EPA-660/2-74-085
DECEMBER 1974
                       Environmental  Protection Technology Series
Effect of Geographical  Variation
on  Performance  of Recirculating
Cooling  Ponds
                                    National Environmental Research Center
                                     Office of Research and Development
                                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                            Corvallis, Oregon 97330

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                      RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into
five series.  These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology.  Elimination of traditional  grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in
related fields.  The five series are:

          1.   Environmental Health Effects Research
          2.   Environmental Protection  Technology
          3.   Ecological Research
          4.   Environmental Monitoring
          5.   Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY STUDIES series.  This series  describes research
performed to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment
and methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from
point and non-point sources of pollution.  This work provides the
new or improved technology required for  the control  and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.

This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development, EPA, and approved for publication.  Approval  does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does  mention
of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.

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                                            EPA-660/2-74-085
                                            November 1974
  EFFECT OF  GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION ON PERFORMANCE

          OF RECIRCULATING COOLING PONDS
                 Edward L. Thackston
                 Grant No. R-800613
               Program Element  1BA032
                 ROAP 21AJH/Task  12
                   Project Officer

                   Bruce Tichenor
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
      National  Environmental Research Center
              Corvallis, Oregon  97330
      NATIONAL  ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
        OFFICE  OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
       U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGENCY
             CORVALLIS, OREGON    97330
    for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
            Washington, D.C. 20402 - Stock No. 5501-00985

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                             ABSTRACT
The energy budget approach to cooling ponds has been outlined and
applied to closed cycle, recirculating cooling ponds.   Monthly average
weather data from 88 stations throughout the U.S.  were used to calculate
equilibrium temperatures, heat exchange coefficients,  and the average
temperature of various sized ponds receiving the effluent from a
standard power plant of 1000-mw capacity, both for average and extreme
weather conditions.  The data for each station is  shown on a separate
chart, and the variation of these results across the U.S. is depicted
by a series of 38 maps of the U.S., with contours  connecting equal
values of the parameters.  The results may also be used to estimate
cooling pond performance for other sized power plants  and other sized
ponds.

The maps disclose variations across the U.S., on a given date, of up
to 55°F difference in pond temperatures.  Increase of  pond temperature
over equilibrium is greater in winter than in summer.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Project Number 16130 FDQ,
Grant Number R-800613, by Vanderbilt University, Center for Research
and Training in the Hydraulic and Hydrologic Aspects of Pollution
Control, under the sponsorship of the Environmental  Protection Agency.
Work was completed as of May 1974.

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                            Page
ABSTRACT                                                     ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS                 .                             iv
LIST OF FIGURES                                               v
LIST OF TABLES                                              xii
INTRODUCTION                                                  1
DATA TO BE PRESENTED                                          3
     The Standard Plant                                       3
     Equilibrium Temperature                                  3
     Surface Heat Exchange Coefficient                        4
     Pond Temperature at Standard Plant                       4
METHODS OF CALCULATION                                        7
     Heat Budget                                              7
     Equilibrium Temperature                                 14
     Heat Exchange Coefficient                               15
     Pond Temperature                                        15
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION                                   17
RESULTS FOR EACH STATION                                     19
     Equilibrium Temperature                                 19
     Heat Exchange Coefficient                               19
     Mixed Pond Temperature                                  22
EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ON POND PERFORMANCE          25
     Accuracy of Contour Lines                               45
RELATION OF COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PLUG FLOW POND          46
REFERENCES                                                   49
APPENDIX A - WEATHER INFORMATION FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS     52
APPENDIX B - RESULTS OF COMPUTATIONS FOR
             INDIVIDUAL STATIONS                            142
APPENDIX C - COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM
             TEMPERATURES AND HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS    232
APPENDIX D - COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING MONTHLY
             TEMPERATURES FOR LOADED PONDS                  237

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                         ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report is issued under the aegis of the National Center for
Research and Training in the Hydraulic and Hydrologic Aspects of
Water Pollution Control at Vanderbilt University, sponsored under
project number 16130 FDQ by the Water Quality Office of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency.  The support of the Water Quality Office
and the help and encouragement of Frank Rainwater, Director of the
National Thermal Pollution Research Program, and Bruce Tichenor,
the project officer, is greatly appreciated.

The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of several res-
earch assistants who were of great value in the execution of this
project.  Larry Elliot was responsible for most of the data pro-
cessing.  Martha Cogbill helped with the programming and the pro-
duction of methods to calculate solar radiation and longwave
radiation.  Data plotting was performed by Larry Elliot and Julie
Hsieh, and Vita Rietveld and Ann Rees did the drafting.   Peggie Bush
and Carol Kniffen typed the final manuscript.
                               IV

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                           LIST OF FIGURES
No.                                                                Page

  1   ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION AS A FUNCTION OF SOLAR ALTITUDE
      FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS                                       9

  2   AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED RADIATION FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS
      AS A FUNCTION OF DAY OF YEAR                                  11

  3   EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VAPOR PRESSURE                       13

  4   SAMPLE DATA SHEET FOR METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION              20

  5   SAMPLE GRAPH OF RESULTS FOR A SINGLE STATION
              (NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE)                                21

  6   EFFECT OF POND SURFACE AREA ON MIXED POND TEMPERATURE FOR
      VARIOUS SEASONS UNDER NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS,
      NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE                                          24

  7   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
      AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS                                '    26

  8   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
      EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS                                    26

  9   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
      AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS                                    27

 10   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
      EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS                                    27

 11   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
      AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS                                    28

 12   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE FOR
      EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS                                    28

 13   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
      FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS                                29

 14   EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
      FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS                                29

 15   TIME (IN DAYS) THAT MONTHLY AVERAGE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE
      FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS IS ABOVE 75°F                  30

 16   DATE ON WHICH MONTHLY AVERAGE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE FOR
      AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS RISES THROUGH 60°F IN THE SPRING   30

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                     LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)


No.                                                                Page

 17   HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
      FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)              31

 18   HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
      FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)              31

 19   HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
      FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)              32

 20   HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JULY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
      FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)              32

 21   TEMPERATURE, IN °F OF 1000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                               33

 22   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              33

 23   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                               34

 24   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              34

 25   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                               35

 26   TEMPERATURE, IN CF, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              35

 27   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                               36

 28   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              36

 29   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                               37

 30   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              37

 31   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                               38

 32   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              38
                                 VI

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                     LIST OF FIGURES  (Continued)
No.                                                                Page
 33   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              39

 34   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                             39

 35   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              40

 36   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                             40

 37   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              41

 38   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                             41

 39   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              42

 40   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                             42

 41   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              43

 42   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                             43

 43   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
      NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                              44

 44   TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
      EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS                             44

 45   RESULTS FOR HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA  (AVERAGE CONDITIONS)         14.2

 46   RESULTS FOR MOBILE, ALABAMA                                  143

 47   RESULTS FOR PHOENIX, ARIZONA                                 144

 48   RESULTS FOR FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS                             145

 49   RESULTS FOR LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS                            146

 50   RESULTS FOR BURBANK, CALIFORNIA                              147
                                VII

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                    LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
51   RESULTS FOR FRESNO, CALIFORNIA                                148




52   RESULTS FOR OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA                               149




53   RESULTS FOR DENVER, COLORADO                                  15°




54   RESULTS FOR GRAND JUNCTION, COLORODO                          151




55   RESULTS FOR HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT (AVERAGE CONDITIONS)        152




56   RESULTS FOR WILMINGTON, DELAWARE                              153




57   RESULTS FOR WASHINGTON, D.C.                                  154




58   RESULTS FOR JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA                             155




59   RESULTS FOR MIAMI, FLORIDA                                    156




60   RESULTS FOR TAMPA, FLORIDA                                    157




61   RESULTS FOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA                                  158




62   RESULTS FOR BOISE, IDAHO                                      159




63   RESULTS FOR CHICAGO, ILLINOIS                                 160




64   RESULTS FOR SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS                             161




65   RESULTS FOR EVANSVILLE, INDIANA                               162




66   RESULTS FOR INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA                             163




67   RESULTS FOR SOUTH  BEND, INDIANA                               164




68   RESULTS FOR DES MOINES, IOWA                                  165




69   RESULTS FOR SIOUX  CITY, IOWA                                  166




70   RESULTS FOR DODGE  CITY, KANSAS                                167




71   RESULTS FOR TOPEKA, KANSAS                                    168




72   RESULTS FOR LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY                               169




73   RESULTS FOR LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY                              170




74   RESULTS FOR NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA                            171
                                viii

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                     LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No.
                                                                   Page
 75   RESULTS FOR SHREVEPORT, LOUISIANA                            172




 76   RESULTS FOR CARIBOU, MAINE                                   173




 77   RESULTS FOR PORTLAND, MAINE                                  174




 78   RESULTS FOR BALTIMORE, MARYLAND                              175




 79   RESULTS FOR BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS                            176




 80   RESULTS FOR DETROIT, MICHIGAN                                177




 81   RESULTS FOR MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN                               178




 82   RESULTS FOR SAULT STE. MARIE, MICHIGAN                       179




 83   RESULTS FOR DULUTH, MINNESOTA                                180




 84   RESULTS FOR MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA                  181




 85   RESULTS FOR JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI                             182




 86   RESULTS FOR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI                              183




 87   RESULTS FOR SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI                            184




 88   RESULTS FOR BILLINGS, MONTANA                                185




 89   RESULTS FOR HELENA, MONTANA                                  186




 90   RESULTS FOR NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA                           187




 91   RESULTS FOR OMAHA, NEBRASKA                                  188




 92   RESULTS FOR ELKO, NEVADA                                     189




 93   RESULTS FOR LAS VEGAS, NEVADA                                190




 94   RESULTS FOR RENO, NEVADA                                     191




 95   RESULTS FOR CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE                           192




 96   RESULTS FOR NEWARK, NEW JERSEY                               193




 97   RESULTS FOR ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO                          194






                                 ix

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                     LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
 98   RESULTS FOR ALBANY, NEW YORK                                  19S




 99   RESULTS FOR BUFFALO, NEW YORK                                 196




100   RESULTS FOR NEW YORK, NEW YORK                                197




101   RESULTS FOR CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA                         198




102   RESULTS FOR WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA                        199




103   RESULTS FOR BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA                            200




104   RESULTS FOR CLEVELAND, OHIO                                   201




105   RESULTS FOR COLUMBUS, OHIO                                    202




106   RESULTS FOR OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA                           203




107   RESULTS FOR ASTORIA, OREGON (AVERAGE CONDITIONS)              204




108   RESULTS FOR PENDLETON, OREGON                                 205




109   RESULTS FOR PORTLAND, OREGON                                  206




110   RESULTS FOR AVOCA, PENNSYLVANIA  (AVERAGE CONDITIONS)          207




111   RESULTS FOR PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA                        208




112   RESULTS FOR SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA                            209




113   RESULTS FOR CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA                        210




114   RESULTS FOR COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA                          211




115   RESULTS FOR GREER, SOUTH CAROLINA (AVERAGE CONDITIONS)        212




 116   RESULTS FOR HURON, SOUTH DAKOTA                               213




 117   RESULTS FOR RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA                          214




 118   RESULTS FOR KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE                              215




 119   RESULTS FOR MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE                                216




120   RESULTS FOR NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE                              217

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                     LIST OF FIGURES  (Continued)






No.                                                                Page




121   RESULTS FOR  BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS                              218




122   RESULTS FOR DALLAS, TEXAS                                    219




123   RESULTS FOR EL PASO, TEXAS                                   220




124   RESULTS FOR HOUSTON, TEXAS                                   221




125   RESULTS FOR SALT  LAKE CITY, UTAH                             222




126   RESULTS FOR BURLINGTON, VERMONT (AVERAGE CONDITIONS)         223




127   RESULTS FOR NORFOLK, VIRGINIA                                224




128   RESULTS FOR ROANOKE, VIRGINIA                                225




129   RESULTS FOR SEATTLE, WASHINGTON                             226




130   RESULTS FOR SPOKANE, WASHINGTON                             227




131   RESULTS FOR HUNTINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA (AVERAGE CONDITIONS)   228




132   RESULTS FOR GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN                             229




133   RESULTS FOR CASPER, WYOMING                                  230
                                   XI

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                        LIST OF TABLES
 1   EQUATIONS FOR AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION
     (BTU/SQ FT-HR)  FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS                       10

 2   EQUATIONS USED FOR CALCULATIONS OF CONSTANT 3 IN
     EQUATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION                            12

 3   RATIO OF AREA REQUIRED BY PLUG -FLOW POND TO THAT
     REQUIRED BY COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PRODUCE EQUIVALENT
     COOLING UNDER SAME CONDITIONS                                 47

 4   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA                   52

 5   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MOBILE, ALABAMA (13894)                53

 6   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PHOENIX, ARIZONA (23183)               54

 7   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS (13964)          55

 8   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS (13963)         56

 9   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BURBANK, CALIFORNIA (23152)           57

10   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR FRESNO, CALIFORNIA (93193)            58

11   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA (23230)           59

12   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DENVER, COLORADO 923062)               60

13   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO (23066)      61

14   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT                 62

15   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR WILMINGTON, DELAWARE (13781)          63

16   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR WASHINGTON, D.C. (13743)               64

17   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA (93837)         65

18   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MIAMI, FLORIDA (12839)                 66

19   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR TAMPA, FLORIDA (12842)                 67

20   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA (13874)               68

21   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BOISE, IDAHO (24131)                  69
                                xn

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                    LIST OF TABLES  (Continued)






No-                                                                Page




 23   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS (93822)          71




 24   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR EVANSVILLE, INDIANA  (93817)           72




 25   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA  (93819)         73




 26   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SOUTH BEND, INDIANA  (14848)           74




 27   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DES MOINES, IOWA  (14933)              75




 28   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SIOUX CITY, IOWA  (14943)              76




 29   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DODGE CITY, KANSAS  (13985)            77




 30   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR TOPEKA, KANSAS  (13996)                78




 31   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY  (93820)           79




 32   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY (93821)          80




 33   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA (12916)        81




 34   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SHREVEPORT, LOUISIANA  (13957)         82




 35   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CARIBOU, MAINE  (14607)                83




 36   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PORTLAND, MAINE  (14764)               84




 37   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BALTIMORE, MARYLAND  (93821)           85




 38   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS  (14739)         86




 39   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DETROIT, MICHIGAN (14822)             87




 40   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN  (14880)            88




 41   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SAULT STE. MARIE, MICHIGAN  (14847)    89




 42   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR DULUTH, MINNESOTA (14913)             90




 43   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL,  MINN. (14922)   91




 44   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI (13956)          92




 45   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI  (13994)           93




 46   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI  (13995)         94
                                 x i i i

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                  LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
47   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BILLINGS, MONTANA (24033)              95




48   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR HELENA, MONTANA (24144)                96




49   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA  (24023)         97




50   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR OMAHA, NEBRASKA (14942)                98




51   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ELKO, NEVADA (24121)                   99




52   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR LAS VEGAS, NEVADA (23169)            100




53   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR RENO, NEVADA (23185)                 101




54   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CONCORD, NEW HAMPSHIRE  (14745)       102




55   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NEWARK, NEW JERSEY  (14734)           103




56   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO  (23050)      104




57   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ALBANY, NEW YORK (14735)             105




58   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BUFFALO, NEW YORK   (14733)           106




59   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR NEW YORK, NEW YORK  (14732)           107




60   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA  (13881)    108




61   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA  (13748)   109




62   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA  (24011)       110




63   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CLEVELAND, OHIO (14820)              111




64   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR COLUMBUS, OHIO (14821)               m




65   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA  (13967)      113




66   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR ASTORIA, OREGON                      114




67   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PENDLETON, OREGON (24155)            115




68   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR PORTLAND, OREGON (24229)             115




69   WEATHER INFORMATION FOR AVOCA, PENNSYLVANIA                  117
                                XIV

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                   LIST OF TABLES  (Continued)






No.                                                                Page




 70   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR PHILADELPHIA,  PENNSYLVANIA           118




 71   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR SCRANTON,  PENNSYLVANIA  (14777)       119




 72   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR CHARLESTON,  SOUTH CAROLINA  (13880)   120




 73   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR COLUMBIA,  SOUTH CAROLINA  (13883)     121




 74   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR GREER,  SOUTH CAROLINA                122




 75   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR HURON,  SOUTH DAKOTA  (14936)          123




 76   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR RAPID CITY,  SOUTH DAKOTA  (24090)     124




 77   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE (13891)         125




 78   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE (13893)           126




 79   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE (13897)         127




 80   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS (12919)           128




 81   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR DALLAS, TEXAS  (13960)                129




 82   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR EL PASO, TEXAS (23044)              130




 83   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR HOUSTON, TEXAS (12918)               131




 84   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR SALT LAKE  CITY, UTAH (24127)         132




 85   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR BURLINGTON,  VERMONT                  133




 86   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR NORFOLK, VIRGINIA (13737)            134




 87   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR ROANOKE, VIRGINIA (13741)            135




 88   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR SEATTLE, WASHINGTON  (24233)          136




 89   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR SPOKANE, WASHINGTON  (24157)          137




 90   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR HUNTINGTON,  WEST VIRGINIA           138




 91   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR GREEN BAY, WISCONSIN (14898)         139




 92   WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR CASPER, WYOMING (24089)              140
                                   XV

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                               INTRODUCTION
The use of recirculating ponds for  cooling heated  condenser  water before
reuse at large electric generating  stations will probably be much more
common in the future than it  is now.   Stricter water  quality standards,
increased pressure from state and federal regulatory  agencies  and the
public, greater amounts of heat to  be  dissipated at a single location
because of larger modern generating stations, are  all combining to make
this trend inevitable.

Heated condenser water may be cooled for reuse by  dry cooling  towers,
wet cooling towers, or cooling ponds.  The dry cooling tower depends
almost solely on conduction for heat dissipation,  and the wet  cooling
tower depends almost solely on evaporation.  Both  involve high capital
costs, although wet cooling towers  are considerably cheaper  than  dry
towers.

Cooling ponds dissipate heat by radiation, evaporation, and  conduction.
By relying less heavily on evaporation, they do not consume  as much
water as towers for the dissipation of the excess  heat.  However, by not
having a forced draft, either structurally or mechanically induced, they
require much greater areas.   In localities where sufficient  area  is
available, cooling ponds frequently are the cheapest  and simplest method
for cooling water before reuse or discharge to a receiving stream.

The question of whether the effluent from a cooling pond should be reused
or discharged to the stream from which it came is  a complex question
involving such things as availability  of sufficient water, temperature
rise  Cand fall) standards, mixing zones, pumping heads and arrangements,
salt buildup in recirculating ponds, and the differences in plant
efficiency when using water at the  pond temperature as compared to the
efficiency when using water directly from a stream at what will usually
be a  lower temperature.  In many locations, sufficient water is simply
not available to allow discharge of the pond effluent back to the stream.
In these cases, recirculating ponds must be used.
Even when sufficient water may be available, the factors listed above,
along with other local factors, generally dictate  that cooling ponds at
large generating stations be  of the recirculating  type.  The decision may
be to accept the slightly higher intake temperatures  and lower plant
efficiency rather than to be  forced to gamble on consistently varying
conditions of stream flow, stream temperature, and meteorological condi-
tions .
The design of cooling ponds is sometimes based on rules of thumb, such as
1 to  2 acres per megawatt of  installed capacity, or 75 to 150 BTU of heat
loss per hour per square foot coupled  with engineering judgment and
experience.  However, rational design  should be based on the total energy
budget, since regional or local meteorological conditions can greatly
influence the rate of heat transfer, and, thus, the size of ponds
necessary to produce a given  cooling effect.
Many references are available in the literature on the energy budget
approach to heat transfer calculations, and some give illustrative
examples.  However, none provide the engineer with a  quick estimate of
pond size and performance for a specific location  necessary to make

-------
preliminary feasibility determinations, or to check the reasonableness
of calculations.  This is the purpose of the present investigation.  Cal-
culated energy budget data will be presented for sites representing the
entire contiguous United States.
A consultant or a power company may use this data to determine approxi-
mate pond sizes necessary to produce a specified cooling effect or plant
intake temperature at a given site; to investigate the effect on pond
size of different cooling requirements; to determine the influence of
season on pond performance; to estimate the effect of different geomet-
rical configurations; and to estimate the effect of possible alternate
sites.
The engineer for a regulatory agency can use this data as an independent
check on the reasonableness and/or adequacy of proposed designs which he
is charged with reviewing,  by determining or estimating the same param-
eters of performance.
This report is similar to an earlier report (1)  which presented data and
results on once-through cooling ponds,  i.e.,  ponds used to cool heated
condenser water before discharge back to the stream.   Some of the text
of this report, especially the background material on the heat budget
and methods of calculation and the tabulation of meteorological variables
used, are identical to that contained in the earlier report.   In addition,
the top halves of the figures presenting results from individual weather
stations on the variation of equilibrium temperature and heat exchange
coefficient throughout the  year are identical to those in the earlier
report.  This arrangement is considered necessary in order that this
report  may be complete within itself and not  depend on the earlier report
for explanation of the results contained in this report.

-------
                         DATA TO BE PRESENTED


In the design of  a recirculating cooling pond,  the  critical dependent
variable, and the usual basis of comparison  of  all  alternatives, is cost.
However, the total cost involves many factors,  such as plant efficiency
changes with changing  condenser water intake temperature,  land costs,
pumping costs,  and many others.  Since the object of this  report is to
study and report  on  the effects of geographical  variation  only, as em-
bodied in the local  meteorological conditions,  comparisons must be made
for a given situation, i.e.,  a given  heat  load  or "standard plant."  The
"standard plant"  selected  will be  described  below.

For a given plant and  given cost factors,  the key dependent variable from
an engineering  standpoint  is  the pond temperature or plant intake tempera-
ture.  This will  be  a  function of  pond size  (bringing  in the land cost
factor) and will  influence the plant  efficiency (thus  bringing in the power
cost factor).   In addition to pond size,  the plant  intake  temperature will
be a function of  pond  shape,  season of the year, geographical location,
and variation of  meteorological variables  at a  given site.
For comparative purposes,  a completely mixed pond will be  used, and the
pond temperature  will  be  calculated for each month  of  the  year at each of
88 sites, for three  different sizes of ponds,  and for  both "normal"
 (average) meteorological  conditions and "extreme" heating  conditions
 (those meteorological  conditions  conducive to  excess heating which occur
with some predetermined  critical  frequency).
 In order to help  explain  the pattern  of variation of pond  temperatures
 throughout the  year  and  across the country,  and in  order to present data
which  can be used to estimate cooling pond performance and requirements
 for ponds serving plants  different from the  standard plant, two other
parameters were calculated for  each month at each site for both normal
 and extreme meteorological conditions.  These  were  the equilibrium temper-
 ature  and the heat  exchange coefficient, which  are  also  explained below.

 The Standard Plant
 The standard plant  assumed for all calculations was of 1000-megawatt
 capacity.  The  flow  of cooling water  was 1350  cfs,  and the temperature
 rise  across  the condensers was  15°F.   This is  equivalent  to  a plant
 efficiency  of  37 to  38 percent.   The  exact efficiency, given  these param-
 eters,  would be a function of the  thermodynamic efficiency and  the  amount
 of heat  lost through the walls  of the boilers,  through the stack,  etc.
 The  heat  rejection  rate  in the  condenser cooling water from the standard
 plant  was  thus  6.06  x 109 BTU/hr,  or 1.46 x 10lT BTU/day.

 Equilibrium  Temperature
 The equilibrium temperature is  the temperature to which a body of water
 would eventually come if exposed to constant meteorological conditions.
 It is,  therefore, a function of the particular conditions at a given lo-
 cation.   A body of water not at  the equilibrium temperature will tend to
 approach equilibrium asymptotically.   The equilibrium temperature will
 vary throughout the-day and throughout the year as the solar radiation,
 air temperature,  wind speed, and other meteorological variables vary.
 A very shallow body of water will  vary widely in temperature during the

-------
day as it follows the changing equilibrium temperature.  However, the
heat content of water is so great that the temperature of large, deep
bodies of water does not fluctuate greatly during the day.  Thus, average
daily conditions are reasonably descriptive for large bodies of water,
and the equilibrium temperature may be calculated on an average daily
basis.
The temperature of natural water bodies continually approaches the equi-
librium temperature but lags behind any changes.  It is usually very close
to equilibrium during the summer and winter, but is lower during the
spring as the equilibrium temperature rises rapidly, and higher during the
fall as the equilibrium temperature falls rapidly.

Surface Heat Exchange Coefficient^

An isolated body of water not at equilibrium will approach equilibrium at
a rate approximately proportional to the difference between actual surface
temperature and equilibrium temperature (the forcing function), and to a
rate constant which is a function of meteorological conditions (the heat
exchange coefficient).  This can be expressed as


                           f = - K
-------
Since the object of this work is to compare the influence of location on
cooling pond performance, a standard pond configuration will be assumed.
This standard configuration should be as simple as possible, in order to
facilitate comparison of conditions.  Therefore, a completely mixed pond
was assumed.  Most one-cell ponds approach this condition in practice.
For this simple configuration, Raphael's approach (6), calculating each
individual energy transfer component, can be easily used.  In addition,
this approach allows one to tabulate the heat transfer due to different
mechanisms under different conditions,  and thereby to determine the effect
of meteorological conditions on  the individual mechanisms.

-------
                         METHODS OF CALCULATION


Heat Budget

The net, or total  surface heat  exchange, Ht, of a body of water is

                        Ht =  Hs  + Ha + »b + He  + Hc                    C2)

where Hs is the absorbed solar  radiation, Ha is the absorbed longwave
atmospheric radiation,  Hb is the  longwave back radiation of the water body
to space, He  is the heat lost by  evaporation,  and Hc  is the heat gained or
lost by conduction.   The individual terms will be defined so that they are
positive when heat is being  gained by the water body  and negative when
heat is being lost by the water body.   Since all the  signs in Equation 2
are positive, the  same  convention will  hold for the net surface heat ex-
change, Ht.

Calculation of individual components of the heat budget generally followed
the procedures outlined by Raphael (6). Much  of his  methodology was, in
turn, derived from the  Lake  Hefner Studies of  the U.  S. Geological Survey
reported by Anderson  (7).  Certain modifications to Raphael's procedure
had to be made, however, to  adapt it to machine computation.  The calcu-
lation procedure was  designed to  require only  the standard information
tabulated by  the weather bureau -  temperature, relative humidity, wind
speed, and cloud cover, plus the  location of the site and the time of year.

Solar Radiation -  Several tabulations  or graphs of average daily solar
radiation as  a function of  latitude  and time of year  are available (8,9,
10) .  Differences  among them are  generally in  the order of 5 percent, but
may be as much as  20  percent of the  low values experienced in December
and January.  All  three of  these  references give only average daily
incident radiation.   Absorbed radiation,  however, is  incident radiation
minus reflected radiation.   There is  no simple way  to calculate the  re-
flected radiation  from  these data, because the fraction reflected is a
function of  solar  altitude,  which varies throughout  the day.  The average
 solar altitude varies throughout  the year,  and the  reflectivity is not a
 linear  function of solar altitude.
The use  of Raphael's  calculation procedure allows reflected  radiation to
be calculated easily, and a  set of tables or  curves  similar  to  those in
 the references above  can be  constructed, but  for  actual  absorbed radiation,
not  just  incident  radiation.  It also will allow separation  of  direct and
 diffuse  solar radiation for  those situations  where  shading of part of the
water  surface is  significant.  Furthermore,  the  use of Raphael's procedure
will allow calculation of radiation variation during the day.

 The  altitude  of the  sun above the horizon was calculated from the  equation

                   sin a =  sin <)> sin 5  + cos (j> cos 6  cos h            (3)
 where  a  is the  solar  altitude,  is  the latitude of the site, 6 is_the
 declination  of the sun, and h is the hour angle of the sun,  which is
 positive before noon  and negative after noon.
 An equation  for  6  was fitted to data from a current  solar ephemeris by a
 non-linear  least  squares method derived by Marquardt  (11).  Thackston,

-------
et al.  (12),  outlined its use in hydraulic and environmental engineering
problems.  The equation is
                   6 = -23.28 cos[(2Trday/365)  + 0.164]                 (4)

where day is  the day of the year.
Raphael tabulated the total radiation (direct  solar radiation plus diffuse,
or sky, radiation) on a horizontal surface as  a function of solar altitude,
taken from the tables prepared by Moon (13)  from U. S.  Weather Bureau data.

Reflected solar radiation is a function of solar altitude, being greatest
at the low altitudes.  It is also a function of sky condition, being greater
for clear skies than for overcast skies at low solar altitudes, and the
reverse at high solar altitudes.  However, the differences are negligible
except at low solar altitudes, where the total radiation is very small
anyway, and at high solar altitudes, which are rarely reached in the U.S.
Therefore, the curve of average reflectivity as a function of solar alti-
tude was applied to the total radiation tabulated by Raphael to obtain the
net absorbed radiation as a function of solar  altitude.  A simple polynomial
was fitted     to the data by nonlinear least  squares methods to produce
the equation
             H  = 2.044a + 0.1296a2 - 0.0019a3 + 0.0000076a4          (5)
              o
where Ho is the absorbed solar radiation for clear sky_ in BTU per square
foot per hour.  The standard error of this equation was 2.01.  The fit of
the equation to the data is shown in Figure 1.  The absorbed solar radia-
tion for other sky conditions was calculated from the equation

                          H  = (1 - 0.0071 C2)H0                      (6)
where Hs is the actual absorbed solar radiation, and C is the cloud cover,
in tenths of sky.

The procedure described above will calculate only the instantaneous radia-
tion at a particular time.  The instantaneous  radiation may be assumed to
represent the average radiation over a given time increment, but above an
increment of three or four hours, the accuracy is unacceptable, due to the
cyclic variation of radiation throughout the day.  For longer averaging
periods, a different procedure is required.  Since this project used the
day as the working time period, values of total daily radiation were com-
puted for every tenth day of the year for every degree of latitude from
25° to 46°.  The radiation intensity was computed by the procedure outlined
above for every six minutes throughout the day and the total daily radia-
tion was obtained by numerical integration.  The total was divided by 24
to obtain average daily radiation values in BTU per square foot per hour.
For each latitude, an equation was fitted to the calculated values by
non-linear least squares procedures.  The resulting equations are tabu-
lated in Table 1.  An example of the fit of three of the equations to the
calculated data is shown in Figure 2.  The equations were all inserted
into the computer program for the heat budget, along with a procedure to
select the equation for the latitude closest to the latitude of the site.
The program also included provisions for calculating the instantaneous
solar radiation, if conditions at a particular hour are desired.

The values of absorbed solar radiation calculated by this method are, of

-------
    350
o:
                     •H  = 2.044of- 0.1296a2
                         - 0.001941 or 0.000007591 a4
                 20      40      60       80
             SOLAR ALTITUDE - DEGREES
         FIGURE 1 - ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION AS A FUNCTION
           OF SOLAR ALTITUDE FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS

-------
    TABLE 1 - EQUATIONS FOR AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED SOLAR RADIATION
                 (BTU/sq ft-hr) FOR CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS
Lati-
tude
26

27
28

29
30

31
32

33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Equation
H =
0
HQ =
H =
o
Ho =
H =
o
H =
o
H =
o
H =
0
H =
0
H =
o
H =
0
H =
0
H =
o
H =
o
H =
0
H =
o
H =
0
H =
o
H =
o
H =
o
H =
o
80

79
78

77
76

76
75

74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
61
60
.155 -

.371 -
.566 -

.604 -
.655 -

.041 -
.060 -

.046 -
.161 -
.248 -
.390 -
.394 -
.350 -
.362 -
.281 -
.240 -
.197 -
.113 -
.010 -
.911 -
.782 -
29

30
31

32
33

34
35

35
36
37
38
39
40
40
41
42
43
43
44
45
45
.207 x

.236 x
.219 x

.145 x
.156 x

.133 x
.194 x

.938 x
.834 x
.699 x
.598 x
.413 x
.188 x
.982 x
.706 x
.442 x
.128 x
.788 x
.471 x
.020 x
.639 x
sin[2x3.

sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.

sin [2x3.
sin[2x3.

sin[2x3.
sin [2x3.

sin[2x3.
sin [2x3 .
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin [2x3 .
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3.
sin [2x3.
sin [2x3 .
sin[2x3.
sin[2x3 .
sin[2x3 .
sin[2x3.
14159

14159
14159

14159
14159

14159
14159

14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
14159
x

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
day/366

day/366
day/366

day/366
day/366

day/ 366
day/ 366

day/ 366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/366
day/ 366
day/366
day/ 366
day/366
.+1.679]

.+1.713]
.+1.710]

.+1.740]
.+1.728]

.+1.694]
.+1.737]

.+1.734]
.+1.727]
.+1.738]
. + 1.721]
.+1.730]
.+1.741]
.+1.739]
.+1.742]
.+1.736]
-+1.740]
.+1.739]
.+1.739]
.+1.740]
.+1.735]
Standard
Error
2.76

2.40
2.33

2.10
2.02

2.21
1.85

1.61
1.52
1.32
1.32
1.07
0.86
0.73
0.61
0.58
0-54
0.63
0-76 -
0.93
1.16
course,  less  than the  values  of  incident  radiation  given  by references 8,
9, and 10.   If an approximate reflectivity  coefficient  (between 5 and 10
percent)  is applied to the  other data,  however,  approximate comparisons
can be made.   Following this  procedure, it  is  found that  Koberg's (8)
curves produce values  about 5 BTU/sq  ft-hour greater than these data
throughout  the year.   Langhaar's (10)  data  substantially  agrees with or
is very slightly greater than Koberg's.   The curves of  Harmon,  Weiss, and
Wilson (9)  produce values that are  5  to 8 BTU/sq ft-hour  greater than this
data during the winter, but up to 3 BTU/sq  ft-hour  lower  during the summer.
There is substantial  agreement during the spring and fall.  These differ-
ences are within the  range  of accuracy of the  measurement devices used to
record solar radiation and  probably reflect the  different measurement
                                   10

-------
            JAN | FEBI MAPI APR | MAY IJUNEIJULY I AUG  I SEPT I OCT I NOV I DEC
                            120       180      240
                        TIME (  DAY OF   THE   YEAR )
             300
                                         360
                FIGURE  2 - AVERAGE DAILY ABSORBED RADIATION
           FOR  CLEAR  SKY CONDITIONS AS A FUNCTION OF DAY  OF  YEAR

approaches and instrumentation used by different workers.
Atmospheric Radiation - Longwave  atmospheric radiation is a function of
many variables, including the distribution of temperature, moisture, car-
bon dioxide, ozone and other constituents throughout the entire air col-
umn over a site.  However, since  not all these data are normally available,
Anderson (1954) proposed the following empirical relationship:
H  = aS(T  + 460)
 3.       Si
(1 -  u)
                                                                      (7)
in which Ha is the longwave atmospheric radiation in BTU/square foot per
hour; a is the Stephan-Boltzmann constant = 1.714 x 10~9 BTU/hr-sq ft-
deg4] 6 is a constant which is a function of the height and type of cloud
cover and the atmospheric vapor pressure, ea, in inches of Hg; Ta is the
air temperature, in degrees Rankine; and oj is the reflectivity of the
water surface, usually taken as 0.03.  Raphael converted Anderson's fig-
ures and data to a single graph of 0 vs . ea, with straight lines repre-
senting various values of cloud cover.
This graph was adapted for machine computation by writing an  equation of
the form
                              6 = a + b e                              (8)
                                     11

-------
where a and b are constants, for each value of cloud cover, and  instructing
the computer to pick the correct equation, based on the value of cloud  cover
read as data.  The eleven equations used are tabulated in Table  2..

         TABLE 2 - EQUATIONS USED FOR CALCULATION OF CONSTANT 3
                  IN EQUATION FOR ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION
Cloud Cover
(tenths)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Equation
3 = 0.74 +0.15 ea
3 - 0.75 +0.15 ea
3 = 0.76 +0.15 ea
3 = 0.77 +0.143 ea
3 = 0.783 + 0.138 ea
3 = 0.793 + 0.137 ea
3 = 0.80 + 0.135 ea
3 = 0.81 +0.13 ea
3 = 0.825 + 0.12 ea
3 = 0.845 + 0.105 ea
3 = 0.866 +0.09 ea
The vapor pressure of the air is calculated from the relative humidity, R,
and the saturated vapor pressure.  The vapor pressure of ambient air is
equal to the saturated vapor pressure at the wet bulb temperature.  The wet
bulb temperature, Twt>, in °F, may be calculated from the relative humidity
and air temperature by the equation
                        T   = (0.655 + 0.36 R)  T
                         wb   v              J   a
                                                (9)
Equation 9 is accurate up to a relative humidity of approximately 95 per-
cent.

An equation for the saturated vapor pressure,  es,  was obtained by fitting
an exponential equation to values of es and temperature by the non-linear
least squares procedure.  The resulting equation,  for es in inches of mer-
cury, is
= exp[17.62 - 9501/(T
                                            ,
                                                460)]
(10)
The standard error of prediction of Equation 10 is  0.00335.   The fit of the
equation to the data is shown in Figure 3.

Since the reflectivity of the water surface to longwave radiation is 0.03
the absorbed longwave radiation can then be calculated as
                      H  = 1.66 x 10~96(T  + 460)4
                       a                 a
                                               (11)
Back Radiation - Back radiation from the body of water to space is calcu-
lated as
                                   12

-------
CO
       30      50      70       90     NO
               TEMPERATURE-°F
      FIGURE 3 - EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VAPOR PRESSURE
                      13

-------
                         Hb - -0.97 a(Tw + 460)k                      (12)

where Hb is in BTU per square foot per hour, 0.97 is the emissivity of the
water surface, and Tw is the temperature of the water surface in °F.

Evaporation - Evaporation is calculated from the formula

                           H  = -C U(e  - e )                         (13)
                            e       ^ vi    aj

where C is an empirical constant which depends on the size, shape, and
exposure of the water body, and on the location of the wind speed measure-
ment, and varies from stream to reservoir conditions.  U is the wind  speed
in miles per hour, ew, is the saturated vapor pressure of the air at  the
temperature of the water surface, in inches of Hg, and ea is the vapor
pressure in the air in inches of Hg.

Equation 10 was used to calculate ew by substituting Tw for Twb-  C was
set  equal to 13.9 for this study.  This is approximately equal to the co-
efficient determined from the Lake Hefner studies, adjusted for the units
used.  However, it should be realized that C will vary somewhat from  sit-
uation to situation, depending on local conditions.
Conduction - Heat conducted through the water surface was calculated  as

                        II  = 0.00543 U P(T  - T )                     (14)
                         c              ^ a    w^                     ^  J

where P is the atmospheric pressure in inches of mercury, which is calcu-
lated as

                                    29 92
                        p =           '
                        f
                                     32.15 E
                                 1545  CTa + 460)

 in which E  is the elevation of the site in feet.

 Equilibrium Temperature

 The equilibrium temperature was determined by calculating H-j- for an assumed
 equilibrium temperature and then correcting it until Equation 1 is satis-
 fied.  In this case, Tw - Te becomes the correction to the assumed temper-
 ature.  The heat exchange coefficient is calculated for each iteration as
 described below.  The calculation procedure converges rapidly, and when
 the correction became less than 0.1°F, the calculation was terminated.
 When this occurred,  H^- was generally less than ±3.0 BTU per square foot
 per day.
 This method of calculation, while indirect and slower than the direct cal-
 culation proposed by Edinger and Geyer (3), is more accurate because it
 avoids the approximations necessary in their procedure.  They were forced
 to approximate the expressions for heat loss due to back radiation and
 for vapor pressure by linear equations in order to solve the total heat
budget equation for Te.
                                   14

-------
Heat Exchange Coefficient

The expression given by Edinger and Geyer for the heat exchange coefficient
is

                   K = 15.7 +  CO.01025 + n) (333 U)                    (16)

when converted to the units used in this paper, where n is the slope of
the vapor pressure vs. temperature curve, and U is the wind velocity in
miles per hour.  Certain approximations had to be made in order to define
a linear heat exchange coefficient.  However, Edinger and Geyer made a
further linearization of the vapor pressure curve into segments of
straight lines which introduces further inaccuracies and computational
difficulty.  This was found to be unnecessary in this study.

The slope of the vapor pressure curve can be found exactly at any tempera-
ture by differentiating the equation for saturated vapor pressure as a
function of temperature.  This gives
 9501            ,,  ,„       9501
	—  exp   17.62	pp-
                         460)       L          Tw + 460)
                                                                       (17)
In this  study, Te  and K were computed at the same time.  A new K was com-
puted  for  each iteration by Equation 16, using the previously determined
temperature.  The  final K was computed after Te had been determined with-
in 0.1°F-  Since K is a function of water temperature, it should be noted
that the value of  K presented is only for the equilibrium temperature at
that site  for the  same time.  The actual value of K for a given pond
depends  on the temperature of the pond at that time.  Since the pond tem-
perature is higher than the equilibrium temperature (except possibly
during the fall when the equilibrium temperature is falling rapidly) due
to the added heat  load from the plant, the actual value of K will be
slightly higher than the value presented.  However, the values of K
presented  for the  equilibrium temperature are still useful for comparative
purposes,  because  the change in K due to a given rise in pond temperature
above  equilibrium  will be the same for each site.

A printout of the  computer program used for calculating equilibrium tem-
perature and heat  exchange coefficients is shown in Appendix C.

Pond Temperature
The temperature of completely mixed cooling ponds of various sizes re-
ceiving  a  discharge from the standard plant was computed for each month
of the year at each site for both normal and extreme meteorological con-
ditions.   The values of meteorological variables used were monthly
averages,  for reasons explained in the following section.  Solar radia-
tion was computed  for the middle day of each month.  The only pond
characteristic (other than hydraulic behavior, which is theoretically
comparable) which  was not varied was the depth.  In order to determine if
the depth  of the pond had a significant effect on the outlet temperature,
the pond temperature for Nashville, Tennessee, was calculated for pond
depths of  both 15  and 25 feet.  Based on the results, the depth is not a
                                  15

-------
critical variable, as the greatest difference in the pond temperature
caused by a 67 percent increase in depth was approximately 0.1°F, a
negligible difference probably caused by rounding errors in the computer
program.  Depth theoretically should have no effect because, as the depth
of a completely mixed pond is increased, so is the flow-through time.
It is assumed that 15 feet is sufficient deep so that all energy is
absorbed in the water column and does not reach the bottom sediments.

In the calculation procedure, the pond was assigned an arbitrary starting
temperature (which was the pond temperature from the previous month, once
the calculation procedure was underway) and was then subjected to the
condenser water flow from the standard plant and to constant meteorological
conditions representative of that month at that site for a series of four-
day increments.  The pond effluent temperature was assumed to be the mixed
pond temperature and the influent temperature was assumed to be 15°F
higher.  At the end of each time increment, the change in temperature was
computed and a new pond temperature determined.  The iteration continued
until the pond temperature stabilized.  This was taken as the average
effluent temperature for that month, and the program proceeded to the next
month.

The calculation procedure closely followed that of Raphael.  During any
iteration or calculation period, the water temperature was assumed to be
constant at the value calculated for the end of the previous iteration
for the purposes of calculating surface heat transfer.  When the calcula-
tions converged and the temperature correction became negligible, the
water temperature was the same as that of the previous period, so no error
was involved.

A printout of the computer program used to calculate pond temperatures is
shown in Appendix D.
                                  16

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                       METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
Meteorological information used in calculating the terms in the heat
budget was taken from the U. S. Weather Bureau's publication, "Local
Climatological Data, Annual Summary with Comparative Data," for the
various stations.

This publication presents the monthly averages and extremes of temperature,
degree days, relative humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and totals for
precipitation data for the current year, and compares them with means and
extremes.
The extreme conditions for monthly averages were derived from statistical
analysis of the data over approximately the same period of record by the
U. S. Weather Bureau's National Weather Records Center under contract with
Vanderbilt University.  The value used was the 10-percent value of the
weather variable (the monthly average exceeded, on the average, once in
10 years).  The 10-percent high values of temperature and relative
humidity and the 10-percent low values of wind speed and cloud cover were
used in order to obtain conditions conducive to maximum heating.

This study assumed that all four extreme conditions occurred simultaneously
(in the same month) to produce the extreme heating conditions.  Another
Weather Bureau publication, "Statistical Summary of Hourly Observations,"
shows that maxima in these conditions tend to occur together at many
stations and are usually associated with a stagnant high pressure system
in summer.  However, it is unlikely that all four 10-year extremes would
occur in the same month.  Therefore, the assumption of simultaneity
probably represents a safety factor.  The value of heating potential
calculated from these 10-year extremes would thus probably have a return
period somewhat greater than 10 years.
A trial computation using a month's data showed that the average of pond
temperatures computed using hourly meteorological data matched the tem-
perature computed using daily average values of data and that there was
no consistent over or under-estimation.  Once it has been determined that
neglecting the diurnal cycle will cause little or no consistent error in
computing the average temperature of large ponds of several days deten-
tion time, it is relatively easy to justify the use of monthly average
values of meteorological data.  This is so because the next shortest cycle
is the yearly cycle, whose influence is preserved by using monthly
averaging periods.  There is much more similarity between daily averages
and monthly averages than between hourly averages and daily averages
because there is no regular cycle with a length between one day and one
month to correspond to the diurnal cycle.

Because of the absence of a regular cycle between the daily cycle and the
yearly cycle, the average weather data for the middle day in.a month is
approximately the same as the monthly average data.  Thus, a curve
connecting the monthly average data will also represent daily averages.
Monthly average data was used in this study because it is more readily
available, but the curves for monthly average results can also be used to
find the daily average result to be expected (on the average).  This is


                                 17

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not true of the results for extreme heating conditions,  however.   Daily
extremes will be higher than monthly extremes.
                                 18

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                        RESULTS FOR EACH STATION
The meteorological information used for each station was tabulated on a
standard form, an example of which is shown as Figure 4.  The standard form
was used for several projects and included a column for precipitation, which
was not used in this study.  The data for all stations analyzed, alphabet-
ized by states, is presented in Appendix A.  All the input necessary for
the computer program is contained on each data sheet.
The results from each station were plotted on a standard graph, an example
of which is shown as Figure 5.  The variation of the equilibrium tempera-
ture throughout the year is shown in the upper left-hand portion of each
graph, both for normal and extreme conditions.  The variation of the heat
exchange coefficient throughout the year is shown in the upper right-hand
portion of each graph, both for normal and extreme conditions.  The lower
two portions of each graph depict the variation of pond temperature for
completely mixed, recirculating ponds of 1000, 2000, and 3000 acres re-
ceiving the heated condenser water discharge from the 1000-mw standard
plant.  The left-hand portion shows the pond temperatures under average
meteorological conditions, and the right-hand portion shows the pond tem-
perature under extreme meteorological conditions conducive to heating.
In all portions of all graphs, the solid curves are for average conditions,
and the dashed curves are for the extreme conditions.  The graphs pre-
senting results from all the stations analyzed are collected in Appendix
B, alphabetized by states.

Data from a total of 88 stations were analyzed.  Extreme values of monthly
averages for 7 stations could not be calculated with accuracy, because of
the length of record involved.  Thus, trends of extreme monthly values are
based on the analysis of data from 81 stations.
At least one station from each state was analyzed, and for large states or
states with a great variation in climate or topography from one part of
the state to another, as many as 3 stations were used.  A finer subdivision
would have produced more accurate representation on the maps used to dis-
play trends in the results.
An examination of the results from each station will show that they are
remarkably similar in pattern, but different in magnitude.  Only a few
general comments will be presented here, as the results of each station
are generally self-explanatory.

Equilibrium Temperature

The equilibrium temperature graph for almost all stations shows a low
about December 31 and a high in mid or late July.  The pattern of varia-
tion throughout the year is quite smooth and regular.  The difference
between high and low for the year and the sharpness of the summer peak
and winter valley increase with latitude.

Heat Exchange Coefficient

The heat exchange coefficient shows a pattern of variation almost the same
as that of equilibrium temperature, which is extremely helpful from the

                                 19

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       WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Nashville. Tennessee (13897)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.2
5.9
5.5
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.6
5.9
6.7
TAIR
39.0
41.0
49.5
59.5
68.3
76.3
79.4
78.3
72.2
61.0
48.9
41.0
HUM
.71
.63
.60
.64
.68
.69
.75
.76
.76
.66
.68
.69
PPT












WIND
9.0
9.2
9.9
9.4
7.5
6.7
6.2
5.9
6.2
6.3
8.2
8.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.7
1.5
3.7
4.7
TAIR
45.0
46.3
53.0
63.5
70.8
78.0
81.0
79.5
74.0
63.0
51.0
44.5
HUM
.815
.77
.735
.70
.73
.76
.773
.78
.78
.78
.738
.77
PPT













WIND*
6.35
6.4
7.2
7.0
4.9
4.4
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.35
5.4
6.2
  LATITUDE  =     36°  °7'  N
  LONGITUDE =     86°  41'  W
  ELEVATION =     59°  ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
      FIGURE  4 - SAMPLE DATA SHEET  FOR METEOROLOGICAL  INFORMATION
                                  20

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100
                                     200
      FMAMJ  J  A S 0  N

         TIME -  MONTHS
    JFMAMJJASOND

         TIME - MONTHS
I2O
    JFMAMJ  JASON D

         TIME -  MONTHS
                                   o
                                   U.
                                   z
                                   o
no



100



 90




 80
                                   Q

                                   Z

                                   O
                                   u

                                   UJ


                                   Ul
                                   K


                                   X

                                   Hi 70

                                   Ul

                                   o:
                                   ac
                                   ui
                                   a.
                                   S
                                   ui
                                   o
                                   a.
 60




 50





 40

    S
     W
    hr
                                                     •**
-t-T

-H-
H—h~"
                                            i
t
                        1
^
                          *T
                                                      __ __j	
                       -t-
    JFMAMJJASOND


          TIME - MONTHS
     FIGURE 5 -  SAMPLE  GRAPH OF RESULTS FOR A SINGLE STATION

                       (NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE)
                               21

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point of view of the efficient operation of cooling ponds.  The high65
heat exchange coefficients usually occur in mid or early July and the
lowest usually occur about December 31.  Thus, heat exchange is greatest
when temperatures are highest and the potential for lowering the effi-
ciency of an electric generating station because of excessive cooling
water temperatures is at or near its peak.
Deviations from the smooth pattern of annual variation are more common for
the heat exchange coefficient than for the equilibrium temperature.  The
primary cause for the increase in the heat exchange coefficient during the
summer is the increase in evaporation and back radiation due to the higher
water temperature.  This is slightly offset for most stations by lower
average wind speeds during the summer.  Higher wind speeds during certain
parts of the year at individual stations cause significant deviation from
the trend (particularly at coastal stations).   For instance, the Florida
stations show an increase in the heat exchange coefficient in September
and October, which is the hurricane season.
The heat exchange coefficient under extreme heating conditions is generally
lower than for normal conditions.  This is because the increase due to
higher water temperatures (see the graph of equilibrium temperature under
extreme heating conditions) is not enough to offset the decrease due to
lower wind velocities.  In addition, the curves for extreme heating con-
ditions are less regular and show more deviation from a smooth curve than
the curves for the heat exchange coefficient under normal conditions.

Mixed Pond Temperature
The curves showing the variation of mixed pond temperature are, essentially
the equilibrium temperature curve plus the heating effect of the heated
condenser water.  The heating effect is a function of the heat exchange
coefficient, which is higher during the summer than during the winter.
The heating effect is therefore greater during the winter than during the
summer.  Thus, the mixed pond temperature is higher than equilibrium by
a greater amount during the winter than during the summer.  Consequently,
the curves for mixed pond temperature show less of a swing from winter
low to summer high than the curves for equilibrium temperature.

The extra cooling which occurs during the summer is caused by (or described
by) the increase in the heat exchange coefficient during the summer.  As
shown by Equation 16, K is a direct function of n, and Equation 10 and
Figure 3 show that n rises with increasing water temperature.  This more
than offsets the slight decrease in wind speed during the summer noted at'
most stations and results in a net increase in K.

The curves for mixed pond temperature under extreme heating conditions
are higher than those for normal meteorological conditions by approximately
the same increment as that between the curves for equilibrium temperature
under extreme and normal meteorological conditions.  However, at the
stations where the heat exchange coefficient for extreme conditions is
significantly lower than the coefficient under normal conditions, the
mixed pond temperature under extreme heating conditions will exceed the
mixed pond temperature under normal conditions by a greater increment than
the difference between the average and extreme equilibrium temperature


                                 22

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curves.   The difference between the mixed pond temperature under normal
conditions and that under extreme heating conditions rarely exceeds the
difference between the equilibrium temperature curves by more than one to
three degrees.

As a consequence of the close similarity between the curves for mixed pond
temperature and those for equilibrium temperature, the mixed pond temper-
ature usually shows a high in mid or late July, with a low about
December 31.  The curves are generally quite smooth and regular, but the
curves for extreme heating conditions show more irregularity because the
curve for the heat exchange coefficient under extreme conditions is not
usually as smooth as that for normal conditions.

The excess of mixed pond temperature over equilibrium temperature is
obviously a function of pond size.  As the pond is made larger, the effect
of the heated condenser water in raising the pond temperature above equi-
librium temperature becomes less, and as the pond size increases to
infinity, the mixed pond temperature decreases to the equilibrium tempera-
ture.

The effect of increasing pond size can be clearly seen in Figure 5.  The
pond temperature decreases as the surface area increases, but successive
increments in pond size produce smaller increments of temperature decrease
and have less and less effect as the mixed pond temperature approaches
equilibrium temperature.  By plotting the mixed pond temperature vs.
surface area for various seasons or critical times, the engineer or
planner can easily get a quick idea of what size pond would be necessary
to meet given objectives in a given situation.  This type of plot is
illustrated in Figure 6.  Figure 6 was constructed from the data presented
in Figure 5.

Figure 6 shows that pond size has a much greater effect on pond temperature
in January when the heat exchange coefficient is low than it does in July
when the heat exchange coefficient is higher.  Figure 6 shows that a mixed
cooling pond for a 1000-mw plant near Nashville, Tennessee, would have to
have a surface area of approximately 3000 acres in order to keep the mixed
pond temperature within 5°F of the equilibrium temperature under normal
meteorological conditions.  The same criterion would require a pond of at
least 5000 acres in January.
The same type of analysis using data for extreme heating conditions will
show that a pond of approximately 3400 acres would be needed in July and
approximately 5000 acres in January.  Since the highest intake temperature
to be encountered is the critical design variable, a pond of about 3500
acres might be selected in this case.
                                 23

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0

 I
UJ
DC

H

QL

0_


LU
I-
2

Q
til
X
    110
    100
    90
    80
     70
    60
     50
    40
                                -JULY
                                 APRIL
                 1000       2000       3000       4000 f


                     POND  SURFACE  AREA-ACRES
                                                              00
      FIGURE 6 - EFFECT OF POND SURFACE AREA ON MIXED POND TEMPERATURE

        FOR VARIOUS SEASONS UNDER NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS,

                          NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
                               24

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           EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION ON POND PERFORMANCE
The effects of geographical location on equilibrium temperatures, heat ex-
change coefficients, and cooling pond performance are shown by a series of
maps of the United States, Figures 7-44.  Each map shows the variation of
a particular variable at a particular time of year, with lines connecting
points of equal value, similar to contour lines.  The points on the maps
show the location of the weather stations used to plot the contours.

Three general categories of maps are presented.  These are maps depicting:
(1J the variation of equilibrium temperature at various times of the year,
both for average and extreme heating conditions; (2) the variation of the
heat exchange coefficient at various times of the year, both for average
and extreme heating conditions; and (3) the mixed pond temperature for the
standard plant and a particular size cooling pond at various times of the
year, both for average and extreme heating conditions.

Examination of Figure 7-16 shows that latitude, which controls solar
radiation, is the main influence on the equilibrium temperature.  The
variation of other parameters is masked by the heavy influence of solar
radiation.

Figures 17-20 show, however, that topographic conditions, which strongly
influence wind speed and the wet bulb temperature (the variables which
determine K), have a strong influence on the heat exchange coefficient.
These maps show that the best cooling conditions exist on the southern
great plains between the Roc]ky Mountains and the Mississippi River, and
secondarily, along the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts, all the way to Cape Cod.
Poor cooling conditions for ponds exist along the West Coast and in the
vicinity of the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains.  The area most conducive
to  the use of cooling ponds seems to be Texas, while the area least suit-
able seems to be the area between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains.

The figures depicting the variation of mixed pond temperature, Figures 21-
44, are similar to the figures showing equilibrium temperature but with
distortions in the lines caused by the variations in heat exchange
coefficients across the country.  The pond temperature rises as one goes
further north, except along the Gulf Coast and occasionally along the
northern Pacific Coast.  However, the equal temperature lines do not
run east and west as uniformly as the equal equilibrium temperature lines,
but show marked dips, or temperature decreases, across the great plains
from Texas to the Dakotas, and rises across the Rocky and Appalachian
Mountains, and into New England.  This is due to the higher heat exchange
coefficients across the great plains and the lower coefficients in the
mountains and in New England (except for the Long Island to Cape Cod
coast, where.heat exchange coefficients are significantly higher than they
are 100 to 200 miles inland).

It should be emphasized, however, that the contours in the vicinity of
mountainous areas refer to conditions at the weather stations, which are
usually at airports.  For the purpose of this study, this is much more
appropriate than a station in the actual mountainous area, since cooling
ponds are much more likely to be built in the lower level areas  in the
valleys than in the rough country on the side of a mountain.

                                  25

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 FIGURE?  -  EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY  1  -  MONTHLY AVERAGE
                  FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS
       45°    40
                        65'
FIGURE 8  - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON JANUARY 1  - MONTHLY AVERAGE
                  FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
                              26

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FIGURE 9  - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
                 FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS
   60
                                                        80
FIGURE 10 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON APRIL 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
                 FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
                             27

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FIGURE 11 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE  ON  JULY  1  -  MONTHLY AVERAGE
                FOR AVERAGE  WEATHER  CONDITIONS
FIGURE 12 -  EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE  ON JULY  1  -  MONTHLY AVERAGE
                FOR  EXTREME  WEATHER  CONDITIONS
                            28

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FIGURE 13 - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
                  FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS
    85'
FIGURE 14  - EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE ON OCTOBER 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
                  FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS
                               29

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     ISO
         175
                            ZOO
FIGURE 15  - TIME (IN DAYS) THAT MONTHLY  AVERAGE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE
             FOR AVERAGE WEATHER  CONDITIONS IS ABOVE 75°F
    May I
     Marl
      Feb I
                      Not  Below
                        60°
                                                           Not Below
                                                             6O°
 FIGURE 16  - DATE ON WHICH MONTHLY AVERAGE  EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE  FOR
      AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS RISES  THROUGH 60°F IN THE SPRING
                                30

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          E  INDIVIDUAL

           STATIONS
FIGURE 17 - HEAT  EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1 - MONTHLY AVERAGE
          FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
             NO  RATTER

         SEE INDlWuAll  STATIONS
                       100
                                                       no
FIGURE 18  -  HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JANUARY 1  - MONTHLY AVERAGE
          FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
                              31

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   125,
     125
           150
                  200
                       225
                                225
FIGURE 19 - HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT  ON JULY 1  - MONTHLY AVERAGE
        FOR AVERAGE WEATHER CONDITIONS (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
    100
     100
         125
                     175
                                200
                                                         125
FIGURE 20 - HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT ON JULY  1  - MONTHLY AVERAGE
        FOR EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS  (BTU/SQ FT-DAY-°F)
                             32

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 FIGURE  21  - TEMPERATURE,  IN  °F, OF  1000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
                 NORMAL  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 22 - TEMPERATURE,  IN °F,  OF 1000-ACRE  POND  ON  JANUARY  1,
                EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
                               33

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FIGURE 23 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY  1,
                NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
          60°
 75°

 80°
                      50°    450 40°
                      85
FIGURE 24 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1
                EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                               34

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FIGURE 25 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
                NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
             75'
                                                      80°
FIGURE 26 - TEMPERATURE,  IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON JANUARY 1,
                EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                              35

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FIGURE 27 - TEMPERATURE, IN•°F, OF 1000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
             NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 28 -  TEMPERATURE,  IN  °F, OF  1000-ACRE  POND ON MAY  1
             EXTREME  METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
                            36

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 FIGURE 29 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
              NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
 80'
95'
              95°
                  9O
 FIGURE 30 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
              EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                              37

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  FIGURE 31 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1,
              NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
90
                                                    65°
 FIGURE 32 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON MAY 1
              EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                              38

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FIGURE 33 - TEMPERATURE,  IN  °F,  OF  1000-ACRE  POND ON AUGUST 1,
               NORMAL  METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
FIGURE 34 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F,  OF 1000-ACRE  POND ON AUGUST T,
               EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
                              39

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FIGURE 35 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F,  OF 2000-ACRE  POND  ON  AUGUST 1,
               NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
FIGURE 36 -  TEMPERATURE,  IN  °F,  OF  2000-ACRE  POND ON AUGUST  1,
               EXTREME  METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
                              40

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  80'
   95'
                95'
 FIGURE 37 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
                NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 38 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 3000-ACRE POND ON AUGUST 1,
               EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                               41

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 FIGURE  39  -  TEMPERATURE,  IN  °F, OF  1000-ACRE  POND ON OCTOBER  1,
                NORMAL  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                85'
                                                       95°
                                                    100°
FIGURE 40 -
IEMPERATURE,  IN  °F,  OF  1000-ACRE  POND ON  OCTOBER 1
   EXTREME  METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
                              42

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FIGURE 41 - TEMPERATURE,  IN  °F,  OF  2000-ACRE  POND ON OCTOBER  1,
               NORMAL METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
                                                          80°
   100'
              100
                                                      95C
FIGURE 42 - TEMPERATURE, IN °F, OF 2000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
               EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                               43

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                                                          75°
                                                         80°
                                                     85°
 FIGURE  43  -  TEMPERATURE,  IN  °F, OF  3000-ACRE  POND  ON  OCTOBER 1,
                NORMAL  METEOROLOGICAL  CONDITIONS
  95
                   70'
                                                        85°
FIGURE 44 - TEMPERATURE,  IN °F,  OF 3000-ACRE POND ON OCTOBER 1,
               EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
                              44

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Accuracy of Contour Lines

The contour lines were drawn by hand with due regard  to both  the  numerical
values of the plotted points at the various weather stations  and  the  nature
of the topography and climate in the area.  Awareness of the  topography
was especially valuable in determining plausible patterns for the lines  in
areas where the pattern of numerical values seemed confusing.

In most cases, logical patterns could be constructed  in which a particular
line actually divides the values correctly, with all values above  that of
the contour on one side and all values below it on the other  side.  In a
few cases, particularly the midwest and upper great plains, this was not
feasible.  Usually it was because the variation was slight over a  large
area and the individual values seemed to vary almost randomly in the area.
When areal variation is so slight, individual conditions at the site have
a relatively greater influence, and the regular variation of the pattern
is destroyed.

There were, however, 4 stations which consistently produced values which
did not fit the pattern established by the remainder of the stations.
Las Vegas, Nevada, consistently produced results which showed considerably
more effective cooling than the other stations in the vicinity;  while
Jackson, Mississippi, Des Moines, Iowa, and Concord, New Hampshire  pro-
duced cooling which was not as effective.  In addition,  Fort Smith and
Little Rock, Arkansas, sometimes produced results which  were not as good
as other stations in the vicinity.
Subject to the aforementioned limitations, it is believed that the results
presented are reasonably accurate, based on the data from the stations
used, and will be of value in preliminary analyses of cooling pond feasi-
bility.  It should always be recognized, however, that local topographic
and meteorological conditions can exert a great influence on pond require-
ments and performance.  Thus, before any pond is actually sized or built,
a more thorough study, using meteorological data from the actual site  or
from close by, should be conducted.
                                  45

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           RELATION OF COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PLUG FLOW POND
All calculations for this project have been performed assuming completely
mixed ponds.  The basic assumption of completely mixed flow is that the
pond temperature is uniform throughout, and that anything (such as heat,
or a pollutant, or a tracer) added to the pond is "instantaneously" dis-
persed uniformly throughout the pond.  It would be impossible for a real
pond of significant size to behave exactly in this manner.  However, it
is possible for ponds to approach this condition so that the theoretical
and actual dynamic behavior, measured at the outlet,  differs by a negligi-
ble amount.  In such a pond, the condenser water temperature would drop
to the uniform pond temperature in a relatively short time,  and only a
small fraction of the pond volume around the plant outfall would have a
temperature higher than the mixed temperature.  Conditions conducive to
such behavior would include sufficient depth to allow flow to circulate
easily in the pond due to the influence of plant discharge and wind, but
not so deep as to allow stratification; a surface shape approaching the
circular, so the influent can mix easily into all parts of the pond; a
discharge located away from the pond shore; and a long detention time.

The other extreme hydraulic condition, exactly opposite to complete mixing,
is plug flow.  Plug flow implies no mixing at all.  Each parcel of influ-
ent follows the same path through the pond, utilizes  the entire cross-
sectional flow area, does not mix with the parcels ahead or behind, and
arrives at the outlet in sequence at the exact volumetric detention time.
This type of flow is much more difficult to approach  in the field than is
completely mixed flow, but reasonable approximations  can be realized.
Conditions which encourage plug flow are long slender channel-like ponds,
with the outlet at the opposite end from the inlet, narrow width to de-
crease wind mixing, high width-to-depth ratios to reduce lateral velocity
gradients, and shallow depth and low velocity to reduce vertical velocity
gradients.  (These conditions are not always mutually consistent, which
is part of the problem.)

The plug-flow pond is more expensive to build but provides quicker cooling.
This is because the hot water is not initially mixed or diluted with any
cooler water, and the driving force for cooling, Tw - Te, is maintained at
the highest possible value.

Edinger and Geyer  (3) show how the area required by each type of pond for
a given amount of cooling can be calculated, based on the two solutions
for the linear approximation to the heat transfer process (Equation 1).
The solution of Equation 1 for a completely mixed pond is
                                                                      (18)


where Tm = the mixed pond temperature (effluent temperature); TO = the pond
influent temperature (condenser discharge); Te = the equilibrium tempera-
ture; and in which
                                 46

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                                 r  =
 KA
PCpQ
                                                                       (19)
where A - the pond surface  area; p  = the water density; cp = the specific
heat of water; and Q = the  flowrate through the pond  (plant pumpage).
The solution of Equation  1 for a plug-flow pond is
                              T
                              T   - T
                               o    e

                                         -r
                                                                      (20)
in which Tp is the pond effluent temperature at the end of a plug-flow pond
of surface area A.

The ratio of the net plant temperature rise at the end of a completely
mixed pond to that at the end of a plug-flow pond  is calculated by dividing
Equation 18 by Equation 20.  The result is   '    '
                                                                      (21)
The area of a plug-flow pond necessary to produce the same cooling as a
completely mixed pond  (Tm  - Te  = Tp  - Te) is given by the relation
                              r  =  e
                               m
                                        - 1
                                  (22)
where the only difference between rm and rp is the surface area A.  Table 3,

           TABLE  3  - RATIO OF AREA REQUIRED BY PLUG-FLOW POND
          TO THAT REQUIRED BY COMPLETELY MIXED POND TO PRODUCE
                EQUIVALENT COOLING UNDER SAME CONDITIONS
Temperature
Excess Ratio
/T - T \
I e\
IT - T J
\ o e/
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
T - T
e
/For T - T \
/ o e\
}
V of 15° J

12.0°
10.5°
9.0°
7.5°
6.0°
4.5°
3.0°
1.5°
Area
Ratio
/ , \
/A \
( -^ 1
V A /
\ m/
0.89
0.83
0.77
0.69
0.61
0.51
0-40
0.26
                                 47

-------
adapted from Edinger and Geyer, shows the area ratio required for various
values of the excess of pond effluent temperature over equilibrium temper-
ature .

Using Table 3, any of the areas determined for a completely mixed pond can
be converted to the area of an equivalent plug-flow pond.  It should be
noted, however, that true plug-flow is impossible to attain on such a
large scale, due to the inability to eliminate longitudinal mixing in large
bodies of water.  If a plug-flow type pond is desired, the area required
will be somewhat more than that for a perfect plug-flow pond, but less
than that required for a completely mixed pond.  The behavior of almost
all real ponds lies somewhere between the two extremes, depending on pond
characteristics.  However, the results presented in this report will allow
rapid determination of the upper and lower limits of required area.   Fur-
ther study would then be required to complete design of an appropriate
pond for a given situation.
                                 48

-------
                                REFERENCES
 1.    Thackston,  E.  L.,  and  F.  L.  Parker,  Effect of Geographical Location
      on  Cooling  Pond Requirements and Performance,  EPA Water Pollution
      Research Series,  16130 FDQ 03/71, March,  1971.

 2.    Duttweiler, D.  W.,"A Mathematical Model  of Stream Temperature," Ph.D.
      Dissertation,  The Johns Hopkins University,  Baltimore,  Maryland, 1963.

 3.    Edinger, John  E.,  and  John C.  Geyer, "Heat Exchange in  the Environment,"
      Publications No.  65-902,  Edison Electric  Institute, New York,  New York,
      1965.

 4.    Edinger, John  E. ,  and  John C.  Geyer, "Analyzing  Steam Electric Power
      Plant  Discharges," Journal of the Sanitary Engineering  Division,
      American Society  of Civil Engineers, 94,  SA4,  August; 1968.

 5.    Edinger, John  E.,  David W. Duttweiler,  and John  C.  Geyer,  "The Response
      of Water Temperatures  to Meteorological  Conditions," Water Resources
      Research,  4, 5, October,  1968.

 6.    Raphael, Jerome M., "Prediction of Temperature in Rivers and Reservoirs,"
      Journal of the Power Division,  American  Society  of Civil Engineers,  88,
      P02, July,  1962.

 7.    Anderson,  E. R.,  "Energy-Budget Studies,  Water Loss Investigations:
      Lake Hefner Studies,"  Professional Paper 269,  U.  S. Geological Survey,
      Washington, D.C.,  1954.

 8.    Koberg, Gordon E., "Methods to Compute  Long-Wave Radiation from the
      Atmosphere and Reflected Solar Radiation from a  Water Surface," U.  S.
      Geological Survey Professional Paper 272-F,  Washington, D.C.,  1964.

 9.    Harmon, Russell W., Leonard L.  Weiss, and Walter  T.  Wilson, "Insolation
      as an  Empirical Function of Daily Sunshine Duration," Monthly  Weather
      Review, 82, 6, June, 1954.

10.    Langhaar,  J. W.,  "Cooling Pond May Answer Your Water Cooling Problem,"
      Chemical Engineering, 60,  8, August,  1953.

11.    Marquart,  D. W.,  "An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear
      Parameters," Journal of the Society for  Industrial and  Applied Mathe-
      matics, June,  1963.

12    Thackston,  Edward L.,  J.  R.  Hayes, and  P.  A.  Krenkel, "Least Squares
      Estimation of  Mixing Coefficients," Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
      Division,  American Society of Civil Engineers, 93, SA3, June,  1967.

13.    Moon,  Parry, "Proposed Standard Radiation Curves for Engineering Use,"
      Journal of the Franklin Institute, 230,  5, November, 1940.
                                    49

-------
                APPENDIX A



WEATHER INFORMATION FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS

-------
                              TABLE 4
      WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR   Huntsville, Alabama
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.7
6.2
5.9
5.7
5.9
6.0
5.7
5.3
4.3
6.1
6.7
TAIR
42.9
45.1
51.8
61.6
70.4
78.6
81.1
80.2
74.5
63.2
50.8
43.6
HUM
.72
.69
.64
.62
.66
.69
.71
.73
.71
.68
.70
.72
PPT












WIND
8.4
9.4
9.5
8.8
6.6
6.1
5.5
5.5
6.7
6.5
7.6
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC












TAIR












HUM












PPT












WIND












LATITUDE  =   34° 39' N



LONGITUDE =   86° 46' W
ELEVATION =   624 ft.
                               52

-------
                                 TABLE 5
        WEATHER  INFORMATION  FOR    Mobile. Alabama (13894)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.8
6.7
5.9
5.8
4.2
5.2
6.2
TAIR
53.0
55.2
60.3
67.6
75.6
81.5
82.6
82.1
77.9
69.9
58.9
54.1
HUM
.74
.66
.70
.74
.72
.74
.74
.78
.74
.70
.73
.74
PPT












WIND
11.1
11.6
11.5
10.9
9.3
8.0
7.2
7.1
8.5
8.7
10.0
10.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.4
3.7
3.0
3.5
5.0
4.0
4.0
1.5
3.0
4.2
TAIR
58.0
60.0
63.0
69.8
76.0
81.0
81.2
81.5
77.5
,69.8
60.0
56.0
HUM
.80
.79
.745
.748
.76
.78
.83
.805
.80
.78
.76
.785
PPT












WIND*
7.6
8.2
7.8
7.9
6.9
5.2
5.1
4.5
5.0
5.9
6.8
7.8
   LATITUDE  =  30° 41.O1



   LONGITUDE =  ^° ™.5'



   ELEVATION =  211 ft'
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 53

-------
                                 TABLE 6
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Phoenix. Arizona
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
4.8
4.4
4.4
3.6
2.8
1.9
3.8
3.4
2.1
2.6
3.5
3.8
TAIR
49.7
53.5
59.0
67.2
75.0
83.6
89.8
87.5
82.8
70.7
58.1
51.6
HUM
.50
.45
.41
.30
.23
.23
.34
.41
.40
.36
.47
.54
PPT












WIND
4.8
5.3
6.0
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.1
5.8
5.2
4.8
4.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
1.5
2.0
2.2
1.0
1.2
0.0
1.7
1.3
0.3
1.0
1.3
1.3
TAIR
53.5
60.0
63.0
72.7
81.5
90.0
93.3
91.0
85.6
75.8
62.5
54.3
HUM
.66
.60
.545
.44
.29
.28
.43
.485
.46
.49
.58
.64
PPT













WIND*
2.7
3.2
4.45
4.2
4.6
4.6
4.7
4.07
3.9
3.3
3.2
2.8
LATITUDE  =



LONGITUDE =
                 33° 26'
                     01'  W
   ELEVATION  =   1117 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                  54

-------
                                 TABLE 7
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Fort Smith, Arkansas (13964)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.1
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.4
4.8
4.6
4.4
5.2
6.0
TAIR
39.8
43.7
51.1
61.7
69.9
78.6
83.0
82.3
74.9
63.8
50.0
42.3
HUM
.69
.63
.62
.65
.70
.70
.70
.70
.68
.64
.68
.70
PPT












WIND
8.2
8.4
9.5
8.9
8.0
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.8
7.7
8.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.0
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
TAIR
43.0
48.0
55.0
65.5
73.0
80.0
83.7
82.0
75.5
66.5
53.0
44.5
HUM
.76
.74
.68
.66
.73
.75
.75
.755
.78
.77
.74
.74
PPT












WIND*
6.0
6.7
7.35
6.8
5.9
5.0
5.0
4.8
4.8
5.2
5.4
5.93
   LATITUDE  =    35° 2Q'



   LONGITUDE =
94° 22'  W
   ELEVATION =    447 ft«
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 55

-------
                                      TABLE  8
             WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Little  Rock,  Arkansas  (13963)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.3
6.3
6.0
6.1
5.3
5.5
4.9
4.6
4.4
5.2
6.3
TAIR
41.8
45.6
52.8
62.5
69.8
78.5
81.9
81.3
74.8
64.1
51.5
43.9
HUM
.72
.69
.66
.66
.70
.71
.71
.70
.70
.70
.68
.72
PPT












WIND
9.1
9.4
10.2
9.8
8.4
7.9
7.3
6.9
7.2
7.0
8.4
8.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4
4.2
4
4.2
3.5
3
3.7
3
2
2
3.2
4.2
TAIR
47
49
57
66.5
73.5
82
83
82
76
65.5
54
48
HUM
.78
.745
.69
.675
.74
.76
.775
.747
.77
.75
.723
.74
PPT












WIND*
6.83
6.75
7.8
7.3
5.7
5.2
5.0
4.5
5.1
4.95
6.2
6.2
 DAY



 15



 45



 74



105



135



166



196



227



258



288



319



349
       LATITUDE  =   34°  44'  N	



       LONGITUDE =   92°  14'  N	



       ELEVATION =   257  ft.	








    *Extreme conditions  given in  knots
                                      56

-------
                                TABLE 9
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Burbank. California  (23152)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.7
3.7
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.8
4.0
4.2
TAIR
53.6
55.2
57.9
61.2
64.4
68.0
73.8
74.1
72.6
66.3
60.4
55.6
HUM
.59
.60
.60
.63
.64
.66
.62
.62
.60
.62
.54
.54 .
PPT












WIND
4.3
4.9
5.4
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.3
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.8
2.4
1.9
0.8
1.1
0.8
1.6
1.8
1.6
TAIR
56.2
59.2
59.2
63.4
65.1
69.2
74.8
74.3
74.4
69.3
61.8
57.2
HUM
.666
.697
.662
.702
.692
.696
.663
.672
.666
.682
.608
.653
PPT












WIND*
2.68
2.78
3.58
3.68
3.28
3.29
3.47
3.16
2.64
2.74
2.17
2.27
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  34° 12' N
118° 22'  W
724 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 57

-------
                                TABLE 10
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR    Fresno.  California (93193)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.1
5.9
5.1
4.3
3.5
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.5
2.7
4.7
6.9
TAIR
45.5
49.8
54.4
60.8
67.5
73.9
80.6
78.4
73.9
64.3
53.2
46.4
HUM
.84
.77
.67
.58
.51
.44
.40
.44
.50
.55
.69
.82
PPT












WIND
5.4
5.8
6.7
6.9
7.9
8.0
7.0
6.4
5.8
5.3
4.7
4.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.0
2.5
2.7
1.5
1.5
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.4
1.4
4.0
TAIR
47.5
54.0
55.5
64.5
69.7
78.0
82.8
82.0
75.0
67.0
55.7
49.0
HUM
.88
.828
.733
.66
.56
.49
.44
.48
.54
.65
.831
.89
PPT












WIND*
3.7
3.82
4.9
5.4
5.7
6.53
5.4
4.6
4.3
3.95
2.99
3.2
   LATITUDE   =     36°  46'  N



   LONGITUDE  =    "9°  43'  W
   ELEVATION  =    328  ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 58

-------
                               TABLE  11
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Oakland.  California  (23230)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.0
5.7
5.2
5.0
3.8
3.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
5.7
6.1
TAIR
48.0
50.7
53.6
56.6
59.7
62.8
64.3
64.2
65.1
61.1
54.7
49.5
HUM
.77
.75
.72
.72
.72
.72
.75
.76
.73
.73
.73
.78
PPT












WIND
6.2
7.0
8.7
9.2
9.8
9.8
9.0
8.9
7.5
6.6
5.7
5.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.5
3.0
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.2
1.5
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.7
4.0
TAIR
50.0
54.5
54.5
57.7
59.0
63.5
63.3
64.0
64.8
62.5
57.0
52.3
HUM
.82
.81
.735
.735
.725
.75
.768
.78
.76
.76
.795
.815
PPT












WIND*
4.4
4.2
6.1
6.15
6.7
7.4
6.4
6.1
5.0
4.3
3.8
3.5
   LATITUDE  =    37° 44'  N



   LONGITUDE =   122° 12'  W



   ELEVATION =    10 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 59

-------
                                TABLE 12
        WEAFHER INFORMATION FOR   Denver,  Colorado (23062)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
5.8
5.9
6.4
6.3
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.0
4.4
5.1
5.0
TAIR
28.7
32.0
37.8
47.5
56.3
66.4
72.8
71 .3
62.7
51.5
39.3
31.7
HUM
.54
.55
.52
.51
.54
.48
.47
.47
.45
.47
.50
.51
PPT












WIND
9.9
10.2
10.8
11 .0
10.1
10.0
9.1
8.7
8.7
8.6
9.7
9.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.5
4.1
4.0
4.3
4.2
3.2
3.7
3.2
2.4
2.3
3.3
3.2
TAIR
34.5
38.0
42.0
50.7
60.5
71.0
75.3
72.5
65.0
56.0
43.0
35.0
HUM
.58
.62
.64
.56
.59
.59
.54
.53
.58
.53
.61
.59
PPT












WIND*
6.5
6.6
7.5
7.85
7.4
6.7
6.6
6.43
6.5
6.4
6.05
6.6
   LATITUDE  =     39°  46"  N
   LONGITUDE =
                 104°  53'  W
   ELEVATION =    5292  ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 60

-------
                               TABLE  13
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Grand Junction, Colorado  (23066)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
6.4
6.1
5.9
5.5
3.7
4.0
4.4
3.4
3.9
5.0
5.6
TAIR
26.0
32.6
41.5
52.3
62.2
71.3
78.2
75.5
67.8
55.0
38.8
29.1
HUM
.68
.62
.50
.38
.33
.26
.31
.37
.36
.42
.57
.66
PPT












WIND
5.6
6.7
8.4
9.7
10.0
10.2
9.5
9.0
9.1
8.2
6.7
5.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
3.7
4.0
4.2
3.5
1.7
3.1
2.5
1.4
2.0
2.7
3.3
TAIR
32.0
38.0
43.0
55.0
65.5
75.7
80.0
76.5
69.0
58.0
42.8
34.3
HUM
.76
.71
.61
.46
.42
.38
.39
.47
.46
.52
.63
.75
PPT












WIND*
3.5
3.85
5.37
5.8
6.6
7.1
6.2
6.2
6.3
5.0
4.6
3.4
                  39°  07'  N
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =    108°  32'
  ELEVATION =   4825 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 61

-------
                             TABLE 14
      WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR    Hartford. Connecticut
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.6
6.6
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.4
5.9
5.9
6.9
L 6.6
TAIR
26.0
27.1
36.0
48.5
59.9
68.7
73.4
71.2
63.3
53.0
41.3
28.9
HUM
.66
.66
166
.59
.62
.68
.68
.72
.75
.70
.70
.72
PPT












WIND
9.9
10.0
10.4
10.7
9.7
8.5
7.8
7.8
8.0
8.5
9.1
9.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC












TAIR












HUM












PPT












WIND












LATITUDE  =   41° 56' N



LONGITUDE =   72° 41' W




ELEVATION =
169 ft.
                              62

-------
                                TABLE 15
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Wilmington.  Delaware J] 3781)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.4
6.3
6.6
6.6
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.2
6.2
6.3
TAIR
33.4
33.8
41.3
52.1
62.7
71.4
76.0
74.3
67.6
56.6
45.4
35.1
HUM
.70
.69
.67
.66
.68
.70
.71
.74
.74
.73
.72
.71
PPT












WIND
9.7
10.3
11.1
10.4
8.9
8.3
7.6
7.4
8,0
8.1
9.0
9.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.0
4.7
4.4
5.1
5.2
4.3
4.2
4.0
3.3
3.0
4.0
4.4
TAIR
38.0
38.0
43.5
54.7
64.5
72.5
77.5
76.0
69.0
58.8
47.0
38.0
HUH
.73
.755
.70
.68
.74
.725
.77
.777
.78
.75
.733
.755
PPT












WIND*
7.0
7.6
8.5
8.0
6.4
6.2
5.5
5.1
5.5
5.8
6.4
6.65
                 39°  40'N
   LATITUDE  =  	



   LONGITUDE =    75°  36'w



   ELEVATION =
78 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 63

-------
                                TABLE 16
         WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Washington. D. C.  (13743)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
6.1
6.5
6.4
5.6
5.9
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.9
6.2
TAIR
36.2
37.1
45.3
54.4
64.7
73.4
77.3
75.4
69.6
58.2
47.7
38.0
HUM
.66
.62
.60
.60
.66
.67
.68
.71
.72
.71
.66
.64
PPT












WIND
10.8
11.1
12.0
11.3
9.8
9.4
8.6
8.4
8.7
9.2
9.6
9.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.3
4.3
5.1
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.0 ,
3.2
2.0
4.0
4.4
TAIR
41.0
42.0
47.0
58.0
68.0
75.6
80.0
78.0
72.5
61.7
49.5
41.7
HUM
.68
.70
.625
.635
.68
.70
.717
.74
.745
.72
.68
.69
PPT












WIND*
7.35
7.4
7.9
7.8
7.0
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.03
6.4
6.8
7.0
    LATITUDE  =



    LONGITUDE =



    ELEVATION =
                  38° 51'
77° 02'  W
14 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                  64

-------
                               TABLE 17
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Jacksonville, Florida  (93837)
MO
OAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.3
5.3
6.2
6.4
6.1
6.7
5.4
5.1
5.9
TAIR
55.9
57.5
62.2
68.7
75.8
80.8
82.6
82.3
79.4
71.0
61.7
56.1
HUM
.75
.72
.70
.69
.70
.74
.77
.79
.80
.78
.76
.76
PPT












WIND
8.6
9.9
9.8
9.5
9.0
8.8
8.0
7.7
9.0
9.0
8.6
8.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.3
4.0
4.1
5.1
5.3
4.7
5.4
3.5
3.0
4.2
TAIR
60.0
63.5
65.0
70.7
77.5
81.5
82.7
83.0
79.8
74.0
65.5
60.3
HUM
.775
.76
.70
.74
.75
.78
.795
.82
.825
.815
.785
.80
PPT












WIND*
5.6
6.2
6.1
6.45
6.1
5.8
5.4
5.1
5.2
6.0
5.6
5.3
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  30° 25'
81° 39' W
20 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                65

-------
                                TABLE 18
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
                                  Miami,  Florida (12839)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.5
5.5
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.6
6.0
5.2
5.3
TAIR
66.9
67.9
70.5
74.2
77.6
80.8
81.8
82.3
81.3
77.8
72.4
68.1
HUM
.75
.74
.72
.71
.74
.77
.77
.78
.80
.78
.76
.76
PPT












WIND
9.2
9.8
10.1
10.5
9.1
8.0
7.9
7.3
8.1
9.0
9.0
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.2
3.2
4.0
3.2
4.7
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.2
3.3
2.5
TAIR
70.0
72.0
73.3
75.8
78.7
80.8
82.5
82.8
81.8
78.0
74.0
71.0
HUM
.75
.745
.737
.73
.79
.80
.785
.79
.82
.805
.77
.77
PPT












WIND*
6.6
7.0
7.7
7.6
6.75
5.6
5.5
5.1
5.0
5.9
6.6
6.2
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
25° 48'  N
80° 16' W
7 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 66

-------
                                TABLE 19
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Tampa.  Florida  (12842)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.2
5.4
5.2
4.9
6.0
6.7
6.7
6.5
5.1
4.9
5.5
TAIR
61.2
62.7
66.0
71.4
76.8
80.6
81.6
82.0
80.5
74.7
66.8
62.3
HUM
.76
.75
.74
.71
.72
.75
.78
.80
.80
.77
.76
.76
PPT












WIND
9.0
9.6
10.1
9.9
9.1
8.4
7.7
7.4
8.6
9.0
9.1
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
4.5
5.1
5.1
4.7
25.0
2.3
3.5
TAIR
64.0
66.0
68.0
72.7
77.7
81.3
81.5
81.5
80.0
75.7
69.0
64.3
HUM
.76
.765
.745
.73
.74
.78
.79
.803
.808
.78
.763
.775
PPT












WIND*
5.8
6.5
7.4
7.1
6.4
6.1
5.4
5.63
5.3
6.0
6.2
6.65
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                  27°  58'
82° 32' W
19 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 67

-------
                                 TABLE 20
         WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Atlanta.  Georgia  (13874)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6.2
6.1
5.5
5.4
5.8
6.3
5.7
5.3
4.5
5.1
6.2
TAIR
44.6
46.7
52.7
61.7
70.0
77.7
79.5
78.6
74.4
63.4
51.9
45.2
HUM
.73
.68
.66
.63
.66
.70
.76
.72
,73
.72
.67
.70
PPT












WIND
11.3
11.7
11.8
10.8
9.0
8.3
7.7
7.4
8.4
8.7
9.6
10.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.0
4.7
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.5
3.5
3.6
0.9
3.0
4.3
TAIR
50.0
51.5
55.0
64.0
72.0
77.6
80.0
79.1
74.1
64.7
53.1
46.6
HUK
.76
.70
.69
.687
.72
.771
.791
.781
.77
.761
.721
.751
PPT







«





WIND*
7.0
7.85
7.3
7.0
5.8
5.46
5.03
5.03
5.49
5.59
6.1
6.79
    LATITUDE  =



    LONGITUDE =



    ELEVATION =
                    33° 39' N
84° 25' W
975 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                  68

-------
                                TABLE 21
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Boise,  Idaho  (24131)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.6
7.1
6.7
6.3
5.8
4.8
2.5
3.2
3.5
5.0
6.8
7.6
TAIR
29.1
34.5
41.7
50.4
58.2
65.8
75.2
72.1
62.7
51.6
38.6
32.2
HUM
.80
.74
.61
.54
.54
.50
.37
.38
.45
.55
.72
.79
PPT












WIND
8.6
9.4
10.5
10.2
9.5
9.1
8.5
8.3
8.3
8.7
8.6
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
5.2
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.3
1.0
1.3
1.2
2.3
4.0
5.5
TAIR
36.0
40.5
43.5
52.0
61.5
68.5
78.0
76.0
67.0
56.0
43.5
35.0
HIM
.81
.78
.68
.63
.62
.59
.41
.43
.49
.66
.76
.83
PPT












WIND*
5.5
6.6
7.5
7.4
6.8
6.4
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.9
6.2
4.0
   LATITUDE  =
43° 34'
   LONGITUDE =    116°  13' W



   ELEVATION =    2838  ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 69

-------
                                TABLE 22
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Chicago.  Illinois  (14819)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.7
7.0
-6.8
6.3
6.0
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.2
7.0
7.0
TAIR
26.0
27.7
36.3
49.0
60.0
70.5
75.6
74.2
66.1
55.1
39.9
29.1
HUM
.68
.64
.64
.64
.60
.62
.65
.67
.66
.62
.69
.75
PPT












WIND
11.4
11.6
11.8
11.7
10.4
9.2
8.2
8.0
8.9
9.8
11.4
11.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
5.0
5.5
4.7
4.3
4.3
4.0
3.5
3.2
3.0
5.1
5.0
TAIR
29.0
33.0
40.0
52.5
65.5
73.7
77.5
76.0
68.7
59.0
43.5
35.0
HUM
.773
.758
.70
.685
.655
.663
.68
.705
.70
.70
.707
.78
PPT













WIND*
8.9
8.2
9.1
8.6
8.0
6.7
6.1
5.6
6.7
7.2
8.8
8.45
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                  41° 47' N
87° 45' W
607 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 70

-------
                                TABLE 23
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Springfield. Illinois  (93822)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.2
6.5
6.7
6.6
6.3
6.0
5.6
5.1
4.5
4.7
6.1
6.9
TAIR
27.4
30.8
40.2
51.7
62.0
71.9
76.3
74.0
66.9
55.9
40.9
3.0.6
HUM
.76
.75
.71
.66
.66
.68
.71
.72
.67
.67
.70
.76
PPT












WIND
13.4
13.6
14.8
14.1
12.0
10.2
8.8
8.1
9.8
10.8
14.2
13.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
4.5
5.1
4.5
4.5
4.0
4.1
3.2
2.4
2.0
4.2
4.3
TAIR
31.0
35.5
43.0
57.0
70.0
77.0
79.3
76.0
70.0
61.0
45.0
36.5
HUM
.795
.78
.76
.71
.70
.72
.75
.765
.74
.74
.74
.815
PPT












WIND*
10.05
9.7
10.8
10.5
9.5
7.8
6.35
5.65
6.9
8.2
9.2
9.7
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                 39° 50' N
89° 40' W
589 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 71

-------
                                TABLE 24
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Evansville. Indiana (93817)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.3
6.8
6.6
6.5
6.4
5.9
5.6
5.1
4.7
4.8
6.1
6.9
TAIR
34.7
37.5
46.6
57.1
65.5
74.6
78.2
76.3
70.5
59.3
46.0
36.9
HUM
.77
.72
.69
.67
.70
.70
.71
.73
.72
.72
.72
.76
PPT












WIND
10.0
10.3
10.9
10.5
8.5
7.7
6.7
6.1
7.1
7.3
9.3
9.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.7
5.1
5.1
4.3
4.1
4.0
2.7
2.3
1.5
4.0
4.5
TAIR
38.5
40.0
48.5
59.7
69.0
79.0
80.0
77.3
71.3
61.0
47.0
41.0
HUM
.80
.77
.72
.695
.71
.745
.755
.775
.79
.747
.76
.78
PPT













WIND*
6.2
6.6
7.65
7.2
6.0
5.0
4.8
4.6
5.23
5.5
5.6
6.6
                 38° 03'
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE = 	



  ELEVATION =    381  ft-
87° 32'  W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 72

-------
                                TABLE  25
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Indianapolis, Indiana (93819)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
.DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.5
6.8
6.9
7.0
6.7
6.2
5,7
5.3
5.0
4.9
6.6
7.1
TAIR
28.8
31.5
40.1
50.8
61.4
71.4
76.0
74.0
67.2
55.9
41.5
31.1
HUM
.78 '
ft1*
.76
.72
.69
.70
.72
.71
.72
.71
.71
.75
.78
PPT












WIND
12.5
12.5
13.5
13.0
11.2
9.4
8.3
7.9
9.1
10.1
12.4
11.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.4
5.2
5.7
5.2
5.0
4.5
4.7
3.5
2.5
2.3
4.0
5-1
TAIR
33.5
35.0
42.7
56.0
66.0
75.5
78.0
74.0
69.0
59.0
43.5
36.0
HUM
.81
.775
.74
.72
.72
.738
.765
.775
.77
.745
.78
.81
PPT












WIND*
7.4
7.6
8.1
7.8
6.5
5.4
5.25
4.8
5.8
6.3
7.3
7.1
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  39° 44'
86° 16'  W
793 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 73

-------
                                TABLE 26
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
                                   South Bend, Indiana (14848)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AU6
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
7.9
7.5
6.9
6.4
6.1
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.5
7.6
7.8
TAIR
25.6
26.8
34.8
47.5
58.7
69.0
73,6
72.0
63.8
53.4
39.1
28.7
HUM
.80
.78
.74
.72
.68
.70
.71
.73
.72
.74
.76
.80
PPT












WIND
11.8
12.0
12.8
12.3
11.2
9.4
8.4
8.2
9.3
9.9
11.9
11.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.1
6.1
4.5
5.0
4.3
4.0
4.0
3.4
3.0
6.0
6.5
TAIR
29.6
31.0
38.5
51.0
63.7
71.8
75.0
73.0
66.5
57.0
42.7
33.7
HUM
.82
.805
.78
.76
.71
.72
.735
.77
.757
.78
.78
.833
PPT












WIND*
8.79
8.8
9.6
9.7
8.7
7.1
6.4
6.4
6.65
7.0
8.2
8,4
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =
                  41° 42'  N
86° 19'  W
  ELEVATION =     773 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 74

-------
                                TABLE 27
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Des Moines. Iowa (14933)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
7.1
6.8
6.6
6.0
5.5
5.3
4.8
4.9
6.2
6.9
TAIR
22.1
26.0
37.0
50.4
61.2
70.6
76.2
73.8
65.8
54.5
38.4
26.2
HUM
.76
.76
.72
.64
.67
.71
.68
.72
.68
.65
.72
.76
PPT












WIND
12.3
12.5
14.2
14.5
12.4
11.3
9.5
9.2
10.4
11.3
13.4
12.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
4.4
5.0
4.5
5.0
4.3
3.7
3.3
3.0
2.7
4.2
4.3
TAIR
24.0
31.0
39.7
52.0
65.0
74.0
78.5
76.0
66.0
59.0
41.8
32.0
HUM
.82
.80
.79
.73
.71
.74
.74
.78
.80
.725
.76
.81
PPT












WIND*
8.8
8.2
9.4
9.0
8.83
7.2
5.8
5.8
6.3
7.9
8.3
8.7
   LATITUDE  =    41° 32'  N



   LONGITUDE =    93° 39'  H



   ELEVATION =    948 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 75

-------
                                TABLE 28
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Sioux City.  Iowa  (14943)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.4
6.9
6.5
6.5
5.7
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
6.4
6.6
TAIR
19.1
23.2
35.0
49.2
60.4
70.3
76.3
73.6
64.4
52.6
35.5
23.4
HUM
.73
.74
.73
.63
.65
.68
.68
.71
.68
.66
.71
.74
PPT












WIND
11.1
11.3
12.6
12.9
11.7
10.8
9.0
8.9
9.9
10.4
11.6
10.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.5
5.2
4.2
4.7
3.5
3.2
3.0
3.1
2.5
4.0
4.3
TAIR
22.0
29.0
39.5
51.7
65.5
75.0
79.0
76.0
65.7
58.0
40.0
31.0
HUM
.80
.805
.82
.69
.69
.745
.74
.77
.77
.735
.735
.80
PPT












WIND*
8.1
8.5
9.4
9.7
8.9
7.6
6.4
6.1
6.7
6.9
8.0
8.2
                  42°.24'l
LATITUDE  -



LONGITUDE = 	



ELEVATION =    1084 ft.
                  96°  23' W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 76

-------
                                TABLE 29
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Dodge  City.  Kansas  (13985)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
5,8
5.7
5.8
5.8
4.8
4.6
4.3
4.0
4.0
4.7
5.2
TAIR
31.1
35.0
41.8
53.6
63.7
74.4
80.2
79.2
70.3
58.3
42.8
34.7
HUM
.68
.67
.64
.60
.66
.62
.60
.58
.58
.60
.63
.67
PPT












WIND
14.3
14.9
16.7
16.3
15.4
15.2
13.4
13.3
14.7
14.1
14.5
14.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.7
3.5
3.7
4.0
3.0
3.2
3.0
1.7
1.4
2.3
3.2
TAIR
34.0
38.5
46.7
57.5
67.5
80.0
82.5
80.0
72.0
61.5
47.0
36.0
HUM
.76
.78
.76
.685
.70
.71
.69
.66
.71
.66
.737
.72
PPT












WIND*
10.0
10.1
11.6
11.2
11.3
9.9
9.15
9.15
10.03
9.8
9.6
9.5
   LATITUDE  =    37°  46'  N



   LONGITUDE =    99°  58'  W




   ELEVATION =    2582 ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 77

-------
                                TABLE 30
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR     Topeka.  Kansas (13996)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.6
6.6
6.4
6.4
6.0
5.4
4.8
4.5
4.6
5.4
6.0
TAIR
28.8
33.1
41.7
54.4
64.4
74.7
79.9
78.4
69.4
58.2
42.6
33.4
HUM
.71
.71
.68
.63
.69
.71
.70
.68
.66
.67
.67
.72
PPT












WIND
11.0
11.4
13.5
13.5
12.3
11.4
9.7
10.0
10.3
10.3
11.3
11.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
5.0
4.7
5.0
4.7
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.0
2.0
3.3
4.3
TAIR
31.7
38.1
46.5
60.1
68.7
81.0
83.1
79.4
71.7
62.1
46.4
37.6
HUM
.748
.741
.731
.681
.707
.767
.781
.751
.786
.740
.741
.761
PPT













WIND*
8.09
8.09
9.99
9.64
8.29
7.49
5.69
5.79
5.59
7.09
6.59
7.69
                  39°  04'  N
   LATITUDE  =  _



   LONGITUDE =  .	



   ELEVATION =     876  ft-
95° 38'  W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 78

-------
                               TABLE 31
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Lexington. Kentucky (93820)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
, APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.4
7.0
7.0
6.6
6.2
5.7
5.6
5.0
4.7
4.7
6,2
6.8
TAIR
34.5
35.8
43.2
54.4
64.5
73.6
77.4
76.0
69.3
58.1
44.7
35.9
HUM
.78
.74
.71
.68
.70
.72
.73
.73
.70
.70
.72
.76
PPT












WIND
12.5
12.5
12.6
12.1
9.7
8.5
7.8
7.0
8.5
9.0
11.4
11.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
5.2
5.2
5.2
4.3
4.2
3.5
3.2
2.3
2.0
4.2
5.2
TAIR
40.0
40.0
48.0
58.5
67.7
76.0
78.0
76.0
71.0
60.7
45.8
39.5
HUM
.81
.78
.75
.70
.72
.735
.77
.765
.75
.73
.753
.805
PPT












WIND*
7.55
8.4
9.1
8.6
6.9
5.9
5.4
4.9
5.4
6.15
7.5
8.2
                 38° 02' N
  LATITUDE  =  _



  LONGITUDE =  	



  ELEVATION =    966 ft'
84° 36'  W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 79

-------
                                TABLE 32
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Louisville.  Kentucky (93821)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.7
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.2
5.7
5.6
5.0
4.8
5.0
6.0
6.8
TAIR
34.9
37.2
45.6
56.0
65.3
74.2
77.9
76.1
70.2
58.6
45.7
36.9
HUM
.75
.71
.66
.64
.67
.69
.70
.71
.68
.70
.68
.73
PPT












WIND
10.2
10.0
10.7
10.4
8.1
7.4
6.7
6.0
7.0
7.1
9.5
9.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS"
CC
5.0
5.2
5.2
5.1
4.7
3.7
3.7
3.0
2.7
2.0
4.2
5.0
TAIR
40.0
41.0
48.0
61.0
69.5
78.0
80.5
78.0
72.5
61.5
47.6
41.7
HUM
.767
.76
.72
.685
.715
.76
.747
.745
.755
.737
.735
.76
PPT












WIND*
6.6
7.3
8.0
7.6
6.0
5.0
4.6
4.0
4.6
4.5
6.4
7.05
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                  38°  11'
85° 44'  W
474 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given  in  knots
                                 80

-------
                               TABLE 33
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
                                    New Orleans,  Louisiana  (12916)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.3
6.1
5.7
5.1
5.0
6.1
5.4
5.2
4.0
5.0
6.1
TAIR
54.6
57.1
61.4
67.9
74.4
80.1
81.6
81.9
78.3
70.4
60.0
55.4
HUM
.78
.76
.73
.75
.75
.77
.79
.80
.79
.75
.75
.78
PPT












WIND
9.6
10.3
10.2
9.7
8.4
7.0
6.4
6.2
7.6
7.7
9.0
9.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.4
4.0
4.4
3.7
3.2
3.0
4.2
3.2
3.2
1.3
3.0
4.0
TAIR
60.0
62.0
65.0
72.0
77.0
81.0
82.3
81.5
79.0
72.0
62.0
58.5
HUH
.80
.80
.76
.78
.77
.805
.82
.83
.798
.80
.79
.80
PPT












WIND*
7.0
8.05
7.8
7.2
5.9
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.9
5.3
6.0
6.8
   LATITUDE  =
                 29° 59.2'
   LONGITUDE =    90° 15'3'  W
                 3 ft.
   ELEVATION =
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 81

-------
                                TABLE 34
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR    Shreveport.  Louisiana (13957)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.1
5.1
5.2
4.9
4.6
4.2
5.3
6.1
TAIR
47.5
50.3
56.6
65.3
73.1
80.6
83.7
83.8
78.8
68.3,
55.7
49.6
HUM
.72
.68
.66
.70
.72
.72
.71
.70
.71
.68
.70
.72
PPT












WIND
10.6
10.9
11.3
11.1
9.5
8.3
8.1
7.9
8.0
8.4
9.6
10.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.3
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.3
3.0
4.2
TAIR
52.0
55.5
62.0
69.3
75.0
82.0
84.0
84.0
78.0
69.0
58.5
51.7
HUM
.80
.76
.72
.75
.745
.75
.775
.75
.77
.765
.75
.78
PPT













WIND*
8.1
7.4
8.4
7.8
7.2
6.2
5.8
5.95
5.8
5.9
7.2
7.82
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE -



  ELEVATION =
                  32°  28'
93° 49'  W
254 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given  in  knots
                                82

-------
                                TABLE 35
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Caribou,  Maine (14607)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.8
6.8
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.1
6.9
6.6
7.1
8.1
7.5
TAIR
10.5
12.5
22.8
36.4
49.9
59.0
64.5
62.6
53.8
43.0
30.2
15.5
HUM
.72
.71
.71
.70
.66
.71
.74
.77
.78
.78
.81
.78
PPT












WIND
12.4
12.0
12.9
11.7
11.4
10.4
9.8
9.3
10.4
10.9
11.1
11.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
4.5
4.6
5.6
5.5
5.0
5.6
4.9
5.2
5.2
6.4
5.4
TAIR
17.0
19.0
30.1
40.4
53.1
61.6
68.1
63.8
58.1
46.6
35.1
21.8
HUM
.78
.76
.760
.756
.711
.756
.800
.796
.806
.811
.846
.802
PPT












WIND*
7.8
7.8
7.24
7.74
7.64
7.09
6.79
6.48
6.38
7.08
6.58
7.38
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                  46° 52' N
68° 01' W
624 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 83

-------
                                TABLE 36
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR    Portland. Maine (14764)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
5.9
6.1
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.1
5.8
5.5
5.5
6.6
6.0
TAIR
21.8
22.8
31.4
42.5
53.0
62.1
68.1
66.8
58.7
48.6
38.1
25.8
HUM
.72
.71
.71
.70
.72
.75
.76
.78
.79
.77
.78
.74
PPT












WIND
9.3
9.5
10. C
10.0
9.2
8.1
7.6
7.5
7.8
8.6
8.8
8.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.2
4.7
5.0
5.2
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.0
4.0
5.1
4.2
TAIR
27.0
28.0
34.0
45.0
55.5
64.3
70.5
68.0
60.7
51.5
41.0
32.0
HUM
.78
.77
.76
.745
.78
.81
.80
.815
.81
.80
.81
.79
PPT













WIND*
6.4
6.7
6.9
7.0
6.6
5.4
4.8
5.4
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
43° 39' N
70° 19' W
47 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 84

-------
                                TABLE  37
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Baltimore.  Maryland (93721)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
1
cc
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.3
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.1
4.8
5.9
6.2
TAIR
34.8
35.7
43.1
54.2
64.4
72.5
76.8
75.0
68.1
57.0
45.5
35.8
HUM
.66
.66
.62
.62
.66
.69
.70
.72
.73
.70
.67
.68
PPT












WIND
10.3
11.0
11.6
11.4
10.0
9.1
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.5
9.8
9.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.7
4.5
4.3
5.0
5.0
4.1
3.7
3.7
3.2
1.7
3.6
4.2
TAIR
40.0
40.0
44.8
56.5
66.0
74.3
79.0
76.5
69.8
59.5
47.9
39.0
HUM
.72
.725
.66
.67
.717
.73
.745
.78
.77
.75
.706
.72
PPT












WIND*
7.4
7.6
8.4
8.0
7.4
6.75
6.5
6.4
6.6
6.6
7.49
6.65
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =




  ELEVATION -
39° 11'  N
76° 40'  W
148 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given in knots
                                 85

-------
                                TABLE 38
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR    Boston.  Massachusetts (14739)_
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.1
5.7
5.4
5.5
6.4
6.1
TAIR
29.9
30.3
37.7
47.9
58.8
67.8
73.7
71.7
65.3
55.0
44.9
33.3
HUM
. 4
.62
.64
.63
.64
.70
.66
.70
.67
.67
.69
.65
PPT












WIND
14.8
14.7
14.5
13.8
12.9
12.0
11.3
11.2
11.5
12.5
13.4
14.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.4
4.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.3
4.1
2.4
2.2
5.0
4.2
TAIR
34.7
34.7
38.7
49.3
60.0
70.0
75.5
73.3
67.0
57.5
47.0
38.0
HUM
.68
.668
.67
.68
.71
.73
.725
.733
.74
.725
.71
.72
PPT












WIND*
10.8
10.6
11.73
10.4
10.0
9.4
8.5
8.7
8.9
9.43
10.2
10.8
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                 42°  22'
71° 02'  W
15 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 86

-------
                                TABLE  39
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Detroit.  Michigan  (14822)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.8
7.3
7.0
6.8
6.4
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.4
5.6
7.5
7.7
TAIR
26.9
27.2
34.8
47.6
59.0
69.7
74.4
72.8
65.1
53.8
40.4
29.9
HUM
.75
.74
.70
.64
.62
.65
.64
.68
.70
.70
.72
.76
PPT












WIND
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.1
9.9
9.0
8.2
8.0
8.9
9.5
11.4
11.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.1
6.0
5.7
4.7
4.5
4.2
3.7
3.4
3.0
3.0
6.0
6.0
TAIR
30.1
31.0
37.5
51.0
63.0
72.3
75.7
75.5
67.0
56.5
44.0
34.0
HUM
.786
.76
.725
.677
.67
.67
.67
.71
.733
.733
.747
.78
PPT












WIND*
8.79
8.4
9.0
8.9
7.5
6.6
6.2
6.23
6.6
6.9
8.4
8.9
   LATITUDE  =    42°  25'
   LONGITUDE =    83°  OT  W



   ELEVATION =    619  ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 87

-------
                                TABLE 40
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Muskegon, Michigan  (14840)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
5 DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.7
8.1
7.3
6.6
6.1
5.7
4.8
5.1
5.5
5.9
8.4
8.8
TAIR
76.0
25.7
32.9
45.2
55.8
66.7
71.3
70.3
63.0
52.5
39.6
29.9
HUM
.79
.76
.74
.68
.62
.66
.69
.73
.74
.73
.76
.80
PPT












WIND
12.3
11.9
12.3
12.4
10.7
9.0
8.3
8.4
8.8
11.1
11.8
12.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS '
CC
7.2
6.5
6.1
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.3
6.7
7.3
TAIR
28.0
28.7
36.0
48.7
60.8
70.3
73.8
74.0
64.0
56.0
43.0
33.0
HUM
.816
.80
.76
.725
.70
.715
.73
.76
.76
.77
.77
.82
PPT












WIND*
7.99
8.2
8.6
8.4
7.6
7.1
6.4
5.9
6.3
7.0
9.0
8.25
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION -
                  43° 10' N
86° 14'  W
625 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 88

-------
                                TABLE 41
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Sault Ste.  Marie. Michigan (14847)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.9
7.3
7.0
6.7
6.6
6.3
5.8
6.0
6.9
7.1
8.6
8.2
TAIR
15.8
15.7
23.8
38.0
49.6
59.0
64.6
64.0
55.8
46.3
33.3
20.9
HUM
.81
.80
.77
.72
.69
.75
.76
.79
.82
.80
.83
.82
PPT












WIND
10.3
10.3
10.7
11.1
10.6
9.1
8.5
8.4
9.2
9.7
10.5
10.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.1
5.4
5.1
5.0
5.1
4.7
4.2
4.3
5.7
4.7
7.2
7.1
TAIR
18.6
19.0
27.5
41.0
52.7
60.8
66.0
66.0
58.0
48.0
36.0
26.0
HUM
.847
.83
.79
.78
.725
.805
.80
.82
.84
.823
.845
.86
PPT












WIND*
6.89
7.3
7.2
8.4
7.8
6.8
6.1
5.9
6.55
7.0
7.6
8.0
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                 46° 28'
84° 22' W
721 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 89

-------
                                TABLE 42
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Du1uth
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
6.5
6.8
6.6
6.6
5.9
6.0
6.7
6.4
7.5
7.3
TAIR
8.3
n.o
22.2
36.8
49.7
59.7
66.4
64,8
55.4
44.0
27.0
13.2
HUM
.75
.74
.74
.68
.66
.73
.75
.78
.80
.76
.80
.77
PPT












WIND
12.6
13.0
13.3
14.9
13.6
11.6
10.6
10.4
11.9
12.4
13.6
12.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
4.3
5.0
5.0
5.3
5.2
4.4
4.2
5.1
4.0
6.1
5.5
TAIR
14.0
19.5
28.0
43.0
52.5
61.8
68.0
66.5
55.7
49.0
32.5
21.5
HUM
.77
.765
.76
.71
.71
.75
.758
.80
.81
.80
.80
.807
PPT












WIND*
9.0
9.0
8.6
10.0
9.2
8.2
7.45
6.7
7.9
8.5
8.6
8.4
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  46° 50'  N
92° 11'  W
1426 Ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 90

-------
                               TABLE 43
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Minneapolis-St.  Paul, Minnesota (14922)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.0
6.6
6.4
6.3
6.0
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.2
7.0
6.9
TAIR
14.6
18.2
30.9
46.0
58.5
68.2
74.1
71.5
62.2
50.4
33.0
19.4
HUM
.76
.74
.72
.62
.62
.67
.67
.69
.69
.67
.75
.78
PPT












WIND
10.6
10.9
11.6
12.7
11.7
11.1
9.5
9.4
10.5
10.9
11.6
10.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.5
4.0
5.2
4.3
4.0
4.5
3.2
3.2
3.5
3.2
4.5
5.3
TAIR
18.0
23.5
34.5
49.0
61.7
71.0
76.0
74.0
62.5
56.0
37.3
26.0
HUM
.78
.77
.75
.68
.68
.685
.71
.733
.77
.743
.775
.82
PPT












WIND*
8.03
8.0
8.7
9.3
8.87
8.1
6.8
6.8
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.4
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE -



   ELEVATION =
                  44° 53' N
93° 13'  W
830 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 91

-------
                                TABLE 44
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Jackson.  Mississippi  (13956)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.7
6.9
6.1
5.8
5.3
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
5.2
5.7
6.1
TAIR
48.0
50.7
56.4
64.4
72.5
79.4
81.6
81.3
76.2
66.5
54.9
49.0
HUM
.73
.72
.68
.69
.71
.69
.74
.75
.75
.74
.72
.74
PPT












WIND
7.7
8.0
8.2
7.7
6.2
5.4
4.9
4.6
5.6
5.3
6.8
7.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.8
4.2
4.2
4.2
2.5
3.1
3.7
2.2
2.2
1.7
3.1
4.4
TAIR
54.5
56.2
61.2
68.5
74.7
83.2
82.9
84.3
77.6
67.9
55.3
54.6
HUM
.775
.765
.702
.699
.735
.758
.788
.758
.776
.786
.726
.746
PPT












WIND*
6.25
6.55
6.55
6.22
4.85
4.24
3.17
3.24
3.88
4.04
5.34
5.74
  LATITUDE  =
                 32
  LONGITUDE =    90°  05'  W



  ELEVATION =    33°  ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 92

-------
                                TABLE 45
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR    St.  Louis,  Missouri  (13994)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.4
6.7
6.6
6.2
5.9
5.7
5.3
4.8
4.7
5.9
6.8
TAIR
31.9
34.7
42.6
54.9
64.2
74.1
78.1
76.8
69.5
58.4
44.1
34.8
HUM
.69
.65
.64
.61
.64
.67
.68
.68
.70
.64
.70
.73
PPT












WIND
10.1
10.6
11.8
11.4
9.6
8.4
7.6
7.4
7.9
8.5
9.9
10.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
5.0
4.7
5.0
4.7
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.0
2.0
3.3
4.3
TAIR
35.0
39.5
47.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
82.0
79.0
73.0
63.5
47.7
40.0
HUM
.78
.755
.72
.66
.68
.72
.74
.70
.75
.713
.705
.775
PPT












WIND*
8.0
8.2
8.9
8.55
7.4
5.8
5.3
4.6
5.4
5.7
7.6
7.2
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  38°  45'  N
90° 23'  W
560 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 93

-------
                                TABLE  46
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Springfield. Missouri (13995)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.3
6.6
6.3
6.3
5.8
5,6
5.0
4.2
4.7
5.2
6.2
TAIR
32.7
36.8
44.9
55.5
63.6
72.9
77,5
76.5
69.1
58.4
44.5
35.7
HUM
.76
.72
.70
.66
.72
.73
.73
.71
.68
.69
.70
.73
PPT












WIND
13.3
13.7
14.7
14.1
12.2
11.7
10.1
9.9
10.9
11.6
13.2
13.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.7
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.0
3.5
3.2
1.7
1.7
3.0
4.0
TAIR
36.3
40.0
48.5
61.0
67.8
79.0
79.0
78.0
72.0
62.5
48.0
40.0
HUM.
.79
.757
.725
.70
.75
.80
.80
.76
.805
.76
.745
.77
PPT












WIND*
9.0
9.0
10.2
9.1
8.0
7.0
6.3
5.7
6.6
7.4
7.5
8.6
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                 37° 14'
93° 23'  W
1265 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                94

-------
                                TABLE 47
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Billings. Montana (24033)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.9
7.2
7.0
6.4
6.0
4.0
4.1
5.2
5.5
6.7
6.7
TAIR
22.9
26.1
34.1
46.2
56.0
64.0
73.3
71.0
60.0
49.2
35.8
27.2
HUM
.63
.66
.65
.57
.56
.60
.47
.46
.52
.56
.62
.62
PPT












WIND
12.6
12.1
11.8
11.8
n.i
10.6
9.9
9.6
10.4
10.9
12.3
12.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.5
5.3
5.0
4.7
3.7
2.2
2.5
3.5
3.2
4.3
5,0
TAIR
33.0
36.0
39.7
51.0
58.0
68.0
75.5
73.5
63.5
53.5
43.0
33.0
HUM-
.697
.69
.697
.65
.645
.655
.54
.535
.59
.645
.663
.685
PPT












WIND*
9.5
9.4
8.4
9.0
8.8
7.9
7.85
7.4
8.2
8.0
9.2
9.3
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                  45° 48'
108° 32' W
3567 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 95

-------
                                TABLE 48
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Helena.  Montana  (24144)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.2
6.9
6.4
4.0
4.4
5.4
5.9
7.2
7.3
TAIR
18.6
23.2
31.4
43.3
52.9
59.5
68.4
66.2
56.0
45.6
31.6
24.2
HUM
.69
.68
.64
.57
.58
.58
.50
.48
.55
.60
.68
.70
PPT












WIND
6.7
7.7
8.5
9.4
9.0
8.8
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.3
7.3
7.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.2
5.3
4.2
2.1
2.0
3.5
3.2
5.0
6.0
TAIR
29.0
33.5
37.0
46.5
56.0
61.7
71.0
70.0
60.0
48.0
37.5
30.0
HUM
.72
.715
.70
.61
.60
.62
.56
.54
.64
.68
.70
.745
PPT







.,




WIND*
4.5
5.4
5.75
6.8
7.0
6.4
5.75
5.2
5.05
5.2
4.9
4.8
  LATITUDE  =    46° 36' N
  LONGITUDE =   "2° 00'
  ELEVATION -   3828 ft'
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                96

-------
                                TABLE  49
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   North Platte.  Nebraska (24023)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
4.9
4.4
4.6
4.4
4.2
5.5
5.7
TAIR
24.0
27.9
35.0
47.7
58.5
69.1
76.1
74.5
63.7
51.0
35.5
27.4
HUM
.72
.70
.68
.61
.66
.65
.63
.64
.61
.62
.67
.70
PPT












WIND
9.7
10.6
12.3
13.3
12.5
11.4
10.2
10.1
10.3
10J
10.6.
9.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
4.7
4.0
4.2
5.0
3.0
3.2
3.0
2.7
2.2
4.0
4.0
TAIR
26.5
31.0
39.3
50.7
61.5
73.0
78.0
74.5
64.8
55.0
39.0
30.0
HUM
.76
.78
.745
.68
.70
.74
.725
.733
.74
.71
.72
.755
PPT












WIND*
6.7
7.4
9.0
9.8
9.2
8.3
7.3
6.7
7.8
7.2
6.6
6.9
  LATITUDE  =    41° 08"  N
  LONGITUDE =   100° 41 '
   ELEVATION -   2775 ft'
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 97

-------
                                TABLE 50
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Omaha. Nebraska  (14942)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.1
6.4
6.7
6.3
6.3
5.6
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.5
5.7
6.2
TAIR
22.3
26.5
36.9
51.7
63.0
73.1
78.5
76.2
66.9
55.7
38.9
28.2
HUM
.72
.74
.68
.58
.62
.65
.66
.68
.68
.63
.68
.70
PPT












WIND
11.4
11.8
13.1
13.7
11.8
11.0
9.4
9.6
10.2
10.4
11.7
11.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.3
5.0
4.0
4.7
3.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
2.1
3.5
3.7
TAIR
25.5
32.0
43.5
55.0
67.5
77.0
81.0
77.0
68.0
60.0
44.0
34.0
HUM
.78
.765
.773
.68
.685
.73
.725
.74
.75
.72
.76
.78
PPT













WIND*
8.3
8.8
10.3
9.65
9.15
7.5
6.8
6.5
6.75
7.4
7.8
8.0
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                 41° 18' N
95° 54'  W
978 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 98

-------
                                TABLE 51
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Elko» Nevada (24121)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.5
6.8
6.4
6.2
4.2
3.0
2.9
3.0
4.2
5.6
6.5
TAIR
22.6
28.0
35.6
44.3
52.0
60.0
69.6
66.9
57.9
46.9
34.2
26.4
HUM
.72
.70
.62
.51
.51
.42
.33
.32
.37
.48
.63
.73
PPT












WIND
5.4
5.9
6.9
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.3
6.1
5.5
5.3
4.9
4.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.3
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.4
2.4
1.3
1.4
1.0
2.1
2.4
3.. 4
TAIR
31.0
38.0
38.0
48.0
58.0
68.0
74.8
72.0
62.0
49.7
38.6
31.1
HUM
.79
.76
.71
.62
.615
.55
.40
.46
.44
.60
.711
.814
PPT












WIND*
3.0
3.6
4.6
5.53
4.8
4.7
4.55
4.35
4.0
3.6
2.59
2.49
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =




  ELEVATION =
                  40° 50' N
115° 47'  W
5050 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 99

-------
                                TABLE 52
         WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR   Las Vegas. Nevada (23169)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
4.3
4.2
3.8
3.3
1.6
2.8
2.3
1.6
2.4
3.2
4.4
TAIR
44.2
50.4
56.5
65.6
74.1
83.6
90.5
88.4
80.7
67.4
53.9
46.8
HUM
.47
.37
.28
.23
.19
.15
.22
.22
.20
.26
.35
,40
PPT












WIND
6.5
7.9
9.7
10.3
11.0
11.1
9.9
9.6
8.6
7.6
6.3
6.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.4
1.0
1.0
0.1
1.0
2.0
2.0
TAIR
47.0
54.5
58.0
69.5
78.0
87.5
91.8
90.3
81.8
70.5
56.0
47.5
HUM
.555
.48
.395
.33
.26
.19
.26
.30
.30
.36
.473
.555
PPT













WIND*
4.45
5.0
7.0
6.15
7.3
7.6
6.5
6.3
5.1
5.35
4.4
3.7
   LATITUDE   =
                  36° 05'  N
   LONGITUDE  =    115°  10'  W
                 2162  ft.
   ELEVATION  =
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                100

-------
                                TABLE 53
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Reno' Nevada  (23185)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
6.1
5.8
5.4
5.0
3.3
2.1
1.9
2.4
4.1
5.3
6.2
TAIR
31.9
36.1
41.0
47.5
53.4
60.1
68.2
66.5
60.3
50.2
39.3
33.4
HUM
.69
.66
.55
.49
.48
.45
.40
.40
.46
.53
.62
.71
PPT












WIND
6.0
6.3
7.7
7.9
7.7
7.2
6.5
6.2
5.5
5.5
5.1
4.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.5
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.0
1.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
2.0
1.7
3.5
TAIR
35.5
41.0
43.0
51.3
59.5
67.0
73.0
71.0
62.7
52.0
41.5
35.5
HUM.
.66
.60
.545
.44
.29
.28
.43
.485
.46
.49
.58
.64
PPT












WIND*
3.3
3.7
5.5
5.2
5.2
4.7
4.53
4.4
3.7
3.4
2.4
2.9
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =




   ELEVATION =
                  39°  30'
119° 47' W
4404 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                101

-------
                                TABLE 54
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Concord. New Hampshire  (14745)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.0
6.1
6.5
6.5
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.7
5.6
6.7
6.1
TAIR
21.2
22.7
31.7
43.8
55.5
64.5
69.6
67.4
59.3
48.7
37.6
25.0
HUM
.71
.69
,67
.65
.66
.69
.71
.75
.76
.74
.74
.72
PPT












WIND
7.3
7.9
8.2
7.8
7.0
6.4
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.9
6.6
6.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.2
4.3
4.5
4.1
3.7
4.0
5.0
4.3
TAIR
27.0
28.0
35.0
46.5
59.3
67.5
73.0
69.7
61.0
52.0
41.0
30.0
HUM
.743
.72
.705
.69
.70
.75
.76
.76
.785
.763
.765
.77
PPT












WIND*
5.05
4.8
5.85
5.45
5.05
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.7
  LATITUDE  =    43° 12'  N



  LONGITUDE =    71° 3T  W



  ELEVATION =    342 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given  in knots
                                102

-------
                                TABLE 55
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Newark.  New Jersey (14734)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
• APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
6.1
6.5
6.4
6.0
6.1
6.0
5.5
5.2
6.0
6.2
TAIR
33.3
33.7
41.5
52.3
62.5
72.3
77.3
75.4
68.3
57.6
45.9
35.3
HUM
.66
.64
.62
.62
.64
.66
.66
.69
.70
.69
.67
.67
PPT












WIND
11.2
11.5
12.1
11.2
10.0
9.3
8.8
8.5
8.8
9.3
10.1
10.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.5
5.1
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.2
4.0
3.4
3.2
4.2
4.3
TAIR
37.0
37.5
41.8
53.0
65.0
73.0
78.7
76.5
70.0
59.8
48.5
38.7
HUM
.69
.68
.66
.65
.68
.68
.70
.72
.72
.72
.69
.72
PPT












WIND*
8.4
8.2
9.1
8.9
7.7
7.2
6.7
6.4
7.05
7.2
7.0
7.8
   LATITUDE   =



   LONGITUDE  =



   ELEVATION  =
                  40°  42'  N
74° 10'  W
11  ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 103

-------
                                TABLE 56
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Albuquerque. New Mexico (23050)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.3
3.3
4.4
4.3
3.1
3.5
3.6
4.5
TAIR
33.7
39.5
46.0
55.5
65.3
74.9
79.0
76.9
69.9
58.2
44.0
36.0
HUM
.56
.49
.40
.35
.32
.30
.42
.47
.40
.44
.46
.55
PPT












WIND
8.1
8.9
10.1
11.0
10.4
9.8
9.1
8.0
8.5
8.2
7.8
7.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
1.5
3.0
3.0
3.1
2.0
1.0
3.2
2.2
0.7
1.1
1.7
2.0
TAIR
40.0
44.0
49.0
58.0
68.0
77.5
79.5
77.3
72.0
60.8
47.7
40.0
HUM.-
.585
.54
.43
.40
.355
.36
.46
.52
.53
.52
.56
.61
PPT













WIND*
5.4
6.0
7.33
7.6
7.35
6.93
6.3
5.6
6.0
5.5
4.7
5.0
  LATITUDE  =    35° °3'
  LONGITUDE =   106° 37'  W



  ELEVATION =    5310 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 104

-------
                               TABLE  57
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Albany.  New  York  (14735)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.8
6.8
7.0
6.8
6.4
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.9
7.3
7.1
TAIR
22.7
23,7
33.0
46.2
57.9
67.3
72.1
70.0
61.6
50.8
39.1
26.5
HUM
.73
.71
.69
.64
.65
.67
.68
.73
.76
.74
.74
.75
PPT












WIND
9.7
10.4
10.5
10.5
9.0
8.1
7.3
6.9
7.3
7.9
8.8
8.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
5.4
5.5
5.0
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
3.3
4.0
5.7
5.5
TAIR
29.0
29.0
36.0
49.5
61.0
70.0
74.5
72.0
63.0
54.3
42.0
32.0
HUM
.755
.74
.71
.67
.67
.70
.73
.75
.77
.76
.74
.78
PPT












WIND*
7.4
7.35
7.5
8.15
6.6
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.6
5.9
6.1
6.3
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                  42°  45'  N
73° 48'  W
275 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 105

-------
                                TABLE 58
        WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR   Buffalo.  New York (14733)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.3
8.1
7.4
7.1
6.7
6.0
5.6
5.6
5.9
6.0
8.1
8.2
TAIR
25.5
24.7
33.0
43.8
55.4
65.5
70.6
68.9
62.4
51.2
39.9
29.0
HUM
.77
.76
.74
.70
.70
.70
.69
.71
.73
.73
.74
.76
PPT












WIND
15.1
15.0
14.9
13.8
12.5
12.0
11.2
10.7
11.5
12.2
14.1
14.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
7.0
6.5
6.1
5.2
5.0
4.5
4.1
4.2
3.9
3.3
6.3
7.0
TAIR
30.5
31.0
35.0
48.0
59.3
70.0
73.5
72.0
65.1
56.0
43.0
33.7
HUM
.80
.79
.77
.74
.735
.72
.71
.747
.76
.756
.781
.80
PPT













WIND*
9.8
9.9
9.2
8.8
8.85
8.2
7.4
7.0
7.1
8.09
8.19
9.09
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                   42°  56'  N
75° 44'  W
693 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 106

-------
                               TABLE 59
        WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR  New York. New York  (14732)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AU6
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.2
6.3
6.3
TAIR
33.6
33.6
40.8
51.2
62.1
71.5
76.8
75.4
68.8
58.6
47.4
36.4
HUM
.61
.58
.63
.59
.60
.62
.62
.64
.64
.61
.62
.64
PPT












WIND
14.3
14.4
14.6
13.1
11.8
10.9
10.4
10.3
11.1
11.9
12.9
13.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.5
4.5
5.1
4.5
4.7
4.2
4.2
3.9
3.4
3.2
4.3
4.5
TAIR
38.0
38.5
41,9
52.8
64.5
73.0
79.0
77.0
71.1
61.0
49.7
41.0
HUH
.68
.667
.657
.645
.68
.68
.70
.701
.701
.681
.661
.701
PPT












WIND*
10.4
10.6
10.35
9.4
9.0
8.7
7.99
7.69
8.09
8.6
8.99
9.89
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =




  ELEVATION =
                 40° 46'  N
73° 54' W
11 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 107

-------
                                TABLE 60
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Charlotte, North Carolina  (13881)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6.1
6.2
5.5
6.0
5.9
6.2
5.7
5.8
4.8
5.1
5.8
TAIR
42.3
44.4
51.0
59.7
68.3
76.6
78.6
77.3
72.6
61.5
50.4
43.0
HUM
.70
.66
.65
.63
.66
.68
.74
.74
.74
.72
.70
.70
PPT












WIND
8.6
8.8
9.4
9.4
7.7
7.0
6.8
6.9
7.5
7.7
7.6
7.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3
3.5
3.7
1.0
3.0
4.0
TAIR
48.0
48.0
53.5
63.0
73.3
76.8
78.9
78.6
74.0
63.5
54.0
45.0
HUH
.717
.70
.67
.66
.70
.75
.787
.78
.75
.76
.71
.73
PPT













WIND*
5.5
5.8
6.3
6.2
5.4
5.0
4.75
4.6
4.8
4.6
4.8
4.7
                 35° 13' N
LATITUDE  =



LONGITUDE = 	



ELEVATION =    725  ft.
                 80° 56' W
*Extreme conditions  given in  knots
                                 108

-------
                                TABLE 61
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Wilmington,  North  Carolina  (13748)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
5.9
5.7
5.0
5.5
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
4.6
4.9
5.3
TAIR
47.9
48.7
54.2
62.5
70.5
77.7
80.0
79.4
75.2
65.4
55.4
48.2
HUM
.75
.74
.71
.71
.75
.78
.80
.82
.82
.79
.78
.73
PPT












WIND
10.4
11.5
11.7
12.2
10.5
9.7
9.3
9.1
9.6
9.4
9.5
9.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.1
4.0
4.1
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.4
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.3
3.7
TAIR
53.0
54.0
57.5
67.0
74.0
80.0
82.0
80.5
76.0
67.3
58.0
51.7
HUM-
.79
.76
.718
.707
.76
.80
.82
.833
.82
.83
.77
.773
'PPT












WIND*
6.0
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.2
5.8
5.2
4.4
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.7
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =
                 34°  16'  N
77° 55' W
  ELEVATION =    28 ft-
*Extreme conditions  given in knots
                                 109

-------
                                TABLE  62
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Bismarck. North Dakota  (24011)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.7
7.0
6.6
6.4
6.1
4.7
4.8
5.4
5.6
6.9
6.8
TAIR
9.2
12.7
26.7
43.1
54.8
64.3
72.1
69.3
58.5
45.7
28.4
15.5
HUM
.75
.76
.76
.65
.61
.67
.65
.63
.64
.66
.76
.76
PPT












WIND
10.1
10.3
11.6
12.9
12.7
11.9
10.0
10.2
10.9
10.5
11.2
9.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
5.2
5.2
4.5
5.1
4.7
3.2
3.0
3.5
3.2
4.3
5.1
TAIR
17.5
21.5
34.0
47.6
58.0
69.0
74.0
71.8
60.0
50.0
35.0
24.0
HUM
.78
.80
.80
.70
.68
.75
.69
.68
.71
.72
.755
.80
PPT












WIND*
7.2
7.4
7.8
9.55
9.5
8.2
7.8
7.1
7.6
7.7
7.1
6.5
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  46° 46' N
100° 45'  W
1650 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 110

-------
                                TABLE 63
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Cleveland. Ohio  (14820)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
7.9
7.4
7.0
6.6
5.8
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.7
7.8
8.1
TAIR
28.4
28.5
35.1
47.0
58.0
67.8
71.9
70.4
64.2
53.4
41.3
30.5
HUM
.74
.74
.80
.68
.64
.69
.70
.74
.72
.69
.71
.74
PPT












WIND
12.4
12.5
12.7
12.1
10.6
9.5
8.8
8.5
9.2
10.2
12.4
12.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
6.1
5.3
4.7
4.5
4-1
3.7
3.0
3.0
6.2
7.0
TAIR
33.1
33.0
38.5
52.0
63.5
72.0
76.0
74.0
67.0
58.0
43.8
36.0
HUM
.81
.80
.76
.72
.70
.71
.72
.76
.76
.745
.77
.81
PPT












WIND*
9.09
8.1
9.2
9.0
7.8
6.8
6.93
6.4
6.9
7.5
9.0
8.9
                 41° 24' N
  LATITUDE  =  _



  LONGITUDE =  .	



  ELEVATION =    777 ft-
81° 51'  W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 ill

-------
                                TABLE 64
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
                                 Columbus, Ohio (14821)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
7.5
7.3
7.1
6.5
6.1
5.8
5.4
5.2
5.2
7.0
7.6
TAIR
29.7
31.2
39.8
50.2
60.8
70.7
74.4
72.4
66.5
54.5
41.9
31.7
HUM
.78
.74
.70
.68
.69
.70
.70
.72
.71
.72
.73
.77
PPT












WIND
10.0
10.1
10.7
10.0
8.1
6.8
6.1
5.7
6,5
7.2
9.6
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.6
6.1
5.7
5.5
5.1
4.7
4.1
3.7
2.5
2.0
5.3
6.1
TAIR
35.1
36.0
43.0
56.0
66.5
73.5
76.0
75.0
68.5
58.3
44.0
36.5
HUM
.781
.767
.72
.696
.72
.72
.74
.755
.755
.76
.76
.78
PPT













WIND*
7.59
7.6
8.4
8.0
6.45
5.2
4.5
4.2
4.6
5.07
7.0
6.8
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  40°  00'  N
82° 53'  W
815 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 112

-------
                                TABLE 65
        WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR  Oklahoma City. Oklahoma  (13967)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.9
5.7
5.7
5,9
5.8
4.9
4.8
4.2
4.3
4.1
5.4
5.1
TAIR
37.0
41.3
48.5
59.9
68.4
78.0
82.5
82.8
73.8
62.9
48.4
40.3
HUM
.76
.65
.59
.63
.65
.68
.64
.62
.70
.60
.66
.55
PPT












WIND
14.0
14.1
15.7
15.5
13.8
13.2
11.6
11.3
11.8
12.6
12.8
13.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
2.0
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.1
2.7
2.7
2.3
1.0
1.3
2.3
3.3
TAIR
41.0
44.7
53.5
64.7
71.0
80.0
84.5
83.7
76.0
66.0
53.5
43.0
HUM
.80
.78
.74
.68
.76
.755
.76
.72
.76
.73
.74
.725
PPT












WIND*
9.6
10.0
11.55
11.4
9.6
8.0
8.0
7.8
7.9
9.4
8.9
9.8
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                 35° 24' N
97° 36'  W
1285 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given in knots
                                 113

-------
                        TABLE 66
WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Astoria.  Oregon
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.5
8.2
8.1
8.0
7.7
7.7
6.6
6.6
6.3
7.5
8.1
8.7
TAIR
40.7
42.8
44.5
49.0
53.3
57.3
60.6
61.0
58.0
52.9
46.3
43.1
HUM
.82
.82
.80
.79
.79
.81
.80
.82
.82
.84
.85
.86
PPT












WIND
9.0
8.8
8.7
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.4
7.7
7.1
7.5
8.4
8.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC












TAIR












HUM












PPT












WIND












LATITUDE  =   47° 09' N




LONGITUDE =   123° 53' w



ELEVATION -
          8  ft-
                        114

-------
                                TABLE 67
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Pendleton.  Oregon (24155)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.2
7.9
7.2
6.6
6.0
5.2
2.6
3.4
4.0
5.8
7.7
8.4
TAIR
32.2
37.4
45.1
52.0
59.6
65.8
73.6
71.9
64.2
53.7
41.3
36.5
HUM
.79
.74
.62
.56
.53
.48
.37
.40
.47
.62
.76
.80
PPT












WIND
8.3
9.0
10.1
10.5
10.3
10.5
9.7
9.2
9.0
8.2
8.0
8.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.4
5.0
4.5
4.5
3.0
0.4
1.5
2.2
3.5
5.0
7.0
TAIR
40.0
44.0
45.0
53.5
61.0
69.5
77.5
76.5
66.0
56.0
45.0
40.0
HUH
.82
.777
.70
.66
.59
.54
.40
.45
.50
.72
.80
.86
PPT












WIND*
5.1
6.2
6.8
8.0
7.6
7.6
7.3
6.8
6.4
5.6
5.4
5.6
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                   45° 41'  N
118° 51'  W
1482 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given in knots
                                 115

-------
                                TABLE 68
        WEATHER  INFORMATION FOR-  Portland. Oregon (24229)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.6
8.3
8.3
7.6
7.3
6.8
4.5
5.3
5,6
7.4
8.2
9.0
TAIR
38.4
42.0
46.1
51.8
57.4
62.0
67.2
66.6
62.2
54.2
45.1
41.3
HUM
.82
.79
.74
.72
.70
.68
.66
.68
.71
.81
.83
.84
PPT












WIND
,10.0
8.8
8.5
7.2
6.8
6.8
7.5
7.0
6.2
6.5
8.3
9.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.5
6.3
5.7
5.5
6.1
3.7
2.5
2.7
3.5
5.4
6.0
7.0
TAIR
43.7
48.0
46.8
52.5
58.7
64.3
68.5
69.5
64.0
56.0
49.3
43.7
HUM
.86
.82
.80
.74
.727
.74
.70
.74
.78
.835
.85
.868
PPT













WIND*
6.6
5.6
5.8
4.3
4.6
4.7
5.6
4.8
4.1
4.0
5.6
6.6
   LATITUDE   =



   LONGITUDE  =



   ELEVATION  =
                  45°  36'  N
122° 36'  W
 21  ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 116

-------
                             TABLE 69
     WEATHER  INFORMATION  FOR    Avoca. Pennsylvania
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.2
7.2
7.1
6.9
6.7
6.0
6.1
6.2
5.9
5.8
7.4
7.5
TAIR
27.7
28.3
36.2
48.4
59.6
68.2
72.4
70.0
62.5
51.0
39.6
29.4
HUM
.70
.69
.67
.62
.63
.68
.69
.73
.75
.71
.70
.72
PPT












WIND
8.8
9.3
9.1
9.5
8.9
7.8
7.4
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.7
8.8
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC












TAIR












HUM












PPT












WIND












LATITUDE  =



LONGITUDE =




ELEVATION =
               41° 20'
75° 44' W
930 ft.
                              117

-------
                                TABLE 70
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  (13739)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.8
6.3
6.2
6.5
6.6
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.4
TAIR
33.2
33.6
42.3
51.6
63.1
72.1
76.3
74.0
67.7
56.6
45.9
35.9
HUM
.70
.67
.65
.66
.66
.68
.70
.72
.72
.72
.70
.69
PPT












WIND
10.4
11.1
11.7
11.2
9.8
9.0
8.2
7.8
8.1
9.0
9.7
10.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.5
4.7
5.1
5.1
5.2
4.5
4.3
3.7
3.7
3.0
4.3
4.7
TAIR
38.0
39.0
43.7
55.3
65.3
73.3
79.0
76.0
69.0
59.6
47.3
39.5
HUM
.72
.70
.665
.65
.72
.69
.727
.743
75.7
.73
.71
.716
PPT













WIND*
7.6
8.0
8.6
8.5
7.2
6.7
6.37
5.71
6.1
6.9
6.54
7.7
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                  69° 53'
75° 15'  W
7 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 118

-------
                               TABLE 71
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Scranton,  Pennsylvania (14777)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.7
7.4
7.1
6.9
6.7
6.1
6.5
6.1
6.2
5.9
7.1
7.2
TAIR
26.9
27.1
36.3
47.0
58.9
67.8
72.2
70.0
63.2
52.2
40.7
29.6
HUM
.72
.72
.69
.64
.64
.68
.71
.73
.75
.72
.69
.71
PPT












WIND
9.2
10.2
9.5
9.9
9.3
8.4
7.6
7.1
7.7
8.5
9.3
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
6.0
5.7
5.3
5.1
4.2
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.0
5.7
6.0
TAIR
32.7
32.5
38.5
51.5
62.5
70.0
74.7
72.0
64.0
55.0
43.0
34.3
HUM
.746
.723
.706
.655
.696
.695
.735
.755
.785
.742
.745
.784
PPT












WIND*
6.35
6.5
7.0
6.8
6.0
6.0
5.4
4.7
5.2
5.55
5.9
5.6
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =




  ELEVATION =
                  41°  20'  N
75° 44'  W
940 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 119

-------
                                TABLE  72
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Charleston, South Carolina  (13880)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.4
5.9
6.3
6.6 .
6.1
6.3
5.0
5.1
5.9
TAIR
49.8
51.5
56.7
64.8
72.9
79.2
80.6
79.7
75.6
66.2
55.9
50.0
HUM
.74
.71
.71
.72
.75
.78
.81
.82
.82
.77
.76
.74
PPT












WIND
9.3
10.4
10.4
10.2
8.9
8.6
8.1
7.5
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.5
3.7
4.5
5.2
4.1
4.4
2.0
2.7
4.2
TAIR
56.0
56.0
59.7
65.7
74.0
78.7
79.7
79.0
74.9
67.5
58.5
53.0
HUM.
.76
.765
.73
.75
.80
.81
.84
.838
.86
.83
.78
.767
PPT













WIND*
6.6
7.5
7.8
7.63
5.6
6.0
5.5
5.0
5.6
5.65
6.05
6.1
                 32° 54' N
   LATITUDE  =  _



   LONGITUDE =	



   ELEVATION =    40 ft-
80° 02'  W
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 120

-------
                                TABLE 73
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Columbia, South Carolina (13883)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.2
5.4
5.7
6.0
5.4
5.5
4.4
4.8
5.7
TAIR
46.9
48.4
54.4
63.6
72.2
79.7
81.6
80.5
75.3
64.7
53.7
46.4
HUM
.72
.70
.66
.64
.66
.69
.72
.74
.76
.74
.72
.72
PPT












WIND
7.1
7.7
8.4
8.7
7.0
6.9
6.8
6.1
6.4
6.1
6.4
6.5
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.7
3.2
3.5
4.4
3.5
3.7
2.0
2.3
4.0
TAIR
52.0
52.0
57.5
65.5
75.5
79.5
81.5
81.0
74.8
66.0
56.5
49.0
HUM
.718
.70
.67
.66
.70
.75
.787
.78
.75
.76
.71
.73
PPT












WIND*
5.2
5.65
6.4
6.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.3
4.35
4.0
4.2
4.6
                 33° 57' N
   LATITUDE  =  _



   LONGITUDE =  	




   ELEVATION =    217 ft'
81° 07' W
*Extreme conditions  given in knots
                                 121

-------
                              TABLE  74
      WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR    Greer,  South  Carolina
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
5.7
5.6
5.1
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.7
5.8
5.3
4.1
5.2
5.8
TAIR
43.7
45.1
51.4
60.9
69.4
77.0
79.0
78.2
72.7
62.4
51.3
43.6
HUM
.66
.60
.59
.63
.68
.72
.76
.73
.73
.69
.65
.68
PPT












WIND
7.6
8.5
8.4
8.3
7.5
6.6
6.3
6.0
6.3
7.0
7.2
7.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC












TAIR












HUM












PPT












WIND












LATITUDE  =



LONGITUDE =



ELEVATION =
34° 54'  N
82° 13'  W
957 ft.
                              122

-------
                               TABLE 75
        WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR
                                 Huron, South Dakota  (14936)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6,6
6.4
7.2
6,6
6.2
5.7
4.6
4.9
5.0
5.1
6.6
6.7
TAIR
13.5
17.6
31.7
46.4
58.0
68.2
75.4
72.9
62.8
50.0
32.5
19.6
HUM
.76
.78
.77
,66
.65
.70
.66
.66
.65
.66
.75
.78
PPT












WIND
11.6
11.9
13.0
14.3
13.1
11.9
11,1
11.0
12.0
11.7
12.7
11.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.1
5.0
5.5
4.3
4.3
4.0
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.5
5.0
TAIR
20.0
24.0
36.0
48.7
61.0
72.0
77.3
75.0
63.0
54.0
36.0
27.5
HUM
.82
.835
.84
.71
.72
.765
.72
.74
.75
.737
.775
.84
PPT












WIND*
8.8
8.6
10.03
10.8
10.0
8.93
8.0
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.7
8.5
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =




  ELEVATION =
                  44°  23'  N
98° 13'  W
1282 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 123

-------
                                TABLE 76
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Rapid City. South Dakota (24090)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6.5
6.7
6.7
6.5
5.7
4.3
4.3
4.6
4.7
6.1
6.3
TAIR
22.0
24.1
31.1
44.5
55.7
64.9
73.8
72.0
61.6
50.0
35.1
27.2
HUM
.66
.68
.64
.57
.59
.62
.55
.51
.51
.50
.60
.65
PPT












WIND
10.4
10.8
12.6
13.1
12.4
10.8
9.9
10.3
11.0
10.9
11.0
10.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.6
5.1
5.2
4.4
4.6
3.6
2.6
2.0
3.0
2.9
4.2
4.7
TAIR
30.0
31.1
38.6
48.6
58.1
71.1
76.1
74.7
65.1
55.1
41.0
32.0
HUM
.731
.74
.746
.657
.651
.691
.621
.60
.624
.651
.66
.72
PPT












WIND*
7.49
7.38
9.49
9.99
9.49
8.09
7.89
7.89
8.49
8.53
8.35
7.6
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION -
                  44° 03'  N
103° 04'  W
3162 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 124

-------
                                TABLE 77
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Knoxville,  Tennessee  (13891)
MO
OAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
2.4
6.7
6.5
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.7
5.5
5.2
4.9
5.8
6.7
TAIR
40.5
42.5
49.4
59.0
67.4
75.8
78.4
77.0
72.1
60.3
48.4
41.0
HUM
.74
.69
.66
.63
.67
.69
.71
.72
.71
.72
.70
.71
PPT












WIND
8.6
9.0
9.6
9.7
7.7
7.0
6.5
5.7
6.1
6.0
7.4
7.7
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.5
5.0
4.3
4.4
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.4
3.2
2.0
3.7
5.1
TAIR
46.0
47.0
52.0
62.7
71.5
76.0
79.0
78.0
74.0
62.7
50.7
43.5
HUH
.775
.725
.70
.68
.72
.77
.77
.795
.77
.773
.73
.76
PPT












WIND*
6.05
6.4
7.2
6.6
5.3
4.6
4.65
4.2
4.2
4.25
5.2
5.45
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =




   ELEVATION =
                  35°  49'  N
83° 59' W
950 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 125

-------
                                TABLE 78
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR
                                  Memphis, Tennessee  (13893)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.4
6.3
6.1
5.9
5.4
5.7
5.0
4.8
4.3
5.5
6.3
TAIR
41.5
44.1
51.1
61.4
70.3
78.5
81.3
80.5
73.9
63.1
50.1
42.5
HUM
.73
.70
.66
.65
.68
.69
.70
.70
.71
.68
.69
.72
PPT












WIND
10.7
10.6
11.4
11.0
9.1
8.1
7.7
7.1
7.7
7.8
9.4
10.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.3
4.0
4.2
3.5
3.3
3.7
3.0
2.2
1.5
3.0
4.2
TAIR
46.0
49.5
56.3
66.0
74.0
82.0
83.0
81.5
75.5
65.5
53.5
46.0
HUM
.77
.74
.687
.665
.72
.76
.76
.75
.76
.73
.72
.72
PPT













WIND*
7.5
7.35
8.8
8.2
6.8
6.4
5.3
4.7
5.4
5.2
6.5
7.4
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  35° 03'N
89° 59'W
258 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 126

-------
                               TABLE 79
       WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Nashville. Tennessee  (13897)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.2
5.9
5.5
5.7
5.3
5.0
4.6
5.9
6.7
TAIR
39.0
41.0
49.5
59.5
68.3
76.3
79.4
78.3
72.2
61.0
48.9
41.0
HUM
.71
.63
.60
.64
.68
.69
.75
.76
.76
.66
.68
.69
PPT












WIND
9.0
9.2
9.9
9.4
7.5
6.7
6.2
5.9
6.2
6.3
8.2
8.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.3
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.7
1.5
3.7
4.7
TAIR
45.0
46.3
53.0
63.5
70.8
78.0
81.0
79.5
74.0
63.0
51.0
44.5
HUH
.815
.77
.735
.70
.73
.76
.773
.78
.78
.78
.738
.77
PPT












WIND*
6.35
6.4
7.2
7.0
4.9
4.4
3.7
3.9
4.0
4.35
5.4
6.2
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION -
                36° 07' N
86° 41'  W
590 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                127

-------
                                TABLE 80
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Brownsville, Texas  (12919)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.5
6.7
6.6
5.9
5.2
4.7
4.8
5.2
4.7
5.8
6.6
TAIR
61.4
64.0
67.9
73.9
79.0
82.7
84.0
84.1
81.2
75.9
67.6
62.9
HUM
.79
.78
.76
.72
.78
.77
.75
.75
.77
.77
.77
.79
PPT












WIND
11.9
12.6
13.7
14.5
13.9
12.8
11.8
11.0
9.8
9.9
11.0
11.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.0
5.0
5.0
3.7
3.5
2.3
2.0
3.1
1.3
1.7
4.2
TAIR
66.0
67.5
70.0
76.0
79.8
82.8
83.9
84.0
82.3
76.7
69.5
64.7
HUM
.833
.84
.81
.80
.80
.79
.77
.767
.82
.775
.82
.83
PPT













WIND*
9.0
9.8
10.4
11.6
10.6
9.2
8.85
7.85
7.6
7.6
7.8
8.8
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                   25°  54' N
97° 26'  W
16 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 128

-------
                                TABLE 81
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Dallas,  Texas (13960)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.1
5.8
6.0
5.8
4.6
4.3
4.0
4.0
4.4
4.6
5.6
TAIR
45.7
49.8
57.4
66.3
73.7
81.9
85.5
85.8
78.9
68.8
55.8
48.3
HUM
.70
.68
.62
.66
.68
.65
.61
.58
.62
.64
.64
.67
PPT












WIND
10.2
10.9
12.7
13.1
11.9
12.3
9.9
9.6
9.1
9.1
10.1
10.1
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.5
4.1
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.5
2.5
4.0
TAIR
50.0
53.7
61.0
70.5
76.5
83.5
88.5
88.0
80.0
71.0
59.0
51.0
HUM-
.76
.74
.68
.68
.72
.69
.67
.66
.73
.70
.72
.707
PPT












WIND*
7.6
8.0
10.0
9.8
8.6
9.2
7.2
6.8
6.5
6.7
6.5
7.6
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  32° 51'  N
96° 51' W
476 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 129

-------
                                TABLE 82
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   E1  PaS°»  TeXaS (23°44)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.8
3.3
3.0
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.3
3.2
4.1
TAIR
43.4
49.1
54.5
63.1
71.6
80.2
81.3
79.8
74.9
65.2
52.0
44.8
HUM
.50
.40
.32
.29
.27
.30
.43
.46
.42
.44
.43
.47
PPT












WIND
10.4
11.3
13.2
13.0
12.4
11.4
10.1
9.6
9.4
9.4
10.0
9.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
1.7
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.3
TAIR
49.5
53.0
59.0
67.7
75.7
84.5
84.5
83.0
78.3
68.0
55.0
48.0
HUH
.60
.45
.43
.32
.30
.355
.505
.50
.555
.52
.52
.60
PPT













WIND*
6.1
7.3
8.1
8.4
8.0
6.6
5.55
5.6
5.2
4.6
5.45
5.25
LATITUDE  =



LONGITUDE =
                  31°  48'
                 106
   ELEVATION =    392°  ft-
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 130

-------
                                TABLE 83
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Houston, Texas (12918)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.6
6.7
6.4
6.4
6.2
5.5
5.9
5,7
5.4
4.7
5.6
6.2
TAIR
53.8
57.7
62.6
69.5
75.9
81.8
83.8
84.2
80.0
72.6
61.9
55.8
HUM
.77
.77
.72
.76
.77
.76
.76
.77
.76
.75
.74
.77
PPT












WIND
10.8
11.2
11.6
12.0
10.7
9.7
8.3
8.3
8.8
9.3
10.3
10.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.3
5.3
4.5
4.2
3.7
TAIR
59.0
61.0
65.5
72.0
76.7
82.0
4.0 |83.5
3.5
3.2
2.0
83.0
79.3
72.0
4.0 |63.8
5.0 |57.7
HUM
.80
.82
.755
.78
.78
.795
.785
.78
.80
.82
.795
.80
PPT












WIND*
8.8
8.6
9.6
9.65
8.3
7.1
6.55
5.8
6.3
6.8
7.4
8.15
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                 29° 46'
95° 22' W
41 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given in knots
                                 131

-------
                               TABLE 84
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  (24127)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
MOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
7.0
6.5
6.1
5.4
4.2
3.5
3.4
3.4
4.3
5.6
6.9
TAIR
26.5
33.4
41.1
50.1
58.9
67.1
76.6
74.4
64.2
52.9
39.3
31.5
HUM
.76
.71
.61
,53
.48
-44
.38
.38,
.42
.54
.68
.76
PPT












WIND
7.5
8.2
9.2
9.4
9.5
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.0
8.5
7.6
7.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.2
5.2
5.0
4.7
4.0
2.2
2.0
2.T
1.3
2.2
3.4
5.0
TAIR
34.0
38.0
43.0
53.0
62.0
71.7
80.0
77.3
67.0
56.0
44.0
35.5
HUM
.79
.76
.695
.58
.543
.52
.42
.47
.52
.58
.71
.797
PPT













WIND*
5.15
5.2
6.3
7.2
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.2
5.9
5.5
5.3
4.5
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                  40° 46' N
111° 58'  W
4220 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 132

-------
                              TABLE  85
      WEATHER  INFORMATION  FOR    Burlington,  Vermont
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
7.5
7.2
7.0
7.2
6.9
6.6
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.5
8.1
7.9
TAIR
16.2
17.4
26.7
41.2
53.8
64.2
69.0
66.7
58.4
47.6
35.3
21.5
HUM
.74
.73
.70
.67
.67
.70
.70
.73
.76
.74
.76
.76
PPT












WIND
9.9
9.6
9.4
9.6
9.1
8.4
7.8
7.5
8.3
8.6
9.7
10.0
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC












TAIR












HUM












PPT












WIND












LATITUDE  =  44° 28"  N




LONGITUDE =  73° 12'  w



ELEVATION =  331 ft-
                               133

-------
                                TABLE 86
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Norfolk,  Virginia  (13737)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AU6
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.2
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.6
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.1
5.3
6.0
TAIR
41.2
41.6
48.0
58.0
67.5
75,6
78.8
77.5
72.6
62.0
51.4
42.5
HUM
.70
.68
.66
.66
.71
.72
.75
.78
.76
.76
.71
.69
PPT












WIND
11.7
12.0
12.5
11.9
10.2
9.4
8.7
8.8
9.7
10.4
10.8
10.9
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.5
4.3
4.3
4.4
3.3
4.3
4.1
3.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
TAIR
46.0
46.0
52.0
61.0
69.0
76.0
79.7
78.7
73.0
64.0
54.0
46.0
HUM
.735
.76
.68
.71
.74
.75
.785
.80
.785
.80
.74
.72
PPT












WIND*
8.6
9.15
9.8
8.8
7.8
6.93
6.7
6.5
6.8
7.4
7.95
8.4
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE -



   ELEVATION =
                   36°  54'  N
76° 12' W
22 ft.
*Extreme conditions  given in knots
                                 134

-------
                               TABLE 87
       WEATHER INFORMATION FOR   Roanoke'  Vl>ginia  (13741)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.5
4.8
5.7
6.0
TAIR
38.1
39.2
45.5
56.4
65.7
73.4
76.6
75.4
69.1
58.2
46.7
38.4
HUM
.64
.62
.59
.57
.64
.68
.70
.72
.73
.68
.63
.62
PPT












WIND
10.0
10.4
10.8
10.4
8.0
6.8
6.6
6.2
5.9
6.7
8.6
9.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.3
5.0
4.3
4.4
4.1
3.4
1.0
3.3
4.0
TAIR
42.0
43.0
49.0
59.5
68.0
73.5
77.3
75.7
70.0
59.8
49.0
41.0
HUM
.68
.66
.61
.605
.685
.715
.75
.76
.76
.74
.648
.655
PPT












WIND*
7.5
7.2
8.2
7.6
6.0
4.85
4.4
4.6
3.5
4.9
6.2
6.35
  LATITUDE  =



  LONGITUDE =



  ELEVATION =
                 37° 19'  N
79° 58' W
1149 ft.
Extreme conditions given in knots
                                135

-------
                                TABLE 88
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Seattle. Washington  (24233)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.5
8.2
8.0
7.7
7-2
7.0
5.3
5.8.
6.2
7.7
8.4
8.8
TAIR
38.3
40.8
43.8
49.2
55.5
59.8
64.9
64.1
59.9
52.4
43.9
40.8
HUM
.80
.75
.74
.74
.70
.68
.67
.70
.76
.81
.81
.82
PPT












WIND
10.4
10.4
10.6
10.2
9.5
9.2
8.7
8.3
8.5
9.3
9.6
10.4
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.7
6.0
5.5
6.1
5.3
4.5
3.7
3.5
4.1
5.7
6.3
7.3
TAIR
42.5
47.0
45.0
49.5
56.8
62.0
66.5
66.0
61.5
53.7
48.3
44.0
HUH
.88
.828
.808
.77
.76
.75
.73
.76
.797
.86
.873
.885
PPT












WIND*
6.4
7.0
7.0
5.7
5.8
5.4
4.85
4.9
4.8
5.9
5.6
6.45
LATITUDE  =



LONGITUDE =
                 47° 27' N
                122° 18'
   ELEVATION =   4QO ftt
*Extreme conditions  given  in  knots
                                 136

-------
                               TABLE  89
        WEATHER INFORMATION  FOR  Spokane. Washington (24157)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
8.1
8.0
7.4
6.9
6.5
6.3
3.3
4.0
4.9
6.6
7.7
8.6
TAIR
24.9
29.7
38.1
46.3
54.7
61.4
69.6
67.9
59.2
48.6
35.7
29.1
HUM
.82
.79
.69
.58
.58
.56
.44
.44
.51
.70
.80
.87
PPT












WIND
8.0
8.7
9.2
9.1
8.1
8.4
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.4
7.6
8.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
6.3
6.0
5.3
5.1
5.0
4.1
1.3
2.0
2.5
4.2
6.0
7.0
TAIR
32.0
36.5
39.0
49.5
59.0
64.0
72.7
73.5
64.0
50.5
40.0
33.5
HUM
.86
.825
.745
.66
.68
.585
.44
.517
.60
.80
.84
.88
PPT












WIND*
5.0
6.2
6.0
6.5
6.1
6.1
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.6
5.0
5.16
  LATITUDE  =
  LONGITUDE =
  ELEVATION =
                 47° 37' N
                117° 31' W
                2357 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                137

-------
                             TABLE 90
      WEATHER  INFORMATION  FOR
                                 Huntington,West Virginia
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.9
6.9
7.2
7.1
6.6
6.1
6.4
6.3
5.9
5.1
7.0
7.5
TAIR
36.6
37.7
44.8
55.7
64.6
72.0
75.2
74.0
68.2
57.3
45.5
37.4
HUM
.70
.68
.64
.62
.70
.73
.76
.78
.78
.70
.73
.75
PPT












WIND
7.3
7.4
8.0
7.5
6.2
5.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
5.5
6.7
7.2
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC












TAIR












HUM












PPT













WIND












               38° 22'  N
LATITUDE  = _



LONGITUDE = ,	



ELEVATION =    827 ft-
82° 33'  W
                              138

-------
                                TABLE 91
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Green  Bay.  Wisconsin  (14898)
MO
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.7
6.3
6.3
6.7
6.2
5.9
5.4
5.5
5.6
6.0
7.1
7.0
TAIR
16.1
17.3
28.5
41.8
54.4
64.7
69.9
67.8
60.2
48.4
33.5
20.1
HUM
.75
.76
.74
.69
.68
.72
.74
.76
.77
.76
.75
.78
PPT












MIND
11.1
11.0
11.7
12.2
11.3
9.9
8.5
8.2
10.0
10.4
12.4
11.3
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
5.0
4.3
5.2
4.3
4.6
4.3
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.5
5.4
5.3
TAIR
21.0
25.1
33.1
46.6
59.8
67.0
70.7
70.1
60.8
52.5
38.0
27.0
HUM
.801
.811
.791
.77
.721
.74
.748
.801
.81
.80
.79
.82
PPT












WIND*
7.69
7.39
7.29
8.79
7.99
6.29
5.29
5.49
6.2
7.0
8.3
7.9
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =



   ELEVATION =
                 44°  29'  N
88° 08' W
682 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 139

-------
                                TABLE 92
        WEATHER INFORMATION FOR  Casper, Wyoming  (24089)
MO
JAN
FEE
MAR
APR
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
NORMAL CONDITIONS
CC
6.4
6,6
6.6
6.7
6.7
5.1
3.8
4,4
4.2
4.9
6.2
6.1
TAIR
23.4
26.3
32,1
43.1
53.1
63.1
71.7
70.1
59.7
48.3
33.6
27.3
HUM
.60
.62
.62
.56
.56
.48
.41
.40
.44
.49
.60
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PPT












WIND
16.9
15.4
14.4
12.9
12.1
11.5
10.3
10.9
11.3
12.4
15.2
16.6
EXTREME CONDITIONS
CC
4.6
4.9
4.5
5.2
5.2
3.2
2.2
2.3
2.5
3.0
4.3
4.0
TAIR
29.2
31.6
36.4
46.0
55.1
66.7
74.6
71.6
62.1
51.1
39.0
31.1
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.702
.711
.631
.606
.591
.491
.451
.571
.601
.681
.671
PPT













WIND*
12.98
10.98
8.19
8.4
8.49
7.78
6.69
7.96
7.88
8.8
10.99
11.9
   LATITUDE  =



   LONGITUDE =
   ELEVATION =
                 42° 55'
106° 28'  W
                 5338 ft.
*Extreme conditions given in knots
                                 140

-------
                   APPENDIX B



RESULTS OF COMPUTATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL STATIONS

-------
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                                                    TIME - MONTHS
               FIGURE 45 -  RESULTS FOR HUNTSVILLE,  ALABAMA

                              (AVERAGE  CONDITIONS)
                                142

-------
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                              143

-------
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       TIME - MONTHS
          FIGURE  47 -  RESULTS FOR PHOENIX,  ARIZONA
                         144

-------
BRIUM TEMPERATURE
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                                                   TIME - MONTHS
             FIGURE 48 -  RESULTS FOR FORT  SMITH,  ARKANSAS
                              145

-------
EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE - F°
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                        146

-------
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                                148

-------
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               FIGURE 52 - RESULTS  FOR  OAKLAND,  CALIFORNIA
                               149

-------
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              FIGURE 53  - RESULTS FOR DENVER, COLORADO
                             150

-------
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TIME - MONTHS
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                            151

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TIME - MONTHS
                 JFMAMJ  JASOND
                       TIME - MONTHS
  FIGURE 55 - RESULTS FOR HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT
                (AVERAGE  CONDITIONS)
                   152

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TIME - MONTHS
    JFMAMJJASOND

          TIME - MONTHS



             FIGURE 56  -  RESULTS FOR WILMINGTON,  DELAWARE
                              153

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                FIGURE 63 - RESULTS  FOR CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
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                               161

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TIME - MONTHS
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                               174

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                            178

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                             179

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                               181

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                               183

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                                           TIME - MONTHS
            FIGURE  87 -  RESULTS  FOR SPRINGFIELD,  MISSOURI
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                         185

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                               186

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                                                TIME - MONTHS
              FIGURE  91 - RESULTS  FOR OMAHA,  NEBRASKA
                             188

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                FIGURE 92  -  RESULTS FOR ELKO,  NEVADA
                              189

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                                                TIME - MONTHS
              FIGURE 93  -  RESULTS FOR LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
                            190

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                                               TIME - MONTHS
            FIGURE  95  -  RESULTS  FOR  CONCORD,  NEW  HAMPSHIRE
                             192

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                               196

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             FIGURE 100- RESULTS FOR NEW YORK, NEW YORK
                            197

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          FIGURE 101- RESULTS FOR CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA
                             198

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      TIME - MONTHS
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        FIGURE 118 - RESULTS FOR KNOXVILLE, TENNESSEE
                         215

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                              217

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        FIGURE 121 - RESULTS FOR BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS
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TIME - MONTHS
               FIGURE  122  - RESULTS FOR DALLAS,  TEXAS
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       TIME - MONTHS
               FIGURE 123 - RESULTS FOR EL PASO, TEXAS
                            220

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        FIGURE 124 - RESULTS  FOR  HOUSTON,  TEXAS
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                        227

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            FIGURE  131 - RESULTS FOR HUNTINGTON, WEST  VIRGINIA
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                               228

-------
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                                       J  FMAMJ  JASOND

                                             TIME - MONTHS
              FIGURE 133  -  RESULTS FOR CASPER, WYOMING
                             230

-------
                      APPENDIX C



COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES



             AND HEAT EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS

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                                         232

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                                        233

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                                        234

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               APPENDIX D



COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CALCULATING MONTHLY



 AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR LOADED PONDS

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                                        238

-------
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-------
SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS

INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
           w
         EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION ON PERFORMANCE
                 OF  RECIRCULATING COOLING PONDS,
           •5. Report Date
             Thackston,  Edward L.
Vanderbilt University
Department of Environmental  and Water Resources Enqineerinq
Nashville, Tennessee   37235
                                                                 8, f tfafmi-g
                                                                   Reporr Mo,
                                                                    16130-FDQ
               R-800613
              Ty>?<   Rep-
              P^nad t'fU'Tftl
Af^/mwvw/o«m»x^
Environmental Protection Technology  Series   EPA-660/2-74-085
 The energy  budget approach to cooling ponds has been outlined and applied to closed
 cycle, recirculating cooling ponds.  Monthly average weather data from 88 stations
 throughout  the  U.S.  were used to calculate equilibrium temperatures,  heat exchange  coef-
 ficients, and the average temperature of various sized ponds receiving the effluent from
 a standard  power  plant of 1000-mw capacity, both for average and extreme weather condi-
 tions.  The data  for each station is shown on a separate chart, and the variation of
 these results across the U.S. is depicted by a series of 38 maps of the U.S., with  con-
 tours connecting  equal  values of the parameters.  The results may also be used to esti-
 mate cooling pond performance for other sized power plants and other  sized ponds.

 The maps disclose variations across the U.S., on a given date, of up  to 55°F in equili-
 brium temperature, up to 100% difference in heat exchange coefficients, and up to 50* F
 difference  in pond temperatures.  Increase of pond temperature over equilibrium is
 greater in  winter than in summer.
 This report was a production of the National Center for Research and  Training in the
 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Aspects of Pollution Control at Vanderbilt University, sponsors
 under project number 16130 FDQ by the Federal Water Quality Office of the Environmental
 Protection  Agency.
 •a    ,,        Ponds*,  Cooling*, Heat transfer*, Recirculated water*,
 Thermal pollution*,  Water temperature, Temperature, Thermal  powerplants,
 Mathematical models,  United States, Geographic regions, Meteorology


 i-b  -,r ,  ,     Cooling ponds, Heat transfer coefficient, Equilibrium temperature,
 Geographic variation
                        05G
                         19.  Secutiir CUss.
                            Se- .rityC' s.
                            (Page)
                                          21, No. of
                                             i'-

                                             Pt. e
Send To:
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D. C. 2O24O
          Edward L.  Thackston
                                              Vanderbilt University, Nashville. Tenn.
                              .-.OVE5NMENT
                                     PRIM-IMP OFFICE 1574-697- /70,'7

-------