EPA-660/2-74-085
DECEMBER 1974
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Effect of Geographical Variation
on Performance of Recirculating
Cooling Ponds
National Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into
five series. These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in
related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY STUDIES series. This series describes research
performed to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment
and methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from
point and non-point sources of pollution. This work provides the
new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development, EPA, and approved for publication. Approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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EPA-660/2-74-085
November 1974
EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION ON PERFORMANCE
OF RECIRCULATING COOLING PONDS
Edward L. Thackston
Grant No. R-800613
Program Element 1BA032
ROAP 21AJH/Task 12
Project Officer
Bruce Tichenor
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CORVALLIS, OREGON 97330
for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Stock No. 5501-00985
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ABSTRACT
The energy budget approach to cooling ponds has been outlined and
applied to closed cycle, recirculating cooling ponds. Monthly average
weather data from 88 stations throughout the U.S. were used to calculate
equilibrium temperatures, heat exchange coefficients, and the average
temperature of various sized ponds receiving the effluent from a
standard power plant of 1000-mw capacity, both for average and extreme
weather conditions. The data for each station is shown on a separate
chart, and the variation of these results across the U.S. is depicted
by a series of 38 maps of the U.S., with contours connecting equal
values of the parameters. The results may also be used to estimate
cooling pond performance for other sized power plants and other sized
ponds.
The maps disclose variations across the U.S., on a given date, of up
to 55°F difference in pond temperatures. Increase of pond temperature
over equilibrium is greater in winter than in summer.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number 16130 FDQ,
Grant Number R-800613, by Vanderbilt University, Center for Research
and Training in the Hydraulic and Hydrologic Aspects of Pollution
Control, under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Work was completed as of May 1974.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES xii
INTRODUCTION 1
DATA TO BE PRESENTED 3
The Standard Plant 3
Equilibrium Temperature 3
Surface Heat Exchange Coefficient 4
Pond Temperature at Standard Plant 4
METHODS OF CALCULATION 7
Heat Budget 7
Equilibrium Temperature 14
Heat Exchange Coefficient 15
Pond Temperature 15
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION 17
RESULTS FOR EACH STATION 19
Equilibrium Temperature 19
Heat Exchange Coefficient 19
Mixed Pond Temperature 22
EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ON POND PERFORMANCE 25
Accuracy of Contour Lines 45
RELATION OF COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PLUG FLOW POND 46
REFERENCES 49
APPENDIX A - WEATHER INFORMATION FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 52
APPENDIX B - RESULTS OF COMPUTATIONS FOR
INDIVIDUAL STATIONS 142
APPENDIX C - COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM
TEMPERATURES AND HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS 232
APPENDIX D - COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING MONTHLY
TEMPERATURES FOR LOADED PONDS 237
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report is issued under the aegis of the National Center for
Research and Training in the Hydraulic and Hydrologic Aspects of
Water Pollution Control at Vanderbilt University, sponsored under
project number 16130 FDQ by the Water Quality Office of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. The support of the Water Quality Office
and the help and encouragement of Frank Rainwater, Director of the
National Thermal Pollution Research Program, and Bruce Tichenor,
the project officer, is greatly appreciated.
The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of several res-
earch assistants who were of great value in the execution of this
project. Larry Elliot was responsible for most of the data pro-
cessing. Martha Cogbill helped with the programming and the pro-
duction of methods to calculate solar radiation and longwave
radiation. Data plotting was performed by Larry Elliot and Julie
Hsieh, and Vita Rietveld and Ann Rees did the drafting. Peggie Bush
and Carol Kniffen typed the final manuscript.
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
No. Page
1 ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION AS A FUNCTION OF SOLAR ALTITUDE
FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS 9
2 AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED RADIATION FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS
AS A FUNCTION OF DAY OF YEAR 11
3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VAPOR PRESSURE 13
4 SAMPLE DATA SHEET FOR METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION 20
5 SAMPLE GRAPH OF RESULTS FOR A SINGLE STATION
(NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE) 21
6 EFFECT OF POND SURFACE AREA ON MIXED POND TEMPERATURE FOR
VARIOUS SEASONS UNDER NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS,
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE 24
7 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS ' 26
8 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS 26
9 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS 27
10 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS 27
11 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS 28
12 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS 28
13 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS 29
14 EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS 29
15 TIME (IN DAYS) THAT MONTHLY AVERAGE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS IS ABOVE 75°F 30
16 DATE ON WHICH MONTHLY AVERAGE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE FOR
AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS RISES THROUGH 60°F IN THE SPRING 30
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No. Page
17 HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F) 31
18 HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F) 31
19 HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F) 32
20 HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F) 32
21 TEMPERATURE, IN °F OF 1000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 33
22 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 33
23 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 34
24 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 34
25 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 35
26 TEMPERATURE, IN CF, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 35
27 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 36
28 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 36
29 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 37
30 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 37
31 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 38
32 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 38
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No. Page
33 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 39
34 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 39
35 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 40
36 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 40
37 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 41
38 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 41
39 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 42
40 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 42
41 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 43
42 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 43
43 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 44
44 TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS 44
45 RESULTS FOR HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA (AVERAGE CONDITIONS) 14.2
46 RESULTS FOR MOBILE, ALABAMA 143
47 RESULTS FOR PHOENIX, ARIZONA 144
48 RESULTS FOR FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS 145
49 RESULTS FOR LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS 146
50 RESULTS FOR BURBANK, CALIFORNIA 147
VII
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
51 RESULTS FOR FRESNO, CALIFORNIA 148
52 RESULTS FOR OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA 149
53 RESULTS FOR DENVER, COLORADO 15°
54 RESULTS FOR GRAND JUNCTION, COLORODO 151
55 RESULTS FOR HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT (AVERAGE CONDITIONS) 152
56 RESULTS FOR WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 153
57 RESULTS FOR WASHINGTON, D.C. 154
58 RESULTS FOR JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 155
59 RESULTS FOR MIAMI, FLORIDA 156
60 RESULTS FOR TAMPA, FLORIDA 157
61 RESULTS FOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA 158
62 RESULTS FOR BOISE, IDAHO 159
63 RESULTS FOR CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 160
64 RESULTS FOR SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS 161
65 RESULTS FOR EVANSVILLE, INDIANA 162
66 RESULTS FOR INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA 163
67 RESULTS FOR SOUTH BEND, INDIANA 164
68 RESULTS FOR DES MOINES, IOWA 165
69 RESULTS FOR SIOUX CITY, IOWA 166
70 RESULTS FOR DODGE CITY, KANSAS 167
71 RESULTS FOR TOPEKA, KANSAS 168
72 RESULTS FOR LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY 169
73 RESULTS FOR LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY 170
74 RESULTS FOR NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 171
viii
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No.
Page
75 RESULTS FOR SHREVEPORT, LOUISIANA 172
76 RESULTS FOR CARIBOU, MAINE 173
77 RESULTS FOR PORTLAND, MAINE 174
78 RESULTS FOR BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 175
79 RESULTS FOR BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 176
80 RESULTS FOR DETROIT, MICHIGAN 177
81 RESULTS FOR MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN 178
82 RESULTS FOR SAULT STE. MARIE, MICHIGAN 179
83 RESULTS FOR DULUTH, MINNESOTA 180
84 RESULTS FOR MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 181
85 RESULTS FOR JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI 182
86 RESULTS FOR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 183
87 RESULTS FOR SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI 184
88 RESULTS FOR BILLINGS, MONTANA 185
89 RESULTS FOR HELENA, MONTANA 186
90 RESULTS FOR NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA 187
91 RESULTS FOR OMAHA, NEBRASKA 188
92 RESULTS FOR ELKO, NEVADA 189
93 RESULTS FOR LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 190
94 RESULTS FOR RENO, NEVADA 191
95 RESULTS FOR CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE 192
96 RESULTS FOR NEWARK, NEW JERSEY 193
97 RESULTS FOR ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO 194
ix
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
98 RESULTS FOR ALBANY, NEW YORK 19S
99 RESULTS FOR BUFFALO, NEW YORK 196
100 RESULTS FOR NEW YORK, NEW YORK 197
101 RESULTS FOR CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA 198
102 RESULTS FOR WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA 199
103 RESULTS FOR BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA 200
104 RESULTS FOR CLEVELAND, OHIO 201
105 RESULTS FOR COLUMBUS, OHIO 202
106 RESULTS FOR OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA 203
107 RESULTS FOR ASTORIA, OREGON (AVERAGE CONDITIONS) 204
108 RESULTS FOR PENDLETON, OREGON 205
109 RESULTS FOR PORTLAND, OREGON 206
110 RESULTS FOR AVOCA, PENNSYLVANIA (AVERAGE CONDITIONS) 207
111 RESULTS FOR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 208
112 RESULTS FOR SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA 209
113 RESULTS FOR CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 210
114 RESULTS FOR COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA 211
115 RESULTS FOR GREER, SOUTH CAROLINA (AVERAGE CONDITIONS) 212
116 RESULTS FOR HURON, SOUTH DAKOTA 213
117 RESULTS FOR RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA 214
118 RESULTS FOR KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE 215
119 RESULTS FOR MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE 216
120 RESULTS FOR NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE 217
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No. Page
121 RESULTS FOR BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS 218
122 RESULTS FOR DALLAS, TEXAS 219
123 RESULTS FOR EL PASO, TEXAS 220
124 RESULTS FOR HOUSTON, TEXAS 221
125 RESULTS FOR SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 222
126 RESULTS FOR BURLINGTON, VERMONT (AVERAGE CONDITIONS) 223
127 RESULTS FOR NORFOLK, VIRGINIA 224
128 RESULTS FOR ROANOKE, VIRGINIA 225
129 RESULTS FOR SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 226
130 RESULTS FOR SPOKANE, WASHINGTON 227
131 RESULTS FOR HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA (AVERAGE CONDITIONS) 228
132 RESULTS FOR GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN 229
133 RESULTS FOR CASPER, WYOMING 230
XI
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LIST OF TABLES
1 EQUATIONS FOR AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION
(BTU/SQ FT-HR) FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS 10
2 EQUATIONS USED FOR CALCULATIONS OF CONSTANT 3 IN
EQUATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION 12
3 RATIO OF AREA REQUIRED BY PLUG -FLOW POND TO THAT
REQUIRED BY COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PRODUCE EQUIVALENT
COOLING UNDER SAME CONDITIONS 47
4 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 52
5 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MOBILE, ALABAMA (13894) 53
6 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PHOENIX, ARIZONA (23183) 54
7 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS (13964) 55
8 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS (13963) 56
9 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BURBANK, CALIFORNIA (23152) 57
10 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR FRESNO, CALIFORNIA (93193) 58
11 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA (23230) 59
12 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DENVER, COLORADO 923062) 60
13 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO (23066) 61
14 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 62
15 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR WILMINGTON, DELAWARE (13781) 63
16 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR WASHINGTON, D.C. (13743) 64
17 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA (93837) 65
18 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MIAMI, FLORIDA (12839) 66
19 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR TAMPA, FLORIDA (12842) 67
20 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA (13874) 68
21 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BOISE, IDAHO (24131) 69
xn
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
No- Page
23 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS (93822) 71
24 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR EVANSVILLE, INDIANA (93817) 72
25 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA (93819) 73
26 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SOUTH BEND, INDIANA (14848) 74
27 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DES MOINES, IOWA (14933) 75
28 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SIOUX CITY, IOWA (14943) 76
29 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DODGE CITY, KANSAS (13985) 77
30 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR TOPEKA, KANSAS (13996) 78
31 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY (93820) 79
32 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY (93821) 80
33 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA (12916) 81
34 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SHREVEPORT, LOUISIANA (13957) 82
35 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CARIBOU, MAINE (14607) 83
36 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PORTLAND, MAINE (14764) 84
37 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BALTIMORE, MARYLAND (93821) 85
38 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS (14739) 86
39 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DETROIT, MICHIGAN (14822) 87
40 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN (14880) 88
41 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SAULT STE. MARIE, MICHIGAN (14847) 89
42 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DULUTH, MINNESOTA (14913) 90
43 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MINN. (14922) 91
44 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI (13956) 92
45 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI (13994) 93
46 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI (13995) 94
x i i i
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
47 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BILLINGS, MONTANA (24033) 95
48 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HELENA, MONTANA (24144) 96
49 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA (24023) 97
50 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR OMAHA, NEBRASKA (14942) 98
51 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ELKO, NEVADA (24121) 99
52 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LAS VEGAS, NEVADA (23169) 100
53 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR RENO, NEVADA (23185) 101
54 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE (14745) 102
55 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NEWARK, NEW JERSEY (14734) 103
56 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO (23050) 104
57 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ALBANY, NEW YORK (14735) 105
58 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BUFFALO, NEW YORK (14733) 106
59 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NEW YORK, NEW YORK (14732) 107
60 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA (13881) 108
61 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA (13748) 109
62 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA (24011) 110
63 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CLEVELAND, OHIO (14820) 111
64 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR COLUMBUS, OHIO (14821) m
65 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA (13967) 113
66 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ASTORIA, OREGON 114
67 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PENDLETON, OREGON (24155) 115
68 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PORTLAND, OREGON (24229) 115
69 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR AVOCA, PENNSYLVANIA 117
XIV
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
70 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 118
71 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA (14777) 119
72 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA (13880) 120
73 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA (13883) 121
74 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR GREER, SOUTH CAROLINA 122
75 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HURON, SOUTH DAKOTA (14936) 123
76 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA (24090) 124
77 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE (13891) 125
78 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE (13893) 126
79 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE (13897) 127
80 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS (12919) 128
81 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DALLAS, TEXAS (13960) 129
82 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR EL PASO, TEXAS (23044) 130
83 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HOUSTON, TEXAS (12918) 131
84 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH (24127) 132
85 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BURLINGTON, VERMONT 133
86 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NORFOLK, VIRGINIA (13737) 134
87 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ROANOKE, VIRGINIA (13741) 135
88 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SEATTLE, WASHINGTON (24233) 136
89 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SPOKANE, WASHINGTON (24157) 137
90 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA 138
91 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN (14898) 139
92 WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CASPER, WYOMING (24089) 140
XV
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INTRODUCTION
The use of recirculating ponds for cooling heated condenser water before
reuse at large electric generating stations will probably be much more
common in the future than it is now. Stricter water quality standards,
increased pressure from state and federal regulatory agencies and the
public, greater amounts of heat to be dissipated at a single location
because of larger modern generating stations, are all combining to make
this trend inevitable.
Heated condenser water may be cooled for reuse by dry cooling towers,
wet cooling towers, or cooling ponds. The dry cooling tower depends
almost solely on conduction for heat dissipation, and the wet cooling
tower depends almost solely on evaporation. Both involve high capital
costs, although wet cooling towers are considerably cheaper than dry
towers.
Cooling ponds dissipate heat by radiation, evaporation, and conduction.
By relying less heavily on evaporation, they do not consume as much
water as towers for the dissipation of the excess heat. However, by not
having a forced draft, either structurally or mechanically induced, they
require much greater areas. In localities where sufficient area is
available, cooling ponds frequently are the cheapest and simplest method
for cooling water before reuse or discharge to a receiving stream.
The question of whether the effluent from a cooling pond should be reused
or discharged to the stream from which it came is a complex question
involving such things as availability of sufficient water, temperature
rise Cand fall) standards, mixing zones, pumping heads and arrangements,
salt buildup in recirculating ponds, and the differences in plant
efficiency when using water at the pond temperature as compared to the
efficiency when using water directly from a stream at what will usually
be a lower temperature. In many locations, sufficient water is simply
not available to allow discharge of the pond effluent back to the stream.
In these cases, recirculating ponds must be used.
Even when sufficient water may be available, the factors listed above,
along with other local factors, generally dictate that cooling ponds at
large generating stations be of the recirculating type. The decision may
be to accept the slightly higher intake temperatures and lower plant
efficiency rather than to be forced to gamble on consistently varying
conditions of stream flow, stream temperature, and meteorological condi-
tions .
The design of cooling ponds is sometimes based on rules of thumb, such as
1 to 2 acres per megawatt of installed capacity, or 75 to 150 BTU of heat
loss per hour per square foot coupled with engineering judgment and
experience. However, rational design should be based on the total energy
budget, since regional or local meteorological conditions can greatly
influence the rate of heat transfer, and, thus, the size of ponds
necessary to produce a given cooling effect.
Many references are available in the literature on the energy budget
approach to heat transfer calculations, and some give illustrative
examples. However, none provide the engineer with a quick estimate of
pond size and performance for a specific location necessary to make
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preliminary feasibility determinations, or to check the reasonableness
of calculations. This is the purpose of the present investigation. Cal-
culated energy budget data will be presented for sites representing the
entire contiguous United States.
A consultant or a power company may use this data to determine approxi-
mate pond sizes necessary to produce a specified cooling effect or plant
intake temperature at a given site; to investigate the effect on pond
size of different cooling requirements; to determine the influence of
season on pond performance; to estimate the effect of different geomet-
rical configurations; and to estimate the effect of possible alternate
sites.
The engineer for a regulatory agency can use this data as an independent
check on the reasonableness and/or adequacy of proposed designs which he
is charged with reviewing, by determining or estimating the same param-
eters of performance.
This report is similar to an earlier report (1) which presented data and
results on once-through cooling ponds, i.e., ponds used to cool heated
condenser water before discharge back to the stream. Some of the text
of this report, especially the background material on the heat budget
and methods of calculation and the tabulation of meteorological variables
used, are identical to that contained in the earlier report. In addition,
the top halves of the figures presenting results from individual weather
stations on the variation of equilibrium temperature and heat exchange
coefficient throughout the year are identical to those in the earlier
report. This arrangement is considered necessary in order that this
report may be complete within itself and not depend on the earlier report
for explanation of the results contained in this report.
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DATA TO BE PRESENTED
In the design of a recirculating cooling pond, the critical dependent
variable, and the usual basis of comparison of all alternatives, is cost.
However, the total cost involves many factors, such as plant efficiency
changes with changing condenser water intake temperature, land costs,
pumping costs, and many others. Since the object of this report is to
study and report on the effects of geographical variation only, as em-
bodied in the local meteorological conditions, comparisons must be made
for a given situation, i.e., a given heat load or "standard plant." The
"standard plant" selected will be described below.
For a given plant and given cost factors, the key dependent variable from
an engineering standpoint is the pond temperature or plant intake tempera-
ture. This will be a function of pond size (bringing in the land cost
factor) and will influence the plant efficiency (thus bringing in the power
cost factor). In addition to pond size, the plant intake temperature will
be a function of pond shape, season of the year, geographical location,
and variation of meteorological variables at a given site.
For comparative purposes, a completely mixed pond will be used, and the
pond temperature will be calculated for each month of the year at each of
88 sites, for three different sizes of ponds, and for both "normal"
(average) meteorological conditions and "extreme" heating conditions
(those meteorological conditions conducive to excess heating which occur
with some predetermined critical frequency).
In order to help explain the pattern of variation of pond temperatures
throughout the year and across the country, and in order to present data
which can be used to estimate cooling pond performance and requirements
for ponds serving plants different from the standard plant, two other
parameters were calculated for each month at each site for both normal
and extreme meteorological conditions. These were the equilibrium temper-
ature and the heat exchange coefficient, which are also explained below.
The Standard Plant
The standard plant assumed for all calculations was of 1000-megawatt
capacity. The flow of cooling water was 1350 cfs, and the temperature
rise across the condensers was 15°F. This is equivalent to a plant
efficiency of 37 to 38 percent. The exact efficiency, given these param-
eters, would be a function of the thermodynamic efficiency and the amount
of heat lost through the walls of the boilers, through the stack, etc.
The heat rejection rate in the condenser cooling water from the standard
plant was thus 6.06 x 109 BTU/hr, or 1.46 x 10lT BTU/day.
Equilibrium Temperature
The equilibrium temperature is the temperature to which a body of water
would eventually come if exposed to constant meteorological conditions.
It is, therefore, a function of the particular conditions at a given lo-
cation. A body of water not at the equilibrium temperature will tend to
approach equilibrium asymptotically. The equilibrium temperature will
vary throughout the-day and throughout the year as the solar radiation,
air temperature, wind speed, and other meteorological variables vary.
A very shallow body of water will vary widely in temperature during the
-------
day as it follows the changing equilibrium temperature. However, the
heat content of water is so great that the temperature of large, deep
bodies of water does not fluctuate greatly during the day. Thus, average
daily conditions are reasonably descriptive for large bodies of water,
and the equilibrium temperature may be calculated on an average daily
basis.
The temperature of natural water bodies continually approaches the equi-
librium temperature but lags behind any changes. It is usually very close
to equilibrium during the summer and winter, but is lower during the
spring as the equilibrium temperature rises rapidly, and higher during the
fall as the equilibrium temperature falls rapidly.
Surface Heat Exchange Coefficient^
An isolated body of water not at equilibrium will approach equilibrium at
a rate approximately proportional to the difference between actual surface
temperature and equilibrium temperature (the forcing function), and to a
rate constant which is a function of meteorological conditions (the heat
exchange coefficient). This can be expressed as
f = - K
-------
Since the object of this work is to compare the influence of location on
cooling pond performance, a standard pond configuration will be assumed.
This standard configuration should be as simple as possible, in order to
facilitate comparison of conditions. Therefore, a completely mixed pond
was assumed. Most one-cell ponds approach this condition in practice.
For this simple configuration, Raphael's approach (6), calculating each
individual energy transfer component, can be easily used. In addition,
this approach allows one to tabulate the heat transfer due to different
mechanisms under different conditions, and thereby to determine the effect
of meteorological conditions on the individual mechanisms.
-------
METHODS OF CALCULATION
Heat Budget
The net, or total surface heat exchange, Ht, of a body of water is
Ht = Hs + Ha + »b + He + Hc C2)
where Hs is the absorbed solar radiation, Ha is the absorbed longwave
atmospheric radiation, Hb is the longwave back radiation of the water body
to space, He is the heat lost by evaporation, and Hc is the heat gained or
lost by conduction. The individual terms will be defined so that they are
positive when heat is being gained by the water body and negative when
heat is being lost by the water body. Since all the signs in Equation 2
are positive, the same convention will hold for the net surface heat ex-
change, Ht.
Calculation of individual components of the heat budget generally followed
the procedures outlined by Raphael (6). Much of his methodology was, in
turn, derived from the Lake Hefner Studies of the U. S. Geological Survey
reported by Anderson (7). Certain modifications to Raphael's procedure
had to be made, however, to adapt it to machine computation. The calcu-
lation procedure was designed to require only the standard information
tabulated by the weather bureau - temperature, relative humidity, wind
speed, and cloud cover, plus the location of the site and the time of year.
Solar Radiation - Several tabulations or graphs of average daily solar
radiation as a function of latitude and time of year are available (8,9,
10) . Differences among them are generally in the order of 5 percent, but
may be as much as 20 percent of the low values experienced in December
and January. All three of these references give only average daily
incident radiation. Absorbed radiation, however, is incident radiation
minus reflected radiation. There is no simple way to calculate the re-
flected radiation from these data, because the fraction reflected is a
function of solar altitude, which varies throughout the day. The average
solar altitude varies throughout the year, and the reflectivity is not a
linear function of solar altitude.
The use of Raphael's calculation procedure allows reflected radiation to
be calculated easily, and a set of tables or curves similar to those in
the references above can be constructed, but for actual absorbed radiation,
not just incident radiation. It also will allow separation of direct and
diffuse solar radiation for those situations where shading of part of the
water surface is significant. Furthermore, the use of Raphael's procedure
will allow calculation of radiation variation during the day.
The altitude of the sun above the horizon was calculated from the equation
sin a = sin <)> sin 5 + cos (j> cos 6 cos h (3)
where a is the solar altitude, is the latitude of the site, 6 is_the
declination of the sun, and h is the hour angle of the sun, which is
positive before noon and negative after noon.
An equation for 6 was fitted to data from a current solar ephemeris by a
non-linear least squares method derived by Marquardt (11). Thackston,
-------
et al. (12), outlined its use in hydraulic and environmental engineering
problems. The equation is
6 = -23.28 cos[(2Trday/365) + 0.164] (4)
where day is the day of the year.
Raphael tabulated the total radiation (direct solar radiation plus diffuse,
or sky, radiation) on a horizontal surface as a function of solar altitude,
taken from the tables prepared by Moon (13) from U. S. Weather Bureau data.
Reflected solar radiation is a function of solar altitude, being greatest
at the low altitudes. It is also a function of sky condition, being greater
for clear skies than for overcast skies at low solar altitudes, and the
reverse at high solar altitudes. However, the differences are negligible
except at low solar altitudes, where the total radiation is very small
anyway, and at high solar altitudes, which are rarely reached in the U.S.
Therefore, the curve of average reflectivity as a function of solar alti-
tude was applied to the total radiation tabulated by Raphael to obtain the
net absorbed radiation as a function of solar altitude. A simple polynomial
was fitted to the data by nonlinear least squares methods to produce
the equation
H = 2.044a + 0.1296a2 - 0.0019a3 + 0.0000076a4 (5)
o
where Ho is the absorbed solar radiation for clear sky_ in BTU per square
foot per hour. The standard error of this equation was 2.01. The fit of
the equation to the data is shown in Figure 1. The absorbed solar radia-
tion for other sky conditions was calculated from the equation
H = (1 - 0.0071 C2)H0 (6)
where Hs is the actual absorbed solar radiation, and C is the cloud cover,
in tenths of sky.
The procedure described above will calculate only the instantaneous radia-
tion at a particular time. The instantaneous radiation may be assumed to
represent the average radiation over a given time increment, but above an
increment of three or four hours, the accuracy is unacceptable, due to the
cyclic variation of radiation throughout the day. For longer averaging
periods, a different procedure is required. Since this project used the
day as the working time period, values of total daily radiation were com-
puted for every tenth day of the year for every degree of latitude from
25° to 46°. The radiation intensity was computed by the procedure outlined
above for every six minutes throughout the day and the total daily radia-
tion was obtained by numerical integration. The total was divided by 24
to obtain average daily radiation values in BTU per square foot per hour.
For each latitude, an equation was fitted to the calculated values by
non-linear least squares procedures. The resulting equations are tabu-
lated in Table 1. An example of the fit of three of the equations to the
calculated data is shown in Figure 2. The equations were all inserted
into the computer program for the heat budget, along with a procedure to
select the equation for the latitude closest to the latitude of the site.
The program also included provisions for calculating the instantaneous
solar radiation, if conditions at a particular hour are desired.
The values of absorbed solar radiation calculated by this method are, of
-------
350
o:
•H = 2.044of- 0.1296a2
- 0.001941 or 0.000007591 a4
20 40 60 80
SOLAR ALTITUDE - DEGREES
FIGURE 1 - ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION AS A FUNCTION
OF SOLAR ALTITUDE FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS
-------
TABLE 1 - EQUATIONS FOR AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION
(BTU/sq ft-hr) FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS
Lati-
tude
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Equation
H =
0
HQ =
H =
o
Ho =
H =
o
H =
o
H =
o
H =
0
H =
0
H =
o
H =
0
H =
0
H =
o
H =
o
H =
0
H =
o
H =
0
H =
o
H =
o
H =
o
H =
o
80
79
78
77
76
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
61
60
.155 -
.371 -
.566 -
.604 -
.655 -
.041 -
.060 -
.046 -
.161 -
.248 -
.390 -
.394 -
.350 -
.362 -
.281 -
.240 -
.197 -
.113 -
.010 -
.911 -
.782 -
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
35
36
37
38
39
40
40
41
42
43
43
44
45
45
.207 x
.236 x
.219 x
.145 x
.156 x
.133 x
.194 x
.938 x
.834 x
.699 x
.598 x
.413 x
.188 x
.982 x
.706 x
.442 x
.128 x
.788 x
.471 x
.020 x
.639 x
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin [2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin [2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin [2x3 .
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin [2x3 .
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin [2x3.
sin [2x3 .
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3 .
sin[2x3 .
sin[2x3.
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/ 366
day/ 366
day/ 366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/ 366
day/366
day/ 366
day/366
.+1.679]
.+1.713]
.+1.710]
.+1.740]
.+1.728]
.+1.694]
.+1.737]
.+1.734]
.+1.727]
.+1.738]
. + 1.721]
.+1.730]
.+1.741]
.+1.739]
.+1.742]
.+1.736]
-+1.740]
.+1.739]
.+1.739]
.+1.740]
.+1.735]
Standard
Error
2.76
2.40
2.33
2.10
2.02
2.21
1.85
1.61
1.52
1.32
1.32
1.07
0.86
0.73
0.61
0.58
0-54
0.63
0-76 -
0.93
1.16
course, less than the values of incident radiation given by references 8,
9, and 10. If an approximate reflectivity coefficient (between 5 and 10
percent) is applied to the other data, however, approximate comparisons
can be made. Following this procedure, it is found that Koberg's (8)
curves produce values about 5 BTU/sq ft-hour greater than these data
throughout the year. Langhaar's (10) data substantially agrees with or
is very slightly greater than Koberg's. The curves of Harmon, Weiss, and
Wilson (9) produce values that are 5 to 8 BTU/sq ft-hour greater than this
data during the winter, but up to 3 BTU/sq ft-hour lower during the summer.
There is substantial agreement during the spring and fall. These differ-
ences are within the range of accuracy of the measurement devices used to
record solar radiation and probably reflect the different measurement
10
-------
JAN | FEBI MAPI APR | MAY IJUNEIJULY I AUG I SEPT I OCT I NOV I DEC
120 180 240
TIME ( DAY OF THE YEAR )
300
360
FIGURE 2 - AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED RADIATION
FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS AS A FUNCTION OF DAY OF YEAR
approaches and instrumentation used by different workers.
Atmospheric Radiation - Longwave atmospheric radiation is a function of
many variables, including the distribution of temperature, moisture, car-
bon dioxide, ozone and other constituents throughout the entire air col-
umn over a site. However, since not all these data are normally available,
Anderson (1954) proposed the following empirical relationship:
H = aS(T + 460)
3. Si
(1 - u)
(7)
in which Ha is the longwave atmospheric radiation in BTU/square foot per
hour; a is the Stephan-Boltzmann constant = 1.714 x 10~9 BTU/hr-sq ft-
deg4] 6 is a constant which is a function of the height and type of cloud
cover and the atmospheric vapor pressure, ea, in inches of Hg; Ta is the
air temperature, in degrees Rankine; and oj is the reflectivity of the
water surface, usually taken as 0.03. Raphael converted Anderson's fig-
ures and data to a single graph of 0 vs . ea, with straight lines repre-
senting various values of cloud cover.
This graph was adapted for machine computation by writing an equation of
the form
6 = a + b e (8)
11
-------
where a and b are constants, for each value of cloud cover, and instructing
the computer to pick the correct equation, based on the value of cloud cover
read as data. The eleven equations used are tabulated in Table 2..
TABLE 2 - EQUATIONS USED FOR CALCULATION OF CONSTANT 3
IN EQUATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION
Cloud Cover
(tenths)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Equation
3 = 0.74 +0.15 ea
3 - 0.75 +0.15 ea
3 = 0.76 +0.15 ea
3 = 0.77 +0.143 ea
3 = 0.783 + 0.138 ea
3 = 0.793 + 0.137 ea
3 = 0.80 + 0.135 ea
3 = 0.81 +0.13 ea
3 = 0.825 + 0.12 ea
3 = 0.845 + 0.105 ea
3 = 0.866 +0.09 ea
The vapor pressure of the air is calculated from the relative humidity, R,
and the saturated vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of ambient air is
equal to the saturated vapor pressure at the wet bulb temperature. The wet
bulb temperature, Twt>, in °F, may be calculated from the relative humidity
and air temperature by the equation
T = (0.655 + 0.36 R) T
wb v J a
(9)
Equation 9 is accurate up to a relative humidity of approximately 95 per-
cent.
An equation for the saturated vapor pressure, es, was obtained by fitting
an exponential equation to values of es and temperature by the non-linear
least squares procedure. The resulting equation, for es in inches of mer-
cury, is
= exp[17.62 - 9501/(T
,
460)]
(10)
The standard error of prediction of Equation 10 is 0.00335. The fit of the
equation to the data is shown in Figure 3.
Since the reflectivity of the water surface to longwave radiation is 0.03
the absorbed longwave radiation can then be calculated as
H = 1.66 x 10~96(T + 460)4
a a
(11)
Back Radiation - Back radiation from the body of water to space is calcu-
lated as
12
-------
CO
30 50 70 90 NO
TEMPERATURE-°F
FIGURE 3 - EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VAPOR PRESSURE
13
-------
Hb - -0.97 a(Tw + 460)k (12)
where Hb is in BTU per square foot per hour, 0.97 is the emissivity of the
water surface, and Tw is the temperature of the water surface in °F.
Evaporation - Evaporation is calculated from the formula
H = -C U(e - e ) (13)
e ^ vi aj
where C is an empirical constant which depends on the size, shape, and
exposure of the water body, and on the location of the wind speed measure-
ment, and varies from stream to reservoir conditions. U is the wind speed
in miles per hour, ew, is the saturated vapor pressure of the air at the
temperature of the water surface, in inches of Hg, and ea is the vapor
pressure in the air in inches of Hg.
Equation 10 was used to calculate ew by substituting Tw for Twb- C was
set equal to 13.9 for this study. This is approximately equal to the co-
efficient determined from the Lake Hefner studies, adjusted for the units
used. However, it should be realized that C will vary somewhat from sit-
uation to situation, depending on local conditions.
Conduction - Heat conducted through the water surface was calculated as
II = 0.00543 U P(T - T ) (14)
c ^ a w^ ^ J
where P is the atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury, which is calcu-
lated as
29 92
p = '
f
32.15 E
1545 CTa + 460)
in which E is the elevation of the site in feet.
Equilibrium Temperature
The equilibrium temperature was determined by calculating H-j- for an assumed
equilibrium temperature and then correcting it until Equation 1 is satis-
fied. In this case, Tw - Te becomes the correction to the assumed temper-
ature. The heat exchange coefficient is calculated for each iteration as
described below. The calculation procedure converges rapidly, and when
the correction became less than 0.1°F, the calculation was terminated.
When this occurred, H^- was generally less than ±3.0 BTU per square foot
per day.
This method of calculation, while indirect and slower than the direct cal-
culation proposed by Edinger and Geyer (3), is more accurate because it
avoids the approximations necessary in their procedure. They were forced
to approximate the expressions for heat loss due to back radiation and
for vapor pressure by linear equations in order to solve the total heat
budget equation for Te.
14
-------
Heat Exchange Coefficient
The expression given by Edinger and Geyer for the heat exchange coefficient
is
K = 15.7 + CO.01025 + n) (333 U) (16)
when converted to the units used in this paper, where n is the slope of
the vapor pressure vs. temperature curve, and U is the wind velocity in
miles per hour. Certain approximations had to be made in order to define
a linear heat exchange coefficient. However, Edinger and Geyer made a
further linearization of the vapor pressure curve into segments of
straight lines which introduces further inaccuracies and computational
difficulty. This was found to be unnecessary in this study.
The slope of the vapor pressure curve can be found exactly at any tempera-
ture by differentiating the equation for saturated vapor pressure as a
function of temperature. This gives
9501 ,, ,„ 9501
— exp 17.62 pp-
460) L Tw + 460)
(17)
In this study, Te and K were computed at the same time. A new K was com-
puted for each iteration by Equation 16, using the previously determined
temperature. The final K was computed after Te had been determined with-
in 0.1°F- Since K is a function of water temperature, it should be noted
that the value of K presented is only for the equilibrium temperature at
that site for the same time. The actual value of K for a given pond
depends on the temperature of the pond at that time. Since the pond tem-
perature is higher than the equilibrium temperature (except possibly
during the fall when the equilibrium temperature is falling rapidly) due
to the added heat load from the plant, the actual value of K will be
slightly higher than the value presented. However, the values of K
presented for the equilibrium temperature are still useful for comparative
purposes, because the change in K due to a given rise in pond temperature
above equilibrium will be the same for each site.
A printout of the computer program used for calculating equilibrium tem-
perature and heat exchange coefficients is shown in Appendix C.
Pond Temperature
The temperature of completely mixed cooling ponds of various sizes re-
ceiving a discharge from the standard plant was computed for each month
of the year at each site for both normal and extreme meteorological con-
ditions. The values of meteorological variables used were monthly
averages, for reasons explained in the following section. Solar radia-
tion was computed for the middle day of each month. The only pond
characteristic (other than hydraulic behavior, which is theoretically
comparable) which was not varied was the depth. In order to determine if
the depth of the pond had a significant effect on the outlet temperature,
the pond temperature for Nashville, Tennessee, was calculated for pond
depths of both 15 and 25 feet. Based on the results, the depth is not a
15
-------
critical variable, as the greatest difference in the pond temperature
caused by a 67 percent increase in depth was approximately 0.1°F, a
negligible difference probably caused by rounding errors in the computer
program. Depth theoretically should have no effect because, as the depth
of a completely mixed pond is increased, so is the flow-through time.
It is assumed that 15 feet is sufficient deep so that all energy is
absorbed in the water column and does not reach the bottom sediments.
In the calculation procedure, the pond was assigned an arbitrary starting
temperature (which was the pond temperature from the previous month, once
the calculation procedure was underway) and was then subjected to the
condenser water flow from the standard plant and to constant meteorological
conditions representative of that month at that site for a series of four-
day increments. The pond effluent temperature was assumed to be the mixed
pond temperature and the influent temperature was assumed to be 15°F
higher. At the end of each time increment, the change in temperature was
computed and a new pond temperature determined. The iteration continued
until the pond temperature stabilized. This was taken as the average
effluent temperature for that month, and the program proceeded to the next
month.
The calculation procedure closely followed that of Raphael. During any
iteration or calculation period, the water temperature was assumed to be
constant at the value calculated for the end of the previous iteration
for the purposes of calculating surface heat transfer. When the calcula-
tions converged and the temperature correction became negligible, the
water temperature was the same as that of the previous period, so no error
was involved.
A printout of the computer program used to calculate pond temperatures is
shown in Appendix D.
16
-------
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
Meteorological information used in calculating the terms in the heat
budget was taken from the U. S. Weather Bureau's publication, "Local
Climatological Data, Annual Summary with Comparative Data," for the
various stations.
This publication presents the monthly averages and extremes of temperature,
degree days, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and totals for
precipitation data for the current year, and compares them with means and
extremes.
The extreme conditions for monthly averages were derived from statistical
analysis of the data over approximately the same period of record by the
U. S. Weather Bureau's National Weather Records Center under contract with
Vanderbilt University. The value used was the 10-percent value of the
weather variable (the monthly average exceeded, on the average, once in
10 years). The 10-percent high values of temperature and relative
humidity and the 10-percent low values of wind speed and cloud cover were
used in order to obtain conditions conducive to maximum heating.
This study assumed that all four extreme conditions occurred simultaneously
(in the same month) to produce the extreme heating conditions. Another
Weather Bureau publication, "Statistical Summary of Hourly Observations,"
shows that maxima in these conditions tend to occur together at many
stations and are usually associated with a stagnant high pressure system
in summer. However, it is unlikely that all four 10-year extremes would
occur in the same month. Therefore, the assumption of simultaneity
probably represents a safety factor. The value of heating potential
calculated from these 10-year extremes would thus probably have a return
period somewhat greater than 10 years.
A trial computation using a month's data showed that the average of pond
temperatures computed using hourly meteorological data matched the tem-
perature computed using daily average values of data and that there was
no consistent over or under-estimation. Once it has been determined that
neglecting the diurnal cycle will cause little or no consistent error in
computing the average temperature of large ponds of several days deten-
tion time, it is relatively easy to justify the use of monthly average
values of meteorological data. This is so because the next shortest cycle
is the yearly cycle, whose influence is preserved by using monthly
averaging periods. There is much more similarity between daily averages
and monthly averages than between hourly averages and daily averages
because there is no regular cycle with a length between one day and one
month to correspond to the diurnal cycle.
Because of the absence of a regular cycle between the daily cycle and the
yearly cycle, the average weather data for the middle day in.a month is
approximately the same as the monthly average data. Thus, a curve
connecting the monthly average data will also represent daily averages.
Monthly average data was used in this study because it is more readily
available, but the curves for monthly average results can also be used to
find the daily average result to be expected (on the average). This is
17
-------
not true of the results for extreme heating conditions, however. Daily
extremes will be higher than monthly extremes.
18
-------
RESULTS FOR EACH STATION
The meteorological information used for each station was tabulated on a
standard form, an example of which is shown as Figure 4. The standard form
was used for several projects and included a column for precipitation, which
was not used in this study. The data for all stations analyzed, alphabet-
ized by states, is presented in Appendix A. All the input necessary for
the computer program is contained on each data sheet.
The results from each station were plotted on a standard graph, an example
of which is shown as Figure 5. The variation of the equilibrium tempera-
ture throughout the year is shown in the upper left-hand portion of each
graph, both for normal and extreme conditions. The variation of the heat
exchange coefficient throughout the year is shown in the upper right-hand
portion of each graph, both for normal and extreme conditions. The lower
two portions of each graph depict the variation of pond temperature for
completely mixed, recirculating ponds of 1000, 2000, and 3000 acres re-
ceiving the heated condenser water discharge from the 1000-mw standard
plant. The left-hand portion shows the pond temperatures under average
meteorological conditions, and the right-hand portion shows the pond tem-
perature under extreme meteorological conditions conducive to heating.
In all portions of all graphs, the solid curves are for average conditions,
and the dashed curves are for the extreme conditions. The graphs pre-
senting results from all the stations analyzed are collected in Appendix
B, alphabetized by states.
Data from a total of 88 stations were analyzed. Extreme values of monthly
averages for 7 stations could not be calculated with accuracy, because of
the length of record involved. Thus, trends of extreme monthly values are
based on the analysis of data from 81 stations.
At least one station from each state was analyzed, and for large states or
states with a great variation in climate or topography from one part of
the state to another, as many as 3 stations were used. A finer subdivision
would have produced more accurate representation on the maps used to dis-
play trends in the results.
An examination of the results from each station will show that they are
remarkably similar in pattern, but different in magnitude. Only a few
general comments will be presented here, as the results of each station
are generally self-explanatory.
Equilibrium Temperature
The equilibrium temperature graph for almost all stations shows a low
about December 31 and a high in mid or late July. The pattern of varia-
tion throughout the year is quite smooth and regular. The difference
between high and low for the year and the sharpness of the summer peak
and winter valley increase with latitude.
Heat Exchange Coefficient
The heat exchange coefficient shows a pattern of variation almost the same
as that of equilibrium temperature, which is extremely helpful from the
19
-------
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Nashville. Tennessee (13897)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.2
5.9
5.5
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.6
5.9
6.7
TAIR
39.0
41.0
49.5
59.5
68.3
76.3
79.4
78.3
72.2
61.0
48.9
41.0
HUM
.71
.63
.60
.64
.68
.69
.75
.76
.76
.66
.68
.69
PPT
WIND
9.0
9.2
9.9
9.4
7.5
6.7
6.2
5.9
6.2
6.3
8.2
8.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.7
1.5
3.7
4.7
TAIR
45.0
46.3
53.0
63.5
70.8
78.0
81.0
79.5
74.0
63.0
51.0
44.5
HUM
.815
.77
.735
.70
.73
.76
.773
.78
.78
.78
.738
.77
PPT
WIND*
6.35
6.4
7.2
7.0
4.9
4.4
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.35
5.4
6.2
LATITUDE = 36° °7' N
LONGITUDE = 86° 41' W
ELEVATION = 59° ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
FIGURE 4 - SAMPLE DATA SHEET FOR METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
20
-------
100
200
FMAMJ J A S 0 N
TIME - MONTHS
JFMAMJJASOND
TIME - MONTHS
I2O
JFMAMJ JASON D
TIME - MONTHS
o
U.
z
o
no
100
90
80
Q
Z
O
u
UJ
Ul
K
X
Hi 70
Ul
o:
ac
ui
a.
S
ui
o
a.
60
50
40
S
W
hr
•**
-t-T
-H-
H—h~"
i
t
1
^
*T
__ __j
-t-
JFMAMJJASOND
TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 5 - SAMPLE GRAPH OF RESULTS FOR A SINGLE STATION
(NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE)
21
-------
point of view of the efficient operation of cooling ponds. The high65
heat exchange coefficients usually occur in mid or early July and the
lowest usually occur about December 31. Thus, heat exchange is greatest
when temperatures are highest and the potential for lowering the effi-
ciency of an electric generating station because of excessive cooling
water temperatures is at or near its peak.
Deviations from the smooth pattern of annual variation are more common for
the heat exchange coefficient than for the equilibrium temperature. The
primary cause for the increase in the heat exchange coefficient during the
summer is the increase in evaporation and back radiation due to the higher
water temperature. This is slightly offset for most stations by lower
average wind speeds during the summer. Higher wind speeds during certain
parts of the year at individual stations cause significant deviation from
the trend (particularly at coastal stations). For instance, the Florida
stations show an increase in the heat exchange coefficient in September
and October, which is the hurricane season.
The heat exchange coefficient under extreme heating conditions is generally
lower than for normal conditions. This is because the increase due to
higher water temperatures (see the graph of equilibrium temperature under
extreme heating conditions) is not enough to offset the decrease due to
lower wind velocities. In addition, the curves for extreme heating con-
ditions are less regular and show more deviation from a smooth curve than
the curves for the heat exchange coefficient under normal conditions.
Mixed Pond Temperature
The curves showing the variation of mixed pond temperature are, essentially
the equilibrium temperature curve plus the heating effect of the heated
condenser water. The heating effect is a function of the heat exchange
coefficient, which is higher during the summer than during the winter.
The heating effect is therefore greater during the winter than during the
summer. Thus, the mixed pond temperature is higher than equilibrium by
a greater amount during the winter than during the summer. Consequently,
the curves for mixed pond temperature show less of a swing from winter
low to summer high than the curves for equilibrium temperature.
The extra cooling which occurs during the summer is caused by (or described
by) the increase in the heat exchange coefficient during the summer. As
shown by Equation 16, K is a direct function of n, and Equation 10 and
Figure 3 show that n rises with increasing water temperature. This more
than offsets the slight decrease in wind speed during the summer noted at'
most stations and results in a net increase in K.
The curves for mixed pond temperature under extreme heating conditions
are higher than those for normal meteorological conditions by approximately
the same increment as that between the curves for equilibrium temperature
under extreme and normal meteorological conditions. However, at the
stations where the heat exchange coefficient for extreme conditions is
significantly lower than the coefficient under normal conditions, the
mixed pond temperature under extreme heating conditions will exceed the
mixed pond temperature under normal conditions by a greater increment than
the difference between the average and extreme equilibrium temperature
22
-------
curves. The difference between the mixed pond temperature under normal
conditions and that under extreme heating conditions rarely exceeds the
difference between the equilibrium temperature curves by more than one to
three degrees.
As a consequence of the close similarity between the curves for mixed pond
temperature and those for equilibrium temperature, the mixed pond temper-
ature usually shows a high in mid or late July, with a low about
December 31. The curves are generally quite smooth and regular, but the
curves for extreme heating conditions show more irregularity because the
curve for the heat exchange coefficient under extreme conditions is not
usually as smooth as that for normal conditions.
The excess of mixed pond temperature over equilibrium temperature is
obviously a function of pond size. As the pond is made larger, the effect
of the heated condenser water in raising the pond temperature above equi-
librium temperature becomes less, and as the pond size increases to
infinity, the mixed pond temperature decreases to the equilibrium tempera-
ture.
The effect of increasing pond size can be clearly seen in Figure 5. The
pond temperature decreases as the surface area increases, but successive
increments in pond size produce smaller increments of temperature decrease
and have less and less effect as the mixed pond temperature approaches
equilibrium temperature. By plotting the mixed pond temperature vs.
surface area for various seasons or critical times, the engineer or
planner can easily get a quick idea of what size pond would be necessary
to meet given objectives in a given situation. This type of plot is
illustrated in Figure 6. Figure 6 was constructed from the data presented
in Figure 5.
Figure 6 shows that pond size has a much greater effect on pond temperature
in January when the heat exchange coefficient is low than it does in July
when the heat exchange coefficient is higher. Figure 6 shows that a mixed
cooling pond for a 1000-mw plant near Nashville, Tennessee, would have to
have a surface area of approximately 3000 acres in order to keep the mixed
pond temperature within 5°F of the equilibrium temperature under normal
meteorological conditions. The same criterion would require a pond of at
least 5000 acres in January.
The same type of analysis using data for extreme heating conditions will
show that a pond of approximately 3400 acres would be needed in July and
approximately 5000 acres in January. Since the highest intake temperature
to be encountered is the critical design variable, a pond of about 3500
acres might be selected in this case.
23
-------
0
I
UJ
DC
H
QL
0_
LU
I-
2
Q
til
X
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
-JULY
APRIL
1000 2000 3000 4000 f
POND SURFACE AREA-ACRES
00
FIGURE 6 - EFFECT OF POND SURFACE AREA ON MIXED POND TEMPERATURE
FOR VARIOUS SEASONS UNDER NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS,
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
24
-------
EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ON POND PERFORMANCE
The effects of geographical location on equilibrium temperatures, heat ex-
change coefficients, and cooling pond performance are shown by a series of
maps of the United States, Figures 7-44. Each map shows the variation of
a particular variable at a particular time of year, with lines connecting
points of equal value, similar to contour lines. The points on the maps
show the location of the weather stations used to plot the contours.
Three general categories of maps are presented. These are maps depicting:
(1J the variation of equilibrium temperature at various times of the year,
both for average and extreme heating conditions; (2) the variation of the
heat exchange coefficient at various times of the year, both for average
and extreme heating conditions; and (3) the mixed pond temperature for the
standard plant and a particular size cooling pond at various times of the
year, both for average and extreme heating conditions.
Examination of Figure 7-16 shows that latitude, which controls solar
radiation, is the main influence on the equilibrium temperature. The
variation of other parameters is masked by the heavy influence of solar
radiation.
Figures 17-20 show, however, that topographic conditions, which strongly
influence wind speed and the wet bulb temperature (the variables which
determine K), have a strong influence on the heat exchange coefficient.
These maps show that the best cooling conditions exist on the southern
great plains between the Roc]ky Mountains and the Mississippi River, and
secondarily, along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts, all the way to Cape Cod.
Poor cooling conditions for ponds exist along the West Coast and in the
vicinity of the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains. The area most conducive
to the use of cooling ponds seems to be Texas, while the area least suit-
able seems to be the area between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains.
The figures depicting the variation of mixed pond temperature, Figures 21-
44, are similar to the figures showing equilibrium temperature but with
distortions in the lines caused by the variations in heat exchange
coefficients across the country. The pond temperature rises as one goes
further north, except along the Gulf Coast and occasionally along the
northern Pacific Coast. However, the equal temperature lines do not
run east and west as uniformly as the equal equilibrium temperature lines,
but show marked dips, or temperature decreases, across the great plains
from Texas to the Dakotas, and rises across the Rocky and Appalachian
Mountains, and into New England. This is due to the higher heat exchange
coefficients across the great plains and the lower coefficients in the
mountains and in New England (except for the Long Island to Cape Cod
coast, where.heat exchange coefficients are significantly higher than they
are 100 to 200 miles inland).
It should be emphasized, however, that the contours in the vicinity of
mountainous areas refer to conditions at the weather stations, which are
usually at airports. For the purpose of this study, this is much more
appropriate than a station in the actual mountainous area, since cooling
ponds are much more likely to be built in the lower level areas in the
valleys than in the rough country on the side of a mountain.
25
-------
FIGURE? - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS
45° 40
65'
FIGURE 8 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
26
-------
FIGURE 9 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS
60
80
FIGURE 10 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
27
-------
FIGURE 11 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS
FIGURE 12 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
28
-------
FIGURE 13 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS
85'
FIGURE 14 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
29
-------
ISO
175
ZOO
FIGURE 15 - TIME (IN DAYS) THAT MONTHLY AVERAGE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS IS ABOVE 75°F
May I
Marl
Feb I
Not Below
60°
Not Below
6O°
FIGURE 16 - DATE ON WHICH MONTHLY AVERAGE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE FOR
AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS RISES THROUGH 60°F IN THE SPRING
30
-------
E INDIVIDUAL
STATIONS
FIGURE 17 - HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
NO RATTER
SEE INDlWuAll STATIONS
100
no
FIGURE 18 - HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
31
-------
125,
125
150
200
225
225
FIGURE 19 - HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
100
100
125
175
200
125
FIGURE 20 - HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
32
-------
FIGURE 21 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 22 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
33
-------
FIGURE 23 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
60°
75°
80°
50° 450 40°
85
FIGURE 24 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
34
-------
FIGURE 25 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
75'
80°
FIGURE 26 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
35
-------
FIGURE 27 - TEMPERATURE, IN•°F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 28 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
36
-------
FIGURE 29 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
80'
95'
95°
9O
FIGURE 30 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
37
-------
FIGURE 31 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
90
65°
FIGURE 32 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
38
-------
FIGURE 33 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 34 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST T,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
39
-------
FIGURE 35 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 36 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
40
-------
80'
95'
95'
FIGURE 37 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 38 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
41
-------
FIGURE 39 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
85'
95°
100°
FIGURE 40 -
IEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
42
-------
FIGURE 41 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
80°
100'
100
95C
FIGURE 42 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
43
-------
75°
80°
85°
FIGURE 43 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
95
70'
85°
FIGURE 44 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
44
-------
Accuracy of Contour Lines
The contour lines were drawn by hand with due regard to both the numerical
values of the plotted points at the various weather stations and the nature
of the topography and climate in the area. Awareness of the topography
was especially valuable in determining plausible patterns for the lines in
areas where the pattern of numerical values seemed confusing.
In most cases, logical patterns could be constructed in which a particular
line actually divides the values correctly, with all values above that of
the contour on one side and all values below it on the other side. In a
few cases, particularly the midwest and upper great plains, this was not
feasible. Usually it was because the variation was slight over a large
area and the individual values seemed to vary almost randomly in the area.
When areal variation is so slight, individual conditions at the site have
a relatively greater influence, and the regular variation of the pattern
is destroyed.
There were, however, 4 stations which consistently produced values which
did not fit the pattern established by the remainder of the stations.
Las Vegas, Nevada, consistently produced results which showed considerably
more effective cooling than the other stations in the vicinity; while
Jackson, Mississippi, Des Moines, Iowa, and Concord, New Hampshire pro-
duced cooling which was not as effective. In addition, Fort Smith and
Little Rock, Arkansas, sometimes produced results which were not as good
as other stations in the vicinity.
Subject to the aforementioned limitations, it is believed that the results
presented are reasonably accurate, based on the data from the stations
used, and will be of value in preliminary analyses of cooling pond feasi-
bility. It should always be recognized, however, that local topographic
and meteorological conditions can exert a great influence on pond require-
ments and performance. Thus, before any pond is actually sized or built,
a more thorough study, using meteorological data from the actual site or
from close by, should be conducted.
45
-------
RELATION OF COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PLUG FLOW POND
All calculations for this project have been performed assuming completely
mixed ponds. The basic assumption of completely mixed flow is that the
pond temperature is uniform throughout, and that anything (such as heat,
or a pollutant, or a tracer) added to the pond is "instantaneously" dis-
persed uniformly throughout the pond. It would be impossible for a real
pond of significant size to behave exactly in this manner. However, it
is possible for ponds to approach this condition so that the theoretical
and actual dynamic behavior, measured at the outlet, differs by a negligi-
ble amount. In such a pond, the condenser water temperature would drop
to the uniform pond temperature in a relatively short time, and only a
small fraction of the pond volume around the plant outfall would have a
temperature higher than the mixed temperature. Conditions conducive to
such behavior would include sufficient depth to allow flow to circulate
easily in the pond due to the influence of plant discharge and wind, but
not so deep as to allow stratification; a surface shape approaching the
circular, so the influent can mix easily into all parts of the pond; a
discharge located away from the pond shore; and a long detention time.
The other extreme hydraulic condition, exactly opposite to complete mixing,
is plug flow. Plug flow implies no mixing at all. Each parcel of influ-
ent follows the same path through the pond, utilizes the entire cross-
sectional flow area, does not mix with the parcels ahead or behind, and
arrives at the outlet in sequence at the exact volumetric detention time.
This type of flow is much more difficult to approach in the field than is
completely mixed flow, but reasonable approximations can be realized.
Conditions which encourage plug flow are long slender channel-like ponds,
with the outlet at the opposite end from the inlet, narrow width to de-
crease wind mixing, high width-to-depth ratios to reduce lateral velocity
gradients, and shallow depth and low velocity to reduce vertical velocity
gradients. (These conditions are not always mutually consistent, which
is part of the problem.)
The plug-flow pond is more expensive to build but provides quicker cooling.
This is because the hot water is not initially mixed or diluted with any
cooler water, and the driving force for cooling, Tw - Te, is maintained at
the highest possible value.
Edinger and Geyer (3) show how the area required by each type of pond for
a given amount of cooling can be calculated, based on the two solutions
for the linear approximation to the heat transfer process (Equation 1).
The solution of Equation 1 for a completely mixed pond is
(18)
where Tm = the mixed pond temperature (effluent temperature); TO = the pond
influent temperature (condenser discharge); Te = the equilibrium tempera-
ture; and in which
46
-------
r =
KA
PCpQ
(19)
where A - the pond surface area; p = the water density; cp = the specific
heat of water; and Q = the flowrate through the pond (plant pumpage).
The solution of Equation 1 for a plug-flow pond is
T
T - T
o e
-r
(20)
in which Tp is the pond effluent temperature at the end of a plug-flow pond
of surface area A.
The ratio of the net plant temperature rise at the end of a completely
mixed pond to that at the end of a plug-flow pond is calculated by dividing
Equation 18 by Equation 20. The result is ' '
(21)
The area of a plug-flow pond necessary to produce the same cooling as a
completely mixed pond (Tm - Te = Tp - Te) is given by the relation
r = e
m
- 1
(22)
where the only difference between rm and rp is the surface area A. Table 3,
TABLE 3 - RATIO OF AREA REQUIRED BY PLUG-FLOW POND
TO THAT REQUIRED BY COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PRODUCE
EQUIVALENT COOLING UNDER SAME CONDITIONS
Temperature
Excess Ratio
/T - T \
I e\
IT - T J
\ o e/
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
T - T
e
/For T - T \
/ o e\
}
V of 15° J
12.0°
10.5°
9.0°
7.5°
6.0°
4.5°
3.0°
1.5°
Area
Ratio
/ , \
/A \
( -^ 1
V A /
\ m/
0.89
0.83
0.77
0.69
0.61
0.51
0-40
0.26
47
-------
adapted from Edinger and Geyer, shows the area ratio required for various
values of the excess of pond effluent temperature over equilibrium temper-
ature .
Using Table 3, any of the areas determined for a completely mixed pond can
be converted to the area of an equivalent plug-flow pond. It should be
noted, however, that true plug-flow is impossible to attain on such a
large scale, due to the inability to eliminate longitudinal mixing in large
bodies of water. If a plug-flow type pond is desired, the area required
will be somewhat more than that for a perfect plug-flow pond, but less
than that required for a completely mixed pond. The behavior of almost
all real ponds lies somewhere between the two extremes, depending on pond
characteristics. However, the results presented in this report will allow
rapid determination of the upper and lower limits of required area. Fur-
ther study would then be required to complete design of an appropriate
pond for a given situation.
48
-------
REFERENCES
1. Thackston, E. L., and F. L. Parker, Effect of Geographical Location
on Cooling Pond Requirements and Performance, EPA Water Pollution
Research Series, 16130 FDQ 03/71, March, 1971.
2. Duttweiler, D. W.,"A Mathematical Model of Stream Temperature," Ph.D.
Dissertation, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 1963.
3. Edinger, John E., and John C. Geyer, "Heat Exchange in the Environment,"
Publications No. 65-902, Edison Electric Institute, New York, New York,
1965.
4. Edinger, John E. , and John C. Geyer, "Analyzing Steam Electric Power
Plant Discharges," Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,
American Society of Civil Engineers, 94, SA4, August; 1968.
5. Edinger, John E., David W. Duttweiler, and John C. Geyer, "The Response
of Water Temperatures to Meteorological Conditions," Water Resources
Research, 4, 5, October, 1968.
6. Raphael, Jerome M., "Prediction of Temperature in Rivers and Reservoirs,"
Journal of the Power Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 88,
P02, July, 1962.
7. Anderson, E. R., "Energy-Budget Studies, Water Loss Investigations:
Lake Hefner Studies," Professional Paper 269, U. S. Geological Survey,
Washington, D.C., 1954.
8. Koberg, Gordon E., "Methods to Compute Long-Wave Radiation from the
Atmosphere and Reflected Solar Radiation from a Water Surface," U. S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 272-F, Washington, D.C., 1964.
9. Harmon, Russell W., Leonard L. Weiss, and Walter T. Wilson, "Insolation
as an Empirical Function of Daily Sunshine Duration," Monthly Weather
Review, 82, 6, June, 1954.
10. Langhaar, J. W., "Cooling Pond May Answer Your Water Cooling Problem,"
Chemical Engineering, 60, 8, August, 1953.
11. Marquart, D. W., "An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear
Parameters," Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathe-
matics, June, 1963.
12 Thackston, Edward L., J. R. Hayes, and P. A. Krenkel, "Least Squares
Estimation of Mixing Coefficients," Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 93, SA3, June, 1967.
13. Moon, Parry, "Proposed Standard Radiation Curves for Engineering Use,"
Journal of the Franklin Institute, 230, 5, November, 1940.
49
-------
APPENDIX A
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS
-------
TABLE 4
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Huntsville, Alabama
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.7
6.2
5.9
5.7
5.9
6.0
5.7
5.3
4.3
6.1
6.7
TAIR
42.9
45.1
51.8
61.6
70.4
78.6
81.1
80.2
74.5
63.2
50.8
43.6
HUM
.72
.69
.64
.62
.66
.69
.71
.73
.71
.68
.70
.72
PPT
WIND
8.4
9.4
9.5
8.8
6.6
6.1
5.5
5.5
6.7
6.5
7.6
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
TAIR
HUM
PPT
WIND
LATITUDE = 34° 39' N
LONGITUDE = 86° 46' W
ELEVATION = 624 ft.
52
-------
TABLE 5
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Mobile. Alabama (13894)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.8
6.7
5.9
5.8
4.2
5.2
6.2
TAIR
53.0
55.2
60.3
67.6
75.6
81.5
82.6
82.1
77.9
69.9
58.9
54.1
HUM
.74
.66
.70
.74
.72
.74
.74
.78
.74
.70
.73
.74
PPT
WIND
11.1
11.6
11.5
10.9
9.3
8.0
7.2
7.1
8.5
8.7
10.0
10.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.4
3.7
3.0
3.5
5.0
4.0
4.0
1.5
3.0
4.2
TAIR
58.0
60.0
63.0
69.8
76.0
81.0
81.2
81.5
77.5
,69.8
60.0
56.0
HUM
.80
.79
.745
.748
.76
.78
.83
.805
.80
.78
.76
.785
PPT
WIND*
7.6
8.2
7.8
7.9
6.9
5.2
5.1
4.5
5.0
5.9
6.8
7.8
LATITUDE = 30° 41.O1
LONGITUDE = ^° ™.5'
ELEVATION = 211 ft'
*Extreme conditions given in knots
53
-------
TABLE 6
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Phoenix. Arizona
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
4.8
4.4
4.4
3.6
2.8
1.9
3.8
3.4
2.1
2.6
3.5
3.8
TAIR
49.7
53.5
59.0
67.2
75.0
83.6
89.8
87.5
82.8
70.7
58.1
51.6
HUM
.50
.45
.41
.30
.23
.23
.34
.41
.40
.36
.47
.54
PPT
WIND
4.8
5.3
6.0
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.1
5.8
5.2
4.8
4.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
1.5
2.0
2.2
1.0
1.2
0.0
1.7
1.3
0.3
1.0
1.3
1.3
TAIR
53.5
60.0
63.0
72.7
81.5
90.0
93.3
91.0
85.6
75.8
62.5
54.3
HUM
.66
.60
.545
.44
.29
.28
.43
.485
.46
.49
.58
.64
PPT
WIND*
2.7
3.2
4.45
4.2
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.07
3.9
3.3
3.2
2.8
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
33° 26'
01' W
ELEVATION = 1117 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
54
-------
TABLE 7
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Fort Smith, Arkansas (13964)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.1
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.4
4.8
4.6
4.4
5.2
6.0
TAIR
39.8
43.7
51.1
61.7
69.9
78.6
83.0
82.3
74.9
63.8
50.0
42.3
HUM
.69
.63
.62
.65
.70
.70
.70
.70
.68
.64
.68
.70
PPT
WIND
8.2
8.4
9.5
8.9
8.0
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.8
7.7
8.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.0
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
TAIR
43.0
48.0
55.0
65.5
73.0
80.0
83.7
82.0
75.5
66.5
53.0
44.5
HUM
.76
.74
.68
.66
.73
.75
.75
.755
.78
.77
.74
.74
PPT
WIND*
6.0
6.7
7.35
6.8
5.9
5.0
5.0
4.8
4.8
5.2
5.4
5.93
LATITUDE = 35° 2Q'
LONGITUDE =
94° 22' W
ELEVATION = 447 ft«
*Extreme conditions given in knots
55
-------
TABLE 8
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Little Rock, Arkansas (13963)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.3
6.3
6.0
6.1
5.3
5.5
4.9
4.6
4.4
5.2
6.3
TAIR
41.8
45.6
52.8
62.5
69.8
78.5
81.9
81.3
74.8
64.1
51.5
43.9
HUM
.72
.69
.66
.66
.70
.71
.71
.70
.70
.70
.68
.72
PPT
WIND
9.1
9.4
10.2
9.8
8.4
7.9
7.3
6.9
7.2
7.0
8.4
8.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4
4.2
4
4.2
3.5
3
3.7
3
2
2
3.2
4.2
TAIR
47
49
57
66.5
73.5
82
83
82
76
65.5
54
48
HUM
.78
.745
.69
.675
.74
.76
.775
.747
.77
.75
.723
.74
PPT
WIND*
6.83
6.75
7.8
7.3
5.7
5.2
5.0
4.5
5.1
4.95
6.2
6.2
DAY
15
45
74
105
135
166
196
227
258
288
319
349
LATITUDE = 34° 44' N
LONGITUDE = 92° 14' N
ELEVATION = 257 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
56
-------
TABLE 9
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Burbank. California (23152)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.7
3.7
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.8
4.0
4.2
TAIR
53.6
55.2
57.9
61.2
64.4
68.0
73.8
74.1
72.6
66.3
60.4
55.6
HUM
.59
.60
.60
.63
.64
.66
.62
.62
.60
.62
.54
.54 .
PPT
WIND
4.3
4.9
5.4
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.3
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.8
2.4
1.9
0.8
1.1
0.8
1.6
1.8
1.6
TAIR
56.2
59.2
59.2
63.4
65.1
69.2
74.8
74.3
74.4
69.3
61.8
57.2
HUM
.666
.697
.662
.702
.692
.696
.663
.672
.666
.682
.608
.653
PPT
WIND*
2.68
2.78
3.58
3.68
3.28
3.29
3.47
3.16
2.64
2.74
2.17
2.27
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
34° 12' N
118° 22' W
724 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
57
-------
TABLE 10
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Fresno. California (93193)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.1
5.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.5
2.7
4.7
6.9
TAIR
45.5
49.8
54.4
60.8
67.5
73.9
80.6
78.4
73.9
64.3
53.2
46.4
HUM
.84
.77
.67
.58
.51
.44
.40
.44
.50
.55
.69
.82
PPT
WIND
5.4
5.8
6.7
6.9
7.9
8.0
7.0
6.4
5.8
5.3
4.7
4.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.0
2.5
2.7
1.5
1.5
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
1.4
4.0
TAIR
47.5
54.0
55.5
64.5
69.7
78.0
82.8
82.0
75.0
67.0
55.7
49.0
HUM
.88
.828
.733
.66
.56
.49
.44
.48
.54
.65
.831
.89
PPT
WIND*
3.7
3.82
4.9
5.4
5.7
6.53
5.4
4.6
4.3
3.95
2.99
3.2
LATITUDE = 36° 46' N
LONGITUDE = "9° 43' W
ELEVATION = 328 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
58
-------
TABLE 11
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Oakland. California (23230)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.0
5.7
5.2
5.0
3.8
3.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
5.7
6.1
TAIR
48.0
50.7
53.6
56.6
59.7
62.8
64.3
64.2
65.1
61.1
54.7
49.5
HUM
.77
.75
.72
.72
.72
.72
.75
.76
.73
.73
.73
.78
PPT
WIND
6.2
7.0
8.7
9.2
9.8
9.8
9.0
8.9
7.5
6.6
5.7
5.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.5
3.0
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.2
1.5
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.7
4.0
TAIR
50.0
54.5
54.5
57.7
59.0
63.5
63.3
64.0
64.8
62.5
57.0
52.3
HUM
.82
.81
.735
.735
.725
.75
.768
.78
.76
.76
.795
.815
PPT
WIND*
4.4
4.2
6.1
6.15
6.7
7.4
6.4
6.1
5.0
4.3
3.8
3.5
LATITUDE = 37° 44' N
LONGITUDE = 122° 12' W
ELEVATION = 10 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
59
-------
TABLE 12
WEAFHER INFORMATION FOR Denver, Colorado (23062)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
5.8
5.9
6.4
6.3
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.0
4.4
5.1
5.0
TAIR
28.7
32.0
37.8
47.5
56.3
66.4
72.8
71 .3
62.7
51.5
39.3
31.7
HUM
.54
.55
.52
.51
.54
.48
.47
.47
.45
.47
.50
.51
PPT
WIND
9.9
10.2
10.8
11 .0
10.1
10.0
9.1
8.7
8.7
8.6
9.7
9.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.5
4.1
4.0
4.3
4.2
3.2
3.7
3.2
2.4
2.3
3.3
3.2
TAIR
34.5
38.0
42.0
50.7
60.5
71.0
75.3
72.5
65.0
56.0
43.0
35.0
HUM
.58
.62
.64
.56
.59
.59
.54
.53
.58
.53
.61
.59
PPT
WIND*
6.5
6.6
7.5
7.85
7.4
6.7
6.6
6.43
6.5
6.4
6.05
6.6
LATITUDE = 39° 46" N
LONGITUDE =
104° 53' W
ELEVATION = 5292 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
60
-------
TABLE 13
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Grand Junction, Colorado (23066)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
6.4
6.1
5.9
5.5
3.7
4.0
4.4
3.4
3.9
5.0
5.6
TAIR
26.0
32.6
41.5
52.3
62.2
71.3
78.2
75.5
67.8
55.0
38.8
29.1
HUM
.68
.62
.50
.38
.33
.26
.31
.37
.36
.42
.57
.66
PPT
WIND
5.6
6.7
8.4
9.7
10.0
10.2
9.5
9.0
9.1
8.2
6.7
5.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
3.7
4.0
4.2
3.5
1.7
3.1
2.5
1.4
2.0
2.7
3.3
TAIR
32.0
38.0
43.0
55.0
65.5
75.7
80.0
76.5
69.0
58.0
42.8
34.3
HUM
.76
.71
.61
.46
.42
.38
.39
.47
.46
.52
.63
.75
PPT
WIND*
3.5
3.85
5.37
5.8
6.6
7.1
6.2
6.2
6.3
5.0
4.6
3.4
39° 07' N
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE = 108° 32'
ELEVATION = 4825 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
61
-------
TABLE 14
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Hartford. Connecticut
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.6
6.6
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.4
5.9
5.9
6.9
L 6.6
TAIR
26.0
27.1
36.0
48.5
59.9
68.7
73.4
71.2
63.3
53.0
41.3
28.9
HUM
.66
.66
166
.59
.62
.68
.68
.72
.75
.70
.70
.72
PPT
WIND
9.9
10.0
10.4
10.7
9.7
8.5
7.8
7.8
8.0
8.5
9.1
9.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
TAIR
HUM
PPT
WIND
LATITUDE = 41° 56' N
LONGITUDE = 72° 41' W
ELEVATION =
169 ft.
62
-------
TABLE 15
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Wilmington. Delaware J] 3781)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.4
6.3
6.6
6.6
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.2
6.2
6.3
TAIR
33.4
33.8
41.3
52.1
62.7
71.4
76.0
74.3
67.6
56.6
45.4
35.1
HUM
.70
.69
.67
.66
.68
.70
.71
.74
.74
.73
.72
.71
PPT
WIND
9.7
10.3
11.1
10.4
8.9
8.3
7.6
7.4
8,0
8.1
9.0
9.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.0
4.7
4.4
5.1
5.2
4.3
4.2
4.0
3.3
3.0
4.0
4.4
TAIR
38.0
38.0
43.5
54.7
64.5
72.5
77.5
76.0
69.0
58.8
47.0
38.0
HUH
.73
.755
.70
.68
.74
.725
.77
.777
.78
.75
.733
.755
PPT
WIND*
7.0
7.6
8.5
8.0
6.4
6.2
5.5
5.1
5.5
5.8
6.4
6.65
39° 40'N
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE = 75° 36'w
ELEVATION =
78 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
63
-------
TABLE 16
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Washington. D. C. (13743)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
6.1
6.5
6.4
5.6
5.9
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.9
6.2
TAIR
36.2
37.1
45.3
54.4
64.7
73.4
77.3
75.4
69.6
58.2
47.7
38.0
HUM
.66
.62
.60
.60
.66
.67
.68
.71
.72
.71
.66
.64
PPT
WIND
10.8
11.1
12.0
11.3
9.8
9.4
8.6
8.4
8.7
9.2
9.6
9.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.3
4.3
5.1
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.0 ,
3.2
2.0
4.0
4.4
TAIR
41.0
42.0
47.0
58.0
68.0
75.6
80.0
78.0
72.5
61.7
49.5
41.7
HUM
.68
.70
.625
.635
.68
.70
.717
.74
.745
.72
.68
.69
PPT
WIND*
7.35
7.4
7.9
7.8
7.0
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.03
6.4
6.8
7.0
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
38° 51'
77° 02' W
14 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
64
-------
TABLE 17
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Jacksonville, Florida (93837)
MO
OAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.3
5.3
6.2
6.4
6.1
6.7
5.4
5.1
5.9
TAIR
55.9
57.5
62.2
68.7
75.8
80.8
82.6
82.3
79.4
71.0
61.7
56.1
HUM
.75
.72
.70
.69
.70
.74
.77
.79
.80
.78
.76
.76
PPT
WIND
8.6
9.9
9.8
9.5
9.0
8.8
8.0
7.7
9.0
9.0
8.6
8.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.3
4.0
4.1
5.1
5.3
4.7
5.4
3.5
3.0
4.2
TAIR
60.0
63.5
65.0
70.7
77.5
81.5
82.7
83.0
79.8
74.0
65.5
60.3
HUM
.775
.76
.70
.74
.75
.78
.795
.82
.825
.815
.785
.80
PPT
WIND*
5.6
6.2
6.1
6.45
6.1
5.8
5.4
5.1
5.2
6.0
5.6
5.3
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
30° 25'
81° 39' W
20 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
65
-------
TABLE 18
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
Miami, Florida (12839)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.5
5.5
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.0
5.2
5.3
TAIR
66.9
67.9
70.5
74.2
77.6
80.8
81.8
82.3
81.3
77.8
72.4
68.1
HUM
.75
.74
.72
.71
.74
.77
.77
.78
.80
.78
.76
.76
PPT
WIND
9.2
9.8
10.1
10.5
9.1
8.0
7.9
7.3
8.1
9.0
9.0
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.2
3.2
4.0
3.2
4.7
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.2
3.3
2.5
TAIR
70.0
72.0
73.3
75.8
78.7
80.8
82.5
82.8
81.8
78.0
74.0
71.0
HUM
.75
.745
.737
.73
.79
.80
.785
.79
.82
.805
.77
.77
PPT
WIND*
6.6
7.0
7.7
7.6
6.75
5.6
5.5
5.1
5.0
5.9
6.6
6.2
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
25° 48' N
80° 16' W
7 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
66
-------
TABLE 19
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Tampa. Florida (12842)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.2
4.9
6.0
6.7
6.7
6.5
5.1
4.9
5.5
TAIR
61.2
62.7
66.0
71.4
76.8
80.6
81.6
82.0
80.5
74.7
66.8
62.3
HUM
.76
.75
.74
.71
.72
.75
.78
.80
.80
.77
.76
.76
PPT
WIND
9.0
9.6
10.1
9.9
9.1
8.4
7.7
7.4
8.6
9.0
9.1
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
4.5
5.1
5.1
4.7
25.0
2.3
3.5
TAIR
64.0
66.0
68.0
72.7
77.7
81.3
81.5
81.5
80.0
75.7
69.0
64.3
HUM
.76
.765
.745
.73
.74
.78
.79
.803
.808
.78
.763
.775
PPT
WIND*
5.8
6.5
7.4
7.1
6.4
6.1
5.4
5.63
5.3
6.0
6.2
6.65
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
27° 58'
82° 32' W
19 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
67
-------
TABLE 20
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Atlanta. Georgia (13874)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6.2
6.1
5.5
5.4
5.8
6.3
5.7
5.3
4.5
5.1
6.2
TAIR
44.6
46.7
52.7
61.7
70.0
77.7
79.5
78.6
74.4
63.4
51.9
45.2
HUM
.73
.68
.66
.63
.66
.70
.76
.72
,73
.72
.67
.70
PPT
WIND
11.3
11.7
11.8
10.8
9.0
8.3
7.7
7.4
8.4
8.7
9.6
10.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.0
4.7
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.5
3.5
3.6
0.9
3.0
4.3
TAIR
50.0
51.5
55.0
64.0
72.0
77.6
80.0
79.1
74.1
64.7
53.1
46.6
HUK
.76
.70
.69
.687
.72
.771
.791
.781
.77
.761
.721
.751
PPT
«
WIND*
7.0
7.85
7.3
7.0
5.8
5.46
5.03
5.03
5.49
5.59
6.1
6.79
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
33° 39' N
84° 25' W
975 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
68
-------
TABLE 21
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Boise, Idaho (24131)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.6
7.1
6.7
6.3
5.8
4.8
2.5
3.2
3.5
5.0
6.8
7.6
TAIR
29.1
34.5
41.7
50.4
58.2
65.8
75.2
72.1
62.7
51.6
38.6
32.2
HUM
.80
.74
.61
.54
.54
.50
.37
.38
.45
.55
.72
.79
PPT
WIND
8.6
9.4
10.5
10.2
9.5
9.1
8.5
8.3
8.3
8.7
8.6
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
5.2
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.3
1.0
1.3
1.2
2.3
4.0
5.5
TAIR
36.0
40.5
43.5
52.0
61.5
68.5
78.0
76.0
67.0
56.0
43.5
35.0
HIM
.81
.78
.68
.63
.62
.59
.41
.43
.49
.66
.76
.83
PPT
WIND*
5.5
6.6
7.5
7.4
6.8
6.4
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.9
6.2
4.0
LATITUDE =
43° 34'
LONGITUDE = 116° 13' W
ELEVATION = 2838 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
69
-------
TABLE 22
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Chicago. Illinois (14819)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.7
7.0
-6.8
6.3
6.0
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.2
7.0
7.0
TAIR
26.0
27.7
36.3
49.0
60.0
70.5
75.6
74.2
66.1
55.1
39.9
29.1
HUM
.68
.64
.64
.64
.60
.62
.65
.67
.66
.62
.69
.75
PPT
WIND
11.4
11.6
11.8
11.7
10.4
9.2
8.2
8.0
8.9
9.8
11.4
11.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
5.0
5.5
4.7
4.3
4.3
4.0
3.5
3.2
3.0
5.1
5.0
TAIR
29.0
33.0
40.0
52.5
65.5
73.7
77.5
76.0
68.7
59.0
43.5
35.0
HUM
.773
.758
.70
.685
.655
.663
.68
.705
.70
.70
.707
.78
PPT
WIND*
8.9
8.2
9.1
8.6
8.0
6.7
6.1
5.6
6.7
7.2
8.8
8.45
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
41° 47' N
87° 45' W
607 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
70
-------
TABLE 23
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Springfield. Illinois (93822)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.2
6.5
6.7
6.6
6.3
6.0
5.6
5.1
4.5
4.7
6.1
6.9
TAIR
27.4
30.8
40.2
51.7
62.0
71.9
76.3
74.0
66.9
55.9
40.9
3.0.6
HUM
.76
.75
.71
.66
.66
.68
.71
.72
.67
.67
.70
.76
PPT
WIND
13.4
13.6
14.8
14.1
12.0
10.2
8.8
8.1
9.8
10.8
14.2
13.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
4.5
5.1
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.1
3.2
2.4
2.0
4.2
4.3
TAIR
31.0
35.5
43.0
57.0
70.0
77.0
79.3
76.0
70.0
61.0
45.0
36.5
HUM
.795
.78
.76
.71
.70
.72
.75
.765
.74
.74
.74
.815
PPT
WIND*
10.05
9.7
10.8
10.5
9.5
7.8
6.35
5.65
6.9
8.2
9.2
9.7
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
39° 50' N
89° 40' W
589 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
71
-------
TABLE 24
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Evansville. Indiana (93817)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.3
6.8
6.6
6.5
6.4
5.9
5.6
5.1
4.7
4.8
6.1
6.9
TAIR
34.7
37.5
46.6
57.1
65.5
74.6
78.2
76.3
70.5
59.3
46.0
36.9
HUM
.77
.72
.69
.67
.70
.70
.71
.73
.72
.72
.72
.76
PPT
WIND
10.0
10.3
10.9
10.5
8.5
7.7
6.7
6.1
7.1
7.3
9.3
9.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.7
5.1
5.1
4.3
4.1
4.0
2.7
2.3
1.5
4.0
4.5
TAIR
38.5
40.0
48.5
59.7
69.0
79.0
80.0
77.3
71.3
61.0
47.0
41.0
HUM
.80
.77
.72
.695
.71
.745
.755
.775
.79
.747
.76
.78
PPT
WIND*
6.2
6.6
7.65
7.2
6.0
5.0
4.8
4.6
5.23
5.5
5.6
6.6
38° 03'
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION = 381 ft-
87° 32' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
72
-------
TABLE 25
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Indianapolis, Indiana (93819)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
.DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.5
6.8
6.9
7.0
6.7
6.2
5,7
5.3
5.0
4.9
6.6
7.1
TAIR
28.8
31.5
40.1
50.8
61.4
71.4
76.0
74.0
67.2
55.9
41.5
31.1
HUM
.78 '
ft1*
.76
.72
.69
.70
.72
.71
.72
.71
.71
.75
.78
PPT
WIND
12.5
12.5
13.5
13.0
11.2
9.4
8.3
7.9
9.1
10.1
12.4
11.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.4
5.2
5.7
5.2
5.0
4.5
4.7
3.5
2.5
2.3
4.0
5-1
TAIR
33.5
35.0
42.7
56.0
66.0
75.5
78.0
74.0
69.0
59.0
43.5
36.0
HUM
.81
.775
.74
.72
.72
.738
.765
.775
.77
.745
.78
.81
PPT
WIND*
7.4
7.6
8.1
7.8
6.5
5.4
5.25
4.8
5.8
6.3
7.3
7.1
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
39° 44'
86° 16' W
793 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
73
-------
TABLE 26
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
South Bend, Indiana (14848)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AU6
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
7.9
7.5
6.9
6.4
6.1
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.5
7.6
7.8
TAIR
25.6
26.8
34.8
47.5
58.7
69.0
73,6
72.0
63.8
53.4
39.1
28.7
HUM
.80
.78
.74
.72
.68
.70
.71
.73
.72
.74
.76
.80
PPT
WIND
11.8
12.0
12.8
12.3
11.2
9.4
8.4
8.2
9.3
9.9
11.9
11.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.1
6.1
4.5
5.0
4.3
4.0
4.0
3.4
3.0
6.0
6.5
TAIR
29.6
31.0
38.5
51.0
63.7
71.8
75.0
73.0
66.5
57.0
42.7
33.7
HUM
.82
.805
.78
.76
.71
.72
.735
.77
.757
.78
.78
.833
PPT
WIND*
8.79
8.8
9.6
9.7
8.7
7.1
6.4
6.4
6.65
7.0
8.2
8,4
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
41° 42' N
86° 19' W
ELEVATION = 773 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
74
-------
TABLE 27
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Des Moines. Iowa (14933)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
7.1
6.8
6.6
6.0
5.5
5.3
4.8
4.9
6.2
6.9
TAIR
22.1
26.0
37.0
50.4
61.2
70.6
76.2
73.8
65.8
54.5
38.4
26.2
HUM
.76
.76
.72
.64
.67
.71
.68
.72
.68
.65
.72
.76
PPT
WIND
12.3
12.5
14.2
14.5
12.4
11.3
9.5
9.2
10.4
11.3
13.4
12.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
4.4
5.0
4.5
5.0
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.0
2.7
4.2
4.3
TAIR
24.0
31.0
39.7
52.0
65.0
74.0
78.5
76.0
66.0
59.0
41.8
32.0
HUM
.82
.80
.79
.73
.71
.74
.74
.78
.80
.725
.76
.81
PPT
WIND*
8.8
8.2
9.4
9.0
8.83
7.2
5.8
5.8
6.3
7.9
8.3
8.7
LATITUDE = 41° 32' N
LONGITUDE = 93° 39' H
ELEVATION = 948 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
75
-------
TABLE 28
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Sioux City. Iowa (14943)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.4
6.9
6.5
6.5
5.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
6.4
6.6
TAIR
19.1
23.2
35.0
49.2
60.4
70.3
76.3
73.6
64.4
52.6
35.5
23.4
HUM
.73
.74
.73
.63
.65
.68
.68
.71
.68
.66
.71
.74
PPT
WIND
11.1
11.3
12.6
12.9
11.7
10.8
9.0
8.9
9.9
10.4
11.6
10.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.5
5.2
4.2
4.7
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.1
2.5
4.0
4.3
TAIR
22.0
29.0
39.5
51.7
65.5
75.0
79.0
76.0
65.7
58.0
40.0
31.0
HUM
.80
.805
.82
.69
.69
.745
.74
.77
.77
.735
.735
.80
PPT
WIND*
8.1
8.5
9.4
9.7
8.9
7.6
6.4
6.1
6.7
6.9
8.0
8.2
42°.24'l
LATITUDE -
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION = 1084 ft.
96° 23' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
76
-------
TABLE 29
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Dodge City. Kansas (13985)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
5,8
5.7
5.8
5.8
4.8
4.6
4.3
4.0
4.0
4.7
5.2
TAIR
31.1
35.0
41.8
53.6
63.7
74.4
80.2
79.2
70.3
58.3
42.8
34.7
HUM
.68
.67
.64
.60
.66
.62
.60
.58
.58
.60
.63
.67
PPT
WIND
14.3
14.9
16.7
16.3
15.4
15.2
13.4
13.3
14.7
14.1
14.5
14.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.7
3.5
3.7
4.0
3.0
3.2
3.0
1.7
1.4
2.3
3.2
TAIR
34.0
38.5
46.7
57.5
67.5
80.0
82.5
80.0
72.0
61.5
47.0
36.0
HUM
.76
.78
.76
.685
.70
.71
.69
.66
.71
.66
.737
.72
PPT
WIND*
10.0
10.1
11.6
11.2
11.3
9.9
9.15
9.15
10.03
9.8
9.6
9.5
LATITUDE = 37° 46' N
LONGITUDE = 99° 58' W
ELEVATION = 2582 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
77
-------
TABLE 30
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Topeka. Kansas (13996)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.6
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.0
5.4
4.8
4.5
4.6
5.4
6.0
TAIR
28.8
33.1
41.7
54.4
64.4
74.7
79.9
78.4
69.4
58.2
42.6
33.4
HUM
.71
.71
.68
.63
.69
.71
.70
.68
.66
.67
.67
.72
PPT
WIND
11.0
11.4
13.5
13.5
12.3
11.4
9.7
10.0
10.3
10.3
11.3
11.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
5.0
4.7
5.0
4.7
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.0
2.0
3.3
4.3
TAIR
31.7
38.1
46.5
60.1
68.7
81.0
83.1
79.4
71.7
62.1
46.4
37.6
HUM
.748
.741
.731
.681
.707
.767
.781
.751
.786
.740
.741
.761
PPT
WIND*
8.09
8.09
9.99
9.64
8.29
7.49
5.69
5.79
5.59
7.09
6.59
7.69
39° 04' N
LATITUDE = _
LONGITUDE = .
ELEVATION = 876 ft-
95° 38' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
78
-------
TABLE 31
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Lexington. Kentucky (93820)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
, APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.4
7.0
7.0
6.6
6.2
5.7
5.6
5.0
4.7
4.7
6,2
6.8
TAIR
34.5
35.8
43.2
54.4
64.5
73.6
77.4
76.0
69.3
58.1
44.7
35.9
HUM
.78
.74
.71
.68
.70
.72
.73
.73
.70
.70
.72
.76
PPT
WIND
12.5
12.5
12.6
12.1
9.7
8.5
7.8
7.0
8.5
9.0
11.4
11.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
5.2
5.2
5.2
4.3
4.2
3.5
3.2
2.3
2.0
4.2
5.2
TAIR
40.0
40.0
48.0
58.5
67.7
76.0
78.0
76.0
71.0
60.7
45.8
39.5
HUM
.81
.78
.75
.70
.72
.735
.77
.765
.75
.73
.753
.805
PPT
WIND*
7.55
8.4
9.1
8.6
6.9
5.9
5.4
4.9
5.4
6.15
7.5
8.2
38° 02' N
LATITUDE = _
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION = 966 ft'
84° 36' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
79
-------
TABLE 32
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Louisville. Kentucky (93821)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.7
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.2
5.7
5.6
5.0
4.8
5.0
6.0
6.8
TAIR
34.9
37.2
45.6
56.0
65.3
74.2
77.9
76.1
70.2
58.6
45.7
36.9
HUM
.75
.71
.66
.64
.67
.69
.70
.71
.68
.70
.68
.73
PPT
WIND
10.2
10.0
10.7
10.4
8.1
7.4
6.7
6.0
7.0
7.1
9.5
9.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS"
CC
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.1
4.7
3.7
3.7
3.0
2.7
2.0
4.2
5.0
TAIR
40.0
41.0
48.0
61.0
69.5
78.0
80.5
78.0
72.5
61.5
47.6
41.7
HUM
.767
.76
.72
.685
.715
.76
.747
.745
.755
.737
.735
.76
PPT
WIND*
6.6
7.3
8.0
7.6
6.0
5.0
4.6
4.0
4.6
4.5
6.4
7.05
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
38° 11'
85° 44' W
474 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
80
-------
TABLE 33
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
New Orleans, Louisiana (12916)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.3
6.1
5.7
5.1
5.0
6.1
5.4
5.2
4.0
5.0
6.1
TAIR
54.6
57.1
61.4
67.9
74.4
80.1
81.6
81.9
78.3
70.4
60.0
55.4
HUM
.78
.76
.73
.75
.75
.77
.79
.80
.79
.75
.75
.78
PPT
WIND
9.6
10.3
10.2
9.7
8.4
7.0
6.4
6.2
7.6
7.7
9.0
9.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.4
4.0
4.4
3.7
3.2
3.0
4.2
3.2
3.2
1.3
3.0
4.0
TAIR
60.0
62.0
65.0
72.0
77.0
81.0
82.3
81.5
79.0
72.0
62.0
58.5
HUH
.80
.80
.76
.78
.77
.805
.82
.83
.798
.80
.79
.80
PPT
WIND*
7.0
8.05
7.8
7.2
5.9
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.9
5.3
6.0
6.8
LATITUDE =
29° 59.2'
LONGITUDE = 90° 15'3' W
3 ft.
ELEVATION =
*Extreme conditions given in knots
81
-------
TABLE 34
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Shreveport. Louisiana (13957)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.1
5.1
5.2
4.9
4.6
4.2
5.3
6.1
TAIR
47.5
50.3
56.6
65.3
73.1
80.6
83.7
83.8
78.8
68.3,
55.7
49.6
HUM
.72
.68
.66
.70
.72
.72
.71
.70
.71
.68
.70
.72
PPT
WIND
10.6
10.9
11.3
11.1
9.5
8.3
8.1
7.9
8.0
8.4
9.6
10.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.3
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.3
3.0
4.2
TAIR
52.0
55.5
62.0
69.3
75.0
82.0
84.0
84.0
78.0
69.0
58.5
51.7
HUM
.80
.76
.72
.75
.745
.75
.775
.75
.77
.765
.75
.78
PPT
WIND*
8.1
7.4
8.4
7.8
7.2
6.2
5.8
5.95
5.8
5.9
7.2
7.82
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE -
ELEVATION =
32° 28'
93° 49' W
254 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
82
-------
TABLE 35
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Caribou, Maine (14607)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.8
6.8
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.1
6.9
6.6
7.1
8.1
7.5
TAIR
10.5
12.5
22.8
36.4
49.9
59.0
64.5
62.6
53.8
43.0
30.2
15.5
HUM
.72
.71
.71
.70
.66
.71
.74
.77
.78
.78
.81
.78
PPT
WIND
12.4
12.0
12.9
11.7
11.4
10.4
9.8
9.3
10.4
10.9
11.1
11.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
4.5
4.6
5.6
5.5
5.0
5.6
4.9
5.2
5.2
6.4
5.4
TAIR
17.0
19.0
30.1
40.4
53.1
61.6
68.1
63.8
58.1
46.6
35.1
21.8
HUM
.78
.76
.760
.756
.711
.756
.800
.796
.806
.811
.846
.802
PPT
WIND*
7.8
7.8
7.24
7.74
7.64
7.09
6.79
6.48
6.38
7.08
6.58
7.38
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
46° 52' N
68° 01' W
624 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
83
-------
TABLE 36
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Portland. Maine (14764)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
5.9
6.1
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.1
5.8
5.5
5.5
6.6
6.0
TAIR
21.8
22.8
31.4
42.5
53.0
62.1
68.1
66.8
58.7
48.6
38.1
25.8
HUM
.72
.71
.71
.70
.72
.75
.76
.78
.79
.77
.78
.74
PPT
WIND
9.3
9.5
10. C
10.0
9.2
8.1
7.6
7.5
7.8
8.6
8.8
8.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.2
4.7
5.0
5.2
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.0
4.0
5.1
4.2
TAIR
27.0
28.0
34.0
45.0
55.5
64.3
70.5
68.0
60.7
51.5
41.0
32.0
HUM
.78
.77
.76
.745
.78
.81
.80
.815
.81
.80
.81
.79
PPT
WIND*
6.4
6.7
6.9
7.0
6.6
5.4
4.8
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
43° 39' N
70° 19' W
47 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
84
-------
TABLE 37
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Baltimore. Maryland (93721)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
1
cc
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.3
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.1
4.8
5.9
6.2
TAIR
34.8
35.7
43.1
54.2
64.4
72.5
76.8
75.0
68.1
57.0
45.5
35.8
HUM
.66
.66
.62
.62
.66
.69
.70
.72
.73
.70
.67
.68
PPT
WIND
10.3
11.0
11.6
11.4
10.0
9.1
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.5
9.8
9.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.7
4.5
4.3
5.0
5.0
4.1
3.7
3.7
3.2
1.7
3.6
4.2
TAIR
40.0
40.0
44.8
56.5
66.0
74.3
79.0
76.5
69.8
59.5
47.9
39.0
HUM
.72
.725
.66
.67
.717
.73
.745
.78
.77
.75
.706
.72
PPT
WIND*
7.4
7.6
8.4
8.0
7.4
6.75
6.5
6.4
6.6
6.6
7.49
6.65
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION -
39° 11' N
76° 40' W
148 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
85
-------
TABLE 38
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Boston. Massachusetts (14739)_
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.1
5.7
5.4
5.5
6.4
6.1
TAIR
29.9
30.3
37.7
47.9
58.8
67.8
73.7
71.7
65.3
55.0
44.9
33.3
HUM
. 4
.62
.64
.63
.64
.70
.66
.70
.67
.67
.69
.65
PPT
WIND
14.8
14.7
14.5
13.8
12.9
12.0
11.3
11.2
11.5
12.5
13.4
14.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.4
4.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.3
4.1
2.4
2.2
5.0
4.2
TAIR
34.7
34.7
38.7
49.3
60.0
70.0
75.5
73.3
67.0
57.5
47.0
38.0
HUM
.68
.668
.67
.68
.71
.73
.725
.733
.74
.725
.71
.72
PPT
WIND*
10.8
10.6
11.73
10.4
10.0
9.4
8.5
8.7
8.9
9.43
10.2
10.8
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
42° 22'
71° 02' W
15 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
86
-------
TABLE 39
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Detroit. Michigan (14822)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.8
7.3
7.0
6.8
6.4
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.6
7.5
7.7
TAIR
26.9
27.2
34.8
47.6
59.0
69.7
74.4
72.8
65.1
53.8
40.4
29.9
HUM
.75
.74
.70
.64
.62
.65
.64
.68
.70
.70
.72
.76
PPT
WIND
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.1
9.9
9.0
8.2
8.0
8.9
9.5
11.4
11.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.1
6.0
5.7
4.7
4.5
4.2
3.7
3.4
3.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
TAIR
30.1
31.0
37.5
51.0
63.0
72.3
75.7
75.5
67.0
56.5
44.0
34.0
HUM
.786
.76
.725
.677
.67
.67
.67
.71
.733
.733
.747
.78
PPT
WIND*
8.79
8.4
9.0
8.9
7.5
6.6
6.2
6.23
6.6
6.9
8.4
8.9
LATITUDE = 42° 25'
LONGITUDE = 83° OT W
ELEVATION = 619 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
87
-------
TABLE 40
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Muskegon, Michigan (14840)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
5 DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.7
8.1
7.3
6.6
6.1
5.7
4.8
5.1
5.5
5.9
8.4
8.8
TAIR
76.0
25.7
32.9
45.2
55.8
66.7
71.3
70.3
63.0
52.5
39.6
29.9
HUM
.79
.76
.74
.68
.62
.66
.69
.73
.74
.73
.76
.80
PPT
WIND
12.3
11.9
12.3
12.4
10.7
9.0
8.3
8.4
8.8
11.1
11.8
12.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS '
CC
7.2
6.5
6.1
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.3
6.7
7.3
TAIR
28.0
28.7
36.0
48.7
60.8
70.3
73.8
74.0
64.0
56.0
43.0
33.0
HUM
.816
.80
.76
.725
.70
.715
.73
.76
.76
.77
.77
.82
PPT
WIND*
7.99
8.2
8.6
8.4
7.6
7.1
6.4
5.9
6.3
7.0
9.0
8.25
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION -
43° 10' N
86° 14' W
625 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
88
-------
TABLE 41
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Sault Ste. Marie. Michigan (14847)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.9
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.6
6.3
5.8
6.0
6.9
7.1
8.6
8.2
TAIR
15.8
15.7
23.8
38.0
49.6
59.0
64.6
64.0
55.8
46.3
33.3
20.9
HUM
.81
.80
.77
.72
.69
.75
.76
.79
.82
.80
.83
.82
PPT
WIND
10.3
10.3
10.7
11.1
10.6
9.1
8.5
8.4
9.2
9.7
10.5
10.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.1
5.4
5.1
5.0
5.1
4.7
4.2
4.3
5.7
4.7
7.2
7.1
TAIR
18.6
19.0
27.5
41.0
52.7
60.8
66.0
66.0
58.0
48.0
36.0
26.0
HUM
.847
.83
.79
.78
.725
.805
.80
.82
.84
.823
.845
.86
PPT
WIND*
6.89
7.3
7.2
8.4
7.8
6.8
6.1
5.9
6.55
7.0
7.6
8.0
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
46° 28'
84° 22' W
721 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
89
-------
TABLE 42
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Du1uth
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
6.5
6.8
6.6
6.6
5.9
6.0
6.7
6.4
7.5
7.3
TAIR
8.3
n.o
22.2
36.8
49.7
59.7
66.4
64,8
55.4
44.0
27.0
13.2
HUM
.75
.74
.74
.68
.66
.73
.75
.78
.80
.76
.80
.77
PPT
WIND
12.6
13.0
13.3
14.9
13.6
11.6
10.6
10.4
11.9
12.4
13.6
12.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
4.3
5.0
5.0
5.3
5.2
4.4
4.2
5.1
4.0
6.1
5.5
TAIR
14.0
19.5
28.0
43.0
52.5
61.8
68.0
66.5
55.7
49.0
32.5
21.5
HUM
.77
.765
.76
.71
.71
.75
.758
.80
.81
.80
.80
.807
PPT
WIND*
9.0
9.0
8.6
10.0
9.2
8.2
7.45
6.7
7.9
8.5
8.6
8.4
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
46° 50' N
92° 11' W
1426 Ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
90
-------
TABLE 43
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota (14922)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.0
6.6
6.4
6.3
6.0
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.2
7.0
6.9
TAIR
14.6
18.2
30.9
46.0
58.5
68.2
74.1
71.5
62.2
50.4
33.0
19.4
HUM
.76
.74
.72
.62
.62
.67
.67
.69
.69
.67
.75
.78
PPT
WIND
10.6
10.9
11.6
12.7
11.7
11.1
9.5
9.4
10.5
10.9
11.6
10.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.5
4.0
5.2
4.3
4.0
4.5
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.2
4.5
5.3
TAIR
18.0
23.5
34.5
49.0
61.7
71.0
76.0
74.0
62.5
56.0
37.3
26.0
HUM
.78
.77
.75
.68
.68
.685
.71
.733
.77
.743
.775
.82
PPT
WIND*
8.03
8.0
8.7
9.3
8.87
8.1
6.8
6.8
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.4
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE -
ELEVATION =
44° 53' N
93° 13' W
830 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
91
-------
TABLE 44
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Jackson. Mississippi (13956)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.7
6.9
6.1
5.8
5.3
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
5.2
5.7
6.1
TAIR
48.0
50.7
56.4
64.4
72.5
79.4
81.6
81.3
76.2
66.5
54.9
49.0
HUM
.73
.72
.68
.69
.71
.69
.74
.75
.75
.74
.72
.74
PPT
WIND
7.7
8.0
8.2
7.7
6.2
5.4
4.9
4.6
5.6
5.3
6.8
7.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.8
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.5
3.1
3.7
2.2
2.2
1.7
3.1
4.4
TAIR
54.5
56.2
61.2
68.5
74.7
83.2
82.9
84.3
77.6
67.9
55.3
54.6
HUM
.775
.765
.702
.699
.735
.758
.788
.758
.776
.786
.726
.746
PPT
WIND*
6.25
6.55
6.55
6.22
4.85
4.24
3.17
3.24
3.88
4.04
5.34
5.74
LATITUDE =
32
LONGITUDE = 90° 05' W
ELEVATION = 33° ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
92
-------
TABLE 45
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR St. Louis, Missouri (13994)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
6.7
6.6
6.2
5.9
5.7
5.3
4.8
4.7
5.9
6.8
TAIR
31.9
34.7
42.6
54.9
64.2
74.1
78.1
76.8
69.5
58.4
44.1
34.8
HUM
.69
.65
.64
.61
.64
.67
.68
.68
.70
.64
.70
.73
PPT
WIND
10.1
10.6
11.8
11.4
9.6
8.4
7.6
7.4
7.9
8.5
9.9
10.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
5.0
4.7
5.0
4.7
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.0
2.0
3.3
4.3
TAIR
35.0
39.5
47.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
82.0
79.0
73.0
63.5
47.7
40.0
HUM
.78
.755
.72
.66
.68
.72
.74
.70
.75
.713
.705
.775
PPT
WIND*
8.0
8.2
8.9
8.55
7.4
5.8
5.3
4.6
5.4
5.7
7.6
7.2
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
38° 45' N
90° 23' W
560 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
93
-------
TABLE 46
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Springfield. Missouri (13995)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.3
6.6
6.3
6.3
5.8
5,6
5.0
4.2
4.7
5.2
6.2
TAIR
32.7
36.8
44.9
55.5
63.6
72.9
77,5
76.5
69.1
58.4
44.5
35.7
HUM
.76
.72
.70
.66
.72
.73
.73
.71
.68
.69
.70
.73
PPT
WIND
13.3
13.7
14.7
14.1
12.2
11.7
10.1
9.9
10.9
11.6
13.2
13.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.7
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.0
3.5
3.2
1.7
1.7
3.0
4.0
TAIR
36.3
40.0
48.5
61.0
67.8
79.0
79.0
78.0
72.0
62.5
48.0
40.0
HUM.
.79
.757
.725
.70
.75
.80
.80
.76
.805
.76
.745
.77
PPT
WIND*
9.0
9.0
10.2
9.1
8.0
7.0
6.3
5.7
6.6
7.4
7.5
8.6
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
37° 14'
93° 23' W
1265 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
94
-------
TABLE 47
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Billings. Montana (24033)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.9
7.2
7.0
6.4
6.0
4.0
4.1
5.2
5.5
6.7
6.7
TAIR
22.9
26.1
34.1
46.2
56.0
64.0
73.3
71.0
60.0
49.2
35.8
27.2
HUM
.63
.66
.65
.57
.56
.60
.47
.46
.52
.56
.62
.62
PPT
WIND
12.6
12.1
11.8
11.8
n.i
10.6
9.9
9.6
10.4
10.9
12.3
12.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.5
5.3
5.0
4.7
3.7
2.2
2.5
3.5
3.2
4.3
5,0
TAIR
33.0
36.0
39.7
51.0
58.0
68.0
75.5
73.5
63.5
53.5
43.0
33.0
HUM-
.697
.69
.697
.65
.645
.655
.54
.535
.59
.645
.663
.685
PPT
WIND*
9.5
9.4
8.4
9.0
8.8
7.9
7.85
7.4
8.2
8.0
9.2
9.3
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
45° 48'
108° 32' W
3567 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
95
-------
TABLE 48
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Helena. Montana (24144)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.2
6.9
6.4
4.0
4.4
5.4
5.9
7.2
7.3
TAIR
18.6
23.2
31.4
43.3
52.9
59.5
68.4
66.2
56.0
45.6
31.6
24.2
HUM
.69
.68
.64
.57
.58
.58
.50
.48
.55
.60
.68
.70
PPT
WIND
6.7
7.7
8.5
9.4
9.0
8.8
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.3
7.3
7.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.2
5.3
4.2
2.1
2.0
3.5
3.2
5.0
6.0
TAIR
29.0
33.5
37.0
46.5
56.0
61.7
71.0
70.0
60.0
48.0
37.5
30.0
HUM
.72
.715
.70
.61
.60
.62
.56
.54
.64
.68
.70
.745
PPT
.,
WIND*
4.5
5.4
5.75
6.8
7.0
6.4
5.75
5.2
5.05
5.2
4.9
4.8
LATITUDE = 46° 36' N
LONGITUDE = "2° 00'
ELEVATION - 3828 ft'
*Extreme conditions given in knots
96
-------
TABLE 49
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR North Platte. Nebraska (24023)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
4.9
4.4
4.6
4.4
4.2
5.5
5.7
TAIR
24.0
27.9
35.0
47.7
58.5
69.1
76.1
74.5
63.7
51.0
35.5
27.4
HUM
.72
.70
.68
.61
.66
.65
.63
.64
.61
.62
.67
.70
PPT
WIND
9.7
10.6
12.3
13.3
12.5
11.4
10.2
10.1
10.3
10J
10.6.
9.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
4.7
4.0
4.2
5.0
3.0
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.2
4.0
4.0
TAIR
26.5
31.0
39.3
50.7
61.5
73.0
78.0
74.5
64.8
55.0
39.0
30.0
HUM
.76
.78
.745
.68
.70
.74
.725
.733
.74
.71
.72
.755
PPT
WIND*
6.7
7.4
9.0
9.8
9.2
8.3
7.3
6.7
7.8
7.2
6.6
6.9
LATITUDE = 41° 08" N
LONGITUDE = 100° 41 '
ELEVATION - 2775 ft'
*Extreme conditions given in knots
97
-------
TABLE 50
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Omaha. Nebraska (14942)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.1
6.4
6.7
6.3
6.3
5.6
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.5
5.7
6.2
TAIR
22.3
26.5
36.9
51.7
63.0
73.1
78.5
76.2
66.9
55.7
38.9
28.2
HUM
.72
.74
.68
.58
.62
.65
.66
.68
.68
.63
.68
.70
PPT
WIND
11.4
11.8
13.1
13.7
11.8
11.0
9.4
9.6
10.2
10.4
11.7
11.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.3
5.0
4.0
4.7
3.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.1
3.5
3.7
TAIR
25.5
32.0
43.5
55.0
67.5
77.0
81.0
77.0
68.0
60.0
44.0
34.0
HUM
.78
.765
.773
.68
.685
.73
.725
.74
.75
.72
.76
.78
PPT
WIND*
8.3
8.8
10.3
9.65
9.15
7.5
6.8
6.5
6.75
7.4
7.8
8.0
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
41° 18' N
95° 54' W
978 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
98
-------
TABLE 51
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Elko» Nevada (24121)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.5
6.8
6.4
6.2
4.2
3.0
2.9
3.0
4.2
5.6
6.5
TAIR
22.6
28.0
35.6
44.3
52.0
60.0
69.6
66.9
57.9
46.9
34.2
26.4
HUM
.72
.70
.62
.51
.51
.42
.33
.32
.37
.48
.63
.73
PPT
WIND
5.4
5.9
6.9
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.3
6.1
5.5
5.3
4.9
4.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.4
2.4
1.3
1.4
1.0
2.1
2.4
3.. 4
TAIR
31.0
38.0
38.0
48.0
58.0
68.0
74.8
72.0
62.0
49.7
38.6
31.1
HUM
.79
.76
.71
.62
.615
.55
.40
.46
.44
.60
.711
.814
PPT
WIND*
3.0
3.6
4.6
5.53
4.8
4.7
4.55
4.35
4.0
3.6
2.59
2.49
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
40° 50' N
115° 47' W
5050 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
99
-------
TABLE 52
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Las Vegas. Nevada (23169)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
4.3
4.2
3.8
3.3
1.6
2.8
2.3
1.6
2.4
3.2
4.4
TAIR
44.2
50.4
56.5
65.6
74.1
83.6
90.5
88.4
80.7
67.4
53.9
46.8
HUM
.47
.37
.28
.23
.19
.15
.22
.22
.20
.26
.35
,40
PPT
WIND
6.5
7.9
9.7
10.3
11.0
11.1
9.9
9.6
8.6
7.6
6.3
6.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.4
1.0
1.0
0.1
1.0
2.0
2.0
TAIR
47.0
54.5
58.0
69.5
78.0
87.5
91.8
90.3
81.8
70.5
56.0
47.5
HUM
.555
.48
.395
.33
.26
.19
.26
.30
.30
.36
.473
.555
PPT
WIND*
4.45
5.0
7.0
6.15
7.3
7.6
6.5
6.3
5.1
5.35
4.4
3.7
LATITUDE =
36° 05' N
LONGITUDE = 115° 10' W
2162 ft.
ELEVATION =
*Extreme conditions given in knots
100
-------
TABLE 53
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Reno' Nevada (23185)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
6.1
5.8
5.4
5.0
3.3
2.1
1.9
2.4
4.1
5.3
6.2
TAIR
31.9
36.1
41.0
47.5
53.4
60.1
68.2
66.5
60.3
50.2
39.3
33.4
HUM
.69
.66
.55
.49
.48
.45
.40
.40
.46
.53
.62
.71
PPT
WIND
6.0
6.3
7.7
7.9
7.7
7.2
6.5
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.1
4.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.5
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.0
1.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
2.0
1.7
3.5
TAIR
35.5
41.0
43.0
51.3
59.5
67.0
73.0
71.0
62.7
52.0
41.5
35.5
HUM.
.66
.60
.545
.44
.29
.28
.43
.485
.46
.49
.58
.64
PPT
WIND*
3.3
3.7
5.5
5.2
5.2
4.7
4.53
4.4
3.7
3.4
2.4
2.9
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
39° 30'
119° 47' W
4404 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
101
-------
TABLE 54
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Concord. New Hampshire (14745)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.0
6.1
6.5
6.5
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.6
6.7
6.1
TAIR
21.2
22.7
31.7
43.8
55.5
64.5
69.6
67.4
59.3
48.7
37.6
25.0
HUM
.71
.69
,67
.65
.66
.69
.71
.75
.76
.74
.74
.72
PPT
WIND
7.3
7.9
8.2
7.8
7.0
6.4
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.9
6.6
6.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.2
4.3
4.5
4.1
3.7
4.0
5.0
4.3
TAIR
27.0
28.0
35.0
46.5
59.3
67.5
73.0
69.7
61.0
52.0
41.0
30.0
HUM
.743
.72
.705
.69
.70
.75
.76
.76
.785
.763
.765
.77
PPT
WIND*
5.05
4.8
5.85
5.45
5.05
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.7
LATITUDE = 43° 12' N
LONGITUDE = 71° 3T W
ELEVATION = 342 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
102
-------
TABLE 55
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Newark. New Jersey (14734)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
• APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
6.1
6.5
6.4
6.0
6.1
6.0
5.5
5.2
6.0
6.2
TAIR
33.3
33.7
41.5
52.3
62.5
72.3
77.3
75.4
68.3
57.6
45.9
35.3
HUM
.66
.64
.62
.62
.64
.66
.66
.69
.70
.69
.67
.67
PPT
WIND
11.2
11.5
12.1
11.2
10.0
9.3
8.8
8.5
8.8
9.3
10.1
10.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.5
5.1
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.2
4.0
3.4
3.2
4.2
4.3
TAIR
37.0
37.5
41.8
53.0
65.0
73.0
78.7
76.5
70.0
59.8
48.5
38.7
HUM
.69
.68
.66
.65
.68
.68
.70
.72
.72
.72
.69
.72
PPT
WIND*
8.4
8.2
9.1
8.9
7.7
7.2
6.7
6.4
7.05
7.2
7.0
7.8
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
40° 42' N
74° 10' W
11 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
103
-------
TABLE 56
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Albuquerque. New Mexico (23050)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
3.3
4.4
4.3
3.1
3.5
3.6
4.5
TAIR
33.7
39.5
46.0
55.5
65.3
74.9
79.0
76.9
69.9
58.2
44.0
36.0
HUM
.56
.49
.40
.35
.32
.30
.42
.47
.40
.44
.46
.55
PPT
WIND
8.1
8.9
10.1
11.0
10.4
9.8
9.1
8.0
8.5
8.2
7.8
7.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
1.5
3.0
3.0
3.1
2.0
1.0
3.2
2.2
0.7
1.1
1.7
2.0
TAIR
40.0
44.0
49.0
58.0
68.0
77.5
79.5
77.3
72.0
60.8
47.7
40.0
HUM.-
.585
.54
.43
.40
.355
.36
.46
.52
.53
.52
.56
.61
PPT
WIND*
5.4
6.0
7.33
7.6
7.35
6.93
6.3
5.6
6.0
5.5
4.7
5.0
LATITUDE = 35° °3'
LONGITUDE = 106° 37' W
ELEVATION = 5310 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
104
-------
TABLE 57
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Albany. New York (14735)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.8
6.8
7.0
6.8
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.9
7.3
7.1
TAIR
22.7
23,7
33.0
46.2
57.9
67.3
72.1
70.0
61.6
50.8
39.1
26.5
HUM
.73
.71
.69
.64
.65
.67
.68
.73
.76
.74
.74
.75
PPT
WIND
9.7
10.4
10.5
10.5
9.0
8.1
7.3
6.9
7.3
7.9
8.8
8.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
5.4
5.5
5.0
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
3.3
4.0
5.7
5.5
TAIR
29.0
29.0
36.0
49.5
61.0
70.0
74.5
72.0
63.0
54.3
42.0
32.0
HUM
.755
.74
.71
.67
.67
.70
.73
.75
.77
.76
.74
.78
PPT
WIND*
7.4
7.35
7.5
8.15
6.6
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.6
5.9
6.1
6.3
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
42° 45' N
73° 48' W
275 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
105
-------
TABLE 58
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Buffalo. New York (14733)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.3
8.1
7.4
7.1
6.7
6.0
5.6
5.6
5.9
6.0
8.1
8.2
TAIR
25.5
24.7
33.0
43.8
55.4
65.5
70.6
68.9
62.4
51.2
39.9
29.0
HUM
.77
.76
.74
.70
.70
.70
.69
.71
.73
.73
.74
.76
PPT
WIND
15.1
15.0
14.9
13.8
12.5
12.0
11.2
10.7
11.5
12.2
14.1
14.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.5
6.1
5.2
5.0
4.5
4.1
4.2
3.9
3.3
6.3
7.0
TAIR
30.5
31.0
35.0
48.0
59.3
70.0
73.5
72.0
65.1
56.0
43.0
33.7
HUM
.80
.79
.77
.74
.735
.72
.71
.747
.76
.756
.781
.80
PPT
WIND*
9.8
9.9
9.2
8.8
8.85
8.2
7.4
7.0
7.1
8.09
8.19
9.09
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
42° 56' N
75° 44' W
693 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
106
-------
TABLE 59
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR New York. New York (14732)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AU6
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.2
6.3
6.3
TAIR
33.6
33.6
40.8
51.2
62.1
71.5
76.8
75.4
68.8
58.6
47.4
36.4
HUM
.61
.58
.63
.59
.60
.62
.62
.64
.64
.61
.62
.64
PPT
WIND
14.3
14.4
14.6
13.1
11.8
10.9
10.4
10.3
11.1
11.9
12.9
13.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.5
4.5
5.1
4.5
4.7
4.2
4.2
3.9
3.4
3.2
4.3
4.5
TAIR
38.0
38.5
41,9
52.8
64.5
73.0
79.0
77.0
71.1
61.0
49.7
41.0
HUH
.68
.667
.657
.645
.68
.68
.70
.701
.701
.681
.661
.701
PPT
WIND*
10.4
10.6
10.35
9.4
9.0
8.7
7.99
7.69
8.09
8.6
8.99
9.89
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
40° 46' N
73° 54' W
11 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
107
-------
TABLE 60
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Charlotte, North Carolina (13881)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6.1
6.2
5.5
6.0
5.9
6.2
5.7
5.8
4.8
5.1
5.8
TAIR
42.3
44.4
51.0
59.7
68.3
76.6
78.6
77.3
72.6
61.5
50.4
43.0
HUM
.70
.66
.65
.63
.66
.68
.74
.74
.74
.72
.70
.70
PPT
WIND
8.6
8.8
9.4
9.4
7.7
7.0
6.8
6.9
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3
3.5
3.7
1.0
3.0
4.0
TAIR
48.0
48.0
53.5
63.0
73.3
76.8
78.9
78.6
74.0
63.5
54.0
45.0
HUH
.717
.70
.67
.66
.70
.75
.787
.78
.75
.76
.71
.73
PPT
WIND*
5.5
5.8
6.3
6.2
5.4
5.0
4.75
4.6
4.8
4.6
4.8
4.7
35° 13' N
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION = 725 ft.
80° 56' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
108
-------
TABLE 61
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Wilmington, North Carolina (13748)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
5.9
5.7
5.0
5.5
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
4.6
4.9
5.3
TAIR
47.9
48.7
54.2
62.5
70.5
77.7
80.0
79.4
75.2
65.4
55.4
48.2
HUM
.75
.74
.71
.71
.75
.78
.80
.82
.82
.79
.78
.73
PPT
WIND
10.4
11.5
11.7
12.2
10.5
9.7
9.3
9.1
9.6
9.4
9.5
9.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.1
4.0
4.1
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.4
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.3
3.7
TAIR
53.0
54.0
57.5
67.0
74.0
80.0
82.0
80.5
76.0
67.3
58.0
51.7
HUM-
.79
.76
.718
.707
.76
.80
.82
.833
.82
.83
.77
.773
'PPT
WIND*
6.0
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.2
5.8
5.2
4.4
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.7
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
34° 16' N
77° 55' W
ELEVATION = 28 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
109
-------
TABLE 62
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Bismarck. North Dakota (24011)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.7
7.0
6.6
6.4
6.1
4.7
4.8
5.4
5.6
6.9
6.8
TAIR
9.2
12.7
26.7
43.1
54.8
64.3
72.1
69.3
58.5
45.7
28.4
15.5
HUM
.75
.76
.76
.65
.61
.67
.65
.63
.64
.66
.76
.76
PPT
WIND
10.1
10.3
11.6
12.9
12.7
11.9
10.0
10.2
10.9
10.5
11.2
9.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
5.2
5.2
4.5
5.1
4.7
3.2
3.0
3.5
3.2
4.3
5.1
TAIR
17.5
21.5
34.0
47.6
58.0
69.0
74.0
71.8
60.0
50.0
35.0
24.0
HUM
.78
.80
.80
.70
.68
.75
.69
.68
.71
.72
.755
.80
PPT
WIND*
7.2
7.4
7.8
9.55
9.5
8.2
7.8
7.1
7.6
7.7
7.1
6.5
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
46° 46' N
100° 45' W
1650 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
110
-------
TABLE 63
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Cleveland. Ohio (14820)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
7.9
7.4
7.0
6.6
5.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.7
7.8
8.1
TAIR
28.4
28.5
35.1
47.0
58.0
67.8
71.9
70.4
64.2
53.4
41.3
30.5
HUM
.74
.74
.80
.68
.64
.69
.70
.74
.72
.69
.71
.74
PPT
WIND
12.4
12.5
12.7
12.1
10.6
9.5
8.8
8.5
9.2
10.2
12.4
12.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
6.1
5.3
4.7
4.5
4-1
3.7
3.0
3.0
6.2
7.0
TAIR
33.1
33.0
38.5
52.0
63.5
72.0
76.0
74.0
67.0
58.0
43.8
36.0
HUM
.81
.80
.76
.72
.70
.71
.72
.76
.76
.745
.77
.81
PPT
WIND*
9.09
8.1
9.2
9.0
7.8
6.8
6.93
6.4
6.9
7.5
9.0
8.9
41° 24' N
LATITUDE = _
LONGITUDE = .
ELEVATION = 777 ft-
81° 51' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
ill
-------
TABLE 64
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
Columbus, Ohio (14821)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
7.5
7.3
7.1
6.5
6.1
5.8
5.4
5.2
5.2
7.0
7.6
TAIR
29.7
31.2
39.8
50.2
60.8
70.7
74.4
72.4
66.5
54.5
41.9
31.7
HUM
.78
.74
.70
.68
.69
.70
.70
.72
.71
.72
.73
.77
PPT
WIND
10.0
10.1
10.7
10.0
8.1
6.8
6.1
5.7
6,5
7.2
9.6
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.6
6.1
5.7
5.5
5.1
4.7
4.1
3.7
2.5
2.0
5.3
6.1
TAIR
35.1
36.0
43.0
56.0
66.5
73.5
76.0
75.0
68.5
58.3
44.0
36.5
HUM
.781
.767
.72
.696
.72
.72
.74
.755
.755
.76
.76
.78
PPT
WIND*
7.59
7.6
8.4
8.0
6.45
5.2
4.5
4.2
4.6
5.07
7.0
6.8
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
40° 00' N
82° 53' W
815 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
112
-------
TABLE 65
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Oklahoma City. Oklahoma (13967)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
5.7
5.7
5,9
5.8
4.9
4.8
4.2
4.3
4.1
5.4
5.1
TAIR
37.0
41.3
48.5
59.9
68.4
78.0
82.5
82.8
73.8
62.9
48.4
40.3
HUM
.76
.65
.59
.63
.65
.68
.64
.62
.70
.60
.66
.55
PPT
WIND
14.0
14.1
15.7
15.5
13.8
13.2
11.6
11.3
11.8
12.6
12.8
13.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.0
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.1
2.7
2.7
2.3
1.0
1.3
2.3
3.3
TAIR
41.0
44.7
53.5
64.7
71.0
80.0
84.5
83.7
76.0
66.0
53.5
43.0
HUM
.80
.78
.74
.68
.76
.755
.76
.72
.76
.73
.74
.725
PPT
WIND*
9.6
10.0
11.55
11.4
9.6
8.0
8.0
7.8
7.9
9.4
8.9
9.8
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
35° 24' N
97° 36' W
1285 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
113
-------
TABLE 66
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Astoria. Oregon
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.5
8.2
8.1
8.0
7.7
7.7
6.6
6.6
6.3
7.5
8.1
8.7
TAIR
40.7
42.8
44.5
49.0
53.3
57.3
60.6
61.0
58.0
52.9
46.3
43.1
HUM
.82
.82
.80
.79
.79
.81
.80
.82
.82
.84
.85
.86
PPT
WIND
9.0
8.8
8.7
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.4
7.7
7.1
7.5
8.4
8.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
TAIR
HUM
PPT
WIND
LATITUDE = 47° 09' N
LONGITUDE = 123° 53' w
ELEVATION -
8 ft-
114
-------
TABLE 67
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Pendleton. Oregon (24155)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.2
7.9
7.2
6.6
6.0
5.2
2.6
3.4
4.0
5.8
7.7
8.4
TAIR
32.2
37.4
45.1
52.0
59.6
65.8
73.6
71.9
64.2
53.7
41.3
36.5
HUM
.79
.74
.62
.56
.53
.48
.37
.40
.47
.62
.76
.80
PPT
WIND
8.3
9.0
10.1
10.5
10.3
10.5
9.7
9.2
9.0
8.2
8.0
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
5.0
4.5
4.5
3.0
0.4
1.5
2.2
3.5
5.0
7.0
TAIR
40.0
44.0
45.0
53.5
61.0
69.5
77.5
76.5
66.0
56.0
45.0
40.0
HUH
.82
.777
.70
.66
.59
.54
.40
.45
.50
.72
.80
.86
PPT
WIND*
5.1
6.2
6.8
8.0
7.6
7.6
7.3
6.8
6.4
5.6
5.4
5.6
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
45° 41' N
118° 51' W
1482 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
115
-------
TABLE 68
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR- Portland. Oregon (24229)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.6
8.3
8.3
7.6
7.3
6.8
4.5
5.3
5,6
7.4
8.2
9.0
TAIR
38.4
42.0
46.1
51.8
57.4
62.0
67.2
66.6
62.2
54.2
45.1
41.3
HUM
.82
.79
.74
.72
.70
.68
.66
.68
.71
.81
.83
.84
PPT
WIND
,10.0
8.8
8.5
7.2
6.8
6.8
7.5
7.0
6.2
6.5
8.3
9.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.3
5.7
5.5
6.1
3.7
2.5
2.7
3.5
5.4
6.0
7.0
TAIR
43.7
48.0
46.8
52.5
58.7
64.3
68.5
69.5
64.0
56.0
49.3
43.7
HUM
.86
.82
.80
.74
.727
.74
.70
.74
.78
.835
.85
.868
PPT
WIND*
6.6
5.6
5.8
4.3
4.6
4.7
5.6
4.8
4.1
4.0
5.6
6.6
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
45° 36' N
122° 36' W
21 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
116
-------
TABLE 69
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Avoca. Pennsylvania
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.2
7.2
7.1
6.9
6.7
6.0
6.1
6.2
5.9
5.8
7.4
7.5
TAIR
27.7
28.3
36.2
48.4
59.6
68.2
72.4
70.0
62.5
51.0
39.6
29.4
HUM
.70
.69
.67
.62
.63
.68
.69
.73
.75
.71
.70
.72
PPT
WIND
8.8
9.3
9.1
9.5
8.9
7.8
7.4
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.7
8.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
TAIR
HUM
PPT
WIND
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
41° 20'
75° 44' W
930 ft.
117
-------
TABLE 70
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (13739)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.3
6.2
6.5
6.6
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.4
TAIR
33.2
33.6
42.3
51.6
63.1
72.1
76.3
74.0
67.7
56.6
45.9
35.9
HUM
.70
.67
.65
.66
.66
.68
.70
.72
.72
.72
.70
.69
PPT
WIND
10.4
11.1
11.7
11.2
9.8
9.0
8.2
7.8
8.1
9.0
9.7
10.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.5
4.7
5.1
5.1
5.2
4.5
4.3
3.7
3.7
3.0
4.3
4.7
TAIR
38.0
39.0
43.7
55.3
65.3
73.3
79.0
76.0
69.0
59.6
47.3
39.5
HUM
.72
.70
.665
.65
.72
.69
.727
.743
75.7
.73
.71
.716
PPT
WIND*
7.6
8.0
8.6
8.5
7.2
6.7
6.37
5.71
6.1
6.9
6.54
7.7
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
69° 53'
75° 15' W
7 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
118
-------
TABLE 71
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Scranton, Pennsylvania (14777)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.7
7.4
7.1
6.9
6.7
6.1
6.5
6.1
6.2
5.9
7.1
7.2
TAIR
26.9
27.1
36.3
47.0
58.9
67.8
72.2
70.0
63.2
52.2
40.7
29.6
HUM
.72
.72
.69
.64
.64
.68
.71
.73
.75
.72
.69
.71
PPT
WIND
9.2
10.2
9.5
9.9
9.3
8.4
7.6
7.1
7.7
8.5
9.3
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
6.0
5.7
5.3
5.1
4.2
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.0
5.7
6.0
TAIR
32.7
32.5
38.5
51.5
62.5
70.0
74.7
72.0
64.0
55.0
43.0
34.3
HUM
.746
.723
.706
.655
.696
.695
.735
.755
.785
.742
.745
.784
PPT
WIND*
6.35
6.5
7.0
6.8
6.0
6.0
5.4
4.7
5.2
5.55
5.9
5.6
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
41° 20' N
75° 44' W
940 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
119
-------
TABLE 72
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Charleston, South Carolina (13880)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.4
5.9
6.3
6.6 .
6.1
6.3
5.0
5.1
5.9
TAIR
49.8
51.5
56.7
64.8
72.9
79.2
80.6
79.7
75.6
66.2
55.9
50.0
HUM
.74
.71
.71
.72
.75
.78
.81
.82
.82
.77
.76
.74
PPT
WIND
9.3
10.4
10.4
10.2
8.9
8.6
8.1
7.5
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.5
3.7
4.5
5.2
4.1
4.4
2.0
2.7
4.2
TAIR
56.0
56.0
59.7
65.7
74.0
78.7
79.7
79.0
74.9
67.5
58.5
53.0
HUM.
.76
.765
.73
.75
.80
.81
.84
.838
.86
.83
.78
.767
PPT
WIND*
6.6
7.5
7.8
7.63
5.6
6.0
5.5
5.0
5.6
5.65
6.05
6.1
32° 54' N
LATITUDE = _
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION = 40 ft-
80° 02' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
120
-------
TABLE 73
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Columbia, South Carolina (13883)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.2
5.4
5.7
6.0
5.4
5.5
4.4
4.8
5.7
TAIR
46.9
48.4
54.4
63.6
72.2
79.7
81.6
80.5
75.3
64.7
53.7
46.4
HUM
.72
.70
.66
.64
.66
.69
.72
.74
.76
.74
.72
.72
PPT
WIND
7.1
7.7
8.4
8.7
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.1
6.4
6.1
6.4
6.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.7
3.2
3.5
4.4
3.5
3.7
2.0
2.3
4.0
TAIR
52.0
52.0
57.5
65.5
75.5
79.5
81.5
81.0
74.8
66.0
56.5
49.0
HUM
.718
.70
.67
.66
.70
.75
.787
.78
.75
.76
.71
.73
PPT
WIND*
5.2
5.65
6.4
6.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.3
4.35
4.0
4.2
4.6
33° 57' N
LATITUDE = _
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION = 217 ft'
81° 07' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
121
-------
TABLE 74
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Greer, South Carolina
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.7
5.6
5.1
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.7
5.8
5.3
4.1
5.2
5.8
TAIR
43.7
45.1
51.4
60.9
69.4
77.0
79.0
78.2
72.7
62.4
51.3
43.6
HUM
.66
.60
.59
.63
.68
.72
.76
.73
.73
.69
.65
.68
PPT
WIND
7.6
8.5
8.4
8.3
7.5
6.6
6.3
6.0
6.3
7.0
7.2
7.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
TAIR
HUM
PPT
WIND
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
34° 54' N
82° 13' W
957 ft.
122
-------
TABLE 75
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
Huron, South Dakota (14936)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6,6
6.4
7.2
6,6
6.2
5.7
4.6
4.9
5.0
5.1
6.6
6.7
TAIR
13.5
17.6
31.7
46.4
58.0
68.2
75.4
72.9
62.8
50.0
32.5
19.6
HUM
.76
.78
.77
,66
.65
.70
.66
.66
.65
.66
.75
.78
PPT
WIND
11.6
11.9
13.0
14.3
13.1
11.9
11,1
11.0
12.0
11.7
12.7
11.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
5.0
5.5
4.3
4.3
4.0
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.5
5.0
TAIR
20.0
24.0
36.0
48.7
61.0
72.0
77.3
75.0
63.0
54.0
36.0
27.5
HUM
.82
.835
.84
.71
.72
.765
.72
.74
.75
.737
.775
.84
PPT
WIND*
8.8
8.6
10.03
10.8
10.0
8.93
8.0
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.7
8.5
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
44° 23' N
98° 13' W
1282 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
123
-------
TABLE 76
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Rapid City. South Dakota (24090)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6.5
6.7
6.7
6.5
5.7
4.3
4.3
4.6
4.7
6.1
6.3
TAIR
22.0
24.1
31.1
44.5
55.7
64.9
73.8
72.0
61.6
50.0
35.1
27.2
HUM
.66
.68
.64
.57
.59
.62
.55
.51
.51
.50
.60
.65
PPT
WIND
10.4
10.8
12.6
13.1
12.4
10.8
9.9
10.3
11.0
10.9
11.0
10.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.6
5.1
5.2
4.4
4.6
3.6
2.6
2.0
3.0
2.9
4.2
4.7
TAIR
30.0
31.1
38.6
48.6
58.1
71.1
76.1
74.7
65.1
55.1
41.0
32.0
HUM
.731
.74
.746
.657
.651
.691
.621
.60
.624
.651
.66
.72
PPT
WIND*
7.49
7.38
9.49
9.99
9.49
8.09
7.89
7.89
8.49
8.53
8.35
7.6
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION -
44° 03' N
103° 04' W
3162 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
124
-------
TABLE 77
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Knoxville, Tennessee (13891)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
2.4
6.7
6.5
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.2
4.9
5.8
6.7
TAIR
40.5
42.5
49.4
59.0
67.4
75.8
78.4
77.0
72.1
60.3
48.4
41.0
HUM
.74
.69
.66
.63
.67
.69
.71
.72
.71
.72
.70
.71
PPT
WIND
8.6
9.0
9.6
9.7
7.7
7.0
6.5
5.7
6.1
6.0
7.4
7.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.5
5.0
4.3
4.4
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.4
3.2
2.0
3.7
5.1
TAIR
46.0
47.0
52.0
62.7
71.5
76.0
79.0
78.0
74.0
62.7
50.7
43.5
HUH
.775
.725
.70
.68
.72
.77
.77
.795
.77
.773
.73
.76
PPT
WIND*
6.05
6.4
7.2
6.6
5.3
4.6
4.65
4.2
4.2
4.25
5.2
5.45
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
35° 49' N
83° 59' W
950 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
125
-------
TABLE 78
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
Memphis, Tennessee (13893)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.4
6.3
6.1
5.9
5.4
5.7
5.0
4.8
4.3
5.5
6.3
TAIR
41.5
44.1
51.1
61.4
70.3
78.5
81.3
80.5
73.9
63.1
50.1
42.5
HUM
.73
.70
.66
.65
.68
.69
.70
.70
.71
.68
.69
.72
PPT
WIND
10.7
10.6
11.4
11.0
9.1
8.1
7.7
7.1
7.7
7.8
9.4
10.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.3
4.0
4.2
3.5
3.3
3.7
3.0
2.2
1.5
3.0
4.2
TAIR
46.0
49.5
56.3
66.0
74.0
82.0
83.0
81.5
75.5
65.5
53.5
46.0
HUM
.77
.74
.687
.665
.72
.76
.76
.75
.76
.73
.72
.72
PPT
WIND*
7.5
7.35
8.8
8.2
6.8
6.4
5.3
4.7
5.4
5.2
6.5
7.4
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
35° 03'N
89° 59'W
258 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
126
-------
TABLE 79
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Nashville. Tennessee (13897)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.2
5.9
5.5
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.6
5.9
6.7
TAIR
39.0
41.0
49.5
59.5
68.3
76.3
79.4
78.3
72.2
61.0
48.9
41.0
HUM
.71
.63
.60
.64
.68
.69
.75
.76
.76
.66
.68
.69
PPT
WIND
9.0
9.2
9.9
9.4
7.5
6.7
6.2
5.9
6.2
6.3
8.2
8.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.7
1.5
3.7
4.7
TAIR
45.0
46.3
53.0
63.5
70.8
78.0
81.0
79.5
74.0
63.0
51.0
44.5
HUH
.815
.77
.735
.70
.73
.76
.773
.78
.78
.78
.738
.77
PPT
WIND*
6.35
6.4
7.2
7.0
4.9
4.4
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.35
5.4
6.2
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION -
36° 07' N
86° 41' W
590 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
127
-------
TABLE 80
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Brownsville, Texas (12919)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.5
6.7
6.6
5.9
5.2
4.7
4.8
5.2
4.7
5.8
6.6
TAIR
61.4
64.0
67.9
73.9
79.0
82.7
84.0
84.1
81.2
75.9
67.6
62.9
HUM
.79
.78
.76
.72
.78
.77
.75
.75
.77
.77
.77
.79
PPT
WIND
11.9
12.6
13.7
14.5
13.9
12.8
11.8
11.0
9.8
9.9
11.0
11.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
5.0
5.0
3.7
3.5
2.3
2.0
3.1
1.3
1.7
4.2
TAIR
66.0
67.5
70.0
76.0
79.8
82.8
83.9
84.0
82.3
76.7
69.5
64.7
HUM
.833
.84
.81
.80
.80
.79
.77
.767
.82
.775
.82
.83
PPT
WIND*
9.0
9.8
10.4
11.6
10.6
9.2
8.85
7.85
7.6
7.6
7.8
8.8
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
25° 54' N
97° 26' W
16 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
128
-------
TABLE 81
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Dallas, Texas (13960)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.1
5.8
6.0
5.8
4.6
4.3
4.0
4.0
4.4
4.6
5.6
TAIR
45.7
49.8
57.4
66.3
73.7
81.9
85.5
85.8
78.9
68.8
55.8
48.3
HUM
.70
.68
.62
.66
.68
.65
.61
.58
.62
.64
.64
.67
PPT
WIND
10.2
10.9
12.7
13.1
11.9
12.3
9.9
9.6
9.1
9.1
10.1
10.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.5
4.1
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.5
2.5
4.0
TAIR
50.0
53.7
61.0
70.5
76.5
83.5
88.5
88.0
80.0
71.0
59.0
51.0
HUM-
.76
.74
.68
.68
.72
.69
.67
.66
.73
.70
.72
.707
PPT
WIND*
7.6
8.0
10.0
9.8
8.6
9.2
7.2
6.8
6.5
6.7
6.5
7.6
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
32° 51' N
96° 51' W
476 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
129
-------
TABLE 82
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR E1 PaS°» TeXaS (23°44)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.8
3.3
3.0
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.3
3.2
4.1
TAIR
43.4
49.1
54.5
63.1
71.6
80.2
81.3
79.8
74.9
65.2
52.0
44.8
HUM
.50
.40
.32
.29
.27
.30
.43
.46
.42
.44
.43
.47
PPT
WIND
10.4
11.3
13.2
13.0
12.4
11.4
10.1
9.6
9.4
9.4
10.0
9.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
1.7
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.3
TAIR
49.5
53.0
59.0
67.7
75.7
84.5
84.5
83.0
78.3
68.0
55.0
48.0
HUH
.60
.45
.43
.32
.30
.355
.505
.50
.555
.52
.52
.60
PPT
WIND*
6.1
7.3
8.1
8.4
8.0
6.6
5.55
5.6
5.2
4.6
5.45
5.25
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
31° 48'
106
ELEVATION = 392° ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
130
-------
TABLE 83
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Houston, Texas (12918)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.7
6.4
6.4
6.2
5.5
5.9
5,7
5.4
4.7
5.6
6.2
TAIR
53.8
57.7
62.6
69.5
75.9
81.8
83.8
84.2
80.0
72.6
61.9
55.8
HUM
.77
.77
.72
.76
.77
.76
.76
.77
.76
.75
.74
.77
PPT
WIND
10.8
11.2
11.6
12.0
10.7
9.7
8.3
8.3
8.8
9.3
10.3
10.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.5
4.2
3.7
TAIR
59.0
61.0
65.5
72.0
76.7
82.0
4.0 |83.5
3.5
3.2
2.0
83.0
79.3
72.0
4.0 |63.8
5.0 |57.7
HUM
.80
.82
.755
.78
.78
.795
.785
.78
.80
.82
.795
.80
PPT
WIND*
8.8
8.6
9.6
9.65
8.3
7.1
6.55
5.8
6.3
6.8
7.4
8.15
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
29° 46'
95° 22' W
41 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
131
-------
TABLE 84
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Salt Lake City, Utah (24127)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
MOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
7.0
6.5
6.1
5.4
4.2
3.5
3.4
3.4
4.3
5.6
6.9
TAIR
26.5
33.4
41.1
50.1
58.9
67.1
76.6
74.4
64.2
52.9
39.3
31.5
HUM
.76
.71
.61
,53
.48
-44
.38
.38,
.42
.54
.68
.76
PPT
WIND
7.5
8.2
9.2
9.4
9.5
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.0
8.5
7.6
7.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.2
5.0
4.7
4.0
2.2
2.0
2.T
1.3
2.2
3.4
5.0
TAIR
34.0
38.0
43.0
53.0
62.0
71.7
80.0
77.3
67.0
56.0
44.0
35.5
HUM
.79
.76
.695
.58
.543
.52
.42
.47
.52
.58
.71
.797
PPT
WIND*
5.15
5.2
6.3
7.2
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.2
5.9
5.5
5.3
4.5
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
40° 46' N
111° 58' W
4220 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
132
-------
TABLE 85
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Burlington, Vermont
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.5
7.2
7.0
7.2
6.9
6.6
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.5
8.1
7.9
TAIR
16.2
17.4
26.7
41.2
53.8
64.2
69.0
66.7
58.4
47.6
35.3
21.5
HUM
.74
.73
.70
.67
.67
.70
.70
.73
.76
.74
.76
.76
PPT
WIND
9.9
9.6
9.4
9.6
9.1
8.4
7.8
7.5
8.3
8.6
9.7
10.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
TAIR
HUM
PPT
WIND
LATITUDE = 44° 28" N
LONGITUDE = 73° 12' w
ELEVATION = 331 ft-
133
-------
TABLE 86
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Norfolk, Virginia (13737)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AU6
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.6
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.1
5.3
6.0
TAIR
41.2
41.6
48.0
58.0
67.5
75,6
78.8
77.5
72.6
62.0
51.4
42.5
HUM
.70
.68
.66
.66
.71
.72
.75
.78
.76
.76
.71
.69
PPT
WIND
11.7
12.0
12.5
11.9
10.2
9.4
8.7
8.8
9.7
10.4
10.8
10.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.5
4.3
4.3
4.4
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
TAIR
46.0
46.0
52.0
61.0
69.0
76.0
79.7
78.7
73.0
64.0
54.0
46.0
HUM
.735
.76
.68
.71
.74
.75
.785
.80
.785
.80
.74
.72
PPT
WIND*
8.6
9.15
9.8
8.8
7.8
6.93
6.7
6.5
6.8
7.4
7.95
8.4
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE -
ELEVATION =
36° 54' N
76° 12' W
22 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
134
-------
TABLE 87
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Roanoke' Vl>ginia (13741)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.5
4.8
5.7
6.0
TAIR
38.1
39.2
45.5
56.4
65.7
73.4
76.6
75.4
69.1
58.2
46.7
38.4
HUM
.64
.62
.59
.57
.64
.68
.70
.72
.73
.68
.63
.62
PPT
WIND
10.0
10.4
10.8
10.4
8.0
6.8
6.6
6.2
5.9
6.7
8.6
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.3
5.0
4.3
4.4
4.1
3.4
1.0
3.3
4.0
TAIR
42.0
43.0
49.0
59.5
68.0
73.5
77.3
75.7
70.0
59.8
49.0
41.0
HUM
.68
.66
.61
.605
.685
.715
.75
.76
.76
.74
.648
.655
PPT
WIND*
7.5
7.2
8.2
7.6
6.0
4.85
4.4
4.6
3.5
4.9
6.2
6.35
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
37° 19' N
79° 58' W
1149 ft.
Extreme conditions given in knots
135
-------
TABLE 88
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Seattle. Washington (24233)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.5
8.2
8.0
7.7
7-2
7.0
5.3
5.8.
6.2
7.7
8.4
8.8
TAIR
38.3
40.8
43.8
49.2
55.5
59.8
64.9
64.1
59.9
52.4
43.9
40.8
HUM
.80
.75
.74
.74
.70
.68
.67
.70
.76
.81
.81
.82
PPT
WIND
10.4
10.4
10.6
10.2
9.5
9.2
8.7
8.3
8.5
9.3
9.6
10.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.7
6.0
5.5
6.1
5.3
4.5
3.7
3.5
4.1
5.7
6.3
7.3
TAIR
42.5
47.0
45.0
49.5
56.8
62.0
66.5
66.0
61.5
53.7
48.3
44.0
HUH
.88
.828
.808
.77
.76
.75
.73
.76
.797
.86
.873
.885
PPT
WIND*
6.4
7.0
7.0
5.7
5.8
5.4
4.85
4.9
4.8
5.9
5.6
6.45
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
47° 27' N
122° 18'
ELEVATION = 4QO ftt
*Extreme conditions given in knots
136
-------
TABLE 89
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Spokane. Washington (24157)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
8.0
7.4
6.9
6.5
6.3
3.3
4.0
4.9
6.6
7.7
8.6
TAIR
24.9
29.7
38.1
46.3
54.7
61.4
69.6
67.9
59.2
48.6
35.7
29.1
HUM
.82
.79
.69
.58
.58
.56
.44
.44
.51
.70
.80
.87
PPT
WIND
8.0
8.7
9.2
9.1
8.1
8.4
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.4
7.6
8.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.0
5.3
5.1
5.0
4.1
1.3
2.0
2.5
4.2
6.0
7.0
TAIR
32.0
36.5
39.0
49.5
59.0
64.0
72.7
73.5
64.0
50.5
40.0
33.5
HUM
.86
.825
.745
.66
.68
.585
.44
.517
.60
.80
.84
.88
PPT
WIND*
5.0
6.2
6.0
6.5
6.1
6.1
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.0
5.16
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
47° 37' N
117° 31' W
2357 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
137
-------
TABLE 90
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
Huntington,West Virginia
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.9
7.2
7.1
6.6
6.1
6.4
6.3
5.9
5.1
7.0
7.5
TAIR
36.6
37.7
44.8
55.7
64.6
72.0
75.2
74.0
68.2
57.3
45.5
37.4
HUM
.70
.68
.64
.62
.70
.73
.76
.78
.78
.70
.73
.75
PPT
WIND
7.3
7.4
8.0
7.5
6.2
5.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
5.5
6.7
7.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
TAIR
HUM
PPT
WIND
38° 22' N
LATITUDE = _
LONGITUDE = ,
ELEVATION = 827 ft-
82° 33' W
138
-------
TABLE 91
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Green Bay. Wisconsin (14898)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.7
6.3
6.3
6.7
6.2
5.9
5.4
5.5
5.6
6.0
7.1
7.0
TAIR
16.1
17.3
28.5
41.8
54.4
64.7
69.9
67.8
60.2
48.4
33.5
20.1
HUM
.75
.76
.74
.69
.68
.72
.74
.76
.77
.76
.75
.78
PPT
MIND
11.1
11.0
11.7
12.2
11.3
9.9
8.5
8.2
10.0
10.4
12.4
11.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.3
5.2
4.3
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.5
5.4
5.3
TAIR
21.0
25.1
33.1
46.6
59.8
67.0
70.7
70.1
60.8
52.5
38.0
27.0
HUM
.801
.811
.791
.77
.721
.74
.748
.801
.81
.80
.79
.82
PPT
WIND*
7.69
7.39
7.29
8.79
7.99
6.29
5.29
5.49
6.2
7.0
8.3
7.9
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
44° 29' N
88° 08' W
682 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
139
-------
TABLE 92
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR Casper, Wyoming (24089)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6,6
6.6
6.7
6.7
5.1
3.8
4,4
4.2
4.9
6.2
6.1
TAIR
23.4
26.3
32,1
43.1
53.1
63.1
71.7
70.1
59.7
48.3
33.6
27.3
HUM
.60
.62
.62
.56
.56
.48
.41
.40
.44
.49
.60
.62
PPT
WIND
16.9
15.4
14.4
12.9
12.1
11.5
10.3
10.9
11.3
12.4
15.2
16.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.6
4.9
4.5
5.2
5.2
3.2
2.2
2.3
2.5
3.0
4.3
4.0
TAIR
29.2
31.6
36.4
46.0
55.1
66.7
74.6
71.6
62.1
51.1
39.0
31.1
HUM
.642
.702
.711
.631
.606
.591
.491
.451
.571
.601
.681
.671
PPT
WIND*
12.98
10.98
8.19
8.4
8.49
7.78
6.69
7.96
7.88
8.8
10.99
11.9
LATITUDE =
LONGITUDE =
ELEVATION =
42° 55'
106° 28' W
5338 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
140
-------
APPENDIX B
RESULTS OF COMPUTATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS
-------
100
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FIGURE 45 - RESULTS FOR HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA
(AVERAGE CONDITIONS)
142
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143
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FIGURE 47 - RESULTS FOR PHOENIX, ARIZONA
144
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145
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FIGURE 55 - RESULTS FOR HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT
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152
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FIGURE 61 - RESULTS FOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA
158
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FIGURE 63 - RESULTS FOR CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
160
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161
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FIGURE 65 - RESULTS FOR EVANSVILLE, INDIANA
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FIGURE 66 - RESULTS FOR INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA
163
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FIGURE 67 - RESULTS FOR SOUTH BEND, INDIANA
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FIGURE 72 - RESULTS FOR LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY
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FIGURE 75 - RESULTS FOR SHREVEP^RT, LOUISIANA
172
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174
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FIGURE 78 - RESULTS FOR BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
175
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177
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 84 - RESULTS FOR MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
181
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 85 - RESULTS FOR JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI
182
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FIGURE 86 - RESULTS FOR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
183
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EQU
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 87 - RESULTS FOR SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI
184
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 88 - RESULTS FOR BILLINGS, MONTANA
185
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TIME - MONTHS
120
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FIGURE 89 - RESULTS FOR HELENA, MONTANA
186
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90
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FIGURE 90 - RESULTS FOR NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA
187
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 91 - RESULTS FOR OMAHA, NEBRASKA
188
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 92 - RESULTS FOR ELKO, NEVADA
189
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 93 - RESULTS FOR LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
190
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FIGURE 94 - RESULTS FOR RENO, NEVADA
191
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EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - F°
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 95 - RESULTS FOR CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE
192
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100
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 97 - RESULTS FOR ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
194
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120
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 99 - RESULTS FOR BUFFALO, NEW YORK
196
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 100- RESULTS FOR NEW YORK, NEW YORK
197
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EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - F°
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 101- RESULTS FOR CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA
198
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206
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207
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208
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210
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216
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 120 - RESULTS FOR NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
217
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EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - F°
•o w .i> 01 -j oo
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SA
\
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 121 - RESULTS FOR BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS
218
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EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - F°
r\>«.ooi^ia>«>c
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,
f
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TIME - MONTHS
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90
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 122 - RESULTS FOR DALLAS, TEXAS
219
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Ul
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TIME - MONTHS
EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT- BTU/FT2- DAY - Fe
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TIME - MONTHS
120
JFMAMJ JASON D
TIME - MONTHS
POND TEMPERATURE (EXTREME CONDITIONS) - F°
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JFMAMJ JASOND
TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 123 - RESULTS FOR EL PASO, TEXAS
220
-------
BRIUM TEMPERATURE
EQU
90
80
70
50
40
30
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 124 - RESULTS FOR HOUSTON, TEXAS
221
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IOO
EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - Fe
•OW-fcOlCD^Jood
DOOOOOOC
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200
180
160
140
120
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TIME - MONTHS
I2O
JFMAMJ JASON D
TIME - MONTHS
POND TEMPERATURE (EXTREME CONDITIONS) - F°
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JFMAMJ JASOND
TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 125- RESULTS FOR SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH
222
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2 £i T—Lfe-J.—
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TIME - MONTHS
1 i ! I I
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"FIGURE '726-- RESULTS'-FOP BURLINGTON, VERMONT
(AVERAGE CONDITIONS)
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 127 - RESULTS FOR NORFOLK, VIRGINIA
224
-------
IBRIUM TEMPERATURE - Fe
k Ol 0> -J O> «O C
5 O O O O O C
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90
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 129 - RESULTS FOR SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
226
-------
EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - Fc
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
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TIME - MONTHS
J F
MAMJ JASOND
TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 130 - RESULTS FOR SPOKANE, WASHINGTON
227
-------
100
200
FMAMJ JASO
TIME - MONTHS
N D
u.
I
o
I
180
160
u.
140
120
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I
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TIME - MONTHS
0 N D
120
2
0 N D
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tc
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TIME - MONTHS
FMAMJ JASOND
TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 131 - RESULTS FOR HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA
(AVERAGE CONDITIONS)
228
-------
EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - F°
Nw-t>oi- 180
E COEFFICIENT- BTU/FT2- D4
on 0 ro S o>
o o o o o
z
X
X
UJ 40
v*.
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TIME - MONTHS
FMAMJJAS
TIME - MONTHS
OND
120
JFMAMJJASOND
TIME - MONTHS
o
U.
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
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TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 132 - RESULTS FOR GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN
229
-------
EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - Fe
v>ojjioicr>->icD(oo
DOOOOOOOO
.0
•a^
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4
/
V3
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8
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JFMAMJJASOND
TIME - MONTHS
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
•ft.
•**
x
/
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/
/
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l\
fj
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^
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J FMAMJ JASOND
TIME - MONTHS
FIGURE 133 - RESULTS FOR CASPER, WYOMING
230
-------
APPENDIX C
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES
AND HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS
-------
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210
GO
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217
;"•!
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218
13
1*
Ci6 IS THE PFFtr.TIVF BACK
IT is A FUNCTION DF
BFT'-* ATK
300
301
'•'ATt
108
3E is THE EVAPORATED MFAT
IT IS A FjjMCTJHN C)F Wl^O VF(.PCTTV Af
VAPLJR PRESSURE QF SAiu^ATtr, SJR
Ert }S THF COMPUTED VAF^R PRESS'IRP/ ni
AJ» AT TErtPEPATURt UF THf '''AT6P
ACTUAL
I"! S
OE»-13,9*U*(Etv-EA)
C ,,. ,,...,.,,,...,...,.,.
C QH IS THF CONDUCTED HE«T BfT'-.!EpN
C IT 15 A FUNCTION "F w'lNn 'VgLDfjTY,
C
PRt<=i"H(: Af
BETA.(9500.(
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GO 1C1 14
30 wnm<6mn TE
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0134 4
Ol3c' 1X3 P&KKATI tSGLA»»'*P?.iji2''/ ' ATM
0137 ^U T^1 3
0138 5^ STUP
0139 EIMD
0140 SUBROUTINE
014T LPICK»X5AT»25 .
014? GQ TO (9iSl 962 963 964, 9ft3,9^&, 9^7, 9*4, 9i9,'i7o/>7l, 5*7^
0143 l975,9?6*977*97B,979/«JBO,9bt)*i BJCK
0144 C 1.P1CK IS T"E IATIT"OE MINUS 25-«ThT5 .'ILL ^U'K 3W1.V FO
0149 C IN THE KANGg" FRQK 2^.46 r>EGRFE% 'KWJfJl?!^ A*S ftiiftftNuFU JM P1RDfc'5
0146 C THF Pli?ST ONE IS Fl* LATITHyP ?6» The
014? 961 XQU8
014" Gn TO
0149 Q(,Z x5l»7
Ol5n GQ jV,
015X 9^3 XQJ«7t), 566-31.
015? OU TO 93?
pi 53 964 Xft 1 ,77, 604^32.1454, 5.1 N(
Oi5A G0 TH 98?
OlS81 965 xQl«7^>. 655-3?.
015* GQ T? 982
0157 966 XyI.76,0'|t
OJ5S GQ TH 98?
Q15^*XDSY/3'1'6, + 1 ,737>
0160 GQ TC 992
0161 96S XQI,?*,, 0.46-35, 93R«SIN)(J#3,l4i5's#XOA¥/5fl>6. -el, 734)
0162 GO TO 982
016? 96? XQU73,16
0164 GQ TO 982
0165 970 XQIB72, 248-37, 6
0166 GO TO 982
0167 971 X«I»Tli39
016"! GQ TO 982
0169 97? XftUTO. 394.39 ,413*5 I 'J
Ol?r> 00 TO 98Z
0171 973 XQU69, 350-40, 188*SlN(2*3,l4i;»!?+Vt!?!Y^366, + l, 745 )
0172 GO TO 982
0173 976 XUI.6«, 362-40,
0174 GO TB 982
0171! 97!5 X8J .67, 2« 1-41,706*3 IN( 2*3, •3,
017»> GQ TO 98?
0177 97* XQU66,24(j-421442*SjM(?-*'!!t!4iSt'*X!)*V/3Y/i^6f + 5,74C)
0180 GO TO 982
0181 97« XQI.64, 113-43, 788*SI^(?*3, 14!5<»*»aAY/i66i*!, 739)
018? GU TH 98?
0183 979 XQla63,010-44. 471*51^(2*3,
0184 GQ TO 982
0185 080 X«I.6i,9
0186 GO TH 982
0187 961 XQI. 60, 782-45.
oie? 982
0189
234
-------
APPENDIX D
COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING MONTHLY
AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR LOADED PONDS
-------
0001
000?
000*
ooo?
0007
000*
OOQ9
0010
0011
0012
00.,
0015
0016
0017
00,g
OOP
0020
0021
0022
0023
002*
002'
0051
005?
0053
0054
005?
OOSfe
0057
OOJR
005-5
0061
006?
0063
THIS PROGRAM C.neuUTfcS THE
TO A CONSTANT HEAT i.flAn
"IF A
A P'.'*PK PIA*'T
"EH
INTEGER
TwAT-4*
H«0,
30 FQRMATI20A4)
*3 REAntsJ?)
E.O
32
940
l.o
0027
002«
002?
0030
0031
0032
0033
003*
003!
0036
0037
003*
0039
00*0
0043,
004?
0043
004*
0045
0046
0047
0048
004"
C
r
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
C FLnw IS THE
C VOL IS THE VOtIJMR IN
C AREA IS THE SURFACE ARF.A P'' ACB£
JF(TIN,EO,0,) GO TP "30
AP£ NAMF.S uF TH?
R«HELATJVE HUMTOITV AS
cc«ctu'jo C^VE?, IN TENTHS
FLOJN is THE FLOW RATE Q
TIM IS THE TEMpEPA-TUPE Q
FUHDUT is THE F(.nw *AT* HF
DAY IS THE DAY DP THF V£AK
HOUR is THE HOUR
THET.4 IS THE TIME
UT.LAT + 0,-5
HOUR
? SKV
WATER r
THE
DEC
5 CONTINUE
25
2«> FQRMATJ
45Z
31
39
IV
15
IS i , j 0A4* 2Xj
IS I, PS,
Ji ! >F*>. 2* ?.A* HO^C/T TUuF!
236
-------
as
0070 fF«THETA^T,24,)Gc TH A
°CTI CAI.I, Ave.Q
0072 GO -TO 108
«SI! r * PEhT*'"23'2jl*cnS(2'
0074 C H»HUUR ANGLE QP THF
007-5
^^
0060
OOB| t07 01*0,0
OOS2 G0 TQ J09
C ,
l
C QI JS ACTUAL SOLAR
0087 IQS CJ"QC*a.-«i0071*CC*CC)
0090 C AJR AT TErAPERAT^ne JF TnF
0091
0092
OOV4 9VI
0095
009fr IFtM,EO,5o) CQ TO 990
0097 It)1?
009^
OlOO 19? GQ TG
0101 200
0102 GO
0103 201 &ETAn(n,15)*FA+0.7"
010* GQ TP 2X7
010? 202 BETA»C?(l5>*EA*Oi7ft
0106 GO T5 ?17
010' 203 8ETA"{«, 1
010" GO Tn 217
010Q 20* BETA«
-------
013" El1- TVy
0131 220 oB
013? C ..., ...... , ......... ......
C Qfc 15 THF FVAf»"RA fFi) HFAT
c IT is A Fj-;cnnN o* -if no VELOCITY At';n TH£ "
gl3-s r VAPOR PRESSURE QF SATuRATt^ A'!*? A!Nr> VgLU^jTY, ?>AF-V'ETi*IC
0140 C
OU2
on?
0144 C OT JS THF TQTAI, SljPpACF MfcAT TJ
0145 500
014* 600 SUREN»OT*AREA#THF-TA/«2.5
015P ^ AQyEN !S T^E ENERGY ChA^r.s pi)£
Ol5l 705
015? c
0153 C TOTEN Is HE n
0154 8QC TQTeiM.t
Ois; ^ , .......
0156 C TEr-P IS
0157 900
015S C TWAT JS THF CALCL'L'-TFU «&TFK T".1BfeB ATyfffc A^ THF PN" r-F THJS
0159 C TI«E
0160 950
016J
0162 IMTeMPA.LE.O.ix' ".C TD
0163 CU TO 991
0164 990 CONTINUE
0165 C ...,,., .............. ...
0166 WRITER 1000)A!«PHAf HjDF
0167 lOQO FORMAT {
0168
016?
017"
0171
017? OE»24,o*06
0173 QH»24,0*QH
0174 QT»24,0*OT
on?
017* 13 FORMAT! ISOLAR«l/F7,]i42X* ' ATM" • *f7. '/?Xj. ' RACK" « * FP . l» ?>U ' EVAp« I / F° .
0177 ll/ZX* ICPNO«^F7,1/?XJ lTQTAL««/F8,lj>2y* 'ijTy/S? F f-yA r-gPfiPtF-F 1 1 / )
017" WRITF(*,16V$UHFN
0179 ib FQRMATMSURFACF wgA| r''P'JT» I / F1. 2 , 3» 2X, ' gT^-ACRP-F f
0180
Oj.81 27
018?
0183
018* 18 FQRMATf ITOTAU FNFRi"-Y CWAN(.^» « » f \ ? , *t ?Xj t '!£OKEES p AHKF^Hg I T-ACSF-F f
0185 ji,/)
018^ WRITF (6,20)
0187 20 FOKfiATt 'THE Cij^PiJTf:D T(SM°E1' ATUsg jl"Cl).6"t''.'r I"' ^EGRFes FA^eNnEIT Is
0168 I'
0190 2
0191
0192 22 FORMAT ( i THFXFF^R!:. THF CAICUUTPD *AT<=H.
0193 1NHEIT is i)
01?4 WRITER, ?3>TsJAT
019? 23 FQ»MAT(F1Z.6)
238
-------
0196
0197
0198
0200
0201
o2yj
osoa
020*
020!
0207
0208
020"
0211
021?
0213
02JL4
0215
Oji*
0217
021"
022"
0221
022?
0223
0224
022?
022*
0227
0228
022'
0230
0231
0232
0239
023*
Q235
0236
0237
023"
0239
02*0
02*1
02*?
02*3
024*
0245
02*7
0251
025?
0253
2*
AQRAT»FLr' v-
/////)
GO TH 9
coil, £xn
END
SUBROUTINE AV&Qi,ji,xgAY>
UPICK-XSAT-25
GU T^
C LPIC* 15 THE l.AriT"l/E
C IN THE KANGg pRQ" 2
c fHE FIRST OIMR is PHK UATITUOF
X«l.e0, 155-29,
GQ TO 98?
25 — Tri'S n»LL "UBK
ey .I^I^S **F
T,,P sedru Fru
IM
965
96*
l .72")
970
971
972
973
97*
975
TO
.7
GQ in
XQl-7
Gtj "H
X«I^7
GQ TO 982
.o
<382
t06
GO T" 98?
XQlf74,04
GO TO 98?
GO TO 98?
XQ I =7.2, 248-37, 699*5 ^N( 2*3., m^*Xu*Y/,i
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
w
EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION ON PERFORMANCE
OF RECIRCULATING COOLING PONDS,
•5. Report Date
Thackston, Edward L.
Vanderbilt University
Department of Environmental and Water Resources Enqineerinq
Nashville, Tennessee 37235
8, f tfafmi-g
Reporr Mo,
16130-FDQ
R-800613
Ty>?< Rep-
P^nad t'fU'Tftl
Af^/mwvw/o«m»x^
Environmental Protection Technology Series EPA-660/2-74-085
The energy budget approach to cooling ponds has been outlined and applied to closed
cycle, recirculating cooling ponds. Monthly average weather data from 88 stations
throughout the U.S. were used to calculate equilibrium temperatures, heat exchange coef-
ficients, and the average temperature of various sized ponds receiving the effluent from
a standard power plant of 1000-mw capacity, both for average and extreme weather condi-
tions. The data for each station is shown on a separate chart, and the variation of
these results across the U.S. is depicted by a series of 38 maps of the U.S., with con-
tours connecting equal values of the parameters. The results may also be used to esti-
mate cooling pond performance for other sized power plants and other sized ponds.
The maps disclose variations across the U.S., on a given date, of up to 55°F in equili-
brium temperature, up to 100% difference in heat exchange coefficients, and up to 50* F
difference in pond temperatures. Increase of pond temperature over equilibrium is
greater in winter than in summer.
This report was a production of the National Center for Research and Training in the
Hydraulic and Hydrologic Aspects of Pollution Control at Vanderbilt University, sponsors
under project number 16130 FDQ by the Federal Water Quality Office of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
•a ,, Ponds*, Cooling*, Heat transfer*, Recirculated water*,
Thermal pollution*, Water temperature, Temperature, Thermal powerplants,
Mathematical models, United States, Geographic regions, Meteorology
i-b -,r , , Cooling ponds, Heat transfer coefficient, Equilibrium temperature,
Geographic variation
05G
19. Secutiir CUss.
Se- .rityC' s.
(Page)
21, No. of
i'-
Pt. e
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D. C. 2O24O
Edward L. Thackston
Vanderbilt University, Nashville. Tenn.
.-.OVE5NMENT
PRIM-IMP OFFICE 1574-697- /70,'7
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