CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE - ROSSVILLE, GEORGIA
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY STUDY
1967-1968
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
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ERRATA SHEET
APTD-0583
CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE - ROSSVILLE, GEORGIA
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY STUDY
1967-1968
Page 37 - Table 3-13 should be:
Station
number
5
7
8
9
15
16
201
27
L4LJ
Geometric
standard
deviation
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.9
2.9
Page 65 - Under 6. 1.4 Industrial Process Losses
3rd paragraph should read:
"Table 6-2 delineates emissions from industrial manufacturing
and reflects the relative importance of each. Only one of the
sources listed in the table is in Georgia."
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CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE - ROSSVILLE, GEORGIA
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY STUDY
1967-1968
Grady T. Helms
James H. Southerland
Kenneth R. Woodard
Ibrahim J. Hindawi
Dale H. Coventry
Charles D. Robs on
Division of Abatement
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WEI.FARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Durham, North Carolina
October 1970
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The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by the
National Air Pollution Control Administration to report technical data of interest
to a limited readership. Copies of APTD reports may be obtained upon request,
as supplies permit, from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, 1033 Wade Avenue, Raleigh, North Carolina 27605.
National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. APTD-0583
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study would not have been possible without the cooperation of Ralph
Kelley, the former Mayor of the City of Chattanooga; D. P. Roberts, Director of
the Division of Air Pollution Control, Tennessee State Health Department; and
Dr. J. H. Venable, Director, Georgia Department of Public Health. The United
States Army Hygiene Agency and Atlas Chemical Company also provided consulta-
tive services to the NAPCA research team.
111
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTIOST 1
2. METEOROLOGY 5
2. 1 Climatology 5
2.2 Meteorological Investigations 6
2.2.1 Wind Speed and Direction Measurements 9
2.2.2 Inversion Measurements 12
2. 3 Summary and Conclusions 14
3. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS 17
3.1 Particulate Pollutants 17
3.1.1 Suspended Particulate - High-Volume Samplers 17
3. 1.2 Suspended Particulate - Respirable Dust Fraction 20
3. 1.3 Suspended Particulate - Soiling Index 21
3.1.4 Settleable Particulate - Dustfall 23
3.2 Sulfur Dioxide 26
3.3 Nitrogen Oxides 28
3.3.1 Nitrogen Dioxide 32
3.3.2 Nitric Oxide 32
3.4 Oxidants 36
3. 5 Hydrocarbons 36
3. 6 Carbon Monoxide 36
3. 7 Chemical Analyses of Suspended Particulate 38
3.7.1 Sulfate 38
3.7.2 Ammonium 38
3.7.3 Nitrate 41
3. 8 Summary 41
4. MATERIAL EFFECTS INVESTIGATIONS 45
4. 1 Metal Corrosion 45
4. 2 Color Fading in Dyed Fabrics 45
4. 3 Silver Tarnishing 47
4. 4 Nylon Deterioration 49
4. 5 Rubber Cracking 50
4.6 Summary 51
5. VEGETATION SURVEYS 53
5. 1 Indigenous Vegetation Surveys 53
5. 2 Selective Vegetation Survey 54
5.2.1 Survey Plan 54
5.2.2 Specific Damage 57
5.2.3 Non-Specific Damage 59
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5. 3 Summary and Conclusions 60
6. EMISSIONS INVENTORY 61
6. 1 Emission Source Categories "1
6.1.1 Stationary Fuel Combustion 61
6.1.2 Mobile Sources 65
6.1.3 Solid Waste Disposal 65
6. 1.4 Industrial Process Losses 65
6.2 Pollutants 65
6.2.1 Particulate Matter 65
6.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides 68
6.2.3 Sulfur Oxides 69
6.2.4 Carbon Monoxide 69
6.2.5 Hydrocarbons 75
6.2.6 Acid Mist 76
6. 3 Summary 76
7. REFERENCES 81
APPENDIX A. Meteorological Information 85
APPENDIX B. Air Quality Station Information '. . 93
APPENDIX C. Frequency Distributions of Air Quality Measurements .... 99
APPENDIX D. Emission Inventory Information H3
VI
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CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE - ROSSVILLE, GEORGIA
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY STUDY
1967-1968
1. INTRODUCTION
History-rich Chattanooga is located in the scenic southeastern corner of
Tennessee, situated among and spreading up the sides of Lookout Mountain, Signal
Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. The metropolitan area is composed of the cities
and municipalities of Chattanooga, Red Bank, East Ridge, Lookout Mountain, and
Signal Mountain in Tennessee and Rossville in Georgia. In 1967, the population of
Chattanooga was 135, 339 while that of the metropolitan area was 292, 283. Favored
by low-cost TVA electric power, the area is promoted locally as the "Electrical
Center of the South. " Access to the navigable Tennessee River, a large local
rail center, numerous trucking lines, and proximity to abundant natural resources
make the area a nearly ideal location for industry, as well as a tourist attraction.
The metropolitan Chattanooga area is dominated by the Appalachian Mountain
system, which extends northeast from Alabama across Tennessee as a series of
parallel ridges and intervening flat valleys. The Cumberland escarpment forms
the western horizon of the valley of the Tennessee River, rising 1, 000 to 1, 500
feet above the valley floor. Eighteen miles southeast across several lesser ridges,
the White Oak Range rises 600 to 900 feet to form the eastern rim of the valley.
The Tennessee River meanders southwesterly amid these topographic features
from Chickamauga Lake to the base of Lookout Mountain and then loops north and
west through the escarpment into another valley. Tributary creeks in the metro-
politan area flow north within their secondary valleys until they empty west into
the Tennessee River.
For many years the Chattanooga area has been an important southern indus-
trial center. Between 1950 and 1966, 350 new manufacturing plants were built in
the area. These industries yield products such as explosives, paper, ceramics,
chemicals, food, wood products, and metal products. With industry come more
people, further development, and usually many sources of air pollution. Such has
been the case in Chattanooga since the mid-1800's.
The first attempt to abate air pollution in Chattanooga was started in the
mid-1920's. This was in the form of a boiler-inspection, smoke-control ordinance
and expanded little until December 1951, when an improved, but still inadequate,
ordinance was passed.
During recent years the local public has become keenly aware of the growing
air pollution problem. Residents of Chattanooga, as well as those in the other
cities and communities of the interstate metropolitan area, have become concerned
with smoke, dust, odors, and reduced visibility. Complaints of soiling and
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particulate damage are normally the most numerous. These complaints are
usually made in reference to emissions from industrial plants including a large
number of metal processing plants and numerous soft-coal-burning operations.
Because of local meteorological conditions and topography, and the frequency of
thermal inversions, the situation is often aggravated and the pollutants become
trapped in the valley.
In August 1963, Mayor Ralph Kelly requested that the U.S. Public Health
Service provide the city with technical assistance in defining the nature and extent
of the air pollution problem. In response to this request, the Division of Air
Pqllution conducted a 30-day survey during late November and early December
1963, in cooperation with the City of Chattanooga and the Tennessee Department of
Public Health. Air quality measurements from this survey indicated that "smoke,
dust, and other particulate material" were the primary air pollution problem in
Chattanooga and that measurements significantly exceeded the national average for
cities of similar size.
In 1965, the U.S. Army reactivated the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant at
nearby Tyner, Tennessee, to produce explosives needed for defense. Shortly
thereafter numerous complaints of particulate and gaseous emissions were
received by various governmental officials from many irate citizens in the sur-
rounding area. For this reason, in 1967, the U.S. Army Environmental Health
Agency, Edgewood Arsenal, published a. summary of the air pollution problems
associated with the operation of the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant. The
summary, which covered the period from December 1965 to February 1967,
described the operation of the plant, identified points and magnitudes of major
emissions, described the air quality measuring program, and discussed the
abatement program under way. One report recommendation was that the U.S.
Public Health Service assist with a comprehensive micro-meteorological study of
the plant area to gather information pertinent to the dispersion and diffusion of
pollutants. On March 24, 1967, a meeting was held between representatives of the
Department of Defense and the U.S. Public Health Service, National Center for
Air Pollution Control to discuss the recommendations of the 1967 report. As a
result of this meeting NCAPC was formally requested to conduct a micro-meteoro-
logical survey at the ammunition plant.
Under provisions of the Air Quality Act of 1967 (Public Law 88-206), the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare is designated the responsibility for
gathering air quality information in areas where interstate transportation of pollu-
tants might reasonably be expected to occur. Because the Chattanooga area is
interstate in nature, and because of considerable local concern about air pollution,
on July 27, 1967, Mayor Ralph Kelly requested the Secretary to assist in conducting
a comprehensive area-wide air quality survey.
On October 1, 1967, an air quality survey was begun in the Chattanooga,
Tennessee - Rossville, Georgia, interstate area to fulfill both the request of the
Department of Defense and the City of Chattanooga. The survey was coordinated
by the Field Operations Branch, Division of Abatement, National Air Pollution
Control Administration (NAPCA) in conjunction with:
1. Chattanooga Bureau of Air Pollution Control and Boiler Inspection.
2. Tennessee State Department of Public Health.
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3. Georgia State Department of Public Health.
4. Hamilton County Health Department.
5. Walker County Health Department.
6. Catoosa County Health Department.
7. U. S. Army Hygiene Agency.
In addition to the previously mentioned air quality survey, four other investi-
gations were conducted in the area during the period from October 1967 through
April 1969:
1. Meteorological measurements.
2. Vegetation effects measurements.
3. Materials effects studies.
4. Emissions survey.
This report concerns these investigations and their results.
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2. METEOROLOGY
In air pollution control activities, two of the most important meteorological
parameters are wind speed and direction. The dilution rate for pollutants emitted
from a source varies in proportion to the wind speed. Wind direction indicates the
path that pollutants take from their sources.
Atmospheric stability is also an important dilution factor. Stability is related
to the vertical transfer of momentum, or more simply to atmospheric mixing.
When the air temperature decreases with height at a rate greater than 5.4° F per
thousand feet, the air is unstable and turbulence is enhanced. Conversely, when
the temperature decreases at a. lesser rate with height, the air is said to be stable
and vertical motions are dampened or reduced.
The patterns of wind speed and direction, as well as stability, are influenced
by topography, season, and time of day. To investigate these patterns, NAPCA,
cooperating with the participating agencies, conducted a meteorological study in
the interstate study area during 1967 and 1968. The following sections of this
chapter contain a description of the climatology of the area, as well as the results
and conclusions drawn from the meteorological study.
2.1 CLIMATOLOGY
The topography of the region contributes to average weather conditions that
are particularly unfavorable for the dispersion of pollutants. The terrain tends to
channel the airflow, reduce wind speeds, and enhance the frequency of occurrence
of temperature inversions.
The wind roses* in Figure 2-1 show the annual wind pattern for Lovell Field
from 1951 through I960. The wind direction, which tended to be parallel to the
valley orientation, indicates channeling. The average wind speed was only 6. 1
miles per hour with calms occurring about a quarter of the time. Over the same
10-year period, the average wind speed at Los Angeles, a location known for very
low wind speeds, was nearly the same.
A study of low-level inversions by Hosier, based on historical upper air
data across the nation, indicated that inversions below 500 feet occur at exposed
locations in the Chattanooga vicinity about 30 to 50 percent of the time. The
Southern Appalachian region was found to have the highest frequency of such
inversions east of the Mississippi. In the United States, only parts of the
western desert and mountain regions experienced higher inversion frequencies.
*A wind rose is a type of frequency distribution diagram used to show the relative
frequency of observed wind speeds in terms of compass directions, for a given
location. "Petal" lengths represent the percent of observations during which
particular speeds (indicated by the legend) are observed from particular petal
directions. Numbers indicate the percent of wind observations recorded in partic-
ular directions, with the center number indicating the percent of "calm" observa-
tions. Data are based on 1-hour averages over a selected time span.
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6.1
1-3 4-7 8-12 13-18 >18
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0
I I
5.0
I
10.0
I I
15.0
! I
.6
9.3
FREQUENCY, percent
11.5
Figure 2-1. Lovell Field annual wind rose, 1951-60. Frequency distribution of wind
speeds and direction by percent of total wind observations from direction
of petals.
Seasonal variations in diffusion climate are significant. In winter, winds
aloft are normally strong. Frontal passages occur in rather rapid succession
and bring with them periods of favorable dispersion. Surface winds are the
strongest and most variable during this season. Although spring is characterized
by showery, often turbulent conditions, there is also an increase in clear skies
conducive to more frequent nighttime inversions. Summer weather is markedly
affected by the Bermuda high pressure system. The Bermuda high brings warm
gentle breezes, few clouds, and increased frequency of nighttime stability. The
fall season brings a gradual increase in frontal activity. The early fall, however,
reflects summer conditions. Average autumn winds remain light, and stable
nighttime conditions are frequent. Seasonal wind patterns are shown in Figure
2-2.
In general, the valley sectors of the study area experience less favorable
dispersion conditions than the more exposed ridge-level locations. Pools of
relatively cold stable air tend to collect in the valleys at night; hence, tempera-
ture inversions are likely to be more persistent there than on the ridges. Inver-
sion formation is further enhanced by the sheltering ridges that block the general
wind flow and cause localized stratification of the air in the lowest( levels.
2.2 METEOROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Since 1940, the U.S. Weather Bureau has maintained a weather station at
Lovell Field (site #14), which records wind speed and direction, temperature,
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10.0
7.7
6.5
4.5
11.3
1-3 4-7 8-12 13-18 > 18
5.0
10.5
12.1
WINTER
-t ,
V_y ^™ — '
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
I I I I I I I
• ' *
12.8
SPRING
9.8
4.0
FREQUENCY, percent
5.5
•7
8.4
10.8
SUMMER
.4
7.0
Figure 2-2. Seasonal variation of wind roses for Lovell Field, Chattanooga,
Tennessee, 1951-1960.
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pressure, cloud cover, and precipitation. This location can be considered a
reliable indicator of wind conditions east of Missionary Ridge. Observations of
temperature and cloud cover here are generally representative of the entire
three-county study area. Additional sampling stations were established through-
out the study area to obtain supplementary wind and atmospheric stability data.
Wind speed and direction data were obtained at sites #1, #7, #51, and #161
(Figure 2-3), for varying time periods from October 1967 until December 1968.
These data were broken down into hourly values and summarized in the wind roses
"VHAMILTON COUNTY
W- WINDSPEED AND DIRECTION
T- RECORDING THERMOMETER
Figure 2-3- Meteorological sampling sites.
8
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presented in Appendix A and elsewhere in this report. Descriptions of each site
are also contained in Appendix A.
Atmospheric stability is usually determined from vertical temperature
measurements or inferred from surface observations. Two procedures were
used to estimate stability during the study. First, thermographs were located at
eight sites (see Figure 2-3). The sites were arranged in pairs of high- and low-
terrain elevation. Hourly temperature measurements at the higher elevations
were compared with corresponding lower elevation measurements to obtain a
vertical temperature difference. Such temperature differences, although not
strictly equated with lapse rate, do represent a continuous indicator of changing
stability conditions in the valley.
Second, to substantiate atmospheric stability measurements taken by the ther-
mographs,
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11.1
7,
10.7
7-2
4.0
,3.0
HICKORY VALLEY
16.2
LOVELL FIELD
17.4
1-3 4-7 8-12 13-18 >18
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0 5.0
I I I
10.0 15.0
I I I I
FREQUENCY, percent
Figure 2-4: Wind roses for area east of Missionary Ridge; Spring 1968-
starting speed of the wind instrument at Lovell Field was possibly responsible for
the difference in calms.
Two wind sites, Volunteer Life (site #51) and Rossville, Georgia (site #7),
were located west of Missionary Ridge in the Chattanooga valley. The wind roses
(Figure 2-5) for fall and spring are similar for the Rossville site with the pre-
dominant winds from the southwestern quadrant and from the north, reflecting the
10
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A. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
FALL (SEP-OCT-NOV) 1967
B. LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
SPRING (MAR-APR-MAY) 1968
C. ROSSVILLE, GEORGIA
FALL (SEP-OCT-NOV) 1967
D. ROSSVILLE. GEORGIA
SPRING (MAR-APR-MAY) 1968
E. VOLUNTEER LIFE BUILDING
FALL (SEP-OCT-NOV) 1967
F. VOLUNTEER LIFE BUILDING
SPRING (MAR-APR-MAY) 1968
FREQUENCY, percent
Figure 2-5- Influence of topography on spring (1968) and fall (1967) wind roses from
meteorological sampling sites west of Missionary Ridge.
11
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strong influence of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Volunteer Life, the
downtown Chattanooga station, does not experience the blocking effect from Look-
out Mountain that the Rossville site does. The Volunteer Life site was situated
close to the gap, between Lookout and Signal Mountains. Because of this location
and the seasonal changes in the upper winds, Volunteer Life had a F'all 1967 wind
pattern predominantly from the northwest and southeast quadrants, and a Spring
1968 pattern from the west-northwest and from the south.
Fall and spring wind roses from the Lookout Mountain site (see Figure 2-5)
provide the best indication of the flow patterns above the Chattanooga valley floor.
These roses, however, may not be fully representative of the free atmospheric
flow above the valley since the airflow at the site was subject to some modifica-
tion by the flow about the mountain itself. In the fall, stronger west-east winds
were present and in the spring west-northwest flow was predominate^accompanied
by limited flow from the south.
Topography appears to be a governing factor for wind speed and direction in
both patterns shown and in those from the four other sites. Topographic features
create two separate flow systems in the Chattanooga area, one east of
Missionary Ridge and one west of the ridge. These systems often operate inde-
pendently, resulting in a limited interchange of pollutants across the ridge. The
small percentage of northeasterly winds recorded at Lookout Mountain and the
flow patterns for Hickory Valley and Lovell Field indicate that pollutants from the
Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant area are infrequently transported to the down-
town Chattanooga area, tending instead to remain in the area west of Missionary
Ridge.
2.2.2 Inversion Measurements
Thermograph measurements were made in order to estimate the frequency
and strength of temperature inversions in the Chattanooga study area. In a ridge-
valley relationship, the daytime surface temperatures at ridge-level tend to be
cooler than at the valley floor but warmer than the corresponding free air temper-
ature above the valley. The difference between ridge and floor thermograph read-
ings would then be less than the actual lapse rate, showing more stable conditions
than actually exist. At night, conditions reverse, and readings would indicate less
stable conditions than actually exist. Therefore, the percentage of nighttime inver-
sions measured by the thermographic method is a conservative estimate. Under
this restriction, temperature inversions were recorded in the Chattanooga valley
west of Missionary Ridge over 60 percent of the nighttime hours during the summer
and 35 percent during the winter.
To illustrate the inversion conditions west of Missionary Ridge, Table 2-1
was developed from temperature differences between thermograph readings
recorded at Ruby Falls and at Rossville. Two typical months, one summer and
one fall, were selected for comparison and only nighttime conditions were con-
sidered. Positive temperature differences represent a trend toward stable or
inversion conditions; negative differences point to unstable conditions. Informa-
tion presented in the table shows a rapid shift toward stable conditions (increased
percentage of positive values) after sunset during both summer and fall. A size-
able increase in the percentage of positive values occurs in the summer (June) as
compared to the fall (November). Though fewer inversions occur in the fall, the
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Table 2-1. NIGHTTIME TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES: RUBY FALLS MINUS ROSSVILLE, JUNE 1968 AND NOVEMBER 1967
Time of
day (EST)
Temperature difference, °F
<-6
-5.9 to -3.0
-2.9 to 0.0
0.1 to 3.0
3.1 to 6.0
6.1 to 9.0
9.1 to 12.0
12.1 to 15.0
>15.0
Cumulative
in versions, a
%
Occurrence June 1968,
19
20
21
22
23
00
01
02
03
04
05
18
.
-
.
.
4
3
7
6
3
3
51
23
19
9
12
8
9
6
7
10
6
23
37
15
25
7
7
6
4
9
4
8
8
25
41
23
26
11
12
13
8
10
20
—
15
17
22
27
30
36
38
43
35
30
—
.
8
18
25
37
31
29
13
25
23
—
.
.
3
3
3
3
3
11
9
6
_
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
4
4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
-
-
-
8
40
66
66
81
81
82
83
78
83
83
Occurrence November 1967,c
18
19
20
21
22
23
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
„
.
1
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
27
24
26
27
23
20
19
22
22
13
13
10
13
43
39
30
28
27
30
34
33
28
34
30
27
29
20
10
10
13
17
13
7
10
8
6
16
13
16
7
14
13
10
9
11
12
12
15
23
17
17
12
3
8
11
6
4
6
11
3
13
10
10
18
14
m
5
6
4
12
10
9
12
6
6
10
11
13
_
.
3
6
7
6
4
7
8
8
4
4
3
_
.
-
4
1
4
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
30
37
43
43
50
50
47
45
50
53
57
63
58
aDefined as positive temperature differences.
"Average sunset 1940, average sunrise 0535.
°Average sunset 1730, average sunrise 0750.
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magnitude or strength of the fall inversions is greater. Fall temperature differ-
ences between the two altitudes were as great as 15° F.
To further illustrate the distribution of temperature differences within the
study area, average hourly differences are plotted in Figure 2-6 for pairs of sta-
tions, one pair east and one west of Missionary Ridge. The month of March 1968
was arbitrarily selected for the comparisons. West of Missionary Ridge, between
Lookout Mountain and Rossville, and also between Ruby Falls and Rossville, inver-
sion trends (positive temperature differences) persisted in the Chattanooga valley
from 2100 until 0800. A rapid decrease in stability occurred from 0700 until 1100.
More unstable conditions existed until about 1700, whereupon, a rapid trend toward
stability began, approximately coinciding with sunset.
In Figure 2-6 a slightly different stability pattern for the area east of Mis-
sionary Ridge is shown by the Farmer's Chemical site. Nighttime conditions are
similar to those west of the ridge, but daytime conditions reflect a smaller decrease1
in stability. The average temperature difference is nearly isothermal until about
1400. At that time, afternoon heating causes an increased instability until about
1800, when a rapid trend toward stability begins again. The patterns in the two
valleys show some differences; however, a large part of these differences may be
due to the variation in the height between the paired stations.
2.3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The climatology of the study area indicates light average wind spe'eds, topo-
graphically confined flow, and frequent inversion conditions. These are factors
111
o
UJ
tr
111
D
UJ
oc
cc
UJ
Q_
UJ
I-
RUBY FALLS MINUS ROSSVILLE
1220-665= 555 ft.
LOOKOUT MT. MINUS ROSSVILLE
2160-665= 1495 ft.
FARMERS CHEMICAL
HIGH MINUS LOW
ELEVATION
850-720"= 130 ft.
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
TIME, 24 hour clock
Figure 2-6- Comparison of average March, 1968 temperature differences between
selected'Sites.
14
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usually associated with poor pollutant dispersion. In addition, the frequency of
prolonged periods of particularly poor dispersion conditions is greater than in
most other parts of the nation. Figure 2-7 shows that the Chattanooga area lies
near the geographical region having the maximum "high-air-pollution-potential
forecast days"* for the eastern United States.
33 EPISODES WEST
1 OCT. 1963-31 OCT. 1969
74 EPISODES EAST
1 AUG. 1960-31 OCT. 1969
60
SO
40
30
20
JO
Figure 2-7. Forecast high-air-pollution-potential days.
On a local scale, the meteorological picture emerging from studies contained
in this chapter is of two valleys that typify conditions along the eastern slopes
of the Appalachians. Valley flow is sluggish with many calm periods. The airflow
pattern is essentially up- or down- with very little cross-valley circulation. East
of Missionary Ridge the area is primarily rural with scattered homes and only one
major source of air pollution—the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant. The pollu-
tants emitted in the area are usually confined by nighttime inversions and trans-
ported up or down the valley until the inversions break up.
The other valley, west of Missionary Ridge, tends to have stronger winds and
more frequent cross-valley flow. The area is primarily urban with many indus-
trial sources of pollution, which contribute to a more even distribution of pollutants
throughout that valley. No evidence was found to indicate any major transport of
pollutants from one valley to the other. In fact, wind roses from the separate
valleys indicate that very little pollutant exchange occurs.
*These forecasts have been issued by the U.S. Weather Bureau since I960 for
regional episodes expected to persist for at least 36 hours.
15
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3. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A 29-station air sampling network was set up to examine the air quality of
the interstate area. Whenever possible, sampling locations were selected to
satisfy the following objectives:
1. To determine the spatial distribution of pollutants throughout the area,
describing areas of maximum pollution and developing a gradation of
pollutant concentrations.
2. To determine the air quality levels in each of the four major zone classi-
fications residential, commercial, industrial, and rural.
Care was exercised to ensure that all sampling stations were representative
of the area in which they were located. Figure 3-1 indicates the location of each
sampling station. A description of each and its instrumentation is given in
Appendix B.
Pollutants sampled were: particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
oxidants, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Selected suspended particulate
samples were also analyzed for sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate content.
3.1 PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Particulate air pollution is any matter dispersed in the air "in which the
individual particles are larger than small molecules, but smaller than 500 microns
(IJL) in diameter. "^ This type of pollution is generally classified into two
main categories, either suspended or settleable particulate. Particles greater
than 10 |JL in diameter tend to settle rapidly from the air and are classified as
settleable; while particles smaller than this diameter tend to remain in suspen-
sion for longer periods of time, thus being classified as suspended.
3.1.1 Suspended Particulate — High-Volume Samplers
Suspended particulate is most commonly measured with high-volume samplers.
Twenty-one sampling stations'were established in the study area, and samples were
collected for 24-hour periods beginning at midnight. Results, reported in micro-
grams per cubic meter ([o.g/m3), are summarized by frequency distribution in
Table 3-1. Graphic illustrations of these distributions also appear in Appendix C
and a comparison of mean values, in Figure 3-2. High average concentrations
were recorded at the National Guard (site #8), and at the Volunteer Army Ammuni-
tion Plant (VAAP) (sites #17 and #19). These three sites along with Rossville
(site #7), WDEF-TV (site #4), and the Rod and Gun Club (site #20), all recorded
daily values in excess of 400 |j.g/m3. Table 3-2 shows the percent of time
selected concentration levels were exceeded. Levels in excess of 150
were found at least 20 percent of the time at nine of the stations.
17'
-------
Xl \ ™
SIGNAJ. MOUNTAIN^ ^ < /
,'' l /
x^xx ^22) / '' "7 /
?^ v» y I / /
CHATTANOOGA -/«-"i
/*/ RIDGESIDE
Figure 3-1. Air quality sampling network stations (see Appendix B).
An isointensity map depicting the geographic distribution of suspended
particulate concentrations throughout the study area is presented in Figure 3-3.
This map shows two separate areas of high concentration, one centered in the
valley including downtown Chattanooga extending south to include Rossville; and
the other, a more narrow area, extending from the Rod and Gun Club south to
beyond the VAAP administration area. The topographical features of the study
area, which are described in detail elsewhere in this report, seem to rule out the
possibility of any significant exchange of pollutant concentrations between these
two areas. This apparent existence of separate air masses within the study area
is strongly substantiated by the measured pollutant concentrations, not only the
suspended particulate as shown in Table 3-1, but also by the measured levels of
nitrogen dioxide that are discussed later.
18
-------
Table 3-1. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION
Station
number
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
27
201
Operating
period
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67- 3/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 12/68
10/67 - 12/68
12/67 - 12/68
10/67- 3/68
9/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
4/68 - 12/68
6/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
146
186
193
179
153
227
215
179
69
149
194
162
183
125
59
425
422
408
424
69
55
Concentration, ug/m^
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
20
26
46
60
32
44
55
49
21
27
29
28
27
23
20
43
30
20
32
64
21
75
30
40
64
74
45
64
89
69
37
37
41
38
43
36
32
73
63
45
47
84
37
50
45
62
94
99
66
96
140
100
63
53
59
55
66
56
51
120
116
89
70
112
62
25
62
89
138
139
94
141
207
145
98
76
87
78
96
82
75
183
190
153
108
150
94
10
78
118
195
191
132
203
290
202
135
104
124
109
130
115
101
255
262
223
155
194
127
1
105
172
350
338
237
376
521
359
-
180
273
188
221
208
-
396
364
340
299
-
-
Maximum
value
105
185
478
358
286
511
697
383
178
198
323
214
302
209
168
414
586
432
345
308
257
Minimum
value
10
12
21
35
17
18
33
28
17
14
10
14
14
14
15
20
12
13
10
39
7
Arithmetic
mean
48
66
108
116
76
114
160
114
72
60
68
64
76
64
56
135
133
108
84
118
72
Standard
deviation
22
34
61
64
42
73
102
64
40
34
42
35
44
36
33
78
89
77
52
50
52
Geometric
mean
43
57
94
103
66
96
134
100
62
53
59
57
64
54
48
113
103
83
70
109
56
Geometric
standard
deviation
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.7
2.1
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.6
1.8
1.5
2.0
-------
150
ro
.E 140
Oi
1 I3°
< 120
I—
S no
z
o
u 100
HI
3 90
u
1— on
o: BU
CL
Q 70
[11
S 60
Q_
Wl
55 50
z
^ 40
u
o: 30
0 20
0
10
i
1
:::::::::::
••^••i
«••••
;;•;:;!;;:;
WS
••«••
?TTT
— — 1
SS&
1^
—
—
—
—
—
—
10 11 12 13 14
STATION NUMBER
15
16 17 19 20 21 27 201
Figure 3-2. Comparison of annual geometric mean suspended particulate concentrations (ug/m3) for all
sampling stations, October 1967 - November 1968-
Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter indicates that "in areas where
studies have been conducted, adverse health effects were noted when the annual
geometric mean level of particulate matter exceeded 80 |j.g/m3, visibility reduc-
tion to about 5 miles was observed at 150 (J.g/m^, and adverse effects onmaterials
were observed when the annual geometric mean exceeded 60 |j.g/m . " The values
presented in Tables 3-1 and 3-2, and Figure 3-3 indicate that suspended particulate
levels in many locations in the metropolitan Chattanooga area are, therefore,
sufficiently high to -warrant considerable concern by local residents.
3. 1.2 Suspended Particulate—Respirable Dust Fraction
Suspended particulate material in the atmosphere is never uniform in size.
The composition of the material, the source and manner of generation, the time
elapsed since generation, and meteorological conditions are among the many
factors that influence the size distribution of particles in the atmosphere.
Respiration carries airborne particles into the human body. Larger particles,
in general, are deposited in the upper respiratory system, while particles between
1 and 5 M in diameter tend to penetrate deeply and become deposited in the fine
structure of the lungs. 3 Particles of this size and nature are identified as respir-
able.
20
-------
Table 3-2. PERCENT OF OBSERVATIONS EXCEEDING
SELECTED DAILY SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE
CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
27
201
Concentrations, ng/m^
60
80
100
125
150
% exceeding
27
52
79
90
56
78
88
83
53
40
49
43
57
45
39
82
76
66
60
92
52
9
32
61
68
35
61
79
66
36
22
30
24
38
26
21
71
66
55
42
78
35
2
18
46
49
22
46
70
50
24
11
18
13
22
15
10
60
57
45
29
60
22
0
8
31
32
12
32
57
35
13
5
10
6
12
8
<1
48
47
34
18
40
11
0
3
20
20
7
22
46
23
*1
2
6
3
6
4
<1
37
37
26
11
24
<1
High-volume samplers generally collect some larger particles, which, though
small in number, may exert a large influence upon the overall gravimetric result.
The percentage or amount of the sample smaller than 5 ji in diameter is extremely
important when the different aspects of particulate air pollution previously men-
tioned are considered. For this reason, five high-volume sampling stations were
equipped with additional samplers that had cyclone prefilters designed to simulate
the particle-size collection, characteristics of the upper respiratory system.
Results of the respirable dust measurements are presented by seasonal
averages in Table 3-3. The highest percentage of respirable dust was measured
at the Rod and Gun Club (site #201); Rossville (site #7) samples contained the
lowest percentage. In most recorded instances, as much as 40 percent of the
particulate suspended in the air could be classified as respirable.
3.1.3 Suspended Particulate—Soiling Index
Soiling of draperies, clothing, and other domestic items is a nuisance that
can be directly related to suspended particulate air pollution. Suspended partic-
ulate matter ranging from 2.0 IJL to less than 0. 3 |JL plays an active role in the
soiling of buildings and textiles. 1 In the early 1950's the tape sampler method4
was devised in an attempt to document soiling effects.
The soiling potential, or "soiling index" of the atmosphere, was measured at
six locations in the interstate area with paper tape samplers. Results, reported
as coefficient of haze (Coh's) per 103 lineal feet, are presented as frequency dis-
tributions in Table 3-4 and Appendix C.
21
-------
=AST RIDGE
HAMILTON COUNTY
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE,
jig/m 3
60- 80
Figure 3-3. Geographic distribution of geometric mean suspended particulate —October 1967-
November 1968.
Results of the soiling index measurements indicate that a definite soiling
problem exists in many areas of Chattanooga. Measured values in excess of 4. 0
Coh per 10^ lineal feet are defined by the State of New Jersey^ as "extremely
heavy soiling." This level was exceeded at all sampling stations except Brainerd
(site #13); at the National Guard Armory (site #8) it was exceeded at least 10
percent of the time.
Other soiling index standards such as those of the Missouri Air Conservation
Commission (0. 4 Coh per 10^ lineal feet, annual geometric mean)° or the State of
22
-------
Table 3-3. CONCENTRATIONS OF SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE
ESTIMATED AS RESPIRABLE
(seasonal averages)
Station
number
4
Arithmetic mean
5
Arithmetic mean
7
Arithmetic mean
14
Arithmetic mean
201
Arithmetic mean
Date
10/67 - 11/67
12/67- 2/68
3/68- 5/68
6/68- 8/68
9/68 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
12/67- 2/68
3/68- 5/68
6/68- 8/68
9/68 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
4/68- 5/68
6/68- 8/68
9/68 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/67
3/68
10/67- 3/68
6/68- 8/68
9/68 - 11/68
6/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
12
23
20
22
23
100
3
10
19
15
47
9
22
27
58
14
6
20
21
26
47
o
Suspended particulate, ng/m
Total
128
118
93
99
112
108
166
113
92
103
104
91
97
145
118
76
64
73
78
72
75
Respirable
59
56
38
40
54
49
43
43
43
46
44
32
38
48
42
25
37
29
63
51
56
Percent
respirable
46
47
41
40
48
45
26
38
47
45
42
35
39
33
36
33
58
40
81
71
75
Tennessee industrial area limitation (5. 0 Coh per 103 lineal feet not to be exceeded
1-percent of the time during any 30-day period)7 are based on longer term averages.
Information presented in Table 3-4 indicates that these standards were equaled or
exceeded at the majority of locations in the study area.
3.1.4 Settleable Particulate—Dustfall
Dustfall measurements, using jars or other containers, have been taken as
indicators of settleable particulate pollution since the early 1900's.8 Values are
expressed as tons/mi2-mo (or g/cm2-mo), and roughly represent an area with an
approximate radius of 0.25 mile. Most of the particles collected are in the range
of 20 to 40 [x in diameter.2 This measurement does not, therefore, consider the
smaller particles, which are a major cause of soiling, visibility reduction, and
respiratory problems. Instead, dustfall measurements provide a general index
of pollution from sources of larger particulate matter.
Measurements were taken at 28 stations in the study area. Results are
summarized in Table 3-5. The highest mean dustfall values were recorded at
VAAP-Pond (site #19) and at the effects station in Rossville (site #141), which had
values of 30 and 20 tons/mi2-mo, respectively.
The geographic pattern of the dustfall measurements shown in Figure 3-4 is
very similar to that of suspended particulate. As with suspended particulate,
23
-------
CSS
Table ,3-4. CUMULATIVE .FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF 2-HOUR SOILING INDEX MEASUREMENTS
Station
number
4
5
7
8
9
13
Operating
period
7/68 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
Number
observations
1,202
3,595
4,514
3,336
4.497
693
o
Soiling index, Coh/10 lineal ft
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
75
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.4
50
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.9
0.5
0.6
25
1.5
1.7
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.0
10
2.7
3.0
2.7
4.3
2.4
1.5
1
4.6
6.5
5.4
8.0
5.6
2.8
Maximum
value
5.7
9.5
8.7
10.0
10.0
3.7
Minimum
value
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Arithmetic
mean
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.6
0.9
0.8
Standard
deviation
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.8
1.1
0.6
Geometric
mean
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.9
0.5
0.6
Geometric
standard
deviation
2.5
3.0
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.1
-------
Table 3-5. SETTLEABLE PARTICULATE (DUSTFALL) MEASUREMENTS
(tons/mi2 - mo)
Station
number
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
22
23
24
25
26
27
107E (19)
108E (17)
109E (21)
HOE (20)
140E (5)
141E
Operating
period
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67- 3/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67- 3/68
10/67 - 11/68
11/67 - 11/68
12/67- 3/68
5/68 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
Number
observations
13
12
14
14
13
14
13
14
12
10
12
14
14
14
5
11
12
5
11
10
4
6
12
14
13
14
14
14
Minimum
value
4
6
1
5
3
5
8
3
4
6
5
2
3
1
2
4
5
5
4
7
4
6
15
8
3
6
12
9
Maximum
value
15
15
11
27
11
18
16
15
9
24
14
12
13
33
5
28
17
40
15
27
17
36
51
16
29
32
32
32
Arithmetic
mean
7
9
7
18
8
12
12
8
6
11
8
7
8
12
3
11
10
14
10
16
9
14
30
12
11
13
17
20
Standard
deviation
3
3
3
6
2
4
2
3
2
5
2
3
2
9
1
7
3
15
3
7
6
11
12
2
7
7
5
6
Geometric
mean
7
9
6
16
7
11
12
8
6
10
7
6
7
8
3
10
10
10
9
14
8
11
28
11
9
12
17
19
Geometric
standard
deviation
1.5
1.3
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.4
2.5
1.4
1.7
1.4
2.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.4
ro
en
-------
\^'_ DUSTFALL,
tons/mi 2
Figure 3-4. Geographic distribution of arithmetic mean settleable particulate - October 1967 -
November 1968-
there are two areas of high concentration with no apparent exchange of pollutant
between them. Highest geographical concentrations were found at Rossville, in
downtown Chattanooga, and at the VAAP-Pond.
"
3.2 SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sulfur dioxide (SC>2) is a gaseous pollutant principally derived from the com-
bustion of coal and other sulfur-be a ring fossil fuels. It is suspected as one of the
chief culprits in numerous past air pollution episodes and is responsible for
effects such as visibility reduction, metal corrosion, material and vegetation
26
-------
damage, and damage to the human respiratory system. Such effects are rapidly
accelerated in the presence of suspended particulate material. 9
Area-wide SO;? pollution was examined by a sampling network composed of
10 stations (see Figure 3-5). Three sampling methods10 were used: (1) West-
Gaeke sequential, (2) West-Gaeke automatic continuous, and (3) electroconductivity
automatic continuous. In addition, lead dioxide candles, which provide a rough
indication of the sulfation rate of an area, 1 were employed at 27 stations. Table
B-l of Appendix B contains a listing of all SO£ stations, sampling times, and
methods of analysis.
/ / I
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
^V^. J
\ ' I"
' \ fr f
I
GEORGIA j i '
.'" nnccv/n i P '
?) N02 | CATOOSA COUNTY
—' s «
Figure 3-5. S02 and NOX sampling network.
27
-------
Results of the SO2 investigations are presented in Tables 3-6 and 3-7, and
graphically illustrated in Appendix C. High hourly concentrations of SO2 •were
occasionally experienced in certain portions of the area: 0. 58 part per million
(ppm) at WDEF-TV (site #4), 1. 45 ppm at VAAP-Harrison School (site #21), and
0.55 ppm at VAAP-Rod and Gun Club (site #20). Also, maximum daily averages
of 0. 10 ppm or greater were experienced at three locations, VAAP-Harrison
School, VAAP-Rod and Gun Club, and East Chattanooga. However, the annual
arithmetic mean SO2 levels at all stations in the study area were less than or equal
to 0. 02 ppm.
Results of the sulfation rate studies (lead dioxide candle) are presented in
Table 3-8. The highest monthly value recorded was 1. 2 mg SO3/100 cm2-day
during February 1968, at the National Guard Armory (site #6). Mean values for
all stations ranged from 0. 1 to 0. 5 mg SOs/100 cm^-day. Correlation studies
have shown that a factor of 0. 04 applied to the sulfation result provides a good
approximation of the monthly SC>2 concentrations. Converted thus, annual arith-
metic mean SC"2 levels ranged from 0. 002 to 0. 02 ppm, estimates that check
closely with actual measurements.
Adverse health effects have been noted when 24-hour average (arithmetic
mean) levels of SC>2 exceed 0.11 ppm for 3 or 4 days. 9 Adverse health
effects at an annual arithmetic mean of 0. 04 ppm, visibility reduction to 5 miles
at a mean of 0. 10 ppm, adverse effects on materials at a mean of 0. 12. ppm, and
adverse effects on vegetation at a mean of 0. 03 ppm have also been indicated. '
It is reasonable to conclude from the measured values that while long-term SC>2
averages for the Chattanooga area are lower than the annual arithmetic mean
levels defined by the Air Quality Criteria for SQz, ° periods of short-term, high
concentrations are quite likely to occur, especially in the vicinity of the Volunteer
Army Ammunition Plant.
3.3 NITROGEN OXIDES
The oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NOz) in
particular, are significant both as toxic pollutants and as agents in the production
of photochemical smog.
Nitric oxide is normally produced by the fixation of nitrogen and oxygen at
high combustion temperatures. NO2 may be produced in a. secondary reaction of
NO and oxygen. Both pollutants may be released directly as by-products of chem-
ical manufacturing processes.
In the most metropolitan areas in the United States, the major sources of
atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the high temperature combustion processes.
The Chattanooga area, however, is unique because, besides combustion sources,
nitrogen oxides are released in large quantities in the manufacture of 2, 4, 6
trinitrotoluene (TNT) and related chemical products.
To record ground level concentrations of both NO and NO2 in the area,
measurements were taken continuously at numerous sites throughout the area.
The colorimetric Saltzman techniquelO was employed at all stations. Sampling
locations are shown on Figure 3-5 and listed by station in Appendix B. •
28
-------
Table 3-6. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OP 1- AND 2-HOUR S02 CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
4
5
5
7
'8
8
9
17
19
20
21
27
Method
a
b
a
b
b
a
a
c
c
c
c
b
Operating
period
10/67- 2/68
9/67- 3/68
4/68- 5/68
10/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 12/67
10/67
10/67- 5/68
2/68 - 11/68
5/68 - 11/68
1/68 - 11/68
1/68 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
"" 661
3,901
291
6,455
1,118
85
1,172
7,003
4,722
7,915
7,864
4,682
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
75
0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
50
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
25
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
10
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.02
1
0.07
0.10
0.04
0.05
0.04
-
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.03
Maximum
value
0.58
0.19
0.04
0.11
0.06
0.05
0.25
0.34
0.11
0.55
1.45
0.09
Minimum
value
<0.01
<0.01
-------
CO
o
Table 3-7. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY S02 CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
4
5
5
7
8
8
9
17
19
20
21
27
Method
a
b
a
I
b
a
a
c
c
c
c
t
Operating
period
10/67- 2/68
9/67 - 3/68
4/68- 5/68
10/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 12/67
11/67
10/67- 5/68
2/68 - 11/68
5/68 - 11/68
1/68 - 11/68
1/68 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
58
173
28
297
53
8
104
295
201
335
334
220
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
75
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
50
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
25
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
10
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.02
Insufficient data
0.01
0.01
Q.02
0.03
93 % of values were zero
95 % of values were zero
91 % of values were zero
79 % of values were zero
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
1
.
-
-
0.04
-
0.12
0.02
Maximum
value
0.06
0.09
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.12
0.05
0.02
0.10
0.19
0.03
Minimum
value
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Arithmetic
mean
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
-
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
Standard
deviation
0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
-
0.02
-
-
-
-
<0.01
Geometric
mean -
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
-
0.01
-
-
-
-
0.01
Geometric
standard
deviation
2.1
2.5
2.0
3.0
2.8
-
2.3
-
-
-
-
2.7
a2 hr averages, WG & P wet impinger method.
bl hr averages, conductivity method.
cl hr averages, WG & P colorimetric method.
-------
Table 3-8. MONTHLY SULFATION CONCENTRATIONS
(mg SOg/lOO cm"2-day)
Station'
number
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11 '
12
13
14
15
16
18
22
24
25
27
28
107E
108E
109E
HOE
HOE
141E
Operating
period
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 • 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
11/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67- 3/68
10/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
6/68 - 11/68
5/68 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
Number
observations
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
14
14
14
6
14
12
11
6
7
7
13
13
13
13
14
14
Minimum
value
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Maximum
value
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.5
1.2
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
1.0
0.5
Arithmetic
mean
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
<0.1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.4
0;2
Standard
deviation
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
Geometric
mean
0.2
0;2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.1
<0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
Geometric
standard
deviation
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.2
2.4
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.6
1.9
2.5
2.4
1.8
2.1
1.8
2.9
1.3
1.4
1.9
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
2.3
2.4
-------
3.3.1 Nitrogen Dioxide
Frequency distributions of the daily and hourly NC>2 samples are presented
graphically in Appendix C and in Tables 3-9 and 3-10. Average concentrations
for the study period are presented in the bar graphs of Figure 3-6. These results
indicate that the seven sampling stations near the Volunteer Army Ammunition
Plant experienced arithmetic mean concentrations at least twice as large as those
of the remaining four locations. A mean concentration of 0. 21 ppm was measured
at VAAP-Pond (site #19), while concentration of 0. 14 and 0. 16 ppm were
experienced at the two Rod and Gun Club stations (sites #20 and #201). By
comparison, downtown Chattanooga experienced an arithmetic mean concentra-
tion of only 0. 04 ppm at both the Federal Building (site #5) and the Golden
Gateway (site #27). In Georgia, Rossville (site #7) had a. similar arithmetic
'mean of 0. 04 ppm.
When the arithmetic mean NO£ results obtained in the Chattanooga area were
compared to those of the seven CAMP stations^ in the United States, values
obtained at the stations in the vicinity of the ammunition plant appeared significantly
higher than any of the CAMP locations. Downtown Chattanooga and Rossville
values were of the same magnitude or less than the CAMP locations, (0. 03 to 0. 06
ppm).
Hourly NC>2 concentrations in excess of 2. 00 ppm were observed at sites
#17, #19, #20, #21, and #20.1, each highly influenced by the ammunition plant.
These values differ from those recorded in downtown Chattanooga by an order of
magnitude.
A daily maximum NC>2 concentration of 1. 00 ppm was measured at the VAAP-
Pond (site #19), and a daily concentration of 0. 91 ppm at the VAAP-Rod and Gun
Club (site #20). These values are again much greater than those in downtown
Chattanooga.
In an attempt to define possible episode periods, the duration of NC>2 concen-
trations were tabulated for concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 ppm (Table 3-11).
The table shows the number of cases at each station when the concentration levels
were exceeded for a minimum of 8 hours. There were 71 separate cases when
NC<2 levels in excess of 0. 25 ppm existed for at least 8 hours at site #20. Of
these, 29 had levels in excess of 0.50 ppm for at least 8 hours. Sites #20, #201,
and #19 each had one recorded instance where a concentration of at least 1. 0 ppm
existed for at least eight consecutive hours. Those stations at a greater distance
from the ammunitions plant (sites #5, #7, #27, and #16) recorded no 8-hour cases
in excess of 0. 25 ppm.
The sampling results clearly indicate that a definite NC>2 problem does exist
in the Chattanooga area, especially in the vicinity of the Volunteer Army Ammuni-
tion Plant. Levels of NC>2 found in the studies are certainly of sufficient magnitude
to warrant concern by area residents.
3.3.2 Nitric Oxide
Frequency distributions of hourly NO sampling results are given in Table
3-12. Maximum hourly averages ranged from 2. 75 ppm at the VAAP-Harrison
School, (site #21), to 0.36 ppm at the Golden Gateway, (site #27). Arithmetic
mean concentrations ranged from a maximum of 0. 11 ppm at VAAP-Pond, (site
32
-------
Table 3-9. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY N02 CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
5
7
15
16
- 17
-19
r~20
21
27
161
201
Operating
period
12/67- 3/68
4/68 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67- 3/68
2/68 - 11/68
5/68 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
12/67- 5/68
Number
observations
1,823
5,044
7,465
2,126
_6_^70
AJOi..
10,607
OOJ&L
3,741
5,136
2,615-
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
0.02
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
75
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
50
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
25
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.03
0.07
0.22
0.12
0.10
0.05
0.07
0.14
10
0.07
0.09
0.16
0.05
0.26
0.64
0.46
0.25
0.07
0.17
0.53
1
0.09
0.17
0.60
0.18
1.10
1.75
1.42
0.90
0.11
0.77
1.50
Maximum
value
0.16
0.26
1.80
0.47
2.45
3.80
3.80
2.66
0.89
1.55
3.00
Minimum
value
<0.01
O.01
O.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
' <0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Arithmetic
mean
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.09
0.21
0.14
0.09
0.04
0.08
0.16
Standard
deviation
0.02
0.04
0.11
0.04
0.21
0.38
0.30
0.18
0.03
0.14
0.31
Geometric
mean
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
Geometric
standard
deviation
1.7
2.3
3.1
2.4
4.9
6.3
5.2
4.4
2.1
3.3
4.9
Table 3-10. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY N02 CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
5
7
— 15
16
17
19
--20-
21
27
161
201
Operating
period
12/67- 3/68
4/68 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67- 3/68
2/68 - 11/68
5/68 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
4/68 - 11/68
12/67 - 5/68
Number
observations
95
233
341
96
295
2Q2^
,456,
^57
201
230
128
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
0.02
0.01
0.02
<0.01
O.01
O.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
75
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
<0.01
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
50
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.13
0.09
0.06
0.03
0.04
0.07
25
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.14
0.30
0.22
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.26
10
0.06
0.07
0.15
0.05
0.26
0.49
0.36
0.22
0.06
0.17
0.46
1
.
0.12
0.28
-
|0.51_
0.78
0.62
0.39
0.08
0.38
0.70
Maximum
value
0.08
0.13 .
'0.44
_Qifl9-
0.64
1.00
0.91
0.47
-•&PJ
0.40
0.83
Minimum
value
0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.01
Arithmetic
mean
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.03
0.10
0.21
0.15
0.09
0.04
0.08
0.16
Standard
deviation
0.02
0.02
0.06
0.02
0.12
0.20
0.16
0.09
0.02
0.07
0.19
Geometric
mean
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.05
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.08
Geometric
standard
deviation
1.7
2.1
2.4
3.3
3.8
3.0
3.1
3.1
1.9
2.8
5.0
CO
-------
0.24
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
<
UJ
y 0.12
t 0.10
i 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
—
—
—
—
UJ
L)
LL
U.
H
ul
0
a.
•
UJ
_l
_l
>
*/>
O
at
0
0
£
<
H
ID
Q
<
Z
<
If
(Q
D
_l
U
Z
o
0
Z
<
o
DC
a.
<
>
_i
0
X
U
\ft
Z
o
K
K
<
X
CL
<
<
>
>-
<
3;
UJ
t-
<
O
Z
o
_I
o
o
>-
UJ
_1
_l
<
>
>-
a.
o
ad
u
X
CO
z>
-I
U
Z
-------
Table 3-12. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY NO CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
17
19
20
21
27
161
Operating
period
5/68 - 11/68
7/68 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
9/67 - 11/68
6/68 - 11/68
6/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
4,611
3,174
10,678
10,720
2,292
3,756
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
75
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
50
0.01
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.02
25
0.06
0.14
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.06
10
0.20
0.33
0.26
0.16
0.07
0.12
1
0.59
0.77
0.79
0.66
0.22
0.35
Maximum
value
1.10
1.53
2.15
2.75
0.36
0.71
Minimum
value
<0.01
O.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
Arithmetic
mean
0.06
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.05
Standard
deviation
0.12
0.17
0.17
0.14
0.04
0.07
Geometric
mean
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Geometric
standard
deviation
4.4
5.7
5.0
4.4
2.8
3.4
co
-------
Concentrations presented in Table 3-12 also indicate that substantial
amounts of colorless NO are released from chemical manufacture east of Missionary
Ridge. When these high NO levels are combined with NOz levels previously
reported, total ambient concentrations of nitrogen oxides in the area exceeded
4. 0 ppm.
3.4 OXIDANTS
Oxidants are a class of gaseous pollutants primarily derived from a photo-
chemical reaction involving unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Sunshine
provides the energy to affect a reaction between these constituants to form ozone,
peroxyacyl nitrate, and other oxidant radicals. These oxidants are important
because they can cause rubber to crack, damage vegetation, and irritate the eyes,
throat, and lungs.
In the Chattanooga area, hourly oxidant measurements were recorded at
eight locations. Mast* coulometric analyzers were used at seven stations and a
Beckman colorimetric analyzer was used at the eighth (site #27).
Results from these investigations are summarized in Table 3-13. These
results generally indicate that overall oxidant levels in the study area are low,
with the exception of the area near the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant (site
#201), where high readings are attributable to the large amount of NO and NO£
present in the area.
3.5 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are emitted during the incomplete combustion of all fuels.
Air pollution control engineers are concerned with these emissions primarily
because of their relationship to the production of photochemical smog. As an
important constituent of photochemical smog, their presence in the ambient
atmosphere along with sunlight indicates a potential oxidant pollution.
This class of pollutants was only measured for a limited time during the
study period, at the Golden Gateway (site #27) from June to November 1968. The
results from this investigation, presented in Table 3-14, are of the same magni-
tude as those monitored in the seven CAMP stations for the period 1962 to 1966.
Because of the limited amount of sampling in the Chattanooga area, no area-wide
conclusion can be drawn.
3.6 CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, resulting chiefly from
the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. It is important as an air
pollutant because of its extremely high affinity for blood hemoglobin. Motor vehi-
cles are the principal emitters, although foundries and open burning also contri-
bute.
Sampling for CO in the Chattanooga area was limited. One-hour concen-
trations were measured by the infrared absorption technique, at Rossville (site
#7) during the period of October 1967 to March 1968 and at the Golden Gateway
*Mention of a company or product name does not constitute endorsement by the
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
36
-------
Table 3-13. 'CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION O.F.HOURLY OXIDANT 'CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
5
7
8
9
15
16
201
27
Operating
period
1/68- 5/68
11/67- 5/68
1/68- 3/68
4/68- 5/68
12/67- 4/68
11/67- 3/68
4/68- 5/68
5/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
3,083
3,103
1,249
1,030
2,346 -
2,699
1,189
2,871
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
75
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
50
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
25
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
10
0.03
0.02.
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.07
1
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.15
0.11
Maximum
value
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.07
0.16
0.04
0.22
0.20
Minimum
value
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Arithmetic
mean
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
Standard
deviation
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.03
Geometric
mean
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
Geometric
standard
deviation
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.09
Table 3-14. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
27
Operating
period
6/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
2,456
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
1.0
75
1.3
50
1.9
25
2.7
10
3.9
1
8.9
Maximum
value
16.5
Minimum
value
0.1
Arithmetic
mean
2.3
Standard
deviation
1.7
Geometric
mean
1.8
Geometric
standard
deviation
2.2
u>
-------
(site #27) during the period from March 1968 to December 1968. Results from
these investigations are summarized in Table 3-15.
Arithmetic mean CO concentrations obtained at Rossville and the Golden
Gateway were 3. 4 and 2. 4 ppm, respectively; both values are below the arithmetic
mean concentrations measured at the six of the seven CAMP stations for the
period 1962 to 1966.
Because of the limited amount of sampling conducted during the study period,
no conclusion can be drawn as to the extent of area-wide CO pollution.
3.7 CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
Selected samples of suspended particulates from eight stations ( sites #4,
#5, #7, #14, #17, #19, #20, and #21) were colorimetrically analyzed for sulfate,
ammonium, and nitrate. Concentration values and sample percentages can be
found in Table 3-16. Respirable particulates at sites #4, #5, and #7, are also
included.
3.7.1 Sulfate
High-volume suspended particulate samples from the eight selected sampling
stations, and respirable dust samples from three stations (sites #4, #5, and #7),
were analyzed for sulfate by the methylthymol blue method. Arithmetic mean
results of these analyses are summarized in Table 3-16. When compared with the
1966 National Air Sampling Network (NASN)-12 urban arithmetic average of 10. 7
fig/m^, concentrations in the downtown Chattanooga valley (sites #4, #5, and #7)
were less than, while concentrations in the vicinity of the Volunteer Army Ammuni-
tion Plant were in excess of, the National average. Maximum sulfate concentra-
tions were recorded at VAAP-Harrison School (site #21) where the daily arithmetic
mean was 21. 7 jig/m^. These observations reflect the influence of an adjacent
sulfuric acid manufacturing plant.
Frequency distributions for all sulfate analyses are presented in Table 3-17.
According to the 1965 NASN standards ^2 the ammunition plant area experienced
instances of severe particulate sulfate pollution at least one-fourth of the time.
Locally, the 50 percentile values measured near the plant were at least twice as
large as those in the downtown Chattanooga valley area.
3.7.2 Ammonium
High-volume and respirable dust samples from the same stations were ana-
lyzed for ammonium by the indophcnol method. Arithmetic mean results from the
analyses are summarized in Table 3-16.
When the results in Table 3-16 are compared to 1965 NASN daia, arithmetic
mean values in the vicinity of the ammunition plant are, again, significantly
higher than the NASN arithmetic mean average of 0. 6 jig/m^. High averages at
the VAAP-Pond (site #19) and the VAAP-Rod and Gun Club (site #20), 17. 6 and
12. 1 (a.g/m.3, respectively, reflect the strong influence of nitric acid manufacture
upwind .from these sampling sites.
38
-------
Table 3-15. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF HOURLY CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
Station
number
7
27
Operating
period
10/67- 3/68
4/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
2,660
3,383
Concentration, ppm
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
1.1
0.3
75
2.0
1.2
50
3.1
2.1
25
4.5
3.3
10
6.1
4.6
1
10.3
7.3
Maximum
value
15.6
15.7
Minimum
value
0.1
0.1
Arithmetic
mean
3.4
2.4
Standard
deviation
2.1
1.7
Geometric
mean
2.7
1.6
Geometric
standard
deviation
2.2
3.0
Table 3-16. COLORIMETRIC ANALYSES OF SELECTED SUSPENDED PARTICULATE AND RESPIRABLE DUST SAMPLES
Arithmetic mean concentration, jxg/mc
Station
number
4
5
7
14
17
19
20
21
Location
WDEF-TV
Post Office
Rossville
Lovell Field
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Pond
VAAP-Rod and Gun Club
VAAP-Harrison School
Total
Respirable
dust
48.8
44.7
42.7
-
-
-
-
-
Suspended
particulate
106.2
110.0
117.9
79.8
140.5
146.5
111.1
87.5
Fraction
Sulfate
9.2
9.1
8.7
9.1
9.1
8.4
10.6
18.7
18.2
17.3
21.7
Ammonium
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.8
0.7
1.0
1.1
4.5
17.6
12.1
6.8
Nitrate
2.5
1.6
2.4
1.9
2.7
1.2
3.8
19.9
48.9
37.4
13.2
Sulfate
8.7
18.6
8.7
20.4
7.7
19.7
13.3
13.3
12.4
15.6
24.8
Ammonium
1.0
2.9
1.1
4.0
0.6
2.3
1.4
3.2
12.0
10.9
7.8
Nitrate
2.4
3.3
2.2
4.2
2.3
2.8
4.7
14.2
33.4
33.7
15.1
Percentage of total
to
-------
Table 3-17. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED SULFATE (S04) PARTICULATE
Station
number
4
5
7
14
17
19
20
21
Location
WDEF-TV
Post Office
Rossville
Lovell Field
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Pond
VAAP-Rod and Gun
Club
VAAP-Harrison School
Operating
period
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
92
82
85
81
38
38
39
39
Concentration, ug/m3
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90 75 50 25 10
4.2 6.1 8.2 12.0 15.3
3.9 5.5 7.6 11.1 14.2
4.5 6.0 8.5 11.4 14.4
3.9 5.9 8.7 13.9 17.4
5.9 10.5 16.5 21.7 45.4
6.5 9.8 18.0 24.8 33.2
6.6 9.5 17.0 23.6 28.4
5.9 11.0 19.0 30.5 42.6
Maximum
value
21.3
24.6
22.2
54.8
60.6
36.4
35.1
61.7
Minimum
value
1.5
2.1
3.1
1.7
3.8
2.0
5.1
2.6
Arithmetic
mean
9.2
8.7
9.1
10.6
18.7
18.2
17.3
21.7
Standard
deviation
4.2
4.2
3.8
7.7
11.5
9.4
8.6
14.0
Geometric
mean
8.2
7.8
8.4
8.7
15.7
15.4
15.1
17.3
-------
A frequency distribution of ammonium is presented in Table 3-18. On the
basis of 1966 NASN standards, severe instances of suspended particulate ammo-
nium pollution occurred as much as 25 percent of the time in the vicinity of the
ammunition plant. Downtown Chattanooga, on the other hand, did not experience
such episodes.
3. 7. 3 Nitrate
High-volume and respirable dust samples were analyzed for nitrate by hydra-
zine reduction and diazotization. Results from these analyses are presented in
Tables 3-16 and 3-19, which show a severe nitrate problem in the vicinity of the
ammunition plant. In 1965, the NASN National urban arithmetic average was 2. 9
jig/m3 and the maximum station average, 13. 5 fj.g/m3. At all stations (#17, #19,
#20, and #21) near the plant, arithmetic mean values exceeded the NASN maximum
station average. At the VAAP-Pond (site #19), a maximum daily arithmetic
average of 48. 9 ng/m3 was recorded—more than three times greater than the
maximum NASN station, and approximately 20 times greater than the downtown
Chattanooga concentration.
3.8 SUMMARY
Air quality measurements conducted in the Chattanooga Rossville study
area during 1967 and 1968 indicated:
1. A suspended particulate problem existed in the area, with two centers
of maximum concentration—the downtown Chattanooga - Rossville
valley and the Volunteer Army Ammunitions Plant (VAAP). At the
majority of sampling sites, concentrations exceeded Criteria^ levels
for adverse material effects (60 |a.g/m3), for adverse health effects
(80 |j.g/m3), and for visibility reduction (150 fig/m3). For the 21 sites
involved, the material effects level was exceeded at least 50 percent of
the time at 15 sites; the health effects level, at least 50 percent of the
time at nine sites; and the visibility level, 25 percent of the time at four
sites. The maximum observed concentrations were 697 |j.g/m3 at the
National Guard Armory (site #8) and 586 |j.g/m3 at the VAAP Pond (site
#19).
2. In the downtown Chattanooga - Rossville valley approximately 40 percent
of the suspended particulate pollution was respirable in nature. In the
vicinity of the ammunition plant, as much as 75 percent of the material
may have been respirable.
3. Soiling index measurements revealed a definite soiling problem in the
downtown Chattanooga Rossville valley. Recorded measurements,
on occasion, exceeded 9.0 Coh per 103 lineal feet at three sites (#5, #8,
and #9). The State of Tennessee industrial area limitations standard
(5. 0 Coh per 103 lineal feet, not to be exceeded 1 percent of the time
during any 30-day period) was frequently exceeded at four sites (#5, #7,
#8, and #9).
4. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOX) were found to be extremely high
in the vicinity of the ammunition plant. The VAAP-Pond (site #19) experi-
enced a maximum hourly NO2 concentration of 3. 8 ppm, a maximum
daily NC>2 concentration of 1. 0 ppm, and a 7-month arithmetic mean
41
-------
ro
Table 3-18. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED AMMONIUM (NH4) PARTICULATE
Station
number
4
5
7
14
17
19
20
21
Location
WDEF-TV
Post Office
Rossville
Lovell Field
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Pond
VAAP-Rod and Gun Club
VAAP-Harrison School
Operating
period
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
8/68 • 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
92
82
85
81
37
38
39
39
Concentration, ng/m3
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90 75 50 25 10
0.1 0.3 0.7 1.6 2.6
0.1 0.3 1.0 1.6 2.6
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.8
0.1 0.2 0.4 1.2 2.0
0.5 1.7 3.5 6.3 8.6
0.2 1.2 6.2 14.0 55.2
0.3 0.9 2.3 10.6 46.5
0.4 1.2 3.8 10.1 18.0
Maximum
value
5.5
4.6
2.9
14.4
16.6
110.3
64.6
35.1
Minimum
value
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Arithmetic
mean
1.1
1.2
0.7
1.1
4.5
17.6
12.1
6.8
Standard
deviation
1.1
1.0
0.7
1.9
3.8
28.6
20.0
8.1
Geometric
mean
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.5
2.8
4.3
2.8
3.1
Table 3-19. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED NITRATE
PARTICULATE
Station
number
4
5
7
14
17
19
20
21
Location
WDEF-TV
Post Office
Rossville
Lovell Field
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Pond
VAAP-Rod and Gun Club
VAAP-Harrison School
Operating
period
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
12/67 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
8/68 - 11/68
Number
observations
92
82
85
80
38
38
39
39
Concentration, ug/m3
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90 75 50 25 10
1.1 1.8 2.5 3.2 4.0
0.8 1.6 2.1 2.8 4.0
1.1 1.6 2.4 3.4 4.3
0.5 1.5 2.9 5.0 8.5
2.5 6.0 17.6 29.0 44.8
1.4 3.4 22.0 46.7 124.8
1.0 2.4 8.7 41.5 144.4
0.9 2.2 5.5 16.5 40.8
Maximum
value
5.6
7.5
11.9
21.4
57.8
377.6
232.2
94.1
Minimum
value
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
Arithmetic
mean
2.5
2.4
2.7
3.8
19.9
48.9
37.4
13.2
Standard
deviation
1.2
1.3
1.6
3.4
16.0
84.2
64.6
43.2
Geometric
mean
2.2
2.0
2.3
2.6
12.7
13.8
8.1
4.1
-------
NO2 concentration of 0.21 ppm. Combined NOX averages greater than
4.0 ppm were found to occur in the area. All of these exceeded the 1966
CAMP averages.
5. The measured, long-term arithmetic mean SO2 concentrations are lower
than the National standard minimum for adverse effects. Periods of short-
term, high concentrations, however, did occur, particularly in the
vicinity of the ammunition plant, east of Missionary Ridge.
6. Limited sampling of oxidants, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide indi-
cated pollutant levels comparable to the mean National levels measured at
CAMP stations. n
7. Colorimetric analysis of selected high volume suspended particulate
samples and respirable dust samples showed that sulfate concentrations in
the area east of Missionary Ridge were in excess of the National CAMP
averages. ' Severe instances of suspended particulate ammonium pollu-
tion occurred as much as 25 percent of the time in the same vicinity.
Nitrate pollution in the area was 4 to 12 times the national CAMP average^
and up to 20 times the average for downtown Chattanooga.
43
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4. MATERIAL EFFECTS INVESTIGATIONS
The National Air Pollution Control Administration has maintained an Inter-
state Surveillance Project (ISP) in the form of a network of uniform static moni-
toring devices (effect packages) located throughout the United States, as a means
of relating air quality to material effects of air pollutants. 9 Six such stations
were located in the metropolitan Chattanooga area (see Figure 4-1) and measure-
ments from these stations, used as a basis for estimating the effects of air pollu-
tants on'materials in the general area.
Frequency distributions of 1967 and 1968 annual averages for the entire
Interstate Surveillance Project^ network have also been presented to provide a
base for comparison between Chattanooga area stations and stations located else-
where throughout the United States.
4.1 METAL CORROSION
The combination of SC>2 and acid aerosols in moist air is a prime factor in
metal corrosion processes. Zinc and steel plates were exposed in the Chattanooga
area in order to determine the rate and the intensity of atmospheric corrosion.
Annual and 3-month average rates were calculated by exposing three plates, two
steel and one zinc, at six locations. The steel plates were left for 3 and 13 months,
respectively; the zinc, for 12 months.
The degree of corrosion was measured by the weight-loss method, but
reported in penetration-depth units. Zinc •was chosen because, of the non-ferrous
metals, it exhibits the least resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Zinc, however,
is more resistant than ferrous metals such as steel.
Results in microns per year (n/yr) for 1967 and 1968 are summarized in
Table 4-1. For comparison Table 4-2 presents a. cumulative frequency distribution
of all ISP corrosion rates. At all six locations, zinc consistently exceeded the
National 50 percentile rate. Steel exceeded or approximated that level in 1967 but
was slightly less in 1968. All corrosion rates at VAAP-Pond 5 (site #107) greatly
exceeded both the rates at the other five sites and those in the top quartile of ISP
stations. In 1968, zinc corrosion at this site was in the top 1 percent, Nationally.
Sites #109 and #110, and #140 were also in the top quartile of annual zinc corro-
sion for the year 1968.
4.2 COLO_R FADING IN DYED FABRICS
Five different cloth fabric panels were exposed in the absence of sunlight,
for 90-day periods during 1967 and 1968. Four of the fabrics selected were
sensitive to air pollutants such as SC>2, NOX, or ozone, and the fifth, relatively
resistant to fading, was used as a control fabric. Fabric 1 was sensitive to a
combination of air pollutants, fabric 3 to NOX, fabric 4 and 5 to ozone, and fabric
2, the control fabric, was primarily sensitive to soiling.
The fabric panels were analyzed with a photoelectric color differentiating
instrument that measures light reflected at a 45-degree angle from the cloth
45
-------
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
/ "I / TENNESSEE
GEORGIA
TROSSVILLE ;
''. i
WALKER COUNTY
Figure 4^1. Material effects sampling stations.
sample. The different fabric panels were measured for light reflectance, before
and after ambient exposure, to obtain the total color difference due to fading. ^
Results of dye-fading for all fabrics at the six Chattanooga area stations are
shown in Table 4-3 as annual averages of color measured in National Bureau of
Standards (NBS) Units. * Table 4-4 presents information concerning fabrics 4 and
5 by seasons because of the seasonal variation in ozone concentrations.
*A color change of 3 units or less cannot be visually determined.
46
-------
Table 4-1. METAL CORROSION RATES 1967 AND 1968
(n/yr)
Station
number
107
108
109
110
140
141
Location
VAAP-Pond 5
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Harrison School
VAAP-Rod and Gun
Federal Building
Rossville Health Department
Mean of 6 area stations
Zinc
1967
4.3
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.8
1968
15.4
1.6
4.6
4.1
3.4
2.5
5.2
Steel
Annual
1967
63
30
37
27
-
-
39
1968
59
-
35
25
19
24
28
3-month
1967
Na Xb
2
2
2
2
2
2
12
73
34
31
22
38
15
43
1968
N X
3
4
4
4
4
4
23
54
33
35
21
24
21
31
aN = Number of 3-month samples.
X = Arithmetic mean rate.
Table 4-2. INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT CUMMULATIVE
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF METAL CORROSION RATES
Metal
Zinc
Steel
Steel
Zinc
Steel
Steel
Year
1967
1967
1967
1968
1968
1968
Exposure,
months
12
12
3
12
12
3
Number
samples
124
129
152
216
204
250
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
0.4
4.0
4.0
0.6
6.0
4.0
75
0.8
18.0
18.0
1.0
16.0
13.0
50
1.4
31.0
44.0
1.9
29.0
38.0
25
2.9
44.0
67.0
3.5
42.0
69.0
10
4.4
58.0
84.0
4.9
53.0
89.0
1
15.2
76.0
109.0
13.6
70.0
132.0
Fabric 1 had marked dye-fading at all six locations, with color changes
falling in the National upper quartile. The maximum fading occurred at VAAP-
Pond (site #107) where all readings were in the upper 1 percent Nationally.
Fabric 3 dye-fading was excessive, especially at the stations near the
ammunition plant. In 1968 all stations near the plant recorded dye-fading in the
National upper quartile, as had been expected from the fabric's sensitivity to
Fabrics 2, 4, and 5, which represent soiling (2) and ozone sensitivity (4 and
5), did not undergo extreme fading; however, some readings did exceed the ISP 50
percentile level (Table 4-5).
4.3 SILVER TARNjSHING
Silver tarnishing results from an interaction between sulfide-type air pollu-
tants and silver. Silver forms sulfide and sulfate in preference to oxide if any
sulfur compound is present. The resultant tarnishing effect can be recorded as a
decrease in light reflectance from a silver plate and measurements of this prop-
erty provide «* relative index of the presence of sulfide gases in the ambient air. 17
47
-------
-p*
00
Table 4-3. MEASURED DYE-FADING RATES 1967 AND 1968
(NBS units)
Station
number
107
108
109
110
140
141
Location
VAAP-Pond 5
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Harrison School
VAAP-Rod and Gun
Federal Building
Rossville Health Department
Fabric 1
1967
Na
3
3
4
4
2
2
xb
25
22
16
22
18
23
1968
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
X
27
25
20
23
19
20
Fabric 2
1967
N
3
3
4
4
2
2
X
2
4
1
1
3
3
Fabric 3
1967
N
3
3
4
4
2
2
X
27
22
26
25
19
13
1968
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
X
36
32
34
33
27
22
Fabric 4
1967
N
2
3
3
4
-
-
X
24
26
19
21
-
-
Fabric 5
1968
N
4
4-
4
3
4
4
X
10
11
10
11
11
12
aN = Number of samples.
bX = Arithmetic mean color change rate.
Table 4-4. SEASONAL DYE-FADING RATES
(NBS units)
Station
number
107
108
109
110
140
141
Location
VAAP-Pond 5
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Harrison School
VAAP-Rod and Gun
Federal Building
Rossville Health Depart-
ment
Fabric 4: 1967
Jan. - Mar.
.
-
12
11
-
-
Apr. - June
24
24
24
24
-
-
July - Sept.
24
30
22
28
23
26
Oct. - Dec.
-
22
-
21
-
-
Fabric 5: 1968
Jan. - Mar.
8
9
9
10
8
11
Apr. - June
11
13
12
-
14
15
July - Sept.
12
14
12
14
13
14
Oct. - Dec.
9
9
9
10
7
9
-------
Table 4-5. INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF DYE-FADING RATES 1967 AND 1968
(NBS units/90 days)
Fabric
1
2
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
Exposure
period
3.
Jan. to March
April to June
July to Sept.
Oct. to Dec.
Jan. to March b
April to June
July to Sept.
Oct. to Dec.
1967
Number
samples
152
151
152
103
124
142
145
Observation frequency,
percentile
90
12
1
13
9
14
17
10
75
14
2
16
10
16
20
12
-
50
16
3
20
12
19
23
14
25
17
4
26
14
22
27
18
-
10
19
6
33
16
25
30
24
1
24
9
45
22
29
35
30
1968
Number
samples
240
185
238
180
215
216
237
Observation frequency,
percentile
90
17
6
17
10
9
5
8
75
18
7
20
12
11
6
9
50
19
8
24
13
13
8
11
25
21
10
31
.
15
15
10
12
10
22
12
40
.
-
16
16
12
14
1
25
15
54
19
20
14
16
aFabric 4 used in 1967 but discontinued in 1968.
bFabric 5 first used in 1968.
Clean silver plates were exposed monthly at six locations in the study area
and the resultant tarnish, photoelectrically evaluated. Results, expressed as a
percent decrease of "luminous apparent reflectance," are shown in Table 4-6.
Table 4-7 contains the ISP frequency distributions for 1967 and 1968. VAAP-
Pond 5 (site #107) recorded the highest rate of tarnishing, approaching, but not
exceeding, the National upper quartile. In addition, sites #110, #140, and #141
approached the National 50 percentile value in most instances.
4.4 NYLON DETERIORATION
Continuous monofilaments of nylon deteriorate in the presence of corrosive
aerosols, especially when stressed or stretched. To simulate this condition,
Table 4-6. AVERAGE YEARLY SILVER TARNISHING RATES 1967 AND 1968
(percentage reflection loss)
Station
number
107
108
109
110
140
141
Location
VAAP-Pond 5
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Harrison School
VAAP-Rod and Gun
Federal Building
Rossville Health Department
Mean of 6 area stations
1967
a
N
11
11
11
11
7
7
-b
X
70
48
49
69
54
52
57
1968
N
12
12
12
12
12
12
X
65
42
44
59
68
53
55
aN = Number of monthly samples.
bX = Yearly average rate.
49
-------
Table 4-7. INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT: CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE YEARLY SILVER TARNISHING RATES,
1967 AND 1968
(percentage reflection loss)
Observation
period
1967
1968
Exposure
interval,
days
30
30
Number
samples
145
254
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
31
26
75
42
38
50
58
55
25
71
70
10
79
81
1
93
92
nylon was stretched across a standard polaroid slide mount and exposed to the
ambient atmosphere for periods of 30 or 90 days. Effects resulting from air
pollution were quantitized by microscopic examination of the physical degradation
of the nylon sample.
17
Table 4-8 shows the annual average of measured nylon deterioration rates
at the six Chattanooga area stations, presented as the total number of breaks per
exposure time per panel. Cumulative frequency distributions of all ISP stations
for 1967 and 1968 are shown in Table 4-9. These tables indicate that the nylon
deterioration rates near the ammunition plant were in the top decile, with sites
#108 and #109 in the top 1 percent of all National values. By contrast, sites #140
and #141, which reflect conditions in downtown Chattanooga and Rossville, had
little or no deterioration.
4.5 RUBBER CRACKING
Rubber cracking is associated with the presence of ozone in the atmosphere
and is usually a seas.onal phenomena occurring more extensively during the
summer months. Stressed rubber strips can be an indicator of the relative
impact of ozone pollution in an area.
In the Chattanooga area, weighted rubber strips were exposed to the
ambient atmosphere for a period of 1 week and then analyzed microscopically.
Cross-section depths of nine consecutive cracks near the center of the strip were
measured and the average millimeter depth computed. *°
Table 4-8. AVERAGE YEARLY NYLON DETERIORATION RATES 1967 AND 1968
(breaks per panel)
number
107
108
109
110
140
141
Location
VAAP-Pond 5
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Harrison School
VAAP-Rod and Gun
Federal Building
Rossville Health Department
Mean of 6 area stations
30-day exposure
1967
Na
10
10
10
10
7
6
Xb
5.8
22.7
41.8
5.3
0.3
0.2
15.2
1968
N
12
11
12
12
12
12
X
8.2
27.6
34.2
5.5
0.0
0.0
18.9
90-day exposure
1967
N
4
4
3
3
2
X
15.5
47.0
111.0
9.7
0.0
45.8
1968
N
4
4
4
4
4
4
-
X
24.2
79.0
99.0
20.8
0.5
0.0
44.7
aN = Number of samples.
bX = Average rate.
50
-------
Table 4-9. INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF AVERAGE YEARLY NYLON DISTRIBUTION RATES 1967 AND 1968
(breaks per panel)
Observation
period
1967
1967
1968
1968
Exposure
interval,
days
30
90
30
90
Number
samples
145
148
252
253
Occurrence frequency, percentile
90
0
0
0
0
75
0
0
0
0
50
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
25
0.2
1.0
0.3
1.4
10
3.0
8.0
1.4
4.5
1
18
81
22
55
Annual averages of measured rubber cracking rates for the six stations in
the study area are shown in Table 4-10. The cumulative frequency distribution of
yearly averages of rubber cracking rates for all ISP stations are shown in Table
4-11. Although there was only moderate cracking in downtown Chattanooga,
values reached the top National quartile level near the Volunteer Army Ammuni-
tion Plant, sites #108 and #110.
4.6 SUMMARY
Six ISP stations for measuring material effects of air pollution were located
in the Chattanooga area during 1967 and 1968. Examination of the data from these
stations showed:
1. Steel and zinc corrosion rates at the VAAP-Pond were excessive. Steel
corrosion ranked in the upper decile and zinc, the upper one percentile,
Nationally. Corrosion rates at the other five study-area sites were not
significant.
2. Fabric panels near the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant showed exces-
sive fading due to nitrogen oxides pollution, with fading values falling in
the upper quartile Nationally.
3. Silver tarnishing, the index of sulfide gas pollution, occurred at all
locations in the area, but no values exceeded the National ISP upper
quartile. Tarnishing values were highest near the ammunition plant.
Table 4-10. AVERAGE YEARLY RUBBER CRACKING RATES
AT SELECTED LOCATIONS
(microns/7-day exposure)
Station
number
107
108
109
110
140
141
Location
VAAP-Pond 5
VAAP-Administration
VAAP-Harrison School
VAAP-Rod and Gun
Federal Building
Rossville Health Department
1967
Na
48
49
49
49
31
28
Xb
80
140
70
100
80
60
1968
N
52
52
51
50
52
50
X
60
90
70
60
80
70
aN = Number of monthly samples.
bX = Average rate.
51
-------
Table 4-11. INTERSTATE SURVEILLANCE PROJECT: CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE YEARLY RUBBER CRACKING RATES, .1967 AND 1968
(crack depth in microns)
Observation
period
1967
1968
Exposure
interval,
days
7
7
Number
samples
140
233
Occurrence frequency, by percentile
90
60
41
75
74
56
50
96
75
25
127
100
10
153
128
1
256
231
4. In the vicinity of the ammunition plant, the gauge of acid aerosol pollution,
nylon deterioration, was in the top 10 percent Nationally, with values at
the VAAP-Administration and VAAP-Harrison School exceeding the top
1 percentile. Nylon deterioration in downtown Chattanooga and Rossville
was not significant.
5. Although elevated values were found near the Volunteer Army Ammuni-
tion Plant, in general, the rubber cracking found in the study area was
moderate.
52
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5. VEGETATION SURVEYS
A vegetation survey is <* convenient way to detect and evaluate an air pollu-
tion problem. Studying the tissue of a plant can help identify toxicants and esti-
mate their relative concentration in the atmosphere. In many cases chemical
analysis of foliage is also a useful tool.
In 1967, 1° an investigation by NAPCA personnel revealed that vegetation in
the vicinity of the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant had experienced air pollu-
tion damage. The injury that developed on vegetation varieties was indicative of
exposure to long-term, low concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, or
acid mist. This finding initiated a more intensive, selective vegetation study in the
Chattanooga Rossville interstate area from March through May 1968. The inves-
tigation was conducted simultaneously with the extensive area-wide air quality
study discussed in Chapter 3. During the same time, NAPCA personnel also
performed indigenous vegetation surveys near the ammunition plant to further
document existing air pollution damage.
The following sections discuss the scope and results of the vegetation
surveys.
5.1 INDIGENOUS VEGETATION SURVEYS
Three different indigenous vegetation surveys were made near the Volunteer
Army Ammunition plant during 1967 and 1968. These surveys consisted of visual
observation of vegetation damage, as well as collection and analysis of vegetation
samples.
In 1967, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and acid mist injury was found on
the leaves of honeysuckle, rosebush, tulip, and euonymus plants growing north and
northeast of the ammunition plant and, also, on pine trees in the central portion
of the plant area. The pine needles were found dried or dead, and trunks of the
trees were dark in color with no sign of new growth. Pine trees within 1 mile
north and northeast of the plant showed acute symptoms such as partial needle
death, color fading, and needle tip-burn. Trees within 1 to 2 miles north and north-
east of the ammunition plant showed less readily recognized chronic injury, such
as the gradual breakdown of chlorophyll. Many tree needles had turned yellow
and lost their normal compliment of foliage, causing abnormally low photosynthesis
and subsequent growth retardation.
In 1968, nitrogen dioxide and acid mist injury was found on pine, euonymus,
dogwood, and honeysuckle grown at the Chattanooga Rod and Gun Club about 3
miles north of the ammunition plant. At the Harrison School, about one-half
mile north of the plant, pine needle and honeysuckle leaves were found to have
been injured by nitrogen dioxide. At a private re_sidence on Sunny Shore Lane
Road, 2 miles north of the plant, damage by nitrogen dioxide and acid mist was
found on apple, peach, rosebush, dogwood, honeysuckle, and clematis. Damage
by acid mist developed on larkspur, tulip, redbud, and rosebush grown at another
private residence, about 1 mile north of the plant.
53
-------
Table 5-1 indicates the amount and type of injury found at various locations
during the 1967 and 1968 surveys.
5.2 SELECTIVE VEGETATION SURVEY
5.2.1 Survey Plan
Vegetation selected for sensitivity to various pollutants was grown in con-
trolled conditions at four locations in the Chattanooga area. Polyethylene green-
houses, 5 ft by 7 ft by 6 ft, were located at the Federal Building (site #5), East
Chattanooga (site #9), Rossville (site #7), and the Rod and Gun Club (site #201),
from March 29, 1968, though May 28, 1968 (Figure 5-1). Careful control was
maintained over each greenhouse with ambient air being the only variable at each
location. In addition, a control greenhouse equipped with activated charcoal
filtered air •was placed at the Rossville site. Greenhouse fans were designed to
Table 5-1. INDIGENOUS VEGETATION INJURY NORTH
OF VOLUNTEER ARMY AMMUNITION PLANT
Date
4/5/67
4/5/67
4/5/67
4/5/67
3/26/68
3/26/68
3/27/68
3/27/68
4/9/68
4/9/68
4/9/68
Location
Central portion of plant
manufacturing operation
Gate 20, near Harrison
School
Near Waconda Lake
Private home about 2
miles north of plant
1/2- mile northeast of
plant building 80-4-6
Rod and Gun Club
marina
Near Harrison School 1/2
mile north of plant
Hickory Valley Road, 1
mile south of plant
Private home 2 miles
north of plant
Private home 1 mile
north of plant
Rod and Gun Club
Plant
variety
Pine
Honeysuckle
Pine, dogwood
Azalea, dogwood
Tulip, rose
Pine
Honeysuckle
Pine, euonymus
Pine, honeysuckle
Euonymus
Apple
Peach
Rosebush
Dogwood
Honeysuckle
Clematis
Poppy
Larkspur
Snowball bush
Tulip
Redbud
Redbush
Dogwood
Honeysuckle
Pollutants
S02, N02.
acid mist
Acid mist,
S02
Acid mist,
S02
Acid mist.
S02
NOg
N02, acid
mist
NCs
Acid mist
N02
N02
N02
N02
Acid mist
Acid mist
Acid mist
Acid mist
Acid mist
Acid mist
Acid mist
Acid mist
NCu
NOg
Degree of
damagea
1
1
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
aScale: 1, severe; 2, moderate; 3, mild; 4, little.
54
-------
Figure 5-1. Vegetation shelter sites.
circulate ambient air through each chamber at the rate of one air volume change
per minute.
Four gladioli plants; three tobacco; two each of petunia, geranium, and
begonia; and one tomato plant were placed in each greenhouse. In addition, two
pinto beans were planted at weekly intervals in each location. The plants were
grown hydroponically in a vermiculite support medium containing a complete
nutrient solution. Plant pots were placed in shallow trays to which nutrient solu-
tion was added weekly. Each week the vermiculite was flushed with deionized
water, and the trays cleaned and refilled with nutrient solution.
Vegetation was examined for leaf injury on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
of each week. Accumulation of leaf injury and suppression of plant growth were
55
-------
summarized after 30 days and at the end of the 60-day study period.
Nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide instrumentation was located adjacent to
each of the four greenhouse sites. An instrument was placed inside each green-
house to record oxidant values. Sampling results are presented in Figure 5-2.
0.60
0.50
£ 0.40
x
O
5 0.30
Z
LU
O
o 0.20
i-
0-10
0-00
^ VAAP - ROD AND GUN CLUB NO. 20
^»^ ROSSVILLE NO. 7
0.03
- 0.02
UJ
o
X
o
0.01
0.00
VAAP - ROD AND GUN CLUB NO. 20
ROSSVILLE NO. 7
FEDERAL BUILDING NO. 5
. J 1 k !.
!
EAST CHATTANOOGA NO. 9
^L
0.06
0.05
0.04
UJ 0.03
s
0 0.02
0.01
0-00
ROSSVILLE NO. 7
•-.-.^
VAAP - ROD AND GUN CLUB NO. 20 '
1-7
8-14 15-21
MAY
22-28 29-5
TIME, weeks
6-12 13-19
JUNE
20-26
Figure 5-2. Weekly average daytime pollutant levels experienced at vegetation sites.
56
-------
Oxidant values are reported for time periods between 1000 and 1600, and sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen dioxide values for periods between 0600 and 1600. These
periods were chosen because plants are most physiologically active, thus most
susceptible to injury during those times of day.
5.2.2 Specific Damage
The vegetation study was broken down into two periods: March 27 to April
24, 1968, and April 25 to May 28, 1968. Table 5-2 shows the type and extent of
damage found at each location during each period of study. Specific injury is
listed according to pollutant. Non-specific injury is listed according to damage,
such as growth suppression.
The damage that developed on plant varieties exposed in the Chattanooga
study area was attributed to nitrogen dioxide, ozone, peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN),
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and interaction of low concentrations of these
and other pollutants. No damage developed on the plants grown in the control
greenhouse located at Rossville.
The most important damage to experimental vegetation was probably that
recorded at the Rod and Gun Club site. Vegetation there was frequently
exposed to extremely high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and acid mist.
Tomato damage •was observed on several occasions, especially after instances of
Table 5-2. INDIGENOUS VEGETATION DAMAGE
Vegetation
Pollutant and damagea, by locale
Rossville
Federal Building
East Chattanooga
Rod and Gun Club
FIRST STUDY PERIOD, 3/27/68 through 4/24/68
Tobacco
Pinto bean
Petunia
Begonia
Geranium
Tomato
0-3 (E)
03(T)
GS(M)
03, GS (T)
—
-
03(S)
03, PAN (M)
GS(M)
03, GS (M)
-
-
03 (S)
03, PAN (M)
GS(M)
03, GS (M)
-
-
NOgCM)
N02(T)
N02 (T)
NO-2 (T)
N02 (T)
N02 (M)
SECOND STUDY PERIOD, 4/25/68 through 5/28/68
Tobacco
Pinto bean
Petunia
Begonia
Geranium
Tomato
03, S02. N02 (E)
03, S02, N0£
03, S02, N02 (M)
GS(M)
GS(M)
-
03 (M)
GS(M)
GS(M)
03 (T)
GS(M)
-
03 (M)
GS(M)
GS(M)
03 (T)
GS(M)
—
N02(E)
N02 (M)
N02 (M)
NOgCM)
NOg, GS (M)
N02 (E)
aGS - growth suppression.
PAN - peroxyacyl nitrate.
T - trace, 0 to 5 percent leaf damage.
M - moderate, 5 to 25 percent leaf damage.
E - extensive, 25 to 50 percent leaf damage.
S - severe, >50 percent leaf damage.
57
-------
high nitrogen dioxide pollution. Maximum leaf damage was recorded on April 30,
1968, coinciding "with an hourly nitrogen dioxide concentration of approximately
2.9 ppm. This concentration is the same magnitude as that reported to cause
visible tomato leaf damage. 2^
These same tomato plants experienced from 5 to 25 percent leaf damage
during the first 5-week study period, and from 25 to 50 percent leaf damage during
the second period. The leaves on the plant tended to curl and had a noticeably
darker green color. Such a change in appearance is similar to the nitrogen
dioxide damage found by Taylor2* at Riverside, California.
In addition to nitrogen dioxide damage, ozone and PAN damage was found in
the area-wide studies. Plants exposed at the Rossville, Federal Building, and
East Chattanooga sites developed characteristic ozone damage, while PAN injury
developed on pinto bean plants at the Federal Building and East Chattanooga
(Table 5-2). Ozone and PAN symptoms found at these sites were indistinguishable
from symptoms developed on comparable plants exposed to irradiated automobile
exhaust fumes in studies at the R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center in Cincin-
nati, Ohio.22
Tobacco (W3 variety) exposed to ambient air at Rossville developed extensive
leaf damage even though neither oxidant, sulfur dioxide, nor nitrogen dioxide con-
centration was high enough to cause the damage, individually. Preliminary experi-
ments2^ with these pollutants suggest that a mixture containing 0. 05 ppm of each
may injure tobacco (W3 variety). Damage at the Rossville site can apparently be
attributed to the synergistic action of low concentrations of pollutants.
Fluorides are cumulative vegetation toxicants, usually associated with long-
term buildup in the leaves of plants. When absorbed by the leaves, fluorides are
readily translated to the margins and tips where they concentrate and accumulate.
Accumulation of both gaseous and particulate fluorides results in the phenomenon
known as "tip-burn. " At lower concentrations, fluorides reduce plant growth and
cause lower yields. Hydrogen fluoride, for example, has been found to be toxic
to some plants in exposures as low as 0. 1 part per billion (ppb) for 5 weeks. 2^
After 5 weeks of exposure to ambient air at the four locations, tip-and
margin burn developed only at the Federal Building site. Gladiolus leaf samples
from all sites were analyzed for fluoride accumulation. A maximum leaf fluoride
concentration of 50 (Jig/g was measured in samples from the Federal Building
(Table 5-3).
TABLE 5-3. FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION IN GLADIOLUS LEAF
TISSUE FROM MARCH 27, 1968, THROUGH MAY 28, 1968
Station
Rossville
Federal Building
East Chattanooga
Rod and Gun Club
Control
Fluoride, pg/g
0 - 2 in. from tip
35
50
25
25
<25
2 - 4 in. from tip
<25
<25
25
<25
<25
58
-------
On May 28, 1968, an indigenous vegetation survey was made in the vicinity
of several potential fluoride sources. Results from this survey, shown in Table
5-4, indicate considerable fluoride accumulation at two locations in the study area.
These findings were limited to a small locale, however, and do not indicate an area-
wide problem.
Table 5-4. FLUORIDE ACCUMULATION IN LEAF TISSUE: INDIGENOUS
VEGETATION SURVEY MAY 28, 1968
Location
12th Street, 1 block
Blast of Hickory Street.
2 miles northeast of
brick plant
South Highland Park
Street adjacent to
manufacturing facility
Southwest of Federal ,
Building
Tree type
Maple
Maple
Maple
Crab apple
Portion of leaf
Entire
Margin
Margin
Base
Entire
Entire
Fluoride, jjg/g
<25
<25
150
150
235
<25
5.2.3 Non-Specific Damage
Air pollutants often produce vegetation damage that is not readily apparent
to the normal observer. Growth may be suppressed or inhibited and other physical
characteristics such as color affected.24 Table 5-5 and 5-6 show the non-specific
air pollution effects observed on the vegetation grown at four study-area sites.
Table 5-5 lists the percentage reduction in growth of exposed specimens compared
to control specimens of the same age. A suppression value of 25 percent means
that the plant grown in an experimental greenhouse site was estimated, by visual
comparison, to be 25 percent smaller than a similar plant grown in the Rossville
control greenhouse.
Results show that plants at the Rod and Gun Club site experienced more over-
all growth suppression than those at the other three sites (Table 5-3). Four plants -
tobacco, petunia, begonia, and tomato, experienced or equaled the highest growth
suppression for the study. Suppression was marked in the tobacco plant (45 per-
cent) and the tomato plant (35 percent). Plants at the Rossville site also experi-
enced a. high degree of growth suppression, especially the geranium (35 percent)
and tobacco plant (35 percent).
Table 5-5, GROWTH SUPPRESSION OF SELECTIVE VEGETATION
(percent .< control)
Vegetation
Tobacco
Pinto bean
Petunia
Begonia
Geranium
Tomato
Location
Rossville
35
25
25
10
35
10
Federal Building
30
20
20
15
EO
0
East Chattanooga
30
20
20
15
20
0
Rod and Gun Club
45
15
25
20
25
35
59
-------
Table 5-6. COMPARISON OF EXPOSED AND CONTROL TOBACCO PLANTS
GROWN MARCH 27, THROUGH MAY 28, 1968
Parameter
Diameter of stem, in.
Stem cross section
area, in**
Cross section area,
%
-------
6. EMISSIONS INVENTORY
In order to determine the sources, types, and quantities of potential pollu-
tants emitted in Hamilton County, Tennessee, and Walker and Catoosa Counties,
Georgia; the Chattanooga Bureau of Air Pollution Control and NAPCA conducted a
comprehensive emission inventory for the three-county area in 1969. Question-
naires were sent to 219 industrial and commercial establishments requesting 1968
pollutant inventories of: particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydro-
carbons, carbon monoxide, and acid mist.
Air pollution emission sources were divided into four categories: (1) Sta-
tionary Fuel Combustion, ( 2) Solid Waste Disposal, ( 3) Mobile Sources, and (4)
Industrial Process Losses. Each of these classifications was subdivided into two
groups, point sources and area sources. Facilities emitting large quantities of
pollutants were considered individually as point sources, •while commercial and
residential fuel users, motor vehicles, small industries, and on-site refuse incin-
erators were considered area sources.
Emissions were estimated from information such as fuel consumption, pro-
duction quantities, solid waste quantities, vehicle-miles, and existing control
equipment and efficiencies. A detailed discussion of inventory techniques used to
estimate emissions is contained in Appendix D.
The Universal Transverse Mecator System (UTM) was used as the reference
system for grid delineation of the study area. One-, five-, and ten-kilometer
grids were used, covering an area of 3100 km2 (1196 square miles). The City of
Chattanooga was divided into fifty 1-kilometer grids, and the remainder of the area
divided into 41 larger sized grids (Figures 6-1 and 6-2).
6.1 EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES
Table 6-1 shows the results of the emission survey. Quantities of particulate
matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
acid mist are presented for each of the four major source categories. A more
detailed breakdown of Stationary Fuel Combustion, Mobile Sources, and Solid
Waste Disposal is given in Appendix D. The following paragraphs reflect the
survey results by category and by pollutant.
6.1.1 Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources
Coal, fuel oil, and natural gas are the only significant heating fuels used in
the three-county area. The burning of coal and fuel oil generates appreciably
more air pollutants than does natural gas. Particulate matter and sulfur oxides
are released in large quantities from the combustion of coal and fuel oil, whereas
the principal contaminants from natural gas combustion are oxides of nitrogen.
61
-------
/ HAMILTON COUNTY
_ . _ 650 . _ . _ . . 660 — • — • — 670- • — • — • 680
Figure 6-1. Study area grid coordinate system.
62
-------
3890
f i '
/ '
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
'---HAMILTON COUNTY
3870
CATOOSA COUNTY.
650 655 660 665
Figure 6-2. Detail of 1-kilometer grids for downtown area.
6.1.1.1 Residential fuel combustion
Residential fuel combustion includes a class of ground-level, widespread
sources of air pollution. Emissions from these sources are related to the clima-
tology of an area and are maximum during the colder seasons of the year. In
Chattanooga, emissions from residential fuel combustion were the source of
approximately 3 percent of the particulate, 10 percent of the sulfur oxides, and 1
percent or less of the nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emis-
sions. Combustion of coal in residences accounted for 9 percent of the total area
sulfur oxides emissions, and only 2 percent of the total particulate emissions.
6.1.1.2 Commercial and governmental fuel combustion
Commercial and governmental fuel combustion generally refers to fuel used
for space and water heating for all non-industrial, non-residential buildings. In
the Chattanooga area this classification contributed only 2 percent to the particu-
late emissions, 5 percent to the sulfur oxides emissions, and less than 1 percent
to the nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons.
63
-------
Table 6-1. SUMMARY OF 1968 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA*
(tons/yr)
Pollutants
Hamilton Co.
Paniculate
SOX
NOX
HC
CO
Acid mist
Walker Co.
Paniculate
SOX
NOX
HC
CO
Caloosa Co.
Paniculate
SOX
NOX
HC
CO
Study total
Paniculate
SOX
NO,
HC
CO
Acid mist
Stationary fuel combustion
Industrial
3,023
4,970
3,541
77
£40
36
81
79
-
1
18
20
21
-
1
3,077
5,071
3,641
77
242
-
Commercial and
government
213
448
162
78
393
10
21
8
4
18
3
6
2
1
5
226
475
172
83
416
-
Resident
218
654
243
197
962
70
218
64
66
319
9
27
7
8
39
297
899
314
271
1,320
-
Total
3,454
6,072
8jg4S
n>52
1,595
116
320
151
70
338
30
53
30
9
45
3,600
6,445
4.127
431
1,978
-
Mobile sources
Vehicle
Gasoline
690
518
6,497
fijesf
125,637
98
74
927
2,084
17,917
39
29
367
826
7,101
827
621
7,791
17,531
150,655
-
Diesel
183
67
370
227
100
2
1
4
2
1
16
6
31
19
9
201
74
405
248
110
Aircraft
34
-
us.
. 504
2,454
-
-
-
-
•
-
-
-
-
-
34
.
142
504
2,454
-
Railroads
94
35
19JL
117
51
-
-
-
-
•
-
-
-
-
—
94
35
190
117
51
-
Total
1.001
620
7,1fl9
15,469
128,242
100
75
931
2.086
17,918
55
35
398
845
7,110
1,156
730
8.528
18.400
153,270
-
Solid waste disposal
Private
incinerators
55
12
21
34
239
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
55
12
21
34
229
-
Burning
dumps
905
24
210
1,540
1,640
84
2
20
140
150
-
-
-
-
-
989
26
230
1,680
1,790
-
Back yard
burning
320
20
175
2,313
951
160
10
90
1,190
490
80
5
44
582
240
560
35
309
4,085
1,681
-
Total
1,280
56
406
3.885L
2,820
244
12
110
1,330
640
80
5
44
582
240
1,604
73
560
5.799
3.700
-
Industrial process losses
Industrial
4.962-
2,053
18,243
0
54,766
8,868
37
-
—
-
-
—
-
-
-
-
4,999
2,053
1R.2«. —
""(>
54,766
8,868
Gas handling
and storage
-
-
-
3,708
_
-
-
-
-
1,072
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
-
4,879
-
-
Solvent
losses
-
-
-
2,149
_
-
-
_
-
434
-
-
-
•-
202
-
-
-
-
2,785
-
-
Total
4,962
2,053
18,243
5,857
54,766
8,868
^
37
-
-
1,506
•
-
-
-
301
-
4,999
2,053
18,243
7,664
54,766
8,868
County
totals
10,697
8,801
29.794
25,565
187,423
8,868
497
407
1.192
4,992
18,896
165
93
472
1.737
7.395
11.359
9,301
31.458
32.294
213.714
8,868
*SOX calculated as SOg, NOX calculated as NOg, HC calculated as methane.
-------
6.1.1.3 Industrial fuel combustion
Industrial fuel combustion from space heating, process heating, and steam
power generation is an important source of air pollution in the Chattanooga area.
Approximately 27 percent of the particulate, 55 percent of the sulfur oxides, and
12 percent of the nitrogen oxides emissions are discharged as a result of indus-
trial fuel combustion.
i
6.1.2 Mobile Sources
Gasoline- and diesel-fueled motor vehicles, diesel railroad engines, and
aircraft are included in Mobile Sources. Altogether, they are responsible for the
release of approximately 10 percent of the particulate, 8 percent of the sulfur
oxides, 27 percent of the nitrogen oxides, 57 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 72
percent of the carbon monoxide emissions (Table 6-1, Appendix D). The gasoline-
fueled automobile is the major source of the area's hydrocarbon and carbon mon-
oxide pollutants, emitting 17,500 and 150,700 tons per year, respectively.
6.1.3 Solid Waste Disposal
The Solid Waste Disposal Category covers incineration of refuse, rubbish,
and other solid waste materials at burning dumps, incinerators, and on-site waste
piles. Open burning and backyard burning are the largest contributors, adding 13
percent to the total area particulate emissions, and 18 percent to the area hydro-
carbon emissions. The contributions of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and carbon
monoxide from solid waste disposal are negligible.
6.1.4 Industrial Process Losses
This category is concerned with all air pollution emitted from industrial
sources other than fuel combustion and solid waste disposal. The emissions from
fuel used for industrial process heating are included in the Stationary Fuel Com-
bustion category.
Industrial Process Losses include losses from industrial manufacturing,
gasoline handling and storage, and solvent evaporation. Gasoline handling and
storage, and solvent losses are only important when considering hydrocarbon
emissions. They amounted to approximately 15 percent and 9 percent, respec-
tively. Industrial manufacturing losses account for 44 percent of the particulate,
26 percent of the carbon monoxide, 58 percent of the nitrogen oxides, 22 percent of
the sulfur oxides, and 100 percent of the acid mist emissions in the area.
Table 6-2 delineates emissions from industrial manufacturing and reflects
the relative importance of each. None of the sources listed in the table are in
Georgia.
6.2 POLLUTANTS
6.2.1 Particulate Matter
An estimated 11, 400 tons of particulate matter was released in the metro-
politan Chattanooga interstate area during 1968. As shown in Figure 6-3, the
major sources of these emissions, Industrial Process Losses and Stationary
65
-------
Table 6-2. INDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING LOSSES, 1968
(tons/year)
Location
Hamilton County
Foundries
Coking Operations
Quarry operations
Cement production and
concrete products
Grain mills
Chemical plants
Walker County
Quarry operations
Catoosa County
Area total
Pollutant
Particulate
4,962
3,084
200
' 144
943
441
150
37
37
-
4,999
SOX
2,053
1,221
-
-
-
-
832
-
-
2,053
NOX
18,243
-
-
-
-
-
18,243
-
-
18,243
HC
.a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CO
54,766
54,766
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
54,766
Acid mist
8,868
-
-
-
-
-
8,868
-
-
8,868
Negligible values indicated by dash (-).
Fuel Combustion, contribute approximately 44 and 32 percent of this total, respec-
tively. The remaining particulate emissions come from Mobile Sources (10 per-
cent) and Solid Waste Disposal (14 percent). Less than 6 percent of the study
area particulate emissions -were discharged from sources in the two counties of
Georgia.
The foundry industry in Hamilton County, Tennessee is the largest emitter of
particulate matter; .releasing 3100 tons through process losses, approximately 27
percent of the total study-area emissions. The production of cement, cement
products, and asphaltic concrete products accounts for about 940 tons per year, or
approximately 8 percent of the total. Grain milling processes release about 440
tons per year or about 4 percent.
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS-
LOSSES
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
/
OTHER MOBILE SOURCES
^
9
•3
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AUTOMOBILES
Figure 6-3. Percentage contribution of particulate
by source category.
Particulate emissions (tons/km2-yr) by grid are shown in Figures 6-4 and
6-5. These figures show the area of maximum emissions to be centered in the
Chattanooga Valley, west of Missionary Ridge.
66
-------
/ HAMILTON COUNTY
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
tons/km^ _ year
100-1 - 500-0
> 500-0
I ^ _640 _.__._ 650 . _ . — . . 660 — • — • — 670- ••—• — • 680
Figure 6-4: Paniculate emission density. 1968-
67
-------
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
tons/km^ — yeor
3890
f i '
i >
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
3870
650
•WALKER COUNTY
655
\TOOSA COUNTY.
660
665
670
Figure 6-5. Participate emission density for 1-kilometer grids only.
6.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides
An estimated 31, 500 tons of nitrogen oxides was released in the metropoli-
tan Chattanooga area in 1968. The two largest nitrogen oxides sources were gaso-
line-fueled automobiles (25 percent) and Industrial Process Losses (58 percent).
The remaining nitrogen oxides came from Stationary Fuel Combustion (13 percent),
Mobile Sources other than automobiles (2 percent), and the combustion of solid
wastes (2 percent). Less than 6 percent of the total nitrogen oxides emissions
came from sources in Georgia.
68
-------
The release of approximately 18, ZOO tons of nitrogen oxides from Industrial
Processes was attributed to the production of nitric acid and TNT in the area east
of Missionary Ridge. The release of this large quantity of nitrogen oxides in an
area with the stable meteorological characteristics discussed in Chapter 2, sub-
stantiates the high measured concentrations presented in Chapter 3.
Figure 6-6 illustrates the contribution of each significant source of nitrogen
oxides. Figures 6-7 and 6-8 show the density of annual emissions.
6.2.3 Sulfur Oxides
An estimated 9300 tons of sulfur oxides was emitted in the study area during
1968. The three major sources were Stationary Fuel Combustion (69 percent),
Industrial Process Losses (22 percent), and Mobile Sources (8 percent). The
majority of the 6400 tons of sulfur oxides derived from fuel combustion, was from
industrial fuel combustion with only 900 tons from residential combustion. Only 5
percent of the total area sulfur oxides were discharged by sources in Georgia.
The remaining 95 percent were released from sources in Hamilton County, Tennes
see.
Of the sulfur oxides emitted by fuel combustion, 90 percent came from
burning coal, 6 percent came from burning fuel oil, and the remaining 4
percent came from the combustion of industrial process gases (by-products)
Figure 6-9 illustrates the percent contribution of each source to the total
area sulfur oxides emission. Figures 6-10 and 6-11 show the emission
density by grids.
6.2.4 Carbon Monoxide
An estimated 213, 700 tons of carbon monoxide was emitted in the metro-
politan Chattanooga interstate area during 1968. The major source of these emis-
sions was gasoline-fueled automobiles, which released approximately 150,700 tons
or 71 percent of the area total. Industrial Process Losses, chiefly attributed to
uncontrolled foundry cupolas, were responsible for 26 percent of the total. The
remaining carbon monoxide emissions were from Solid Waste Disposal (2 percent),
other Mobile Sources (1 percent), and Stationary Fuel Combustion (<1 percent).
Twelve percent of the total emissions were discharged by sources in Georgia.
Figure 6-12 illustrates the source of carbon monoxide in the study area.
Figures 6-13 and 6-14 show the emission density by grids.
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
LOSSES
STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION
MOBILE SOURCES
SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL
Figure 6-6. Percentage contribution of nitrogen
oxides by source category.
69
-------
/ HAMfLTQN COUNTY
TENNESSEE
GE'ORGIA 387o
NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS,
tons/km^ — year
| 1-0- 30.0
30.1 - 100.0
100-1 - 500-0
> 500.0
_ . _ 650 . — . _ . . 660 — . — • — 670- • — • — • 680
Figure 6-7. Nitrogen oxides emission density, 1968.
70
-------
NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS,
tons/km — year
< 1.0
1.0- 30-0
30-1 - 100-0
100.1 - 500-0
>500-0
3890
38701 WALKER COUNTY.
650 655 660
Figure 6-8. Nitrogen oxides emission density for 1-kilometer grids only.
670
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
LOSSES
MOBILE SOURCES"^.
SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL
STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION
Figure 6-9. Percentage contribution of sulfur
oxides by source category.
71
-------
TENNESSEE
GE'ORGIA 387o
SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS,
tons/km* _ year
:i — 640 _ . _ . __ 650 . — . — . . 660 — • — • —
670"
680
Figure 6-10. Sulfur oxides emission density, 1968-
72
-------
SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS,
tons/km^ — year
D
100.1 - 500-0
<500.0
3890,—;
i
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
3870
650
655 "0 665
Figure 6-11. Sulfur oxides emission density for 1-kilometer grids only.
0-9,
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
LOSSES
SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL
.STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION
MOBILE SOURCES
Figure 6-12. Percentage contribution of carbon
monoxide by source category.
73
-------
/ HAMILTON C01JNTY
TENNESSEE
GEORGIA 3870
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/km^ _ year
<10.0
10-0- 100.0
100.1 - 500.0
500-1 - 2,000-0
> 2,000-0
L . —64°—. — • — 65° • — • — • • 66° —m — • ~~ 670~' ~~'~"" 68°
Figure 6-13. Carbon monoxide emission density, 1968-
74
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
500-1 - 2,000.0
3890
—.-HAMILTON COUNTY
3870
650
Figure 6-14- Carbon monoxide emission density for 1-kilometer grids only.
6.2.5 Hydrocarbons
An estimated 32, 300 tons of hydrocarbons were released in the study area
during 1968. The major sources were gasoline-powered motor vehicles (55 per-
cent). Other hydrocarbon emissions came from Solid Waste Disposal (18 percent),
gasoline evaporation during handling and storage (15 percent), and solvent evapora-
tion from dry cleaning, painting,and surface coating operations (9 percent). About
21 percent came from sources in Georgia.
75
-------
Figure 6-15 illustrates the sources of hydrocarbon emissions and Figures
6-16 and 6-17 show the emission density by grids.
SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
LOSSES
1.3
-STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION
MOBILE SOURCES
Figure 6-15. Percentage contribution of hydro-
carbons by source category.
6.2.6 Acid Mist
An estimated 8, 900 tons of sulfuric and nitric acid mist were released to the
local atmosphere in the production of TNT and other chemicals. The sources of
these emissions are all located in Hamilton County, Tennessee, west of the Mis-
sionary Ridge, where the concentration of these pollutants causes a severe,
localized problem.
6.3 SUMMARY
The following quantities of pollutants were emitted in Hamilton County,
Tennessee, and Walker County and Catoosa County, Georgia, during 1968.
Particulate matter
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Acid mist
11,400 tons
31,500 tons
9, 300 tons
213,700 tons
32,300 tons
8,900 tons
Table 6-3 summarizes the percent contribution of all pollutants by source
category. The Industrial Process Losses category is probably most important,
contributing 44 percent of the particulate emissions, 22 percent of the sulfur oxide
emissions, 58 percent of the nitrogen oxides, 24 percent of the hydrocarbons, and
26 percent of the carbon monoxide emissions for the area. Mobile Sources are
important as contributors of nitrogen oxides (27 percent), hydrocarbons (57 per-
cent), and carbon monoxide (72 percent). Stationary Fuel Combustion is an
important contributor of particulate matter (32 percent) and sulfur oxides (69
percent).
76
-------
/HAMILTONCOUNTY
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS.
tons/km^ _ year
<5.0
5-0 -^ 50-0
50-1 - 100-0
100-1 - 500-0
>500-0
_640 _ . __ . _ 650 ._. — .. 660 —.. — • — 670- • — • — • 680
Figure 6-16- Hydrocarbons emission density, 1968-
77
-------
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
tonsAm^ — yeor
100.1 - 500.0
>500-0
3890,—; 7
LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
TENNESSEE
3870
650 655 660
Figure 6-17. Hydrocarbons emission density for 1-kilometer grids only.
78
-------
Table 6-3. CONTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS BY SOURCE CATEGORY,
CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA
(percent)
Source category
Stationary fuel combustion
Industrial
Commercial and governmental
Residential
Total
Mobile sources
Gasoline
Diesel
Aircraft
Railroads
Total
Solid waste disposal
Private incinerator
Burning dumps
Backyard burning
Total
Industrial process losses
Manufacturing losses
Gasoline handling
Solvent losses
Total
Total
Particulate
27.1
2.0
2.6
31.7
7.3
1.8
0.3
0.8
10.2
0.5
8.7
4.9
14.1
44.0
44.0
100.0
SOX
54.4
5.1
9.7
69.2
6.7
0.8
0.4
7.9
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.8
22.1
22.1
100.0
NOx
11.6
0.5
1.0
13.1
24.7
1.3
0.5
0.6
27.1
0.7
1.0
1.7
58.1
58.1
100.0
HC
0-2
0.3
0.8
1.3
54.4
0.8
1.5
0.4
57.1
5.2
12.6
17.8
15.2
8.6
23.8
100.0
CO
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.9
70.7
1.1
71.8
0.1
0-8
0.8
1.7
25.6
25.6
100-0
79
-------
7. REFERENCES
1. Hosier, C. R. Low-Level Inversion Frequency in Contiguous United States.
Monthly Weather Rev. 89:319-339. Sept. 1961.
2. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, U.S. Public Health Service, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Raleigh, N. C. Publication No. AP-49. 1969.
3. Barber, K. , et.al. Air Pollution. World Health Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland. 1961.
4. Katy, M. and G. D. Clayton. Instrumental and Analytical Techniques for
Continuous Determination of Air Contaminants. Proc. of Am. Soc. for Testing
Materials. 53:94-95. 1953.
5. An unofficial suspended particulate rating scale for soiling used by the State
of New Jersey.
6. Air Quality Standards and Air Pollution Control Regulations for the St. Louis
Metropolitan Area. Missouri Air Conservation Commission. Jefferson City,
Missouri. March 24, 1967. 32 p.
7. Tennessee Air Pollution Control Regulations. Tennessee Department of
Public Health. Division of Air Pollution Control. Nashville, Tennessee.
August 9, 1969. 33 p.
8. Hemeon, W. C. L. , G. F. Haines, and H. M. Ide. Determination of Haze
and Smoke Concentrations by Filter Paper Samplers. Air Repair. ^(1):22.
1953.
9. Air Quality Criteria for Sulfur Oxides. U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Air Pollution Control
Administration, Raleigh, N. C. Publication No. AP-50. 1969.
10. Selected Methods for the Measurement of Air Pollutants. U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service. Division of Air
Pollution. Cincinnati, Ohio. PHS Publication No. 999-AP-ll. May 1965.
54 p.
11. Methods of Measuring and Monitoring Atmospheric SOz- U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Air Pollu-
tion Control Administration. Washington. D. C. Publication No. 999-AP-6.
1964.
12. Air Quality Data, 1966 Edition. Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare, Public Health Service, National Air Pollution Control Administration,
Raleigh, N. C. Publication No. APTD-68-9. 1966.
81
-------
13. Effects Surveillance Project, Tabulation of Data, January to December, 1967.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, Raleigh, N. C. 1967.
14. Upham, J. B. Atmospheric Corrosion Studies in Two Metropolitan Areas.
U.S. Public Health Service. Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Air
Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, California, June 20-24, 1966.
15. Ajax, R. L. , C. J. Conlee, and J. B. Upham. The Effects of Air Pollution
on the Fading of Dyed Fabrics. U.S. Public Health Service, Accepted for
publication in JAPCA, 1970.
16. A Study of Air Pollution in the Interstate Region of Lewiston, Idaho, and
Clarkston, Washington. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Public Health Service, National Air Pollution Control Administration. Washing-
ton, D. C. Publication No. 999-AP-8. 1964.
17. Greenberg, L. and M. B. Jacobs. Corrosion Aspects of Air Pollution.
American Paint J. 39.:64-78. July 1955.
18. Vega, T. and C. J. Seymour. A Simplified Method for Determining Ozone
Levels in Community Air Pollution Surveys. JAPCA. JUU28-44. January
1961.
19. Hindawi, I. J. Examination of Indigenous Vegetation in the Vicinity of the
Volunteer Arsenal, Chattanooga, Tennessee. Report N ES-67, 1. Effects
Section, Abatement and Control Program, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, Cincinnati, Ohio. April 1967.
20. Taylor, O. C. and G. M. Eaton. Suppression of Plant Growth by Nitrogen
Dioxide. Plant Physiology. 41_:132-135. 1966.
21. Taylor, O. C. Effect of Oxidant on Air Pollutants. J. Occupt. Med. 10:497-
499. June 1968.
22. Hindawi, I. J. , J. A. Dunning, and C. S. Brandt. Morphological and Micro-
scopial Changes in Tobacco, Bean, and Petunia Leaves Exposed to Irradiated
Automobile Exhaust. Phytopathology. j55_(l):27-30. January 1965.
23. Heck, W. W. Discussion of O. C. Gaylor's paper: Effect of Oxidant Air
Pollutants. J. Occupt. Med. .10:497-499. 1968.
24. Moyer, D. Effects of Air Pollution on Plants. World Health Organization,
Monograph Series. No. 46, 1961. Columbia University Press, New York.
1961.
25. Prince, A. L. , F. E. Bear, E. G. Brennan, I. A. Leone, and R. H. Daines.
Soil Science. 67:269. 1949.
82
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APPENDICES
A. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
B. AIR QUALITY STATION INFORMATION
C. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
D. EMISSION INVENTORY INFORMATION
-------
APPENDIX A. METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
A.I METEOROLOGICAL SAMPLING SITES
Meteorological data were secured through the cooperation of commercial
establishments, governmental agencies, and from NAPCA instrumentation installed
specifically for the study. The exposure of each station is detailed in the following
paragraphs. Wind systems were supported by aluminum towers and thermographs
housed in standard Weather Bureau instrument shelters. Geographical location of
the sensors is outlined in Table A-l.
Station 1 Lookout Mountain
A wind system and thermograph were located on the roof of the upper termi-
nal of the Lookout Mountain Incline Railway, a split-level flat roof structure,
approximately 2200 feet above mean sea level (MSL). The main roof is a tarred and
graveled concrete slab, covering a wide mall between shops and offices below.
The wind system was located on an elevated section of the roof until Novem-
ber 1967. At that time interference with a pre-existing radio facility forced its
relocation to the lower roof section. A mast section was then added to compen-
sate for the change in elevation. On January 24, 1968 the Climet Model Cl-3
wind system was exchanged for a Cardian Model WV-1 system.
Such a mountaintop exposure should remain in the general windflow above
most nocturnal inversions.
Station 2 - Ruby Falls
A thermograph was located in a grassed area northeast of the Ruby Falls
building. This location provided a temperature measurement at approximately
1220 feet MSL.
Station 7 - Rossville, Georgia
A wind system and thermograph were located in a grassy, open area at the
corner of Williams and Peerless Streets. The Climet Model Cl-3 wind system
was fixed atop a 32-foot tower. This site affords an excellent exposure for
detecting movements within the valley.
Station 8 - National Guard
A thermograph was located in a graveled area of the Tennessee National
Guard parking lot in the 1900 block of Holtzclaw Avenue. This large open area
was also utilized for temperature-sounding work during the three intensive study
periods. It can be considered representative of the metropolitan urban area.
Station 14 - Lovell Field
Hourly U. S. Weather Bureau observations of wind speed and direction were
used from this site. The wind system is located along a taxiway, 20 feet off the
85
-------
Table A-l. LOCATION OF METEOROLOGICAL SENSORS
Station number
1
2
7
8
14a
19b
51
161
181
182
Longitude, °W
85°20.6'
85°20.4'
85°17.6'
85 °17.5'
85°11.8'
85°09.2'
85°18.5'
85°10.2'
85°09.7'
85°09.4'
Latitude, °N
35°00.4'
35°01.r
34°58.7'
35°01.4'
35°02.3'
35°06.5'
35°02.8'
35°03.0'
35°06.2'
35°06.1'
Elevation, ft MSL
' Wind sensors-2200
Thermograph-2160
Thermogcaph-1220
Thermograph-665
Wind sensors-700
Thermograph-655
Wind sensors-685
Thermograph-671
Wind sensors-720
Wind sensors-930
Thermograph-900
Wind sensors-725
Thermograph-850
Thermograph-720
Address
Incline Railway Terminal Building
827 East Brow Road, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee
Ruby Falls, Lookout Mountain Highway, Chattanooga
Mobile air sampling unit, Williams and Peerless Streets
Rossville, Georgia (thermograph removed March 1968)
Office trailer; National Guard Armory
1901 Holtzclaw Avenue, Chattanooga
Chattanooga Municipal Airport (Lovell Field)
Chickamauga, Tennessee
VAAP Pond-5 at dam, near Highway 58
Volunteer Life Building) corner of Patton Street and
Georgia Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee
Shallowford Road at Hickory Valley Christian Church
Boynton Ridge near Silverdale Highway
Hickory Valley near Silverdale Highway
aOperated by ESSA.
bOperated by VAAP (Atlas Chemical Co.). (No site description is presented in this report).
-------
ground. A thermograph was located on the tarred and graveled roof of the two-
story terminal building.
Station 51 Volunteer Life
A wind system and thermograph were located on the tarred and graveled roof
of the 12-story Volunteer Life Building in downtown Chattanooga. This site was
selected because it was the tallest building in the area and as such should not have
been influenced by nearby obstructions.
Station 161 Hickory Valley
This Climet Model Cl-3 wind system with a 32-foot tower was located approx-
imately one-tenth mile north of Shallowford Road and three-tenths of a mile west
of Hickory Valley Road. This location •was established to record the flow patterns
in the valley south of VAAP.
A. 2 SEASONAL WIND PATTERNS AT METEOROLOGICAL SAMPLING SITES
111.9 21.41
7.6
FALL 1967
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
SPRING 1968
(MAR., APR., MAY)
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0 , 5,0 , 1Q-0 , 15,0
FREQUENCY, p.reonl
13.6
SUMMER 1968
(JUN., JUL., AUG.)
FALL 1968
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
Lookout Mountain No. 1
87
-------
12.1
FALL 1967
(NOV., DEC.)
WINTER 1967-68
(DEC., JAN., FEB.)
183
SPRING 1968
(MAR., APR., MAY)
WIND SPEED, mph
0;0 | 5;0 , 1Q,.0 , 1S;0
FREQUENCY, percent
4.2
12.0
SUMMER 1968
(JUN., JUL., AUG.)
FALL 1968
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
Rossville, Ga. No. 7
88
-------
12.9
14.2
FALL 1967
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
WINTER 1967-68
(DEC., JAN., FEB.)
SPRING 1968
(MAR., APR., MAY)
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0 i 5;0 _ 10,0 | 15;0
FREQUENCY, pare.nt
12.1
SUMMER 1968
(JUN., JUL., AUG.)
FALL 1968
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
WINTER 1968
(DEC.)
Lovell Field No. 14
89
-------
11.2
FALL 1967
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
WINTER 1967-68
(DEC., JAN., FEB.)
SPRING 1968
(MAR., APR., MAY)
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
FREQUENCY, percent
.5.5
SUMMER 1968
(JUN., JUL., AU&.)
6.3
FALL 1968
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
Volunteer Life Building No. 51
90
-------
V.A.A.P. Pond No. 19
25.1
24.2
SUMMER 1968
(JUN., JUL., AUG.)
FALL 1968
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
WIND SPEED, mph
0.0 | 5;0 10.0 15.0
FREQUENCY, percent
186
SPRING 1968
(MAR., APR., MAY)
SUMMER 1968
(JUN., JUL., AUG.)
FALL 1968
(SEP., OCT., NOV.)
Hickory Valley No. 161
91
-------
APPENDIX B.
AIR QUALITY STATION INFORMATION
93
-------
to
Table B-l. AIR QUALITY SAMPLING STATION DESCRIPTION
Station
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
161
201
141
Name
Lookout Mountain
Ruby Palls
Morse Brothers
WDEF-TV
Federal Building
North Chattanooga
Rossville
National Guard
East Chattanooga
St. Jude
Missionary Ridge
Cloud Springs
Brainerd
Lovell Field
B. T. Washington
E. Brainerd
VAAP-Administratione
Farmer's Chemical
VAAP Pond 5e
VAAP Rod and Gune
VAAP Harrison School6
Signal Mountain
South Crest
Bell Telephone
East Rossville
Pine Ridge Road
Golden Gateway
Hickory Valley
PHS Rod and Gun
Rossville Health
Department
Sulfur
dioxide
.
-
-
10/26/67 - 2/21/68a
9/29/67- 3/27/68b
4/ 6/68 - 5/26/68a
.
10/23/67 - ll/27/68b
9/23/67 - 12/12/67b
10/14/67 - 10/24/67a
10/ 8/67 - 5/26/68a
.
.
-
-
.
.
2/10/68 - 11/30/68°
5/13/68 - 11/30/68°
I/ 1/68 - 11/30/68°
I/ 1/68 - 11/30/68°
-
.
-
-
_
4/16/68 - ll/30/68b
**
-
Sulfation
candles
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
d
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
10/67 - 11/68
d
10/67 - 11/68
d
d
d
11/67 - 11/68
.
11/67 - 11/68
6/68 - 11/68
_
5/68 - 11/68
"
d
Oxidant
„
.
.
_
I/ 4/68 - 5/29/68h
_
11/10/67 - 5/28/68h
1/31/68 - 3/30/68h
4/14/68- 5/28/68h
_
.
.
.
.
12/16/67 - 4/ 4/68h
11/10/67 - 3/27/68h
;
.
_
.
.
_
5/14/68 - 11/30/681
4/ 1/68 - 5/29/68h
_
Nitric oxidef'g
_
-
.
„
_
.
„
_
_
5/18/68 - 11/30/68
8/ 1/68 - 11/30/68
9/ 1/67 - 11/30/68
9/ 1/67 - 11/30/68
_
_
_
_
4/26/68 - 11/27/68
5/ 3/68 - 11/30/68
Nitrogen
dioxide?
_
12/18/67 - 3/26/68
4/ 1/68 - 11/27/68
_
.
„
.
12/18/67 - 11/30/68
12/19/67 - 3/27/68
2/10/68 - 11/30/68
5/13/68 - 11/30/68
9/ 1/67 - 11/30/68
9/ 1/68 - 11/30/68
.
4/25/68 - 11/30/68
4/12/68 - 11/30/68
12/18/68 - 5/ 1/68
Carbon monoxide was measured at station #7 from 10/21/67 through 3/21/68, and at station #27 from 4/16/68 through 11/30/68
Hydrocarbon was measured at station #27 from 6/14/68 through 11/30/68.
aWeste-Gaeke, 2-hour bubblers.
Conductivity - continuous.
''Weste-Gaeke - continuous (colorimetric).
dThese data-were collected as part of I.S.P. "Effects package" network and
are available for the entire project period.
eThese stations were operated by VAAP.
fMeasured as the difference between N0£ and NOX - total oxides
of nitrogen.
SSaltzman - colorimetric - continuous.
hCoulometric.
1 Colorimetric - buffered potassium iodide.
-------
Table B-2. AIR QUALITY SAMPLIN'G STATIONS
Station
number
1
2
3
4a
5*
6a
7
8
ga
10
11
Station name and address
Lookout Mountain
827 East Brow Road
Lookout Mountain, Tenn.
Ruby Falls
Lookout Mountain Highway
Lookout Mountain, Tenn.
Morse Brothers
Highway 193
Blowing Springs, Ga.
WDEF-TV
3300 Broad Street
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Federal Building .
9th and Georgia Avenue
Chattanooga, Tenn.
North Chattanooga
1331 Dallas Road
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Rossville
Williams and Peerless Streets
Rossville, Ga.
National Guard
1901 Holtzclaw
Chattanooga, Tenn.
East Chattanooga
Bragg and Dodson Streets
Chattanooga, Tenn.
St. Jude
Ashland Terrace
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Missionary Ridge
54 North Crest Road
Chattanooga, Tenn.
United Transverse
Longitude, west Latitude, north Mercator coordinates
Degrees
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
Minutes
20.6
20.4
20.1
19.3
18.5
18.2
17.6
17.5
15.4
15.9
15.4
Degrees
35
35
34
35
35
35
34
35
35
35
35
Minutes
00.4
01.1
58.5
01.0
02.7
04.7
58.7
01.4
03.7
06.9
02.0
Easting, km
651.2
651.5
652.1
653.0
654.3
654.6
655.6
655.9
659.0
658.1
659.1
Northing, km
3,874.8
3,876.2
3,871.3
3,876.1
3,879.2
3,882.9
3,871.8
3,876.8
3,881.0
3,887.0
3,877.1
Elevation, ft MSL
2,160
1,280
670
675
735
1,040
665
655
690
780
1,040
OI
-------
VO
Table B-2 (continued). AIR QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONS
Station
number
12
13*
14
15
16
17b
18
19b
20b
21b
22
Station name and address
Cloud Springs
Highway 146
Cloud Springs, Ga.
Brainerd
420 Shawnee Trail
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Lovell Field
(Municipal Airport)
Chattanooga, Tenn.
B. T. Washington
(Off Highway 58)
Lake Hills, Tenn.
East Brainerd
East Brainerd Road at Graysville
Road
East Brainerd, Tenn.
VAAP Administration
Route 2A
Tyner, Tenn.
Farmer's Chemical
Highway 58
Tyner, Tenn.
VAAP Pond 5
Route 58
Tyner, Tenn.
VAAP Rod and Gun
Hickory Valley Road
Harrison Bay, Tenn.
VAAP Harrison School
Route 58
Harrison Bay, Tenn.
. Signal Mountain
212 South Palisades Drive
Signal Mountain, Tenn.
Longitude, west
Degrees
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
Minutes
15.0
'l3.5
11.8
10.7
09.0
09.4
09.6
09.2
08.6
08.3
20.8
Latitude, north
Degrees
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
Minutes
57.6
01.5
02.3
05.3
00.3
04.5
06.1
06.5
07.5
06.6
06.6
United Transverse
Mercator coordinates
Easting, km
659.3
661.5
664.5
666.1
668.8
668.3
667.7
668.5
668.8
669.3
650.7
Northing, km
3,870.2
3,877.0
3,878.7
3,884.3
3,874.9
3,882.6
3,885.5
3,886.6
3,888.3
3,886:5
3,886.3
Elevation, ft MSL
700
670
700
740
680
750
760
690
770
760
1,700
-------
Table B-2 (continued). AIR QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONS
Station
number
23
24
25
26
27
161
201
107
108
109
110
140
141
Station name and address
South Crest
198 South Crest Road
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Bell Telephone
St. Elmo Avenue
Chattanooga, Tenn.
East Rossville
Richmond Avenue
Rossville, Georgia
Pine Ridge
Pine Ridge Road
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Golden Gateway
12th Street
Chattanooga, Tenn.
Hickory Valley
Shallowford Road
Chattanooga, Tenn.
PHS Rod and Gun
Hickory Valley Road
Harrison Bay, Tenn.
Same as station number 19
Same as station number 17
Same as station number 21
Same as station number 20
Same as station number 5
Rossville Health Department
Suggs Street
Rossville, Ga.
Longitude, west
Degrees
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
Minutes
15.9
19.8
17.4
18.8
18.7
10.2
08.6
17.5
Latitude, north
Degrees
35
34
34
35
35
35
35
34
Minutes
01.0
59.5
58.0
04.2
02.6
03.0
07.5
57.7
United Transverse
Mercator coordinates
Easting, km Northing, km
658.8
652.7
656.2
653.3
653.7
667.0
668.8
655.5
3,877.0
3,874.0
3,871.5
3,882.1
3,879.0
3,879.7
3,888.3
3,870.4
Elevation, ft MSL
980
650
800
775
700
700
780
700
arhese stations were at or near stations used for the 1963 study.
''These stations were operated by Volunteer Army Ammunition Plant (Atlas Chemical Co.).
-------
APPENDIX C.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
OF AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
99
-------
1000
E 500
d>
UJ
I-
U
H
cc
<
0.
Q
UJ
Q
z
UJ
Q.
100
SO
10
z 11 i i i ii i i i i i i i TTE
I LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN
_ STATION NO. 1
_ OCTOBER, 1967-DECEMBER, 1968 _
146 24-hour DBS ERVATIONS
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT 1 GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
500
_ MORSE BROTHERS
_ STATION NO. 3
_ OCTOBER, 1967 - NOVEMBER, 1968 _
186 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
U
o.
Q
UJ
Q
100
50
10
i I I | I 1 1
T~E
I I
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 10 50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
CO
E 500
o>
UJ
- 11 i 11 ii i i 111 in r
I WDEF - TV
_ STATION NO. 4
_ OCTOBER, 1967 - NOVEMBER, 1968 _
193 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
I-
o:
a.
a
ai
Q
z
UJ
Q.
100
50
I I I I I II I I | I I I I III
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 80 90 95 99
1000
500
a.
o
UJ
O
ID
Q.
- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TT
I FEDERAL BUILDING
- STATION NO. 5
_ OCTOBER, 1967 - NOVEMBER, 1968 _
179 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
100
50
10
0.01 0.1 OJ'l 2 5 10
50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT < GIVEN CONCENTRATION
PERCENT! GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
i
500
y
i-
Cf.
a
UJ
a
UJ
a.
100
so
-^ I I
Tl I I I I I I I I I
NORTH CHATTANOOGA
STATION NO. 6
OCTOBER,1967 - DECEMBER, 1968 _
153 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I I I I I III
0.01 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT! GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
ro
^E 500
uT
H
<
_l
3
t- 100
o
UJ
a
•z.
UJ
a.
50
ROSSVILLE, GA.
STATION NO. 7
OCTOBER, 1967 - NOVEMBER, 1967 _
227 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
10
.0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5.10' 50 80 9095 99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
Figure C-1- Daily suspended particulate cumulative frequency distribution for sampling
stations 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
100
-------
o>
1000
500
Z NATIONAL GUARD
_ STATION NO. 8
_ OCTOBER, 1967 - DECEMBER,
215 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
100
Q
UJ
Q
UJ
o-
50
10
TT~B
1968^
I I I I I II I I I I I I I III
0.010.1 0.512 5 10 50 80 9095 99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
O)
a.
y
i-
OL
Q.
0
UJ
O
•z.
UJ
Q.
500
M |
Z EAST CHATTANOOGA
._ STATION NO. 9
_ OCTOBER, 1967 - DECEMBER, 1968 _
179 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
100
50
10
I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I III
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 80 9095 99
PERCENT 1 GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
n
•^ 500
UJ
I-
a.
a
UJ
Q
UJ
0.
I I I I I II I I I I I I I
- ST. JUDE
- STATION NO. 10
- OCTOBER, 1967 - MARCH, 1968
69 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
100
50
10
_
6.01 0.1 0.5 1 . 2 510 50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT IGIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
o>
500
y
r- 100
UJ
O
.
UJ
0.
50
10
^\ I I I I I I I I I I I I I IT
MISSIONARY RIDGE
STATION NO. 11
OCTOBER, 1967 - DECEMBER, 1968
149 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 80 90.95 99
PERCENT < GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
- II III I
CO
E
UJ
H
U
soo
O
UJ
_ CLOUD SPRINGS
- STATION NO. 12
OCTOBER, 1967- DECEMBER, 1968
194 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
100
50
10,
TTI I I I I I I
i I I II II | I I I I
0.01 0.1 0.512 510 50 809095 99
PERCENT 1 GIVEN CONCENTRATIONS
1000
500
u
a_
d
a.
v>
i ill i n irr i i i i t
I BRAINERD
- STATION NO. 13
_ OCTOBER, 1967-NOVEMBER, 1968 _
162 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
100
50
10
I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I
"0.01 0.1 0.5 1 2 5 10 50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
Figure C-2. Daily suspended particulate cumulative frequency distribution for sampling
stations 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
101
-------
1000
500
- I I I I I T~l I I I I I I I I I
I LOVELL FIELD
_ STATION NO. 14
_ OCTOBER, 1967 - DECEMBER, 1968
183 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
O
Q.
O
1U
O
100
50
10
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III
1000
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT1 GIVEN CONCENTRATION
d*
3
-------
1000
500
ut
UJ
U
Q
UJ
O
UJ
Q.
100
50
— Min n i i i i 11 i i i t
~ VAAP HARRISON SCHOOL -
- STATION NO. 21
_ SEPTEMBER, 1967 - NOVEMBER, 1968-
424 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I II I I I I I I I II
10
0.01 0.1 0J1 2 5 10 50 80 90 95 99
PERCENT £GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1 VUU
| 500
UJ
1-
u
H 100
a:
CL
0 50
Ul
z
UJ
Q.
3
10
- IMM
II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 t
- GOLDEN GATEWAY -
- STATION NO. 27
- APRIL - DECEMBER, 1968
_ 69 24-hour OBSERVATIONS _
-
-
1 1 1 1 1
/
X^
II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
—
-
-
1 1 1
O.OliO.l 0.512 5 10 50 80 9095 99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1000
CO
i 500
uf
UJ
H
-I
y
i- 100
Q.
O
UJ
O
z
50
= I I M I I I II I II I I lib
I PHS-ROD AND GUN CLUB
- STATION NO. 201
_ JUNE - NOVEMBER, 1968
55 24-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I
10 =
0.01:0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 80 90,95 99
PERCENT
-------
10.0
~ 5.0
u 1-0
X
S OJ
Z
o
Z
-J
o
0.1
IWDEF-TV
-STATION NO. 4
-JULY-NOVEMBER, 1968
1202 2-hour OBSERVATIONS
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
10.0
5.0
1.0
0.5
^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I FT!
IFEDERAL BUILDING
-STATION NO. 5
-OCTOBER, 1967-NOVEMBER,
3595 2-hour OBSERVATIONS
0.1
11 I
LL
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT! GIVEN CONCENTRATION
10.0
5.0
- I I I I I I I I I I I I M T I I
- ROSSVILLE, GA.
- STATION NO. 7
- 4514 2-hour OBSERVATIONS
x
tit
o
Z
_J
o
1.0
0.5
0.1
0
01 XI 0.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENTl GIVEN CONCENTRATION
10.0
5.0
E I I I I I I I Mill
-NATIONAL GUARD
-STATION NO. 8
-OCTOBER, 1967-NOVEMBER,
-3336 2-hour OBSERVATIONS
1.0
0.5
0.1
I I =
I I
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 510 50 9095 99 99.9 99.99
PERCENT!GIVEN CONCENTRATION
10.0,
1 5.0
=11 11 i i i
I EAST CHATTANOOGA
- STATION NO. 9
_ OCTOBER, 1967-NOVEMBER, 1968
4497 2-hour OBSERVATIONS
o
U
•t
x
UJ
0
Z
(9
Z
o
CO
1.0
0.5
I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I
I
o.i
O.C1 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 90 95 99 99.9 99.99
PERCENTl GIVEN CONCENTRATION
10.0
5.0
-BRAINERD
-STATION NO. 13
-SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER, 1967
_693 2-hour OBSERVATIONS
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 ' 99.9 99.99
PERCENT 1 GIVEN CONCENTRATION
Figure C-5. Soiling index cummulative frequency distribution for sampling stations 4, 5,
7, 8, 9, and 13.
104
-------
1.0
- II 11 I I I I I I
0.5
0.1
O.O5
0.01
'I I I I I I -I
FEDERAL BUILDING
STATION NO. 5
SEPTEMBER, 1967-MARCH, 1968
3901 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.05
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 50
PERCENT 1GIVEN CONCENTR-ATION
0.01
I I I I I III I I I I I I
FEDERAL BUILDING
STATION NO. 5
APRIL-MAY, 1968
291 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I M -
I I I I I III III I/TI I I I I I I
9095 99 99.999.99 0.01 0.10.51 2 510 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT 1GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1.0
0.5
o.
. 0.1
0.05
O.O1
M irrini i i ITIT =
_ ROSSVILLE, GA.
— STATION NO. 7
— OCTOBER, 1967-NOVEMBER, 1968
- 6455 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I I
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.05
0.01
TT I Fl I I I III Ml \
NATIONAL GUARD
STATION NO. 8
SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER, 1967
1118 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
T i l r^-
I I I I I III III
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99 0.01 0.10.51 2 510 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT < GIVEN CONCENTRATION PERCENT 1GIVEN CONCENTRATION
O
1/1
1.O
6.5
0.1
0.05
O.O1
0.
- II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 11 =
Z VAAP ADMINISTRATION -
- STATION NO. 17
- FEBRUARY-NOVEMBER, 1968
- 7003 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
= -
1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I/I M
l.u
0.5
0.1
0.05
6.01
- 1 I 1 I I III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II =
~ VAAP POND 5 ~
_ STATION NO. 19 _
- MAY-NOVEMBER, 1968 -
- 4722 1-hour OBSERVATIONS _
- =
- / ~
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I/I II
01 0.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99 o.OI 0.10.512 510 SO 9O95 99 99.999.99
PERCENT1GIVEN CONCENTRATION PERCENT 1GIVEN CONCENTRATION
Figure C-6. One-hour average S02 cummulatjve frequency distribution for sampling stations
5, 7, 8, 17, and 19.
105
-------
1.0
0.5
— I I I I I
8
0.05
0.01
i i i i i i inIT
VAAP ROD AND GUN CLUB
STATION NO. 20
JANUARY-NOVEMBER, 1968
7915 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II /I II
0.010.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT 1GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1.0
0.5
0.05
0.01
I I I I I III I I I I I I
VAAP HARRISON SCHOOL
STATION NO. 21
JANUARY-NOVEMBER, 1968
7864 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
I ! I IT -
0.01 0.10.512 510 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT iGlVEN CONCENTRATION
0.
0.
1.0
0.5
O.O5
0.01
= 111 i i i i
iiirri ii ii
GOLDEN GATEWAY
STATION NO. 27
APRIL-NOVEMBER, 1968
4682 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
i =
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
Figure C-7. One-hour average S02 cummulative frequency distribution for sampling stations
20, 21, and 27.
106
-------
1.0
0.5
, 0.1
CM
O
in
O.05
0.01
- WDEF-TV
- STATION NO. 4
- OCTOBER, 1967-FEBRUARY, 1968
- 661 2-hour OBSERVATIONS
0.01 O.10.51 2 510 SO 909S 99 99.999.99
PERCENT GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1.0r
0.5
— Mill II I I I \\
NATIONAL GUARD
STATION NO. 8
OCTOBER, 1967
85 2-hoor OBSERVATIONS
. O.I
CN
O
O.O5
0.01
TT \\ IT -
11 i I I ii I ill \JT\ i i I i M
0.010.10.512 510 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT i GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1.0
0.5
a.
to.1
-------
1.0
0.5
E 11 11 i i i i i i 111 i n r
- FEDERAL BUILDING
_ STATION NO. 5
- DECEMBER, 1967-MARCH, 1968
1824 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
a.
CM
O
z
0.1
o.os
I I -
1.0
0.!
EI I I I I i i I I I I i I I i i I I I I -
I ROSSVILLE, GA.
STATION NO. 7
- APRIL-NOVEMBER, 1968
5044 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
0.1
0.05
o.oil I I I I I I f I I I I I I I I I I I II I O.Oll I I I I I _
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 SO 9095 99 99.9 99.99 0.01 0.1 0.512 5 10 50 9095 99 99.9 99.99
PERCENT 2 cummulative frequency distribution for sampling stations
5, 7, 15, 16, 17, and 19.
108
-------
1.0
o.s
- 1111 I I I I 11111 I I I I I I I j
VAAP ROD AND GUN CLUB
STATION NO. 20
SEPTEMBER, 1967-NOVEMBER, 1968
_ 10,607 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
0.1
O
z
0.05
1.0
E 11 11 i i i i i 11 i i i n n i i -
0.5 —
0.1
0.05
VAAP HARRISON SCHOOL
STATION NO. 21
SEPTEMBER, 1967-NOVEMBER, 1968
10,724 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
O.Oll 1 IN I I I I I I I I I/I I I I I II o.oil I I I I I I
0.01 0.1 0.51 i 5 10 50 90 95 99 99.3 59.99 0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5
PERCENTf GIVEN CONCENTRATION
TO SO 9095 99 99.9 99.99
PERCENT! GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1.0
r I I I I
0.!
0.05
I I
I I II I l
GOLDEN GATEWAY
STATION NO. 27
APRIL-NOVEMBER, 1968
3,741 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
I \ I I —
1.0
O.S
0.1
0.05
- I I I I I I I I
~ HICKORY VALLEY
- STATION NO. 161
- APRIL-NOVEMBER, 1968
- 5,136 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
o.oil I II I I I I / \ I I I I I I I I I I I I o-oil I I I I I I I I
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 55 99.9 99.99 0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5
PERCENT1GIVEN CONCENTRATION
10 SO 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT1 GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1.0
0.5
CM
O
0.1
0.05-
PHS-ROD AND GUN CLUB
STATION NO. 201
DECEMBER, 1967-MAY 1960
2,615 1-hour OBSERVATIONS
"Jo'' 9UJJ.U.99
PERCENT! GIVEN CONCENTRATION
Figure C-10. Hourly average N02 cummulative frequency distribution for sampling stations
20, 21, 27. 161, and 201.
109
-------
o
z
1.0
0.5
E I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
- FEDERAL BUILDING
- STATION NO. 5
— DECEMBER, 1967-MARCH, 1968
- 95 24-hour AVERAGE OBSERVATIONS
0.1
0.05
\5
n nil I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I 0.01
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 10 SO 9095 99 99.999.99 0.01 0.1O.51 2 5 10
1.0
0.5
0.1
O.05
— ROSSVILLE, GA.
— STATION NO. 7
- APRIL-NOVEMBER, 1968
_ 233 24-hour AVERAGE OBSERVATIONS
I I I
PERCENT 1GIVEN CONCENTRATION
50 9095 99 99.9 99.99
PERCENT 1 GIVEN CONCENTRATION
(N
O
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.05
—\\ n I i1 i iiiiit i i M II
- B. T. WASHINGTON
~ STATION NO. 15
_ DECEMBER, 1967-NOVEMBER, 1968
_ 341 24-hour AVERAGE OBSERVATIONS
0.01 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I 0.01
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 1O 50 9095 99 99.999.99 0.01 0.10.512 510
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.05
- I I I I I I I I
-EAST BRAINERD
"STATION NO. 16
.DECEMBER, 1967-MARCH,
1968
96 24-hour AVERAGE
-OBSERVATIONS
i i i i i ii
PERCENT < GIVEN CONCENTRATION
50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT < GIVEN CONCENTRATION
O
1.0
0.5
0.1
0.05
0.01
— IMF 111 I I I I I I I
-VAAP ADMINISTRATION
STATION NO. 17
_ FEBRUARY-NOVEMBER, 1968
295 24-hour AVERAGE
OBSERVATIONS
I I I I II-
I I
1.0
0.5
- I I I I I II I II
— VAAP POND 5
STATION NO. 19
^MAY-NOVEMBER, 1968
202_24rhoyr AVERAGE
OBSERVATIONS
o.l
3.05
3.01
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III
I I
0.01 0.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99 0.01 0.10.512 510 SO 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENTlGIVEN CONCENTRATION PERCENTiGIVEN CONCENTRATION
Figure C-11. Daily average NC>2 cummulative frequency distribution for sampling stations
5, 7, 15, 16, 17, and 19.
110
-------
1.0
0.5
CN
o
0.1
O.O5
0.01
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I | | I
VAAP ROD GUN CLUB
STATION NO. 20
SEPTEMBER, 1967-NOVEMBER,
1968
456 24-hour AVERAGE
OBSERVATIONS
0.01 0.1 0.51 2 5 10 SO
PERCENT! GIVEN CONCENTRATION
1.0,.
0.5
0.1
0.05
0.01
r II I I I I I I I I I I I I II M
- VAAP HARRISON SCHOOL
STATION NO. 21
SEPTEMBER, 1967-NOVEMBER, 1968
~ 457 24-hour AVERAGE OBSERVATIONS
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
9095 99 99.999.99 0.010.10.51 2 5 10 50 9095 99 99.999.99
PERCENT 2 cummulative frequency distribution for sampling stations
20, 21, 27, 161, and 201.
m
-------
APPENDIX D. EMISSION INVENTORY PROCEDURE
Both area and point sources were considered when compiling the emission
inventory for the Chattanooga area. Emissions for point sources were calculated
from source test results or material balance information, when available. When
such information was not available, emissions were calculated by applying emis-
sion factors to fuel quantities, refuse quantities, and production rates that were
obtained by questionnaires, plant visits, or published information. In some
instances where no data could be obtained, emissions were based upon engineering
estimates by NAPCA and the Chattanooga Bureau of Air Pollution Control personnel.
Because of their vast numbers, area sources contribute an important part to
the total emissions; they include all mobile sources, most medium to small resi-
dential, commercial and governmental sources, and small industrial sources.
Since individual contacts for each source were impossible, estimates were based on
information such as: (1) traffic volume counts, (2) census estimates of population,
dwelling units, manufacturing, and commercial operations, and (3) fuel usage infor-
mation. Emissions were calculated directly from the fuel input records for both
mobile and stationary sources.
Factors used to calculate pollutant emissions may be found in publications
such as:
1. Duprey, R. L. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. USDHEW,
PHS, NAPCA. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-42.
Raleigh, N. C. 1968.
2. Procedure for Conducting Comprehensive Air Pollution Surveys. New
York State Department, of Health, Bureau of Air Pollution Control
Services. Albany, New York. August 18, 1965.
D.I STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
Bituminous coal, distillate and residual fuel oils, and natural gas are the
only fuels used in significant quantities in the study area. Fuel sources were listed
as residential, commercial and governmental, and industrial. Fuel totals for the
area were determined by various methods, depending on the fuel type and source
category. Overall totals were obtained from local fuel dealers, the Chattanooga
Gas Company, and National publications:
1. Bituminous Coal and Lignite Distribution, Calendar Year 1967. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. March 1968.
2. Shipments of Fuel Oil and Kerosine in 1967. Fuel Oil Shipments Annual.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. August 1968.
3. Minerals Yearbook, Volume II, 1962 and 1964. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1964.
113
-------
4. Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed in Manufacturing Industries. U.S.
Department of Commerce, 1962. Census of Manufacturers, 1963.
D. 1. 1 Residential Fuel
Fuel consumption by residential sources was calculated on the basis of popu-
lation, number of dwelling units, and relative use of coal versus oil versus natural
gas found in:
1. Census of Population and Housing. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C. PHS(l). I960.
2. Domestic Heating Fuel in Certain Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Tabulated by Census Tract. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census of
Housing, Washington, D. C. I960.
3. Census of Housing. Tennessee HC (l)-44 and Georgia HC (1)-12. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C. I960.
4. Census of Population. Tennessee PC (1)-44B and Georgia PC (1)-12B.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Washington, D. C.
I960.
Smaller, one or two family dwellings were assumed to use distillate fuel oil,
bituminous coal, or natural gas. All-electric homes were exempted from the study,
and large apartment complexes and hotels were placed in the commercial category.
The quantity of fuel used by each dwelling unit was based on the number of
Btu's of heat required for an average 4. 7-room dwelling unit and a record of 3397
degree-days for the study area in 1968. See Appendix C of:
Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating Community Air Pollution Emission.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,
Cincinnati, Ohio. NAPCA Publication No. 999-AP-29, Environmental
Health Series. October 1966.
D.I.2 Commercial and Governmental Fuel
Large commercial, institutional, and governmental buildings were surveyed
by questionnaire. Typical information obtained was: (1) combustion equipment type,
(2) quantity and quality of fuel, and (3) existing control equipment and efficiency.
The fuel used by commercial and governmental establishments was appor-
tioned to the emission zones based on area- and land-use information, and U. S.
Geological Survey topographic maps. Emission factors were then applied to these
fuel quantities to obtain pollutant emissions.
D.I.3 Industrial Fuel
Manufacturing concerns considered possible sources of air pollution were
contacted by personal interview and/or questionnaire. Fuel data and process
emissions were determined and recorded in the emission zone corresponding to
the location of each facility.
114
-------
State-wide data for industrial use of oil and coal were obtained from:
1. Minerals Yearbook. Volume II, 1962 and 1964. U.S. Department of
Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1964.
2. Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed in Manufacturing Industries 1962.
Department of Commerce. Washington, D. C. 1963.
Natural gas usage by industrial consumers was obtained from the Chattanooga Gas
Company. Fuel consumption at stationary sources in the area is contained in
Table D-l. Emission factors were applied to the fuel quantities to obtain pollutant
emissions for the area (Tables D-2 through D-6).
Table D-l. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA FUEL CONSUMPTION, 1968
Source
Hamilton County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Resident
Total
Walker County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Resident
Total
Catoosa County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Resident
Total
Area total
Industrial
Commercial -government
Resident
Total study
Coal, tons
Bituminous
157.283
15,723
38,322
211,328
798
729
12.718
14.245
533
204
1,551
2,288
158,614
16,656
52,591
227,861
Fuel oil, gal
Distillate
816,000
169,000
3,646.000
4,631,000
28,000
7,000
1,319,000
1,354,000
11,000
2,000
169.000
182,000
855,000
178,000
5,134,000
6,167,000
Residual
1,882,000
-
1.822,000
406.000
-
406,000
32,000
-
-
32,000
2,260,000
2,260,000
Gas, 106 cu ft
Natural
15,470
1,568
1,178
18,216
508
81
91
680
144
23
5
172
16.122
1,672
1,274
19,068
Process
'
2,043
-
2,043
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,043
-
2,043
D.2 MOBILE SOURCES
D.2. 1 Aircraft
The pollutants emitted from aircraft operations were estimated from data
supplied by authorities at Lovell Field. These data included numbers of take-offs
and landings by all types of private and commercial planes. Emissions were calcu-
lated by using factors for aircraft flights, considering the type and number of
engines per plane.
115
-------
Table D-2. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION EMISSIONSyCARBON MONOXIDE 1968
(tons/yr)
Source
Hamilton County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Walker County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Catoosa County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Area total
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total study
Coal
Bituminous
228
393
958
1,589.
1
18
318
337
1
5
39
45
240
416
1,315
1.&71
Fuel oil
Distillate
4
4
1
1
-
5
5
Residual
1
1
-
1
1
Gas
Natural
1
1
-
-
1
1
Process
-
-
-
County totals
240
393
962
1,595
1
18
sia
338
1
5
39.
45
242
416
1,320
1,978
Table D-3. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION EMISSIONS, PARTICULATE 1968
(tons/yr)
Source
Hamilton County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Walker County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Catoosa County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Area total
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total study
Coal
Bituminous
2,842
197
192
3,231
26
9
64
99
17
3
8
28
2,885
209
264
3,358
Fuel oil
Distillate
5
1
15
21
5
5
1
1
5
1
21
27
Residual
19
19
5
5
-
24
24
Gas
Natural
139
15
11
165
5
1
1
7
1
1
145
16
12
173
Process
18
18
-
-
18
18
County totals
3,023
213
218
3,454
36
10
70
116
18
3
9
30 :
3,077
226
297
3,600
116
-------
Table D-4. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION EMISSIONS, SULFUR OXIDES 1968
(tons/yr)
Source
Hamilton County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Walker County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Catoosa County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Area total
Industrial
Commercial-government
Resident
Total study
Coal
Bituminous
4,460
444
619
5,523
23
21
205
249
15
6
25
46 ,
4,498
471
849
5.818
Fuel oil
Distillate
20
4
35
59
-
13
13
-
2
2
20
4
50
74
Residual
209
209
58
-
58
5
5
5
272
272
Gas
Natural
1
1
-
-
1
1
Process
280
280
-
280
280
County totals
4,970
448
654
6,072
81
21
218
320
20
6
27
53
5,071
475
899
6,445
Table D-5. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION EMISSIONSjNITROGEN OXIDES 1968
(tons/yr)
Source
Hamilton County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Walker County
Industrial
Commercial -government
Residential
Total
Catoosa County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Area total
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total study
Coal
Bituminous
1,569
62
153
1,784
8
3
51
62
5
1
6
12
1,582
66
210
1,858
Fuel
Distillate
31
6
22
59
1
8
9
1
1
32
6
31
69
oil
Residual
65
65
15
15
1
1
81
81
Gas
Natural Process
1,657 219
94
68
1,819 219
55
5
5
65
15
1
16
1,727 219
100
73
1,900 219
County totals
3,541
162
243
3,946
79
8
64
151
21
2
7
30
3,641
172
314
4,127
117
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Table D-6. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION EMISSIONS^ HYDROCARBONS 1968
(tons/yr)
Source
Hamilton County
Industrial
Commercial -government
Residential
Total
Walker County
Industrial
Commercial -government
Residential
Total
Catoosa County
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total
Area total
Industrial
Commercial-government
Residential
Total study
Coal
Bituminous
76
78
192
346
4
64
68
1
8
9
76
83
264
423
Fuel oil
Distillate Residual
5
5 1
2
2
1
7
7 1
Gas
Natural Process
-
County totals
77
78
197
352
4
66
70
1
8
9
77
83
271
431
D. 2. 2 Railroads
Fuel consumption information was obtained from the three Hamilton County
companies. Calculations were limited to switching operations since fuel consump-
tion outside of switching-yards was not found to be a major source of pollution.
D.2.3 Automobiles
Automobile emission estimates were based on gasoline consumption and auto-
mobile vehicle-miles traveled in the area. Traffic counts for major streets were
obtained from city and county traffic offices, then transposed into vehicle-miles
per area grid, and used to apportion gasoline quantities to each grid according to
the percentage of the total vehicle-miles traveled in the grid. Emission factors
were applied to these grid fuel quantities to give total emissions from automotive
exhaust per grid.
D.2.4 Diesel Vehicles
The emissions from diesel-operated motor vehicles were calculated by
applying emission factors to the quantity of diesel fuel consumed in each county.
They were distributed on a percentage basis along the commercial, industrial
and major arterial streets in each county. Bus routes, shopping areas, and
waterfront locations were also considered in the distribution. Table D-7 contains
the 1968 inventory of emissions from mobile sources.
D.3 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
The amount of refuse disposed of in the study area was estimated on the basis
of information gained from supervisory personnel at municipal dumps and landfills,
118
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Table D-7. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS, 1968
Location and
pollutant
Hamilton County
Paniculate
SOx
NOx
HC
CO
Walker County
Paniculate
SOX
NOX
HC.
CO
Catoosa County
Paniculate
SOx
NOx
HC
CO
Study total
Paniculate
SOx
NOx
HC
CO
Gasoline,
103 gal/yr
115,000
16,400
6,500
137,900
Gasoline vehicles,
tons/yr
690
518
6,497
14,621
125,637
98
74
927
2,084
17,917
39
29
367
826
7,101
827
621
7,791
17,531
150,655
Diesel fuel,
103 gal/yr
3,335
37
283
3,655
Diesel vehicles,
tons/yr
183
67
370
227
100
2
1
4
2
1
16
6
31
19
9
201
74
405
248
110
Number flights
per year
59,781
.
_
59,781
Aircraft,
tons/yr
34
.
142
504
2,454
_
_
.
-
-
_
_
-
-
-
34
.
142
504
2,454
RR diesel fuel,
103 gal/yr
441
_
441
Railroads,
tons/yr
94
35
190
117
51
_
.
_
.
-
_
_
_
_
-
94
35
190
117
51
Total emissions,
tons/yr
1,001
620
7,199
15,469
128,242
100
75
931
2,086
17,918
55
35
398
845
7.110
1,156
730
8,528
18,400
153,270
-------
and of the National average of 4. 5 pounds per capita per day for domestic refuse
generated, data found in:
Waste Management and Control. National Academy of Sciences, National
Research Council. Washington, D. C. Publication No. 1400. 1966.
All solid waste generated in the City of Chattanooga was assumed to have
been collected and disposed of in the city dump or in private incinerators. Of the
uncollected solid wastes generated in Hamilton County, outside of Chattanooga,
and in Walker and Catoosa Counties, 45 percent was assumed to have been burned
in backyards and 55 percent disposed of by landfilling. The solid waste disposal
emissions are listed by county and pollutant in Table D-8.
Table D-8. CHATTANOOGA METROPOLITAN AREA,SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL 1968
(tons/yr)
Hamilton County
Participate
SOX
NOX
HC
CO
Walker County
Particulate
SOx
NOx
HC
CO
Catoosa County
Particulate
SOx
NOx
HC
CO
Study total
Particulate
SOX
NOX
HC
CO
Land fiU
128,260
23,850
11,700
163,810
Backyard burning
31,750
320
20
175
2,313
951
16,350
160
110
90
1,190
490
8,000
80
5
44
582
240
56,100
560
35
309
4,805
1,681
Open burning dump
38,500
905
24
210
1,540
1,640
3,590
84
2
20
140
150
0
42,090
989
26
230
1,680
1,790
On site incineration
17,110
55
12
21
34
229
0
0
17,110
55
12
21
34
229
Total
215,620
1,280
56
406
3,887
2,820
43,790
244
12
110
1,330
640
19,700
80
5
44
582
240
279,110
1,604
73
560
5,799
3,700
D.4 PROCESS SOURCES
Emissions from industrial processes were determined from production rates,
raw material consumption, exhaust gas volumes, and stack test data, when avail-
able. Sources to be investigated were selected from:
Manufacturers Directory Chattanooga and Tri-State Area, 1968-1969. Indus-
trial Development Committee Greater Chattanooga Chamber of Commerce',
Chattanooga, Tennessee. 1969.
i
Hydrocarbon losses from dry cleaning and surface coating were estimated on a
per capita basis for the area. Hydrocarbon losses from gasoline handling and
storage were based on total gasoline consumption in the area. This estimate took
into account losses while filling tank trucks from storage tanks, service station
storage tanks from trucks, and automobile gasoline tanks from service station
pumps.
120
ftU. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1970—1(36-
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