4>EPA
United States
Environments!
Agency
•• r i: ^ r
Cincinnati OH 45268
Wdter
Instructional Resources
Monograph Series:
Safety in Wastewater
Treatment Systems
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Monograph Series:
SAFETY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Selected Instructional Activities
and References
prepared by
EPA Information Dissemination Project
SMEAC Information Reference Center
1200 Chambers Road, Third Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43212
Author - Herbert L. Coon
as part of
Grant No. T-900710-03-0
National Training & Operational Technology Center
Office of Water Program Operations
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
June 1981
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This monograph has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade
names of commercial products constitute endorsement of recommendation
for use.
This project has been financed (in part) with Federal funds from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Program Operations,
National Training and Operational Technology Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,
under grant identification number T-900710-03-0. The contents do not
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
The National Training and Operational Technology Center in
cooperation with Ohio State University is developing an Instructional
Resources Monograph Series. The monograph series is an extension of
the information provided in the Instructional Resources Information
System (IRIS) for water quality.
This document is one in the Instructional Resources Monograph
Series. These documents will assist the professional in identifying
and locating instructional and reference materials related to various
technical aspects of water quality control. Emphasis is given to
items useful in the development and presentation of wastewater
treatment training programs.
Each monograph reviews an aspect of wastewater treatment, provides
representative examples of available instructional materials, and
includes an annotated bibliography plus additional references.
Your comments and suggestions regarding these publications are
invited.
Walter G. Gilbert
Director
NTOTC, US EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Herbert L. Coon is a Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Science
and Mathematics Education at The Ohio State University. Since 1973
he has been involved in developing and assembling learning resources
for the ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental
Education. His experience includes directing numerous workshops aimed
toward in-service education and curriculm development in this country
and in overseas assignments.
CREDITS
Primary staff work for this publication completed by Mrs. Linda Shinn,
Mrs. Janice Hingsbergen, Ms. Barbara Klaehn, Dr. Robert W. Howe, and
several graduate student assistants.
Mr. Charles Feldmann, Chemist, Program Support Training Branch,
National Training'and Operational Technology Center, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio was particularly
helpful in providing- materials for Section VII.
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PREFACE
Safety education for employees in wastewater treatment systems is
of critical importance. A survey conducted several years ago by the
Water Pollution Control Federation found that wastewater systems had
an injury rate substantially higher than most industries. Data
collected by the National Safety Council in 1972 indicated that workers
in sewage systems had an injury rate higher than that found in
underground coal mining, a notoriously dangerous occupation.
The intent of this monograph is to assemble materials that may be
useful to managers, supervisors, foremen and others who are interested
in the safety education of workers in wastewater systems.
Despite their obvious interrelationships, eight separate aspects
of safety have been identified and used as a framework to identify
typical learning resources (Part I) and pertinent references (Part II).
It is expected that such a format will facilitate the location of
specific materials needed.
The learning resources are often small segments of illustrative
materials on safety taken from a chapter or section of a publication
or other learning resource that provides additional information.
Bibliographic data concerning these resources are found in Part II.
For further information about these materials contact:
EPA Information Dissemination Project
1200 Chambers Road, 3rd Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43212
Phone: 614-422-6717
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Safety in Wastewater Treatment Systems
PART I - DISCUSSION AND LEARNING RESOURCES
Section I. SAFETY: Management-Supervisor-Worker
Responsibilities 3
Section II. SAFETY: The Individual Worker 31
Section III. SAFETY: Plant Design and General Operation .... 37
Section IV. SAFETY: Chemicals - Gases 53
Section V. SAFETY: Electricity 63
Section VI. SAFETY: Fire and Explosion 89
Section VII. SAFETY: Laboratory Operation 103
Section VIII. SAFETY: Manholes and Traffic 125
PART II - ABSTRACTED REFERENCE MATERIALS 147
Section I. SAFETY: Management-Supervisor-Worker
Responsibilities 149
Section II. SAFETY: The Individual Worker 159
Section III. SAFETY: Plant Design and General Operation .... 167
Section IV. SAFETY: Chemicals - Gases 173
Section V. SAFETY: Electricity 177
Section VI. SAFETY: Fire and Explosion 179
Section VII. SAFETY: Laboratory Operation 181
Section VIII. SAFETY: Manholes and Traffic 185
PART III - THE NATIONAL TRAINING AND OPERATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
CENTER AND SELECTED INFORMATION SOURCES 187
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PART I
Discussion and Learning Resources
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SECTION I
SAFETY: Management-Supervisor-Worker Responsibilities
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Safety for workers in wastewater treatment systems is a
responsibility shared by management, supervisors, and workers. It is
expected that individual workers will bring to their jobs positive
attitudes regarding the importance of safety. Seldom will a new
employee, even one who is generally concerned about safety, be aware of
the many hazards related to work in wastewater treatment systems.
Worker attitudes and behaviors are affected by knowledge about safety.
The attitudes of management and supervisors toward safety are equally
important.
Managers and supervisors must assume responsibility to develop
safety education programs to meet the needs of their workers.
They must open and use effective channels of communication between
themselves and their employees. They must provide funds for safety
education materials. They must provide on-the-job time for employees
to learn more about safety needs and practices appropriate to
their work. They must designate someone responsible to both management
and workers for safety programs. They should develop, with input from
workers, a variety of safety education strategies that will result
in an increasingly safe workplace.
One result of a good safety education program is improved worker
morale. He becomes motivated to take responsibility for his safety
and for those with whom he works. He sees himself as an important
part of the worker-supervisor-administration team concerned with all
aspects of plant or system-wide safety.
Fortunately a large number of excellent teaching-learning
materials are available that examine general aspects of safety such
as motivation of workers, worker morale, roles of supervisors, roles
of management and safety education programs. This section suggests
a few learning resources that may be useful in this area of concern.
The section of the publication citing abstracted reference materials
(Part II) identifies many films, slide-tape presentations, and print
materials that are available.
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Learning Resource #1
"Why a Safety Program Works"
12 minutes
Water Pollution Control Federation
3900 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, DC 20016
Good explanatory narration accompanies the 27 slides that .deal with the
ideas listed below. The material is designed to show management and
supervisors, in broad general terms, that a safety program is a sound
investment with excellent pay-back.
Slide number Material presented in slide
1 Caption - "Why a Safety Program"
2 Wastewater system injury frequency rates compared with
others.
3 Injured worker in hospital bed
4 Dollar costs
5 Injured worker in cave-in
6 Caption - "Safety in Efficiency"
7 Man surrounded by questions
8 Caption - "Safety is Knowledge"
9 , News headline "Cave-in Kills 2"
10 Caption - "Safety is Good Public Relations"
11 Injured worker presenting bills to manager
12 Caption - "Safety is Cost Control"
13 Injured employee and applicant in office waiting room.
14 Caption - "Safety is Good Employee Relations"
15 Listed results of good safety management
16 What is Your excuse?
17 Not enough time
18 Delegate and support safety responsibility
19 Injuries result in lost time
20 Results of good safety program
21 How to start a safety program
22 Role of safety consultants
23 Cost of safety program
24 Cost of accidents and related expenses
25 Man fishing in polluted stream
26 Man fishing in clean stream
27 The end
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Learning Resource #2
"Safety Program Guide"
20 minutes
Water Pollution Control Federation
3900 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, DC 20016
Good explanatory narration clarifies the ideas presented in the 39 slides
listed below. The material offers specific suggestions as to how a safety
program can be organized. Responsibility and roles to be assumed by
managers and supervisors are illustrated.
Slide number Material presented in slide
1 Caption - "Safety Program Guide1'
2 Men developing safety policy
3 Publicizing safety policy
4 Workers reading safety policy
5 Bell Telephone Co. (model) safety policy
6 Manager handing worker job order
7 Manager wearing seat belt
8 Manager speaking for safety
9 Boss gets what he wants
10 Designating safety programs responsibility
11 Management safety committee
12 Work of safety committee
13 Employee - supervisor safety committee
14 Accident report form
15 Reason for accident
16 Accident record keeping
17 U.S.A. Standard Institute
18 Injury frequency rate
19 Injury severity rate
20 Injured worker and investigator
21 Investigating accident cause
22 Unsafe acts, unsafe conditions
23 Protective device
24 Safety rules
25 Safety goggles
26 Safe work procedures
27 Learning on job
28 Off-hours management sponsored course
29 Safety meetings on company time
30 First-aid training
31 What to do when breathing stops
32 How to stop arterial bleeding
33 Treatment for shock
34 Important first-aid
35 Role of supervisors
36 Safety promotion
37 Factors promoting safety
38 Role of management
39 The end
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Learning Resource #3
Safety in Wastewater Works
Water Pollution Control Federation
3900 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, DC 20016
This 67 page pamphlet published in 1975 provides an excellent basic
overview of the various aspects of safety that need to be considered by
managers/supervisors and on-line workers in wastewater treatment systems .
The following Table of Contents identifies the many areas of concern
that need to be included in a comprehensive safety education program.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION [[[ 1
2. RESPONSIBILITIES AND SAFETY PROGRAMS .... ........................... 4
2. 1 Management Responsibilities. .................................. 4
2.11 Employee Selection ...................................... 5
2. 12 Employee Training ....................................... 6
2. 13 Safety Committees ....................................... 6
2.2 Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities .................. 6
2. 3 Reporting and Investigating Accidents and Illnesses ........... 7
2.31 Reporting and Records ................................... 7
2.32 Investigation .................. . ........................ 8
2.4 Prevention of Injuries and Illnesses .......................... 10
2.41 Housekeeping ............................................ 10
2.42 Illumination ............................................ 10
2.43 Sanitation .............................................. 10
2.44 Medical Services, First Aid, and Personal Protection
Equipment .................................... 11
2.45 Mobile Equipment ........................................ 11
2.46 Electrical and Power Generating Equipment ............... 11
2.47 Safety Correction Methods ............................... 11
2.5 Security [[[ 12
2.51 General Security ........................................ 12
2.52 Unauthorized Plant Entry ................................ 12
2.53 Sewer System Protection ................................. 12
2.54 Warning Devices ......................................... 12
3. SAFETY IN OPERATIONS ...................... . ........................ 13
3.1 Safety Work Rules and Procedures 13
3.2 Wastewater Facilities 13
3.21 Sewers 13
3.22 Wet and Dry Wells 16
3.23 Pumping Stations 18
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3. 27 Advanced Wastewater Treatment (Tertiary)
3. 28 Disinfection
3.29 Chemical Treatment of Sludge and Wastewater
3. 30 Sludge Handling and Disposal
3. 31 Lagoons and Ponds
3.32 Sampling
3. 33 Radiological Hazards
3. 34 Laboratory Operations
3.35 Buildings and Grounds
4. SAFETY IN MAINTENANCE
4 . 1 General
4. 2 Isolating Equipment
4.3 Electrical
4.301 General Rules
4.302 Working in Pairs on Energized Equipment
4.303 "Holding" and Locking out Electrical Circuits
4. 304 Grounding Lines and Busses
4. 305 Backfeed
4.306 Grounding of Portable Electrical Tools
4. 307 Live Busses and Specialized Locations
4 . 308 Neutral Grounding
4. 309 Metallic Objects in Work Area
4.310 Explosion-Proof Equipment
4.311 Current Transformers
4.312 High Voltage Equipment
4 . 4 Mechanical
4.41 General
4.42 Use of Lifting Equipment
4.43 Fork Lift Trucks
4. 44 Material Handling,
4.46 Welding
4.47 Small Hand Tools
4.48 Air Powered Tools
4.49 Powder Actuated Tools
4.5 Housekeeping
5 . OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AND NOXIOUS GASES AND VAPORS
5.1 Public Utilities Practices
5 . 2 Hazardous Locations
5 . 3 Definition of Terms
5. 3-1 Distinction Between Gas and Vapor
5. 32 Specific Gravity or Vapor Density
5 . 33 Noxious Gases and Vapors
5. 34 Explosive Limits and Explosive Range
5. 35 Sewer Gas
5 . 36 Sludge Gas
5.41 Ammonia (NH3) , Class 2
5.42 Sulfur Dioxide (S02), Class 2
5.43 Acetylene (C2H6), Class 1A
5.44 Ethane (C2H6), Class 1A.
5 . 45 Other Gases
5.46 Solvents
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6. SAFETY EQUIPMENT ,. 46
6.1 Description and Use of Oxygen Deficiency and Gas Detection
Equipment 46
6.11 Oxygen Deficiency Indicator 46
6.111 Direct Reading Oxygen Indicators 47
6.12 Hydrogen Sulfide 47
6.121 Lead Acetate Paper 47
6.122 Hydrogen Sulfide Ampoules 47
6.123 Hydrogen Sulfide Detector 47
6.13 Combustible Gas Indicators 47
6.14 Carbon Monoxide 48
6.141 Indicator 48
6.142 Detector (Hoolomite) 48
6.143 Indicating Tube 48
6.15 Chlorine Detection 48
6.16 Sulfur Dioxide Detector 48
6.17 Universal Test Kits 49
6.2 Respiratory Protective Apparatus 49
6.21 Canister Gas Masks 49
6. 22 Universal Canister Gas Mask 50
6. 23 Supplied Air Hose Mask 51
6.24 Compressed Air Mask 51
6.3 Safety Harness 51
6.4 Portable Lighting Equipment 52
6.5 Nonsparking Tools 52
6.6 Portable Blowers 52
6.7 Signs 52
6.8 Inhalators 53
7. SAFE PRACTICES 54
7.1 Fire Prevention 54
7.2 Sludge Gas Leak Investigations 54
7.3 Operation of Sludge Digestion Tanks 54
7.4 Operation of Sludge Pumps 55
7,5 Purging Gas Holders 55
7.6 Handling Chlorine Leaks 56
7.7 Enforcement of Local Ordinances 56
8. RESCUE PRACTICES 57
8.1 Gas Rescue Technique 57
8.2 Chlorine Poisoning 57
8.3 Resuscitation 57
9. APPENDIXES 58
9.1 Accident Report 58
9.2 Accident Analysis and Disability Tabulation 60
9.3 Accident Analysis 61
9.4 Supervisor Accident Report 62
9.5 Report of Investigation 63
9.6 Safety Inspector's Investigation 64
9.7 Unsafe Condition Report 65
9.8 First Report of Inj ury to Dispatcher 66
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10. REFERENCES 67
An example of the kinds of useful material found in this manual is found
later in this publication in the section on safety related to electrical
usage.
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Learning Resource #4
Plant Safety
Technical Publishing Company (TPC)
1301 So. Grove Avenue
Barrington, IL 60010
This trainee's guide includes material that covers many of the safety
concerns of supervisors and workers in wastewater treatment plants. The
material is presented in a form designed for self-study. Excellent
suggestions are given to the trainee concerning how he can gain the most
from the course of study. Helpful ideas regarding good study habits and
improving reading skills are presented.
The 10 lessons (each 1^ - 25j hours in length) contained in the guide are
outlined below. All of the lessons are appropriate to the safety education
needs of workers in wastewater treatment plants.
Lesson seven on Electrical Safety is reproduced, with permission, later
in this publication in the section on safety related to electrical usage.
That example indicates the format and usefulness of the TPC Training
System materials.
TPC TRAINING SYSTEMS
PLANT SAFETY
Lesson 1 - MAKING SAFETY WORK - Responsibility for safety; Accidents and
injuries; Hazards; Kinds of accidents and injuries; The accident chain;
Interrupting the chain; The built-in hazards; Avoiding built-in hazards;
'The built-on hazards; Avoiding built-on hazards; Human influences on safety.
Lesson 2 - WORK AREA SAFETY - Safety where you work; Built-in hazards;
Safety near moving machinery; Safety on roofs; Safety in extreme heat;
Minimizing dangers in hot areas; Safety in enclosed areas; Safety in
excavations and tunnels; Flammability and toxicity problems; Chemical safety;
Utility maintenance safety; Exposure to penetrating radiation.
Lesson 3 - SAFE MATERIAL HANDLING - Handling materials; Material handling
injuries; Cause of material handing "injuries; Avoiding injuries; Manual
lifting, carrying, setting; How to lift, carry, and set; Built-in material
hazards; Team handling; Handling special shapes and sizes; Hand tools and
accessories; Handtrucks, dollies,wheelbarrows; Power-assisted handtrucks;
Powered industrial trucks; Industrial truck safety; Conveyors, chutes, troughs;
Hoists and cranes; Receiving and storage; Storage safety; Chemicals and
flammable liquids; Material handling and lighting.
Lesson 4 - TOOL AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY - Hand tools; Built-in hazards; Powered
hand tools; Pneumatic tools; Tool bit safety; Gasoline-powered tools;
Explosive powder tools; Portable ladders; Stepladders; Safe ladder practices;
Fixed ladders; Ladder inspection; Scaffolds and working platforms.
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Lesson 5 - MACHINERY SAFEGUARDS - Machine guards prevent accidents; Hazardous
motions; Locking out power; Blocking moving parts; Point of operation
machinery guarding; Barrier and enclosure guards; Controls and operating
safety; Mechanical power transmission guards.
Lesson 6 - PERSONAL PROTECTION - Personal protective equipment; Head
protection; Eye protection; Face protection; Ear protection; Foot protection;
Respiratory protection; Processing air for respiration; Safety harnesses
and lifelines; Gloves and special work clothing.
Lesson 7 - ELECTRICAL SAFETY - The nature of electricity; Electrical injuries;
Preventing electrical accidents; Overcurrent protection; Grounding; Protection
against ground faults; Hazardous locations; Portable power tool safety; Double-
insulated tools; Electrical safety.
Lesson 8 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AND OPERATIONS - Material hazards and injuries;
Hazardous liquids; Using solvents; Packaged materials; Normal exposures;
Sudden, unexpected exposures; Dealing with unexpected exposure; Noise hazards;
Welding hazards; Welding safety.
Lesson 9 - FIRE PREVENTION - How fires start; Fire.and explosion hazards;
Preventing fires; The four classes of fires; Fire-fighting agents; Portable
fire extinguishers; Firehose handling and maintenance; How to use portable
fire extinguishers.
Lesson 10 - UNDERSTANDING OSHA - What is OSHA; The purpose of OSHA; OSHA
standards; Inspections by OSHA; Inspection results; The act and your job;
Recordkeeping requirements; OSHA is "standardizing" safety; Safety and health
institute (NIOSH); Important points relating to OSHA and you.
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Learning Resources //5
"Safety for the Collection System Worker"
Chapter IX, Operation and Maintenance of Waste-water Collection
Systems; A Field Study Training Program, 1976
Kerri, Kenneth D. and Brady, John, Editors
California State University, Sacramento
6000 "J" Street
Sacramento, CA 95819
This chapter of 63 pages provides a broad overview of the safety concerns
important in wastewater collection systems. It identifies areas to be
included in a safety education program and presents material designed to
improve worker attitudes toward the knowledge about safety. As such it
should be helpful to administrators-supervisors as they plan for safety
education and also to those who do the routine work in the system.
Glenn Davis, author of this chapter, identifies its objectives as follows:
After completion of Chapter 9 you should be able to do the following:
1. Describe the importance of safe procedures and practices
for the collection system worker.
2. Identify potential and existing hazards.
3. Test the atmospheres in confined spaces for oxygen
deficiency, poisonous or toxic conditions, and explosive
levels.
4. Properly ventilate confined spaces.
5. Drive safely.
6. Determine when shoring is required.
7. Recognize potential causes of cave-ins.
8. Outline procedures for safely entering confined spaces.
9. Route traffic around work areas in or near streets.
10. Prepare and present effective safety programs.
11. Extinguish fires.
12. Provide emergency first aid treatment.
The detailed material designed to accomplish the objectives listed above
are shown in the following Table of Contents.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9. SAFETY FOR THE COLLECTION SYSTEM WORKER
by Glenn Davis
9.0 SAFETY.
9.01 Survival 9-1
9.02 Professionalism 9-1
9.03 High Hazards 9-2
9.04 Other Industries by Comparison 9-5
9.05 A Definition of Safety 9-6
9.06 Hazards 9-6
9.07 Approved Procedures and Equipment 9-7
9.1 INFECTION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 9-8
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9.2 GAS HAZARDS 9-11
9.21 Poisonous or Toxic Gases 9-11
9.22 Explosive Atmospheres 9-12
9.23 Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres 9-14
9.24 Detection of Hazardous Gases 9-15
9.25 Protection Against Hazardous Gases 9-19
9.26 Summary 9-19
9.3 DRIVING SAFETY = DEFENSIVE DRIVING 9-22
9.31 Driving Safety 9-23
9.32 Traffic Control 9-24
9.4 EXCAVATIONS AND TRENCH SHORING 9-29
9.41 Causes of Cave-Ins 9-29
9.42 Shoring Requirements 9-30
9.43 Protection of Shoring '. 9-32
9.44 Cooperation Between Workers and Supervisor 9-32
9.5 MANHOLES AND OTHER CONFINED SPACES 9-33
9.51 Types of Hazards 9-33
9.52 Safety Procedures 9-34
9.53 Safety Harness 9-41
9.54 Summary of Manhole Safety Steps 9-41
9.6 SAFETY ON THE JOB 9-44
9.61 Construction 9-45
9.62 Inspection 9-46
9.63 Sewer Cleaning 9-46
9.64 Lift Stations 9-47
9.7 ADDITIONAL JOB HAZARDS 9-51
9.71 Radiological 9-51
9. 72 Electrical 9-51
9. 73 Noise 9-52
9.8 SAFETY ACTION 9-53
9.81 Fire Fighting 9-53
9.82 First Aid 9-54
9.9 SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS 9-57
9.91 Safety Meetings 9-58
9.92 Tail Gate Safety Sessions 9-59
9.921 Formal Tail Gate Sessions 9-59
9.922 Informal Tail Gate Sessions 9-60
9.923 Scheduling Tail Gate Safety Sessions 9-62
9.93 Safety Summary 9-62
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9.10 RECORDS 9-63
9.11 ADDITIONAL READING 9-63
In this chapter, Mr. Davis identifies a series of questions that are
answered in the textual material. These questions, reproduced below, deal
with many of the important safety concerns of personnel working in wastewater
collection systems. The reader will note that the numbering system of the
questions parallels the numbering system used in the table of contents of
the chapter.
9.0A. What is' the First Law of Life for the collection system worker?
B. What skill most marks the professionalism of a collection system worker?
C. Why is a safe performance an important consideration for promotion?
D. How safe is the job of a collection system worker?
E. How can the poor safety statistics for collection system workers be
improved?
F. What is safety?
9.1A. How can you determine if you have contacted a disease from your work?
B. How can the collection system worker be protected from pathogenic
organisms?
9.2A. Why do gases found in sewers tend to be found in low level or
underground structures?
B. What are the three basic classes of hazardous atmosphere?
C. What are some toxic gases that might find their way into a wastewater
collection system?
D. Why is hydrogen sulphide especially dangerous?
E. What are possible ignition sources for an explosive atmosphere?
F. How can you try to locate possible sources of potential explosive
hazards in your collection system?
G. Why is an oxygen deficient atmosphere hazardous?
H. Why should you attempt to measure the level of oxygen in a manhole
before or immediately after the manhole cover is removed?
I. What would you do if you were required to work in an oxygen deficient
atmosphere?
J. How can hydrogen sulphide be detected?
K. Prepare a list of dangerous gases encountered in wastewater collection
systems and indicate how you would test for each gas.
9.3A. What is defensive driving?
B. Where should the truck be parked when working in traffic?
C. How can other people be warned that a truck is backing up?
D. Why are safety cones placed around a parked vehicle?
E. How can traffic be directed around a work site?
F. Where can you obtain additional training and guidance for the proper
methods to route traffic around a job site?
9.4A. What is the purpose of shoring?
B. What causes excavation or trench sidewall cave-ins?
C. What is OSHA?
D. Can cave-ins be caused by vehicles and equipment operating near a recently
excavated trench?
E. Why must care be taken when operating equipment near shoring?
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9.5A. What kinds of hazards may be encountered when working in or around
manholes?
B. List the order for testing for combustible or toxic gases.
C. What do you do if the atmosphere in a confined space is still
hazardous from a toxic gas or an oxygen deficiency after ventilation?
D. Even with a self contained breathing apparatus, you should never enter
a confined space deemed hazardous because of combustible gas mixtures.
True or False?
E. How long should a portable blower operate in a work area prior to
permitting a worker to enter a confined space?
F. At the first signs of what kinds of feeling should a worker
immediately leave a confined space and get into the open air as
soon as possible.
9.6A. List at least five safety hazards around construction sites.
B. What are the differences in safety hazards an inspector must watch
out for between inspecting old and new wastewater collection systems?
C. What precautions must be taken when cleaning sewers?
9.7A. List three additional job hazards to collection system workers.
B. Where do radioactive isotopes come from that get into wastewater
sewers?
C. Electrical shock can occur under what kinds of conditions?
D. What safety precautions should be taken when electrical circuits and
equipment are taken out of service for repair?
E. What sources of noises can cause permanent ear damage?
9.8A. What different types of materials can cause different types or
classes of fires?
B. How can each class or type of fire be extinguished?
C. How often should fire fighting equipment and extinguishers be inspected?
D. What would you do if a fellow worker badly cut his hand?
E. What would you do if you broke your arm?
9.9A. What types of meetings can be used for safety training programs?
B. What factors have to be considered to have an effective safety
meeting?
C. What is a tail gate safety session?
D. What kinds of topics should be covered in any type of safety
meeting?
E. What do you think is the key or secret to a good safety meeting of
any type?
Mr. Davis1 suggested answers to the questions found above are as follows:
9.0A. The First Law of Life is Safety and Survival.
B. The skill that most marks the professionalism of a collection system
worker is the ability to carry out work assignments safely.
C. A reputation for a safe performance is an important professional
characteristic. A safe performance will help you motivate, train and
lead others which are supervisor characteristics that gain promotion.
D. The job of a collection system worker has many hazards for the careless
worker. If you learn and practice safe procedures, your chances of
injury can be minimized.
E. Safety statistics for collection system workers can be improved if
everyone develops a desire to understand what causes accidents and
how they can be prevented, coupled with a strong desire to work safely.
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F. Safety has been defined as "a means of thinking far enough ahead to
do the job at hand with proper tools at the proper time and in the
proper manner."
9.1A. The best indication that you might have contacted a disease from your
work is that you don't feel well. If you have headaches, feel sick
to your stomach, have diarrhea, feel feverish or sleepy, you should
see your physician.
B. The collection system worker must be constantly aware of the threat
from pathogenic organisms. You can protect youself by personal
cleanliness, such as washing your hands, wearing gloves and proper
clothing, and changing clothes before going home. Tetanus and polio
immunizations are a must.
9.2A. Gases found in sewers usually concentrate in low level or underground
structures because many of the gases are heavier than air and are
produced in the low levels in deposits and slimes.
B. The three basic classes of hazardous atmospheres are:
1. Poisonous or toxic
2. Explosive
3. Oxygen deficient
C. Some toxic gases that might find their way into a wastewater collection
system include carbon monoxide, ammonia, 'chlorine, and hydrogen sulfide
(H2S).
D. Hydrogen sulfide is especially dangerous because:
1. It is generated from the anaerobic decomposition of organic
matter in collection lines,
2. It is heavier than air, and
3. Our noses tend to lose their sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide
and become unreliable detectors.
E. Possible ignition sources for an explosive atmosphere include a spark
from an automobile, an improper tool, a shoe nail, a cigarette, or an
open flame.
F. Your local fire department and gas company personnel can be helpful
in identifying potential dischargers of hazardous combustible materials.
G. A shortage of oxygen to the worker produces a shortage of oxygen to the
brain, which in turn makes the worker less alert to dangers that may
result in death.
H. Try to measure the oxygen level in manholes before any ventilation occurs
by removing the manhole cover so existing conditions can be measured
and expected conditions for the workers can be measured too.
I. Before working in an oxygen deficient atmosphere, ventilate the space
and wear an oxygen mask if necessary.
J. Hydrogen sulfide can be detected by the nose, but the nose becomes
tired of smelling hydrogen sulfide and is not reliable. Hydrogen sulfide
indicating badges or H2S ampoules are the most reliable methods.
K. Dangerous Gases Method of Detection
Oxygen, 0- Oxygen deficiency indicator
Gasoline Vapor Combustible gas indicator
Carbon Monoxide, CO CO ampoules
Hydrogen, H2 Combustible gas indicator
Methane, CH.^ Combustible gas indicator
Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S H-S ampoules
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 Oxygen deficiency indicator
Nitrogen, N2 Oxygen deficiency indicator
Ethane, C2Hg Combustible gas indicator
Chlorine, C12 Odor
18
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9.3A. Defensive driving is careful driving to avoid accidents, while
realizing all the special hazards that exist on the highway regardless
of who has the legal right of way.
B. When working in traffic, you should always park the truck with brakes
set and roof light flashing in such a position that careless traffic
must "plow" into the truck before it can "run over" the crew working
in or around a manhole.
C. People can be warned of a truck backing up by having a passenger get
out and direct the driver and by having the truck equipped with bells,
horns or other types of alarms that sound off when the truck backs up.
D. Safety cones are placed around a vehicle to alert traffic of the location
of the vehicle. When picking up traffic cones, look for tools not put
away and hazards (children, toys) that might be run over when leaving
the job site.
E. Traffic can be directed around a work site by use of safety cones,
barricades, signs and flagmen.
F. Additional training and guidance regarding the proper methods to route
traffic around a job site can be obtained by consulting the police or
highway patrol.
9.4A. Shoring is used to prevent cave-ins from excavations that could bury
and kill workers.
B. Excavation or trench sidewall cave-ins can be caused by:
1. Failure to shore, possibly because of a deliberate short cut to
save time or expense.
2. Inadequate shoring because of lack of knowledge or misjudgement
of soil stability.
3. Failure of shoring because of unsuspected bank loading caused
by traffic or machinery vibration.
4^ Inadequate shoring maintenance or replacement after changes occur
in the soils surrounding an excavation as a result of construction
work or heavy rains.
5. Failure of shoring material.
6. Placement of spoil too near the trench edge.
7. Trench wall undercutting.
C. OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
OSHA standards describe measures that must be taken to provide workers
with a safe environment and to protect them from accidents.
D. Yes. Special shoring requirements are necessary when vehicles or
other equipment must operate near a recently excavated trench to prevent
cave-ins.
E. Care must be taken when operating equipment near shoring to protect
the bracing and shoring from damage by the equipment.
9.5A. Hazards that may be encountered when working in and around manholes includ
1. Traffic. Both vehicular and pedestrian.
2. Adverse atmospheres. Flammable and poisonous gases or a deficiency
of oxygen.
3. Physical and structural conditions. Loose or corroded rungs
or dangerous liquids.
B. Tests for combustible or toxic gases are to be conducted in the
following order:
1. Explosimeter Test for explosive conditions.
2. Combustible gas-oxygen deficiency. Also test for oxygen deficiency.
3. Hydrogen sulfide instrument or detector badge. Test for toxic gases.
19
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C. If the atmosphere in a confined space is still hazardous from a
toxic gas or an oxygen deficiency after ventilation, contact your
work station or supervisor immediately. If you must enter the confined
space, wear a self-contained breathing unit or apparatus and be sure
someone is standing by with another self-contained breathing unit
or apparatus for rescue operations if necessary.
D. True. Never enter a confined space deemed hazardous because of
combustible gas mixtures.
E. A portable blower should operate a minimum of 20 minutes in a work
area prior to permitting a worker to enter a confined space.
F. At the first sign of nausea or loss of alertness, the worker should
immediately get into the open air. The topside worker should be
especially alert for problems because the worker in the confined space
may not notice them.
9.6A. Safety hazards around construction sites include:
1. Children,
2. Traffic,
3. Construction equipment,
4. Drilling and blasting of rocks,
5. Trench and excavation cave-ins,
6. Underground utilities,
7. Overhead electrical lines.
B. An inspector must watch out for similar safety hazards when inspecting
either old or new wastewater collection systems. Construction equipment
and conditions may be an additional hazard for new systems. Gases
found in sewers may be a more likely hazard around old wastewater
collection systems.
C. When cleaning sewers, be careful:
1. Not to flood basements or homes,
2. To route traffic safely around job site,
3. To test for gases found in sewers, provide adequate ventilation and
wear safety equipment before entering a manhole or confined space.
9.7A. Three additional job hazards to collection system workers include:
.1. Radio logical,
2. Electrical,
3. Noise.
B. Radioactive isotopes that enter wastewater collection systems come from
hospitals, research labs and various industries.
C. Electrical shock can occur especially where the hazard of a ground and
moisture are present.
D. Safety locks must be placed on all electrical circuits or equipment out
of service for repair. Tags must indicate date of lock out and signature
of person responsible for lock out.
E. Loud noises (over 85 decibels) from gas engines, air hammers, and other
equipment can cause permanent ear damage.
9.8A. The different types of materials that can cause fires are ordinary
combustibles, flammable liquids, electricity and metals.
B. The different types or classes of fires can be extinguished by the
ifollowing methods:
Class Method of Extinguishing
A Water
B Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemicals
C Carbon dioxide, dry chemicals
D Carbon dioxide
20
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C. Fire fighting equipment and extinguishers should be inspected on a
regular basis such as every 3 or 6 months and after each use.
D. For a badly cut hand, immediately cover wound with cleanest available
cloth and try to stop bleeding. Call for medical help.
E. For a broken arm, try to support arm so it won't move and get to a
doctor.
9.9A. Several types of meetings may be used in safety training programs.
They can range from highly organized meetings to tail gate safety
sessions to informal get togethers or bull sessions.
B. Effective safety meetings result when:
1. Everyone understands the basic safety concepts,
2. Everyone participates and accepts their personal responsibility,
3. Adequate safety equipment is available for demonstration and use,
4. Everyone realizes that safety is a continuing learning and re-learning
process,
5. Accidents are studied and reviewed,
6. Every appropriate detail of work is a subject for a safety discussion.
C. Tail gate safety sessions consist of a small group of workers gathered
around the tail gate of a pickup or; truck to discuss safety.
D. Topics covered in safety meetings should be simple and refer to subjects
that the crew is involved in every day or a new or special job that the
crew has been assigned.
E. Whatever you reply is the correct answer because it is your opinion.
The chapter also includes a list of general questions regarding safety
of workers in wastewater treatment systems. It is suggested that personnel
involved in the safety education program should develop written answers, in
a safety notebook, to questions such as these.
1. Why is safety important?
2. How can the poor safety record of collection system workers in the
past be improved?
3. Why is the job of a collection system worker hazardous?
4. How can collection system workers protect their health?
5. Why is the collection system worker confronted with gas hazards?
6. How can you protect yourself and your crew from gas hazards?
7. How can you avoid driving accidents?
8. Why have deep excavations killed so many workers?
9. How can you as a collection system worker protect yourself and your
fellow workers from cave-ins?
10. What kinds of hazards are encountered by collection system workers in
manholes?
11. What precautions would you take before entering a manhole?
12. What would you do if you discovered an explosive atmosphere in a manhole?
13. What kinds of hazards exist for children around a job site?
14. What would you do if you were an inspector on a construction job and
observed both an unsafe condition and an unsafe act?
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Learning Resource #6
Team Up For Safety in '81
The Industrial Commission of Ohio, Division of Safety and Hygiene
in cooperation with The Society of Ohio Safety Engineers.
246 North High Street
P.O. Box 16512
Columbus, OH 43215
This 47 page discussion guide provides the discussion leader with background
material on the 15 topics listed below in the safety leader's check list.
Reproduced also are suggestions for use of the discussion guide and finally
the material dealing with preventing sprains and strains.
THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION
OF OHIO
Division of Safety and Hygiene
PATTERN FOR PROGRESS
Safety Leader's Check List
MONTH
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
ALTERNATE
ALTERNATE
ALTERNATE
TOPIC
SLIPS
ATTITUDE
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
VACATION SAFETY
POWERED TOOLS
BACK INJURIES
MACHINE GUARDS
EYE PROTECTION
FIRE PREVENTION
PINCH POINTS
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SAFETY
INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
SKIN IRRITANTS
5-MINUTE
TALK
EMPLOYEE
HANDOUT
STREAMERS
UP
POSTERS
UP
22
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USE OF THE DISCUSSION GUIDE
This series of safety talks has been prepared for use by discussion
leaders and covers many areas of accident prevention that apply to your
workplace. The following are some suggestions to help you prepare for
your safety meetings:
1. Set specific times and dates for your safety meetings. Publicize
your meetings so that everyone involved will be sure to attend.
2. Review each month's topic in advance and become familiar with its
content. You should be able to present the material in your own
words and lead the discussion without reading the guide book.
3. Seating space is not absolutely necessary, but arrangements should
be made so that those attending can easily see and hear the
presentation.
4. Gather ahead of time whatever material and props you will need at the
meeting. Try to use equipment used in your workplace to demonstrate
your points. For example, bring protective eye wear to the eye safety
discussion or -.use an actual fire extinguisher to demonstrate its use.
DURING THE MEETING
1. Again, give the safety talk in your own words. Use the guide book
merely as a reference. Make notes about safety points that pertain
to your workplace so you can cover them.
2. The whole purpose of a safety meeting is to initiate discussion of
safety problems among employees. Encourage participants to cite
hazards they find on the job and to suggest corrections that could
be made. Ask for specific comments that will improve the safety of
your area.
3. Don't let the meeting turn into a gripe session about unrelated topics.
As the discussion leader, it is your job to make sure the topic is
safety. To allow discussion of other topics during the meeting wastes
time and could destroy the effectiveness of your safety program.
KNOW YOUR LIMIT-PREVENT SPRAINS AND STRAINS
July
Athletes in training know their abilities and their limitations, because
going beyond what is physically possible leads to strained and sprained
muscles and ligaments. Those injuries could put the athlete out of
competition.
Your job may include lifting and carrying heavy material. You should be
aware of how much you can do in order to avoid an injury that could put you
on the bench for a while.
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Sprains and strains can occur anywhere—in the workplace, during
recreational and sporting events, and at home.
In order to understand these injuries, it is necessary to understand a
little about the makeup of the human body. Now don't get too uptight
about that;- we aren't going to make physicians out of you.
The human body is designed with some very sound mechanical principles.
It is a combination of a number of systems that complement each other. Today
we are going to discuss just two of these—the skeletal and muscular systems.
Because they are so closely related, physicians refer to them as the musculo-
skeletal system.
The skeletal system consists of the 204 bones of the body. Don't worry,
I'm not going to name all 204. The bones make up the framework of the body
and determine its size. The skeletal system varies from individual to
individual. Some people have short thick bones; others have long, rather
thin bones. There are a few people who may be missing one bone or another,
but in general the number of bones is 204.
This solid framework keeps the human body from being a blob, such as a
jellyfish. The skeletal system acts as a support for the other systems in
the body. It also serves as an anchor for the muscular system.
The muscular system is made up of all the muscles of the body. Muscles
are the motors that move the bones and make it possible for the body to move
and stand erect. There are many different muscles, but today we are going
to discuss those that are most commonly sprained and strained.
When doctors talk of sprains and strains they speak of ligaments and tendons.
Ligaments are tough fibrous cord-like materials that connect bone to bone.
Ligaments most commonly are associated with joints, with one bone connecting
to another—at the elbow where the forearm is joined to the upperarm, at the
knee, at the shoulder, at the wrist, at the hip. Wherever there is a joint
you'll find ligaments. Tendons are of similar material, but their function
is to attach muscle to bone.
Muscles of motion are almost always found in pairs and usually cross the
joints of bones. When one muscle contracts to move a part of the body, its
partner relaxes. You most likely have at one time or another experienced a
cramp in your leg or foot. This occurs when the body is confused and contracts
both muscles at the same time. Because they are balanced, each tries to over-
come the other's resistance without success and this "ties you up in knots."
This background information will help you understand why sprains and strains
happen. You probably all know about sprained ankles and strained elbows, but
the back is an area where strains and sprains often occur. Back sprains and
strains are also the most costly to the individual.
More than 24 bones make up the spine—seven in the>-neck area, 12 in the chest
or trunk area, and five in the lower back. The bones are joined to each!other
by ligaments and muscles are attached far movement.
24
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A strain occurs whenever a muscle is stretched beyond its limit. Muscles
do a great deal of work. However, they must be conditioned if they are to
perform in a given way. Professional athletes condition their muscles through
rigorous training. We also must condition our muscles. A worker who is
accustomed to manually handling a large number of pieces of material in a
given workday can do so with ease. Those of us who have different duties
would find it difficult to do that same amount of work without paying for it
with aching muscles. If we should continue to do the work, however, we would
soon be conditioned and be able to perform the job without pain.
However, even the conditioned athlete or worker cannot exceed the limitations
of the muscles. When a muscle is stretched too much, the ligaments pull and
sometimes even tear. Stretched ligaments and tendons are termed strains. A
sprain is when tearing has occurred.
The industrial setting provides many opportunities for the occurrence
of sprains and strains. The most common is material handling. We all handle
material in one way or another. Even the office worker is involved with
material handling when picking up a package, box or chair to move it.
Let's take a minute to consider all the operations in our area that might
involve material handling and how they might cause a sprain of strain.
NOTE TO DISCUSSION LEADER:
Try to get employees to tell you about potential sprain and strain operations
in their areas. Do not argue the point or dismiss any item; just list them.
Material handling strains and sprains often are caused by over exertion.
You can see from the list we just made that we do have the potential for
sprains and strains in our area.
Other movements can also cause sprains and strains-over reaching or
extending a part of the body; reaching over something to pick up a load;
or trying to reach a top shelf without using a proper stool or ladder.
Can anyone give me an example of a strain or sprain case? It doesn't have
to be work-related; remember these injuries also happen off the job.
NOTE TO DISCUSSION LEADER:
Try to get someone to tell about a sprain or strain injury. If necessary,
tell of an injury yourself.
What can we do to minimize these injuries? Well, this meeting is a
beginning. If we understand what causes sprains
-------
-Don't shy away from hard work because you fear a strain. Condition
your body to do what is necessary.
-Look into ways to eliminate lifting and carrying or to keep it to a
minimum. Is there a better way? Work smarter, not harder; it's easier
and safer.
NOTE TO DISCUSSION LEADER:
If there have been sprain and strain accidents in your area, be
prepared to discuss them with your employees. Listen to their ideas; they
may have the answer you have been looking for.
26
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Learning Resource #7
"Safety in Water Utilities" by Julian Dyason
Chapter 32 in Manual For Water Works Operators
Southwest Section American Water Works Association
Temple, TX 76501
In this chapter Mr. Dyason reviews the important role that must be
assumed by management in setting up a safety program. He provides a
list of responsibilities which are normally assigned to the person designated
as safety director. The importance of supervisors and foremen is also
stressed. The material cited below should be useful in planning or reviewing
high level responsibilities for a safety education program.
SETTING UP THE PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT PARTICIPATION. Top management must take an active and interested
part in the development and operation of a safety program. An executive's
support can only be secured when he, himself, is convinced of the need of
such a program. Conviction, on his part, will come to him only with full
understanding of what his accident losses really are, how they affect
efficiency, and what safety means in terms of production and personnel
relationships.
If top management does not see the reasons for a sound and effective
accident prevention program, then, no one else is likely to see them either.
To start the program, then, it is essential that management issue a clear-
cut statement of policy for the guidance of all supervisors and employees.
Such a statement should indicate management's viewpoint and should cover,
in general, the basic elements. Furthermore, unless included in the state-
ment of policy, the details of the program should be announced by management
to the entire working force, through meetings, letters, or bulletins,
foreman or bulletin board notices.
During the course of a year, top management should actively participate
in the review of safety records. They should attend safety meetings on a
regular basis, they should take personal action in the bad records of
particular departments, they should periodically write letters for bulletin
board posting, discussing the accident record in the operation and demonstrating
management's interest and they, themselves, should set a good example by
conforming with all safety regulations which apply to even the lowest person
on the organizational chart.
In short then, if top management does not whole heartedly support the
program, it has little chance of being effective.
27
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SAFETY DIRECTOR. As a general "rule of thumb" in industry, full-time
Safety Directors are usually hired in companies with over 400 employees.
These persons will be charged with the entire responsibility of safety,
of the implementation of the safety program and will answer only to top
management. They will always be on a par with or ahead of all superintendents
on the organizational chart. Their salaries should also be commensurate
with this position on the management tree. For companies with less than
100 employees, they may employ their own full-time Safety Director; it is
more frequent that the Safety Director is also a person who might be
specifically charged with the responsibility for industrial relations or
personnel or possibly is one of the vice-presidents of the company.
It is always best to give the safety responsibility to the highest
possible ranking official. Such alignment gives the safety program the
prestige and support necessary for success.
Where safety responsibility is delegated to an operating official, he
assumes the responsibilities which would ordinarily belong to a Safety
Director.
Some of the responsibilities of a Safety Director would include:
1. Complete responsibility for formulating, administering and
making necessary changes in the accident prevention program.
2. Monthly or weekly reports on the status of safety to the person
directly in charge of the particular department.
3. He should act in an advisory capacity in all matters pertaining
to safety.
4. He should maintain an accident recording system that complies with
the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act.
5. He should personally investigate all serious accidents and make
suggestions for corrective action to be taken by the supervisors
to eliminate the accident causes.
6. He should participate in and supervise the training activities of
all employees.
7. He should make personal inspections and supervise inspections
by the foremen and supervisors for the purpose of discovering
and correcting unsafe conditions or unsafe work practices before
they cause accidents.
8. He should maintain outside professional contacts by which
information may be exchanged with others and the program kept
up to date.
9. He should stay abreast of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act and its standards and make sure that they are being followed
through in his organization.
10. He should initiate activities that will stimulate and maintain
the interest of employees in safety.
11. He should use his insurance carrier to the fullest. Most
insurance carriers have a safety or loss prevention department
and this department's services are free to their insurance
accounts.
12. He should set standards for safety equipment to be used by
Company personnel.
13. He should recommend provisions for safety in plans and specifications
of new buildings, new shops, pumping stations, etc.
28
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Some Utility Companies have found it most beneficial to hire an outside
Safety Consultant to conduct the accident prevention program. This plan
can be most effective, but not without top management's support and
participation. The outstanding advantage of this plan is economics. For
an amount far less than would be paid to a full time employee, a company
may receive experienced, professional services on a part-time basis.
If cooperation between the Company and the Safety Consultant is open and
free, the program itself can also be most successful.
SUPERVISORS AND FOREMEN. The supervisors and foremen are the key in any
safety program. To the worker, he is management. Most of what is thought
up and planned by top management, high in the scale of authority, must sift
through by way of the foremen, to the men and women running the machines,
and doing the job. Safety must be so intimately related to each employees
temperament, his attitude toward his work and toward management, his idea
of obediance and his sense of responsibility that the foreman is
indispensable to good safety work, for his is the immediate contact and the
immediate control. It is seldom feasible to hire foremen solely on the
basis of their attitudes towards safety; consequently, the problem is one
of enlisting the foreman's interest in it. Few better methods for creating
interest in safety in all ranks of supervision can be found, than the one
which persuaded the chief executive of the company to start the program in
the first place. Usually, this reason is the identification of safety with
efficiency and production.
In short then, a department or crew will be only as safe as its foreman or
supervisor himself is. If the foreman exudes a safety attitude in
everything he does, demands it of all personnel and trains all new personnel
accordingly, the safety record of that crew will undoubtedly be one of the
best.
29
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SECTION II
SAFETY: The Individual Worker
31
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Workers in wastewater treatment systems have had notoriously bad safety
records. This condition has been attributed, in part, to the fact that
municipalities and other governmental agencies who own wastewater treatment
systems have given little attention to safety education. Certainly they
have given less attention than is given by privately owned utilities whose
insurance costs are affected by their safety records.
Wastewater system workers are exposed to many types of dangers. These
situations encountered in their daily routine can result in injury to hands,
feet, ears, back, and eyes. An examination of accident records of workers
in these systems identifies strains (particularly to back), cuts, burns,
contusions, broken bones, and maiming accidents as too common. Causes of
such accidents are inherent in work around ladders, open pits, moving
machinery, incinerators, slippery surfaces, and other conditions existing in
treatment plants. Asphyxiation and drowning possibilities may be present.
Excessive noise levels exist in some parts of wastewater treatment plants.
Finally, infections from the sewage itself constitutes a hazard unique to
workers in such plants.
Safety education materials that deal directly with protecting oneself
from injury to eyes, hands, back, head, from asphyxiation or infection are
of great interest to individual workers. Clearly most people are interested
in protecting their own well-being.
A large number of teaching-learning materials are available that focus
on specific aspects of safety such as protection of eyes, hands, the back
against injury, and others. This section identifies only one learning
resource that may be useful in the area of personal safety. The
National Safety Council, DuPont, deNemours, Inc., and other agencies and
companies have produced many films and other materials that deal with
specific types of personal injury; their cause and prevention. These
materials are reviewed and sources identified in Part II of this publication.
33
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Learning Resource #8
Basic Sewage Treatment Operation
Topic: 10 Safety
Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, CANADA
Supervisors may find the following material, reproduced from the publication
citfcd above, useful in orienting new employees to safety measures that
reduce the likelihood of dangers from infection.
Workers in treatment plants are exposed to the
hazards of water-borne diseases, including Typhoid
Fever, Amoebic Dysentery, Infectious Jaundice and
other intestinal infections. Tetanus and skin
infections must also be guarded against.
A majority of infections reach the body by way
of the mouth, nose, eyes and ears. Therefore,
washing your hands is a must before eating or smoking.
Wear protective gloves where possible.
Soap preparations requiring no water rinse are
available for field use. The common drinking cup
should be banned; each man should have and use his
Typhoid and Tetanus innoculations are recommended.
These may be obtained free of charge from local Health
Officers.
This hazard to plant personnel although very real
and ever present can be largely reduced by the operator
himself by following a few basic rules of personal
hygiene. A few of these self applied rules are as follows:
1. Never eat your lunch or put anything into
your mouth without first washing your hands.
2. Refrain from smoking while working in open
tanks, on pumps, or cleaning out grit
channels, etc. Remember, you inhale or
ingest the filth that collects on the
cigarette from dirty hands. Save your
smoking time for lunch hours or at home.
3. A good policy is "never put your hands
above your collar when working on plant
equipment."
4. Rubber or rubberized cotton gloves, rubber
boots and coveralls are designed for body
protection against dampness and contact
with dirt, wear them at all times when
working in tanks, etc.
34
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5. Rubberized or rain suits can be worn in very
wet or dirty places and can be washed off with
a hose and brush, the same as rubber boots.
6. Always wear your rubber boots when working
in tanks, washing down etc., don't wear your
street shoes.
7. Don't wear your rubber boots or coveralls
in your car or at home.
8. Always wear rubber or plastic coated gloves
when cleaning out pumps, handling hoses, etc.
9. Don't just wash your hands before going home,
wash your face too, there is as much of your
face to carry germs as there is of your hands.
10. Wear a hat when working around sludge tanks,
cleaning out grit and other channels, don't
go home with your head resembling a mop that
just wiped up the floor around a cleaned out
pump.
11. Keep your finger nails cut short and clean,
they are excellent carrying places for dirt
and germs.
35
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SECTION III
SAFETY: Plant Design and General Operation
37
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Safety in wastewater treatment systems, particularly in the treatment
plant itself, is certainly related to the design of the plant. Design
engineers, for various reasons, may or may not incorporate safety features
such as those suggested in the Water Pollution Control Federation book
Wastewater Treatment Plant Design published in 1977. A listing of the
suggestions found in that publication are included in this section; the
detailed list can be used as a checklist to identify needed safety
provisions in existing plants as well as a guide in planning future
construction.
Safety is related to many aspects of plant operation. A new plant with
desirable safety features built into it can be operated in an unsafe manner
by irresponsible personnel. Attention to good housekeeping practices is
critically important in both new and old plants. Tripping over a hose or
falling on a slippery floor can happen in either one.
Material including dangerous substances such as chlorine or strong
acids must be handled and stored according to safety-tested procedures.
Many back injuries have occurred when workers have attempted, single-handedly,
to move heavy barrels or gas cylinders that should be moved by teams of
workers, often with mechanical help.
Treatment plants, both new and old, face a continuing maintenance problem.
Ladders become unsafe; guards on machinery may become loose; high pressure
pumps need repair; and electric motors wear out. Careful attention to
maintenance is an important ingredient in a safety program.
Persons interested in improving safety in wastewater treatment systems
will find a very substantial amount of resource material available. A
sample of the material dealing with the areas of plant design, plant
operation, and maintenance is given in this section. Additional useful
materials are reviewed later in this publication in the reference section.
39
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Learning Resource #9
Wastewater Treatment Plant Design
Water Pollution Control Federation
3900 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, DC 20016
A joint committee of the Water Pollution Control Federation and the
American Society of Civil Engineers published Wastewater Treatment' Plant
Design, in 1977. This technical treatise written primarily for design
engineers contains in Chapter Three a listing of factors to be considered
in the areas of occupational health and physical safety when designing
wastewater treatment plants. This extensive listing, reproduced below, can
be useful to operating plant administrators/supervisors and workers in
identifying safety hazards and needs that merit attention in their
wastewater treatment system.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
1. Chemical.
(a) Separate mechanical forced ventilation (with automatic timeclock
operation) for influent room, wet well, dry well and screen or
comminutor room. Some operations will require continuous ventilation.
(b) Separation of the wet well and screen or comminutor room from other
facilities, with separate outside access considered.
(c) Pump station, where applicable, with a super-structure to
facilitate entry and ventilation and to provide natural light.
(d) Ventilation to force fresh air into wet well so that exhaust
ventilator does not "pull in" sewer gases from influent sewer
lines discharging to wet well.
(e) An open channel provided immediately ahead of waste flow entry to
influent structure to provide for venting of explosive gases
and vapors.
(f) Adequate ventilation in the grit chamber.
(g) Chlorination, chlorine evaporator, and chlorine storage rooms
separate, above ground, and each open only to outside air.
(h) View windows to the chlorine evaporator and chlorine storage rooms
for observation from the outside.
(i) Forced mechanical ventilation that can be actuated automatically
by light switches provided at chlorination rooms, chemical handling
rooms, and laboratories.
(j) Ventilation exhaust ports adequately dispersed and located to
discharge where there will be no contamination of air inlets in
other areas. Where general or space ventilation is utilized, a
minimum of 15 complete air changes per hour are produced.
(k) Light/vent switches located outside the chlorination rooms.
(1) A photo-electric control to actuate ventilation and lighting when
the light beam is interrupted on entrance to a room.
(m) In special test areas of the laboratory, additional ventilation
(explosion proof motor) with laboratory hoods.
(n) The hood and room exhaust systems balanced so that a negative
pressure is not created in the hoods.
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(o) Separate storage areas for dangerous chemicals.
(p) Dust collectors on chemical elevators at loading points.
(q) Liquid chlorine containers stored in well-ventilated fireproof
structures with protection against direct exposure to the sun.
(r) At the incinerator, satisfactory methods to handle dry pulverized
sludge to preclude dust accumulation that results in potential
dust explosion hazards.
(s) Effective methods for the removal of dust, fly ash, and soot
discharged from the stacks.
(t) Exhaust facilities for permanent welding units.
(u) Sludge storage tanks located upstream of vacuum filters with all
safeguards against hazards of toxic and explosive gases.
(v) Sludge pumps with pressure gauges to indicate build-up of gases
when pumps are out of service.
(w) All gas protective devices used with a digester in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations.
(x) Automatic gas alarm systems, both visual and audible, to detect
explosive and/or combustible gases and vapors and to shut off
all power in the area being protected except emergency (and
explosion proof) ventilating and lighting equipment. Such alarms
also in the screen or comminutor room, in the digester area, and
elsewhere as needed.
(y) Automatic chlorine leak detection devices (especially in large
installations) to signal equipment failure and "fail-safe" shutoff
flow of chlorine to evaporators and/or chlorinators.
(z) The location of sensing devices for a signal transmittal in
actuating emergency procedures.
(aa) Sludge pump areas ventilated naturally and mechanically in a
manner similar to that for wet wells.
(bb) Both influent and discharge pipes to sludge pumps valved so that,
if pumps are dismantled, sludge and gas cannot enter work area.
(cc) Sludge pumps with quick closing type sampling valves.
(dd) Washdown facilities for cleaning purposes wherever there is a
possibility of spillage.
(ee) Adequate drainage in all chemical storage and working areas.
(ff) Piping and storage tanks coated to retard corrosive action.
(gg) Pull-chain or pedal-operated deluge showers with pedal-operated
chest-level wash spouts and floor drain, where appropriate, in all
areas where chemicals are being handled or stored.
(hh) In hazardous areas, the use of a portable ladder rather than man-
hole steps to discourage easy entry.
(ii) Waste gas burners and vents located a safe distance from the
building.
(Jj) Automatic shutdown controls to terminate the flow of hazardous
waste materials to the incinerator in the event of a flame-out.
(kk) For incinerator installations, fully automatic ignition start controls.
(11) A disinfection system selected to minimize handling and transportation
problems.
(mm) For liquid ferric chloride, sulfuric acid, and other corrosive
liquid chemicals, acid-proof pumping equipment permanently installed
for pumping liquid chemicals to the point of application.
(nn) Gas outlets in the laboratory equipped with substantial handles and
clearly identified.
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(oo) Dry hypochlorite stored in a cool dry area.
(pp) Safeguards for facilities using sodium chlorite for disinfection.
(qq) Safeguards for plants generating and/or using compressed gases.
(rr) Adequate ventilation if methanol is used in plant processes.
(ss) Materials and devices used for storing, transporting, or mixing
hazardous chemicals to be compatible with the chemical(s)
involved.
(tt) Dikes or curbs capable of holding the stored volume plus a
safety factor of 25 percent in each liquid chemical storage area.
(uu) An acceptable "frequency of preparation" for chemicals used.
(w) Safety equipment, including portable ventilation equipment such
as air blowers and adequate lengths of non-collapsable ducting;
hydrogen sulfide, methane, chlorine, carbon monoxide, and oxygen
deficiency indicators; industrial type vacuum cleaner; chlorine
emergency repair kit; and proper self-contained air breathing
apparatus.
2. Biological.
(a) Fencing around all plant structures where unauthorized entry could
result in personnel mishap or disruption of plant operation.
(b) Provision for the safe collection of samples.
(c) Pedal-operated laboratory sinks, toilets, and wash sinks.
(d) Shower facilities with hot and cold running water for employee
rooms.
(e) Eating rooms separated from other facilities.
(f) Two lockers for each plant employee (one for work clothes and
another for street clothes).
(g) An automatic washing machine for washing work clothes.
(h) Washdown facilities for cleaning purposes wherever there may be
spillage.
(i) Disinfectant dispensers.
(j) The potable water supply, where used for plant processes or other
purposes such as washdown of equipment, protected by backflow
preventers (or airbreak discharge).
(k) Warning signs indicating non-potable water outlets.
3. Environmental.
(a) Provisions affording protection against infrared radiation from
combustion units, ultraviolet radiation from arcwelding, and
ionization radiation from radioactive substances.
(b) Equipment design for noise reduction.
(c) A maximum permissible noise level during operation, expressed in
decibels of sound under standard test conditions.
(d) Air compressors, vacuum pumps for filter units, centrifuges, blowers,
standby power units, and other similar equipment producing high
noise levels located either in isolated buildings or rooms or
within acoustically sound-proofed structures for maximum sound
reduction.
(e) A super-structure to provide natural light for the pump station.
(f) Adequate lighting thoughout the plant and particularly in areas
of operational activities, including repair and servicing of
equipment valves and controls.
(g) Exterior floodlighting to provide for nighttime operation,maintenance,
and inspection at each non-enclosed plant unit as well as for general
illumination of plant operational areas.
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(h) Emergency battery-operated lights for interior areas, particularly
in the vicinity of stairways.
(i) Sludge pump areas well ventilated.
(j) Both influent and discharge pipes to sludge pumps valved so that
dismantling will not result in sludge entering the work area.
(k) Sludge pumps with quick closing-type sampling valves.
(1) The pump areas well-drained to facilitate hosing down for cleaning
after pump dismantling.
(m) Chlorination facilities with concrete floors and adequate but
separate drainage from other facilities.
(n) Incinerators with adequate temperature controls.
(o) Heavy hatchway covers with spring assistance to prevent injury.
(p) Hoists to lower and raise men and equipment into pit areas.
(q) Chemical storage areas properly situated to eliminate the necessity
of reaching beyond safe handling limits.
(r) The applicability of handlift trucks for chemical handling.
(s) Lifting associated with bags and drums of chemicals at a minimum
level; discharge of chemicals preferably made through a floor
chute with low curbing.
(t) Safety equipment, including, radiological monitoring equipment,
decibel meter noise analyzer, explosion proof flashlights, and
portable lifting equipment.
PHYSICAL SAFETY
1. Fire.
(a) A fire alarm located at the plant.
(b) Automatic firefighting systems.
(c) Firefighting devices located in each separate structure at accessible
points near the entrance to areas of likely conflagration.
(d) Doors from potentially hazardous areas tight-fitting, self-closing
to open out, and equipped with panic bars.
(e) Laboratories and basement areas with two easily reached exits
reasonably remote from each other.
(f) Interior doors, where appropriate, to swing both ways and have wire
glass panels.
(g) Laboratory wall surfaces, ceilings, and furniture made of fire-
resistant materials.
(h) If oxygen is used for activated sludge aerators, detectors provided
at points of possible leakage from supply tanks.
(i) Waste gas burners and vents located a safe distance from buildings.
(j) Proper safety transport for incoming chemical and fuel supplies.
(k) Controls for the incinerator burner system to assure adequate purge
time; interrupted pilot, flame scanner, and safety controls to
prevent the possible lighting or re-lighting of a burner in a
potentially hazardous atmosphere.
(1) All electrical equipment adequately grounded.
(m) Wiring properly insulated, grounded, and non-exposed.
(n) Fire extinguishers suitable for the area and the equipment to be
protected.
(o) An emergency power supply for critical lighting and ventilation.
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2. Burns.
(a) Cages or guards around accessible hot exhaust piping.
(b) Permanently installed acid-proof pumping equipment for liquid
ferric chloride, sulfuric acid, or other liquid chemicals.
(c) Pull-chain or pedal-operated deluge showers with pedal-operated
chest-level wash spouts in all areas where chemicals are being
handled or stored.
(d) Laboratory sinks and wash sinks with pedal-operated faucets.
3. Explosion.
(a) The screen room or comminutor room separated from other facilities
and provided with separate outside access.
(b) The wet well located either in a separate structure or accessible
only from the outside.
(c) The pump station with a super structure to facilitate ventilation.
(d) Entry ways for the room holding a gas or oil fired heat exchanger
to satisfy safety requirements.
(e) Separate structures for standby engines used for emergency
electrical power.
(f) Sludge pump areas as well ventilated naturally and mechanically
as wet wells.
(g) Waste burners and vents located a safe distance from buildings.
(h) Separate rooms for chlorinators, chlorine evaporators, and chlorine
storage, with each above-ground opening only to outside air.
(i) View windows to the chlorination facilities for observation from
the outside.
(j) Separate storage areas for dangerous chemicals.
(k) An open channel immediately ahead of wastewater entry to influent
structure to provide venting for explosive gases and vapors.
(1) Sludge storage tanks upstream of vacuum filters with all safeguards
against hazards of toxic and explosive gases.
(m) Doors from potentially hazardous areas tight-fitting, self-closing,
opening out, and equipped with panic bars.
(n) Potentially explosive areas provided with blowout or rupture panels.
(o) Separate mechanical forced ventilation (with automatic timeclock
operation) for influent rooms, wet wells, dry wells, and screen
or comminutor rooms.
(p) Ventilation to force fresh air into the wet wells so that the
exhaust ventilator does not "pull in" sewer gases from the influent
sewer lines.
(q) The grit chamber adequately ventilated.
(r) Forced mechanical ventilation that will be automatically actuated
by light switches for chlorination rooms, chemical handling rooms,
and laboratories.
(s) The ventilation exhaust ports adequately dispersed and located to
discharge where there will be no contamination of air inlets in
other areas.
(t) Light/vent switches located outside the chlorination room.
(u) A photo-electric control to actuate ventilation and lighting
when the lightbeam is interrupted on entrance to a room.
(v) In special test areas of the laboratory, additional ventilation,
with laboratory hoods.
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(w) The hood- and room-exhaust systems balanced so that a negative
pressure is not created in the hoods.
(x) Motors, switches, lights, and wiring explosion proof in screen
area, grit chamber, wet well, digester area, laboratories,
sludge pumping 'area, and wherever explosive gases may be present
as a result of accident or malfunctions.
(y) Switches, electrical equipment, and wiring associated with the
wet well located in a non-hazardous area.
(z) Dust collectors provided on chemical elevators at the loading point.
(aa) Safety and relief devices on heat exchangers.
(bb) All gas protective devices at the digester area provided in
accordance with manufacturers' recommendations.
(cc) At the incinerator, satisfactory methods to handle dry pulverized
sludge to preclude dust accumulation that could result in dust
explosion hazards.
(dd) Sludge pumps with pressure gauges to indicate buildup of gases when
pumps are out of service.
(ee) Automatic gas alarm systems, both visual and audible, to detect
explosive and/or combustible gases and vapors and shut off all
power except to emergency and explosion proof ventilation and lighting
equipment. Such systems provided in the screen or comminutor room,
the digester area, and elsewhere as needed.
(ff) An automatic chlorine lead detection device (especially in large
installations) to signal equipment failure and to provide fail-safe
shutoff of chlorine flow to evaporators and/or chlorinators.
(gg) If oxygen is used for activated sludge aeration, oxygen leakage
detectors at the points of possible leakage from the supply tanks.
(hh) Automatic shutdown controls to terminate the flow of hazardous
waste materials in the event of incinerator flame-outs.
(ii) Fully automatic ignition start controls for the incinerator.
(jj) A proper safety train on the incoming fuel supply of the
auxiliary fuel system.
(kk) Burner system controls to assure adequate purge time; interrupted
pilot, flame scanner, and safety controls to prevent the possible
lighting or relighting of a burner in a potentially hazardous
atmosphere.
(11) Heat treatment processes with properly designed reactors and
capacities.
(mm) All medium and high voltage cables completely enclosed in either
conduit or covered tray and.adequately marked to warn personnel
of contents.
(nn) Laboratories with two easily reached exits reasonably remote from
each other.
(oo) Interior doors to swing both ways and have wire glass panels.
(pp) Safety equipment to include explosion-proof flashlight, safety
tools (non-sparking), and industrial-type vacuum cleaner.
(qq) Safety harnesses for entering vaults or pits containing potentially
harmful or explosive gases.
(rr) Gas piping and pressure relief valves on digesters with adequate
flame traps.
(ss) Sediment and drip traps at low points in the gas system.
(tt) Waste gas burners located in an open area for easy observation.
(uu) Gas collection system to segregate as much of the piping and
appurtenances as possible.
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4. Electric Shock.
(a) All electrical equipment adequately grounded.
(b) All wiring properly insulated, grounded and unexposed.
(c) Control circuit voltages not over 120 V.
(d) All medium and high voltage cables completely enclosed in either
conduit or covered tray and adequately marked to warn personnel of
contents.
(e) Switchboards with "dead front" and "dead rear."
(f) In moist areas, where there is no possibility of flammable gas
accumulation, moisture proof enclsoures for switches, equipment,
and lights.
(g) Electrical "lock out" facilities to prevent accidental starts
when machinery and equipment are being worked on or otherwise
taken out of service.
(h) An emergency shutoff switch, clearly labeled, at all machinery units.
(i) Well-ventilated indoor control panels.
(j) Appropriate control enclosures.
(k) Safety equipment including safety tools.
5. Falls.
(a) Rest landings on stairways.
(b) Non-slip stair treads on landings and stairs.
(c) Equal height and proper slope on stair risers.
(d) A separate handrail where entrance is provided by ship's
ladders or manhole steps. Ladder or manhole steps extending
above entrance level also can provide a handhold for entering.
(e) Fixed ladders more than one story high equipped with safety cages.
(f) Tall ladders provided with rest or offset landings.
(g) Use of non-slip surfaces (such as concrete floated smooth with
broomed finish) or added non-slip covering for floors and ramps.
(h) Ramps with a pitch commensurate with intended use.
(i) In cold climates, gratings on outside stairs, and walkways on
tanks wherever possible.
(j) Where spillage is a problem, as in sludge pump and vacuum filter
areas, sufficient faucets, adequate floor drainage, and-water
repellent wall surfaces provided for cleanup purposes.
(k) Concrete floors with adequate drainage for chlorination facilities.
(1) Durable, non-slip floor material in the laboratory.
(m) Safe collection of wastewater and process flow samples.
(n) Adequate width for tank walkways.
(o) Process tanks with adequate railings, lifesaving devices, and
interior ladders or manhole steps.
(p) Lift-rings and grating locks flush-mounted to prevent tripping.
(q) Elimination of "head-knockers" such as low pipes, valves,
ceilings, and suspended equipment.
(r) Double handrails or chains, fencing, or guards of proper height
at floor and wall openings, pump wells, influent structures, open
tanks, and above ground ramps.
(s) A safe method for lamp replacement.
(t) Emergency battery-operated lights for interior areas, particularly
in the vicinity of stairways.
(u) Exterior floodlighting for nighttime operation and maintenance
and inspection of each non-enclosed plant unit as well as general
illumination of plant operational area.
(v) Adequate lighting in the grit chamber.
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(w) A super-structure at the pump station to facilitate entry and
provide natural light.
(x) Proper painting to provide light color in darker areas and to
distinguish walking areas, including steps, by contrasting colors.
(y) Metals, paints, and other materials selected to resist the corrosive
effects of hydrogen sulfide and other sewer gases, greases, oils,
and similar constituents frequently present in wastewater.
(z) Safety equipment to include ladders with non-skid feet.
6. Drowning.
(a) Fencing around all plant structures where unauthorized entry
could result in personal mishap or disruption of plant operations.
(b) Manholes, steps, or permanently attached ladders inside of tanks,
basins, or wet wells, for entry or exit in cases of emergency.
(c) Life preservers attached to ropes and located near open tanks.
(d) Safety poles.
(e) Provision for lifelines along the internal walls above the
water suface.
(f) Adequate widths for walkways in tanks.
(g) Safe sampling techniques.
(h) Adequate railings, lifesaving devices, interior ladders, or
manhole steps in process tanks.
7. Impact.
(a) Elimination of "head-knockers" created by low pipes, valves,
ceilings, and suspended equipment.
(b) Equipment, piping, valves, and other appurtenances arranged
for ease of access, uncrowded, and with ample walk areas.
(c) All commonly used passageway doors equipped with a glass panel
to prevent accidental opening into another person.
(d) Stairways with kickplates around stairwell openings and with
adequate railings.
(e) Hatchway covers with springs or positive locking devices to hold
the covers open (unless they swing free of opening and lie flat).
(f) Well-planned, safe operations associated with incoming railroad
cars.
8. Rotating Machinery Parts.
(a) Equipment, piping, valves, and other appurtenances within structures
arranged for ease of access, uncrowded, and provided with ample
walk areas.
(b) Adequate space between machinery to permit maintenance in a safe
manner.
(c) Cages around exposed rotating shafts and all other moving parts on
machinery.
(d) Guards around long, exposed vertical shafts to safeguard the worker
from contact or injury from "whipping" if the shaft breaks.
(e) Shafts with painted spiral or other markings to indicate running
conditions.
(f) Positive displacement pumps with an air chamber and a pressure
switch that will stop the pump at a pre-set pressure.
(g) Electrical "lockout" facilities with padlocks to prevent accidental
starts when machinery and equipment are being worked on or otherwise
taken out of service.
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(h) An emergency shutoff switch, clearly labeled, at all machinery units.
(i) Centralized control and malfunction warning systems.
(j) Running equipment equipped with indicator lights.
(k) Safety equipment to include a first aid kit.
9. Materials Handling.
(a) Fixed or portable electrical hoists with ceiling lifting devices
for lifting heavy loads, including chemicals, pumps, motors, and
equipment for repair or replacement.
(b) Lifting attachments such as hooks or eyes on heavy equipment.
(c) Hoists to lower and raise men and equipment into pit areas.
(d) The disinfection system selected for wastewater treatment to
minimize handling and transportation problems.
(e) Chemical storage areas situated so personnel do not have to stretch
beyond safe handling limits.
(f) Lifting associated with bags and drums of chemicals at a minimum
level; discharge of chemicals preferably made through a floor
chute with low curbing.
(g) The applicability of handlift trucks.
(h) Well-planned, safe operations associated with incoming railroad
cars.
(i) Adequate space for equipment repair or replacement.
(j) Cleanout connections large enough for the operator to get hands and
necessary tools through.
10. Pinning and Crushing.
(a) Electrical "lockout" facilities with cylinder padlocks to prevent
accidental starts when machinery and equipment are being worked on
or otherwise taken out of service.
(b) An emergency shutoff switch, clearly labeled, at all machinery units.
(c) Centralized control and malfunction warning systems.
(d) Running equipment equipped with indicator lights.
(e) Special equipment bracing, where required.
11. Sensory Devices.
(a) Sensing devices equipped with visual and audible alarms both nearby
and at a centralized location, placed in all hazardous areas for
combustible or explosive gases and vapors.
(b) Where oxygen is used in sludge aeration, oxygen leakage detectors
at appropriate points on the supply tanks.
(c) Chlorine leak detection device to signal equipment failure in
larger installations.
(d) A fire alarm at the plant.
(e) An automatic signal for incinerator flame-out.
(f) Centralized control and malfunction warning systems.
(g) Visual and audible alarms.
(h) Running equipment with indicator lights.
(i) Electrical lockout facilities with cylinder padlocks to prevent
accidental starts when machinery and equipment are being worked
on or otherwise taken out of service.
(j) Provisions to deal with infrared radiation from combustion units,
ultraviolet radiation from arc welding, and ionizing radiation
from radioactive materials.
(k) Pressure gauges at sludge pumps to indicate buildup of gases when
the pumps are out of service.
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(1) Warning signs indicating dangers such as explosive gases, high
pressure pipes, and underground utilities.
(m) Warning signs, by each non-potable water outlet.
(n) Standardized color coding of process piping and emergency equipment:
i. orange to designate dangerous parts of machines, or energized
equipment, and flammable gas lines; ii. blue, potable water; iii.
yellow, chlorine; iv. black, raw sludge; v. brown, treated sludge;
vi. purple, radiation, hazards,; vii. green, compressed air; viii.
jade green, process or flushing water (non-potable); ix. gray,
wastewater; x. orange with blue letters, steam; xi. white, traffic
and housekeeping operations; and xii. red, fire protection equipment.
(o) Safety equipment to include hydrogen sulfide, methane, chlorine,
carbon monoxide,-and oxygen deficency indicators.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Even with the best of safety designs, unhealthy and unsafe conditions will
be encountered. Hence, the need for protective and safety equipment. The
design engineer should assume responsibility for specifying the equipment and
its proper placement throughout the facility. He should consider personal
protective equipment in the areas of head protection, ear protection, face
and eye protection, protective respiratory equipment, foot and leg protectors,
and protective clothing.
It should be noted that there are various categories of protective
respiratory devices with specific application and limitation in the protection
they afford. Respiratory devices are certified by the National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health. The design engineer should take care to
locate safety equipment so that it is easily accessible in case of emergency.
Essential safety equipment includes safety belts, harnesses, life-jackets,
and lifelines. Storage facilities should also be specified for first-aid
equipment.
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Learning Resource #10
"Margin For Safety"
Slide-Cassette - 18 minutes
Water Pollution Control Federation
3900 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington D.C. 20016
Effective narration extends the ideas suggested by the 41 slides
identified below. The presentation focuses on design, maintenance
and operational factors that constitute the margin between safe and dangerous
working conditions. It contains many practical suggestions that should
prove to be useful to management, supervisors, and workers.
Slide number Material presented in slide
1 Caption - "Margin For Safety"
2 Debris between buildings
3 Cluttered workbench
4 Tool housekeeping
5 Icy conditions
6 Salt for snow - ice removal
7 Safety treads
8 Handrails on steps
9 Unguarded opening
10 Snow removal around valve
11 Care regarding grate removal
12 Very steep stairwell
13 Safety chain at steep stairwell
14 Safety chains at steep drywell
15 Flushing dryholes without handholds
16 No guardrails around deep tanks
17 Narrow walkways around deep tanks
18 Guardrails around deep tanks
19 Wearing life vests around deep wastewater
20 Guardrails at discharge opening
21 Guard at discharge opening
22 Mandatory use of safety equipment
23 Safety hats
24 Protecting against loud noise
25 Self-contained air pack
26 Use of air pack
27 Utility hose mask
28 Combustible gas indicators
29 Testing gas indicator
30 Oxygen deficiency meter
31 Metal toe guards
32 Eye protection
33 Fire extinguisher
34 Fire extinguisher check
35 Guarding moving parts
36 Guarding moving parts
37 Vehicular traffic danger
38 Vehicular traffic danger
39 Poor traffic warning
40 Worker attitude
41 The end
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Learning Resource #11
"The Safe Way"
Slide-Cassette - 14 minutes
Water Pollution Control Federation
3900 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20016
Good narration amplifies the ideas presented in the 38 slides identified
below. The slide-cassette tape presentation is a general overview of the
hazards and need for safety in wastewater treatment systems. As such it
could be useful in an orientation session regarding safety with newly
employed workers.
Slide number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Material presented in slide
Caption - "The Safe Way"
Sampling gas in manhole
Working around electrical switchboard
Taking sewage sample
Washing hands
Using waterless cleaners
Toe bars on pneumatic tools
Eye protection
Proper eye protection
Very steep stairway
Safe stairway procedures
Smoker entering manhole
Safe working in manhole
Lowering tools into manhole
Proper removal of manhole cover
Street hazards around manholes
Traffic warning devices
Street hazards
Working in trenches
Working in manholes
Importance of gloves
Washing down wet-well
Wire winch cable hazard
Injured hand
Importance of gloves
Unguarded moving parts
On-job communication
Bad housekeeping
Oily rags
Dirty rag container
Flammable material in welding area
Safe chemical storage
Safe chemical storage
Deluge shower and eyebath
Pipette safety
Bulb pipette
Importance of laboratory safety
The end
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SECTION IV
SAFETY: Chemicals - Gases
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Workers in wastewater treatment systems have safety concerns related to
chemical usage. Highly corrosive acids are used in some cleaning operations.
Employees unaccustomed to the hazards associated with the use of such
chemicals require training to learn what to do in case of spillage,
particularly if such chemicals get into eyes or on other exposed body
surfaces. Employees should know of what to do immediately in the event
of such an accident.
Large quantities of highly poisonous chlorine gas are used in modern
sewage disposal plants. The routine use of several tons per month of
this chemical may benumh workers to the danger inherent in this substance
which was, in World War I, a battlefield weapon. Very careful training of
all workers associated with transportation, storage, and use of chlorine
is mandatory by OSHA standards and by common sense.
Gases such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, methane, ammonia, and
large amounts of carbon dioxide may be present in certain parts of
wastewater treatment systems, particularly in manhole areas and in the
wet-well entrance to the sewage treatment plant. Awareness of the dangers
associated with these gases, tests available to determine their presence,
and precautions to be taken when working around these substances are
parts of a necessary safety education program.
Fortunately, many learning resources are available. Chemical companies
such as DuPont, de Nemours, Inc. have prepared safety leaflets and other
materials related to safe use of certain substances. A sample of material
dealing with safety in chemical usage is given in this section. Additional
materials are identified and reviewed in the reference section.
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Learning Resource #12
"Plant Safety and Good Housekeeping"
Chapter 14, Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Field
Study Training Program Vol. II, 1980
Kerri, Kenneth D., Project Director
California State University, Sacramento
6000 "J" Street
Sacramento, CA 95819
The following Table duplicated from the reference cited above provides
factual information on gaseous substances which may affect workers in
wastewater treatment systems. The material can be used by supervisors or
other personnel involved in a safety education program in many ways.
Discussion of sources, common properties, and physiological effects of
the various gases can be made interesting and potentially very useful.
Demonstrations of some methods of testing can be incorporated easily
into a safety lesson on this area of concern.
56
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COMMON DANGEROUS GASES ENCOUNTERED IN WASTEWATER COLLECTION
SYSTEMS AND AT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS'
Specific
Gravity
of Vapor
Name Chemical Density"
of Gas Formulae (Air = 1)
Oxygen O2 1.11
(In Air)
Gasoline C5H12 3.0 to
Vapor to 4.0
Carbon CO 0.97
Monoxide
Hydrogen H2 0.07
Methane CH, 0.55
Hydrogen H.S 1.19
Sulfide
Carbon CO, 1,53
Dioxide
Nitrogen N2 0.97
Elhane CaH4 t.05
Chlorine Clj 2.5
Explosive
Range (% by
volume in air)
Lower Upper
Limit Limit
Not flammable
1 .3 7.0
12.5 74.2
4.0 74.2
5.0 15.0
4.3 46.0
Not flammable
Not flammable
3.1 15.0
Not flammable
Not explosive
Common Properties
* (Percentages below
are per cent in air
by volume)
Colorless, odorless,
tasteless, non-
poisonous gas. Sup-
ports combustion.
Colorless, odor
noticeable in 0.03%.
Flammable.
Explosive.
Colorless, odorless,
non-irritating,
tasteless,
Flammable.
Explosive.
Colorless, odorless,
tasteless, non-
poisonous, flam-
mable. Explosive.
Propagates (lame
rapidly; very
dangerous.
Colorless, tasteless,
odorless, non-
poisonous. Flam-
mable. Explosive.
Rotten egg odor in
small concentrations
but sense of smell
rapidly impaired.
Odor not evident at
high concentrations.
Colorless. Flam-
mable. Explosive.
Poisonous.
Colorless, odorless,
non-flammable. Not
generally present in
dangerous amounts
unless there is
already a deficiency
of oxygen.
Colorless, tasteless.
odorless. Non-
flammable. Non-
poisonous. Principal
constituent of air
(about 79%).
Colorless, tasteless,
odorless, non-
poisonous. Flam-
mable. Explosive.
Greenish yellow
gas. or amber color
liquid under
pressure. Highly
irritating and
penetrating odor.
Highly corrosive
in presence of
moisture.
Physiological Effects
(Percentages below
are per cent in air
by volume)
Normal air contains
20.93% of O2. Man
tolerates down to
12%. Below 5 to
7% likely to be
fatal.
Anesthetic effects
when inhaled.
2.43% rapidly fatal.
1.1% to 2.2%
dangerous for even
short exposure.
Hemoglobin of
blood has strong
affinity for gas
causing oxygen
starvation. 0.2 to
0.25% causes
unconsciousness in
30 minutes.
Acts mechanically
to deprive tissues of
oxygen. Does not
support life. A
simple asphyxiant.
See hydrogen.
Death in few
minutes at 0.2%.
Paralyzes
respiratory center.
10% cannot be
endured for more
than a few minutes.
Acts on nerves of
respiration.
See hydrogen.
See hydrogen.
Respiratory irritant.
irritating to eyes
and mucous mem-
branes. 30 ppm
causes coughing.
40-60 ppm danger-
ous in 30 minutes.
1000 ppm apt to be
fatal in few breaths.
Most Common
Sources in Sewers
Oxygen depletion
from poor ventila-
tion and absorption
or chemical
consumption of
available O,.
Leaking storage
tanks, discharges
from garages, and
commercial or home
dry -cleaning
operations.
Manufactured
fuel gas.
Manufactured
fuel gas.
Natural gas, marsh
gas. mfg. fuel gas.
sewer gas.
Petroleum fumes.
from blasting.
sewer gas.
Issues from
carbonaceous strata.
Sewer gas.
Issues from some
rock strata.
Sewer gas.
Natural gas.
Leaking pipe
connections.
Overdosage.
Simplest and
Cheapest Safe
Method of Testing f
Oxygen deficiency
indicator.
1 . Combustible gas
indicator.
2. Oxygen defi-
ciency indicator
(or concentrations
over 30%.
CO ampoules.
Combustible gas
indicator.
1 . Combustible gas
indicator.
2. Oxygen defi-
ciency indicator.
1 . HjS analyzer.
2. H2S ampoules.
Oxygen deficiency
indicator.
Oxygen deficiency
indicator.
Combustible gas
indicator.
Chlorine detector.
Odor, strong.
Ammonia on swab
gives off white
fumes.
" Gases with a specific gravity less than 1.0 are lighter than air; those more than 1.0 heavier than air.
t The first method given is the preferable testing procedure.
1. Reprinted from Water and Sewage Works, August 1953.
Copied from "Manual of Instruction for Sewage Treatment Plant Operators," State of New York.
57
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Learning Resource #13
"Disinfection and Chlorination"
Chapter 10, Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Field
Study Training Program Vol. I, 1980
Kerri, Kenneth D., Project Director
California State University, Sacramento
6000 "J" Street
Sacramento, CA 95819
The following lesson duplicated from an earlier version (1976) of the
reference cited above provides basic information about chlorine hazards
and safety precautions that must be taken while working around this commonly
used substance.
The lesson could be used during safety orientation of new employees or
as a review of safety procedures to be followed by experienced workers.
CHAPTER 10, DISINFECTION AND CHLORINATION
(Lesson 3 of 4 Lessons)
10.3 SAFETY AND FIRST AID
All persons handling chlorine should be thoroughly aware of its hazardous
properties. Personnel should know the location and use of the various pieces
of protective equipment and be instructed in safety procedures. For
additional information on this topic, see the Water Pollution Control Federation's
Manual of Practice No. 1, Safety in Wastewater Works, and the Chlorine Institute's
Chlorine Manual, 4th edition.19
10.30 Chlorine Hazards
Chlorine is a gas, heavier than air, extremely toxic and corrosive in moist
atmospheres. Dry chlorine gas can be safely handled in steel containers and
piping, but with moisture must be handled in corrosion-resisting materials
such as silver, glass, teflon, and certain other plastics. Chlorine gas at
container pressure should never be piped in silver, glass, teflon, or any
other plastic material. The gas is very irritating to the mucous membranes
of the nose, to the throat, and to the lungs; a very small percentage in the
air causes severe coughing. Heavy exposure can be fatal. (See Table 10-1.)
to: Water Pollution Control Federation, 3900 Wisconsin Avenue,
Washington, D.C. 20016; price to WPCF members, $0.75; others, $1.50.
The Chlorine Institute, Inc., 342 Madison Avenue, New York, New York
10017; price $0.75.
58
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TABLE 10-1
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORINE GAS20
Effect
Parts of Chlorine Gas
Per Million Parts of Air
By Volume (ppm)
Slight symptoms after several
hours' exposure
Detectable odor
60-minute inhalation without
serious effects
Noxiousness
Throat irritation
Coughing
Effects dangerous to one-half
to one hour
Death after a few deep breaths
1
3
4
5
15
30
40
1000
20
Adapted from data in U.S. Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 248 (1955).
59
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10.31 Why Chlorine Must be Handled with Care
You must always remember that chlorine is a hazardous chemical and must
be handled with respect. Concentrations of chlorine gas in excess of
1000 ppm may be fatal after a few breaths.
Because the characteristic sharp odor of chlorine is noticeable even when the
amount in the air is small, it is usually possible to get out of the gas
area before serious harm is suffered. This feature makes chlorine less
hazardous than gases such as carbon monoxide, which is odorless, and hydrogen
sulfide, which impairs your sense of smell in a short time.
Inhaling chlorine causes general restlessness, panic, severe irritation of
the throat, sneezing, and production of much saliva. These symptoms are
followed by coughing, retching and vomiting, and difficulty in breathing.
Chlorine is particularly irritating to persons suffering from asthma and
certain types of chronic bronchitis. Liquid chlorine causes severe
irritation and blistering on contact with the skin.
10.32 Protect Yourself From Chlorine
Every person working with chlorine should know the proper ways to handle it,
should be trained in the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, and should
know what to do in case of emergencies.
Here are some items you should always remember in order to protect yourself
and others from possible injury:
a. In an emergency, only authorized persons with adequate safety
equipment should be in the danger area. Have your fire department
examine your chlorine handling facilities and safety equipment so they
will be aware of what you have and the possible dangers. They are
well trained in the use of breathing apparatus and may be able to help
you in an emergency,, especially if they are familiar with chlorine
hazards.
b. In any chlorine atmosphere, short shallow breathing is safer than deep
breathing. Recovery from exposure depends on the amount of chlorine
inhaled, so it is important to keep that amount as small as possible.
c. Clothing contaminated with liquid "or gaseous chlorine continues to
give off chlorine gas and irritate the body even after leaving a
contaminated area. Therefore, contaminated clothing should be removed
immediately and the exposed parts of the body washed with a large
amount of cool water.
The use of a breathing apparatus is advisable during these operations.
All caution should be taken to prevent any liquid from coming in contact
with clothing not designed for protection, because the liquid can
penetrate the cloth and cause skin problems.
d. Learn the correct way of using the breathing apparatus, practice
using it regularly, and take safety drills seriously. What you
learn may save your life. The fire department is well trained in
the use of breathing apparatus and can be very helpful in training.
60
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e. If you have found a chlorine leak and left the area before the leak
was stopped, you should use an apparatus with a separate air supply
when you return and repair the leak. Never rely on a cannister type
mask for protection in repairing chlorine leaks. Cannister masks
are not recommended because they do not supply oxygen. They only
remove chlorine, if they are effective. Some agencies allow the
use of cannister type masks; however, most operators who have
had experience repairing chlorine leaks do not use cannister masks
because of their short shelf life (approximately three to four months)
and inability to provide adequate protection against high concentrations
of chlorine. Extensive ventilation is recommended.
f. Cooperate in taking care of all safety equipment, handling it
carefully, and returning it to its proper storage place after use.
Defective equipment, or equipment which you can't find when you
need it, will not protect you.
g. Always be sure that you know the location of first aid cabinets,
breathing apparatus, showers, and other safety equipment. Review
emergency instructions regularly to be sure you know them.
h. Notify your police department that you need help if it becomes
necessary to stop traffic on roads and to evacuate persons in the
vicinity of a chlorine leak.
10.33 First Aid Measures
a. Be sure you know the location of breathing apparatus, first aid kits,
and other safety equipment at all times.
b. Remove clothing contaminated with liquid chlorine at once. Carry
patient away from gas area—if possible to a room with a temperature
70°F. Keep patient warm, with blankets if necessary. Keep him
quiet.
c. Place patient on his back with his head higher than the rest of
his body.
d. Call a doctor and fire department immediately. Immediately begin
appropriate treatment.
e. Eyes. If even small quantities of chlorine have entered the eyes,
hold the eyelids apart and flush copiously with lukewarm running
water. Continue flushing for about fifteen minutes. Do not attempt
any medication except under specific instructions from a physician.
f. Skin. Get patient under a shower immediately, clothes and all.
Remove clothing while the shower is running. Wash the skin with
large quantities of soap and water. Do not attempt to neutralize
chlorine with chemicals. Do not apply salves or ointments except
as directed by a physician.
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g. Inhalation. If the patient is breathing, place him in a comfortable
position; keep him warm and at rest until a physician arrives.
If breathing seems to have stopped, begin artificial respiration
immediately. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or any of the approved
methods may be used. Oxygen should be administered if equipment and
trained personnel are available.
Automatic artificial respiration is considered preferable to manual,
but only when administered by an experienced operator.
Rest is recommended after severe chlorine exposure.
h. Throat Irritation. Drinking milk will relieve the discomforts of
throat irritation from chlorine exposure. Chewing gum or drinking
spirits of peppermint also will help reduce throat irritation.
Follow emergency rules given by your physician. In the absence of
such rules, the first aid steps above are suggested.
Taken in part from Chlorine Safe Handling Pamphlet, published by The
Chemical Division of PPG Industries, Inc.
QUESTIONS
10.3A What are the hazards of chlorine gas?
10.3B What type of breathing apparatus is recommended when repairing a
chlorine leak?
10.3C What first aid measures should be taken if a person comes in contact
with chlorine?
62
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SECTION V
SAFETY: Electricity
63
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Enormous amounts of electricity are used in the process of pumping
millions of gallons of water daily through a large wastewater treatment
plant. Ventilation fans, conveyers, sludge scrapers, comminutors and
many other electrical devices run continuously. The worker is often close
to electric circuits that are dangerous or deadly.
While the electrical work in a treatment plant will almost always be
done by well-trained licensed electricians, all workers in the plant should
have a basic understanding of safety required around electricity. They
should know that under certain conditions (wet footing and a current across
the heart region) even low voltage electrical currents can kill. They
should understand the critical nature of lock-out procedures that are
designed to prevent the accidental starting of equipment while it is being
cleaned or repaired. They should understand what they can do to prevent
electrical accidents.
This section includes some exemplary lessons to help workers acquire
safety understandings about electricity. The reference section identifies
additional sources of useful information.
65
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Learning Resource #14
"Electrical Safety in Maintenance"
Excerpted from Safety in Wastewater Works
The Water Pollution Control Federation
3900 Wisconsin Avenue
Washington, DC 20016
The following material can be useful as an outline to assist a supervisor
in reviewing, with new employees, the safety measures that are important
while working with electricity.
4.3 ELECTRICAL
Ordinary 110V electricity may be fatal; however, lower voltages and low
amperage electricity should not be underestimated. Extensive studies have
shown that 0.005 amp will cause loss of muscle control and that 12V may,
on good contact cause injury. Therefore, all voltages above 12V should be
considered dangerous. Electrical systems at wastewater works operate at
voltages from 120V to 4,000V or more. All electricity should be treated
cautiously and without guessing as to the nature of the electrical curcuit.
Electricity kills by paralyzing the nervous system and stopping muscular
action. Frequently, electricity may hit the breathing center at the base of the
brain and interrupt the transmission of the nervous impulses to the muscles
responsible for breathing. In other cases, the electrical current directly
affects the heart causing it to cease pumping blood. Death follows from lack of
oxygen in the body. It cannot be determined which action has taken place, so
it is essential that:
1. The victim be freed from the live conductor promptly
by use of a dry stick or other nonconductor. Never
use bare hands to remove a live wire.
2. Artificial respiration be supplied immediately and
continuously until breathing is restored or until a
doctor arrives.
4.301 General Rules:—The following are some general rules for electrical
maintenance safety:
1. Do not ground yourself inadvertently to waterpiping or other
metallic equipment when working on or in contact with electrical
equipment or wiring. Do not pass tools to or otherwise touch a
person who is grounded.
2. Allow only qualified and authorized people to work on electrical
equipment or perform electrical maintenance.
3. Keep all electrical controls in safe working order, accessible,
and well marked.
4. Keep wires from becoming a tripping hazard.
5. Never use metal ladders or metal tape measures around electrical
equipment.
66
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6. Unless a wire is positively known to be dead and it is impossible
for it to become accidentally live again, handle it as though it
were a live wire.
7. When working around electrical equipment, keep your mind on the
hazard at all times.
8. Always work from a firm base. Loss of balance may cause a fall
onto energized parts. When working over energized busses or parts,
cover them with a good electrical insulator such as a rubber blanket.
9. No safety device should be made inoperative by removing guards,
using oversized fuses, or blocking or bypassing protective devices
unless it is absolutely essential to the repair or maintenance activity
and then only after alerting the operating personnel and maintenance
supervisor.
4.302 Working in Pairs on Energized Equipment:—One man should never work
alone on energized equipment that operates at or above 440V. When two men
work together, one can double check the other, and there is always one man
available to de-energize circuits, apply first aid, or summon assistance in
the event of a mishap. Usually, there is sufficient work so that both men
may work simultaneously. There are cases in which an experienced electrician
might safely work alone on equipment that operates at 440V. An example is
work on a magnetic starter in a dead front motor control center, with a positive
means of de-energizing the starter completely, if this motor control center is
located in a clean, dry, well lighted area with good accessibility. However,
contact with 440V may be lethal, and it is a good general practice to have
two men work as a team on equipment and circuits at that or higher voltage.
4.303 Holding and Locking Out Electrical Circuits:—The most important
safety requirement in electrical maintenance is to have and adhere to a
good system for holding and locking out electrical circuits when equipment is
being repaired.
This system should be developed to suit the needs of the maintenance
organization of the particular wastewater works. It should be coordinated
with the system for holding equipment out of service for mechanical maintenance.
The chief requirements of any system are simplicity and responsibility, which
should be clear and should be assigned to the person who is actually involved
in the locking out or releasing operation.
4.304 Grounding Lines and Busses:—Before any work is performed on a line
or bus that operates at a voltage of 440 or above, in addition to being
de-energized and locked out, it should be grounded. Of course, before grounding
the line or bus, it should be made certain that it is in fact de-energized by
testing it with a pre-tested voltmeter.
4.305 Backfeed:—Precautions should be taken to make certain that there
is no possibility of a backfeed on a de-energized circuit. Backfeed can occur
from the following sources:
1. A tie with another electrical source;
2. A control circuit that is interlocked with a control
circuit fed from another source;
67
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3. The high voltage side of a potential or control transformer
that is not disconnected from the bus or the low voltage
side of the transformer that becomes energized from an
extraneous source acting as a step-up transformer and
energizing the bus at a high voltage; or
4. Standby or emergency electrical power source.
4.306 Grounding of Portable Electrical Tools:—Each portable electrical
tool that is not inherently double-insulated should be equipped with a
separate electrical conductor (in or on the cord) that will effectively
ground the metallic case of the tool. For 110V, single-phase tools, the
present practice is to have a three-conductor cord, with the case-grounding
conductor wired to a three-prong polarized plug (that is, the plug should be
designed for insertion into the receptacle in only one way). The mating
contact in the receptacle for this grounding plug is wired to a special
grounding wire carried in the same conduit with the supply wires. This
conductor is normally colored green and should be used only for equipment
grounding.
Recently, double-insulated portable electrical tools have been manufactured,
eliminating the need for the grounding conductor referred to above. Periodic
checks should be made, however, to ensure that the integrity of the double
insulation has not been damaged, with resulting dangerous electrical leakage.
The cord should also be examined periodically to ensure against leakage caused
by wear, cut, or abrasion. Extreme care should be used when work is performed
in wet locations. Portable electrical tools should not be used where an
explosive hazard exists. It is recommended that tools be tested with a portable
ground fault interrupter before checking them out of a tool room.
4.307 Live Busses and Specialized Locations:—Before working inside
switchboards, power cabinets, and other locations where there are exposed
energized busses or parts, all conductors should be de-energized to the
greatest degree practical. If some circuits remain energized, the following
precautions should be taken to minimize the possibility of shock or short
circuit:
1. All live busses should be covered with insulating blankets.
2. The greatest caution should be used to prevent accidental contact
with live busses or parts within reach. Extra care should be
taken to prevent dropping tools on live busses or falling against
live busses or parts.
3. Live parts should be touched only when absolutely necessary
and then only when standing on a dry insulating surface, clear
of all other conductors or grounding surfaces. Rubber safety
gloves in good tested condition and approved for use on the
voltage should be worn. Touch a circuit with only one hand.
4. To prevent eye damage from possible high intensity arcing,
protective goggles should be worn for all work inside energized
switchgear.
5. Rings, watches, metal frame glasses, and all other jewelry
should be removed before performing such work.
68
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4.308 Neutral Grounding:—The present general practice is to ground the
neutral of plant distribution and utilization supply systems. This provides
the following safety features:
1. The voltage between any of the phases and ground is limited
to the neutral voltage phase (86.6 percent of line voltage).
2. In the event of any accidental ground in a piece of electrical
equipment or wiring, ground fault current will flow, trip
a circuit breaker, and thereby separate the faulted circuit
from the system. (In many older plants, the neutral of the
power utilization voltage is left ungrounded so that essential
equipment may be kept in service temporarily, even though a
single accidental ground exists. If such an ungrounded
system exists, it is recommended that it be modified to a
grounded system.) In such a system, however, there is nothing
to limit the voltage that might appear between a phase
conductor and ground, and this voltage may, in certain cases,
reach several times the value of the system voltage. Thus,
a man working on 440V equipment would be subject to a possible
shock from several times this voltage.
For this reason, for such ungrounded systems, it is essential
that the system be equipped with a ground detector and alarm to
notify operating personnel immediately in the event of the
occurrence of an accidental ground and that measures be
taken to locate the ground and to disconnect the grounded
equipment or circuit from the system immediately.
4.309 Metallic Objects in Work Area:—A potential hazard in electrical
work is small metallic objects, such as tools, flashlights, and jewelry,
making contact with or shorting across live electrical parts. Pliers,
screw drivers, wrenches, or other tools used in electrical work should have
insulated handles. The uninsulated working surfaces of these tools should
be as small as practicable to minimize the possiblity of metal contacting
live parts. Electrical tape or other insulating material may be used for this
purpose, but its use should be discouraged; insulated tools are much more
preferable. Metal flashlights should, of course, never be used. Jewelry
of any kind should not be worn when working with or near electrical circuitry.
4.310 Explosion-Proof Equipment—Before breaking the seal on an explosion-
proof enclosure, make certian that the work area has good ventilation. A
gas check should be made. Nearby equipment and facilities should be shut
down if practical. The area should be continually monitored for gas, and
only nonsparking, nonferrous tools should be used. On completion of the work,
make certain that the explosion-proof fittings have been adequately resealed.
4.311 Current Transformers:—The secondary circuit of a current transformer
should never be opened while the primary circuit is energized, because a very
high voltage may thereby be set up in the secondary circuit. This high
voltage may cause shock to personnel or may even result in failure of the
insulation, which, in turn, could subject the secondary wiring to the high
primary system voltage, with dangerous consequence.
69
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4.312 High-Voltage Equipments:—Many larger wastewater plants have electrical
substations, transmissions lines, and switchgear operating at higher voltages,
such as 2,400, 4,160, 6,900, or 12,000. For such equipment, the services of
the public utility providing the service should be obtained. Usually such
substations are furnished and installed by the public utility, and therefore,
employees of the wastewater works should be prohibited from performing any work
on them.
70
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Learning Resource #15
Plant Safety
Technical Publishing Company (TPC)
1301 So. Grove Avenue
Barrington, IL 60010
Lesson seven of this trainee's guide on electrical safety is reproduced,
with permission, below. As indicated earlier in section I, other lessons
in the TPC guide on plant safety are equally promising for use in safety
education of supervisors and workers in wastewater treatment systems.
71
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Lesson Seven
TPC Training Systems
72
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PLANT SAFETY
Lesson Seven — Electrical Safety
CONTENTS
Page
Preface 99
The Nature of Electricity 99
Electrical Injuries 101
Preventing Electrical Accidents 102
Overcurrent Protection 103
Programed Exercises 104
Grounding 105
Protection Against Ground Faults 106
Hazardous Locations 107
Portable Power Tool Safety 107
Double-Insulated Tools '..... 108
Electrical Safety 108
Programed Exercises 110
Self-Check Quiz 111
Answers to Self-Check Quiz „ 112
© Copyright by Technical Publishing Company,
A Division of Dun-Donnelley Publishing Corporation, A Dun & Bradstreet Company,
Harrington, Illinois, 1974—all rights reserved, including those of translation.
No part of this material may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system. Technical Publishing Company does not, by publication of data in this
manual, ensure to anyone the use of such data against liability of any kind, including
infringement of any patent. Publication of any data in this manual does not constitute
a recommendation of any patent or proprietary right that may be involved.
Printed in the United States of America.
73
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PLANT SAFETY
Lesson Seven — Electrical Safety
Preface
Normally, electricity is a useful source of power. However, when something
goes wrong with a circuit or tool using it, or when it is handled with igno-
rance and disregard, electricity can become a deadly hazard. Injuries and
death can result from direct contact with electrical current You deal with
electricity every time you turn on the lights, plug in and operate an electric
tool or appliance, or start a machine. Thus, to avoid personal injury, you
must know when, where, and how to avoid improper contact or use of
devices through which electrical current is flowing.
This lesson explains what electricity is and how it can affect the human body.
It also explains and illustrates some of the safe practices and uses of safety
devices that can help you control, avoid, or eliminate electrical hazards with
emphasis on safe use of portable power tools.
The Nature of Electricity
7.01 Before you can protect yourself against the
hazards of electricity, you must know something
about it. Electricity is energy in the form of tiny,
charged particles (electrons) which flow through a
closed conducting path (a circuit) like water flow-
ing through a pipe. Electrical current is the amount
of electrons flowing past a given point in a given
time and is measured in AMPERES (AM-peers). A
pressure, electromotive force (emf), causes current
flow. The pressure is measured in VOLTS. As the
current flows through a circuit, it is being opposed.
This opposition to current is called resistance, and
is measured in OHMS.
relationship is called OHM'S LAW and is expressed
as:
"I
where I = current in amperes
E = electromotive force in volts
R= resistance in ohms
In other words, the amount of electrical current is
determined by dividing the force of the flow by
the conductor's resistance. The result is current in
amperes.
7.02 The amount of current (amperes) flowing 7.03 The energized conductor in an electrical cir-
through a circuit is directly proportional to the cuit is often called the HOT wire. Electrical current
electromotive force (volts) and inversely proper- flows to the loads such as portable tools and lights
tional to the resistance (ohms) of the circuit. This in a circuit through the hot and neutral (grounded)
74
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FUSE
BOX
-OJ-
FUSE
GROUND
':CJ - BLACK OR RED
NEUTRAL- WHITE
— 1
I
cd j *| FAN MOTOR
U \J
LAMP
J
_5r_
OUTLET
vox
UNUSED OUTLET
DRAWS 0 AMPERES
?5A— — 3A \_ 5A —
1i
vo
0
.TS
-><=g^®=l
SOLDERING IRON
DRAWS 10 AMPERE
3
S
, 1CA
i\ (-
-J <
, l?A
— - \
. DA
^ ^
y v:
i OA
~~. r-L '• "C IT T-P=.C-;'
^
V
| • . ffiffggE^
. TT.
DISC GRINDER
DRAWS 5 AMPERES
. 7- 7. Two-wire grounded-neutral electrical
circuit.
Fig. 7-2. Total current depends on total load.
wires. The wires are identified by the color of the
insulation: black or red for the hot wires and white
for the neutral wires, as illustrated in Fig. 7-1. Nor-
mally, current flows through the hot wire and the
loads, returning through the neutral wire. An ad-
ditional grounding conductor (green wire) provides
grounding for the cases and frames of tools, out-
lets, and appliances. Electrical accidents and in-
juries can occur when a SHORT CIRCUIT (acci-
dental connection between two points in an elec-
trical circuit) or ACCIDENTAL GROUND (unin-
tentional connection of a current-carrying con-
ductor to ground) provide an alternate path through
which current can flow.
7.04 Current will not flow through an open cir-
cuit, but some current will flow through every
complete conducting path provided. Current di-
vides itself among all the loads connected to a cir-
cuit according to their resistances. Total circuit
current depends on the total load. For example, in
a circuit where a soldering iron draws 10 amperes
of current and a grinder draws 5 amperes, total
circuit current is 15 amperes, divided as shown in
Fig. 7-2.
7.05 If an electric drill is added to the circuit and
draws an additional 7 amperes of current, the total
circuit current will increase to 22 amperes. In other
words, added loads cause total circuit current to in-
crease. If you touch the hot conductor and any
grounded conductor at the same time, your body
becomes an added load which also increases the
total circuit current. The amount of current increase
will be determined by the electrical resistance of
your body at that particular time. The magnitude
of current flowing through your body will deter-
mine the severity of shock and extent of injury.
7.06 Electrical circuits are referred to by their
voltages. The most common voltages for residential
and industrial applications are 1 20, 240, and 480.
Circuits for ordinary lighting and small fractional-
horsepower motors are usually 1 20 volts. For large
motors and plant machinery, 240 and 480 volt cir-
cuits are common. The National Electrical Code
defines high voltages as those exceeding 600 volts
and low voltages as those between 24 and 600 volts.
This can be misleading in terms of safety, however.
Do not be deceived into thinking the term low volt-
age means low hazard, because you can receive a
shock or burn from any energized circuit, no matter
what the voltage may be.
7.07 "Safety" low voltages are those voltages
lower than 24 volts, not because they eliminate
shock hazards but because they reduce the severity
of injury when shock occurs. Typical applications
include hand lamps and portable electric tools
powered by 6 to 12 volts. For a worker in a metal
tank, shocks from a normal 120-volt circuit can be
fatal. Due to the lower energy level in low voltage
devices, a less severe shock is likely. Thus, safety
low voltage devices are recommended for work
inside metal tanks or in hazardous atmospheres.
75
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Electrical Injuries
7.08 The extent of injury received from an elec-
tric shock is determined by the amount of current
that passes through your body, the path it takes,
and the length of time you are in contact with the
current. Voltage never killed anyone, it is current
that does the damage.
7.09 Compared to the amount of current nor-
mally present in most circuits and appliances, the
hazardous and fatal levels of current are very
small-considerably less than one ampere (see
Table 7-1). Note the current values are given in
milliamperes (thousandths of an ampere), so 200
milliamperes equals 0.2 of an ampere. An ordinary
1 20-volt lighting circuit may have as much as 10 to
12 amperes of current flowing through it. That is
many times more than enough to be fatal if the
same amount of current flowed through your
body.
7.10 Electrical shock occurs if your body be-
comes part of an electrical circuit. This can happen
in three ways:
1. CONTACT WITH BOTH THE HOT AND
NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS OF A CIR-
CUIT AT THE SAME TIME. Your body is
then just like a light bulb filament or the
windings in a motor. It, too, becomes a
load between the conductors through
which current will flow.
2. CONTACTING A CURRENT-CARRYING
CONDUCTOR WHILE IT IS IN CONTACT
WITH GROUND. This is unintentional
grounding.
3. SHORT CIRCUITS. These occur when the
hot conductor contacts metallic parts (han-
dles or frames of a tool, for example), caus-
ing them to become energized. You can re-
ceive a shock if you are in contact with
these energized parts when this happens.
7.11 Most fatal electrical shocks occur because
the current flow is through or near the heart. For
example, if the path is through both arms or an
arm and a leg, as illustrated in Fig. 7-3, the current
passes across the chest and either through or
around the heart. A current of 100 milliamperes
Table 7-1 . Effects of electric current on the
human body.
CURRENT
(Milliamperes)
Non-
Lethal •
Range
Lethal ^
Range
1 or less
1 to 8
8 to 15
15 to 20
20 to 50
50 to 200
Over 200
EFFECTS
No sensation - probably not even
felt.
Shock is felt but not painful. In-
dividual can let go at will. Muscular
control is not lost.
Painful shock. Individual can let
go at will because muscular control
is not lost.
Painful shock. Muscular control is
lost. Cannot let go.
Painful. Severe muscular contrac-
tions. Cannot let go.
Possible ventricular fibrillation. (A
heart condition that results in
death - no known emergency
remedy available on the job.)
Muscular contraction and nerve
damage.
Severe burns and severe muscular
contractions - so severe that chest
muscles clamp heart and stop it for
the duration of the shock.
passing through the heart and lasting only one-
third of a second can cause ventricular fibrillation
(ven-TRIK-ya-lur fib-ril-LAY-shun) of the heart, a
Fig. 7-3. Fatal injuries can occur when shock
current passes through your chest.
HAND TO FOOT
SHOCK PATH
76
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condition where the heart flutters uselessly and cir-
culation stops. It usually results in death, because
revival requires immediate use of a heart defibril-
lator by a medical technician. It is unlikely the
equipment and the personnel will be available to
aid every victim of fibrillation.
7.12 The effects of nonlethal amounts of current
passing through the body range from a mild tingling
sensation to severe pain and muscular contractions.
The muscular reactions are particularly hazardous
when you "freeze" or are unable to let go of the
source of the shock. Other effects include burns,
internal hemorrhaging (severe internal bleeding),
and respiratory problems. In addition, secondary
accidents can result when you suddenly pull back
after receiving a shock.
7.13. Despite being in the lethal range, shocks
from currents in excess of 200 milliamperes are not
necessarily fatal. If the shock is severe enough, in-
stead of causing fibrillation, the heart stops com-
pletely because the chest muscles contract. Then, if
contact time is short and heart massage and
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation are started imme-
diately, it may be possible to restore normal heart
action and circulation. When the heart stops,
proper revival procedures must be administered
within three to four minutes to save the victim. If
delayed longer than 4 minutes, life cannot be re-
stored.
7.14 Since speed is essential, start rescue and
first aid measures as soon as it is safe to do so. Do
not, however, touch a shock victim while he is still
in contact with the current. If you cannot shut off
power, drag or push the victim away from contact
with a piece of dry rope, cloth, wood, or other
nonconductive material. Be sure the item is dry
because current can flow through wet rope, cloth,
or wood. If "live" wires are lying on or near the
victim, use a dry nonconductive object to lift them
away or to pull the victim to safety. Then call for
medical assistance and begin first aid immediately.
7.15 Your skin condition when you contact
electricity greatly influences the severity of the
shock. Dry skin has a very high electrical resis-
tance, as indicated in Table 7-2, and significantly
reduces shock effects. However, skin conditions
change too often and rapidly to be depended on
Table 7-2. Typical electrical resistances.
Dry wood - 200,000 to 200,000,000 ohms per inch
Damp wood - 2.000 to 100,000 ohms per inch
No. 10 copper wire — 1 ohm per 1 ,000 ft
HUMAN BODY:
Dry skin - 100,000 to 500,000 ohms
Wet skin (perspiring) — down to 1,000 ohms
In water — down to 150 ohms
From hand to a foot - 400 to 600 ohms
Through the head, from ear to ear, approximately 100
ohms
OHMS LAW: I =--
QUANTITY (AMPERES! •
EXAMPLES:
Pressure (volts)
Resistance (ohms)
A. Dry skin:
120 volts -y 240,000 ohms = less than 0.5 milliamperes
B. Moist or wet skin:
120 volts •;• 1000 ohms • 120 milliamperes
C. Skin immersed or drenched:
120 volts ~ 150 ohms = 800 milliamperes
for shock protection. With dry skin, a shock from a
120-volt circuit may be less than one milliampere
of current with little or no sensation. However,
even a small amount of perspiration or moisture on
the skin reduces resistance so drastically that shock
current can suddenly reach lethal levels. Also, if
you are standing in water or leaning against a wet
surface, shock currents can reach 800 milliamperes,
which is substantially above lethal levels.
Preventing Electrical Accidents
7.16 Electrical accident prevention is simply
avoiding contact with energized circuits. While
operating electric tools or equipment, insulate or
isolate the current-carrying parts. During mainte-
nance, repair, setup, or servicing of electrically
powered devices, shut off power or, at least de-
energize the circuit involved. Let local safety pro-
cedures and common sense dictate when to take
electrical safety measures.
7.17 Electrical wires and cables are insulated
with rubber or plastic to isolate the current-
carrying conductors and are further protected by
flexible or rigid conduit against damage. The in-
sulation prevents contact between live wires except
77
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where the insulation is damaged or stripped away
to make circuit connections.
7.18 Wires with damaged or deteriorated in-
sulation should be replaced. Only for emergency
temporary repairs should these wires be wrapped
with electrical tape. Where two or more wires are
joined, the connection is normally taped, or
capped with a thimble-like device called a wire nut,
or coated with special "potting" compounds to
prevent accidental contact with a bare conductor.
7.19 When current-carrying parts of an electrical
circuit must be exposed during maintenance, shut
off and lock out electrical power. This not only
prevents accidental equipment operation during
maintenance, but also prevents injuries if you
should touch or fall against an exposed conductor
nearby. Since it may not always be possible to de-
energize all nearby circuits, you should know
which circuits are energized and which are not
before starting the job. If possible, place rubber
sheets or plastic shields over and around exposed
energized parts where contact can occur.
7.20 Always make sure you know what "is be-
hind or under material you are drilling or cutting
with a power tool. Should the tool penetrate ener-
gized electrical wiring inside a wall or behind an
obstruction, accidents and injuries can occur.
Current from the energized circuit can flow
through the tool you are holding and through your
body to ground. Avoid such accidents by referring
to electrical blueprints or consulting the electrical
department to be sure no wiring is near where you
must drill or cut.
Overcifrrent Protection
7.21 Electrical circuits are designed to operate
below or at maximum rated current levels. For in-
stance, many 120-volt circuits operate at or below
20 amperes. Should this current be exceeded, the
circuit is subjected to an overcurrent condition
(overload). FUSES and CIRCUIT BREAKERS,
however, act as safety valves for electrical circuits
and they open the circuit when overloads or short
circuit conditions occur. They protect you by pre-
venting operation of equipment with damaged or
defective circuits which could produce shock haz-
ards. They also protect equipment and circuit com-
ponents from damage from excessive currents.
7.22 A "blown" fuse or "tripped" circuit breaker
indicates something is wrong. Usually this is a short
circuit or current overload. Do not attempt to re-
energize the circuit until the problem is corrected.
Normally, only electricians are allowed to replace
fuses, reset circuit breakers, or make repairs to cor-
rect circuit problems. Also, often the electrical
maintenance department is consulted before any
circuit is energized or deenergized. Do not attempt
any of these tasks unless you are authorized and
trained to do so.
7.23 Fuses and circuit breakers normally provide
adequate overcurrent protection, but are not de-
pendable protection against shocks for two reasons.
First, they only react to currents greater than their
rated amperage. This means a 15 ampere fuse is not
affected by a short circuit producing only 10 am-
peres of current, and that is more than enough to
kill somebody. Second, fuses and circuit breakers
do not react quickly enough. A shock current of
100 milliamperes for one-third of a second can be
fatal. Yet it can take longer than that for a 15 am-
pere fuse or circuit breaker to open a circuit even
when the current is in excess of 15 amperes.
78
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Use these programed exercises to help check your learning progress.
7-1. Electric current in a circuit is meas-
ured in
7-1. AMPERES
REF: 7.01
7-2. Normal current flow in a circuit is
through the hot wire and the loads,
returning through the
wire.
7-2. NEUTRAL, WHITE, or GROUNDED
REF: 7.03
7-3. High voltages are those exceeding
volts, and "safety" low voltages
are below volts.
7-3. 600 volts
24 volts
REF: 7.06
7-4. Electric shocks are caused by.
NOT by
7-4. CURRENT
VOLTAGE
REF: 7.08
7-5. Electric shock is more likely to be
fatal when the path of current is
through or near the
7-5. HEART
REF: 7.11
7-6. To rescue a shock victim, first lift
away "live" wires with.a dry
object, then pull him
to safety.
7-6. NONCONDUCTIVE object Make sure
the object is dry.
! REF: 7.14
7-7. Electrical accidents are prevented by
avoiding with energized
circuits.
7-7. CONTACT
REF: 7.16
7-8. Fuses and circuit breakers open elec-
trical circuits when or
conditions
occur.
7-8. OVER LOADS or
SHORT CIRCUIT conditions occur. They
open the circuit whenever current exceeds
the ratings of the fuses or circuit breakers.
REF: 7.21
79
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Grounding
7.24 A GROUND is any conducting connection
between an electrical circuit and earth. Unplanned,
unintentional connections to ground are GROUND
FAULTS. Proper grounding helps keep voltages
confined by avoiding dangerous differences in volt-
age levels between two conducting surfaces. In
grounded-neutral power systems, the neutral con-
ductor is connected to ground. This connection is
referred to as the circuit ground.
7.25 CIRCUIT GROUNDING can be more easily
understood by looking at low voltage secondary
circuits found in most industrial plants. Such a
circuit, 120-volts, 15-amps, with a 10-ohm circuit
ground and ungrounded conduit is illustrated by
the schematic in Fig. 7-4. When a short circuit oc-
curs because of insulation failure, the ungrounded
conduit becomes energized. The conduit now has
the same potential (120 volts) as the ungrounded
circuit conductor inside it, but no fault current
can flow because the conduit is not grounded and
the fuse doesn't blow. But anyone touching the
conduit and ground will experience a shock which
could be fatal.
7.26 Even if the conduit and the circuit are
separately grounded, as in Fig. 7-5, there is still a
risk of shock when a fault occurs. Under the con-
ditions given in the illustration, 4 amperes of fault
current flow from the conduit to ground, through
the earth to circuit ground and back to the unfused
conductor. The 4 amperes of current are not
enough to blow the fuse, but more than enough to
cause injury or death. In addition, there is an
80-volt potential between the conduit and ground.
7.27 Connecting the conduit and the neutral
conductor to a common ground, as shown in
Fig. 7-6, provides better shock protection than the
other conditions just described. The conduit and
the neutral wire are connected at the ground point.
Thus, any fault between the hot conductor and the
grounded conduit is the same as a short circuit
between the hot and neutral conductors. A large
fault current is created which quickly blows the
fuse. A small amount of voltage appears momen-
tarily on the conduit, but only for the short time it
takes the fuse to blow.
CONDUIT
FAULT
Fig. 7-4. Circuit grounded — conduit not
grounded.
FAULT CURRENT 4 AMPS
FUSE DOES NOT OPERATE
VOLTAGE OF CONDUIT 80 VOLTS
15 AMP FUSE
t
120
VOLTS
|
\iy
\
•*" CONDUIT
r^
FAULT V
1 'CURRENT
^r" — •--
10
OHMS
4
20
OHMS
J
i SO
.i. VOLTS
Fig. 7-5. Circuit and conduit grounded separately.
CONDUIT
120
VOLTS
I
FUSE
4-
y—
(
^\
1 \
\J.
FAULT
25 OHMS
FAULT CURRENT LARGE
FUSE BLOWS QUICKLY
VOLTAGE OF CONDUIT SMALL AND MOMENTARY
Fig. 7-6. Circuit and conduit connected to
common ground.
7.28 EQUIPMENT GROUNDING is a method
of shock protection for both portable and station-
ary electrical equipment. It uses an additional wire
(green) to ensure the handle, case, frame, or other
exposed metal parts of an appliance are connected
to ground. As shown in Fig. 7-7, this grounding
wire does not carry current except when a short
circuit occurs and a fault current develops between
the hot conductor and tool frame. If the fault
current is large enough, it will blow the fuse or trip
the circuit breaker. If not, the grounding wire at
least provides an alternate path (instead of through
80
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ELECTRIC
APPLIANCE
RECEPTACLE PLUG
Fig. 7-7. Typical equipment grounding circuit.
your body) for carrying off a fault current.
7.29 The shape and arrangement of plug prongs
and outlet slots prevent incorrect connections of
the equipment grounding circuit. When a short cir-
cuit develops between the hot conductor and the
frame of a two-wire ungrounded appliance, there is
no alternate path for the fault current. Thus, if you
touch the energized metal parts while in contact
with ground, you will receive a shock. But, in
three-wire grounded equipment, the short circuit
current is carried off by the grounding wire.
7.30 The grounding wire must be in good con-
dition and securely connected if equipment ground-
ing is to be effective. A loose, corroded, or poorly
connected ground connection can produce a high
resistance to the flow of current. This can cause
some of the fault current to flow through your
body instead of being carried off by the grounding
wire. For this reason, it is good practice to regularly
check the condition and security of the grounding
wire in tools and appliances that have equipment
grounding provisions.
Protection Against Ground Faults
7.31 A GROUND FAULT is any path (circuit)
established unintentionally between a current-
carrying conductor and ground. Besides occurring
in defective equipment, ground faults can result
when serviceable equipment is abused, such as acci-
dentally setting or dropping an energized electric
tool in water. Depending on conditions and the
nature of the contact, a ground fault has either
high or low resistance. If it has low resistance, large
amounts of current flow, and the fuse blows or the
circuit breaker trips to open the circuit.
7.32 Shock hazards are greater when the fault
has a high resistance and not enough fault current
flows to blow the fuse or trip the circuit breaker.
In such cases, a GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT IN-
TERRUPTER (GFCI) can protect you against
shock. Under normal conditions when no ground
fault exists, as in Fig. 7-8(A), the GFCI does
nothing. However, the instant a ground fault
occurs, there is an imbalance of current between
the hot and neutral conductors, as shown in
Fig. 7-8(B). The GFCI detects this imbalance and
immediately opens the circuit before the fault
current can reach a hazardous level.
Fig. 7-8. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI).
GFCI
BALANCED CURRENT- NORMAL OPERATION -
GFCI DOES NOTHING
REDUCED CURRENT IN NEUTRAL
WIRE DUE TO CURRENT DIVERTED ^-^
THROUGH FAULT
GFCI IMMEDIATELY OPENS
CIRCUIT TO STOP CURRENT FLOW
81
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7.33 GFCI devices supplement the protection of-
fered by fuses or circuit breakers because they react
instantly to very small amounts of fault current.
For example, some GFCIs react (trip to open the
circuit) in only 0.025 of a second for a fault cur-
rent of only 0.005 of an ampere (5 milliamperes).
The GFCI reacts only to ground faults and not to
short circuits (hot-to-neutral or line-to-line faults).
However, short circuits often create a sufficient
overload to trip circuit breakers and blow fuses.
7.34 Examples of portable GFCIs for protection
at the point of use are illustrated in Fig. 7-9. Some
plug-in units are small enough to be carried in a
toolbox. For permanent applications, wired-in
models and combination GFCI/circuit breakers can
be installed in or near the distribution panel. Some
outlets or receptacles also have built-in GFCIs. Be-
cause of the variety of GFCIs and the protection
they provide, many plants are installing them in all
normal duty, 1 20-volt electrical circuits, especially
those for portable electric tools.
Hazardous Locations
7.35 Electrical equipment and wiring installed or
used where flammable materials or explosive at-
mospheres exist require special safety measures.
When the hazards cannot be limited or eliminated
by ventilation, then local codes and regulations
usually require the equipment and wiring to be in-
trinsically (inherently) safe and/or explosion proof.
That is, designed to prevent the ignition of a
surrounding hazardous gas or vapor mixture.
7.36 Electrical equipment considered INTRIN-
SICALLY SAFE is incapable of releasing enough
electrical energy to ignite a hazardous atmosphere
under normal or abnormal conditions. This general-
ly applies to equipment with safety low voltage
(less than 24 volts). However, the degree of safety
provided depends on the nature and concentration
of the hazardous material. For this reason, intrinsic
safety is rated and specified for certain maximum
proportions of various materials in air.
7.37 EXPLOSION-PROOF equipment is capable
of containing an explosion within itself, so the ex-
plosion cannot ignite the surrounding atmosphere.
The enclosures and guards placed over light bulbs
in hazardous locations are explosion proof. The
special, protected hand lamps used for temporary
lighting in such areas is another example.
Portable Power Tool Safety
7.38 Never use faulty power tools. When tools
or their cords are damaged or defective, replace
them at once with tools in good condition. Damage
to electric wiring and insulation can cause the
metal parts of any tool, machine, or structure to
become conductors of electrical current. Also, un-
less you are insulated from ground, you will receive
Fig. 7-9. GFCI devices at the point of use.
M«*vwr HulriMII. inc.
PORTABLE
PLUG-IN
82
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a shock when you contact the circuit. If equipment
grounding is provided, the grounding wire will
carry off most of the shock current. The grounding
wire can make the shock current harmless if it is
correctly designed and securely connected.
7.39 The reason for grounding tools and ma-
chines is because resistance limits current. More
current flows through a low resistance conductor
than through a high resistance one, so a low resis-
tance path to ground provides a considerable
amount of protection against shock by diverting
the current. Clothing and dry skin offer some resis-
tance and protection, but a properly connected
green (grounding) wire in the three-wire grounding
system provides a better path of very low resis-
tance to ground.
7.40 Unfortunately, the three-wire grounding
system is not foolproof because it can be ignored
or evaded, and the results are accidents and in-
juries. A three-prong plug can be connected to a
two-slot receptacle with an adapter, as shown in
Fig. 7-10. The short "pigtail" wire completes the
ground connection circuit. However, this pigtail is
frequently ignored because it takes a little extra
time and effort to connect it. Even when it is con-
nected properly, the connection point has to be a
reliable ground or protection is lost. If you use an
adapter, you must connect the pigtail to a suitable
ground.
7.41 Equipment grounding offers no protection
if the grounding contact is broken off or bent over
in an attempt to insert a three-contact plug into a
two-contact receptacle. This is a deliberately un-
safe act for which there is no excuse. Use either an
adapter or a three-wire grounded extension cord to
reach a source of power through which the ground-
ing connection can be made.
7.42 Even when using a tool with the grounding
protection properly connected, there is a chance of
electric shock. This is because your body is
grounded through the same grounding wire that is
connecting exposed metal parts to ground. If you
touch an ungrounded current-carrying conductor
while you are grounded through the tool you are
holding, you will receive a shock. So be aware you
are grounded when holding the tool, and take
special precautions to avoid contact with nearby
energized circuits.
ADAPTER GROUND
WIRE "PIGTAIL"
ADEQUATE PROTECTION
DEPENDS ON THE
RELIABILITY OF
THIS GROUND
THREE-WIRE
SUPPLY CORD
Fig. 7-10. Proper use of equipment grounding
adapter.
Double-Insulated Tools
7.43 Two-wire, DOUBLE-INSULATED tools are
alternatives to the three-wire equipment grounding
system. They are designed and constructed so the
operator is insulated from possible shocks by a case
or liner of insulating material.
7.44 All tools powered by electrical energy have
FUNCTIONAL INSULATION: the normal insu-
lation around wiring and other current-carrying
parts. Double-insulated tools have an additional, in-
dependent insulation system called PROTECTIVE
INSULATION. It protects the operator from shock
if the functional insulation fails.
7.45 Some double-insulated tools have plastic
housings similar to the plastic case of the portable
sander in Fig. 7-11. Tools with metal exteriors are
double-insulated with a plastic inner liner which
surrounds and isolates any metal parts that might
become energized if functional insulation fails. In
addition, the housings of switches or controls are
made of nonconductive materials and the tool
shaft or arbor is fitted with an insulating sleeve.
Electrical Safety
7.46 Workers in every plant should take these
precautions for electrical safety:
CONSIDER ALL ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS EN-
ERGIZED AND DANGEROUS until you are cer-
tain they are not.
83
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ARMATURE WINDINGS
BRUSHES
INTERNAL METAL FRAME VSTATOR COILS'
Fig. 7-11. A double-insulated tool.
CHECK YOUR WORK AREA for puddles or wet
surfaces, nearby energized circuits that must be
avoided, and metal pipes or posts against which
you could be grounded.
DO NOT WEAR RINGS, WATCHES, or other
metal jewelry items when working near electrical
circuits.
DO NOT USE METAL LADDERS or uninsulated
metal tools on or near circuits.
USE ONLY INTRINSICALLY SAFE OR EX-
PLOSION-PROOF TOOLS AND HAND LAMPS in
hazardous locations. Minimize shock hazards in
metal tanks by using low voltage (6 or 12 volt)
equipment.
SHUT OFF AND LOCK OUT POWER before re-
pairing a circuit or attempting a mechanical repair
near an exposed electrical hazard.
EXAMINE ALL ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND
EQUIPMENT for signs of damage or deterioration.
DO NOT ENERGIZE OR DEENERGIZE ANY
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT UNLESS:
1. You are authorized to do so.
2. You are familiar with circuit controls and
you know what is connected in the circuit.
3. All other workers are not in danger and
have been specifically notified power is
about to be turned on or off.
84
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Use these programed exercises to help check your learning progress.
7-9. In an electrical circuit, any unplanned,
unintentional connection to ground is
a ground
7-9. FAULT
REF: 7.24
7-10. In equipment grounding the green
wire provides an alternate path for
carrying off
7-10. FAULT CURRENT. It provides shock
protection when the case or frame of
a tool is energized by a fault current
REF: 7.28
7-11. When a fault has a high resistance and
fault current is not enough to blow the
fuse, a can protect you against
electrical shock.
7-11. GFCI (ground fault circuit inter-
rupter)
REF: 7.32
7-12. Electrical equipment incapable of
igniting a hazardous atmosphere or
capable of containing an explosion
within itself is called safe
or proof.
7-12. INTRINSICALLY safe or
EXPLOSION proof
REF: 7.35, 7.36, 7.37
7-13. The short "pigtail" wire on an adapter
completes the connection
for a three-wire plug in a two-slot
outlet.
7-13. GROUND. If the "pigtail" wire is not
connected, the protection offered by
the three-wire system is lost.
REF: 7.40
7-14. On a three-prong plug, it is an unsafe
act to the grounding
prong.
7-14. BEND OVER or BREAK OFF.
This eliminates the protection offered
by equipment grounding.
REF: 7.41
7-15. A liner of insulating material in
tools protects
the operator from shocks.
7-15. DOUBLE-INSULATED
REF: 7.44
7-16. All electrical circuits should be con-
sidered and dangerous
until proven otherwise.
7-16. ENERGIZED
REF: 7.46
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SELF-CHECK QUIZ
7-1.
7-2.
7-3.
7-4.
7-5.
What unit is used to measure the current
flowing in an electrical circuit?
7-6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Volt
Ohm
Ampere
Watt
Electric shocks are usually fatal if
shock current exceeds
a. 0.02 amperes
b. 0.02 milliamperes
c. 0.2 amperes
d. 0.2 milliamperes
Which of the following effects of
electric shock require immediate
attention by trained medical
personnel?
a. Muscular contractions
b. Ventricular fibrillation
c. Defibrillation
d. All of the above
When the insulation on current-
carrying wires in a circuit is damaged
or deteriorated, the wires should be
7-7.
7-8.
7-9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
replaced
separated
taped
stripped
What amount of current will cause a
15-ampere fuse in a 120-volt circuit to
open (blow)?
a. 1450 microamperes
b. 120 milliamperes
c. A current exceeding 15 amperes
d. All of the above
7-10.
Why is it good practice to connect the
neutral conductor and the metallic
conduit of an electrical circuit to a
common ground?
a. Better shock protection
b. Eliminate ground faults
c. Reduce fault current
d. Improve circuit emf
The equipment grounding (green) wire
does not carry current except when
a. a fault current occurs
b. it is not grounded
c. the fuse blows
d. overheating occurs
A device that reacts to open the
circuit when a fault current as small
as 10 milliamperes occurs is called a/an
a.
b.
c.
d.
circuit breaker
EMF detector
GFCI
fuse
The purpose of the short "pigtail" wire
on an adapter for a three-prong plug is to
a: eliminate static sparks
b. complete the grounding circuit
c. replace a GFCI
d. increase line-to-line resistance
When using double-insulated tools,
protection against shocks is provided
by the
a. two-wire supply cord
b. three-wire supply cord
c. plastic case or liner
d. pigtail wire
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ANSWERS TO SELF-CHECK QUIZ
7-1. c. Ampere. REF: 7.01.
7-2. c. 0.2 amperes. REF: Table 7-1, 7.09.
7-3. b. Ventricular fibrillation. REF: 7.11.
7-4. a. Replaced. REF: 7.18.
7-5. c. A current exceeding 15 amperes. REF:
7.23.
7-6. a. Better shock protection. REF: 7.27.
7-7. a. A fault current occurs. REF: 7.28.
7-8. c. GFCI. REF: 7.33.
7-9. b. Complete the grounding circuit REF:
7.40.
7-10. c. Plastic case or liner. REF: 7.43, 7.45.
TPC Training Svttwnt 13O1 So. Grow Av*.
Barrington. Illinois 6O010 312/381-1840
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SECTION VI
SAFETY: Fire and Explosion
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Workers in wastewater treatment systems are subject to dangers
associated with fires and explosions. Electrical fires are always a
possibility in a plant that uses large amounts of electricity to power
pumps, fans, conveyers, incinerators, and other equipment. Oil, grease,
gasoline and other substances that can result in Class B fires are often
stored in fairly large quantities. Instruction regarding various types
of fires, how they can be extinguished, and still better how they can be
prevented, is an important part of a safety program.
Explosion possibilities constitute a particularly dangerous hazard.
Methane, the explosive gas responsible for many coal miner deaths, can be
found in manholes, wet wells, and digester tanks. Hydrogen sulfide produced
during sewage decomposition is another explosive hazard. Gasoline and other
volatile carbon compounds often find their way into wastewater systems from
leaking storage tanks, discharge from garages, commercial or home dry-cleaning
operations, or from chemical-industrial plants.
Awareness of explosion hazards and mastery of techniques to be used in
protecting oneself and colleagues from these dangers are important
objectives of a safety education program for wastewater system workers.
This section includes some teaching-learning materials in this area.
The reference section identifies additional resources.
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Learning Resource #16
"Plant Safety and Good Housekeeping"
Chapter 14, Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Field
Study Training Program Vol. II, 1980
Kerri, Kenneth D., Project Director
California State University, Sacramento
6000 "J" Street
Sacramento, CA 95819
This chapter includes a short section on fire prevention which is
reproduced below. The basic ideas of the section should be required
knowledge for all workers in a wastewater treatment plant. Supervisors and
workers must work constantly to implement the fundamental fire prevention
practices listed in section 14.42.
14.4 FIRE PREVENTION
Fires are a serious threat to the health and safety of the operator and
to the buildings and equipment in a treatment plant. Fires may injure or
cause the death of an operator. Equipment damaged by fire may no longer
function properly, and your, treatment plant may have difficulty adequately
treating the influent wastewater.
Good safety practices with respect to fire prevention require a knowledge
of:
1. Ingredients necessary for a fire
2. Fire control methods
3, Fire prevention practices
14.40 INGREDIENTS NECESSARY FOR A FIRE
The three essential ingredients of all ordinary fires are:
1. FUEL - paper, wood, oil, solvents, and gas.
2. HEAT - the degree necessary to vaporize fuel according to its
nature.
3. OXYGEN - normally at least 15 percent of oxygen in the air is
necessary to sustain a fire. The greater the concentration,
the brighter the blaze and more rapid the combustion.
To extinguish a fire, it is necessary to remove only one of the essentials
by:
1. Cooling (temperature and heat control)
2. Smothering (oxygen control)
3. Isolation (fuel control)
Fires are classed as A-, B-, C-, or D-type fires, according to what is
burning.
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Class A fires (general combustibles such as wood, cloth, paper, or
rubbish) are usually controlled by cooling - as by use of water to cool
the material.
Class B fires (flammable liquids such as gasoline, oil, grease, or
paint) are usually smothered by oxygen control - as by use of foam, carbon
dioxide, or a dry chemical.
Class C fires (electrical equipment) are usually smothered by oxygen
control - use of carbon dioxide or dry-chemical extinguishers - nonconductors
of electricity.
Class D fires occur in combustible metals, such as magnesium, lithium,
or sodium, and require special extinguishers and techniques.
Use carbon dioxide compressed gas extinguishers to control fires around
electrical contacts. Do not use soda-acid type extinguishers because the
electrical motor will have to be rewound and you could be electrocuted
attempting to put out the fire.
Know where fire extinguishers and hoses are kept and know where yard
hydrants are located, what each is for, and how to use them.
14.42 FIRE PREVENTION PRACTICES
You can prevent fires by:
1. Maintaining a neat and clean work area, preventing accumulation
of rubbish.
2. Putting oil- and paint-soaked rags in covered metal containers.
3. Observing all "no smoking" signs.
4. Keeping fire doors, exits, stairs, fire lanes, and firefighting
equipment clear of obstructions.
5. Keeping all burnable materials away from furnaces or other sources
of ignition.
6. Reporting any fire hazards you see that are beyond your control,
especially electrical hazards which are the source of many fires.
Finally, here again are the things to remember:
1. Prevent fire by good housekeeping and proper handling of flammables.
2. Make sure that everyone obeys "no smoking" signs in all areas
near explosive or flammable gases.
3. In case of fire, turn in the alarm immediately and make sure
that the fire department is properly directed to the place of the
fire.
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4, Action during the first few seconds of ignition generally means
the difference between destruction and control. Use the
available portable fire-fighting equipment to control the fire
until help arrives.
5. Use the proper extinguisher for that fire.
6. Learn how to operate the extinguishers.
If it is necessary to get out of the building, do not stop to get
anything - just get out!
Can you prevent fires? You can if you try, so let's see what we can do
to preserve our well-being and the water pollution control system.
If you guard against fires, you will be protecting your lives and your
community.
14.43 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Material in this section on Fire Prevention appeared in the July 1970
issue of the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, on pages
1426 and 1427, as a Wastewater Wisdom talk. Originally, the information
appeared as a National Safety Council "5 Minute Safety Talk," published in
the INDUSTRIAL SUPERVISOR.
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Learning Resource #17
Team Up For Safety in '81
The Industrial Commission of Ohio, Division of Safety and Hygiene
in cooperation with The Society of Ohio Safety Engineers
246 North High Street
P. 0. Box 16512
Columbus, OH 43215
This resource, described earlier in Section I, suggests that the safety
education focus for one month in a facility such as a large wastewater
treatment plant might be fire safety.
The following background material and teaching suggestions are offered.
PUT OUT THE FIRE
In 1978 fire claimed approximately 6,100 lives. The U.S. Fire Administration
set property damage caused by fire during 1978 at approximately $4.4 billion.
The administration's figures also show that each day 153 manufacturing and
basic industry installations were hit by fire and that 40 percent of these
installations never resumed production. This means lost jobs, lost production
and buildings that may never be replaced.
However, fire is an essential part of our lives. We cannot do without it,
but we must prevent and stop unwanted fires that destroy our lives, jobs
and buildings. We must put out the fire.
The achievement of such a goal requires the cooperation of all personnel.
To prevent fires we must all work together. This also requires a commitment
by top management to provide adequate training in the operation and maintenance
of fire prevention devices.
Fire prevention devices and extinguishing agents have been available for
years. In recent years important developments in fire prevention have reduced
the problem to a great extent. Today, most industries offer fire prevention
training through their employee safety education programs.
Effective fire prevention programs teach employees what causes ignition
and what they can do to prevent ignition. Employees should learn how to use
all portable fire extinguishers, understand the importance of using the
proper extinguisher for each class of fire, know where fire extinguishers are
located and be aware of the procedures to follow if a fire extinguisher needs
to be recharged.
Many industries have their own fire brigades. The brigade should receive
special training so all members are able to operate available firefighting
equipment in order to cope with any firefighting problem that may be
encountered.
NOTE TO DISCUSSION LEADER:
If your company has a fire brigade, describe the training they have received.
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Special training also should be provided to employees who inspect
and maintain fixed devices, such as water supplies, hydrants, automatic detection
systems, sprinkler systems and manual firefighting apparatus.
Housekeeping is a very important part of any fire prevention program.
Take the time to put waste paper in the noncombustible containers that are
provided. Keep your work area clean. Trash, such as oily rags or paper that
can cause spontaneous combustion, should not be allowed to accumulate.
Employees must comply with no smoking signs around painting areas, paint
storage facilities, oxygen tanks and flammable liquid storage areas. Just
one lighted cigarette could cause a fire that would destroy our buildings,
jobs and possibly some lives.
In areas where fire hazards cannot be totally eliminated, we must work
as a team and use every possible precaution to reduce the chance of fire.
NOTE TO DISCUSSION LEADER:
Bring a fire extinguisher to the meeting and show your employees how to
use it. Review your company's fire record and discuss it with employees.
Describe the fire protection available at your company, where fire extinguishers
are located, and the evacuation procedures for employees in your area.
We all must be aware of the problems that can occur because of human error.
Our plan covers all phases of a good fire prevention program and includes
specific duties that are assigned to key personnel.
Together we can put out the fire before it starts. If we cooperate in
this effort, we can make our fire prevention program work.
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Learning Resource #18
Booklet: On-The-Job FIRE SAFETY
Channing L. Bete Co., Inc.
200 State Road
South Deerfield, MA 01373
This illustrated 14 page booklet presents the basic principles of fire
safety. The booklet could be used by a supervisor to present initially or
to review with his workers (1) the causes of industrial fires, (2) preventive
measures, (3) what to do in case of fire, (4) different kinds of fire
extinguishers, and (5) a fire safety checklist.
The booklet contains a large amount of information. Twelve common hazards
that cause industrial fires are listed:
Open Flame Portable Heaters
Spontaneous Ignition Static Electricity
Hot Surfaces Flammable Liquids and Chemicals
Mechanical Sparks Smoking
Electrical Equipment Welding and Cutting
Friction Arson
The example cited for each hazard, together with other sections of the
booklet, provide material for a supervisor-worker discussion session on
fire safety.
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Learning Resource #19
Film "Using Extinguishers The Right Way"
N.F.P.A. Film Library
470 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10805
Mr. Keith McGrail, Film Librarian at the Ohio State Fire Academy, has
prepared the following outline which should be useful when using this
resource:
I. "Using Extinguishers The Right Way"
A. Introduction to the Film
1. Emphasize that in the initial shots introducing subject matter
of the film they intentionally show improper use of the
extinguishers. This is done to show the importance of knowing
how and when portable extinguishers should be used.
a) The improper use includes the following examples:
1. The wrong agents are introduced to the type of fire which
is being attacked.
2. Improper application of correct agents are shown in the
following manners:
a) The agents are not directed to the base of the fire
nearest the person using the extinguishers.
b) The agents are introduced facing into the wind
rather than with the wind at their backs. In this
situation, the agent will not reach the fire and
be able to do its' job.
2. Actual use of extinguishers under controlled situations should
be a part of your training program. Local fire authorities in
your jurisdiction can assist you in planning this part of your
program.
3. An employee, upon leaving your training sessions should be
properly trained and ready to act in case of a fire situation
in your establishment. Their training should have them
knowledgeable in the areas of:
a) When the proper time to use a fire extinguisher is in relation
to the fire. Too large a fire or a situation where the
extinguisher does not sufficiently do the job intended for
it requires immediate action to vacate the fire area immediately.
b) Being ready to properly operate the extinguishers, including
the following:
1. Knowing where the nearest extinguisher to their work area
is and exactly how it operates.
2. Knowing how to properly remove the extinguisher from
brackets and put it into operation.
3. Knowing proper procedures on what to do once your
extinguisher has been used.
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4) Knowing that we always call the fire department first
before we begin any of the items just mentioned. Many
small fires become monsters we cannot control because
we didn't call the fire department first. Use of an
extinguisher doesn't always guarantee we will be successful
in putting the fire out. We have a major problem on our
hands if we are not successful and the fire department
hasn't been called.
B. Film Content and Discussion
1. Classes of Fire Extinguishers
a) Class A- for'use on ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, etc.)
b) Class B- for use on flammable liquid fires
c) Class C- for use on electrical fires
d) Class D- for use on metal fires such as magnesium
e) Classes intended for multiple uses:
1. Class B/C- for use on flammable liquid and electrical
fires.
2. Class A/B/C- for use on ordinary combustibles or flammable
liquids or electrical fires.
2. Breakdown of different types of extinguishers in each class. This
is explained extensively in the film.
3. Proper Procedure to Use in a Fire Situation
a) Call the Fire Department first before beginning any
extinguishment activities.
b) Properly size up your situation—is your fire small enough to
attack with a portable fire extinguisher?
1. If not, exit the building immediately.
2. If you feel it is small enough to attack, go to the
following steps.
c) Be sure you know what type of extinguisher you have available
to you and what fires it can be used on, as well as what type
of fire you have. If you cannot determine either what type
of fire you have or what type extinguishing agent you have,
DO NOT USE YOUR EXTINGUISHER!! Introduction of the wrong
agent on a fire can cause the fire to spread and build up,
as well as possibly causing serious injury or death to the
operator of the extinguisher. If you do use the extinguisher,
keep yourself in a position where you have an exit from the
building. ;
d) Once your extinguisher has been used, make sure it is marked
to be refilled and recharged. Have a designated place for
extinguishers in need of maintenance to restore it to operating
condition. Even in the case where a small amount of the agent
has been used, the extinguisher must be refilled and recharged
prior to remounting and being put back into service. NEVER
PUT AN EXTINGUISHER BACK IN SERVICE WITHOUT HAVING IT CHECKED
FIRST IF THERE IS ANY DOUBT.
4. Areas of Discussion With the Trainees
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a) Fire escape plans and evacuation plans for work areas
within the building.
1. Fire Wardens/Floor Wardens
a) What are their duties in conjunction with the
fire plan?
b) All workers must know who their warden is and
what the assigned task for their area is. A
fire situation is no time to be finding out
that employees don't know what to do.
1. Where is the designated exit for your area
in case of fire?
2. Where is your alternate means of escape?
3. Do all employees under your leadership in
the building know where their primary and
secondary escapes are?
2. Necessary Information for Each Employee
a) Know where the planned exits for your work
area are.
b) How does the fire extinguisher in your work
area operate?
c) Where is the extinguisher and what type is it?
d) Do you know who the floor warden in your area is?
e) Do you have any other duties other than exiting
the building in case of fire?
b) Questions For Use In Discussion Period With Your Group
1. Where is the nearest fire alarm from your
office/desk?
2. Do you know how it operates?
3. Where is the nearest fire extinguisher from your
desk/office?
4. Do you know how it operates?
5. What type of fires can your extinguisher be utilized
on?
6. That means it is what class of extinguisher?
7. Do you know how you will exit your building in case
of fire?
8. If your primary exit is blocked, where is your
alternate means of excape?
9. Is it necessary to worry about having a means of
escape from the fire when operating your extinguisher?
why?
10. In detail in your own words, could you effectively
relate to someone who has not operated your fire
extinguisher the proper steps to put it to use?
11. Once your extinguisher has been used, especially if
there is still a quantity of the agent remaining in
the cylinder, can we put the extinguisher back into
operation?
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12. What if the extinguisher in question 11 is only
removed from the bracket and doesn't feel as though
it has been used?
13. Do you know, in enough detail, your place of employments'
fire plan? If not, do you plan to learn about it?
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SECTION VII
SAFETY: Laboratory Operation
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Workers in the laboratory of a wastewater treatment plant are concerned
with the safety problems inherent in working with chemicals and biological
materials. Typically, laboratory personnel have had high school and
probably college science courses; consequently they are aware of many
aspects of laboratory safety.
These workers, however, probably have not had the responsibility of
being in charge of a laboratory. They have not been responsible for
organizing and operating a laboratory within state or federal safety
standards.
If safety conditions in chemical/bacteriological/biological laboratory
are to improve, three things are required:
—A change in attitude
—An expenditure of funds
—The development of common sense
The first element is the most difficult to achieve. Workers often feel
that because there have been no, or few, accidents in the past there is no
reason to change. This is the most dangerous attitude of all. The
underlying motivation for a laboratory safety program should be the
prevention of accidents, not corrective action after the fact.
Installation of a safety shower is little consolation to the analyst
who lost the use of an eye or been scarred for life by acid.
Getting experienced employees to think about safety as they carry out
their laboratory work is all important. Use of safety posters, a talk by
management, or even a system of reward for employee safety suggestions,
are possible ways of bringing about attitude change. It is important that
these efforts be part of a continuing program and not a "one shot" effort.
For new employees, safety must be an integral, not separate, part of their
training in carrying out laboratory procedures.
No expenditure of money for safety equipment such as eye wash fountains,
fire extinguishers, safety showers, etc., will prevent accidents. And yet,
this equipment is needed to lessen the effect of accidents should they occur.
Safety equipment is expensive, and management may hesitate at the number of
dollars needed. The cost is easily determined. Far more difficult to
ascertain, however, is the cost of having an employee permanently disable,
or in the hospital for several weeks. These costs are just as real as
those for purchasing needed safety equipment. In almost all cases, dollars
spent for ordinary laboratory safety equipment will be far less than those
"spent" as a result of one serious accident. In addition, the safety
equipment would have to be purchased anyway, as part of corrective action
taken after the accident.
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Common sense is somewhat difficult to define. The dictionary uses terms
such as sound ordinary sense and good judgment. Everyone from laboratory
managers to analysts is in favor of using common sense regarding safety.
What that means in actual practice is another question, however. Perhaps
the best concept is that if the two requirements above have been met, then
common sense has been applied. In other words, common sense is inherent
in the other requirements, not something apart from them.
Materials which might be useful to those conducting sessions on
chemical/bacteriological/biological laboratory training may be obtained
from many sources. This monograph describes only a part of what is
available. Material referenced in this document was selected because it
relates *to laboratory work performed as part of water quality control programs.
Despite certain similarities, the materials were not intended to provide
information to those carrying out university and college research studies.
Information such as precautions to observe when working with carcinogenic
compounds is beyond the scope of this monograph. It should be emphasized
that no single document can provide all the information needed by someone
presenting training in laboratory safety. The instructor will have to
select several sources, and adapt relevant information to his/her specific
needs.
This section provides examples of materials that can be used by
supervisors and laboratory workers to determine the extent to which their
laboratory and its personnel meet approved safety standards. Additional
materials are cited in the reference section.
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Learning Resource #20
"Basic Laboratory Safety"
Operator Training, Water and Wastewater Works
Operating Training Committee of Ohio
P.O. Box 626
17 East Selby Blvd.
Worthington, OH 43085
The following assignment and related questions may be useful to
introduce safety concerns thought to be important by supervisors of
workers in a wastewater treatment plant laboratory.
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Page 1
WATER TREATMENT - FIRST COURSE
BASIC LABORATORY
ASSIGNMENT #3 Name Date
SAFETY
Objective: To become acquainted with some of the hazards in the
laboratory and to develop a positive attitude toward
safety.
Assignment: Read Related Information contained in Assignment #3
Related
Information: 1. All chipped, cracked, or broken glassware should
be placed in a special container for disposal.
This special container should be marked plainly,
"For Broken Glass Only." Do not put such material
in wastebaskets or sinks where an injury can result
from unseen broken glass. Do not pick up broken
glass with bare hands. Use tongs for large
pieces and wet cotton for small pieces. Never
put excessive pressure on glassware with bare
hands.
2. All chemicals should be labeled clearly.
3. When using volatile solvents, bases, or acids, the
ventilation fan should be on and the work should
be performed very carefully. For example, nitric
acid, in addition to being injurious to the skin
and eyes, is a strong oxidizer of organic materials.
This oxidizing (or nitrating) of some organic
materials may produce products, such as trinitrotoluol,
tetryl, and nitroglycerin, with the possibility of
fire or explosion. At least a face shield should
be worn when using volatile solvents, bases, or
acids. To assure safety, wear rubber gloves, a
rubber apron, and acid-tight goggles.
4. Never handle any chemicals with the bare hands as
toxic organic solvents can be absorbed through the
skin. Use a spatula, spoon, or tongs.
5. Particular care is required when handling
concentrated acids and bases. A concentrated acid
should be added carefully to water, not water to
acid; otherwise, this could cause an explosive force.
When a person is splashed with acid, large volumes
of water are required immediately to prevent serious
burns. Avoid mixing of chemicals indiscriminately.
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Page 2
W - 1st OTCO
BL
#3
6. Never work in a poorly ventilated area. Toxic
fumes even in mild concentrations can knock you
out. Be sure you have adequate ventilation
before you start work in the laboratory.
7. Suction bulbs on pipets are desirable to avoid
possible contact of the mouth with the contaminated
pipet. Safety pipets also may be used. Burets
often can be substituted for pipets.
8. Smoking and eating should be avoided when working
with infectious materials, such as sewage and
sludge. Never use laboratory glassware for the
serving of food.
9. Always use the proper type of equipment for handling
hot containers, such as asbestos gloves, tongs,
et cetera.
10. Keep oil, grease, mercury, volatile solvents, and
stong acids out of the sinks. Many chemicals are
incompatible with other chemicals. If you must
flush one down the drain, use plenty of water.
The drainage system can pocket vapors and cause
an explosion hazard.
11. Use care in making rubber-to-glass connections.
Lengths of glass tubing should be supported while
they are being inserted into rubber. The ends of
the glass should be fire polished and a lubricant,
such as water or a water-soluble lubricating jelly,
should be used. Never use grease or oil. Gloves
should be held as close to the end being inserted
as possible to prevent bending or breaking.
12. Where cylinders of oxygen or other compressed gases
are used in the laboratory, they should be stored
in separate and ventilated sections. They should
be chained or clamped in an upright position while
being used or stored. The protective caps should
never be removed until the cylinder is set and
clamped in place, ready for attachment of valve
gauge and connections.
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13. A carbon dioxide fire extinguisher is mounted on
the inside wall of the control building beside
the door.
14. Avoid blocking access to shutoff valves when setting
up laboratory apparatus.
15. Never try to force rubber tubing or stoppers from
glassware. Cut the material off.
16. Be sure that all gas, vacuum, and air jets as
well as ovens, autoclaves, furnaces, hot plates,
and other similar equipment are shut off at the end
of each day's work.
17. Special explosion-proof cans should be used for the
storage of solvents.
18. An eye wash fountain and shower should be readily
available.
19. Laboratory personnel should be knowledgeable in
first aid and rescue procedures.
Questions:
1. Accidents just happen. True False
2. List three (3) causes of accidents in the laboratory.
(a)
(b)
(c)
3. List three (3) items of protective gear you would expect to find
in laboratories.
(c)
4. List five (5) precautions that are to be observed in handling
laboratory chemicals.
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#3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
5. List five (5) precautions to be used when handling laboratory
glassware.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
6. List four (4) measures to observe in general housekeeping in
the laboratory.
(a)
(b)
(c) =
(d)
7. Are fire, rescue, and emergency procedures desirable for
laboratory use?
Explain.
8. Should laboratory bottles be clearly labeled or is it sufficient
to trust your memory.
Explain._
Ill
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Learning Resource //21
"Health and Safety in The Lab"
Slide-Cassette - 15 minutes
US EPA
Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
This presentation consisting of 63 slides and explanatory narration
provides a general overview of health and safety problems found in chemical
laboratories. Unsafe practices often found are depicted along with appropriate
corrective measures. The material should be useful in reviewing, with recently
hired laboratory employees, the importance of safety in wastewater treatment
laboratories.
Material presented in slides and narration
Uncluttered hallways
Unsafe acid pouring
Safe acid pouring
Mouth pipets
Suction bulb pipets
Unsafe insertion of glass tubing
Safe insertion of glass tubing
Chipped beakers
No smoking in laboratory
Drinking from chemical beaker
Danger signs
Unprotected eyes
Safety shield
Improper use of refrigerator storage
Handling of flammable materials
Storage of flammable materials
Hazards of mixed storage of chemicals
Handling of gas cylinders
Laboratory clothing
Chemical labeling
Breathing apparatus
Laboratory housekeeping
Fire extinguishers
Good housekeeping
Using hood space for storage
Eye wash
Working alone in laboratory
112
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Learning Resource #22
Microbiological Methods For Monitoring The Environment
Part V, Section C "Laboratory and Field Safety"
Office of Research and Development
U.S. EPA
Cincinnati, OH 45268
This section, compiled from a number of available sources discusses the
following:
1. Administration Considerations
2. Sources of Hazards
3. Field Guidelines
4. Laboratory Guidelines
5. Biohazard Control
6. Safety Check List
Guidelines for laboratory safety cover: (1) personal conduct and
clothing, (2) laboratory equipment, (3) disinfection/sterilization,
(4) chemicals and gases, (5) handling glassware, (6) electrical equipment,
and (7) emergency precautions.
These guidelines and a safety check list for microbiological water
laboratories are reproduced below. These materials should be useful to
supervisors and laboratory workers in wastewater treatment plants.
4. Laboratory Safety Guidelines
The following safety rules are intended as guidelines. They were
developed from the available safety literature (3-9) and have considered
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations
(1,2). Using such source materials, the laboratory director, laboratory
supervisor or senior professional should develop rules that are specific
for the laboratory program and the organisms involved.
4.1 Personal Conduct and Clothing
4.1.1 Store coats, hats, jackets, and other items of personal
clothing outside of the microbiology laboratory. Do not mix laboratory
and street clothes in the same locker.
4.1.2 Wear a non-flammable laboratory gown or coat in the laboratory.
If clothing becomes contaminated, autoclave before laundering. Laboratory
clothing should not be worn in clean areas or outside the building. Open-
toed shoes, or extreme shoe styles should not be worn, since they provide
little protection or are unstable.
'4.1.3 Wear goggles or safety glasses to protect eyes from UV
irradition.
113
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4.1.4 Wash hands carefully after laboratory and field duties,
using a germicidal soap.
4.1.5 Use forceps or rubber gloves when there is a significant
danger of contamination such as during the clean-up of pathogenic
material.
4.1.6 Do not touch one's face, lick labels or put pencils and
other materials in one's mouth.
4.1.7 Don't smoke, eat, drink or chew gum in the laboratory or
while sampling. Do not keep food or drinks in the lab refrigerator
or cold room. Do not brew coffee or tea in the laboratory area.
4.1.8 Keep conversation to an absolute minimum during bench work
to prevent self-infection or loss of analytical data.
4.1.9 Keep reading matter, surplus materials and equipment out
of the laboratory area.
4.1.10 Laboratory and field personnel handling polluted samples
should be vaccinated against typhoid, tetanus and polio.
4.2 Laboratory Equipment
4.2.1 Limit traffic through the work areas.
4.2.2 Treat all cultures and samples as if they are potentially
pathogenic. The degree of risk is increased greatly in culture work
because the microorganisms are produced in very large numbers.
4.2.3 Do not mouth-pipet-polluted water, wastewater or other
potentially infectious or toxic fluids; use a bulb or other mechanical
device. See Part II-B, 1.8.2.
4.2.4 For potable waters, plug pipets with non-absorbent cotton.
Do not use pipets with wet plugs.
4.2.5 Use a hooded bunsen burner or shielded electric incinerator
to protect against splattering during culture work.
4.2.6 Maintain benches in a clear and uncluttered condition for
maximum efficiency and safety.
4.2.7 Perform all culture work in a biohazard hood to protect
cultures and workers.
4.2.8 Do not use the kitchen type blender for mixing materials
containing infectious agents. Safety blenders are available in
which infectious materials may be mixed without dissemination of
infectious aerosols.
114
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4.2.9 When a vacuum line is used, interpose suitable traps or
filters to insure that infectious agents do not enter the system.
4.2.10 Lyophilization procedures can be a source of laboratory
infection. When vacuum is applied during lyophilization, the contaminated
air is withdrawn from the ampuls through the pump and into the room.
Use biological air filters or air decontamination procedures to reduce
hazards. Aerosols are also often created by opening lyophilized ampuls.
Reduce this hazard by wrapping the ampul in a disinfectant-soaked pledget
of cotton before breaking.
4.2.11 Read II-C-6 for instructions on proper packing of culture
for mail shipment before sending any isolates to a central laboratory
for confirmation.
4.2.12 Periodically clean out freezers, ice chests, and refrigerators
to remove any broken ampuls, tubes, etc., containing infectious materials.
If units contain pathogenic cultures, use rubber gloves during this
cleaning. Use respiratory protection if actinomycetes, fungi or other
easily disseminated agents are involved.
4.3 Disinfection/Sterilization
4.3.1 Disinfect table tops and work carts before and after
laboratory work. A bottle of disinfectant and gauze squares or
towelling for washing and wiping purposes should be available in
laboratory for routine and emergency use.
4.3.2 Use a disinfectant which specifies germicidal activity against
the organisms most often encountered in the laboratory. Organo-iodine
complexes, quaternary ammonium compounds, phenolics and alcohols which
are effective against vegetative bacteria and viruses are recommended
for general use. However, these disinfectants are not sporocidal. If
spore-forming bacteria are encountered, formaldehyde or
formaldehyde/alcohol solution is recommended. See Table V-C-3.
Mercury salts, chlorine-containing compounds or home-use
products are not recommended for the laboratory.
4.3.3 If a culture or infective material is spilled, notify the
laboratory supervisor at once, then disinfect and clean up the area.
4.3.4 Never pour viable cultures or contaminated materials in the
sink. Never leave infectious material or equipment unattended during
use.
4.3.5 Immediately after use, place contaminated pipets in a
disinfectant container which allows complete immersion; place cultures
and contaminated materials in color-coded biohazard bags and seal.
Disinfectant containers of pipets and sealed bags of materials are
autoclaved as units.
115
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TABLE V-C-3
Normal Use Concentration of Disinfectants
Use
Compound Concentration
rag/liter
Organo-iodine Complexes 100-150
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 700-800
Phenolics ^-1%
Alcohol, 70% w/v water solution
Formaldehyde 8%
Formaldehyde in 70% Alcohol Solution 8%
4.3.6 Place used glassware in special cans marked for autoclaving.
Keep broken glassware in a separate container. Place plastic items
in separate cans to prevent fusing of plastic around glass items.
4.3.7 Mark contaminated items as Contaminated before removal
from the laboratory for autoclaving. Use temperature-sensitive tapes
which indicate exposure to heat. Pre-printed tapes or tags simplify
this task.
4.3.8 Check autoclaves with the use of spore strips or spore
suspensions of B. stearothermophilus and maximum-minimum recording
thermometers. Ideally autoclaves are equipped with temperature
recording devices so that a permanent record may be maintained.
Check hot air ovens and gas sterilizers periodically
with spore strips or the indicator, B.substilisvar.niger.
4.3.9 Wet-mop floors weekly, using water containing a disinfectant.
Dry or wet pickup vacuum cleaners with high-efficiency exhaust air
filters are recommended. Wax floors with bacteriostatic floor waxes
if available.
4.4 Chemicals and Gases
4.4.1 Label containers plainly and permanently. Dispose of
material in unlabelled containers carefully. Wipe or rinse residual
material from the external surfaces of reagent containers after use.
116
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4.A.2 Store flammable solvents in an approved solvent storage
cabinet or a well-ventilated area.
A.4.3 When opening bottles which may be under pressure i.e.,
hydrochloric acid, ammonium hydroxide, cover the bottle with a towel
to divert chemical spray.
4.A.A Use bottle carriers to transport bottles containing
hazardous chemicals (acids, corrosives, flammable liquids). Large
cylinders are transported only by means of a wheeled cart to which the
cylinder is secured. Store and transport compressed gas cylinders
with shipping caps on, in an upright position, always securely clamped
or chained to a firm support and away from heat.
4.4.5 Reagents and chemical which might react in water drains or
be dangerous to the environment must be disposed of in other ways.
Examples are 1) sodium azide which reacts with metal drains to produce
very explosive lead or copper azides and 2) mercury and its salts which
should not be returned to the environment. Consult reference texts to
determine the proper disposal procedure for each chemical (8,9).
4.5 Handling Glassware
A.5.1 Discard broken, chipped or badly scratched glassware.
Use gloves or sweep up broken glass, do not use bare hands. Pick
up fine glass particles: with wet paper towelling.
A.5.2 Fire polis-h tabing and rods.
A.5.3 Protect hands with gloves, towel, or tubing holder when
inserting tubing into stoppers. Lubricate the tubing with water or
glycerine. Handle tubing close to the stopper and out of line with
end of the tube.
A.5.A Use asbestos-centered wire gauze when heating glass vessels
over a burner.
A.5.5 Do not attempt to catch falling glassware.
A.6 Electrical Equipment
A.6.1 Keep materials, tools and hands dry while handling electrical
equipment. i
4.6.2 Use grounded outlets only.
A.6.3 Do not use electrical equipment near flammable solvents.
A.6.A Use only carbon dioxide or dry powder fire extinguishers in
case of fire in or near any electrical equipment.
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4.7 Emergency Precautions
4.7.1 Install and maintain both foam and carbon dioxide fire
extinguishers within easy access of the laboratory.
4.7.2 Fire exits should be clearly marked and accessible.
4.7.3 Install and maintain a complete first aid kit and an
oxygen respiration unit in the laboratory.
5. BioHazard Control
5.1 Safety Cabinets
5.1.1 The safety cabinet is the most important primary barrier
available to the microbiologist for isolation and containment of
microorganisms and for protecting the laboratory environment, and the
surrounding area from contamination. Transfers of cultures especially
pathogenic fungi, actinomycetes and yeasts should be conducted in the
safety cabinets.
5.1.2 UV lamps are commonly used in biohazard hoods to maintain
sterility of the work area. Goggles should be worn to protect the
worker and cultures should be protected from undesirable exposure
(see Part IV-A,4 in this manual).
5.1.3 There are several types of ventilated cabinets available
for use (10,13):
(a) Partial Barrier Cabinet
' The open or closed front cabinet is usually referred to as a
partial barrier ventilated cabinet. This cabinet can be used with
the glove panel removed, depending upon an inward flow of air of at
least 100 linear ft. per min. to prevent escape of airborne particles.
It can also be used with the glove panel in place and arm-length gloves
attached, in which case it will be maintained under a reduced air
pressure of about one inch of water gauge. When operated closed, the
partial barrier needs an attached air lock for movement of materials.
A third mode of operation consists of using a cabinet with glove panel
attached, but with gloves removed.
(b) Absolute Barrier Cabinet
The second type of ventilated cabinet is the gas-tight cabinet system,
referred to as an absolute barrier cabinet. Absolute barrier cabinets
are connected to form a modular cabinet system with enclosed refrigerators,
incubators, etc. Air is drawn into the cabinet system through ultrahigh
efficiency filters and is exhausted through ultrahigh efficiency filters.
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Safety Check List
for Microbiological Water Laboratories
Survey By:
Laboratory:
Location:
Date:
Code: S=Satisfactory, U=Unsatisfactory
1. Administrative Considerations
(a) Laboratory has a formal documented safety program.
(b) Each worker has a copy of the safety program.
(c) Employees are aware of procedures for reporting accidents
and unsafe conditions.
(d) New employees are instructed on laboratory safety.
(e) Joint supervisor-employee safety committee has been
established to identify potential laboratory hazards.
(f) Records are maintained of accidents and consequences.
(g) Name and phone number of the supervisor and an alternate
are posted at door of the laboratories so he may be
contacted in case of an emergency.
(h) Laboratory supervisor and at least one other permanent
employee have attended appropriate first aid courses.
If so, when: .
(date)
(i) Emergency telephone numbers for fire, ambulance, health
centers, and poison control center are placed in a
conspicuous location near the telephone
(j) Employees know the location of first aid supplies.
(k) Emergency first aid charts, and hazardous agents charts
are posted in the laboratory.
(1) Fire evacuation plan is established for the laboratory
and is posted in a conspicuous location.
2. Personal Conduct
(a) Personal clothing is stored outside of the microbiology
laboratory.
119
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(b) Lab coats and street clothes are kept in separate
lockers.
(c) Laboratory coats are worn at all times in the
laboratory.
(d) Germicidal soap or medicated surgical sponges are
available for employees' use.
(e) Preparing, eating or drinking food and beverages are
not permitted in the laboratory.
(f) Smoking or chewing gum are not permitted in the
laboratory.
(g) Food or drink are not stored in.laboratory refrigerators.
(h) Reading materials are not kept in the laboratory.
(i) Laboratory coats are not worn outside the lab.
(j) Employees who have cuts, abrasions, etc. on face, hands,
arms, etc. do not work with infectious agents.
3. Laboratory Equipment
(a) Bulb or mechanical device is used to pipet polluted
water, wastewater or other potentially infectious or
toxic fluids.
(b) Pipets are immersed in disinfectant after use.
(c) Benches are maintained in clear and uncluttered
condition.
(d) Centrifuge cups and rubber cushions are in good
condition.
(e) A suitable disinfectant is available for immediate use.
(f) Blender is used with sealed container assembly.
(g) Microscopes, colony counters, etc. are kept out of the
work area.
(h) Water baths are clean and free of growth and deposits.
(i) Employees are instructed in the operation of the autoclave
and operating instructions are posted near the autoclave.
120
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(j) Autoclaves, hot air sterilizing ovens, water distilling
equipment, and centrifuges are checked routinely for safe
operation.
Give frequency and last date
Autoclave
Water still
Centrifuge
Hot Air Oven
(k) No broken, chipped or scratched glassware are in use.
(1) Broken glass is discarded in designated containers.
(m) Electrical circuits are protected against overlaod
with circuit breakers or ground-fault breakers.
(n) Power cords, control switches and thermostats are
in good working order.
(o) Water taps are protected against back-siphoning.
4. Disinfection/Sterilization
(a) Proper disinfectant is used routinely to disinfect
table tops and carts before and after laboratory work.
(b) Receptacles of contaminated items are marked.
(c) Performance checks of autoclaves, gas sterilizers and
hot air ovens are conducted with the use of spore strips,
spore ampuls, indicators, etc.
Item Frequency Last Date
(d) Safety glasses are provided to employees.
(e) Safety glasses are used with toxic or corrosive agents
and during exposure to UV irradiation.
121
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5. Biohazard Control
(a) Biohazard tags or signs are posted in hazardous areas.
(b) Safety cabinets of the appropriate type and class are
provided.
(c) Lab personnel are vaccinated for typhoid fever, tetanus
and polio.
(d) Floors are wet-mopped weekly with a disinfectant solution.
(e) Personnel are trained in the proper procedures for
handling lyophilized cultures where used.
6. General Handling and Storage of Chemicals and Gases
(a) Containers of reagents and chemicals are labelled
properly.
(b) Flammable solvents are stored in an approved storage
cabinet or well-ventilated area away from oil burners,
hot plates, etc.
(c) Bottle carriers are provided for hazardous substances.
(d) Gas cylinders are securely clamped to a firm support.
(e) Toxic chemicals are clearly marked poison or toxic.
7. Emergency Precautions
(a) Foam and carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are installed
within easy access to laboratory and are properly
maintained. Frequency .
(b) Eye wash stations , showers , oxygen
respirators , and fire blankets
are available within easy access.
(c) Fire exits are marked clearly.
(d) First aid kits are available and in good condition.
(e) At least one full-time employee is trained in. first aid.
(f) Source of medical assistance is available and known to
employees.
122
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8. Suggested Areas of Improvement:
9. General Comments:
(Signature of Installation Officer) (date)
123
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SECTION VIII
SAFETY: Manholes and Traffic
125
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Activities at a wastewater treatment system that involve working in
manholes and in traffic present singular safety problems. Exposive and
noxious gases are constant potential dangers. The possibility of worker
asphyxiation dictates certain approaches to the work that must be done.
The location of sewer lines and manholes, often in the center of main
streets, demands that approved procedures be followed to protect the workers
in the manholes and also the safety of automobile traffic that continues to
use the street.
This section includes sample materials considered useful in teaching about
manhole safety. Additional materials are cited in the reference section.
127
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Learning Resource #23
"Laboratory Safety Checklist"
Lab Safety Supply Company
P.O. Box 1363
Janesville, WI 53545
The following checklist should be useful in identifying aspects of a
laboratory or laboratory operation which do not meet OSHA regulations.
Supervisor - laboratory worker review of the checklist in terms of its
applicability to their specific laboratory can identify and
correct unsafe conditions or practices. The material is reproduced
with the permission of the Lab Safety Supply Company.
128
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LABORATORY SAFETY CHECKLIST
YOUR LABORATORY AND THE
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ACT (OSHA)
All employers in the United States, engaged in commerce, are covered by OSHA. In effect this means
that employers and employees must follow certain safety related regulations set forth by OSHA, If,
upon inspection, these regulations are not followed, the employer is subject to an immediate penalty
of $1000 for each violation. Due to the increased concern over health factors in laboratories, OSHA
has increased their inspection of these facilities. Since there are over a half million words in the OSHA
standards,* we have tried to help you understand your legal requirements by making a checklist that
summarizes some of the regulations that apply specifically to laboratories. The regulations have been
edited and all applications have not been included in this summary. For a more complete explanation
we refer you to actual OSHA standards.
•The General Industry Safety & Health Standards
Superintendent of Documents
Government Printing Office
Washington. DC 20402
$5.35 per copy
For additional copies of this
OSHA Check List write to:
Lab Safety Supply Co.
P. 0. Box 1363
Janesville. Wl 53545
'Copyright 1977 Lab Safety Supply Co.
DO YOUR WALKING AND WORKING SURFACES MEET
THESE REQUIREMENTS?
1 Working areas, passageways, storerooms, service rooms
in clean, orderly, and sanitary condition.
2. Workroom floors clean and dry. Drainage maintained
and dry standing places provided.
3. Floors free from protruding nails, splinters, holes
and loose boards.
4. Permanent aisles and passageways marked.
DO YOUR EXITS MEET THESE REQUIREMENTS?
1. Sufficient exits for leaving in case of fire or other
emergency, with alternate escape means provided.
2. Exits unobstructed and unlocked.
3. Exits marked and readily visible. Non-exits clearly
marked.
4. Fire alarms provided where necesssary.
5. More than one exit provided, sufficiently far apart.
6. Fire detection equipment, smoke alarms, sprinkler
systems, lighted exit signs in good operating
condition.
7. Exit doors, stairs, ramps, passageways, fire escaped,
etc. approved by recognized testing laboratory.
8. Exits should nave a proper fire resistance rating and
be protected by an approved self-closing fire door.
9. Height, width, and slope of means of egress meet OSHA
specifications.
10. Exits to be large enough for occupant load.
11. Exits not through rooms that could be locked.
,OSHA Section
1910.22a1
1910.22a2
1910.22a3
1910.22&2
1910.36bt
1910.36b4,
1910.3Sd1
1910.3605,
1910.36b6
1910.36D7
1910.36b8
1910.36d2
1910.373
1910.37b
1910.37C
1910.37d
1910.3713
Yes
NO
Action Taken
129
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12. Exits not concealed by hangings, draperies, mirrors.
13. Minimum width of exit no less than 28 inches (72 em).
14. Exits shall discharge directly to street or open space.
15. Direction of egress clearly marked.
16. Exits maintained free of all obstructions and
impediments.
17. Automatic sprinkler systems periodically inspected
and tested.
18. Alarm and fire protection systems inspected weekly.
19. Exits marked by readily visible signs and all
non-exits clearly marked.
ARE YOUR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADEQUATELY
PROTECTED?
1. Only approved containers and portable tanks to be
used for storage of flammable and combustible
materials.
2. Containers to be of materials and sizes as specified
by OSHA and DOT.
3. Storage cabinets to contain not more than 60 gallons
(240 L) of flammable liquids or 120 gallons (480 L)
of combustible liquids.
4. Storage cabinets constructed to limit internal
temperatures to no more than 325* F (163* C) in a ten
minute fire test, with all joints and seams remaining
tight and the door securely closed. Cabinets should
be labeled "Flammable - Keep Fire Away"
5. Inside of storage rooms sufficiently fire resistant.
6. Flammable or combustible liquids stored in closed
containers.
7. Places for transferring of flammable or combustible
liquids at adequate distance from other operations
and spill drainage and proper ventilation provided.
8. Flammable liquids kept in covered containers when
not in use.
9. Portable fire extinguishers and control equipment
provided for special hazards.
10. Water available in volume and adequate pressure for
extinguishing.
11. Adequate precaution taken to prevent ignition of
flammable vapors.
12. Flammable liquids dispensed into containers where
nozzle and container are electrically connected. If
floor plate Is metal, receiving container should be
properly grounded.
13. Storage of flammables is limited to use required for
maintenance and operation. Such storage Is kept in
closed metal containers, storage cabinets or in an ap-
proved inside storage room.
OSHA Section
1910.37f4
1910.3716
1910.37h1
1910.37h2
1910.37k2
1 91 0.37m
1910.37n1
1910.37q
1910.106d2i
1910.106d2NI
1910.106d3i
1910.106d3li
1910.106d4
1910.106e2li
1910.106e2iii
1910.1O6e2iv
1910.106e5i
1910.106e5ii
1910.106e6i
1910.106e6ii
1910.106d5ll!
Yes
No
Action Taken
130
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14. The quantity of flammable liquid that Is stored outside
an inside storage room or cabinet in a building does
not exceed:
25 gallons (25L) of Class 1 A liquids in containers 1 20
gallons (4S4T.) of Class IB. 1C, II or III liquid
in containers
660 gallons (249SL) of Class 18, 1C. II or III liquid
in single portable tank
15. Flammable liquids having a flash point below 27'C
(80*F> are stored in rod container with a yellow
band around the container or the contents indentified
in yellow.
16. The size of flammable liquid containers is in ac-
cordance with the following table:
OSHA Section
1910.106e2iib
1910.144kii
1910.106d3iii
Yes
No
Action Taken
!
Flammable Liquids - Maximum Allowable Size of Containers
Class I-B:
Class I-A: flash point Class I-C: Class II:
flash point <23'C flash point flash point Class III:
Container <-16*C, boiling boiling point >23'C and >36*C and combustible
type point <38'C >38'C <38'C <60'C liquids
Glass 1 pt 1 qt 1 gal 1 gal 1 gal
Approved high 1 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal
density poly-
ethylene or
metal
Safety cans 2 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal
Metal drums 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal 60 gal
ICC specifi-
cations (stor-
age vaults
only)
Examples: Ethyl ether Benzol Ethyl mercaplan Methyl amyl Sloddard solvents
Propylene Methyl ale. Turpentine acetate Amyl alcohol
oxide Gasoline Methyl ale. (30% Kerosene Fuel oil
Pentane-n Ethyl ale. in water)
Acetone
Xylene
Toluene
17. No more than 1100 gallons (41 SSL) of flammables
or combustibles is located adjacent to buildings in
approved storage building.
16. A portable fire extinguisher rated 12-8 is located not
less than 10 feet nor more than 25 feet from any flam-
mable storage room.
19, Flammable liquids are kept in covered containers when
not being used.
20. Where flammable or combustible liquids are used pro-
visions are provided for safe disposal of leakage
or spills.
21. Class I liquids are used only when there are no open
flames or other sources of ignition.
22. Transferring flammable liquids by means of air
pressure Is not permitted.
23. "No Smoking" signs shall be posted where hazards from
flammable liquid vapors is normally present.
1910.106611
1910.1066iiia
1910.10672iva
1910.10672lvb
1910.1O672ivc
1919.10672rvd
1910.10696
131
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ARE YOU USING THE PROPER EYE AND FACE
PROTECTION?
1. Eye and face protectors shall provide adequate
protection against hazards.
2. Eye and lace protectors should be reasonably
comfortable.
3. Eye and face protectors should fit snugly and not
interfere with wearer's movaments.
4. Eye and face protectors should be durable.
5. Eye and face protectors should be capable of being
disinfected.
6. Eye and face protectors should be easy to clean.
7. Eye and face protectors to be kept clean and in
good repair.
8. Persons who require eye protection and also wear
eye glasses, should wear eye protectors with
optically corrected lenses, goggles that fit over
corrective lenses, or goggles that incorporate
corrective lenses mounted behind the protective
lenses.
9. Eye and face protectors should be marked to
identify the manufacturer.
10. The user of eye and face protectors should be
informed of their limits and precautions to take.
11. Eye and face protectors should comply with the
American National Standard for Occupational and
Educational Eye and Face Protection (ANSI ZB7.1-1968)
ARE YOU USING THE PROPER RESPIRATORS?
1. Respirators must be provided when necessary.
2. Respirators should be used in accordance with
instructions and training received.
3. A written operating procedure for selection and
use of respirators should be provided.
4.* Respirators should be selected on the bases of the
hazard present.
5. Respirators should be assigned to an individual for
his exclusive use.
6. Respirators should be regularly cleaned and dis-
infected.
7. Respirators should be stored in a convenient, clean,
and sanitary location.
6. Respirators should be inspected during cleaning and
worn and deteriorated parts replaced.
9. Surveillance of work area conditions and degree of
individual exposure or stress should be maintained.
10. Persons should not be assigned to tasks requiring
respirators unless it has been determined that they
are able to perform the work and use th» eauipment.
OSHA Section
1 91 0.1 33821
19l0.133a2fi
19l0.133a2iii
19l0.133a2iv
19l0.133a2v
1910.133a2vi
19l0.133a2vii
1 91 0.1 33a3i.
ii, iii
1 91 0.1 33a4
1910.13335
1 91 0.1 33a6
1 91 0.1 34a2
1 91 0.1 34a3
19l0.134b1
1910.13452
19!0.134b4
1910.13405
1 91 0.1 34b6
19l0.134b7
1 91 0.1 34b8
19l0.134b10
Yes
No
Action Taken
132
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It. Respirators should be selected in accordance with ANSI
regulation 288.2 - 1969.
1 2. Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and
liquid oxygen should be of high purity, at least
meeting requirements of Compressed Gas Association
Commodity Specification G-7.1 - 1966.
1 3. Air may be supplied from cylinders or air compressors.
14. Standard procedures should be established for
respirator use. including both emergency and routine
uses.
15. The correct respirator should be as specified for each
job and marked to indicate to whom it is assigned and
the date of issuance.
16. Written procedure for use of respirators in dangerous
atmospheres should be provided.
1 7. Proper rescue equipment and a standby person should
be present in case of respirator failure.
HOW IS YOUR WORKING ENVIRONMENT?
1. All work areas, including passageways, storerooms.
and service rooms shall be kept clean, orderly, and
sanitary.
2. Floors of all work areas shall be kept clean and dry
as far as possible.
3. Cleaning and sweeping should be done to minimize air
contamination and as far as possible outside of
working hours.
4. Expectorating on floors, walls, or stairs should be
prohibited.
5. Receptacles. for solid or liquid waste should not leak.
be easy to clean, be maintained in a sanitary condition.
and equipped with a tight fitting cover.
6. All wastes should be removed without creating a
nuisance or health menace and as often as necessary.
7. Work areas and other rooms should be constructed.
equipped and maintained to prevent the entrance or
harborage of rodents, insects and other vermin.
8. Potable water to be supplied for drinking, washing,
etc.
ARE YOU USING THE REQUIRED SIGNS AND TAGS?
1. All signs installed after August 30, 1971 must meet
OSHA Standards.
2. Danger signs should be used only where immediate
hazards exist. All such signs should not vary in
design.
3. All persons should be instructed that danger signs
indicate immediate danger and therefore special
precautions are necessary.
4. Caution signs should be used lo warn of potential
OSHA Section
1910.1340
1910.134d
191013402
1910.13461
1910.13462
1 91 9.1 34e3
1910 134e3i
i
1910.14tal
191 0.1 41 al ii
1 910.1 41a1 tii
1910.14132
1910.141a3i
1910.141a3M
191014134
!910-141b1l
1910.14532
1910.145CH
1910.145C1H
1910.145c2i
Yes
No
Action Taken
i
133
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5. Alt persons should be instructed that caution signs
indicate possible hazards.
6. Safety instruction signs should be used where there
is a need for general information and suggestions
relative to safety measures.
7. All signs should have moulded or blunt comers, be
free of sharp edges, burrs, splinters, or other sharp
projections. Fasteners should be located so as not to
be hazardous and should be of a size meeting OSHA
standards.
8. Danger signs must be red, black, and white and meet
American National Standard Z53.1 1967.
9. Radiation warning signs background must be yellow;
panel magenta with yellow letters; the symbol magenta
and letters on the background black.
10. Caution signs should have a yellow background;
and the panel, black with yellow letters.
11. Safety instruction signs must be white and panel
green with white letters; lettering on background
black.
12. Directional signs must be white and panel black, with
white arrow; any lettering must be black.
13. Informational signs must be blue as background or
panel.
14. Symbols on signs must follow recognized practices.
15. Wording on signs must meet OSHA regulations.
16. Tags may be used as a temporary warning until a posi-
tive means can be employed to eliminate the hazard.
17. Danger tags should not vary in design.
18. Caution tags should warn only of potential hazards,
or to caution against unsafe practices.
19. Out-of-order tags should only indicate that a piece of
equipment is out of order. ''
20. Siological hazard tags should be used to signify the
potential or actual presence of a biohazard, to identify
items contaminated with hazardous agents.
21 . The term "biological hazard" shall refer only to those
items presenting a potential risk to the well being of
man.
HOW ARE YOUR MEDICAL AND FIRST AID FACILITIES?
1. Medical personnel for advice and consultation should
be available.
2. A person trained to render first aid should be avail-
able if there is no infirmary, clinic or hospital
nearby. First aid supplies approved by a consulting
physician should be -available.
3. Facilities for drenching or flushing eyes or other
parts of the body should be available in case of
emergency.
OSHA Section
1 91 0.1 45c2ii
1 910.14503
1910.145d1
1910.145421
1910.14Sd3i
1910.145041
1910.14506
1910.145d7i
1910.14509
1910.145011
1910.14561
1910.145(11
1910.145(4!
1910.145151
1910.14516
1910.145f8ii
1910.1458111
1910.151a
191 0.1 51 b
191 0.1 51 c
Yes
No
Action Taken
134
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DO YOU HAVE THE RIGHT NUMBER » TYPE OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS?
1. Portable Ore extinguishers should be kept fully charged
and operable and kept in a designated place at all
times when not in use.
2. Fire extinguishers should be readily accessible
along normal paths or travel.
3. Extinguishers should not be obstructed or obscured
from view.
4. Extinguishers (or different classes of fire should be
marked conspicuously to nsure using the proper one.
5. Extinguishers should be installed on hangers or
brackets, in cabinets, or on shelves.
6. Extinguishers weighing 40 Ibs. (18 kg) or less should
be installed so that the top is not more than 5 ft.
(1 .5m) above the floor. Those over 40 Ibs. (1 8 kg)
should be installed with the top no more than 3Vz ft.
(1 m) above the floor.
7. Extinguishers in cabinets, wall recesses, or on shelves
shall be placed with the instructions facing outward.
8. Extinguishers should be usable between 40* and 120* F
(5- and SO' CJ.
9. Each fire extinguisher should have a tag attached
showing maintenance or recharge date and person
performing the service.
HOW IS YOUR ELECTRICAL PROTECTION?
1. Electrical installations should conform to the
National Electrical code NFPA 70 - 1971: ANSI CI-1971.
2. All new electrical installations and all new utiliza-
tion Installed after March 15. 1972. and all replace-
ments, modifications, and repairs on equipment
installed before this date should meet the National
Electrical Code NFPA 70 - 1971; ANSI Cl - 1971.
ARE YOU TAKING THE REQUIRED PRECAUTIONS
WITH CARCINOGENS?
1. Exposure to the following carcinogens should be limited:
.a. Asbestos h. Benzidine
b. 4-nitrobiphenol i. 4-aminodlphenyl
c. Methyl chloromethyl ether j. Ethyleneimine
d. 3,3'-dlchlorobenzldine k. Beta propiolactone
e. Alpha naphthylamine 1. 2-acetylaminofIuorene
f. Bis-chloromethyl ether m. 4-dimethylaminoazabenzene
g. Beta naphthylamine n. N-nilrosodimethylamlne
o. Vinyl chloride
2. Containers of vinyl chloride are labeled:
Vinyl Chloride
Extremely Flammable Qas Under Pressure
Cancer Suspect Agent
3. Containers of Carcinogens have labels "Cancer Suspect
Agent" prominently displayed
4.' Entrances to regulated area should have signs with
the legend:
Cancer Suspect Agent
Authorized Personnel Only
OSHA Section
1910.1S7a1
1910.157a2
1910.1S7a3
1910.15784
1910.157a5
1 91 0.1 57a6
1910.157a7
I910.157a9
1910.157d3iv
1910.309a
1910.309b
1910.1001
to .101 7
191 0.1 01 7k 1
1910.93ee2lil
1910.93ee
Yes
No
Action Taken
135
-------
5. Employees who work in regulated area should receive
training with regard to working with carcinogens
6. Regulated areas have a negative pressure with respect
to nonregulated areas
7 Employees are required to wash hands, face, forearms
and neck upon each exit from regulated area and
shower at the end of the day
8. Employees are provided with clean, full body protective
clothing prior to entering regulated areas
9. Employees must remove protecting clothing when leaving
regulated areas and at the end of the day place the
clothing in an impervious container for decon-
tamination or disposal
10. All asbestos scrap, waste, debris and other products
containing asbestos fibers must be labeled as follows:
Caution
Contains Asbestos Fibers
Avoid Creating Dust
Breathing Asbestos Dust May
Cause Serious Bodily Harm
OSHA Section
1 91 0.93ee5
1 910.9304
1910.93C2ii
1910.93C4VU
1910.93C4U
1 91 0.93C4V
1910.1001
Yes
No
Action Taken
136
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Learning Resource #24
Traffic and Manhole Safety
Chapter IV, Operation and Maintenance of Wastewater Collection
Systems: A Field Study Training Program, 1976
Kenneth D. Kerri and John Brady, Editors
California State University, Sacramento
Sacramento, CA 95819
Chapter IV of this publication written by George Freeland contains
detailed information on manhole safety. It is designed to be used as a
self-study program by persons training for work in wastewater
treatment systems. It provides useful information to supervisors who
may have the responsibility of maintaining safety around manhole operations.
The material dealing with manhole safety includes the following:
Page
4.12 Manhole Safety .' 4-14
4.13 Classification and Description of Manhole Hazards 4-14
4.131 Atmospheric Hazards 4-15
4.132 Physical Injury 4-17
4.133 Infections and Diseases 4-18
4.134 Insects, Bugs and Rodents 4-18
4.135 Toxicants.. '. 4-19
4.136 Drowning 4-19
4.137 Summary 4-19
4.14 Safety Equipment and Procedures for Manhole Entry 4-20
4.140 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus 4-20
4.141 Safety Harness with Lifeline 4-20
4.142 Portable Oxygen/Explosivity Alarm Unit 4-21
4.143 Ventilation Blower With Hose 4-21
4.144 Manhole Enclosure 4-21
4.145 Aluminum Ladders and Man Lifts 4-23
4.146 Ropes and Buckets 4-23
4.147 Hard Hats 4-23
4.148 Protective Clothing 4-25
4.149 Other Equipment and Procedures 4-25
4.15 Precautions for Manhole Entry 4-26
4.151 Immunizations 4-26
4.152 Disinfectants 4-26
4.153 Health Conditions of Workers 4-27
4.154 Insecticide , 4-27
4.155 Wash Down '. 4-27
4.156 Required Tools, Materials and Equipment 4-28
4.157 Equipment Test 4-28
4.158 Briefing 4-28
4.16 Operations of Manhole Entry 4-29
4.17 While Worker is Down in the Manhole 4-31
4.18 Special Problems of Manhole Work 4-32
4.19 After Leaving Manhole 4-34
RESPONSIBILITY 4-35
Additional Reading 4-35
137
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4.3 INSPECTION OF MANHOLES , 4-45
4.31 Objective of Manhole Inspection 4-45
4.32 Safety 4-46
4.33 Equipment Required 4-46
4.34 Manpower 4-47
4.35 Procedure 4-47
4.36 Frequency of Manhole Inspections 4-50
4.37 Sample Inspection Forms 4-51
The organization, quality, and nature of the material presented by
Freeland is shown in the following extensive citation on manhole safety
(4.12) and classification and description of manhole hazards (4.13).
4.12 Manhole Safety
Throughout this manual special safety precautions regarding
specific jobs and procedures will be outlined. Everyone
must recognize and understand the hazards encountered when
entering a collection system manhole. Although the following
discussion is brief, the collection system workers and theirN
supervisors must become fully familiar with procedures
discussed and apply them every time someone enters a manhole.
4.13 Classification and Description of Manhole Hazards
There are six major categories of hazards a person may
encounter when entering a manhole. These hazards are
discussed in order of known frequency of accidents and
deaths to workers - atmospheric, physical injury (slips,
falls, falling objects, sharp objects, bumps and
structural failures), infection and disease, insects and
biting critters, toxic exposure, and drowning.
4.131 Atmospheric Hazards
Atmospheric hazards consist of three major types - explosive
or flammable, toxic atmospheres, and depletion or elimination
of breathable oxygen. Do not allow unhealthy odors to
distract your attention from the three major types of hazards
that could kill you..
1. Explosive or flammable atmospheres can develop at any
time in the collection system. Flammable gases or
vapors may enter a sewer or manhole from a variety
of legal, illegal or accidental sources. These
conditions can be measured by the use of meters that
indicate the explosive or flammable limits of the
atmospheres.
138
-------
a. Methane gas is one of the products of waste
decomposition. This gas can be produced
almost anywhere in a collection system.
Methane is also the major flammable gas in
the natural gas piped under streets by
utility companies. Leaks in these pipes
will saturate a soil around a sewer pipe,
and seepage will result in the gas entering
the collection system and endangering
workers in a manhole.
b. While methane and natural gases are lighter
than air, a small portion of the gas will
diffuse or escape from a manhole if there
is natural ventilation. Propane, gasoline,
solvents, and other explosive fuel gases may
be as much as two-and-one-half times heavier
than air and will tend to accumulate (if
there is not ventilation) in the pockets of
the lower portions of a collection system to
form explosive mixtures or to displace air.
2. Toxic atmospheres (poisonous air) in wastewater collection
systems or storm collection systems are most likely to be
from the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gas
produced by the decomposition of certain materials
containing sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide gas quickly mixes
with air and goes wherever the air goes. If there is
no ventilation or air movement, H-S accumulates in the
lower sections of a collection system. Hydrogen sulfide can
be detected by the smell of rotten eggs or by the use of
special test kits or instruments that measure the concentration
of HgS. Other toxic gases that may be encountered include
chlorinated solvents and industrial toxins (poisons), depending
on wastes discharged to the collection system.
3. The amount of breathable oxygen present in a manhole can be
decreased or eliminated by having the air mixed or replaced
by the entry of another gas. Meters are available that
measure the concentration of oxygen in the air.
Do not work in confined spaces where the atmosphere contains
less than 19.5% oxygen. Always ventilate the manhole before
entry and continuously during occupancy. Continuously test
all levels of manhole for oxygen deficiencies and explosive
and toxic conditions.
Concentrations of oxygen in a confined space may exceed the
level in the air we normally breathe (21.9%) when pure oxygen
(02) is used to prevent septic conditions and the production
139
-------
of hydrogen sulfide in the wastewater collection system
(See Chapter 5, Section 5.6, Hydrogen Sulfide Control).
If the manhole is continuously ventilated and the oxygen
level continuously measured, no problems should develop.
A higher than normal level of oxygen won't hurt you, but
will increase the fire or explosive hazard.
4.132 Physical Injury
Physical injury during manhole entry can occur from several causes.
Workers in restricted spaces with uneven footing often have poor
balance and decreased coordination. The manipulation of tools in
restricted spaces often results in a worker being in an awkward
position which can cause strained muscles or tendons, bruises or
torn skin if the worker is not careful.
The use of heavy ladders for manhole entry and exit has been
prohibited in many communities after these ladders have been
dropped by accident while a worker is in a manhole. The
practice of having metal rungs installed in manhole walls also
has been discontinued by some agencies because the rungs or the
concrete holding them was being eaten away and destroyed by the
highly corrosive atmospheres of the collection system. Portable,
lightweight, aluminum alloy ladders have proven satisfactory.
Dropping tools to workers in a manhole and tossing the tools back
out has caused many physical injuries. In order for workers to see to
catch a tool being dropped, they must look upward and into the
brighter light, causing temporary loss of visual capacity. In
addition to this, dust and debris from the street or manhole
ring can fall into your eyes, again causing vision problems as well
as possible eye infection if you attempt to wipe your eyes with
a hand or glove that has been exposed to the wastewater environment.
Tools should be lowered into and pulled out of manholes in a
bucket or sling. Many collection system and treatment plant agencies
use a truck winch to lower a worker and tools into a manhole. The
man lift (Fig. 4.5, page 4-24) has a step, safety strap and snap,
and a frame to avoid scrapes.
The use of spectacles or safety goggles in a manhole may be difficult
because of their capacity to fog. These glasses also can become
smeared by moisture in a manhole environment, thus resulting in
decreased vision capacity by the wearer. Proper ventilation will
reduce fogging problems. If a chipping gun or other tool is being
used to chip concrete or pipe, safety glasses or goggles must be
worn. A helmet and clear face shield worn by motorcyclists may be
better than safety goggles.
When working in a manhole, beware of sharp objects that can cut
or pentrate your skin and cause a serious infection. Typical
sharp objects include razor blades, pins, hypodermic needles and
broken pieces of glass and metal.
140
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4.133 Infections and Diseases
Infections are always potentially present when you enter a
manhole. Every disease, parasite, infection, virus and illness
of a community can end up in the wastewater collection system.
Persons required to enter manholes are thus automatically exposed
to these infections and diseases. Leptospirosis can be transmitted
to workers through the urine and feces of rats living in sewers.
This disease causes fever, headaches, nausea, muscular pains,
vomiting, and thirst. Contact your safety officer or doctor
regarding inoculations for typhoid, para-typhoid, polio and
tetanus. Personal cleanliness is your best means of protection.
If possible, have a commerical laundry service clean your
uniform rather than wash your clothes at home with your family
laundry.
4.134 Insects, Bugs and Rodents
Insects, while less severe in danger to workers than infections
and diseases, can be a source of danger. The black widow and
the violin spider are examples of threats to your health. Many
bites are associated with infections, for examples, rat bites can
cause rabies and mosquito bites can cause malaria. Following is
a list of insects and bugs which have been found in manholes.
Stinging insects such as wasps, mud daubers and bees
Ticks
Fleas
Lice
Mosquitos
Houseflies
Bloflies
Always inspect a manhole for insects, bugs and rodents before
entering.
4.135 Toxicants
Exposure to toxic acids, bases and other hazardous liquid or
solid chemicals that can be discharged into the wastewater
collection system by either accidental spills or deliberate action
by industry or the public is always a potential health hazard.
Proper boots and gloves are effective means of protection against
these toxicants.
4.136 Drowning
With the trend towards larger regional wastewater treatment plants,
intercepting sewers are being constructed that convey large flows.
These large diameter sewers and flows increase the chances of a
worker drowning from an accidental slip or fall into the flowing
wastewater. Watch your step at all times, especially when working
near or in large flows to avoid drowning. Wear lift jackets
and use lifelines if necessary.
141
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4.137 Summary
Manhold entry always must be considered a hazardous task due
to the potential exposure to chemicals, toxic and explosive
gases, insects and infectious conditions. Work in manholes
can be done safely when the proper procedures are followed.
A.14 Safety Equipment and Procedures for Manhole Entry
The pieces of equipment described below are recommended for use when
workers are required to enter a collection system manhole.
4.140 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
This apparatus consists of a face mask respirator and hose to the
air supply. Air may be supplied either from a tank carried on the
worker's back or from larger cylinders placed at a convenient
location and not carried around by the worker. Use when ventilation
is unable to provide a suitable atmosphere in a manhole or confined
space.
4.141 Safety Harness with Lifeline
The harness should be a parachute type which prevents a limp
body from falling out of it. The lifeline connection should
attach at the shoulders so as to suspend a body in the upright
position. Tilting or doubling over of a body can prevent its
rapid removal through the 24 inch manhole opening, or cause
injury to a person while being removed in the doubled over or
tilted position.
The harness and lifeline may be used to lower a worker into a
confined space. Whenever a worker is underground (in a manhole),
someone must be topside holding the lifeline and observing the
actions of the worker in the harness. Do not tie the above
ground end of the lifeline to any object that could be hit by a
careless driver that could result in injury to the worker in the
harness.
4.16 Operations of Manhole Entry
The minimum crew for a worker to enter a collection system manhole is
three workers: the worker who will go into the hole, the lifeline
attendant and an assistant on the surface. The arrangement of the
safety and other equipment is generally accomplished by the entire
crew, however a support crew may be necessary to direct traffic and
provide other needed assistance.
1. The manhole safety enclosure is placed around the manhole if
necessary.
142
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2. The portable explosivity/oxygen alarm system is calibrated
BEFORE removing the manhole cover. Test the manhole from
top to bottom for oxygen deficiency, explosive and toxic
(hydrogen sulfide) gases. Test for explosive mixtures
before removing the manhole cover because removal of the cover
may produce -a spark and cause an explosion. Also it is
helpful to know conditions in the manhole before any
ventilation occurs.
If an explosive atmosphere is discovered in a manhole:
a. Immediately notify your supervisor that an
explosive condition has been discovered and
provide as many details as possible, including
location. Request notification of police and
fire departments.
b. Do not remove the manhole cover.
c. Turn off any running engines in the vicinity that
could cause a spark.
d. Route vehicles around manhole using cones, flags
and barricades.
e. Inspect upstream and downstream manholes for
explosive conditions to determine the extent
of the problem.
f. Route traffic off the street to reduce potential
for explosion.
g. Notify industrial waste inspectors and wastewater
treatment plant operators.
h. Attempt to locate source of problem and correct
situation.
i. Cautiously ventilate system with a large blower to
eliminate explosive hazard. Try ventilating from
a safe upstream or downstream manhole in order to
keep workers and equipment away from explosive
conditions.
j. Be sure there is NO SMOKING in the area.
3. Never use hands to remove or replace the manhole cover. Always
use manhole lifts approved by the safety agency that regulates
your activities.
4. Open manholes upstream and downstream from the work area to
encourage natural ventilation of sewer. Cover open manholes
with grating and place barricades around manholes to warn
traffic and pedestrians.
5. The area immediately around the manhole opening, including
the manhole ring and lid ledge, should be cleaned and all
loose debris removed. Sweep the area before removing the
manhole cover and clean the ring ledge after the cover has
been removed.
143
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6. The ventilation blower is started and the manhole atmosphere
blown, out prior to entry. The blower should be located in
an area unwind of the manhole and at least ten feet from
the manhole opening. If the blower has a gas driven engine,
the exhaust must be downwind from the manhole. Place the
air intake to the blower from two to five feet above the
ground surface, depending on conditions (higher for dusty
ground surfaces). Some agencies prefer to exhaust or pull
air from the downstream manhole if possible.
7. Once the man going into the hole has donned the safety
harness and has the lifeline attached, the other man on the
crew or the foreman should check it for proper fit and
attachment.
8. Continue to use the alarm system to. test for the presence
of an oxygen deficiency and explosive gases in the manhole
atmosphere the entire time the worker is in the manhole.
4.17 While Worker Is Down in the Manhole
1. The end of the lifeline must be held continuously by a crew
member. This person shall perform no other function, but
keep constant watch over Che worker in the manhole. Tying
the lifeline to prevent it from falling into the manhole
is poor practice, especially if it is tied to an object
that could be struck by a passing vehicle and cause injury
to the worker in the manhole.
2. The safety enclosure will always contain one worker who holds
the lifeline, observes the worker in the manhole, and calls
for help if needed. Safety enclosures are not considered
necessary by some agencies.
The worker holding the lifeline should be careful to secure
any objects he has in his shirt or jacket pockets so that they
will not fall into the manhole when he bends over it. Also he
must be careful not to accidently kick any tools or objects
over the edge of the manhole.
3. As long as the worker is in the manhole, the worker holding
the lifeline should carefully watch the worker and not
distract him. Always listen and respond to the needs and
condition of the worker in the manhole.
a. If there are any indications of trouble such as
unusual behavior or warning signals from the
gas/oxygen alarm system, immediately bring the
worker up out of the manhole.
144
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b. Whenever a worker is in a manhole, continuously test
the atmosphere for oxygen deficiency and for explosive
and toxic (hydrogen sulfide) gases. Proper ventilation
generally will prevent any problems with the manhole
atmosphere from developing except during a dump up
sewer. If the flammable gas level is within only 10
percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL), this is an
indication that ventilation is ineffective.
Each major section concludes with questions the learner should be able
to answer, such as the following, if he has really mastered the text
material:
1. List the hazards you may encounter when entering a manhole.
2. What kinds of atmospheric hazards are encountered in manholes?
3. What are some of the causes of physical injuries in manholes?
4. How can you protect yourself from diseases when working in a manhole?
5. How can you protect yourself from insects when working in a manhole?
6. What kinds of preparations should be made before workers enter a
manhole?
7. What are some of the health conditions of workers that should be
considered before entering a manhole?
8. The briefing before manhole entering should discuss what topics?
9. What is the minimum size of a crew when someone enters a manhole?
10. What should the worker at the manhole entrance be doing while
another worker is in the manhole?
11. What is the minimum level of oxygen in air for safe breathing?
12. What should a worker do after leaving a manhole?
145
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Part II
Abstracted Reference Materials
147
-------
SECTION I
Safety: Management - Supervisor - Worker Responsibilities
TITLE ACCIDENTS MADE EASY - SAFETY AWARENESS SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($250.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, ATTITUDES, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS,
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 147.28-9} 16MM, 13 MIN., COLOR; THREE FILM SET
(EW002805-EW002807) "SAFETY AWARENESS" SERIES
ABSTRACT VARIOUS EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES TOWARD SAFETY ARE UNCOVERED AS A
RESULT OF A SERIES OF RECENT ACCIDENTS THAT COULD AND SHOULD
HAVE BEEN AVOIDED. DIRECTED TO EMPLOYEES CONCENTRATING ON THEIR
ATTITUDES ABOUT SAFETY IN RELATION TO THEIR JOBS, THEIR
EMPLOYERS AND THEMSELVES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR INDUSTRIAL OPERATION, 7TH ED.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($40.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *MANUALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 1536P. (NO. 121.38-9) PHOTOS, ILLUSTRATIONS, CHARTS, GRAPHS
AND TABLES
ABSTRACT UP-TO-DATE INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SOURCEBOOK DESIGNED TO PROVIDE YOU
WITH ALL THE ESSENTIAL INFORMATION NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT
EFFICIENT ACCIDENT PREVENTION.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR TRAINING PROGRAMS.
AUTHOR STRONG, M. S.
PUB DATE 75
AVAIL AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY, 848 EAST 58TH STREET, CHICAGO, IL
60637 ($16.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, * DESTRUCTION, * INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
LAWS, REGULATIONS, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 600P. (ISBN 0-8269-4517-1) 2ND ED.; ILLUSTRATION
ABSTRACT TWENTY RECOGNIZED EXPERTS HAVE POOLED THEIR KNOWLEDGE TO
PRODUCE THIS MANUAL. FEDERAL REGULATIONS, OSHA, AND SAFETY
PRACTICES HAVE UNDERSCORED THE NEED FOR THIS BOOK; EVERY EFFORT
WAS MADE TO MAKE IT COMPLETE.
TITLE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION.
PUB DATE 73
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER, REFERENCE SECTION, GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (PURCHASE PRICE:
$52.25)
149
-------
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, ARTIFICIAL
RESPIRATION, FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 001994) (AGENCY NO. M-798) 16MM, 16 MIN., OPTICAL
SOUND, COLOR.
ABSTRACT TEACHES THE INDIVIDUAL HOW TO TAKE CARE OF MANY OF HIS MEDICAL
AND HEALTH NEEDS IN TIME OF DISASTER WHEN MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
MIGHT NOT BE READILY AVAILABLE.
INST NAME U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE.
TITLE ATTITUDES AND EMOTIONS.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($46.80)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, EMOTIONS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 279.95-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT DISCUSSES THESE IN RELATIONSHIP TO ACCIDENTS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE CONSIDERATIONS FOR PREPARATION OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
MANUALS.
AUTHOR GREEN, R. L., AND OTHERS
PUB DATE 78
AVAIL SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
WASHINGTON, DC 20402 ($3.10)
DESC *COMMUNICATION SKILLS, EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE, *FACILITIES,
LABORATORY TESTING, *MANUALS, PERMITS, PERSONNEL, *PUMPING
STATIONS, SAFETY, STANDARDS, *TRAINING MANUALS, UTILITIES,
WASTE DISPOSAL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
DESC NOTE 239P.
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT PROVIDES CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PREPARATION OF
MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
MANUALS. TOPIC AREAS INCLUDE, (1) PERMITS AND STANDARDS, (2)
SLUDGE HANDLING, (3) PERSONNEL, (4) LABORATORY TESTING, (5)
SAFETY, (6) EMERGENCY OPERATIONS, AND (7) OTHER UTILITIES.
DETAILED DISCUSSIONS ON THE TYPE OF MANUAL ARE FOUND IN EACH
SECTION. A SUGGESTED MANUAL OUTLINE IS INCLUDED FOR TREATMENT
PLANTS AND FOR PUMPING STATIONS AND PIPELINES.
TITLE EVERYBODY'S DIFFERENT - HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS,
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 142.17-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; FOUR-FILM SET
(EW002788-EW002791) "HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY" SERIES
ABSTRACT DEALS WITH THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION: HOW THE
BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE WITH OTHER PEOPLE CAN BE FACTORS IN CAUSING
OR AVOIDING ACCIDENTS; HOW PEOPLE DIFFER, PHYSICALLY AND
EMOTIONALLY; AND HOW THESE DIFFERENCES MAY AFFECT SAFETY
PERFORMANCES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
150
-------
TITLE JOB TRAINING JOGGER.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($1.20)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *INSTRUCTION,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
*TEACHING TECHNIQUES
DESC NOTE 20P. (NO. 193.21-9) MINIMUM ORDER OF 10
ABSTRACT A SAFETY INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE COMBINING THE TESTED METHODS OF JOB
SAFETY ANALYSIS AND JOB INSTRUCTION TRAINING TO PRODUCE SOUND,
LOGICAL PROCEDURES FOR TEACHING SAFETY.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE MAN AND HIS HABITS.
PUB DATE 69
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER; REFERENCE SECTION; GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (PURCHASE PRICE:
$75.50)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *rNSTRUCTIONAL
FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 003532) 16MM, 13 MIN., OPTICAL SOUND, COLOR.
ABSTRACT SHOWS HOW MAN'S HABITS MAY ENDANGER HIS SAFETY BY BECOMING
ROUTINE WHEN CARRIED OVER TO HIS WORK. BY VISUAL EXAMPLES, THE
WORKER IS SHOWN HOW TO ACQUIRE SAFE WORK HABITS BY PRACTICING
SAFETY AT HOME AND ON THE JOB.
INST NAME U.S. BUREAU OF MINES.
TITLE MANS SHORTCOMINGS.
PUB DATE 69
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER, REFERENCE SECTION, GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (PURCHASE PRICE:
$75.50)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL
FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY, *WORKER ATTITUDE
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 003533) 16MM, 13 MIN., OPTICAL SOUND, COLOR.
ABSTRACT DRAMATICALLY ENACTED SCENES SHOW HOW MAN'S PERSONALITY QUIRKS
MAY ENDANGER HIS AND OTHER WORKERS' SAFETY. SUGGESTIONS ARE
GIVEN TO AVOID OR CHANGE THIS MENTAL ATTITUDE AND PREVENT THESE
NONSENSIBLE ACTIONS.
INST NAME U.S. BUREAU OF MINES.
TITLE MOTIVATION: A MEANS TO ACCIDENT PREVENTION.
PUB DATE 69
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER, REFERENCE SECTION. GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (PURCHASE PRICE:
$63.75)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, * INSTRUCTIONAL
FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY, *WORKER ATTITUDE
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 003585) 16MM, 11 MIN., OPTICAL SOUND, COLOR.
ABSTRACT SHOWS HOW PROPER MOTIVATION PREVENTS ACCIDENTS AT HOME AND ON
THE JOB. THE REASONS THAT MOTIVATE THE STAFF ARE PRESENTED IN A
VISUALLY INTERESTING MANNER.
INST NAME U.S. BUREAU OF MINES.
151
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TITLE NEW EMPLOYEE SAFETY TRAINING (NEST) - ENGLISH.
PUB DATE 67
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.66)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *INDUSTRY,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 12P. COURSE NO. 500
ABSTRACT THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS TRAINING IS TO IMPROVE SAFETY PERFORMANCE
BY ESTABLISHING WITH NEW EMPLOYEES A UNIFORM UNDERSTANDING OF
SAFETY POLICIES.
INST NOTE E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS: A
FIELD STUDY TRAINING PROGRAM.
PUB DATE 76
AVAIL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY AT
SACRAMENTO, 6000 JAY STREET, SACRAMENTO, CA 95819 ($30.00)
DESC EQUIPMENT, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *INSTRUMENTATION,
*MAINTENANCE, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *PUMPS, RECORDS, SAFETY, TROUBLESHOOTING, WASTE
DISPOSAL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 1711P. 300 SLIDES, REVISED ANNUALLY, ALSO AVAILABLE ON ERIC
MICROFICHE ED150007
ABSTRACT WRITTEN BY EXPERIENCED COLLECTION SYSTEM WORKERS (MAINTENANCE
MEN) WITH THE INTENT OF PROVIDING COLLECTION SYSTEMS WORKERS
WITH THE INFORMATION THEY NEED TO KNOW TO OPERATE AND MAINTAIN
THEIR COLLECTION SYSTEMS AS SAFELY AND AS EFFICIENTLY AS
POSSIBLE. TOPICS COVERED INCLUDE JOB SYSTEM, REVIEW OF PLANS
AND SPECS, INSPECTION, TESTING, TELEVISING SEWERS, BALLING HIGH
VELOCITY CLEANERS, SCOOTERS, KITES, RODDING, BUCKETS, REPAIRS,
LIFT STATIONS, MAINTENANCE, RECORDS.
TITLE PEOPLE ARE ALL ALIKE - HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, EMOTIONS,
*FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FIIMS, *MANAGEMENT,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 142.16-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; FOUR-FIIM SET
(EW002788-EW002791) "HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY" SERIES.
ABSTRACT DEALS WITH THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION. HOW THE
BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE WITH OTHER PEOPLE CAN BE FACTORS IN CAUSING
OR AVOIDING ACCIDENTS. DISCUSSES THE EMOTIONAL NEEDS,
RESPONSES, CHARACTERISTICS THAT EVERYONE HAS IN COMMON.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE PLSN FOR PREVENTION - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($155.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ACCIDENT REPORTING, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS,
*FIIMS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. » 148.12-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; EIGHT FIIM, SET
(EW002796-EW002803) "SAFETY MANAGEMENT" SERIES
152
-------
ABSTRACT TECHNIQUES OF GOOD ACCIDENT REPORTING.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE PLAN YOUR TALKS - COMMUNICATING SAFETY SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, COMMUNICATIONS, *FILMS,
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; THREE FILM SET "COMMUNICATING SAFETY"
SERIES NO. 147.20-9; PRICE: $540.00 PER SET; SEE EW002785 AND
EW002787
ABSTRACT TEACHES SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL HOW TO BRIDGE THE GAP OF POOR
COMMUNICATION AND REALLY INSPIRE IMPROVED SAFETY PERFORMANCE
FROM THEIR SUBORDINATES. DISCUSSES DEVICES FOR TURNING ANY
ENCOUNTER INTO AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A SAFETY TALK.
TITLE PLANNING FOR SAFETY - INTRODUCTORY UNIT (COURSE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC. EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG. WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
*POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 32P. COURSE NO. 553
ABSTRACT TRAINEE WILL IDENTIFY THE STEPS IN AN ORGANIZED APPROACH TO
SAFETY PLANNING CN HIS JOB AS HE GETS READY FOR THE JOB, AND
PUTS AWAY WHEN THE JOB IS FINISHED. EACH EMPLOYEE WILL
DEMONSTRATE CN THE JOB HOW HE IS USING "PLANNING FOR SAFETY."
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE PLANNING FOR SAFETY - INTRODUCTORY UNIT (LEADER'S GUIDE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG. WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *INDUSTRY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY, ACCIDENT PREVENTION, TEACHING GUIDES
DESC NOTE 20P. ORDER NO. 552
ABSTRACT TRAINEE WILL IDENTIFY THE STEPS IN AN ORGANIZED APPROACH TO
SAFETY PLANNING ON HIS JOB AS HE GETS READY FOR THE JOB, DOES
THE JOB, AND PUTS AWAY WHEN THE JOB IS FINISHED. EACH EMPLOYEE
WILL DEMONSTRATE ON THE JOB HCW HE IS USING "PLANNING FOR
SAFETY".
INST NAME E.I. DEPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE RUN THE TEAM - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($155.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *MANAGEMENT,
*SAFETY, *SUPERVISION/ AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION
DESC NOTE (NO. 148.11-9) 16MM, COLOR, 10 MIN. EIGHT FILM SET (EW002796 -
EW002803) "SAFETY MANAGEMENT" SERIES
153
-------
ABSTRACT BASIC FUNCTION OP THE FOREMAN IN SAFETY. PROVIDES THE FOREMAN
AND SUPERVISORS WITH TRAINING IN BASIC AREAS OF ACCIDENT
PREVENTION. THE FILM FOLLOWS A SAFETY DIRECTOR AND SUPERVISOR
WHO ARE PLANNING A COURSE IN THE FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCIDENT
PREVENTION. MOCK-UPS AND DEMONSTRATIONS ARE USED TO ILLUSTRATE
MAJOR POINTS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE S-T-O-P REFRESHER COURSE.
PUB DATE 68
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *REFRESHER COURSES, *SAFETY, *SUPERVISORS
DESC NOTE 20P. COURSE NO. 525
ABSTRACT REFRESHER COURSE FOR SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL CONCERNED WITH
SAFETY.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE SAFETY ATTITUDES
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($115.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS,
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 171.11-9) 16MM, 10MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT GRAPHICALLY ILLUSTRATES HOW ATTITUDES CAN CAUSE OR PREVENT
ACCIDENTS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SAFETY ATTITUDES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($46.80)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.01-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT DESCRIBES THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNSAFE ATTITUDES AND TELLS
HOW TO CHANGE THEM.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SAFE PRACTICE SERIES CARDS.
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
OPERATIONS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE ORDER NO. 590
ABSTRACT REMINDER CARDS FOR SAFETY.
HOST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE SAFETY PRACTICE FOR WATER UTILITIES.
PUB DATE 71
154
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6666 WEST QUINCY AVE.,
AVAIL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION,
DENVER, CO 80235 ($8.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *MANUALS,
OPERATIONS (WATER), *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
UTILITIES, *WATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 128P. PAPER BOUND, MANUAL NO. 30003 (M3)
ABSTRACT A MANUAL COVERING ALL ASPECTS OF EMPLOYEE ACCIDENT PREVENTION.
INST NAME AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION.
TITLE SAFETY PRINCIPLES - INTRODUCTORY UNIT 1 (COURSE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *SELF PACED INSTRUCTION
DESC NOTE COURSE NO. 551
ABSTRACT INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL FOR A COURSE IN SAFETY.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE SAFETY PRINCIPLES - INTRODUCTORY UNIT 1 (LEADER'S GUIDE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SELF PACED INSTRUCTION, *TEACHING
GUIDES
DESC NOTE ORDER NO. 550
ABSTRACT GUIDE FOR INSTRUCTOR TEACHING SAFETY PROGRAMS.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE SAFETY PROGRAM GUIDE.
PUB NO 69
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 2626 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., NW,
WASHINGTON, DC 20037 ($16.50)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, EQUIPMENT (PLANT),
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, RECORDS, *SAFETY, *SLIDES
DESC NO 20 MIN. TAPE, 39 SLIDES, AND SCRIPT, AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM
NTOTC, 26 W ST CLAIR, CINCINNATI, OH 45268
ABSTRACT A GUIDE FOR ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE SAFETY PROGRAM INCLUDING
THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT, ORGANIZATION REQUIRED, RECORD-KEEPING,
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES, CAUSES OF
ACCIDENTS, PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT REQUIRED, ESTABLISHING SAFETY
RULES AND PROCEDURES, ELEMENTS OF EMPLOYEE TRAINING PROGRAMS
AND SUGGESTIONS FOR MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES.
TITLE SELL SAFETY - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($155.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *COMMUNICATIONS,
*FILMS, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NO (NO. 148.18-9) 16 MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; EIGHT FILM SET
(EW002796-EW002803) "SAFETY MANAGEMENT" SERIES
155
-------
ABSTRACT SAFETY THROUGH GOOD COMMUNICATION.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SHORT COURSE IN FIRST AID.
AVAIL THE LANSFORD PUBLISHING CO., DEPT. B, P.O. BOX 8711, SAN JOSE,
CA 95155 ($89.95)
DESC *FIRST AID, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *TRANSPARENCIES, *VISUAL AIDS
DESC NO ORDER NO. W113; 15 TRANSPARENCIES
ABSTRACT BASIC FIRST AID KNOWLEDGE PRESENTED, INCLUDES: WHAT TO DO IF
BREATHING STOPS, MOUTH-TCHyiOUTH RESUSCITATIONS, ARTIFICIAL
RESPIRATION, BLEEDING CHARACTERISTICS, HOW TO STOP BLEEDING,
SHOCK, WOUNDS, BURNS AND SCALDS, FRACTURES, AND OTHER PROBLEMS.
INST NAME THE LANSFORD PUBLISHING CO.
TITLE SUPERVISORS GUIDE TO HUMAN RELATIONS.
AUTHOR HANNAFORD, E. S.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($10.20)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, COMMUNICATIONS, *INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, MANAGEMENT, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *SUPERVISION
DESC NOTE 352P. (NO. 151.09-9)
ABSTRACT DEALS WITH THE HUMAN ELEMENTS OF SAFETY SUPERVISION AND
COMMUNICATIONS. PROVIDES PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR SUPERVISORS
AND MIDDLE MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL. CONTAINS ACTUAL CASE
HISTORIES.
TITLE SUPERVISORS SAFETY MANUAL
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($15.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *MANUALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY, *SUPERVISION
DESC NOTE 352P. (NO. 151.01-9)
ABSTRACT SHOWS SUPERVISORS HOW SAFETY RELATES TO EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION,
MORALE, AND HEALTH. ALSO COVERS JOB INSTRUCTION, INDUSTRIAL
HOUSEKEEPING, AND LOSS CONTROL.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SUPERVISOR'S SAFETY OBSERVATION HANDBOOK.
PUB 73
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 425 NORTH MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO, IL
60611
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION, EMERGENCY
PROGRAMS, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, JOB SKILLS, *MANAGEMENT,
OSHA, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *STANDARDS,
*SUPERVTSION, *WORK ENVIRONMENT
DESC NOTE 19P.
ABSTRACT THIS HANDBOOK HIGHLIGHTS THE AREAS THAT SHOULD BE PART OF THE
SAFETY OBSERVTION PLAN OF PLANT SUPERVISORS. TOPIC AREAS
DISCUSSED INCLUDE: OBSERVATION OF WORK PRACTICES; HOUSEKEEPING;
LIGHTING; MATERIALS HANDLING; MACHINES AND 'EQUIPMENT;
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT; AND EMERGENCY PLANS. A SUGGESTED 31-DAY
SAFETY OBSERVATION PLAN IS INCLUDED.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
156
-------
TITLE TALK IT UP - COMMUNICATING SAFETY SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611
IESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, COMMUNICATIONS, *FILMS,
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; THREE FILM SET "COMMUNICATING SAFETY11
SERIES NO. 147.20-9, PRICE: $540.00 PER SET. SEE EW002786 AND
EW002787
ABSTRACT TEACHES SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL HOW TO BRIDGE THE GAP OF POOR
COMMUNICATION AND REALLY INSPIRE IMPROVED SAFETY PERFORMANCE
FROM THEIR SUBORDINATES. EXPLORES METHODS OF COMMUNICATING
SAFETY COMMITMENT TO EMPLOYEES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE TEACHING SAFETY ON THE JOB - HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL,- 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS,
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 142.18-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; FOUR-FILM SET
(EW002788-EW002791) "HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY" SERIES
TITLE DEALS WITH THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION. HOW THE
BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE WITH OTHER PEOPLE CAN BE FACTORS IN CAUSING
OR AVOIDING ACCIDENTS. HOW TO BUILD SAFETY INTO JOB TRAINING BY
MAKING THE INSTRUCTION CLEAR AND BY PROPER FOLLOW-UP.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE TEAMWORK FOR SAFETY - HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITUDES, *FILMS, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
*MANAGEMENT, *SAFETY, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION
DESC NOTE (NO. 142.19-9) 16MM, 10 MIN. COLOR; FOUR-FILM SET
(EW002788-EW002791) "HUMAN FACTORS IN SAFETY" SERIES
ABSTRACT DEALS WITH THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION. HOW THE
BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE WITH OTHER PEOPLE CAN BE FACTORS IN CAUSING
OR AVOIDING ACCIDENTS. SHOWS HOW TO MAKE A GROUP OF PEOPLE
FEEL LIKE PART OF A TEAM AND FUNCTION LIKE ONE.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE TOUGH ONES TAKE LONGER - COMMUNICATING SAFETY SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ATTITODES, *FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
*MANAGEMENT, *SAFETY, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION
DESC NOTE 16MM, 10 MIN. COLOR; THREE FILM SERIES "COMMUNICATING SAFETY"
SERIES NO. 147.20-9; PRICE: $540.00 PER SET; SEE EW002785 AND
EW002786
ABSTRACT HELPS SUPERVISORS RECOGNIZE AND COPE WITH PROBLEMS WITH PROBLEM
PEOPLE SUCH AS THE WORRIER, THE CYNIC, THE PUT-OFF AND THE
PREOCCUPIED WORKER.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
157
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TITLE YOU AND WHAT YOU DO - SAFETY AWARENESS SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($195.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 147.26-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; THREE FILM SET
(EW002805-EW002807) "SAFETY AWARENESS" SERIES
ABSTRACT STUDIES THE DANGER INVOLVED WHEN PEOPLE AREN'T COMPLETELY
TRAINED IN A PARTICULAR JOB...OR DON'T UNDERSTAND SPECIFIC
INSTRUCTIONS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
158
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SECTION II
Safety: The Individual Worker
TITLE A NEW WAY TO LIFT.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOV1SUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *LIFTING, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 171.26-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT ILLUSTRATES A UNIQUE WAY TO LIFT LOADS OF ALL SIZES AND SHAPES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE AVOIDING CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS.
AUTHOR NEW, BRUCE A.
AVAIL POLLUTION ENGINEERING, V 11 N8 P35-38 AUG 79
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *SAFETY, EQUIPMENT, *WORK ENVIRONMENT,
*FACILITIES, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
STANDARDS
ABSTRACT DISCUSSED ARE THE HAZARDS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH CONFINED
ENTRY SPACES WITHIN WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFETY PROCEDURES AND PERSONNEL PROTECTION
EQUIPMENT ARE PROVIDED.
TITLE BARE MINIMUM - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($155.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *EQUIPMENT, *FILMS,
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, rNSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 148.16-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; EIGHT FILM SET
(EW27960EW002803) "SAFETY MANAGEMENT" SERIES
ABSTRACT VALUE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
INST NftME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE BASIC HAND SAFETY (COURSE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLD3., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *HAND SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
*INDUSTRY, OPERATIONS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SELF
PACED INSTRUCTION
DESC NOTE COURSE NO. 569
ABSTRACT INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON USING ONE'S HANDS IN A SAFE WAY.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE BASIC SEWAGE TREATMENT OPERATION.
PUB DATE NOV 76
AVAIL PUBLICATIONS CENTRE, ONTARIO MINISTRY OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES,
880 BAY STREET, 5TH FLOOR, TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA M7A 1N8
($2.00; ORDERS MUST BE ACCOMPANIED BY CHECK OR MONEY ORDER
PAYABLE TO "THE TREASURER OF ONTARIO")
159
-------
*BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES, *ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNICIANS, JOB SKILLS, *POLLOTION, SAFETY SAMPLING, WASTE
DISPOSAL, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL, *WORKSHOPS
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL WAS DEVELOPED FOR USE AT WORKSHOPS DESIGNED TO
INTRODUCE OPERATORS TO THE FUNDAMENTALS OF SEWAGE PLANT
OPERATION. THE COURSE CONSISTS OF LECTURE-DISCUSSIONS AND
HAND-ON ACTIVITIES. EACH OF THE LESSONS HAS CLEARLY STATED
BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES TO TELL THE TRAINEE WHAT HE SHOULD KNOW
OR DO AFTER COMPLETING THAT TOPIC. AREAS COVERED IN THIS MANUAL
INCLUDE: INTRODUCTION TO SEWAGE TREATMENT, BACTERIOLOGY,
PRIMARY TREATMENT, ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, SAMPLING AND
RECORD KEEPING, SAFETY, AND SELECTED TESTS. A GLOSSARY OF TERMS
IS INCLUDED FOR REFERENCE.
INST NAME ONTARIO MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT, TORONTO.
TITLE BODY MECHANICS.
PUB DATE 66
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER, REFERENCE SECTION, GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 ($52.25)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL
FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *MANUAL LABOR, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 181427), (AGENCY NO. M-1336), 16MM, 9 MIN., OPTICAL
ABSTRACT SOUND, COLOR
SHOWS DO'S AND DON'TS OF LIFTING TECHNIQUES USED BY PHYSICAL
THERAPISTS. EMPHASIZES USE OF PROPER BODY MECHANICS AS A
PROTECTION TO BOTH PATIENT AND THERAPIST.
TITLE DOWN AND OUT.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 171.20-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT DEMONSTRATES VARIOUS TYPES OF FALLS AND HOW TO AVOID THEM.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE GUARD YOUR HANDS.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *HANDS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING, *SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.16-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT TELLS WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT TO PROTECT HANDS AND EXPLAINS HOW
TO AVOID HAND INJURIES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
160
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TITLE GUARD YOUR SIGHT.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *EYES, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SLIDES, *VISION,
VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.08-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT EMPHASIZES THE NEED FOR EYE PROTECTION AND DEFEATS THE TYPICAL
EXCUSES GIVEN FOR NOT WEARING SAFETY GLASSES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE HAND TOOLS.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *EQUIPMENT, *HAND TOOLS, INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY, SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.04-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT REVIEWS PROPER USE, CARE, AND MAINTENANCE OF HAND TOOLS; GIVES
RULES FOR USAGE OF MOST COMMON TOOLS (WRENCHES, HAMMERS,
CHISELS, OTHERS).
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE HAND TRAPS.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($1.05)
DESC *AOCIDENT PREVENTION, *HANDS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 8P. (NO. 195.13-9) MINIMUM ORDER OF 50 LEAFLETS
ABSTRACT DESCRIBES THE FIVE BASIC MECHANICAL ACTIONS THAT CAN INJURE
HANDS: ROTATING, IN-RUNNING NIP, SHEARING, SMASHING,
PUNCTURING.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE HEAD PROTECTION.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO,
IL 60611 ($46.80)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ECCIPMENT, HEAD PROTECTION, *INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, *SAFETY, SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.73-9) 30 SLIDES, COLOR, CASSETTS
ABSTRACT IDEAL FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKERS AND OTHERS WHO WEAR HARD HATS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE MANUAL LIFTING AND HANDLING.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *LIFTING, *SAFETY,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, SLIDES,
VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.13-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
EXPLAINS HOW TO LIFT OBJECTS WITHOUT INJURING THE BACK AND HOW
ABSTRACT TO HANDLE OBJECTS OF VARYING SIZES AND SHAPES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
161
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TITLE MESSAGE IN THE BOTTLE.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
rSSC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, ALCOHOLISM,
*INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 396.01-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT EXPOSES THE AFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON ONE'S ABILITY TO PERFORM SUCH
TASKS AS DRIVING, OPERATING MACHINERY, SWIMMING, CLIMBING A
LADDER.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE MULTIPLE CHOICE.
PUB DATE 75
AVAIL TECHNICAL LIBRARY, AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION, 6666
QUINCY AVE., DENVER, CO 80235 RENTAL FEE - $5.00
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *CONSTRUCTION,
*EQUIPMENT OPERATION, FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, JOB
SKILLS, *SAFETY, *WORK ENVIRONMENT
DESC NOTE 25 MINUTE COLOR FILM-16MM.
ABSTRACT THIS FILM PRESENTS SIX SITUATIONAL DRAMATIZATIONS OF JUDGMENTAL
ERRORS MADE BY HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATORS. THE INFORMATION
PROVDIES A BACKGROUND FOR CHOICES BETWEEN SAFETY AND DISASTER.
INST NAME CATERPILLAR TRACTOR COMPANY, PEORIA, IL
TITLE OH MY ACHING BACK.
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER, REFERENCE SECTION, GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (PURCHASE PRICE:
$121.75)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FIIMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *MANUAL
LABOR, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 003550) 16MM, 21 MIN., OPTICAL SOUND, COLOR
ABSTRACT SHOWS THE CORRECT METHOD OF LIFTING, INCLUDING GOOD POSTURE,
POSITION, AND SMOOTH APPLICATION OF LIFTING POWER. ILLUSTRATES
HOW STRAINS OCCUR AND HOW DISCS ARE PINCHED. EMPHASIZES THE
NEED FOR PROPER LIFTING AND HANDLING OF WORKING TOOLS AND
MATERIALS.
TITLE OH MY ACHING BACK.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($46.80)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *MANUAL LABOR, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.75-9) 30 SLIDES, COLOR, CASSETTE
ABSTRACT EXPLAINS SOME OF THE COMMON CAUSES OF BACK PAIN AND SPRAINS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
162
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TITLE ON EVERY HAND.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, *MATERIALS HANDLING, *PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, *PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT, *SAFETY, EQUIPMENT, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION
DESC NOTE (NO. 171.25-9) 16MM, 10 MIN. COLOR
ABSTRACT DEMONSTRATES PRECAUTIONS AND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TO HELP
PREVENT HAND INJURIES FROM CHEMICALS, IMPROPER USE OF TOOLS,
MACHINES, ETC.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (COURSE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *EQUIPMENT, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
*OPERATIONS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SELF PACED
INSTRUCTION
DESC NOTE COURSE NO. 561
ABSTRACT INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE SAFE WORK DRESS.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($46.80)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *PROTECTIVE CLOTHING,
*SAFETY, SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.74—9) 30 SLIDES, COLOR, CASSETTE
ABSTRACT ILLUSTRATES IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SAFETY AFOOT.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH'MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($195.00)]
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, EQUIPMENT, *FILMS,
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, *PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT,
*SAFETY, *SAFETY SHOES
DESC NOTE (NO. 171.12-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT CLEVER CLAY-ANIMATION "FOOT PEOPLE" DEPICT THE DANGERS OF NOT
WEARING SHOES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR ELECTRONICS PERSONNEL.
PUB DATE 76
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER, REFERENCE SECTION, GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (PURCHASE PRICE:
$59.50)
163
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DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
INST NAME
TITLE
AVAIL
DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
INST NAME
TITLE
AVAIL
DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
INST NAME
TITLE
AVAIL
DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
INST NAME
TITLE
AVAIL
DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
INST NAME
*ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *ELECTRONICS
TECHNICIANS, ELECTRICITY, *FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
(TITLE NO. 661450) (AGENCY NO. MN06754) 16MM., 18 MIN., OPTICAL
SOUND, BLACK & WHITE.
SHOW ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL HAZARDS WHICH ELECTRONICS
TECHNICIANS ENCOUNTER IN THEIR NORMAL WORK; STRESSES
PRECAUTIONS WHICH SHOULD BE EMPLOYED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS.
NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND.
SPOTLIGHT ON FALLS.
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($0.11)
*ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, MANAGEMENT, OBSERVATION, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY, *SUPERVISION
8P. (NO. 192.16-9) MINIMUM ORDER OF 50
GUIDE TO HELP SUPERVISORS DEVELOP AN EFFECTIVE SAFETY
OBSERVATION PROGRAM TO FIT ANY OPERATION.
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TECHNIQUES FOR LIFTING.
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($195.00)
*ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *LIFTING, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
(NO. 171.14-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR
CLAY-ANIMATION TECHNIQUE USES ABSTRACT CHARACTERS TO ILLUSTRATE
THE PROPER WAY TO LIFT LOADS OF VARIOUS SIZES AND SHAPES.
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TIPS FOR NEW EMPLOYEES.
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
*ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SLIDES, VISUAL
AIDS
(NO. 176.10-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT.
OUTLINES BASIC SAFETY RULES OF INTEREST TO ALL NEW EMPLOYEES,
IK) MATTER WHAT THEIR NEW JOBS ARE.
NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TOOL HAZARDS (COURSE).
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON,
($1.90)
*ACCIDENT PREVENTION, EQUIPMENT, *HAND TOOLS,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, OPERATIONS, *POST
EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *SELF PACED INSTRUCTION
COURSE NO. 573
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL ON USE OF HAND TOOLS.
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
& APPLIED
DE 19898
INDUSTRY,
SECONDARY
164
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TITLE WE'LL SEE TOMORROW.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($185.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, EQUIPMENT, EYES,
*FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *VISION
DESC MPTE (NO. 171.65-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT SAFETY-CONSCIOUS EMPLOYEE FORGETS ABOUT EYE PROTECTION, JUST
ONCE. INTERESTING AND DRAMATIC...INSPIRES CONTINUED USE OF
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE WORK AREA PROTECTION.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IE
60611 ($19.20)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SLIDES, VISUAL
AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 129.19-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT OUTLINES BASIC SAFETY PROTECTTCN FOR ALL EMPLOYEES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE YOU'RE IN THE ACT.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($.31)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *SAFETY RULES
DESC NOTE 36P. (NO. 192.15-9)
ABSTRACT ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET FEATURES HUNDREDS OF SENSIBLE SAFETY RULES
FOR NEARLY EVERY IMPORTANT PLANT ACTIVITY.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE YOUR BODY IS ONLY HUMAN - SAFETY AWARENESS SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($195.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, EQUIPMENT, *FILMS,
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, MATERIALS
HANDLING, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 147.27-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR: THREE FILM SET
(EW002805-EW002807) "SAFETY AWARENESS" SERIES
ABSTRACT SPOTLIGHTS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIND AND BODY IN
ESTABLISHING SAFE WORK PATTERNS. MAN'S PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS ARE
EXPLORED, AND THE PROPER USE OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT TO AUGMENT
STRENGTH AND DEXTERITY ARE DESCRIBED.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
165
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TITLE YOUR FEET ARE YOUR FORTUNE.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
EESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *PROTECTIVE CLOTHING,
*SAFETY, *SAFE1Y SHOES, SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.19-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT TEACHES THE NEED FOR FOOT CARE AND PROTECTION AND DEMONSTRATES
THE BENEFITS OF SAFETY SHOES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
166
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SECTION III
Safety: Plant Design and General Operation
TITLE AUDIO VISUAL TRAINING PROGRAM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
OPERATORS.
PUB DATE 76
AVAIL GREEN RIVER COMMUNITY COLLEGE, 12401 S.E. 320TH ST., AUBURN, WA
98002 PRICE: $5.00, RENTAL. $300.00 PURCHASE
DESC AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, DISINFECTION, INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION,
*INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, MAINTENANCE, *OPERATIONS
(WASTEWATER), RECORD KEEPING, SAFETY, SAMPLING, SEWAGE,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 287P. 35MM SLIDES, 10 CASSETTES, WORKBOOKS, INSTRUCTOR'S
MANUAL.
ABSTRACT INCLUDES UNITS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE, NATURAL BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT PROCESSES, WASTE TREATMENT METHODS, DISINFECTION,
TESTS AND SAMPLING, RECORD KEEPING, MAINTENANCE, AND SAFETY.
TITLE FIRST COURSE WORKBOOK FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS.
AUTHOR SHEETS, W. D.; BLANCHARD, D. A.
PUB DATE 75
AVAIL OPERATOR TRAINING COMMITTEE OF OHIO, INC., P.O. BOX 626,
WORTHINGTON, OHIO 43085 ($16.00)
DESC EQUIPMENT, *ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, *INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *JOB SKILLS, MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT, *OPERATIONS
(WATER), *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, SAFETY, *WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, WATER QUALITY, *WATER TREATMENT
ABSTRACT WORKBOOK FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS.
TITLE FUELS AND LUBRICANTS: SELECTING AND STORING.
PUB DATE 73
AVAIL AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR VOCATIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
ENGINEERING CENTER, ATHENS, GA 30602
DESC CONSUMER EDUCATION, DIESEL FUEL, *FUELS, *GAS, HYDRAULIC FLUID,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LUBRICANTS, OIL, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, SAFETY, *SLIDES, *VTSUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE ORDER NO. M102 (TRANSPARENCY, $7.95), NO. S102 (SLIDES,
$29.85), NO. 102 (PRINTED, $3.45)
ABSTRACT AS THE SUPPLY OF PETROLEUM FUELS AND LUBRICANTS BECOMES SMALLER
AND COST CONTINUES TO INCREASE, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT EVERYONE
LEARN HOW TO SELECT THEM PROPERLY AND TO STORE THEM SAFELY.
FROM THIS STUDY, A STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO SELECT AND STORE THE
FOLLOWING FUELS AND LUBRICANTS PROPERLY, GASOLINE, LP-GAS,
DIESEL FUEL, CRANKCASE OIL, GEAR LUBRICANT, HYDRAULIC FLUID,
GREASE.
INST NAME AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR VOCATIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS.
TITLE HOUSEKEEPING MEANS SAFEKEEPING.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($195.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, INSTRUCTIONAL
FILMS, *MAINTENANCE, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
1-67
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DESC NOTE (NO. 171.36-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT FORCEFUL DRAMATIZATION OF THE PAINFUL CONSEQUENCES OF POOR
INDUSTRIAL HOUSEKEEPING.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE HOW TO PREVENT FALLS.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *SLIDES, VISUAL
AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.17-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT TEACHES HOW TO SPOT HAZARDS THAT CAUSE FALLS AND HOW TO CORRECT
THESE HAZARDS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE IDENTIFY AND PREVENT CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS.
AUTHOR NEU, BRUCE A.
PUB DATE SEPT 79
AVAIL WATER AND WASTES ENGINEERING, V16 N9
DESC *SAFETY, *WORK ENVIRONMENT, *SEWERS, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER),
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EQUIPMENT, ENGINEERING, *ACCIDENT
PREVENTION
DESC NOTE 90-93
ABSTRACT THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTEWATER
COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OPERATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS WHICH
SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED TO INSURE OPERATOR SAFETY. MOISTURE,
TOXIC AND COMBUSTIBLE GASES, AND OTHER HAZARDS ARE COVERED.
TITLE INDUSTRIAL HOUSEKEEPING (COURSE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INDUSTRY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
MAINTENANCE, OPERATIONS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
SELF PACED INSTRUCTION
DESC NOTE COURSE NO. 575
ABSTRACT INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL ON INDUSTRIAL HOUSEKEEPING.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE KEEP IT CLEAN FOR SAFETYS SAKE.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($115.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MAINTENANCE, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 171.10-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT STOP-ACTION ANIMATION TECHNIQUE PROVIDES STEP-BY-STEP VISUAL
PRESENTATION OF THE NEED FOR GOOD PLANT HOUSEKEEPING.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
168
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TITLE MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR PACKAGE PLANT OPERATORS.
AVAIL EPA INFORMATION DISSEMINATION PROJECT, 1200 CHAMBERS RD., 3RD
FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OHIO 43212 ($1.63)
DESC CHLORINATION, COST EFFECTIVENESS, ENGINEERING, FACILITIES,
*INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *JOB SKILLS, MAINTENANCE, *WEST
VIRGINIA, *PACKAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, *OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER),
PRETREATMENT, SANITATION, SLUDGE, UTILITIES, *WASTEHATER
TREATMENT, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
DESC NOTE 21P
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL PROVIDES BASIC INFORMATION NECESSARY TO PROPERLY
OPERATE AND MAINTAIN A WASTEHATER TREATMENT PACKAGE PLANT. THE
UNITS PRESENTED INCLUDE: (1) INSTALLATION; (2) PRETREATMENT;
(3) SLUDGE HOLDING TANKS; (4) CHLORINATION; (5) TROUBLE
SHOOTING; (6) SAFETY; AND (7) A SERVICE CHECK LIST.
INST NAME WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, DIVISION OF SANITARY
ENGINEERING.
TITLE MARGIN FOR SAFETY.
PUB DATE 70
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 2626 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., NW,
WASHINGTON, DC 20037 ($11.50)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, EQUIPMENT, FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS, *FIRE PROTECTION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFE1Y,
*SLIDES, WASTE DISPOSAL, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 18 MIN. TAPE, 45 SLIDES, AND SCRIPT, AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM
NTOTC, 26 W ST CLAIR, CINCINNATI, OH 45268
ABSTRACT PROVIDING SAFE CONDITIONS FOR PERFORMANCE OF ROUTINE DUTIES IN
WASTEWATER WORKS. INCLUDES DETAILED DISCUSSIONS OF THE
IMPORTANCE OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING, PREVENTING SLIPS OR FALLS,
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, AND DEALING WITH FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS, MACHINERY WITH MOVING PARTS AND VEHICULAR
TRAFFIC IN WORK AREAS. ALSO EMPHASIZES SAFETY ATTITUDES.
INST NAME WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION.
TITLE MIND OVER MATTER - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($155.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FIIMS, *INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *MANAGEMENT, MATERIALS HANDLING,
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 148.14-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR: EIGHT FILM SET
(EW002796-EW002803) "SAFETY MANAGEMENT" SERIES
ABSTRACT HOW TO PREVENT MATERIALS HANDLING ACCIDENTS.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE MOVING STORY.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($0.095)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *MATERIALS HANDLING, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY
DESC NOTE 8P. (NO. 195.61-9) (MINIMUM ORDER OF 50)
ABSTRACT TEACHES SAFE MATERIAL HANDLING.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
169
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TITLE OFFICE SAFETY (COURSE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *OFFICE SAFETY,
OPERATIONS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *SELF PACED
INSTRUCTION
DESC NOTE COURSE NO. 571
ABSTRACT INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL ON SAFE PRACTICES TO THE OFFICE.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS.
PUB DATE 76
AVAIL GREEN RIVER COMMUNITY COLLEGE, 12401 S.E. 320TH ST. AUBURN, WA
98002 PRICE: $34.00
DESC ADMINISTRATION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, INSPECTION, LIFT STATIONS,
*MAINTENANCE, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), SAFETY, SEWERS,
*WASTEWATER COLLECTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 143P. 35 MM SLIDES AND SLIDE NARRATIVE, INSTRUCTOR'S AND
STUDENT'S MANUALS.
ABSTRACT INCLUDES UNITS ON INSPECTION, TESTING, CLEANING AND MAINTAINING
SEWERS, REPAIRS, LIFT STATIONS, SAFETY, ADMINISTRATION AND
ORGANIZATION.
TITLE PORTABLE LADDERS.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($39.60)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *EQUIPMENT, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LADDERS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY, SLIDES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 176.05-9) 30 (2X2) SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT POINTS OUT MANY COMMON HAZARDS OF USING LADDERS AND TELLS HOW
TO HANDLE THEM SAFELY.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE POWERED LIFT TRUCKS - OPERATOR TRAINING.
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WILMINGTON, DE 19898
($16.50)
DESC COURSE CONTENT, *EQUIPMENT, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
MAINTENANCE, *MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT, *MOTOR VEHICLES, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, SAFETY, *FORK LIFTS, *POWERED LIFT TRUCKS
DESC NOTE ORDER NO. 135; 7 HRS. AVERAGE INSTRUCTICIN TIME
ABSTRACT A FIVE-PART COURSE ON SAFE, ERROR FREE OPERATION OF THE POWERED
LIFT TRUCK INCLUDING: LOADS AND THEIR EFFECT, MAINTAINING
CONTROL, THE PROFESSIONAL OPERATOR, LIFT TRUCK OPERATION, LOAD
HANDLING. SAFE OPERATING RULES ARE ESTABLISHED FOR: LOAD
WEIGHT, LOAD CENTER, CARRYING POSITION, OPERATING SPEED,
DRIVING TECHNIQUES, PERSONAL SAFETY PRACTICES, OPERATING
PROCEDURES, AND INSPECTION PROCEDURES.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
170
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TITLE SAFE WAY.
PUB DATE 70
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 2626 PENNSYLVANIA AVE., NW,
WASHINGTON, DC 20037 ($11.50)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, EQUIPMENT, FIRE
PROTECTION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER),
POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *SLIDES, WASTE DISPOSAL,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 14 MIN. TAPW, 39 SLIDES, AND SCRIPT, AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM
NTOTC, 26 W ST CLAIR, CINCINNATI, OH 45268
ABSTRACT PERFORMING ROUTINE DUTIES IN WASTEWATER WORKS IN A SAFE WAY.
DUTIES CONSIDERED INVOLVE MANHOLES, ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT,
SAMPLING, CONTAMINATED WATER, AIR TOOLS, STEEP STAIRWAYS,
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC, EXCAVATIONS, BAR SCREENS, WIRE ROPES,
FLAMMABLE MATRIALS AND CHEMICALS.
INST NAME WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION.
TITLE SAFETY IN WASTEWATER WORKS.
PUB DATE 75
AVAIL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, PUBLICATIONS DEPT., 3900
WISCONSIN AVE., NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20016 ($2.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, MAINTENANCE,
OPERATIONS (WASTEWATER), POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *WASTEWATER COLLECTION
DESC NOTE 56P. MOP REPORT NO. 1
ABSTRACT INCLUDES INFORMATION ON SAFE PRACTICES IN THE DESIGN,
OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND
TREATMENT SYSTEMS. AREAS DISCUSSED INCLUDE RESPONSIBILITIES,
SAFETY PROGRAMS, OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE, NOXIOUS GASES AND
VAPORS, OXYGEN DEFICIENCY, SAFETY PRACTICES, EQUIPMENT,
ACCIDENT REPORTING, INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS.
INST NAME WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION.
TITLE SAFETY IS IN ORDER - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SERIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($155.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, MAINTENANCE, *MANAGEMENT, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (NO. 148.15-9) 16MM, 10 MIN., COLOR; EIGHT FILM SET
(EW002796-EW002803) "SAFETY MANAGEMENT" SERIES
ABSTRACT HOW HOUSEKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE RELATE TO SAFETY AND
EFFICIENCY.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SECOND COURSE WORKBOOK FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS.
AUTHOR SHEETS, W. D.; HAGERTY, L. T.
PUB DATE 75
AVAIL OPERATOR TRAINING COMMITTEE OF OHIO, INC., P.O. BOX 626,
WORTHINGTON, OHIO 43085 ($20.00)
171
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DESC EQUIPMENT, *ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICIANS, INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *JOB SKILLS, MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT, *OPERATORS
(WATER), *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, SAFETY, *WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, WATER QUALITY, *WATER TREATMENT
ABSTRACT WORKBOOK FOR ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATIONAL
PROBLEMS.
TITLE WORKBOOK: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR WASTEWATER OPERATORS, 3RD
EDITION.
AUTHOR COVENTRY, F. L.
PUB DATE 74
AVAIL F. L. COVENTRY, RT. 4, BOX 154 A, ROCKVILLE, IN 47872 ($3.00)
DESC ACTIVATED SLUDGE, BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT, CERTIFICATION,
*INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, MAINTENANCE, *OPERATIONS
(WASTEWATER), *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *STUDY QUESTIONS,
STABILIZATION LAGOONS, SAFETY, TRICKLIN3 FILTERS, *WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
DESC ,NOTE 64P. 520 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
ABSTRACT THIS IS NOT A TEXTBOOK ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPERATIONS. IT
IS A HANDBOOK. THE PLANT OPERATOR WHO CAN ANSWER THESE
QUESTIONS CORRECTLY WILL BE ABLE TO PASS MANY COMPREHENSIVE
CERTIFICATION TESTS.
172
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SECTION IV
Safety: Chemicals- Gases
TITLE CHLORINE FACTS (FACT).
PUB DATE 69
AVAIL THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC., 342 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY
10017 ($1.50)
DESC *CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, *CHLORINE, DISEASE CONTROL, *ENVIRONMENTAL
INFLUENCES, INDUSTRY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *PUBLIC HEALTH, *SAFETY, WATER QUALITY, WATER
TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 24P.
ABSTRACT PRESENTS A QUICK SUMMARY OF CHLORINE'S HISTORY, MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES, LOCATIONS OF PRODUCTION AND PACKAGING PLANTS,
SHIPPING AND SAFETY PRACTICES, U.S. AND CANADIAN PRODUCTION
TRENDS, A CHART OF END USES FOR CHLORINE AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY.
INST NAME THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE.
TITLE CHLORINE: HANDLE IT WITH CARE
PUB DATE JUN 79
AVAIL THE AMERICAN CITY & COUNTY, V94, N6, P55-56, JUN 79
DESC *SAFETY, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, WATER TREATMENT, PUBLIC HEALTH,
*JOB SKILLS, *FIRST AID, *CHLORINE
ABSTRACT STRESSED ARE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE UTILIZED BY PERSONNEL
HANDLING CHLORINE. THE DO'S AND DON'TS OF CHLORINE SAFETY ARE
EMPHASIZED AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES OUTLINED.
TITLE CHLORINE MANUAL
PUB DATE 69
AVAIL THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC. , 342 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY
10017 ($1.75)
DESC *CHEMICAL REACTIONS, *CHLORINE, DISEASE CONTROL, EQUIPMENT
UTILIZATION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, JOB SKILLS, *POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, WATER TREATMENT, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 30P. NO. 1, 4TH ED.
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL IS INTENDED TO BE A COMPENDIUM OF EXPERIENCE OF
MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND PRACTICES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SAFE
HANDLING, STORAGE, SHIPMENT AND USE OF CHLORINE. IMPORTANT
PROPERTIES OF CHLORINE ARE INCLUDED AS WELL AS PRACTICAL
METHODS OF DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES THAT MAY BE ENCOUNTERED.
INST NAME THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.
TITLE FACILITIES AND OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR CHLORINE STORAGE.
AVAIL THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC., 342 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY
10017 ($1.75)
DESC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, *CHLORINE, *EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION,
FACILITIES, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION,
*SAFETY
173
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DESC NOTE 20P. INCLUDES DRAWINGS, NO. 5, 3RD ED.
ABSTRACT SUGGESTS GENERALLY APPLICABLE EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING
PROCEDURES FOR CHLORINE STORAGE FACILITIES.
INST NAME THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.
TITLE FACILITIES AND OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR CHLORINE STORAGE.
EDITION 3 REVISION 3. PAMPHLET 5.
PUB DATE OCT 77
AVAIL THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC. 342 MADISON AVE NEW YORK* NY 10017
($2.00)
DESC *CHLORINE, *CHEMICAL REACTIONS, *CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN,
EQUIPMENT, FACILITIES, *GUIDELINES, MAINTENANCE, *STANDARDS,
*SAFETY
DESC NOTE 20P
ABSTRACT THIS PAMPHLET PROVIDES BASIC INFORMATION REGARDING THE DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION, LOCATION, INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF CHLORINE
STORAGE SYSTEMS.
INST NAME CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.
TITLE FIRST AID AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF CHLORINE EXPOSURES.
PUB DATE 75
AVAIL THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC., 342 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY
10017 ($1.25)
DESC *CHEMICAL REACTIONS, *CHLORINE, *FIRST AID, * INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 4P. NO. 63, 2ND ED.
ABSTRACT GIVES REOTMENDATIONS ON FIRST AID AND MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF
CHLORINE EXPOSURES. DEVELOPED BY THE INSTITUTE'S ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH COMMITTEE.
INST NAME THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.
TITLE LET'S INVENTORY YOUR CHLORINE HANDLING PRACTICES.
AUTHOR MCEWEN, ROBERT S.
PUB DATE NOV 70
DESC *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, CHEMISTRY, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
POLLUTION, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, *WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL, *CHIORINE, *WASTEWATER TREATMENT, *WATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE INCLUDED IS A 32 MINUTE TAPE, 80 SLIDES, AND A SCRIPT.
AVAILABLE ON LOAN FROM NTOTC, 26 W. ST. CIAIR, CINCINNATI, OH
45268
ABSTRACT THIS MODULE IS DESIGNED FOR ALL PERSONNEL IN WATER SUPPLY AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS. IT DISCUSSES THE HANDLING OF
ELEMENTAL CHLORINE. THE PRINCIPLE DIVISIONS OF INFORMATION ARE
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHLORINE, SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SIX SEGMENTS OF TYPICAL CHLORINE FEED
SYSTEMS. CHLORINE EMERGENCY PROCEDURES, IN-PLANT OPERATING
PROCEDURES FOR SAFE HANDLING OF CHLORINE (15 ITEMS), AND
SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.
TITLE OPERATION OF CHLORINE VAPORIZING EQUIPMENT.
PUB DATE 70
AVAIL THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC., 342 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY
10017 ($1.75)
174
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DESC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, *CHLORINE, ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES,
*EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION, HEALTH, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, JOB
SKILLS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 16P. NO. 9, 2ND ED.
ABSTRACT CONTAINS INFORMATION INTENDED TO ASSIST IN THE SELECTION,
DESIGN AND SAFE OPERATION OF VAPORIZERS.
INST NAME THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.
TITLE SAFE HANDLING OF CHLORINE.
PUB DATE 70
AVAIL MODERN TALKING PICTURE SERVICE, 1687 ELMHURST ROAD, ELK GROVE
VILLAGE, IL 60007 (FREE RENTAL)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *CHEMICAL INDUSTRY,
*CHLORINE, *FILMS, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 16MM, 25 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT PROCEDURES FOR HANDLING CHLORINE CYLINDERS, TON CONTAINERS,
TANK CARS AND BARGES ARE OUTLINED IN THIS FILM. ALSO DISCUSSED
ARE APPROPRIATE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION, PUMPING CHLORINE,
CHECKING STORAGE TANKS, OPERATING VAPORIZERS, REPACKING VALVES,
AND TRAINING OPERATORS TO HANDLE CHLORINE SAFELY.
INST NAME PITTSBURGH PLATE GLASS.
TITLE TANK ENTRY (COURSE).
AVAIL E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, INC., EDUCATION & APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY DIVISION, BRANDYWINE BLDG., WIUHNGTON, DE 19898
($1.90)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, *INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, OPERATIONS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY, SELF
PACED INSTRUCTION, *TANKS, *TANK CLEANING, *TANK INSPECTION
DESC NOTE COURSE NO. 567
ABSTRACT INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL ON TANK ENTRY.
INST NAME E.I. DUPONT DE NOMOURS & COMPANY, INC.
TITLE WALL CHART - SAFE HANDLING OF CHLORINE CONTAINERS (WC-1).
PUB DATE 64
AVAIL THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC., 342 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY
10017 ($1.75)
DESC *CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, CHEMICAL REACTIONS, *CHLORINE, *EQUIPMENT
UTILIZATION, *FIRST AID, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *SAFETY,
*WALL CHARTS
DESC NOTE CHART MEASURES 12 1/2 X 23 INCHES
ABSTRACT CONTAINS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF CHLORINE
CYLINDERS AND TON CONTAINERS, EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND
APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID.
INST NAME THE CHLORINE INSTITUTE, INC.
175
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SECTION V
Safety: Electricity
TITLE ELECTRICAL SWITCH LOCKOUT PROCEDURE.
AVAIL MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION, 1825 CONNECTICUT AVENUE,
NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 ($1.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS, *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
*INSTRUCnONAL MATERIALS, OPERATIONS (PLANT), *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION
DESC NOTE 4P. ORDER NO. SG-9
ABSTRACT PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF LOCKOUT BARS AND TAGS ARE DESCRIBED.
INST NAME MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION
177
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SECTION VI
Safety: Fire and Explosion
TITLE FIRE" CONCEPTS AND BEHAVIOR.
AVAIL N.F.P.A. FILM LIBRARY, 40 PARK AVENUE, SOOTH, NEW YORK, NY
PURCHASE PRICE $295.00/RENTAL $45.00 PER DAY
DESC NOTE (COLOR/20 MIN. FILM)
ABSTRACT THIS FILM IS FOR INDUSTRIAL FIRE BRIGADES, FIRE DEPARTMENTS
AND FIRE SCIENCE STUDENTS. IT TEACHES FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
OF FIRE SCIENCE AND GIVES PRACTICAL GUIDANCE ON HOW TO RELATE
FIRE SCIENCE THEORY TO REAL LIFE FIRE SITUATIONS.
TITLE FLAMMABLES: ENGINEERING.
AVAIL PROTECTOSEAL COMPANY, 225 WEST FOSTER AVENUE, BENSENVILLE, IL
60106. PURCHASE PRICE $150.00
DESC NOTE (COLOR/26 MIN. FILM)
ABSTRACT FOR USE AS A THREEFOLD PURPOSE: (1) DEMONSTRATES POTENTIAL
HAZARDS IN THE MISHANDLING OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS; (2) EDUCATES
PERSONNEL IN CORRECT TECHNIQUES AND METHODS IN THE HANDLING
OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS; AND (3) STIMULATES INTEREST IN, AND
COOPERATION WITH, SAFETY DEPARTMENTS IN SETTING UP FLAMMABLE
LIQUID HANDLING PROCEDURES.
TITLE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS - EMERGENCY RESPONSE.
AVAIL CORTER-MEDIA FIRE FILMS, 121 N.W. CRYSTAL ST., CRYSTAL RIVER,
FL 32629. PURCHASE PRICE $425.00/RENTAL $55.00 - 3 DAYS.
DESC NOTE (COLOR/30 MIN. FILM)
ABSTRACT AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS INCIDENTS. COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION UTILITIES
TV AND FILM COVERAGE OF 15 DIVERSIFIED INCIDENTS. THESE
INCIDENTS INCLUDE ALL TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS AND
STORAGE AND MANUFACTURING ACCIDENTS. SUBJECT AREAS INCLUDE:
(1) .CHEMICAL RECOGNITION, IDENTIFICATION, AND HAZARDS, (2)
PROBLEMS WITH LEAKS, SPILLS, FIRES, AND EXPLOSIONS.
TITLE POLYMERS AND FIRES.
AVAIL B. F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL CORPORATION, 6100 OAKTREE BLVD.,
CLEVELAND, OH 44131. PURCHASE PRICE $62.00
DESC NOTE (COLOR/14 MIN. FILM)
ABSTRACT HYDROCARBONS - WHAT MAKES UP POLYMERS (HYDROCARBONS) AND WHAT
HAPPENS WHEN. THEY BURN. IT TALKS ABOUT WHAT THE FIREFIGHTER
CAN DO TO PROTECT HIMSELF FROM THE TOXIC GASES GIVEN OFF BY
BURNING POLYMERS.
TITLE PROGNOSIS: FIRE.
AVAIL FIRE PREVENTION THROUGH FILMS, INC., BOX II, NEWTON HIGHLANDS,
MA 02161. PURCHASE PRICE $260.00
DESC NOTE (COLOR/20 MIN. FILM)
179
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ABSTRACT THE MOST UP-TO-DATE TRAINING AID FOR TEACHING HEALTH CARE
FACILITIES STAFF, INCLUDING NURSES, TECHNICIANS, HOUSE-
KEEPING, OFFICE, MAINTENANCE STAFF AND OTHER PERSONNEL HOW
TO KEEP THEIR FACILITY SAFE FROM FIRE. THE FILM PRESENTS
EMPLOYEE'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR (1) FIRE PREVENTION: CAUSES
OF FIRES, AND RECOGNIZING AND ELIMINATING HAZARDS; (2) FIRE
CONTROL: KNOWING ABOUT FIRE DOORS AND OTHER BUILDING
FEATURES; KNOWING ABOUT FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND HCW AND
WHEN TO USE IT; AND (3) EMERGENCY ACTION: PROCEDURES AND
SEQUENCE OF REQUIRED ACTION; EVACUATION AND RELOCATION OF
PATIENTS.
TITLE RUBBLE TROUBLE.
AVAIL FILM COMMUNICATORS, 1136 WEDDINGTCN ST., NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CA
91601. PURCHASE PRICE $275.00/RENTAL $55.00-WEEK
DESC NOTE (COLOR/11 WIN. FILM)
ABSTRACT THIS LTVE-ACTION/ANIMATED FILM ON WASTE DISPOSAL FOR FIRE
PREVENTION CAN KEEP YOUR PLANT OUT OF "RUBBLE TROUBLE."
INDUSTRIAL WASTE, CARELESSLY SORTED, CAN BE FIRE'S BEST
FRIEND. OILY RAGS, DUST, TRASH, AND RUBBISH WERE BORN TO
BURN. ANY SOURCE OF IGNITION REACHING SUCH ITEMS CAN RESULT
IN DISASTROUS AND COSTLY INDUSTRIAL HOLOCAUST. "RUBBLE
TROUBLE" SHOWS THE MOST EFFICIENT METHODS OF ELIMINATING FIRE
HAZARDS, IMPROVING WORKING CONDITIONS, INCREASING PLANT
EFFICIENCY, AND INSTILLS THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL
SAFETY.
TITLE THE SCIENCE OF FIRE.
AVAIL AMERICAN INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, 110 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK,
NY. NO PRICE INFORMATION AVAILABLE.
DESC NOTE (COLOR/20 MIN. FILM) .
ABSTRACT TELLS THE STORY OF FIRE, THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION, AND
HOW FIRES CAN BE PREVENTED. COVERS FLASH POINTS, IGNITION,
TEMPERATURES, VAPOR TRAVEL AND METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING.
TITLE USING EXTINGUISHERS THE RIGHT WAY.
AVAIL N.F.P.A., FILM LIBRARY, 470 PARK AVENUE, SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY.
PURCHASE PRICE $195.00/RENTAL $20.00-DAY
DESC NOTE (COLOR/13 MIN. FILM)
ABSTRACT ACTUAL SHOTS AND NARRATION OF THE PEOPLE INVOLVED AT THE
BEGINNING OF THIS FILM SHOWS WHAT CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE WRONG
TYPE OF EXTINGUISHER IS USED ON A FIRE OR AN EXTINGUISHING
AGENT IS IMPROPERLY APPLIED ON A FIRE. DEMONSTRATES WHAT IS
NEEDED TO HAVE A FIRE, THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXTINGUISHERS
AND WHAT FIRES THEY ARE USED ON, HOW TO OPERATE THEM, AND
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE AFTER THEY ARE USED. ALSO SHOWS WHAT
FIRE TO ATTACK AND WHICH TYPES TO STAY AWAY FROM.
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SECTION VII
Safety: laboratory Operation
TITLE BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR THE NATIONAL POLLUTION
DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (NPDES).
AUTHOR BONNETTE, A. K., JR.; AND OTHERS
PUB DATE JUN 76
AVAIL ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS AND
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, 1200
CHAMBERS RD., 3RD FLOOR, COLUMBUS, OH 43212 (ON LOAN)
DESC *EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION, ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNICIANS, INDEPENDENT STUDY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
*LABORATORY TECHNIQUES, * LEARNING MODULES, *POLLUTION, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, SAFETY, *WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
*WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 479P.; CONTAINS OCCASIONAL LIGHT TYPE
ABSTRACT THIS MANUAL CONTAINS 24 SELF-STUDY MODULES FOR BASIC LABORATORY
PROCEDURES FOR THE NATIONAL POLLUTION DISCHARGE ELIMINATION
SYSTEM (NPDES) LABORATORY ANALYSES. AREAS OF STUDY INCLUDE
SAFETY, IDENTIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT, HANDLING SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS, USE OF BALANCES, AND CARE AND USE OF EQUIPMENT.
EVALUATION TESTS AND ANSWERS ARE PROVIDED FOR EACH MODULE.
INST NAME CLEMSON UNIV., S.C. COLL. OF ENGINEERING.
TITLE CHEMICAL HAZARDS.
PUB DATE 72
AVAIL KALMIA COMPANY CONCORD, MA 01742 (PURCHASE PRICE: $26.95 AND
$34.95)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *CHEMICALS, CHEMICAL
HAZARDS, FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
LABORATORY SAFETY, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE ORDER NO. 2900; 8MM AND 16MM, 3:42 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT ILLUSTRATES SEVERAL CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND APPROPRIATE
PROCEDURES, ANTIDOTES, OR CORRECTIVE ACTIONS. HAZARDS INCLUDE
CHEMICALS ON SKIN, DILUTION OF CONCENTRATED ACID, MERCURY
SPILL, AND HANDLING SOLID ALKALI.
TITLE CHEMICAL LAB SAFETY
PUB DATE 61
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER, REFERENCE SECTION, GENERAL
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (RENTAL:
$12.50)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL
FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LABORATORY SAFETY, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 211850), (AGENCY NO. M-0445), 16MM, 25 MIN., OPTICAL
SOUND, COLOR
ABSTRACT SEVERAL SIMULATED CHEMICAL IAB ACCIDENTS ARE DEPICTED ALONG
WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR PREVENTION AND TIPS FOR GENERAL
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN ROUTINE LAB ACTIVITIES.
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TITLE
PUB DATE
AVAIL
DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
TITLE
PUB DATE
DESC
DESC N3TE
ABSTRACT
TITLE
AUTHOR
PUB DATE
AVAIL
DESC
DESC NOTE
ABSTRACT
FIRE IN THE IABORATORY
72
KALMIA COMPANY CONCORD, MA 01742 (PURCHASE PRICE: $26.95 AND
and $34.95)
*ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, FILMS, *FIRES,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LABORATORY SAFETY, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
ORDER NO. 2200; 8MM and 16MM, 3:30 MIN., COLOR
THREE TYPES OF LABORATORY FIRES AND CORRECT PROCEDURES FOR
EXTINGUISHING THEM ARE SHOWN. SMALL FIRES ARE SMOTHERED. MEDIUM
FIRES ARE PUT OUT WITH CO2 AND DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS. METAL
FIRE IS SMOTHERED WITH SAND.
GUIDE FOR SAFETY IN THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY.
72
*ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *CHEMISTRY, *FIRE PROTECTION,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LABORATORY SAFETY, LABORATORY
TECHNIQUES, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
506P.
HERE, FROM TODAY'S LEADING AUTHORITIES IN THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY, IS QUICK' REFERENCE HELP IN SAFELY HANDLING THE WIDE
RANGE OF NEWLY DEVELOPED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT. A COOPERATIVE
VENTURE OF THE INDUSTRY, THIS BOOK WAS PREPARED BY THE SAFETY
AND FIRE PROTECTION COMMITTEE OF THE MCA. THE CONTRIBUTTING
AUTHORS REPRESENT FIRMS SUCH AS DOW, EASTMAN KODAK, AND DUPONT.
TOGETHER THEY PROVIDE PROVEN SAFETY PROCEDURES DEVELOPED BY
MANY INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES.
HANDBOOK FOR CHEMICAL TECHNICIANS.
STRAUSS, HOWARD J.; KAUFMAN, MILTON
76
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO., MANCHESTER RD., MANCHESTER, MD 63011
($17.20)
*CHEMICAL REACTIONS, *CHEMISTRY, ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNICIANS, *FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,
*IABORATORY PROCEDURES, *MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS, ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, SAFETY, WASTE DISPOSAL
315P.
EACH OF THE TEN CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK ADDRESSES AN IMPORTANT
ASPECT OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY. TOPICS INCLUDE MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLES, THERMAL, ELECTRICAL, AND MECHANICAL UNITS, CHEMICAL
FUNDAMENTALS, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, METALS, ALLOYS, AND METAL
TESTING, FLUID MECHANICS, AND SAFETY PROCEDURES, FIRST AID, AND
WASTE DISPOSAL. EXAMPLES OF CALCUIATIONS ARE PROVIDED WITH
STEP-BY-STEP EXPLANATIONS. THE TEXT IS INTERSPERSED WITH GRAPHS
AND TABLES AS AN AID FOR DAILY LAB WORK. THE NECESSARY
PRECAUTIONS FOR THE SAFE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF MATERIALS ARE
DISCUSSED IN THE FINAL CHAPTER.
TITLE
PUB DATE
AVAIL
INTRODUCTORY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES.
70
KALMIA COMPANY CONCORD, MA 01742 (PURCHASE PRICE:
$34.95),
$26.95 AND
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DESC NOTE ORDER NO. 3100; 8MM AND 16MM, 3:35 MI1J., OOLOR
ABSTRACT DEMONSTRATIONS OF SAFETY-ORIENTED LABORATORY TECHNIQUES:
POURING SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS AND HEATING LIQUIDS IN TEST TUBE AND
EVAPORATING DISH. DANGERS OF SUPER-HEATED LIQUIDS AND CARELESS
REMOVAL OF FLASK FROM FLAME ALSO SHOWN.
TITLE PERSONAL SAFETY.
PUB DATE 72
AVAIL KALMIA COMPANY CONCORD, MA 01742 (PURCHASE PRICE: $26.95 AND
$34.95)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *CHEMISTRY, FILMS,
*FIRES, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE ORDER NO. 2100; 8MM OR 16MM 2:39 MIN., COLOR
ABSTRACT HOW TO ACT AND REACT IN THE LABORATORY. DEMONSTRATES EYE
PROTECTION, TIEING BACK LONG HAIR, WEARING LOOSE INEXPENSIVE
CLOTHING, WEARING LAR COAT OR APRON, AND WEARING PROTECTIVE
SHOES. TECHNIQUES SHOWN FOR SMOTHERING CLOTHING FIRE WITH FIRE
BLANKET AND LAB APRON.
TITLE SAFETY EDUCATION DATA SHEET #23 - LABORATORY GLASSWARE.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($0.27)
DESC *INDUSTRIAL SAFETY, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LABORATORY
EQUIPMENT, *LABORATORY GLASSWARE, OPERATIONS, POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE 4P. (STOCK NO. 429.04-23)
ABSTRACT GENERAL REVIEW OF LABORATORY SAFETY.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL.
TITLE SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY.
AUTHOR DISRAELI, R.
PUB DATE 76
AVAIL ASSOCIATED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, 324 DELAWARE AVE., OAKMONT,
PA 15139, PRICE: $5.00 (RENTAL, BLACK & WHITE), $7.00 (RENTAL,
COLOR)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *CHEMISTRY, FILMS,
INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LABORATORY
SKILLS, *LABORATORY SAFETY, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (DC-Ill) 16MM, 8MIN., COLOR.
ABSTRACT SAFETY PROCEDURES THAT SHOULD BE USED IN THE CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY.
TITLE SAFETY PIPETTING.
AVAIL NATIONAL AUDIOVISUAL CENTER REFERENCE SECTION, GENERAL SERVICES
ADMINISTRATION, WASHINGTON, DC 20409 (PURCHASE PRICE: $29.00)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, *FILMS, *INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS, INSTRUCTIONAL FILMS, *LABORATORY SAFETY, *LABORATORY
TECHNIQUES, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *PIPETTES, *SAFETY
DESC NOTE (TITLE NO. 003328) (AGENCY NO. M-1160) 16MM, 5MIN., OPTICAL
SOUND
ABSTRACT PRESENTS THREE INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE COMMONLY USED IN THE
LABORATORY. THE OPERATION OF THESE INSTRUMENTS IS SHOWN IN
DETAIL.
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SECTION VIII
Safety: Manholes and Traffic
TITLE EXCAVATING NEAR UNDERGROUND UTILITIES.
AVAIL NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, 444 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL
60611 ($19.80)
DESC *ACCIDENT PREVENTION, *EXCAVATION, INDUSTRIAL SAFETY,
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
SLIDES, *UTILITIES, VISUAL AIDS
DESC NOTE (NO. 129.18-9) 31 SLIDES, COLOR, SCRIPT
ABSTRACT DISCUSSES THE HAZARDS OF WORKING NEAR UNDERGROUND UTILITY
LINES.
INST NAME NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL
TITLE MANHOLE SAFETY. TRAINING MODULE 3.330.1.77.
PUB DATE SEP 77
DESC *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *POST SECONDARY EDUCATION, *SAFETY,
SECONDARY EDUCATION, *TEACHING GUIDES, UNITS OF STUDY, *SEWERS,
*WASTEWATER COLLECTION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT
DESC NOTE 37P.
ABSTRACT THIS DOCUMENT IS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE PACKAGE PREPARED IN
OBJECTIVE FOm FOR USE BY AN INSTRUCTOR FAMILIAR WITH THE USE
OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS, INJURY AND LOSS OF
LIFE TO PERSONNEL WHILE INSPECTING OR WORKING IN SEWER MANHOLES
OR IN CONFINED AREAS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT. INCLUDED
ARE OBJECTIVES, INSTRUCTOR GUIDES, STUDENT HANDOUTS, AND
TRANSPARENCY MASTERS. THIS MODULE CONSIDERS PURPOSES AND TYPES
OF MANHOLES, A SAFETY CHECKLIST, AND PROPER USE OF SAFETY
EQUIPMENT.
INST NAME KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY COLL., CEDAR RAPIDS, IA.
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PART III
The National Training and
Operational Technology Center
and Selected Information Sources
187
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THE NATIONAL TRAINING AND OPERATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY CENTER
The entire program responsibility for water pollution control training
within the Environmental Protection Agency is assigned to the National
Training and Operational Technology Center (NTOTC), located at EPA's
Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The NTOTC is responsible for conducting training sessions, developing
instructional materials and courses, providing training assistance,
operating the Instructional Resources Center, and developing operational
technology. The Center is also responsible for the management of the
Section 104(g) operator training grant program, the academic training grant
program, other training grant and contract programs, and related training
activities.
As an instructional resource, NTOTC's purpose is to help regions,
states, local governments, and educational institutions become
knowledgeable about the Environmental Protection Agency's goals,
regulations, and strategies, as well as the implications of EPA programs.
Activities encompass three categories: (1) instruction; (2) course
development; and (3) information management.
Instruction
NTOTC offers a variety of training courses in water quality control.
Such courses are taught at many locations, but most are presented at the
Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Area training centers
will soon act as satellites to the NTOTC program, offering similar courses
and instructional support. Select universities with broad pollution control
curricula will act as area training centers within a region. As a result,
more pollution control personnel will have access to needed specialized
training.
Some courses are conducted at wastewater treatment plants, enabling
USEPA to work directly with plant personnel to improve treatment plant
effluent. While working on site at treatment plants, staff can diagnose and
discuss particular problems and provide information on design and operation
to many technicians within the local region.
Courses currently are offered in five general categories: wastewater
treatment technology, treatment facility evaluation and inspection, water
quality surveillance and monitoring, water quality analysis, and drinking
water quality monitoring.
Students attend courses from all states, and from some foreign
countries. The largest percentage represent federal,, state, and municipal
pollution control agencies. A relatively small number of college and
university instructors attend these short courses which are typically one
week in length. USEPA encourages more participation by the educational
community so that current skills and knowledge will be transmitted to
students to enable them to deal with pollution control problems as they
189
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enter environmental occupations. Community college and university
instructors may attend courses free of charge by following prescribed
application procedures.
Course Development
NTOTC is active in the field of course development. As new educational
and training needs are identified, appropriate instructional packages are
developed. Almost all such development is based on current research and
agency regulations. Materials include instructor guides, student manuals
and supporting audiovisual materials. If USEPA'S pollution control training
programs are to be successfully implemented, college and university staff
from various departments must cooperate and integrate these instructional
activities within their curricula, or students will not be adequately
prepared, either theoretically or practically.
Information Management
The goal of USEPA's information management system is to support, in a
comprehensive and systematic manner, those involved with pollution control
education and training. A central location within the NTOTC facility is
designed to provide a contact point and to coordinate assistance efforts.
Through the IRC, NTOTC maintains a central location to inventory,
evaluate, catalog, and disseminate instructional materials in the areas of
water pollution control, water supply, and pesticides. The IRC provides
those involved in water quality control education and training with an
information management system and acts as a primary communications link
between the Environmental Protection Agency and educators at all
post-secondary levels. Activities of IRC include:
IRIS
The focal point of the IRC is the Instructional Resources
Information System (IRIS), a compilation of abstracts on print
and non-print materials related to water quality and water
resources education. Obtainable in paper, microfiche, and
computer versions, the IRIS contains more than 5,500
entries from local, state, and federal government sources, as
well as from private concerns and educational institutions. The
system allows the user to discover what material can be utilized,
the title, the author, cross references, and a brief abstract
describing the content. IRIS users can also readily determine
where the material can be obtained, whether it can be purchased,
borrowed, or rented, and the cost. The IRIS is kept current
through constant revision, adding new material as it becomes
available and deleting outdated information.
IRIS can be scanned for a particular subject or author, both
by hand and by computer. Any institution with appropriate
computer terminals can access the search and retrieval
capabilities of the system.
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Audiovisual Library
The IRC facilities include an audiovisual library equipped
with individual study carrels for viewing movies, videocassettes,
slide/tape presentations, filmstrips, and tape programs. Before
determining curriculum requirements or making purchases,
educators can use the library to review water quality-oriented
materials for use in training courses.
Nearly 200 of these audiovisuals are also available to
instructors for free, short-term loans. Not intended as
self-instructional units, these materials are meant to be used as
part of a complete training program. A catalog of audiovisual
units can be obtained through the IRC.
Workshops
The center also conducts a variety of water-related workshops
each year. Designed for state and local agencies, as well as
college and university educators, these seminars enable
individuals to become familiar with USEPA developed and sponsored
resources, descriptions of ongoing programs, and specific
instructional techniques. Participants also assist NTOTC in
determining instructional priorities.
IRC Bulletin
The IRC maintains communications with its users through the
IRC Bulletin. Published approximately six times a year and mailed
to interested parties at no charge, the Bulletin provides current
news on IRC events. It also includes descriptions of model
programs, current instructional materials available, and
education strategies. Articles for the Bulletin are accepted from
various organizations, education institutions, and governmental
agencies.
Interested persons are invited to Cincinnati to use IRC facilities for
reviewing tapes, slides, films, and other materials before deciding about
purchases or curriculum development requirements. IRC staff assist visitors
by determining the most appropriate ways to use the Center's resources, or
in determining educational and training program requirements and available
resources. During the past year, universities and state and local
governments have been assisted with curriculum design, course materials
selection, and audiovisual support efforts.
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THE INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION SYSTEM
General Information about Materials in IRIS
The EPA Information Dissemination Project acquires, reviews, indexes,
and makes available both print and non-print materials related to water
quality and water resources education and instruction.
Before materials are entered into IRIS they are reviewed by the
project staff. Availability of the material is checked, and the materials
are abstracted and indexed. The abstract describes the contents of the
material.
When items are processed they are entered on the IRIS computer tape
maintained by the EPA Information Dissemination Project at The Ohio State
University. These tapes are used for producing tapes for other information
systems, publications, and for computer searches conducted at The Ohio
State University.
Materials entered into the IRIS collection can be located by manual
search or by computer. The first compilation contains resumes of selected
materials processed for the previous IRIS collection and resumes of
selected materials of items added to the IRIS collection during 1979.
Quarterly updates of the IRIS compilation are available by subscription on
a yearly basis.
A number of the materials processed for the IRIS system are entered
into the ERIC system and announced in Resources in Education (RIE). Most of
the materials announced in RIE are available on microfiche at various sites
throughout the United States. Users can view these materials on site at
many locations to identify what they believe will be useful to them at no
cost.
Description of Information in Resumes in IRIS
Two samples of resumes are provided to explain the data fields in the
resumes. Sample resume #1 is a sample resume of an item not entered in
ERIC. Sample resume #2 is a sample resume of an item entered into ERIC; a
few additional data elements are in these resumes and are explained.
I. Sample resume of materials not entered into ERIC
a. IRIS NUMBER: EW003059
b. PUBLICATION DATE: 1978
c. TITLE: WATER POLLUTION MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 2
d. PERSONAL AUTHOR: MITCHELL, RALPH
e. DESCRIPTOR: BIOCHEMISTRY; *COLLEGE SCIENCE; DISEASE CONTROL;
ECOLOGY; *ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES; INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS;
*MICROBIOLOGY; NATURAL RESOURCES; *POLLUTION; *PUBLIC HEALTH;
*WATER POLLUTION CONTROL; WATER QUALITY
192
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f. DESCRIPTIVE NOTE: 442P.
g. ABSTRACT: THIS VOLUME CONTAINS INFORMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SANITARY ENGINEERS, PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENTISTS AND MICROBIOLOGISTS
CONCERNED WITH WATER POLLUTION. IT EXAMINES MICROORGANISMS AS
CAUSITIVE AGENTS OF ECOLOGICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS IN NATURAL
WATERS, AND TREATS THE USE OF MICROORGANISMS IN POLLUTION CONTROL
FROM A VARIETY OF PERSPECTIVES. (CS)
h. AVAILABILITY: JOHN WILEY & SONS, ONE WILEY DR., SOMERSET NJ 08873
($24.95)
a. IRIS NUMBER—this is the identification number sequentially
assigned to materials as they are processed.- Gaps in numbers mean
that some items have been deleted, are being processed to add new
information, or have been delayed in processing for some reason.
b. PUBLICATION DATE—date material was published according to
information on the material.
c. TITLE
d. PERSONAL AUTHOR—person or persons who wrote, compiled, or edited
the material. Up to two personal authors can be listed.
e. DESCRIPTOR—subject terms which characterize substantive contents
and form of the materials. The major terms are preceded by an
asterisk. Terms used to index all resumes in this compilation can
be reviewed in the Subject Index.
f. DESCRIPTIVE NOTE—various items of information may be contained in
this section. For print materials the number of pages is usually
listed.
g. ABSTRACT—some early materials entered into IRIS did not have
abstract information. All materials currently being entered into
IRIS have an informative abstract that describes the contents of
the item.
h. AVAILABILITY—information in this field indicates where the
material can be obtained and the price of the material quoted the
last time information was received from the source. Please note:
prices of nearly all materials are subject to changes and may not
be accurate at the time a person orders a specific item.
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2. Sample resume of material entered into ERIC
(Resources in Education)
Item entered into ERIC (Resources in Education)
will have a few additional data fields.
IRIS NUMBER: EW002998
a. ERIC NUMBER: ED151236
PUBLICATION DATE: SEP 77
TITLE: CHLORINATION. TRAINING MODULE 2.300.2.77.
INSTITUTION CODE: BBB08399
SPONSORING AGENCY CODE: BBB15379; FGK21436
DESCRIPTOR: *CHEMISTRY; INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS; *POST SECONDARY
EDUCATION; SECONDARY EDUCATION; *TEACHING GUIDES; *UNITS OF STUDY;
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL; *CHLORINATION; *WASTE WATER TREATMENT;
WATER TREATMENT
b. EDRS PRICE: EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$3.50 PLUS POSTAGE
DESCRIPTIVE NOTE: 60P. FOR RELATED DOCUMENTS, SEE SE024 025-046
c. ISSUE: RIEJUL78
ABSTRACT: THIS DOCUMENT IS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE PACKAGE
PREPARED IN OBJECTIVE FORM FOR USE BY AN INSTRUCTOR FAMILIAR WITH
CHLORINE. THE REASONS FOR CHLORINATION AND SAFE OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF GAS CHLORINE, DRY CALCIUM, HYPOCHLORITE AND LIQUID
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE CHLORINATION SYSTEMS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ARE GIVEN. INCLUDED ARE
OBJECTIVES, INSTRUCTOR GUIDES, STUDENT HANDOUTS AND TRANSPARENCY
MASTERS. THE MODULE CONSIDERS PURPOSES OF CHLORINATION, PROPERTIES
OF CHLORINE, METHODS OF CHLORINATION, SAFETY, MAINTENANCE OF
CHLORINATION UNITS AND INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS.
(AUTHOR/RH)
d. INSTITUTION NAME: KIRKWOOD COMMUNITY COLL., CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA.
SPONSORING AGENCY NAME: DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WASHINGTON, D.C. ;
IOWA STATE DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, DBS MOINES.
How to Locate Desired Materials in IRIS
Users can identify materials of interest by scanning the resume
listing, or using the Subject Index, Author Index, or Institution Index in
the IRIS Compilation.
The Subject Index is designed to enable the user to search for
information on either a broad subject or a narrow information concern. An
EW number is included for each item listed under the subject heading. The
EW number refers to the abstract entry in the resume section where complete
bibliographic information, an abstract of the item, and availability
information can be found.
A user can also coordinate a search by checking EW numbers that appear
under two or more subject headings. For example, you could check all the EW
numbers under Water Treatment and all the EW numbers under Films. EW
numbers included under both subject headings would include information
relevant to Water Treatment that were films. EW numbers under wastewater
treatment and laboratory techniques would provide a list of materials
related to laboratory techniques and to wastewater treatment. Similar
techniques could be used to identify other information desired.
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If you desire to locate a document by the name of the author, you can
use the Author Index. EW numbers are provided under the author in the
Author Index as in the Subject Index. Some documents do not have a listed
author. These documents are listed under the name of the institution or
organization responsible for developing the document in the Institution
Index. Both sources can be used to help you locate documents.
The ERIC System
Another excellent source of educational information and materials is
the ERIC system. ERIC is a national information system designed and
developed by the U.S. Office of Education, and now supported and operated
by the National Institute of Education (NIE), for providing ready access to
descriptions of exemplary programs, research, instructional materials,
teaching guides, and other related information that can be used to develop
effective educational programs.
ERIC Clearinghouses
There are 16 clearinghouses in the nationwide ERIC network. Each
clearinghouse has responsibility for collecting and analyzing materials
related to their scope.
ADULT, CAREER, AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
The Ohio State University
Center for Vocational Education
1960 Kenny Road
Columbus, Ohio 43210
(614) 486-3655
COUNSELING AND PERSONNEL SERVICES
University of Michigan
School of Education Building, Rm. 2108
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
(313) 764-9492
ELEMENTARY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
University of Illinois
College of Education
805 W. Pennsylvania
Urbana, Illinois 61801
(217) 333-1386
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EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon 97403
(503) 686-5043
HANDICAPPED AND GIFTED CHILDREN
Council for Exceptional Children
1920 Association Drive
Reston, Virginia 22091
(703) 620-3660
HIGHER EDUCATION
George Washington University
One Dupont Circle, Suite 630
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 296-2597
INFORMATION RESOURCES
Syracuse University
School of Education
Syracuse, New York 13210
(315) 423-3640
JUNIOR COLLEGES
University of California at Los Angeles
Powell Library, Room 96
Los Angeles, California 90024
(213) 825-3931
LANGUAGES AND LINGUISTICS
3520 Prospect St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20007
(202) 298-9292
READING AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS
National Council of Teachers of English
1111 Kenyon Road
Urbana, Illinois 61801
(217) 328-3870
RURAL EDUCATION AND SMALL SCHOOLS
New Mexico State University
Box 3AP
Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
(505) 646-2623
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SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
The Ohio State University
1200 Chambers Road, Third Floor
Columbus, Ohio 43212
(614) 422-6717
SOCIAL STUDIES/SOCIAL SCIENCE EDUCATION
855 Broadway
Boulder, Colorado 80302
(303) 492-8434
TEACHER EDUCATION
American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education
One Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 616
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 293-7280
TESTS, MEASUREMENT, AND EVALUATION
Educational Testing Services
Princeton, New Jersey 08541
(609) 921-9000, ext. 2176
URBAN EDUCATION
Box 40
Teachers College, Columbia University
525 W. 120th Street
New York, New York 10027
(212) 678-3437
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