium
(undefined)
Human
Laboratory
animal
20 mg/kg/day and
10 mg/kg/day
drinking water
for 6.5 mos.
5 mg/kg/day in drink-
ing water for 6.5
mos.
5, 2.5 and 1 mg/kg/
day in drinking
water for 13.2 mos.
5 mg/kg or 100 mg/1
0.001 mg/1 (long-
term)
Change in conditioned
reflexes; slight
structural change in
tissues; increased
blood cholinesterase
activity
No change in conditioned
reflexes; no change
in tissues, very slight
decrease in cholineste-
rase activity in 2/3
animals
Decrease in cholinester-
ase activity at 5 mg/
kg; no change at other
doses; no change in
blood picture
Maximum no-effect dose
Not harmful when taken
internally through the
digestive tract
Maximum no-effect dose
REFERENCE
59
59
59
59
131
199
Dog, Rabbit
and Rat
Inhalation of Be
salt aerosols
Effect on hemopoiesis
230
Rabbit
Inhalation of Be
salt aerosols
Depressed blood sugar
level
230
-------
TABLE IV (GOUT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Beryllium
sulfate
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Potassium
bismuth
Bismuth
sulfate
Boric
acid
Cadmium
(undefined)
Laboratory
animals
Rat
Laboratory
animal
Laboratory
animals
Animal
Rat
Rabbit
0.001 mg/kg/day
for 8.5 mos.
0.001-0.0001 mg/kg/
day for 8.5 mos.
0.00001 mg/kg or
0.0002 mg/1 (long-
term)
0.025 mg/kg (long-
term)
0.05 mg/kg (long-
term)
2,500 mg/1 in drink-
ing water (250 mg/
kg/day)
In drinking water
or food
0.005 mg/kg for 5
mos. in diet
Decrease in hemoglobin level;
decrease in reticulocyte
number in first 2 mos;;
erythropoiesis in bone
marrow; no pathological
changes in internal organs
Disturbance in conditioned
reflexes
Maximum no-effect dose
REFERENCE
198
198
198
Decrease in hydrosulfide groups 48
of blood serum and liver,
decrease in succinate dehy-
drogenase
Decrease in hydrosulfide groups 43
of blood serum and liver,
decrease in succinate dehy-
drogenase
Growth inhibited 131,257
Decrease in hemoglobin content 131
of blood
No change in blood morphology, 121
glycogenic function or
histology
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Cadmium
(undefined)
(cont.)
Human
Human
Rabbit
Rat
From water and food
From water-"high
cone."
I.V. 6-8 wkly.
injections
10 mg/1 in drinking
water for 2-4 mos.
(1.5 mg/kg/day)
Hypertension linked to in-
creased retention of Cd
in kidneys
Disorders of renal func-
tion; phosphate level
in the blood serum de-
creases; sizeable loss
of minerals from the
bones. "Itai etai"
disease.
Aortic strips obtained
developed a significantly
lower active tension to
angiotension in compa-
rison with aortic strips
from normotensive animals
Chronic arterial hypertension
REFERENCE
126,231,265
28, 29
265
207
Human
Laboratory
animals
0.03-35 mg/m by
inhalation
Small doses
Weight of children differed 244
significantly from those
of non-exposed females
Damage to vascularture of the 126
testes, causing hemorrhages
and necrosis of tissue and
consequent sterility
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
Cadmium
(undefined)
(cont.)
DOSE
EFFECT
Mouse
Rat
Rat
5 mg/1 for life
(0.50 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.73 mg/kg/day)
Cadmium
acetate
Rat
Rat
845-8,450 ppm in
diet
845 ppm in diet
Significant decrease in sur-
vival and longevity; no
effect on growth rate
Significant increase in
growth rate, decrease in
survival and longevity;
causes hypertension
Increase in blood pressure;
increased incidence of
aortic plaques; increase
in serum cholesterol in fe-
male; no effect on serum
glucose
Hypertension; cardiac en-
largement; renal arterio-
lar hypertrophy and early
schlerosis
Decrease in body weight, re-
duced protein and fat di-
gestion, and decreased phos-
phorus absorption; increase
in mortality
Liver and heart tissue exhi-
bited increased malic de-
hydrogenase and glucose 6
phosphate dehydrogenase
activities
REFERENCE
126
203
203
203
263
263
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
Cadmium
acetate
(cont.)
Cadmium
chloride
EFFECT
Rat
Rat
Laboratory
animal
Rabbit
10.25-20.5 ppm in
diet
98-815 ppm in food
for 100 days
25-50 mg/kg S.C.* or
I.V.
0,41 mg/kg/day S.C.
5X/wk. for 7 mos.
Significant decrease in
bone citric acid concen-
trations
Severe anemia, cardiac
hypertrophy, and bleach-
ing of the incisor teeth;
no effect found on bone
Hemorrhagic infarction in
ovaries, ovarian duct
and uterus; acute ne-
crosis of granulosa
cells of Graafian fol-
licles and hemorrhages
into the paraluteal
cells
Severe protunuria and ex-
tensive tubular damage
REFERENCE
263
29
110
253
Rat and Fowl
4.4 mg/kg (injected)
14.8-14,800 mg/1
in vitro
Inhibition of carbonic an-
hydrase activity in the
testes followed by in-
creased enzyme activity
10 minutes after injec-
tion
Inhibition of carbonic an-
hydrase activity in the
testes
99
99
*S.C. - Subcutaneous
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Cadmium
chloride
(cont.)
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Rat
.P-
-j
Rat and Dog
Rat
Cat
Rabbit
40 mg/1 in drinking
water (5,8 mg/kg/
day)
50 mg/1 in food or
water (7.3 mg/kg/
day)
16 mg/1 in diet (2.3
mg/kg/day)
31 mg/1 in diet (4.5
mg/kg/day)
0.1-10.0 mg/1 in
drinking water for
1 year (0.0005-1.5
mg/kg/day)
50 mg/1 for 3 mos.
(7.3 mg/kg/day)
0.56 mg/day
0.41 mg/kg 5 days/
wk. for 24 wks.
Increased incidence of caries
Decrease in blood hemo-
globin; pigmentation
of tooth enamel
Bleaching of teeth
Change in growth rate
Retained by kidney and
liver; no other effects
Reduction in growth rate;
reduction in water con-
sumption; reduction in
blood hemoglobin;
bleached teeth
No cumulative effect
Nephrosis; decreased hemo-
globin; large amounts of
cadmium in renal cortex;
alkaline phosphatase ac-
tivity decreased; tubular
damage in renal cortex
REFERENCE
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
173
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Cadmium
sulfate
Rat
Human
Human
00
Calcium
(undefined)
Human
Human
Exposure up to 7 mos.
0.5-4 mg/1 (<0.02-
.14 mg/kg/day)
185 mg/1 in drinking
water for 255 or
112 days (<6.5
mg/kg/day)
0.19 mg/1 in drinking
water for 255 or
112 days (<.006
mg/kg/day)
From hard water in
the states in the
watershed of the
Missouri-Mississippi
river and its tri-
butaries
From hard water
Weight of newborn signifi-
cantly below that of con-
trol; livers of newborn
rats 2.5X as much Cd
as controls; within 3
mos. 7% control and 26%
treated died
Phagocytosis of red cells
and thrombocytes
No external manifestations
of pathological effects;
degenerative changes in
liver, kidney, heart
spleen and brain
Slight changes in kidneys
Correlation with lower death
rates from coronary heart
disease
Correlation with lower death
rates from coronary heart
disease
REFERENCE
244
76
98
98
201
268
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Calcium
(undefined)
(cont.)
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Human
Soft water (low Ca)
Excessive cone, in
water
100-150 mg/1 in drink-
ing water (O.5-5.2
mg/kg/day)
Hard water areas
Calcium
carbonate
Pig
Human
Hard and soft water
areas of Colorado
Hard and soft drink-
ing water
From hard water
Related to mortality and
cardiovascular disease
Predisposing to the forma-
tion of concretions in
the body such as kidney
or bladder stones
Elevated occurrence of uri-
inary disease, arthritis
and polyarthritis
Lower death rate from car-
diovascular diseases
and to a lesser extent
bronchitis mortality rate
than in soft water areas
No correlation with hyper-
tension and/or hyperten-
sive heart disease
Does not influence the for-
mation of early arterio-
sclerotic lesions
Correlation with lower
death rate from cario-
vascular disease
REFERENCE
189,206
131
266
35
148
177
6,268
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Ul
o
Calcium
chloride
Calcium
hydroxide
Calcium
sulfate
Bicarbonate
ion
Calcium
bicarbonate
ion
Cow
Sheep
Rat
Rat
Rat
Human
Human
Human, rat
10,000-15,000 mg/1
(500-700 mg/kg/day)
20,000-25,000 mg/1
1,800 mg/1 for sever-
al generations
(260 mg/kg/day)
50 and 350 mg/1 in
drinking water
for 3 mos. (7.3
and 51 mg/kg/day)
2,400 mg/1 (350
mg/kg/day)
Saturated CaSO,
solution
High level of NaCl
and CaSO.
Soft water
3.5 gm in drinking
water
Moderate effect on nerves
and appetite
Tolerated for 6 weeks
No ill effects
Significant weight loss; de-
crease in hemoglobin and
RBC; decrease in phago-
cytes; inhibition of gastric
secretion
Normal growth and reproduc-
tion
Satisfactory growth
Correlated with glaucoma
in Irtutsk district in
USSR
Associated with higher
death rates from degen-
erative cardiovascular
disease
Disturbance of purine
metabolism
REFERENCE
131
131
131
254
131
131
270
204,206
266
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
Potassium
bicarbonate
Sodium
bicarbonate
Sodium
carbonate
DOSE
EFFECT
Sheep
Rat
Livestock
50,000 mg/1
15,000-20,000 mg/1
in drinking water
(2,200-2,900
mg/kg/day)
High cone. in drink-
ing .water
Adverse effects on appetite
and growth
Thirst, diarrhea, impaired
growth
Diarrhea, malnutrition, un-
satisfactory growth and
may in erfere with repro-
duction
REFERENCE
131
259
131
Chloride
ion
Chlorine
Cl,,
Rat
Human
Human
10,000-1 ,000 mg/1
(1,500-2,800
. mg/kg/day) .
Up to 1,000 mg/1
«35 mg/kg/day) ,
High cone, of chlo-
rides, sulfates,
in drinking water
90 mg/1 (<3.2 mg/kg/day)
Inhibited growth 131
Not harmful in hot dry areas 131
Apparently accounts for find- 175
ing high incidence of cho-
lelitliasis and cholecytitis
in a region of the USSR.
Strong physiological 131
effects
Chlorinated drinking
water
May cause asthma, colitis,
and eczema
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Chlorine
C12
(cont.)
Ammonium
perchlorate
Chromium
ion Cr+6
Mice
Rat
Rat
Rabbit
Human
Rat
200 mg/1 in drinking
water (20 mg/kg/day)
100 tng/ I/day in drink-
ing water
(15 mg/kg/day)
High doses - long term
190 mg/kg or 3 mos.
2 mg/kg, long-term
0.25 mg/kg or 5 mg/1
long-term
1.0-25.0 mg/1 in well
water
5 mg/1 in drinking water
with 11 mg/1 selenium
(0.73 mg/kg/day)
No effect
No toxic effect on ferti-
lity, growth, or blood
picture, or on the his-
tology of liver, spleen,
kidneys, or other organs
Irritating effect on upper
sections of digestive
tract
Effect on cholinergic and
vegetative nervous
systems
Influence on thyroid
activity
Max. no-effect dose
No ill effects on physical
exam of entire family
Increase in mortality
REFERENCE
131
45
80
219
219
219
131
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Ul
OJ
Chromium ion
Cr+6
(cont.)
Chromium ion
Chromium
(undefined)
Potassium
chromate
Rat (cont.)
Human
Mouse
Mouse and rat
Rat
Rat
Rabbit
25 mg/1 in drinking
water for 6 mos.
(3.6 mg/kg/day)
0.005 mg/kg in
drinking water -
for 6 mos.
25 mg/1 in drinking
water for 3 years
«0.9 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life "
(0.50 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.50-0.73 mg/kg/day)
Diet deficient in Cr
500 mg/1 in drinking
water
(62.5 mg/kg/day)
Slight drop in hemoglobin,
no histological changes.
Large amount of Cr in
kidney, liver and
bony tissue
No change in conditioned
reflexes
No harmful effects
Significant increase in
growth rate; decrease in
survival and longevity
Significant increase in
growth, survival and
longevity
Antherosclerosis; relative
hypercholesteremia which
increased with age, and
mild to moderate hypergly-
cemia; increased incidence
of aortic plaques
Decrease in serum cholesterol,
serum glucose; decreased
aortic plaques; no effect
on blood pressure
No effect on food utili-
zation
REFERENCE
59
59
269
203
203
203
203
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Potassium Rat
chromate (cont)
Zinc
chromate
Cobalt
(undefined)
Cobaltic
chloride
Cobaltic
sulfate
Rat
Animal
Calves
Rat
Rat
Lamb
Cattle
Bull
11 mg/1 for 1 year
(1.6 mg/kg/day)
10,000 mg/1 in
drinking water
(1500 mg/kg/day)
25 mg/day
Small amount daily
500 mg in diet/day
as salt
100 mg/1 in drinking
water
(15 mg/kg/day)
Inj ections
5 mg/day for 10 mos.
50 mg/100/k/day
(1.1 mg/kg/day)
Higher, doses than
above
10 g/d. 90-127 days
No significant difference
in weight, food, intake,
or water consumption or
blood analysis
Markedly interfered with
digestion
Affected hemoglobin
cone, of blood
Polycythemia
Loss of appetite and
and weight
Tissue damage
Polycythemia
Anemia
Blood changes
Appetite, growth, and co-
ordination also affected
Tolerated
REFERENCE
131
131
131
131
131
131
196
131
131
131
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
Cupric
sulfate
DOSE
EFFECT
Cattle
Fluorine
Sheep
Dog
Human
Rat
Fluoride
ion
Human
1000/mg/lb. (2200
mg/kg/day)
1500 mg daily for
30-80 days
4000 mg daily
Live in area of a
fluorine-emitting
aluminum factory
Extract of dust emitted
from aluminum factory
+ NaF (4.4 mg/day)
during pregnancy S.C.
Extract of dust emitted
from aluminum factory
+ NaF (0.44 mg/day)
in first 10 days of
life S.C.
<5 mg/1
Loss of appetite; copper
accumulation in liver,
jaundice and yellow dis-
coloration of whole
animal
Chronic poisoning
Slight effect
Bluish skin spots in women
and children attributed
to capillary damage
No cutaneous lesions or
increased capillary
fragility of skin
No cutaneous lesions or
increased capillary
fragility of skin
No harmful effects except
mottling of teeth
REFERENCE
131
131
131
31
31
31
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
Fluoride
Ion
(cont.)
Human
Sheep
Cattle
Dogs
Cows
Mice
Livestock
0.2-6.0 mg/1
4.4-12.0 mg/1
11.8 mg/1
12.0 mg/1
1.0 mg/1
4.0 mg/1
20.0 mg/1
120 mg/lday
1.0 mg/kg
3.0 mg/kg
5 mg
11.78 mg/1
18 mg./l
1.4-4.5 mg/1
High - in water, food,
etc.
EFFECT REFERENCE
Mild to severe mottling 131
Chronic fluorosis and 131
affected skeletal
system
Fluorine intoxication 131
Affects deciduous teeth 131
Fluoride poisoning 131
Mottled and pitted teeth 131
20% weight reduction 131
Threshold for general health 131
Mottling of teeth 131
Bone damage and death 131
Hypertension 131
Mottling teeth 131
Slowly increasing fluorosis 131
Mottling of teeth 131
Mottling, staining, hypocalci- 221
fication, pitting and abra-
sion of teeth; degree of
osteofluorosis; abnormal
amount of fluorine in urine;
intermittent lameness
Human
1.0-9.2 mg/1
Skeletal fluorosis
258
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHORNIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Fluoride ion
(cont.)
Human
Rat
1,2-5.7 mg/1 (water
consumed during
lifetime)
0,2-0.3 mg/1 in
drinking water
15 mg/1 in drinking
water
Calves
100 mg/1 in drinking
water for 11 mos.
Human
High quantities in
drinking water over
period of years
Fluoride osteosclerosis;
died of terminal sep-
ticemia and pneumonia
(2 cases)
Conditioned reflexes dev-
eloped faster than con-
trols
Retarded development;
slight decrease in ex-
cretion of pyruvic acid
in urine, blood sugar,
activity of blood cho-
linesterase, thyroid
activity and oxygen
consumption
Depression of calcium ab-
sorption rate from gastro-
intestinal tract; increase
in rate of removal of cal-
cium from bone; decrease
in mineral density, larger
intertrabecular spases and
prominent resorption cavi-
ties in metacarpal bones
Disorder affecting teeth,
skeletal system and ner-
vous system; no significant
alteration in thyroid,
adrenocortical or para-
thyroid functions; serum
enzymes normal except in-
crease in serum alkaline
phosphatase level
REFERENCE
258
243
243
184
184
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
00
Fluoride
ion
(cont.)
DOSE
EFFECT
Aluminum
fluoride
Sodium
fluoride
Gallium
(undefined)
Gallium
chloride
Rat
Rabbit
Rat
Mouse
Laboratory
animals
450 ppm in diet
2-6 mg infused into
femoral vein/day
18 mg/kg/day for
6 mos.
3 mg/1 (0.4 mg/kg/day)
1.5 and 15.0 mg/1 in
drinking water for
6 mos. (0.2 and 2.2
mg/kg/day)
15.0 mg/1 in Drinking
water for 6 mos.
(2.2 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.5 mg/kg/day)
1,000 ppm in diet
for 13 weeks
Increased plasma fluoride;
reduction in growth rate
and food intake
Decrease in food intake
possibly due to effect on
cellular metabolism
Loss of weight, fall in
hemoglobin value, changes
in cholinesterase acti-
vity and marked mottling
of tooth enamel
Maximum no-effect dose
No changes in cardiac
activity
Manifested some function-
al disturbances in
brain cortex
Significant decrease in
growth rate and
longevity
No ill effects
REFERENCE
131
131
170
170
109
109
203
26
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Sodium
germanate
Mouse
Rat
Rat
Indium
chloride
Indium
(undefined)
Rat
Mouse
Potassium
iodide
Rat
5 mg/1 for life
(0.5 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.73 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.73 mg/kg/day)
0-4% in diet for 3
mos.
5 mg/1
(0.5 mg/kg/day)
10,000 mg/1 in drink-
ing water (1,500
mg/kg/day)
Significant decrease in
survival, longevity
Significant decrease in
survival
Decrease in serum cholesterol
in male, increase in female;
increase in serum glucose in
female; increased effect on
aorta plaques; no effect on
blood pressure; hepatic cell
degeneration and necrosis and
fatty degeneration of liver;
proteinuria
Marked weight depression at
4% level, slight depression
at 2.4% - increase in lung
weight at both levels
Significant decrease in growth
rate; no effect on survival
or longevity
Hemorrhagic lesions in lung,
liver and kidneys; inflamma-
tory and degenerative changes
in liver, kidneys and heart
Inhibits reproduction
REFERENCE
203
212
203,212
42
203
65
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Lead
(undefined)
Lead
Pb
Animal
Rat
Human
Human
Rat
Human
Human
Higher Animals
and Humans
Animal
0.18 mg/1 in soft
water (0,02 mg/kg/
day)
0.005 mg/kg
2.0-4.0 mg/1 for
3 mos. «.07-.14
mg/kg/day)
From drinking water -
high cone.
Chronic lead poison-
ing
Lead poisoning
CNS changes
Harmful range
Disorder of renal function;
phosphate level in the
blood serum decreases;
sizeable loss of minerals
from bone
Increase in serum cholesterol
in female; decrease in
serum glucose in male;
no effect on aortic plaques
or blood pressure
Microcytic anemia and ence-
phalopathy
Much like multiple sclerosis;
CNS damage
REFERENCE
131
131
165
28
203
218
266
Changes in blood enzymes; 266
blood serum adolase activity
increased
Cellular abberations of ery- 266
throcytes; swollen mitochon-
dria, simple and compound
vacuoles, clusters of
ferrin in the cells; blockage of
heme synthesis
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Lead
Pb
(cont.)
Mouse and Rat
Rat
25 mg/1 for life
(2.5 and 3.6 mg/kg/
day)
Lead
acetate
Rat
5 mg/1 in drinking
water for life
(0.73 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 in drinking
water + chromium
(essential for op-
timal metabolic
function) for life
span (0.73 mg/kg/
day)
Lead
carbonate
Mouse
(suckling)
In diet of maternal
animals immediately
after giving birth
Significant decrease in
survival and longevity;
no effect on growth
rate
Significant increase in
serum cholesterol in
female only; decrease
in serum glucose in male;
no effect on blood pres-
sure or aortic plaques
Progressively toxic in terms
of life span compared to
controls
No increase in mortality com-
pared to controls
38.5% vs. 11.4% (controls)
died of infectious diseases
78.5% vs. 34.6% (controls)
died during epidemic of
viral pneumonia
No increased incidence of
hypertension, diabetes, or
hypercholesteremia
Faulty growth and development;
hematologic evidence of lead
poisoning; neuropathological
changes
REFERENCE
203
203
202
202
202
202
202
192
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Lithium
(undefined)
Human
Lithium
carbonate
Magnesium
(undefined)
Human
Human
Human
Magnesium
chloride
Pigs
Pig
Horses
From drinking water
From drinking water in
100 U.S. cities
300-1,800 mg/day for
treatment of manic-
depression (5-30
mg/kg/day)
From hard water in
the states in the
watershed of the
Missouri-Mississippi
River with its tri-
butaries
Hard water areas
Hard and soft water
areas of Colorado
Hard and soft drinking
water
20 g daily
400 g daily
Correlation with ischemic
heart disease
Negative correlation between
Li level and atherosclero-
tic heart mortality
Tremor of hands, diarrhea,
skin rash, alopecia, con-
fusion, toxic psychosis,
coma and convulsions
Correlation with lower death
rates from coronary heart
disease
Correlation with lower death
rates from coronary heart
disease
No correlation with hyperten-
sion and/or hypertensive
heart disease
Does not influence the forma-
tion of early arterioscle-
rotic lesions
No adverse effect
No adverse effect
REFERENCE
22
255
248
201
268
148
177
131
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Magnesium
chloride
(cont.)
Magnesium
sulfate
M.
CSS
Sheep
Rat
Human
Rat and Other
Small Animals
Rabbit
Manganese
(undefined)
Human
Rabbit
60 g daily
10,000-15,000 mg/1
(1,500-2,200
ing/kg/day)
Excessive cone, in
drinking water
(1,000-2,000 mg)
High cone.
Distilled water with
MgSO added
500-600 mg/kg/day
No adverse effect
No effect on tooth decay
Interfered with growth
Purgative effect
Retarded growth, caused ema-
ciation, rough coat, dia-
rrhea, and increased mor-
tality among the young
No cases of atherosclerosis
vs. results with hard water,
high fat and cholesterol
diet and regular diet with
distilled water
Three persons died as a result
of poisoning by well water
contaminated by manganese
derived from dry cell bat-
teries buried nearby
Encephalitis-like disease
traced to Mn in drinking
water in area outside Tokyo
Cause of a race disease ende-
mic in Manchukuo
Stunted growth and interfered
with bone development
REFERENCE
131
131
131
131
131
38
131
131
131
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Manganese
(cont.)
Manganous
chloride
Manganous
sulfate
Mercury
(undefined)
SPECIES
DOSE
Methyl
mercuric
chloride
Rat
Rat
Rat
Human
Human
EthyImercurie Human
chloride
Human
Human
(fetus)
5 mg/kg for life
span
8 mg/kg daily I.P.*
EFFECT
0.55-9.9 mg in diet
Over a long period
of time - in food,
water, etc.
Small amounts
From flour treated
with Agrosan-GN
(West Pakistan)
From fish
Decrease in serum glucose;
no effect on blood pres-
sure, serum cholesterol
or aortic plaques
Appreciable damage to
seminiferous tubules at
150 days and at 180 days
50% of tubules were de-
generated
1.9-9.9 mg.' had inhibiting
effect on rat's thyroid
Anxiety, excessive self-
consciousness, difficulty
in concentrating, irrati-
bility, resentment of
criticism, headache,
fatigue, blushing and
excessive perspiration
Produce kidney damage, mus-
cular tremors, irritabi-
lity, and depression
Effect on CNS; optic nerve
atrophy frequently observed,
blindness often permanent
Neurological disturbance and
death in inhabitants of
Minamata Bay, Japan
Damage to brain cells
REFERENCE
203
32
107
140
137
57
97
123
Intraperitoneal
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
i-n
Methyl
mercuric
chloride
(cont.)
Methyl
mercury
Methyl
mercuric
dicyandiamide
Human (survi-
vors of
Minimata)
Human
Human
Human
(infant)
Chicken
Ferret
Human
From fish
From swine whose feed
had been contamina-
ted with Panogen
(Alamagordo, N. M.)
From water, fish, etc.
From mother (3 mos.
pregnant) eating
swine whose feed
had been contami-
nated with Panogen
Wheat treated with com-
pound at a rate of
12 mg/kg/day for
35-44 days
Muscle and liver of
above chickens (Hg
content equivalent
to 5 or 7 mg/kg)
From wheat in
Guatemala
Cerebellar ataxia, blind-
ness, and dysarthria
Visual difficulties, bizarre
behavior, difficulty in
walking, lethargy and
coma
Partial brain damage
Markedly abnormal electro-
encephalogram
No clinical signs of poison-
ing
Ataxia, trembling and para-
lysis; degenerative changes
in CNS and peripheral ner-
vous system; high Hg levels
in kidney, liver, brain,
skeletal muscle and gonads;
death by 58th day
Encephalitis-like effects
REFERENCE
138
57
139
246
85
85
57
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Methyl
mercuric
sulfide
Rat
Mercuric
chloride
Pheny liner curie
chloride
Rat
Swine
(5 wks. old)
1.3 rag/kg/day
for 3 mos.
2, 3, and 4 mg/kg/day
in drinking water
3.6 or 7.1 mg/kg for
^90 days
0.3 mg/kg for =90 days
0.59 mg/kg for <90 days
1.2 mg/kg for ^90 days
3.6 mg/kg for =90 days
7.1 mg/kg for =90 days
Lesions of granular cell
layer in cerebellum
closely related to
course of vessels;
pathological changes
in granular cells:
disappearance of orga-
nelles and diminution
of nuclear substance,
changes in mitochondria.
Decrease in alkaline phos-
phatase activity in
neutrophils
Typhlitis, colitis and
nephrosis; high levels
of Hg in kidney and
colon
No lesions on kidneys,
BUN 15 mg/100 ml in 2/5
animals
No lesions on kidneys;
BUN 17-22 mg/100 ml in
3/5 animals
No lesions on kidneys;
BUN 15-20 in 3/5 animals
Minimal-moderate renal
lesions on 4/5 animals;
BUN: 20-90 mg/100 ml
Minimal-severe renal lesions
in 4/5 animals; BUN:
18-140 mg/100 ml
REFERENCE
135
127
242
242
242
242
242
242
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Molybdenum
(undefined)
Molybdenum
ion
Mo+6
Ammonium
molybdate
Rat
Cattle
Rat and Mouse
Laboratory
animals
Rabbit
100-350 mg in diet
(long-term)
10 mg/1 for life
(1-1=5 mg/kg/day)
500 mg/day
10.2-100.4 mg/kg/day
for 6 mos.
Increase in serum glucose;
no effect on blood pres-
sure, serum cholesterol
or aortic plaques
Severe diarrhea, anemia,
loss of weight and dis-
coloring of hide
No effect on growth rate,
survival or longevity
Anorexia, listlessness and
loss of weight
Retardation of weight gain
REFERENCE
203
61
203
131
11
Rat
5.1 mg/kg/day for
6 mos.
1.02 mg/kg/day for
6 mos.
0.051 mg/kg or 1.02 mg/1
1.02 mg/kg for 2-1/2 mos.
in milk
2.04 mg-kg for 20 days
after 0.5 mg/kg for
2-1/2 mos.
Raise in erythocyte count, 11
but became reversed as
experiment proceeded.
Rise in SH groups in serum
Rise in SH groups and a de- 11
crease in content of Vita-
min C in the liver
Maximum no-effect dose 11
Marked rise in WBC; histolo- 167
gical changes in liver
Similar effects but more 167
pronounced than above;
focal granular dystrophy
of the kidneys
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Ammonium
molybdate
(cont.)
Rabbit
Molybdenum
trioxide
MoO,,
Nickel
(undefined)
0.051-0.1 mg/kg
0.51 mg/kg
1.02 and 2.04 mg/kg
P.O. or inhalation
Rat
Increase in cystine, histidine,
arginine, glycine, threonine,
alanine, valine, leucine, and
Isoleucine in blood serum
Decrease in arginine, glutamic
acid, methionine and valine
in serum; increase in cys-
tine, histidine, glycine,
thronine, alanine, leucine,
isoleucine and phenylalanine
in blood serum
Decrease in cystine, arginine,
glycine, glutamic acid, threo-
nine, alanine, methionine, and
phenylalanine; histidine in-
creased significantly at 1.02
mg/kg and decreased signifi-
cantly at 2.04 mg/kg
Changes chiefly in liver and kid-
neys; some evidence of cellular
breakdown in lungs; granulets
of a Mo compound in a few cells
Capacity to inhibit enzyme systems
Decrease in serum cholesterol in
male, decrease in serum glucose
in female; no effect on blood
pressure or aortic plaques
REFERENCE
247
247
247
61
128
203
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Nickel
carbonate
Calf
Nickel
chloride
Niobium
(undefined)
Niobium
ion
Nb+5
Niobium
chloride
NbCl5
Potassium
niobate
Cat and Dog
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Rat
Rat
62.5, 250, 1,000 ppm
in total diet from
13-21 wks. of age
4-12 mg/kg/day - 200
days
5 mg/1 for life
(0.5 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.7 mg/kg/day)
29.1 mg/kg (repeated
injections)
29.5 mg/kg (repeated
injections)
In diet
Reduced feed intake and
growth rate at 250 and
1,000 ppm; kidneys were
nephritic; no effect
on ruminal, abomasal,
duodenal, liver and tes-
ticular histology
No apparent effect
Decrease in serum cholesterol
in male; no effect on serum
glucose, blood pressure, or
on aortic plaques
Significant decrease in growth
rate, increase in longevity
and no effect on survival
Significant increase in growth
rate, decrease in longevity
and no effect on survival
Renal injury
Renal damage
No lesions on liver, kidney or
spleen
REFERENCE
164
131
203
203
203
43
43
43
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMLIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Ammonia
Hydrogen
cyanide
Ammonium
thiocyanate
Potassium
thiocyanate
Hydrazine
Nitrite ion
Sodium "
nitrite
Rabbit
Rat
Laboratory
animals
Laboratory
animals
Rat
Guinea Pigs
Mice
Rat
50-80 ml of 0.5%-
ammonia for
17 mos. (80-130
mg/kg/day)
100-300 rag/kg diet
for 2 yrs.
0.005 mg/kg
0.005 mg/kg
100 mg/1 in drinking
water (15 mg/kg/day)
0.5 mg/1 (0.-07 mg/kg/
day)
300 and 450 mg/kg in
drinking water for
56 days (44-66
mg/kg/day)
Chronic acidosis and tissue
changes
No signs of toxicity; no
hematological or patholo-
gical changes
Effect on carbohydrate and
cholesterol exchange
Effect on carbohydrate and
cholesterol exchange
Reluctant.to drink the water
Pronounced decrease in hemo-
globin; thyroid function
disturbance; decrease in
SH groups in whole blood;
disturbance in liver func-
tion
Reduced activity patterns in 77
experiment carried out in
a barrier activity box
Decrease in weight gain; in- 77
crease in methemoglobin
levels
REFERENCE
131
131
112
112
131
50
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Sodium
nitrite
(cont.)
Rat
Nitrate ion
Human
Laboratory
animals
Human
3.0 mg/1 in drinking
water during last
week of pregnancy
(0.4 mg/kg/day)
3.0 mg/1 after birth
of litter (0.4
mg/kg/day)
High cone, in drinking
water used for
infant formula
(>50 mg/1)
>45 mg/1
From drinking water
High level of methemoglobin
No effect on suckling
rats
Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia causing
hypoxia found in infants,
school children and
adults
-Methemoglobinemia in infants
Period of 3 yrs: 139 cases of
nitrate poisoning with 14
deaths
Inhibits iodine and Vitamin
A metabolism; may have
effect on pregnancy
Methemoglobin level elevated
in certain diseases; fluc-
tuation of level following
the degree of Vitamin C
saturation of the organism
REFERENCE
77
77
I, 40,131
197,206,231
151
96
192
267
114
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Nitrate ion
(cont.)
i--
^j
NJ
Potassium
nitrate
Human (infant)
Human
Human (children)
Dog
Human (<6 mos.
old)
Human (12-14 yrs.)
Human
Rat
Guinea Pig
>100 mg/1 in drinking
water and some leafy
green vegetables
From food and water
88.5-117 mg/1 drinking
water (<3 mg/kg/day)
22.13-110.67mg/1 in
drinking water (1.0-
5.1 mg/kg/day)
524 mg/1 nitrates
0.07 mg/1 nitrites
368 mg/1 chlorides
in water used to
prepare formula
105 mg/1 in drinking water
«3.7 mg/kg/day)
Drinking water in Colo-
rado (high nitrate
areas)
5,000 mg/1 and 30,000
mg/1 in drinking
water (700-4,000
mg/kg/day)
Alimentary methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia in from
4/8-19/22 animals
Developed cyanosis as a
result of methemoglo-
binemia
Increase in reaction time to
conditional visual and
auditory stimuli compared
to control children. Sug-
gests probable effect of
nitrates on CNS
Possible relationship to
hypertension
2 out of 8 rats had normal
litters
Evidence of reproductive
disturbance
REFERENCE
150, 223
77,118
233
233
108
171
148
267
267
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Potassium
nitrate
(cont.)
Sodium
nitrate
Palladium
(undefined)
Potassium
chloride
Rhodium
ion
Rh+4
Rubidium
Scandium
Selenium
(undefined)
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Human
Cow
Pig
Mouse
Human
Mouse
Animals
Mouse
Human
Various cone.
6,200 mg/1 (400 mg/kg/day)
1,740-2,970 mg/1 in soup
prepared with well water
5 mg/1 for life (0.5
mg/kg/day)
153-191 mg/kg
5 mg/1 for life (0.5
mg/kg/day)
High cone, in low K diet
5 mg/1 for life (0.5
mg/kg/day)
From seliniferous areas
5-7 mg/1 in food
In water
Diuretic, vomiting, diarrhea,
muscular weakness, collapse
and death
Frenzy, paralysis, diuresis,
cyanosis and death
Death from methemoylobinemia
REFERENCE
131
131
131
Significant increase in growth 203
rate, survival and longevity
Effects on nervous system and 131
kidneys
Decrease in growth rate; no 203
effect on survival or long-
evity
Irritation of muscular nerves 131
Significant decrease in growth 203
rate
High rate of dental caries; 131
tendency for increased mal-
occlusion and gingivitis
Harmful to liver 155
Increase susceptibility to 231
dental caries, G.I. dis-
turbances , icterus
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Selenium
(cont.)
Selenium
ion
Se
,+4
Selenium
ion
Se+&
Selenium
dioxide
Livestock
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Rat
3 mg/1 for life
3 mg/1 for life
3 mg/1 for life
3 mg/1 for life
4 mg/kg/day for
40 days
Anemia, liver damage and ic-
terus
Significant increase in
growth rate
Most animals died young
Increase in serum cholesterol;
no effect on serum glucose,
blood pressure or on aortic
plaques
Caused hyperchromic anemia
decreased serum cholines-
terase, dystrophic changes
in liver and kidney, slight
dystrophic changes in epi-
thelium of seminiferous ducts
of testicle
REFERENCE
84
203
203
Increase in serum cholesterol; 203
increase in serum glucose
in female; no effect on blood
pressure or aortic plaques
Significant decrease in growth 203
rate
Significant increase in longe- 203
vity
203
73
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Selenium
dioxide
(cont.)
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Selenite
ion
Sodium
selenite
Silver
(undefined)
Rat
2 mg/kg/day for 30 days
Rat
Rat
1 mg/kg/day for 30 days
59
In food and Fe injected
Lamb
Human
Rabbit
0.1-1 mg/kg
1 g I-V.
0.25 and 0.025 mg/kg/
day for 11 mos.
Caused hypochromic anemia,
decrease in serum cholin-
esterase, dystrophic changes
in liver and kidneys of some
animals
Caused hypochromic anemia and
a decrease in serum cholin-
esterase
Extensive decline of the hemo-
globin concentration and of
the newly incorporated Fe
in blood occurred at same
time. At death, overall
reduction of hemoglobin less
than reduction of label;
hemoglobinuria in final
stages. Indication anemia
caused by hemolysis rather
than a defect in RBC synthe-
sis
Decreased argyrophilia; reduced
blood glutathione
Produces argyria
REFERENCE
73
73
84
131
Marked effect on immunological 15
capacity
Histopathological changes in 15
the vascular, nervous, and glial
tissue of the encephalon and
medulla
Effect on conditioned reflexes 15
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Silver
(cont.)
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Rabbit
Sodium
(undefined)
Human
0.0025 mg/kg or 0.05 mg/1
High cone, in drinking
water
Sodium
chloride
Livestock
From salt poisoning in
water
No effect on hemoglobin, RBC,
differential WBC, the pro-
teinogenic function of the
liver or on serum SH groups
Maximum ineffective dose
REFERENCE
15
15
In conditions such as congestive 194
heart failure, hypertension,
renal disease, cirrhosis of
the liver and in pregnancy, in
which water is poorly elimina-
ted, the presence of sodium
in plasma causes further reten-
tion of water, resulting in
progressive circulatory and
respiratory distress. In toxe-
mia of pregnancy patient has
marked edema and stores water
and sodium in great excess.
Malnutrition, wasting disease
Swine
7000 mg/1 in drinking
water
Slight scouring
131
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Sodium
chloride
(cont.)
Cattle
Rat
Cattle
Sulfate
ion
Cattle
Dog
7,000 mg/1 in drinking
water
(360 mg/kg/day)
10,000 mg/1 in drinking
water
(1,500 rag/kg/day)
15,000 mg/1 in drinking
water
(2,200 mg/gk/day)
15,000 mg/1 in drinking
water
(800 mg/kg/day)
15-17,600 mg/1 in drink-
ing water
(8-900 mg/kg/day)
From drinking water in
Minn.
3,590 and 2,104 mg/1
(190 and 110 mg/kg/day)
2,500 mg/1
(115 mg/kg/day)
Reduction in weight
Decreased reproduction
Retarded growth, some
deaths
Reduced water intake
Sickened or killed
Developed rundown,
ragged appearance,
and eventually
weakened and died
Diarrhea
REFERENCE
131
131
131
131
131
131
193
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
Sulfate
ion
(cont.)
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
sulfite
Ammonium
persulfate
Tellurium
ion
Te+4
Human
(infant)
Human
Cattle
Rat
Dog
Mouse
DOSE
EFFECT
Te
+6
Rat
Rat
Mouse
600-1,000 mg/1
(<21 mg/kg/day)
High concentration of
chlorides and sulfates
in drinking water
7,000-10,000 mg/1
in drinking water
(370-520 mg/kg/day)
15,000 mg/1 in drinking
water
(2,200 mg/kg/day)
23,850 mg/kg for 16 mos.
2 mg/1 for life
(0.2 mg/kg/day)
2 mg/1 for life
(0.3 mg/kg/day)
Diarrhea
Apparently accounts for
finding high incidence
of cholelithiasis and
cholecytitis in a re-
gion of the USSR
Weight loss
No apparent effect
No effect
Significant decrease in
longevity; no effect
on growth rate or
survival
No effect on growth rate,
survival or longevity
REFERENCE
193
175
131
131
131
203
203
2 mg/1 for life
(0.2 mg/kg/day)
Increase in serum cholesterol; 203
increase in serum glucose
in female; no effect on blood
pressure or aortic plaques
No effect on growth rate, sur- 203
vival or longevity
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT SPECIES DOSE
Sodium
tellurite
Rat and rabbit
Rat
0.005-0.5 mg/kg/day
for 7 mos.
0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg/day
for 7 mos.
0.5 mg/kg/day
for 7 mos.
0.005-0.5 mg/kg/day
for 7 mos.
EFFECT
REFERENCE
119
0.01 mg/1 or
0.0005 mg/kg/day
Marked reduction in the blood
catalase activity during
first month; Vitamin C de-
pletion of suprarenals and
lungs
Catalase activity remained 119
low through experiment;
some inhibition of blood
cholinesterase activity
Some disturbance in glycogenic 119
function of liver; reduced
level of free serum SH groups
Dark-colored granular and thread- 119
like inclusions in all internal
organs; disturbance in condi-
tioned reflexes. After cessa-
tion of dosage, cerebral cortex
showed focal changes in the in-
terneuromc connections and nerve
cells, denticular dilations of
the dendrites and shrinkage of
nerve cells with lysis of the
nuclei; decrease in cholinester-
ase activity and in content of
SH groups in the grey matter of
the cortex
Ineffective toxic dose ' ',: 119
-------
00
o
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT SPECIES DOSE
Sodium
tellurite
(cont.)
Thallium
Salts
(undefined)
Thallous
acetate
Thallous
oxide
Thorium
(undefined)
Thorium
dioxide
Tin
(undefined)
Rat
Animal
Rat
Rat
Rat
Dog, rat, rabbits
and guinea pig
Rabbits
0.005-1 rag/kg
0.0005 mg/kg
0.003% in diet
0.0035% in diet
17,500 mg/kg
(other doses
I.V., I.M. and
I.T.)
5.69 mg/cu.m. by
inhalation (1 yr.
exposure)
1 g every 6-10 days
(40 mg/kg/day)
EFFECT
Some disturbances in the
rate of nervous processes
and morphological changes
in brain tissue
No changes in brain cortex
Cumulative poison, 4 X as to-
xic as arsenous oxide;
effects sympathetic nervous
system; causes muscular pain,
endocrine disturbances and
loss of hair
Marked growth depression after
30 days
Marked growth depression after
30 days
Simple compounds: content of
Th equal in organic and mi-
neral components of bone.
Complex compounds: appre-
ciable increase in Th con-
tent in organic component
of bone
No toxic effects
Death in 1-2 mos. with renal
and hepatic degeneration and
paralysis of hind legs
REFERENCE
120
120
131
41
41
169
88
211
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Stannous-
chloride
Mouse
Rat
00
Sodium
stannous-
tartrate
Dog
Rabbit, cat
dog
Rabbit
Laboratory animals
5 mg/1 for life
(0.5 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.7 mg/kg/day)
500 mg/kg/day in
milk
(23 mg/kg/day)
0.5-12.5 mg/kg daily
until death, s.c.
I.V. injections
No effect on growth rate,
survival or longevity
Significant decrease in
survival and longevity;
no effect on growth rate
Increase in serum choles-
terol and serum glucose
in female; increase in
effect on aortic plaques;
no effect on blood pres-
sure; fatty degeration of
liver, hepatic cellular
degeneration of necrosis;
vacuolar changes in pro-
ximal convoluted tubule
of kidney
Paralysis after 14 mos.
Diarrhea; death preceded by
paralysis and twitching of
limbs. Cats were more sen-
sitive and also developed
anesthesia of limbs; vomit-
ing in cats and dogs
Albuminuria
Spleen has bluish-grey appear-
ance due to deposition of
tin in reticulo-endothelial
cells
REFERENCE
203
212
212
18
18
18
18
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Titanium
(undefined)
Titanium ion
Ti+4
Laboratory
animals
Mouse
Tungsten salts Rat
(undefined)
Uranium
(undefined)
oo
S3
Laboratory
animals
Human
Rabbit
Laboratory
animals
1 mg/1 (periodic
introduction)
5 mg/1 for life
2.5-5 mg/1 in drink-
ing water
1,000-5,000 mg/1
(150-730 mg/kg/day)
30-60 mg/1
(3-6 mg/kg/day)
0.04-0.05 mg/1 in
water sources of
town A. 0.002-
0.004 mg/1 in
water sources of
town B
0.6 and 60 mg/1 for
13 mos.
Long-term chronic
No harmful reactions or functional
changes; histological investi-
gation negative
Significant increase in growth rate,
decrease in survival & longevity
Slightly reduced the toxicity of se-
lenium to rats fed a ration con-
taining 11 mg/1 of selenium
Retarded growth
Inhibition of nucleic acid metab-
olism in kidney and liver
Residual and amino nitrogen, pro-
thrombin and SH groups and ther-
mal coagulation time were normal
in A and B; catalase index be-
low normal in A and B; vitamin
C content in blood and urine 2/3
normal in A and B, serum albumen
was lower and a, and A-globulins
higher in A
Does not confirm albumin/globulin
data from towns A and B
Effect on reproductive maturity and
reproductive cycle; changes in
natural immunity characteristic,
cardiovascular system, thyroid
gland, and blood phosphatase
REFERENCE
216, 217
203
131
131
162
159
159
157
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
__ AGENT SPECIES DOSE
Uranium
(natural)
Rat
oo
Uranium VI
Rat
6 and 60 tng/1
(long-term)
0.6 mg/1
- (long-term)
0.06 mg/1
(long-term)
60 mg/1 for
11 mos.
(9 mg/kg/day)
6 mg/1 for
11 mos.
(0.9 mg/kg/day)
0.6 mg/1 for
11 mos.
(0.1 mg/kg/day)
EFFECT
REFERENCE
188
Retards sexual maturity;
decrease ub oxygen con-
sumption at 60;
inhibited thyroid func-
tion, increased parathyroid
function; serum contained
smaller amounts of inorganic
phosphorus and larger amounts
of alkaline phosphatase;
Inhibits thyroid function, in- 188
creased parathyroid function,
serum contained smaller amount
of inorganic phosphorus and
larger ants of alkaline phos-
phatase than controls
No effect 188
Inhibited metabolism of nucleic 163
acids in kidneys and liver;
increase in serum alkaline
phosphatase; no change in
weight gain; no significant
difference between experimental
and control in urea, creatinine
and serum chloride levels
Increase in alkaline phosphatase 163
activity
No significant effect 163
-------
TABLE IV (COOT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Uranium
(solid)
Uranyl
fluoride
Uranyl
nitrate
Rat and rabbit
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rabbit
00
Dog
208 and 40 rag/kg respective-
ly 10 times and
417 and 80 mg/kg respec-
tively 10 times
0.25 and 0.5% in diet
0.15% in diet
0.02 mg/kg
2.11 mg/kg
for 12 mos.
0.042-0.42 mg/kg for
12 mos.
2.11 mg/kg
for 21 mos.
0.21 mg/kg
for 21 mos.
Distribution greatest in
bone, also found in
liver, kidney and spleen.
Poisoning caused struc-
tural changes in kidneys
Tendency toward anemia
Definite renal tubular da-
mage
No significnat incidence
of atypical white blood
cells
No variation from controls
in weight gain, decrease
in activity of acid phos-
phatase in spleen; in-
hibition of the metabolism
of nucleic acids in kidneys
and liver; no change in
urea, creatinine or serum
chloride levels
No significant changes
Changes in blood morphology,
disturbance of thyroid
function; increased basal
metabolism; changes in
hepatic function; effect
on heart; hematopoietic
deficiency
Hematopoietic deficiency
REFERENCE
20
131
131
190
163
163
163
163
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Vanadium
(undefined
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Rat
Rabbit
Animals
10 rag/kg
1 ing/kg
P°
Rat
Vanadium
ion
Rat and mouse
5 mg/1 for. life
(0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg/
day)
Fatal; damaged gastroin-
testinal tract, liver
and kidneys
Developed hypochronic ane-
mia; blood and urine phos-
phorus rose to considerably
higher level
Reduced blood cholesterol le-
vels and cholesterol and
phospholipid metabolism
in liver; inhibits sulf-
hydryl-dependent succinic
dehydrogenase of liver and
reduces levels of cysteine
in hair and fingernails
Increase in serum cholesterol in
female; decrease in serum cho-
lesterol in male and increase
in serum glucose; no effect
on aortic plaques or blood
pressure
No significant effect on growth
rate, survival or longevity
REFERENCE
214
214
128
203
203
Vanadium
Pentoxide
Rabbit
Human
100 mg/kg of diet
In drinking water
Lowered free cholesterol and 131
phospholipid content of liver
Correlated with the lowest in- 131
cidence of coronary heart di-
sease in New Mexico
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
Yttrium
Zinc
(undefined)
Mouse
Human
Rat
Rat
5 mg/1 for life
(0.5 mg/kg/day)
From drinking water
high concentration
34.4 mg/day for
35-53 weeks
(150 mg/kg/day)
0.5-1% in food
0.5% in food
1% in food
0.4% in food
0.75% in food
Significant decrease in
growth rate, survival
and longevity
Disorder of renal function;
phosphate level in the
blood serum decreases;
sizable loss of minerals
from the bones; "itai Itai"
disease
Non-toxic
Reduced growth, anemia, poor
reproduction
Reduces liver catalase and
cytochrome oxidase, reduces
weight and fat of liver, low-
ers Ca/P of femurs, increased
urinary and fecal nitrogen,
reduces urinary and fecal ni-
trogen, reduces urinary phos-
phate and sulfate; depresses
food intake, inhibits copper
and causes anemia
Anemia and reduced cytochrome
oxidase
Reduces liver ferritint hemo-
siderin
Decreases bone calcium
REFERENCE
203
28
176
176
176
176
176
176
-------
TABLE IV (CONT.) - MAMMALIAN CHRONIC TOXICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Zinc
carbonate
Zinc
sulfate
SPECIES
DOSE
Zirconium
Zr
CO
-4
Rat
Dog
(chloralosed)
Rat, Cat, Frog,
Snail
Rat
Mouse
Rat
0.96-1.92% for
30 weeks
8-16 mg
8-16 mg
3,000 ing/kg
5 mg/1 for life
(0.5 mg/kg/day)
5 mg/1 for life
(0.7 mg/kg/day)
' EFFECT REFERENCE
Drop in hemoglobin to 10.2 176
and 6.1 g/100 ml
respectively
Arterial and cardiac de- 33
pressor
Arterial and cardiac de- 33
pressor
Some arrest in growth 33
No significant effect on 33
growth rate, survival,
or longevity
Significant increase in 203
growth rate; no effect
on survival or longevity
Increase in serum cholester- 203
ol and serum glucose in
female; no effect on
blood pressure
-------
CARCINOGENICITY
Table V lists the carcinogenicity of mammals of Inorganic compounds examined
by the oral route of administration. Fifty inorganic chemicals were examined
in mammalian species, including human. Significantly, only a few of these
showed positive results (potassium, arsenate, palladium, rhenium", selenium ,
tellurium"1"", yttrium, zinc, and zinc chloride). Some showed a decrease in
tumor incidence (sodium germanate and nickel). The nine inorganics which show
positive carcinogenic effects were not examined for dose effects.
For the sake of completeness, and in the event that carcinogenicity of
inorganic pollutants in freshwater will need to be assessed in terms other
than oral administration, Table Va is presented. It will be noted that,
using routes of administration other than oral, the proportion of compounds
which are carcinogenic increases.
188
-------
TABLE V - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
oo
VO
Antimony Mouse and rat
Sb+3
Antimony Rat
trioxide
Arsenic
trioxide Mouse
Negative
Negative
0/20
0/10
0/10
0/75
5 mg/1 for life span
2% in diet for 8 mos,
2% in diet for <_ 240 d.
5.0 g suspended in 5 ml water
2.5 g suspended in 5 ml water
0.01% solution in drinking
203
220
220
220
220
19
Sodium
arsenite
Potassium
arsenate
(Fowler's
solution)
Beryllium
carbonate
Mouse
Rat
Rat
Human
Rat
Possible decrease in
methylcholanthrene-
induced skin tumors in
one strain of mouse
Significant decrease in
tumor incidence
Significant decrease in
tumor incidence
No tumors above control
Positive
Negative
water
0.01% in drinking water for
8 mos.
8.67 mg/1 for life span
8.67 mg/1 for life span
8.67 mg/1 in drinking water
for life span plus 0.80
mg/kg of diet
3, 6% in diet, 14-160 days
145
203
212
105
208
220
-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
vo
o
Bismuth Rat
carbonate
Sodium Dog
bromide
Cadmium Mouse and rat
Cadmium Rat
chloride
Cadmium Pig
oxide
Chromium Mouse and rat
Cr+3
Chromic Rat
chloride
Chromium Mouse and rat
Cr+6
Potassium Rabbit
chr ornate _
Calcium Rat
fluoride
Negative
0/4
Negative
0/16
Negative
Negative
Negative
0/21
Negative
0/3
0/21
0/80
Negative
2% in diet for life span
128 mg/kg/d. in capsule in
food
5 mg/1 for life span
0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0
and 50.0 ppm in drinking
water
170 mg/d. in food for 3 days,
off 6 wks; 170 mg/d. for
3 days
170 mg/d. in food
5 mg/1 for life span
76 mg/1 in drinking water for
1 year
5 mg/1 for life span
100 mg every other day
93 ppm in drinking water for
1 year
1.68, 8.22, 16.81, 28.76, and
41.08 ppm in drinking water
200 ppm in riboflavin deficient
diet for 5 wks.
52
220
203
220
220
226
203
228
203
220
220
220
220
-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
Sodium
fluoride
NaF
Sheep
Rat
Rat
Rat
0/16
0/16
Negative
Negative
Negative
Mean of 33 mg/day for
26 mos . , 20 ppm
Mean of 18 mg/day for
26 mos. , 10 ppm
4 mg/day in water for
14 wks .
2 mg/day in water for
14 wks.
1, 5, 10, 50, or 100 ppm
220
220
220
220
220
Rabbit
Sodium
silico-
fluoride
Rat
Rabbit
Dog
Rat
Negative
0/13
0/10
0/11
0/30
Negative
0/3
0/1
Negative
in 15-20 ml soln/day
in diet for 107, 192
and 210 days
30-140 mg/kg/day as 5% 220
suspension for 30-200
days
50 mg/kg/day 220
30 mg/kg/day 220
10 mg/kg/day 220
10-50 mg/kg/day as 1, 3, 220
or 5% soln or susp. for
4-12 wks.
828.95, 221.05, 110.53, 22.1, 220
11.05, 4.42 ppm in diet
100 mg/kg/day 220
20 mg/kg (2% soln)/day for 220
146 days
120 ppm in riboflavin deficient 220
diet for 5 wks.
-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
(-
VD
Gallium
Sodium
germanate
Indium
Iodine
Lead
Pb+2
Lead
acetate
Mercuric
chloride
Molybdenum
Mo*6
Nickel
Ni+2
Niobium
Nb+5
Potassium
thiocyanate
Mouse
Mouse
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Mouse and Rat
Rabbit
Rat
Rat and mouse
Mouse
Mouse and rat
Rat
Negative
No tumors above control
Decreased incidence
Decreased incidence
Negative
25/154 (ademoma of thyroid
and pituitary)
Negative
Negative
0/12
0/8
Negative
Significant decrease in
tumor incidence
Negative
0/10
0/36
5 mg/1 for life span
11.47 mg/1 for life span
plus 0.73 mg/kg of diet
11.47 mg/1 for life span
11.47 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
Chronic iodine deficient
diet
In drinking water
25 mg/1 for life span
2 ml soln 20% every second
day
0.030 mg in water every
second day
10 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
50 mg/kg/day in diet for
30 days
7,5 ing/day + 0.03 mg thyroxin/
203
105
203
229
203
21
71
203
220
220
203
203
203
220
220
day fed low-iodine diet for
18 mos.
-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
Potassium Rat
thiocyanate
(cont.)
Hydrazine Rat
Palladium Mouse
Rhodium Mouse
Scandium Mouse
Selenium Mouse
Se Mouse and rat
Sodium selenite Rat
Laboratory animal
0/35
0/10
0/10
0/10
0/10
0/10
Positive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Positive
Negative
0/6
0/6
7.5 mg/day in low-iodine
diet over 18 mos .
0.2 mg/ml of drinking water
for 14 wks.
0.5 mg/ml of drinking water
for 4 wks.
1 mg/ml of drinking water for
3 wks.
2 mg/ml of drinking water for
4 wks.
0/1 mg/ml of drinking water for
14 wks .
5 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
5 mg/1 for life span
3 mg/1 for life span
3 mg/1 for life span
-
10 ppm in diet for 42 days
In diet
220
220
220
220
220
220
203
203
203
203
203
71
220
71
-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
Potassium Rat
selenate
Sodium Sheep
chloride
Rat
Tellurium Mouse and rat
Te+6 Mouse
Stannous
chloride Mouse
Mouse and rat
Stannous Rat
oleate
Sodium Rat
chlorostannate
Titanium Rat
Vanadium Mouse and rat
v+4
Vanadium Rabbit
pentoxide
Negative
0/40
0/30
0/30
0/30
0/30
Negative
Positive
No tumors above control
Negative
Negative
3/30
Negative
Negative
0/5
4.2, 7.0 and 21.0 ppm in
drinking water
0.5, 4.8, 9.1, or 13% in
diet for 253 days
9.8% in diet ad lib
8.4% in diet ad lib
7.0% in diet ad lib
5.6% in diet ad lib
2 mg/1 for life span
2 mg/1 for life span
8 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water plus 0.63
mg/kg of diet
8 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water
5,000 ppm in diet
2% in diet
As salt in drinking water for
life span
5 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water
100 ppm in diet for 68 days
220
220
220
220
220
220
203
203
165
203
71
71
71
203
220
-------
TABLE V (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY THE ORAL ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMORS
DOSE
REFERENCE
Vanadyl Mouse
sulfate
Yttrium Mouse
Zinc Mouse
Zinc Rodent
chloride
6/38
15/141
Positive
Positive
Positive
14.43 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water + 9.23
mg/kg of diet
Control for above
5 mg/1 for life span in
drinking water
5-30 mg/1 in drinking water
2-3 years up to 16 genera-
tions
In drinking water
105
105
203
81
71
VO
Ui
Zirconium
Mouse and rat
Negative
5 mg/1 in drinking water for
life span
71
-------
TABLE Va - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
DOSE
REFERENCE
Aluminum Rat
Rabbit
Aluminum Mouse
hydroxide
Rat
Aluminum Rabbit
oxide
0
0
0/26
0/12
0/6
0/15
0/24
0/12
0/4
Powder 100 mg susp . in water or
alcohol I. P.*
Powder 50 mg susp . in water or
alcohol I.T.** inj .
95 mg dust and 5 mg quartz dust
susp. in 1.5 ml saline I.T.
100 mg dust susp. in 1.5 ml saline
I.T.
0.5 g powder susp. in 4 ml saline
4 at monthly intervals I.T.
0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 ml as a
susp. I. P.
14 and 50 mg dust in 1.1 ml saline
60 mg dust in 1.1 ml saline I.T.
300 mg in 3 ml saline, 15 mg in 1
ml saline 10X in 4 wks. I.T. and
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
Guinea Pig
Mouse
*I.P.
**I.T.
Intraperitoneal
Intratracheal
Intravenous
0/11
0/40
0/40
0/30
I.V.***
500 mg in 4 ml saline, 25 mg in 1 220
ml saline 10X in 4 wks. I., and
I.V.
200 mg in 2 ml saline, 10 mg in 220
0.5 ml saline 10X in 4 wks. I.T.
and I.V.
15 mg in 0.25 ml saline, 2 mg in 220
0.35 ml saline 4 Xin 4 wks. I.T.
and I.V.
10 mg in 0.5 ml water I.P. 220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OP ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
Aluminum
oxide
(Cont.)
SPECIES
Aluminum
, phosphate
i
Arsenic
Rat
Rabbit
Rat
Rat
Rat
Human
Rat
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
0/12
0/6
0/12
0/12
0/18
0/30
May be carcinogenic
Positive (epidermal
cells) ,
Arsenic waters may be
carcinogenic to
skin and liver
No tumors above control
No tumors above control
11/20
(4 adenofibromas, 3 adre-
nal angiomas, 1 adrenal
cortical adenoma, 1 en-
dometrial fibrous polyp,
2 basophilic pituitary
adenomas, 2 hepatomas,
2 abdominal sarcomas)
DOSE
50 mg in 1 ml water I.P.
0.5 g dust in 4 ml saline
susp. 4 at monthly inter-
vals I.T.
50 mg dust (0.02 y in diameter)
in 1.1 ml saline
50 mg dust (<1 y in diameter)
in 1.1 ml saline
35 mg susp. in 1 ml tap water
50 mg dust in 1.1 ml saline
I.T.
0.2 ml lanolin intrafemoral;
repeated in 10 mos.
0.05 ml lanolin suspension
monthly for 6 mos. intra-
pleural
0.1 ml of 1% lanolin susp. in
paranasal sinuses 3X
REFERENCE
220
220
220
220
220
220
71, 231
104
131
91
91
91
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
Arsenic
(Cont.)
Arsenic
trioxide
M Sodium
VO
oo arsenate
Barium
sulfate
Barium
sulfide
Beryllium
Human
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Laboratory
animals
Rabbit
Rat
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
8/20
(3 adenofibromas of
breast, 2 basophi-
lic adenomas of
hypophysis, 1 cor-
tical adenoma of
adrenal gland, 2
cavernous angiomas
of adrenal gland)
No significant change in
cancer mortality com-
pared to non-arsenical
industry
0/87
0/24
0/35
DOSE
Positive
Positive (bone sarcomas)
+/20
(7 mammary adenofibromas,
1 cortical adenoma, 2
round-cell sarcomas,
1 teratomatous cancer)
3/25
(1 spindle-cell sarcoma,
2 lymph node sarcomas)
Control for above: 0.2 ml
lanolin in paranasal sinus
2X with 2 mo. interval
Normal exposure in arsenical
industry
1.58% soln in water containing
2.5% Tween, topical
26 yg susp., once weekly for
10 wks. I.T. insufflation
Cream mixed with water applied
for few minutes, topical
0.5 ml of 10% soln intrafemoral
REFERENCE
91
275
19
220
220
230,231,121
196
91
91
Control for above:
intrafemoral
0.2 ml lanolin
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
Beryllium
(Cont.)
Rat
Beryllium
oxide
Beryllium
silicate
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rabbit
Guinea Pig
Rat
Rabbit
ANIMALS WITH.TUMOR
3/20
(1 mediastinal round-
cell sarcoma, 1
osteogenic fibro-
sarcoma of spine,
1 round-cell sar-
coma in liver and
marrow of sternum)
7/25
(1 fibrosarcoma and
squamous-cell papil-
lotna of forestomach,
1 papillary cystaden-
oma of ovary, 3 an-
giomas of adrenal
medulla, and 4 mam-
mary adenofibromas)
2/24
Bone sarcomas
Bone sarcomas
0/6
Positive (pulmonary
epidermoid, squa-
mous cell or adeno-
matous neoplasia)
DOSE
0.5 ml of 10% soln intrapleural
REFERENCE
91
Control for above: 0.05 ml lanolin
intrapleural IX/mo.
91
40 mg I.V.
I.V.
I.V.
3 mg/kg/day for 40 days S.C.*
12.49 mg in 0.25 ml saline 3X/wk.
at wkly. intervals I.T.
Positive (bone sarcomas) I.V.
16
196
196
220
220
196
*S.C. - Subcutaneous
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
Carbon
(graphite)
Cerium
Cerium
chloride
Chromium
Rat
Rat
Human
Rabbit
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
DOSE
0/18
0/17
Positive
0/10
Positive (bronchogenic
carcinoma)
2/8
(1 at site of injection,
1 endometrial papil-
lary cystic adenoma, 1
vaginal hemangioma, 1
pleural fibrolipoma)
wk. for 10 wks. S.C.
1.21 mg/kg 6 days/wk. up to
10 wks. S.C.
Plates 7 x 7 x 0.1 mm S.C.
S.C. implant
60 tng/ml 100 mg/kg
Industrial exposure
0.4 ml of a 35% susp. powdered
Cr in lanolin; after 30 mos.
reinjected with 2X original
dose intrafemoral
REFERENCE
Beryllium Rabbit
silicate (cont.)
Beryllium Rat
sulfate
Zinc Mouse and
beryllium Rabbit
silicate
Rabbit
Cadmium Rabbit
sulfate
S3
o
o
1/17
Positive (pulmonary
epidermoid , squamous
cell or adenomatous
neoplasia)
Positive (bone sarcoma)
6/17
0/5
0/5
0/6
2X/wk. (6 or 10 injections)
12.49 mg in 0.25 ml saline
3X/wk, at wkly. intervals
I.T.
I.V.
2X/wk. (6 or 10 injections)
1 mg every second day S.C.
0 . 5 mg every second day S.C.
0.5 ml of 0.3% soln/kg 6 days/
17
220
196
17
220
220
220
220
220
82
220
68,71,144,196
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
Chromium
(Cont.)
Rabbit
Rat
to
O
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
0/2
Positive (2 spindle
cell sarcomas, 1
cellular fibroma,
2 round cell sar-
comas of ileocecal
lymph nodes, 1
adreno-medullary
hemangioma, 1
pancreatic insuloma)
4/30
No tumors above control
No tumors above control
7/25
(4 ileo-cecal round cell
sarcomas, 1 adreno-
medullary hemangioma,
2 pulmonary papillary
adenomas)
No tumors above control
5/25
DOSE
Control for above: 0.2 ml
lanolin intrafemor-al
REFERENCE
220
220
Control for above: gelatin
intrafemoral
6 monthly doses of 0.05 ml of
a 33.6% susp. of powdered
chromium in lanolin intrapleural
6 wkly. doses of 0.1 ml of a 0.5%
susp. of powdered chromium in
2.5% gelatin-saline soln intra
pleural
6 wkly. doses of 0.18 ml of 0.05%
susp. of powdered Cr in a 2.5%
gelatinsaline soln. I.V. vena
saphena
2 monthly doses of 0.1 ml of a
33.6% Cr susp. in lanolin para-
nasal
6 wkly. doses of 0.1 ml of 0.05%
Cr susp. in a 2.5^ gelatin soln
I.P.
220
220
220
220
220
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
Chromium
Cr+3
Chromic
acid
Chromium
trioxide
Barium
chromate
o
S3
Cock
Rat
Rat
Mouse
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
Positive
Positive
15/19
(sarcoma at implant
site)
14/20
(sarcoma at implant
site)
Negative
76.3% of survivors
with pulmonary aden-
omas; 51.7% with
multiple tumors
63.3% of survivors with
pulmonary adenomas;
47.4% with multiple
tumors
73.9% with pulmonary
adenomas; 52.9% with
multiple tumors
68.2% with pulmonary
adenomas; 40.0% with
multiple tumors
DOSE
2 ml of 2% soln injected into
testicles
25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat intra-
muscular implant
25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat intra-
pleura-1 implant
25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat intra-
. muscular" and intrapleural
implant
2.35 mg in 0.1 ml of 1% saline
susp. given 9X at 4-6 wk.
intervals I.V.
Control for above:
fate
barium sul-
0.24 and 0.47 mg in 0.3 ml of 1%
saline susp. in olive oil given
5X at 4-6 wk. intervals I.T.
Control for above:
in olive oil
barium sulfate
REFERENCE
79
79
93
93
220
220
220
220
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
Calcium
chromate
Calcium
chromate
(sintered)
SPECIES
Rat
Mouse
Mouse
Mouse
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
8/13
21/35
(sarcomas at site)
3/218
(intrathoracic fibro-
sarcomas)
(3 sarcomas at implant
site)
(2 sarcomas at implant
site)
1/52
(spindle cell sarcoma)
0/52
1/52
9/52
0/52
DOSE
25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat
intramuscular implant and
intrapleural implant
10 mg every 2 mos. I.T.
5X
12.5 mg in gelatin capsule.
Intrapleural implant
12.5 mg in gelatin capsule.
I.M.* implant
10 mg dust/20 mg sheep fat
as pellet. I.M. implant
Control for above: I.M. sheep
fat implant
10 mg dust in 0.2 ml trica-
pylin S.C.
10 mg dust/20 mg sheep fat as
pellet. I.M. implant
Control for above: I.M. sheep
fat implant
REFERENCE
93
92
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
*I.M. - Intramuscular
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
Calcium
chromate
(sintered)
(Cont.)
Strontium
chromate
Zinc chromate
Sodium
dichromate
N>
O
Cobalt
SPECIES
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rabbit
Rat
Guinea Pig
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
0/52
8/14
17/26
(sarcoma at site)
2/218
(fibrosarcoma of lung)
Negative
3/39
2/39
(adenocarcinoma of right
lung, reticulum cell
sarcoma of liver, round
cell sarcoma of ileoce-
cal lymph node, squa-
mous cell carcinoma of
the uterine mucosa)
Positive
Positive (fibrosarcoma
at site)
5/20
(rhabdomyosarcomas)
0/6
0/6
DOSE
10 mg dust in 0.2 ml triapry-
lin S.C.
25 mg in 50 mg sheep fat
intramuscular implant and
intrapleural implan*-
Up to 10 mg every 2 mos. I.T.
5X
10 mg every 2 mos. 5X I.T.
2 mg/mo., 16 inj., I.P. and
I.M.
400 mesh powder with fowl serum,
0.028 g in 0.4 ml serum I.M.
25 mg of dust susp. in saline
diluted to 10% susp., injected
1 wk. apart I.T.
25 mg of dust susp. in saline,
diluted to 10% susp. I.T.
REFERENCE
220
220
92
92
92
59,71
196
83,87,220
220
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
Cobalt
(Cont.)
to
o
Ln
Cobalt
chloride
Guinea Pig
Rat
Rat
Rabbit
Dog
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
0/6
DOSE
Negative
9/20
(5 rhabdomyofibrosarcomas,
3 fibrosarcomas, 1 round
cell sarcoma at injection
site)
8/10
(5 rhabdomyofibrosarcomas,
2 sarcomas, 1 fibrosarco-
mas, 1 fibrosarcoma at
injection site)
Negative
+/30
(sarcomas at injection site)
Negative
Negative
0/5
0/2
50 mg of dust susp. in saline,
diluted to 10% susp, I.T.
Two 5 mg doses of dust susp.
in saline, diluted to 10%
susp., injected 1 wk. apart
I.T.
Susp. of 0.028 g powdered Co
in 0.4 ml fowl serum I.M.
Susp. of 0.028 g powdered Co
in 0.4 ml fowl serum I.M.
3-10 mg susp. in saline I.T.
Susp. of 0.28 g powdered Co
in 0.4 ml fowl serum I.M.
0.4% soln 6X/wk. receiving
from 2.5-10 rug/kg S.C.
2 mg/day I.P.
5 mg/kg alternate days and
alternate wks. for 20 wks.
5 mg/kg alternate days and
alternate wks. for 20 wks.
REFERENCE
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
Cobaltic
oxide
Copper
Copper
sulfate
Dysprosium
Gadolinium
Gold
N>
o
Iron
Iron-dextran
complex
SPECIES
Guinea pig
Rat
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Mouse
Rat
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
0/6
Negative
0/20
Positive
Positive
Negative
9 sarcomas
3 sarcomas
68/77
0/31
0/20
0/20
DOSE
Positive
150 mg dust susp. in saline
in 10% susp. in 3 equal
quantities at wkly, inter-
vals
0.1% 3X/wk. I.P.
Implanted S.C.
Implanted S.C.
I.V.
17 x 0.02 mm discs, 6 under
skin of back, 4 I.P., 2
under skin of abdomen
12 x 0.02 mm discs, 6 under
skin of back, 4 I.P., 2
under skin of abdomen
17 mm disc; 8/animal S.C.
Fragments 1 x 1 x 0.02 mm S.C.
S.C.
20 mg wkly. for 16 wks.
Injection
REFERENCE
220
71
220
82
82
71
220
220
220
220
220
220
71
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
DOSE
AGENT
SPECIES
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
REFERENCE
Iron-dextran Rat
complex
(Cont. )
Rat
Ferrous Mouse
sulfate
Lanthanum Rat
Lanthanum
chloride
Lanthanum
nitrate
Lead Rat
phosphate
Magnesium Rat
Manganese
Manganese Rat
chloride
Rat and Rabbit
Negative
16/23
1/20
(fibroma)
0/120
0/15
0/10
Positive
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
0/20
Negative
Pellets of 25 mg Fe suspended
in 50 mg wool fat in right
pleural cavity; 12 mos.
later same put into right
thigh
20 mg Fe/wk. I.M.
2,5 mg/wk. for 16 wks.
75, 150, and 300 mg/kg I. P.
60 mg/ml 100 mg/kg I. P.
450 mg/kg in water I. P.
Injected
Injected
8 mg-5 m strips
bladder and I.M.
4% 3X/wk. I. P.
1% soln, 2 ml/day intradermal
92
222
220,222
220
220
220
71
71
220
71
71
220
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
SPECIES
Potassium
permanganate
Mercury
Mouse
Rat
Rat
Nickel
o
00
Human -
Nickel workers
Human
Rat
OTHER THAN ORAL
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
0/50
Positive
+39
(spindle cell sarcoma
of penitoneum)
5/39
(abdominal spindle cell
sarcomas)
Positive
(lung, nasal sinuses)
Positive
Positive
3/34
(spindle cell sarcoma,
squamous cell carci-
noma of uterine en-
dome trium and skin
of cheek)
5/17
(osteogenic spindle cell
sarcoma, squamous cell
sarcoma, round cell sar-
coma in abdominal cavity)
4/10
(similar to tumors from
intrafemoral injection)
DOSE
S.C.
I.P. every 2 wks,
0.05 ml twice at 14 day
intervals I.P.
0.05 ml IX/wk. for 2 wks.
I.P.
In nickel-containing drugs
0.02 ml susp. nickel powder
intrapleural injection
50 mg susp. in lanolin intra-
femoral injection
50 mg susp. in lanolin.
Intrapleural injection
monthly 5X
REFERENCE
220
71
71
71
24,144,234
263
128
92
54
54
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
Nickel
(Cont.)
SPECIES
Rat
ISJ
O
Rabbit
Mouse
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
1/3
(round cell sarcoma of
thoracical and abdo-
minal lymph nodes)
Control for above
+/100
(27 malignant at site; 20
additional malignant
and benign tumors else-
where)
+/23
(no malignant at site; 10
malignant and benign
elsewhere)
+/25
(7 sarcoma in region of
groin, 1 mammary fibro-
adenoma, 2 mammary ade-
nomas, 3 basophilic
pituitary adenomas,
3 adrenomedullary
hetnangiomas)
0/10
0/50
0/50
DOSE
0.1 ml of 12.5% susp, in
lanolin into nasal sinuses
every 2 mos. 3X
Absence of similar tumors
0.1 ml of 5% gelatin-saline
susp. Intrafemoral implan-
tation repeated in survi-
ving rats after 18 mos.
Control for above
0.5 ml/kg of 0.5% susp. in
gelatin-saline soln IX/wk.
6X I.V. (vena saphena)
0.5 ml/kg of a 1% susp. in
gelatin-saline soln IX/wk.
I.V. 6X
0.02 ml of a 0.05% susp. in
gelatin-saline soln I.M.
0.02 ml of a 0.06% susp, in
gelatin-saline soln.
Intrapleural
REFERKNCK
54
54
53
53
53
53
53
53
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
AGENT
Phosphorus
Platinum
SPECIES
Dog
Rat
Mouse
Rat
OTHER THAN ORAL
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
DOSE
13/46
(11 papillomas, 2 pulmo-
nary adenomas)
Negative
Positive
(sarcomas)
Positive
(6 sarcomas)
52/69
(sarcomas)
REFERENCE
Nickel
(Cont.)
Nickel
chloride
Nickel
sulf ide
Potassium
cyanate
Rat
Rat
Rat
Mouse
Positive
Negative
Positive
7/15
(papillomas)
Injected into femoral
pleural cavity and
sinuses
2 ing/day I. P.
Implantation
2,5 mg in saline once
subsequent treated
cavity.
nasal
, 4 days
with twice-
196
220
71
220
weekly skin applications of
5% croton oil soln for 40
wks. I.P.
Control for above ;croton oil 220
1 mg/kg/day in peanut oil soln, 220
5 mg/ml S.C.
Discs 17 x 0.02 mm, 6 under skin 220
of back, 4 I.P., 2 under ab-
dominal skin
Discs 12 x 0.02 mm, 6 under skin 220
of back, 4 I.P., 2 under
abdominal skin
17 mm disc implanted S.C. 8/rat 220
Rat
0/31
Fragments 1 x 1 x 0.02 mm S.C,
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
Praseodynium
Ammonium
potassium
selenide
Silicon
dioxide
SPECIES
Rat
Rat, G uinea P ig,
Mouse, Rabbit
Rat
Rat
Rat
Calcium
silicate
Rat
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
Positive
Positive
Negative
+/30
(2 hepatic reticulum cell
sarcomas, 1 mammary
adenofibroma, 3 uterine
carcinomas)
4 uterine carcinomas, 1
ovarian carcinoma
+/45
(1 lymph node reticulum cell
sarcoma, 1 hepatic cholan-
gioma, 2 hepatic reticulum
cell sarcomas, 2 pulmonary
mesotheliomas, 1 uterine
carcinoma, 1 ovarian cys-
tadenoma)
+/200
(11 reticulum cell sarcomas,
1 pulmonary adenoma, 3
mammary adenofibromas,
1 renal carcinoma
0/14
0/16
DOSE
S.C, implantation
S.C., I.P., I.T., intramesen-
teric injection, and I.V.
various doses for various
lengths of time
300 mg powder I.P.
300 mg powder once S.C.
Control for above
25 mg dust 3X about 1 wk.
apart I.T.
5 mg of dust I.T.
REFERENCE
220
71
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT
SPECIES
Silver
Rat
Rat
Rat
Mouse
Silver
nitrate
Tantalum
Tantalum
oxide
Mouse
Rat
Rat
Dog
Guinea Pig
ANIMALS WITH TUMOR
Positive
Positive
0/13
Positive
(1 sarcoma)
Positive
(5 sarcomas)
+/84
(65 sarcomas)
14/25
(fibrosarcoma
at site)
0/35
Negative
Positive
2/25
(fibrosarcoma at site)
Negative
0/6
DOSE REFERENCE
Colloidal silver I.V. 71
Imbedded silver foil 166
Implanted in bladder 220
Discs 12 x 0.02 mm, 6 under 220
skin of back, 4 I.P., 2
under abdominal skin
Discs 17 x 0.02 mm, 6 under 220
skin of back, 4 I.P., 2
under abdominal skin
17 mm disc implanted 8/animal 220
2 pieces of foil, 1.5 cm wide 220
S.C. abdominal wall
Fragments 1 x 1 x 0.02 mm S.C.
Fused crystals; colonic mucosa 220
through anus
S.C. imbedded 82
2 pieces of foil 1.5 cm wide 220
S.C. in abdominal wall
0.010 in. thick and 0.25 in. in 220
diameter disc. I.M. implant
150 mg dust susp. in saline in 220
10% susp. in 3 equal quantities
at .wkly. intervals. I.T. in-
jection
-------
TABLE Va (CONT.) - CARCINOGENICITY IN MAMMALS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS EXAMINED BY ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
OTHER THAN ORAL
AGENT SPECIES ANIMALS WITH TUMOR DOSE REFERENCE
Tantalum Guinea Pig Negative 100 rag dust susp. in saline 220
oxide in 10% susp.
(Cont.)
Uranium Rat 11/33 50 rag U in susp.; intrafemoral 94
U (sarcomas at site) injection
2/33 50 mg U in susp.; intrapleural 94
(sarcomas-chest injection
wall)
Ytterbium Rat Positive S.C. embedding 82
to
-------
MUTAGENICITY AMD lERATOGENICITY
Table VI lists the teratogenicity and mutagenicity of inorganic chemicals.
Nineteen inorganic chemicals have been examined for teratogenicity. Four
of these, or approximately 20%, are negative. The remainder show terato-
genic anomalies of one form or another. Two of these (lithium carbonate
and methyl mercury) have been shown to be teratogenic in humans.. In the
case of lithium carbonate, the effects seen were club feet and meningomyocoele.
In the case of methyl mercury, the effects were the result of eating con-
taminated fish.
Fifteen inorganic compounds have been examined for mutagenicity, and all
have shown some change indicative of possible mutagenic effects. Three of
these (manganous nitrate, lead, and methyl mercury) have shown effects in
humans, with a fourth (sodium diarsenate) identified as showing i-n vitro
effects on chromosomes. The effect of lead in the human was a result of
chronic poisoning which showed excess chromosome breaks. The data on
methyl mercury was the result of eating contaminated fish which caused a
higher incidence of chromosome breaks. The usual caution (discussed in
Water Quality Criteria Data Book Volume I, Organic Chemical Pollution in
Freshwater") in interpreting mutagenic effects, should be applied.
214
-------
TABLE VI - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
MUTAGENICITY
AGENT SPECIES DOSE EFFECT
Aluminum Insect
chloride
Sodium
arsenate
Point mutations
REF. SPECIES
:67
Hamster
t-o
M
Ln
Sodium
diarse-
nate
Boron
Cadmium
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
sulfate
Human
In vitro
Pulverization of
chromosomes
218
Insect
Point mutations
67
Hamster
Hamster
TERATOGENICITY
DOSE
EFFECT
REF.
15-^25 mg/kg
I.V.*
20 mg/kg
I.V-. on
8th day
of"gesta-
tion
20 mg/kg
I-.V.
Anencephaly, renal
agenesis, and rib
malformations
Exencephaly
180
offspring malformed
or resorbed; exence-
phaly, encephalocele,
cleft-palate, micro-
anophthalmia and ear
malformations
89
High
tug/kg
I.V. on
8th day
of ges-
tation
Positive
Positive
Exencephaly, microphthal-
mia, cleft lip/palate
37
231
62
*I.V. - Intravenous
-------
TABLE VI (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT SPECIES
Cadmium
sulfate
(cont.)
MUTAGENICITY
DOSE
TERATOGENICITY
EFFECT
REF.
SPECIES
Cobalt
Cobalt
chloride
Gallium
sulfate
Chick
Disturbance of
normal mitosis
87
Rat
Germanium
trioxide
Indium
nitrate
Rat
Hamster
DOSH
EFFECT
REF.
Hamster 2 rag/kg I.V.
72% offspring malformed
or resorbed, enceph-
alocele, cleft palate/
lip, exencephaly, and
microanophthalmia
2 mg/kg I.V. Severe facial abnorma-
on 8th day lities
of gesta-
tion
Hamster
Chick 0.!
in ova
30 and 40
mg/kg,
I.V. on
8th day
of gesta-
tion
40 and 100
mg/kg I.V.
on 8th day
of gesta-
tion
0.5 and 1.0
mg/kg I.V.
on 8th day
of gesta-
tion
Negative
Overdevelopment of
neural and mesodermal
structures especially
of notochord and
heart
Possible teratogen 1
limb bud abnormality,
1 spina bifida and
1 exencephaly out of
21 mothers
Negative
Malformation of limbs,
especially digits;
some microphthalmia
and fusion of ribs
89
64
64
2
65
65
65
-------
TABLE VI (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
Ferrous
chloride
SPECIES
Micro-
organisms
MUTAGENICITY
DOSE
EFFECT
REF. SPECIES
Point mutations
Lead Human Chronic Excess chromosome
poisoning breaks
67
218
TERATOGENICITY
DOSE
EFFECT
REF.
Lead
acetate
Lithium
carbonate
Mammal
Chromosome
aberrations
67
Hamster
Human
KJ
M
-J
Lithium
chloride
Chick
Chick
50 mg/kg
I.V. on
8th day
of ges-
tation
900-1,200
rag/day as
treatment
for manic-
depression
beginning
8 wks.
prior to
conception
0.05 ml or
0.2 ml
after
incubation
18-30 or
18-24 hrs.
Tail malformations
62
Child with bilateral
club feet and
meningomyecele in
lumbar region
248
11.8 mM or
15.7 mM
Unclosure of neural
tube, retardation
and severe inhibi-
tion of develop-
ment, eye-defect,
enlargement of
aorta and myocoele,
and tissue trans-
formation
Cyslopia
156
191
-------
TABLE VI (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
MUTAGENICITY
TERATOGENICITY
00
AGENT
Manganous
acetate
Manganous
nitrate
Methyl
mercury
SPECIES
Micro-
organisms
Human
Human
Human
Fruit
flies,
onion
root
cells
Fruit
fly
Onion
Fruit
fly
Fruit
fly
Fruit
fly
Onion
root
tip
DOSE EFFECT REF . SPECIES DOSE EFFECT REF.
Point mutations 67
C-mitosis 123
Swedes eat- Significantly higher 56 Human From fish Congenital cases 187
ing fish frequency of lymph- born
3 times/ ocyte chromosome
wk. breakage than in
control subjects
From fish Chromosome breaks 224
(lymphocytes)
<0.1 ppm Inhibition of mitosis 56 Human From fish 19 infants born with 57
and chromosome congenital cere-
breaks bral paresis
0.25 ppm in Offspring with one 134
food extra chromosome
0.05 ppm Chromosome break 266
Weak mutagen 266
XXY daughters and XO 266
sons
0,25 mg XXY daughters 185
Hg/1
C-mitosis 185
-------
TABLE VI (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT
SPECIES
Methyl Onion
mercury root
chloride tip
Human
Methyl
mercury
dicyandia-
mide
MUTAGENICITY
DOSE
EFFECT
Chromosome stickiness,
C-mitosis, various
mitotic disturbances,
low frequency of
chromosome breakage
10 --10 C-mitosis (leucocytes)
TERATOGENICITY
REF.
220
SPECIES
DOSE
EFFECT
REF.
68
Chick
Negative
240
Phenyl
mercury
Onion
root
tip
Fruit
fly
Onion
root
tip
Hyponi- Vieia
trites fdba
Hydrazine Mammal
Pyrophos- V-Loia
phates
Sodium
selenite
0.05 ppm Chromosome breaks 266
Weak mutagen 266
XXY daughters and XO 266
sons
0.025 mg
Hg/1
XXY daughters
^0.25 uM C-mitosis
Chromosome breaks
Chromosome aberra-
tions
Chromosome breaks
185
185
218
67
218
Hamster 2 mg/kg
I.V.
Negative, 6% malformed
or resorbed
89
-------
TABLE VI (CONT.) - MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGENT SPECIES
Sodium
chloride
MUTAGENICITY
DOSE
TERATOGENICITY
EFFECT
REF.
SPECIES
Mouse
Thallium
Thallium
sulfate
Chick
Rat
Zinc
sulfate
Rainbow
trout
79.02 mg/1
44,45 mg/1
Mitosis completely
inhibited after
96 hrs.
Destructive changes
in cell structure
of gonads
49
49
DOSE
EFFECT
REF.
2,500 and
1,900
rag/kg S.C,*
at 10 or 11
days ges-
tation
Shortness of forelimb 154
and foot, malformed
wrist and ankle
joint and various
digital defects
2.5 mg/kg on
8, 9, 10
or on 12,
13, 14th
day of ges-
tation; 10.0
mg/kg on 12,
13, 14th
day of gest-
ation I.P.**
Achondroplasia 37
Hydronephrosis, brachy- 74
gnathia,missing or
nonossification of
vertebral bodies and
phalange nonossifi-
cation
*S.C. - subcutaneous
**I.P. - intraperitoneal
-------
SECTION VIII
SOURCES OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER
Table VII lists compounds and their sources in accordance with the overall
categorization of industrial, agricultural, municipal, and domestic. It can
be seen that the sources of inorganic chemical pollutants in freshwater are
principally from industrial and municipal sources. Industrial sources are
subcategorized according to type of industry and show that inorganic chemicals
derive from a variety of types of industry.
The agricultural sources, as with organic pollutants, are principally derived
from the use of inorganic chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and
herbicides. The domestic sources are due to the use of detergents.
Table Vila presents sources of inorganic compounds as reported in the available
literature and again shows industry as the principal source of chemicals which
are or potentially could be present in freshwater.
221
-------
TABLE VII - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS FOUND IN FRESH WATER
A. INDUSTRIAL
Unspecified
Arsenic
Boron
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Mercury
Mercuric Chloride
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonium Ion
Phosphate Ion
Zinc
Mining Operations
Aluminum
Arsenic
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Sulfate
Uranium
Vanadium
Petroleum and Fuel
Barium
Beryllium
Bromine
Metallurgy and Electroplating
Beryllium
Cadmium
Nickel
Silver
Atomic Reactors
Beryllium
Accidental Spills
Ammonium Ion
Cyanide Ion
Nitrate
222
-------
TABLE VII (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS FOUND IN FRESH WATER
INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Caustic Chloride and Vinyl Chloride Plants
Mercury
Mercuric Chloride
Pulp and Paper Mills
Mercury
B. MUNICIPAL (including sewage treatment)
Boron
Calcium
Carbon
Bicarbonate
Chloride Ion
Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Nitrite
Nitrate
Ammonium Ion
Phosphate Ion
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfate
Phosphorus
Nitrate
Phosphorus
Phosphate Ion
Phosphate Ion
C. DOMESTIC
Arsenic
D. AGRICULTURAL
Arsenic
Copper
E. NATURAL
Natural sources were reported for all but 10 of the 45 inorganic
chemicals which have been found in fresh water. Those for which
natural sources were not reported are: carbon, chromium, indium,
mercury, mercuric chloride, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium ion, phos-
phorus and phosphate ion.
223
-------
TABLE Vila - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL
Chemical Industry:
Aluminum
Aluminum fluoride
Ammonia
Ammonia nitrate
Ammonia sulfide
Ammonia thiocyanate
Arsenic
Barium
Boric acid
Borate,sodium
Cadmium
Cadmium chloride
Carbonate
Bicarbonate,sodium
Copper
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Cyanate
Ethylmercuric chloride
Ferric chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Gallium
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrazine
Iodine
Nitric acid
Mercury
Mercuric chloride
Methylmercuric chloride
Osmium
Ozone
Potassium chloride
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium sulfate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium chloride
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfide
Sulfuric acid
Tantalum
Titanium
Uranium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zinc chloride
Zinc sulfate
Ore Processing:
Cadmium
Cadmium sulfate
Ammonium chloride
Lead
Mercuric chloride
Bromate, Na
Ammonium molybdate
Ink Manufacturing:
Mercuric chloride
Cupric chloride
Cobalt chloride
Ferric sulfate
Nickel nitrate
224.
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Dye and Pigment Industry
Aluminum
Aluminum ammonium sulfate
Aluminum potassium sulfate
Ammonium chloride
Antimony fluoride
Arsenic
Arsenate, Na
Arsenite, Na
Cadmium
Cadmium chloride
Chlorate
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Cupric sulfate
Ferric chloride
Ferric potassium sulfate
Ferric sulfate
Lead nitrate
Lead sulfate
Magnesium chloride
Magnesium sulfate
Nitrate
Potassium hydroxide
Selenium
Thallium
Thallous acetate
Thallous oxide
Titanium
Petroleum:
Bromine
Carbon monoxide
Boric Acid
Magnesium chloride
Ammonium
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium sulfide
Cyanide
Ammonium thiocyanate
Ammonium ferrocyanide
225
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL (CQNT.)
Pottery and Porcelain:
Antimony fluoride
Arsenic
Boric Acid
Sodium chromate
Ammonium dichrornate
Magnesium sulfate
Uranium
Water Treatment Plants:
Aluminate, Na
Chloride
Fluoride
Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluorosilicate
Iodine
Ferric chloride
Ferric sulfate
Ozone
Tribasic phosphate
Pyrophosphate, Na
Alloy Manufacturing:
Berylium chloride Indium
Gallium Osmium
Palladium
Tantalum
Wood Preservation:
Arsenic
Boric Acid
Borate, Na
Ammonium fluoride
Magnesium fluorosilicate
Potassium hydroxide
Zinc sulfate
Metallurgy:
Arsine
Lead nitrate
Tungsten
226
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Electroplating industry:
Bismuth
Cupric nitrate
Cupric chloride
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Cupric sulfate
Indium
Mercuric chloride
Cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Sodium tellurite
Tungsten
Zinc sulfate
Paint Industry:
Barium
Barium chloride
Barium sulfide
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Lead chloride
Lead sulfate
Osmium
Titanium
Zinc sulfate
Photography:
Bromide, Na
Cadmium chloride
Ammonium dichromate
Chloroauric acid
Potassium iodine
Lead nitrate
Ammonium molybdate
Ammonium sulfite
Potassium thiocyanate
Nitrate
Tribasic phosphate
Uranium
Glass Industry:
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Boric Acid
Cobalt
Calcium fluoride
Chloroauric acid
Lanthanum
Sodium nitrate
Titanium
Vanadium
227
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Paper Mills:
Aluminum
Aluminum potassium sulfate
Calcium sulfate
Carbonate
Chlorine
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Ozone
Tribasic phosphate
Sodium sulfite
Sodium bisulfite
Hydrogen sulfite
Sodium hydrosulfide
Tantalum
Titanium
Vanadium
Mercuric chloride
Dye and Tanning;
Aluminum nitrate
Aluminum potassium sulfate
Arsenic
Barium chloride
Sodium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Sodium dichromate
Cupric sulfate
Ferric sulfate
Magnesium sulfate
Mercuric chloride
Ammonium chloride
Tribasic phosphate
Hydrogen sulfide
Sodium hydrosulfide
Zinc sulfate
Pharmaceutical;
Aluminum sulfate
Bromate, Na
Bromine
Bicarbonate
Cupric sulfate
Gallium
Hydrochloric Acid
Iodine
Ferric sulfate
Osmium
Tantalum
Mercury
.228
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Textile Plants:
Aluminate, Na
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium thiocyanate
Antimony
Arsenate, Na
Barium chloride
Boric acid
Cadmium
Chlorine
Chlorate
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Magnesium sulfate
Mercuric chloride
Nickel sulfate
Nitrate
Ferric potassium sulfate Ozone
Ferric sulfate Potassium thiocyanate
Lead nitrate Sodium hydroxide
Lead sulfate Sodium bisulfite
Embalming:
Barium fluoride
Mercuric chloride
Zinc chloride
Rubber Industry;
Antimony
Barium sulfide
Tantalum
Nuclear Technology:
Cobalt
Fluorine
Hydrazine
Hydrazine peroxide
Indium
Uranium
Yttrium
Nickel Plating Plants;
Nickel chloride
Nickel nitrate
Nickel sulfate
229
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIALS (CQNT.)
General Industry:
Antimony
Ammonia sulfate
Barium
Barium nitrate
Boric acid
Bicarbonate
Calcium
Chromium
Cobalt chloride
Copper
Calcium fluoride
Cyanide
Fluoride
Gallium
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrazine
Hydrogen sulfide
Iron
Iodine
Lead
Lead sulfate
Lithium chloride
Lithium fluoride
Magnesium chloride
Manganous chloride
Osmium
Nitric acid
Sodium
Sodium fluoride
Sodium sulfite
Strontium chloride
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur
Tantalum
Pyrotechnics:
Lithium chloride
Magnesium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Strontium chloride
Strontium nitrate
Electronic Tube Manufacturing:
Barium nitrate Berylium nitrate
Berylium sulfate
Food Stuff Containers Manufacturing:
Indium Ferric sulfate
230
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
INDUSTRIAL (CONT.)
Disinfectants Manufacturing:
Potassium permanganate
Manganese chloride
Sodium bisulfite
Sulfur
Detergents:
Potassium hydroxide
Phosphoric acid
DOMESTIC
Tribasic phosphate
.231
-------
TABLE Vila (CONT.) - SOURCES OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
AGRICULTURAL
Fertilizers:
Cadmium
Magnesium sulfate
Manganous sulfate
Ammonium sulfate
Sodium nitrate
Potassium chloride
Potassium sulfate
Sulfur
Insecticides;
Sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Fluoride
Ammonium fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Hydrogen cyanide
Selenium
Sulfur
Pes ticides;
Arsenic
Sodium arsenite
Arsenic trioxide
Sodium fluoride
Sodium fluoroaluminate
Thallium
Thallous acetate
Thallous oxide
Herbicides:
Borate, Na
232
-------
SECTION IX
QUALITY CRITERIA
As pointed out in the report on the "Water Quality Criteria Data Book Volume I,
Organic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater", chemical quality criteria of water
for human consumption should he based on concentrations which, when exceeded,
are likely to produce adverse health effects. As also previously pointed out,
this approach applies only to chemicals in isolation and disregards the products
of interactions between chemicals and ignores possible synergistic biological
effects of chemicals acting in combination.
In order to arrive at quality criteria, we are highly dependent upon animal
toxicity data and must consider the type of information which would be most
useful. Although in this and the previous report we present LD5Q data on acute
toxicity (Table X), we do so only because it is traditionally available because
of its use in pharmacotoxicological evaluations and not because of its applic-
ability to chemical water quality criteria. The only acute toxicity information
which is of value for our purposes is that which reveals the highest dose which
does not produce death in animals. This information can be Used as a baseline
to determine concentrations in water likely to be acutely hazardous to man
(Table IX, page 240).
Although acute toxicity information is useful in accidental or uniquely
polluted situations, of equal if not greater importance is information on the
highest dose which produces no effect when ingested daily on a long-term basis
(Table XI). As can be seen in this Table, the pertinent information is generally
lacking and quality criteria in most instances must of necessity be based upon
arbitrary decisions. Therefore, it seems that if sound water criteria are to
be set, there is a need to perform toxicological studies specifically to provide
necessary information, especially for those chemicals which are thought to be
most hazardous to health. Such studies should examine dose-relationships and
include the investigation of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects.
Dose-relationships are important because it is unlikely that inorganic chemicals
can be removed entirely from water and we should know levels in water which can
be tolerated from the health point of view.
233
-------
Figure 1 (page 244) illustrates the relationship between reported minimum
lethal oral dose and highest reported concentrations of inorganic chemicals
in freshwater in the U.S. Naturally only those chemicals for which both types
of information are available can be included. Maximum and usual mean water
intake for a 70 kg man with a 100-fold safety factor is included in the Figure
and shows that a number of inorganic chemicals are either within the danger
levels (to the right of the water intake levels) or are uncomfortably close
to them.
Even less information of this nature is available for chronic effects of
inorganic chemicals found in drinking water (Fig. 2, page 246) and raw fresh-
water (Fig. 3, page 248). Out of approximately two dozen inorganic chemicals
which can be related in this manner, about 50% are either frankly within or
near the danger zone (again considering a hundred-fold safety factor to account
for individual variation) for drinking water and about 40% within the danger
zone for raw freshwater. When we consider that the chemicals represented in
Figure 2 have been found in the indicated concentrations in drinking water,
the matter is of some concern. This concern is even greater when we further
consider that the chronic toxicity doses presented are based on frank toxic
effects and not on more subtle effects which might be indicative of eventual
health problems when ingested on a long-term basis.
In essence the information contained in this section shows that existing
quality criteria are available for only a few inorganic chemicals, that per-
tinent toxicity data upon which to base standards are generally lacking and
that both freshwater and drinking water in particular locations in the U.S.
contain inorganic chemicals at concentrations which can be considered to be a
health hazard. Because of the limited data, however, it is not possible to
determine how widespread or how severe such a hazard might be.
234
-------
TABLE VIII
REPORTED PERMISSABLE CONCENTRATIONS
OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER
Data for drinking water in the United States (p. 236) was obtained '
from a "Survey of Community Water Supply Systems" (129) and the California
Water Quality Control Boards "Water Quality Criteria" (131). The more
recent data (p. 239) was obtained from "Raw-Water Quality Criteria for
Public Supplies" (186) and "Water Quality Criteria Report of the National
Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior" (261).
Data for drinking water in Europe (p. 237) was obtained from "River
Pollution Causes and Effects" (276) and the California "Water Quality Criteria"
(131).
Data for drinking water in the USSR are referenced as to source within
the Table (p. 238). Only half of these standards are identified as having
been made as the basis of toxicological considerations.
235
-------
TABLE VIII -USPHS DRINKING WATER STANDARDS IN THE U.S. - 1962
AGENT
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chloride
+6
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Nitrate
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Zinc
RECOMMENDED LIMIT
(mg/1)
0.01
1.0
250.0
1.0
0.01
Varies
0.3
0.05
45.0
MANDATORY LIMIT
(mg/1)
0.05
1.0
5.0
0.01
0.05
0.2
Varies
0.05
0.01
0.05
250
5.0
236
-------
TABLE VIII (CONT.) - 1961 WHO EUROPEAN STANDARD FOR DRINKING WATER
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT EXCESSIVE LIMIT
AGENT (mg/1) (mg/1)
Arsenic 0.2
Cadmium 0.05
Chromium 0.05
Copper 1.0 1.5
Cyanide °-01
Fluoride 1.5
Iron 0.1
Lead 0.1
Manganese 0,1 0.5
Nitrate 50-°
Selenium °'05
Sulfate 250-°
7. 5.0
Zinc
237
-------
TABLE VIII (CONT.) - USSR MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN RESERVOIR WATERS
AGENT
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Bismuth
Bi+3
Bi+5
Cadmium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Copper
Cyanide
Fluorine
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Sulfides
Titanium
Uranium
Vanadium
Zinc
MFC (mg/1)
0.5
0.05
0.05
4.0
0.5
0.1
0.01
0.0001
1.0
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.5
0.1
0.005
0.5
0.1
0.01
None
0.1
0.6
0.1
1.0
LIMITING INDEX
Organoleptic
-
Sanitary-toxicological
Organoleptic
Sanitary- toxicological
Sanitary- toxicological
General sanitary
Toxicological
General sanitary
General sanitary
Sanitary-toxicological
Sanitary-toxicological
Organoleptic
Sanitary-toxicological
Sanitary-toxicological
-
Sanitary-toxicological
Sanitary-toxicological
General sanitary
Sanitary-toxicological
-
Sanitary-toxicological
General sanitary
REFERENCE
170,10,157
153,157
153
215
215
153
98
153
153
153
153,170
153
153,157
128,153,157
157
153
153,159
153,216
216
157
153,157
153
238.
-------
TABLE VIII (CONT.)
AGENT
Ammonia
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Nitrates
and Nitrites
Phosphorus
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Uranyl ion
Zinc
-_ _ _. \Ji-fi-i -LVv" vv£\J- IjJX iJ U .E J7 J_i J_ £|ji
PERMISSIBLE LIMIT
(mg/1)
0.5
0.05
1.0
1.0
0,01
250.0
0.05
1.0
0.20
Varies
0,3
0.05
0.05
10.0
Varies
0.01
0.05
250.0
5.0
5.0
o J.IN inji u.o. j_:?uo
DESIRABLE LIMIT
(mg/1)
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
<25.0
Absent
Virtually absent
Absent
Varies
Virtually absent
Absent
Absent
Virtually absent
Varies
Absent
Absent
<50.0
Absent
Virtually absent
239
-------
TABLE IX - RANKING OF REPORTED ACUTE MINIMUM LETHAL ORAL DOSE (mg/kg) IN MAMMALS
HCN
NiCl
Se
Tl
NaCN
Se°
Ba
As
KCN
AS2°3
BaCO
Sb
As°2~
N0~
TlOAc
Co
Ni
NbCl
KOH
Cd
CH3HgCl
NH2NH2
BeSO,
Na borate
BeCl
ZnCl2
CaMoO.
A1F,,
0.8
1.5
2
2
2.5
3
3.3
3.5
7
8
9
10
12
13
16
18
20
20
20
21
26
33
34
41
43
50
58
60
80
83
86
100
100
101
103
SbF
Sb
Mo
NO ~
3
KNO
CdCl2
Na2Te04
AgNO
LiF
MgS04
AsOT
4
boric acid
Ba(N03)2
CaVO.
4
NaOCN
Mo03
BaF2
U
NaN03
Cr+6
SbClQ
3
NaBrO _
3
K3Nb04
ZnSO.
4
K2S°4
SbCl5
FeCl3
Hg
A1C1
LaNO.
3
NH.C10.
4 4
KI
CaCl0
2
Na2C°3
Cu
NaCIO
110
115
116
117
133
150
165
170
200
200
238
250
300
300
300
333
350
400
410
550
574
380
725
750
750
900
900
1000
1130
1450
1900
1980
3650
10,000
10,000
12,000
240
-------
TABLE X - ACUTE TOXICITY RANKING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AS DETERMINED BY LD5Q IN MAMMALS USING ORAL ADMINISTRATION
0-49 mg/kg
Arsenite ion
Arsenic trioxide
Sodium arsenite
Mercuric chloride
Niobium chloride
Potassium cyanide
Nickel chloride
Nitrite ion
Sodium selenite
Sodium tellurite
Thallium
Thallous acetate
Thallous oxide
50 - 99 mg/kg
Barium chloride
Beryllium chloride
Beryllium sulfate
Cadmium chloride
Hydrazine
100 - 199 mg/kg
Antimony potassium tartrate
Copper nitrate
Aluminum fluoride
Calcium molybdate
Sodium tellurate
200 - 299 mg/kg
Arsenate ion
Calcium arsenate
Barium carbonate
Lithium fluoride
Zinc chloride
241,
-------
TABLE X (CONT.) - ACUTE TOXICITY RANKING OF INORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FRESH WATER
AS DETERMINED BY LD - IN MAMMALS USING ORAL ADMINISTRATION
300 -499 mg/kg
Barium fluoride Calcium vanadate
Copper sulfate Uranium
Ammonium molybdate
500 _-_ 999 mg/kg
Antimony trichloride Potassium niobate
Copper chloride Tantalum chloride
Ferric chloride
1000 - 5000 mg/kg
Aluminum chloride Calcium chloride
Antimony pentachloride Potassium iodine
Boric acid Lanthanum nitrate
Ammonium perchlorate Tantalum fluoride
>500Q mg/kg
Lanthanum acetate Sodium chlorate
242
-------
TABLE XI- RANKING OF REPORTED ORAL THRESHOLD DOSES
mg/1
Beryllium sulfate
Beryllium
Silver
Aluminum molybdate
Aluminum fluoride
Aluminum chloride
Ammonium perchlorate
Barium chloride
0.0002
0.001
0.05
1.02
3.0
4.0
5.0
100.0
mg/kg
0.00001
0.0025
0.051
0.40
0.50
0.25
5.00
243
-------
FIGURE 1: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LETHALITY AND CONCENTRATIONS
REPORTED IN FRESH WATER IN THE UNITED STATES
Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the available reported
minimum lethal oral dose of inorganic chemicals and maximum concentra-
tion of these chemicals which have been reported in fresh water in
the United States. The diagonal lines denote the area of potential
toxicity for man calculated on the basis of the mean maximum water
requirement of man (35 ml/kg x 70 kg) and the mean usual daily intake
of drinking water of man (one liter). The usual safety factor of one
hundred times the value obtained with animal models has been included
in calculating these limits. Thus, for example, a compound producing
lethality at a dose of 100 mg/kg could produce cases of fatal poisoning
if present in water at 29 mg/liter (on the basis of the consumption of
2.45 liters) or 70 mg/liter (on the basis of 1 liter consumption) if
the 100-fold safety factor is considered.
In order to include in the graph as many elements as possible, the
relationship has been represented on a logarithmic scale. Those elements
placed just outside the limit of the graph indicate compounds which were
reported at either a lower concentration in water or a higher lethal
dose than represented by the graph. It will be noted that of all those
compounds for which concentrations in water and minimum lethal oral dose
are available, three fall within the usual and possible consumption of
water by man and a number fall uncomfortably close to these levels of
consumption.
244
-------
Fig. I: Relationship between Lethality and Concentrations
reported in Fresh Water in the United States
Ln
1000
3,
zr
Si
O
cu
O
en
100
Maximum Concentration Reported (mg/l)
-------
FIGURE 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC TOXICITY AND CONCENTRATIONS
REPORTED IN DRINKING WATER IN THE UNITED STATES
Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between the reported lowest
dose at which a chronic effect occurs (involving tissue damage, organ
damage, growth effects or death) caused by inorganic chemicals and maxi-
mum concentration of these chemicals which have been reported in drinking
water in the United States. It is to be realized that the chronic toxi-
city effects do not include reported biochemical or cellular changes
which might be related to health. As described for Figure 1, the diagonal
lines denote the area of potential toxicity for man based on the mean
maximum and mean usual levels of human consumption of water and an applied
safety factor of 100. We find that there are nine reported inorganic
chemicals which fall into the usual and possible water consumption of
man and three which are uncomfortably close to these levels of water
consumption.
Only two threshold or maximum no-effect doses are available for use on this
graph. These are for barium and chloride shown encircled. It is most likely
that if this type of information had been available for other chemicals,
many of them, if not all, would fall into the danger zone based on mean
daily water consumption of man.
246
-------
Fig . 2: Relationship between Chronic Toxicity and Concentrations
reported in Drinking Water in the United States
KJ
P-
V
Mo
Co
Se Or As Sn
Ci
6
a
1000
,01
0.1 1.0 10 100
Maximum Concentration reported in Drinking Water (mg/lI
100
10
3
c
o
§
o
X
5 -
0.1
100
-------
FIGURE 3: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHRONIC TOXICITY AND CONCENTRATIONS
REPORTED IN FRESH WATER IN THE UNITED STATES
Figure 3 illustrates the relationship between the reported lowest
dose in which a chronic effect was seen and maximum concentration of
inorganic chemicals which have been reported in raw "fresh water"
in the United States. We find that there are 12 inorganic chemicals
whose chronic toxicity doses fall within the normal consumption of
water for man with a number of chemicals falling uncomfortably close
to the maximum water requirements of man.
248
-------
Fig. 3: Relationship between Chronic Toxicity and Concentrations
Reported in Fresh Water in the United States
P-
VO
_l_l
B
Ci
c
_L_I_
0.1
DL
LO
10
100°
Mg
so;
1000
100
10
3
3
c
3
o
o
o"
I
o
0
O
1.0 -
ai
Maximum Concentration in Fresh Water (mg/l)
-------
SECTION X
HEALTH EFFECTS OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS IN FRESHWATER
In discussing the health effects of chemicals in water, there is a temptation
to extrapolate beyond available information. Although there are reasonable
assumptions by which this can be done, we have chosen to deal only with those
health effects which are supportable by existing facts available to us in terms
of known concentrations in water and known toxicological information and the
relationship between these as depicted in Figures 1, 2, and 3 on pages 243,
245, and 247 respectively, applying a safety factor of 100.
It is, of course, obvious that the information contained in these Figures is
limited to those chemicals where both types of information (concentration in
water and toxicity in mammals) are available. It should also be understood
that the concentrations depicted in Figures 1, 25 and 3 are maximum concentra-
tions found in raw water in the case of Figures 1 and 3 and drinking water in the case
of Figure 2 and that the toxicity information is based on minimum doses found in
mammals within a safety factor of 100 applied according to maximum and usual water
consumption of a 70 kg man.
In Figure 1 we find nitrate and iron within concentrations which have been
reported as acutely lethal.
In Figure 2 for drinking water we find sulphate, nitrate, sodium, chloride,
fluoride, calcium, manganese, lead, and cadmium within chronic toxicity danger
limits within nickel, antimony, lead, and barium close to these limits.
At the indicated dose, sulfate produces diarrhea in human infants, nitrate ion
produces methomoglobinemia, sodium and chloride (as NaCl) cause loss of weight,
fluoride causes severe mottling of teeth and affects the skeletal system,
calcium at the level indicated has been correlated with increased urinary
disease and arthritic conditions in humans, manganese is reported to cause
kidney damage and inhibition of thyroid runction in the rat, while cadmium
has been shown to produce a variety of cardiovascular and renal effects. Lead,
of course, produces a variety of toxic effects in a. number of organ systems
including the central nervous system.
Examination of the chronic effects of barium, nickel and antimony at the
indicated doses show that barium produces structural tissue changes, antimony
induces a significant decrease in growth in the mouse and a decrease in survival
and longevity in the rat. Nickel affects food intake, growth rate and renal
changes.
251
-------
These reported chronic effects are at doses which produce an effect and are
not maximum no-effect doses which, if available, would more than likely shift
many of these chemicals well within the danger limits as shown for the threshold
or maximum no-effect doses for "barium and fluoride (circled symbols).
In essence the limited available data on the relationship between concentra-
tion of inorganic chemicals in water and health effects indicate that water in
the U.S. contains inorganic chemicals in concentrations which when ingested
could either be acutely lethal especially in susceptible individuals or produce
frank organ or tissue damage when ingested daily on a long-term basis. Inorganic
chemicals which can produce long-term effects are found at undesirable con-
centrations not. only in raw water but also in water supplies intended for human
consumption. Because water treatment methods are not intended to remove
chemicals in general, the existence of high concentrations in raw water which
might be treated for domestic use is of some concern.
The full impact of carcinogens, teratogens and mutagensin water cannot be fully
evaluated at this time because of the general unavailability of dose-effect
relationships to determine threshold or maximum no-effect doses. It would be
desirable that both organic and inorganic substances with these effects be
eliminated from water entirely, but this is probably an impractical solution
and some level in water must be tolerated. At this time the establishment of
such a. level for each compound can be derived only on an arbitrary basis.
Relatively speaking, the proportion of inorganic carcinogenic chemicals is
about the same as that of organic carcinogenic chemicals (^20%). On the other
hand, a smaller proportion of inorganic chemicals are teratogenic (^20% vs.
60%) and all organic as well as inorganic chemicals examined for mutagenicity
are positive. The exact meaning of this mutagenic information must be approached
with caution.
Theoretically all freshwater sources can be used for human consumption after
treatment. However, treatment of such water is aimed at elimination of micro-
organisms, turbidity and organoleptic effects and, if this treatment removes
chemical pollutants, it Is by accident rather than design. Therefore, Figure 3
is presented on the same basis as Figure 2 for concentrations of organic chem-
icals >;aich have been found in raw water in the U.S. and their chronic toxicity.
We fini, that for a total of about 30 chemicals which have been found in "fresh-
watei" 12 or approximately 40% fall within the danger zone of normal human water
consumption. In addition to those chemicals already discussed with Figure 2 we have
these additional chemicals: magnesium, potassium, molybdenum and chlorine. As will b<
noted, all 12 chemicals are within the average consumption of water by man allowing
for the 100-fold safety factor. or j-
At the indicated concentrations, magnesium can retard growth, potassium produces
neural, muscular and renal effects, molybdenum causes anemia, gastrointestinal
effects and loss of weight and chlorine can induce strong physiological effects.
Again as with Figure 2, threshold or maximum no-effect doses would most likely
place many compounds outside the danger zone with levels which would be of health
concern. Again, it should be emphasized that the chemicals depicted in Figure 3
are limited only to those for which both concentration in water and toxicity
data are available.
252
-------
Unlike organic chemicals, many of the inorganic chemicals have shown
beneficial effects. Calcium has been consistently shown to lower death
rates from coronary heart disease in man, fluoride at concentrations less
than 4 mg/1 has been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries, niobium
at 5 mg/± orally increases longevity (however, at the expense of a decreased
growth rate in the mouse, but with the opposite effect in the rat), selenium
at j mg/1 increases growth rate in the mouse and longevity in the rat,
zirconium at 5 mg/1 increases growth in the rat.
In^terms of carcinogenicity, sodium arsenlte, sodium germanate, and nickel
(Ni ), all decrease tumor incidence when administered orally.
Therefore, some inorganic chemicals which are found or could be found in
water have beneficial health effects.
253
-------
SECTION XI
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273
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SECTION XII
INDEX TO INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Aluminum, 19, 139, 196, 222, 224,
225, 228, 238
Aluminum ammonium sulfate, 225
Aluminum chloride, 113, 139, 215,
240, 242, 243
Aluminum fluoride, 123, 158, 224,
240, 241, 243
Aluminum hydroxide, 196
Aluminum molybdate, 243
Aluminum nitrate, 228, 232
Aluminum oxide, 196
Aluminum phosphate, 197
Aluminum potassium sulfate, 225,
228
Aluminum sulfate, 228
Ammonia, 170, 224, 239
Ammonia nitrate, 224
Ammonia sulfate, 230
Ammonia sulfide, 224
Ammonia thiocyanate, 224
Ammonium, 225
Ammonium carbonate, 225
Ammonium chloride, 224, 225,
228, 229
Ammonium dichromate, 226, 227
Ammonium ferrocyanide, 225
Ammonium fluoride, 226, 232, 229
Ammonium ion, 83, 222, 223
Ammonium molybdate, 129, 167, 224,
227, 242
Ammonium nitrate, 230
Ammonium perchlorate, 121, 152, 240,
242, 243
Ammonium persulfate, 178
Ammonium potassium selenide, 211
Ammonium sulfate, 21, 232
Ammonium sulfide, 225
Ammonium sulfite, 227
Ammonium thiocyanate, 170, 225, 229,
230
Antimony, 20, 113, 139, 227, 229,
230, 238, 240, 251
Antimony fluoride, 225, 226
Antimony ion, 139, 189
Antimony pentachloride, 114, 240,
242
Antimony potassium tartrate, 113, 140,
241
Antimony trichloride, 113, 140, 240,
242
Antimony trifluoride, 114, 240
Antimony trioxide, 189
Arsenate, 188, 240
Arsenate ion, 9, 115, 240, 241
Arsenic, 22, 114, 140, 197, 222, 223,
224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 232, 236,
237, 238, 239, 240
Arsenic trioxide, 115, 189, 198, 227,
232, 240, 241
Arsenite, 9
Arsenite ion, 115, 240, 241
Arsine, 116, 226
B
Barium, 24, 116, 141, 222, 224, 227,
230, 236, 238, 239, 240, 246, 251
Barium carbonate, 116, 240, 241
Barium chloride, 117, 142, 227, 228,
229, 240, 241, 243
Barium chromate, 202
Barium fluoride, 117, 229, 240, 242
Barium nitrate, 117, 230, 240
Barium silicate, 199
Barium sulfate, 198
Barium sulfide, 198, 227, 229
Beryllium, 26, 117, 142, 198, 222, 243
Beryllium carbonate, 189
Beryllium chloride, 118, 226, 240, 241
Beryllium nitrate, 230
Beryllium oxide, 199
Beryllium silicate, 199
Beryllium sulfate, 118, 143, 200, 230,
240, 241, 243
Bicarbonate, 9, 223, 228, 230
Bicarbonate ion, 12, 41, 120, 150
Bismuth, 29, 118, 227
Bismuth carbonate, 190
Bismuth ion, 238
Bismuth sulfate, 143
Boric acid, 118, 143, 224, 225, 226, 227,
229, 230, 240, 242
275
-------
Boron, 30, 118, 215, 222, 223, 236
239
Bromine, 12, 34, 222, 225, 228
Cadmium, 34, 119, 143, 190, 215, 222,
224, 225, 229, 232, 236, 237, 238,
239, 240, 250, 251
Cadmium acetate, 145
Cadmium chloride, 119, 146, 190, 224,
225, 227, 240, 241
Cadmium nitrate, 215
Cadmium oxide, 190
Cadmium sulfate, 148, 200, 215, 224
Calcium, 10, 37, 148, 223, 230, 250,
251, 253, 254
Calcium arsenate, 116, 241
Calcium bicarbonate ion, 150
Calcium carbonate, 149
Calcium chloride, 119, 150, 240, 242
Calcium chromate, 203
Calcium chromate (sintered), 203
Calcium fluoride, 190, 227, 230
Calcium hydroxide, 150
Calcium molybdate, 129, 240, 241
Calcium silicate, 211
Calcium sulfate, 150, 228
Cklcium vanadate, 136, 240, 242
Carbon, 12, 40, 200, 223
Carbon monoxide, 225
Carbonate, 224, 228
Carbonate ion, 12, 40
Cerium, 42, 200
Cerium chloride, 120, 200
Cesium, 42
Chlorate, 225, 229
Chloride, 21, 226, 236, 239, 246,
250, 251
Chloride ion, 42, 151, 222, 223
Chlorine, 41, 151, 228, 229, 253
Chloroauric acid, 227
Chromic acid, 202
Chromic chloride, 190
Chromium, 9, 46, 121, 153, 200, 222,
223, 230
Chromium ion, 9, 152, 190, 202, 236,
237, 239, 240
Chromium trioxide, 202
Cobalt, 48, 121, 154, 204, 216, 227,
229, 238, 240
Cobalt chloride, 205, 216, 224, 230
Cobaltic chloride, 154
Cobaltic oxide, 206
Cobaltic sulfate, 154
Copper, 50, 122, 206, 222, 223, 224,
230, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240
Copper chloride, 122, 242
Copper nitrate1, 122, 241
Copper sulfate, 122, 206, 242
Cupric chloride, 224, 225, 227, 229
Cupric nitrate, 224, 225, 227, 229
Cupric sulfate, 155, 225, 227, 228
Cyanate, 224
Cyanide, 225, 227, 230, 236, 237, 238,
239
Cyanide ion, 83, 222
Dysprosium, 53, 206
Erbium, 53
Ethylmercuri.c chloride, 164, 224
Europium, 53
Ferric chloride, 125, 224, 225, 226,
240, 242
Ferric potassium sulfate, 225, 229
Ferric sulfate, 224, 225, 226, 228,
229, 230
Ferrous chloride, 125, 217, 240
Ferrous sulfate, 207, 224
Fluoride, 10, 223, 226, 230, 232, 236,
237, 239, 250, 251, 253, 254
Fluoride ion, 53, 155
Fluorine, 155, 229, 238
Gadolinium, 57, 206
276
-------
Gallium, 57, 123, 158, 192, 224, 226,
228, 230
Gallium chloride, 158
Gallium citrate, 123
Gallium lactate, 123
Gallium sulfate, 216
Germanium, 58, 123
Germanium trioxide, 216
Gold, 58, 206
H
Hafnium, 58
Holmium, 58
Hydrazine, 130, 170, 193, 219, 224,
229, 230, 240, 241
Hydrazine peroxide, 229
Hydrochloric acid, 224, 228, 230
Hydrogen cyanide, 130, 170, 232, 240
Hydrogen ion, 58
Hydrogen sulfide, 224, 228, 230
Hydrogen sulfite, 228
Hyponitrites, 219
Indium, 60, 124, 159, 192, 222, 223, 226,
227, 229, 230
Indium chloride, 124, 159
Indium nitrate, 216
Indium sulfate, 124
Iodine, 10, 61, 192, 222, 223, 224,
226, 228, 230
Iridium, 60
Iron, 60, 206, 222, 223, 230, 236, 237,
238, 239, 250
Iron-dextran complex, 206
Lanthanum, 65, 207, 227
Lanthanum acetate, 125, 242
Lanthanum chloride, 207
Lanthanum nitrate, 125, 207, 240, 242
Lead, 65, 125, 160, 192, 214, 217, 222,
224, 230, 236, 237, 238, 239, 250, 251
Lead acetate, 125, 161, 192, 217
Lead carbonate, 125, 161
Lead chloride, 126, 227
Lead nitrate, 225, 226, 227, 229
Lead oleate, 126
Lead phosphate, 207
Lead sulfate, 126, 225, 227, 229, 230
Lithium, 68, 126, 162, 222
Lithium carbonate, 162, 214, 217
Lithium chloride, 217, 230
Lithium citrate, 126
Lithium fluoride, 126, 230, 240, 241
Lutetium, 68
M
Magnesium, 68, 162, 207, 222, 223, 253
Magnesium chloride, 126, 162, 225, 230
Magnesium fluoride, 123
Magnesium fluorosilicate, 226
Magnesium nitrate, 230
Magnesium sulfate, 126, 163, 225, 226,
228, 229, 232, 240
Manganese, 71, 126, 163, 207, 222, 236,
237, 239, 250
Manganous acetate, 218
Manganous chloride, 164, 207, 230, 231
Manganous nitrate, 214, 218
Manganous sulfate, 164, 232
Mercuric chloride, 74, 127, 166, 192,
222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 240,
241
Mercuric ion, 10
Mercury, 10, 75, 127, 164, 208, 222,
223, 224, 228, 238, 240
MethyImercurie chloride, 128, 164, 219
224, 240
Methylmercuric dicyandiamide, 165, 219
Methylmercurie sulfide, 166
Methyl mercury, 165, 214, 218
Molybdenum, 75, 129, 167, 222, 238, 240,
253
Molybdenum ion, 167, 192
Molybdenum trioxide, 168, 240
N
Neodynium, 77
Nickel, 77, 129, 168, 188, 208, 222,
238, 240, 251, 254
277
-------
Nickel carbonate, 129, 169
Nickel chloride, 129, 169, 210, 229,
240, 241
Nickel ion, 192, 253
Nickel nitrate, 224, 229
Nickel sulfate, 229
Nickel sulfide, 210
Niobium, 80, 169, 253, 254
Niobium chloride, 129, 169, 240, 241
Niobium ion, 9, 169, 192
Nitrate, 222, 223, 225, 227, 229
236, 237, 239, 240, 250
Nitrate ion, 80, 131, 171, 251
Nitric acid, 224, 230
Nitrite,10, 222, 223, 239
Nitrite ion, 80, 131, 170, 240, 241
0
Osmium, 84, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230
Oxygen, 12
Ozone, 224, 226, 228, 229
Palladium, 85, 132, 173, 188, 193,
226
Phenyl mercuric chloride, 166
Phenyl mercury, 219
Phosphate ion, 85, 222, 223
Phosphoric acid, 231
Phosphorus, 84, 210, 223, 239
Platinum, 86, 210
Potassium, 86, 188, 223, 253
Potassium arsenate, 189
Potassium bicarbonate, 151
Potassium bismuth, 143
Potassium chloride, 132, 173, 224,
232
Potassium chromate, 153, 190
Potassium cyanate, 210
Potassium cyanide, 130, 240, 241
Potassium dichromate, 121, 227, 228
Potassium fluoride, 232
Potassium hydroxide, 132, 224, 225, 226,
231, 240
Potassium iodide, 124, 159
Potassium iodine, 227, 240, 242
Potassium niobate, 130, 169, 240, 242
Potassium nitrate, 131, 172, 240
Potassium permanganate, 208, 231
Potassium selenate,' 133, 194
Potassium sulfate, 133, 224, 232, 240
Potassium tellurite, 134
Potassium thiocyanate, 170, 192, 227,
229
Praseodymium, 88, 211
Pyrophosphate, 219
R
Rhenium, 88
Rhenium ion, 188
Rhodium, 88
Rhodium ion, 173, 193
Rubidium, 88, 132, 173
Ruthenium, 89
Samarium, 89
Scandium, 89, 173, 193
Selenite ion, 175, 240
Selenium, 89, 132, 173, 225, 232, 236,
237, 238, 239, 253, 254
Selenium dioxide, 174
Selenium ion, 174, 188, 193, 240
Selenous acid, 133
Silicon, 90
Silicon dioxide, 91, 211
Silver, 92, 175, 212, 222, 236, 239, 24;
Silver nitrate, 133, 212, 240
Sodium, 12, 93, 176, 223, 230, 251
Sodium aluminate, 226, 229
Sodium arsenate, 198, 215, 225, 229, 232
Sodium arsenite, 115, 141, 189, 225, 232
241, 253, 254
Sodium bicarbonate, 151, 224
Sodium bisulfite, 224, 228, 229, 231
Sodium borate, 118, 224, 226, 232, 240
Sodium bromate, 119, 224, 228, 240
Sodium bromide, 190, 227
Sodium carbonate, 120, 151, 240
Sodium chlorate, 120, 240, 242
Sodium chloride, 176, 194, 220, 224
Sodium chlorostannate, 194
Sodium chromate, 226, 227, 228
Sodium cyanate, 130, 240
278
-------
Sodium cyanide, 130, 227, 240
Sodium diarsenate, 214, 215
Sodium dichromate, 204, 227, 228
Sodium fluoride, 158, 191, 226, 230,
232
Sodium fluoroaluminate, 232
Sodium fluorosilicate, 226
Sodium germanate, 159, 188, 192, 253,
254
Sodium hydrosulfide, 228
Sodium hydroxide, 132, 224, 229
Sodium ion, 12
Sodium nitrate, 131, 173, 227, 232
Sodium nitrite, 131, 170, 240
Sodium pyrophosphate, 226
Sodium selenate, 133
Sodium selenite, 133, 175, 193, 219,
241
Sodium silicofluoride, 191
Sodium stannoustartrate, 181
Sodium sulfate, 133, 178, 224
Sodium sulfide, 224
Sodium sulfite, 178, 228, 230
Sodium tellurate, 134, 240, 241
Sodium tellurite, 134, 179, 227, 240,
241
Stannouschloride, 135, 181, 194
Stannous oleate, 194
Strontium, 96
Strontium chloride, 230
Strontium chromate, 204
Strontium nitrate, 230
Sulfate, 222, 223, 236, 237, 239, 251
Sulfate ion, 97, 177
Sulfide, 238
Sulfite ion, 12,
Sulfur, 230, 231, 232
Sulfuric acid, 224, 230
Tellurium acetate, 240
Tellurium ion, 178, 188, 194
Terbium, 100
Thallium, 100, 135, 180, 220
225, 232, 240, 241
Thallium sulfate, 220
Thallous acetate, 135, 180, 225, 232,
240, 241
Thallous oxide, 135, 180, 225, 232,
240, 241
Thorium, 101, 180
Thorium dioxide, 180
Thulium, 101
Tin, 101, 180
Titanium, 102, 182, 194, 224, 225, 227,
228, 238
Titanium ion, 182
Tribasic phosphate, 226, 227, 228, 231
Tungsten, 103, 136, 182, 226, 227
U
Uranium, 103, i36) 182, 213, 222, 224,
226, 227, 229, 238, 240, 242
Uranium (solid), 184
Uranium VI, 183
Uranyl fluoride, 184
Uranyl ion, 239
Uranyl nitrate, 184
V
Vanadium, 105, 136, 185, 222, 227, 228,
238
Vanadium ion, 185, 194
Vanadium pentoxide, 136, 185, 194
Vanadyl sulfate, 195
Tantalum, 100, 212, 224, 226, 228, 229,
230 i
Tantalum chloride, 134, 242
Tantalum fluoride, 134, 242
Tantalum oxide, 212
Tellurate ion, 134, 240
Tellurite ion, 134, 240
Tellurium, 9, .100, 188
Ytterbium. 107 , 213
Yttrium, 107 , 186, 188, 195, 224, 229
Yttrium chloride, 136
Yttrium nitrate, 136
Yttrium oxide, 136
279
-------
Zinc, 107, 137, 186, 188, 195, 222, 224
236, 237, 238, 239
Zinc beryllium silicate, 200
Zinc carbonate, 187
Zinc chloride, 137, 188, 195, 224, 229,
240, 241
Zinc chromate, 154, 204
Zinc sulfate, 137, 187, 220, 224, 226, 227,
228, 240
Zirconium, 110, 187, 195, 253, 254
280
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1
5
Accession Number
2
Sub/erf Field & Group
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Organization
Arthur D. Little, Inc.. Cambridge, Massachusetts
Life Sciences Division
Title
Water Quality Criteria Data Book, Volume 2
Inorganic Chemical Pollution of Freshwater
1
Davis, Thomas R.A.
Burg, Alan W.
Butters, Kathleen M.
Wadler, Bella D.
16
21
Project Designation
18010DPV
Note
22
Citation
July, 1971. 280 pp., 3 fig., 13 tab., 276 ref.
23
Descriptor* (Starred Fir««>
*Inorganic Compounds, *Freshwater, *Water Pollution Sources, *Water Quality,
*Toxicity, Human Pathology, Animal Pathology, Public Health, Water Pollution
Effects, Chemicals
25
Identifiers (Starred First)
*Acute Toxicity, *Chronic Toxicity, *Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity,
Tissue Concentrations
27 Abstract
A survey of the literature dealing with inorganic chemical compounds was conducted to
obtain and reference data relevant to the establishment of water quality criteria. More
than 5,000 publications were reviewed. While nearly 300 inorganic species may exist in
freshwater only 87 were identified in the literature. A wide distribution in concentrations
in potable and polluted water was found.
Data on acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity
of inorganic chemicals have been tabulated. Because of the design of most of these toxico-
logical determinations, it is difficult to extrapolate from this data to human health. This
inability is furthered in that the concentrations of many materials in freshwater are reported
in terms of elemental analysis alone without reference to the ionic or complex form of the
material. However, toxicity varies with the complex ion and oxidation state.
Correlations have been made.of minimum lethal oral dose versus maximum concentrations report-
ed in freshwater, and of minimum chronic toxic dose versus maximum concentration reported in
drinking watery. Examples of inorganic species which approach a safety limit have been
observed. \
This report wasjsubmitted in fulfillment of Project No. 18010DPV, Contract No. 14-12-538
under the sppnaorship of the Environmental Protection Agency. (Burg-ADL)
Abstractor
Alan W. Burg, Ph.D.
Institution
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
WR:I02 (REV. JULY
WRSIC
SEND TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
US. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. O. C. 2024O
"U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1972 tsi-iS3/109 1-3
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