PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA-MARIETTA, OHIO,
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNICAL REPORT
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
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PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA-MARIETTA, OHIO,
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNICAL REPORT
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Durham, North Carolina
September 1969
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National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. APTD 69-50
ii
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FOREWORD
This report is based on an investigation of air pollution in the Parkersburg,
West Virginia Marietta, Ohio area for the period March 1967 to August 1969 and
has been prepared as a supplement to the March 1967 technical report. Together
these two reports are intended to assist the governmental agencies concerned with
such air pollution in their consideration of the following.
1. The occurrence of air pollution subject to abatement.
2. The adequacy of measures taken toward abatement of pollution.
3. The nature of the delay, if any, in abating pollution.
4. The necessary remedial action, if any.
iii
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Review of Abatement Action 1
Recent Survey Activities 3
II. CURRENT INVENTORY OF AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS 5
Pollutant emissions from Point Sources 5
Point Sources Outside of Survey Area 10
Pollutant Emissions from Area Sources 10
Pollutant Emissions Other Than Sulfur Dioxide and Particulates 11
III. MEASUREMENTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE 13
Distribution of Sulfation Rate Measurements 13
Case Studies of Distribution of Contaminants 16
IV. SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO VEGETATION 25
Chlorine Damage 25
Sulfur Dioxide Damage 28
Fluoride Damage 29
V. INVESTIGATION OF ODOR AND EYE IRRITATION 33
Odor and Irritant Survey 34
Evaluation of Problem 43
VI. REFERENCES 47
VII. APPENDICES 49
A. Recommendations of 1967 Abatement Conference 53
B. Aerial Sampling Equipment .and Procedures 57
C. Air Quality Data 59
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PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA-MARIETTA, OHIO,
AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY
SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNICAL REPORT
I. INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF ABATEMENT ACTION
On March 22, 1967, the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta, Ohio, Interstate
Air Pollution Abatement Conference was convened at the Vienna Community Building
in Vienna, West Virginia, and continued in session through March 23, 1967. The con-
ference was called by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare relative to
air pollution originating in Ohio and allegedly endangering the health and welfare
of persons in Vienna, West Virginia.
In preparation for the conference, a technical investigation of several months
duration was conducted by the Abatement Program, Division of Air Pollution, U.S.
Public Health Service, in cooperation with the West Virginia Air Pollution Commis-
sion and the Ohio Department of Health. Data and information from the survey were
included in a technical report made available to official participants for use at
the conference. Information contained in the technical report and subsequent pre-
sentations at the conference documented the existence of particulate and sulfur
dioxide pollution originating in both states, transcending state boundaries, and
affecting health and welfare of residents in the adjoining state. Furthermore, the
major sources of pollutants were identified and applicable control measures were
described.
On March 24, 1967, following presentation of data and information by the
conference participants and others who had requested the opportunity to appear, the
participants set forth certain general conclusions and findings and a series of
recommendations considered to be cogent and pertinent to the air pollution abate-
ment needs of the conference area. The recommendations were based on data showing
that air contaminant emissions from industrial operations and solid-waste disposal
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practices, because of inadequate source control and unfavorable meteorological and
topographical conditions for dilution and dispersion of pollutants, resulted in
excessive levels of pollution which endanger the health and welfare of persons in
Vienna, West Virginia, and other residents of the bi-state area. A copy of the
recommendations of the conference appear in Appendix A.
Although the conference participants generally concurred in the recommendations,
disagreement was expressed with certain provisions by the official participants of
the states at the announcement session as follows:
1. Mr. Carl G. Beard, II, Executive Secretary of the West Virginia Air Pollu-
tion Control Commission and official representative of State of West Virginia,
expressed concern that the rigid compliance period was not realistic for all
industries in West Virginia and would create hardship for some. He suggested
an alternative plan such as a phased program of compliance.
2. Mr. Jack A. Wunderle, of the Ohio Air Pollution Control Board and official
representative of the State of Ohio, stated reservations as to both the time
period for compliance and the limitations established in the recommendations.
While unanimous agreement in the conference recommendations by official partici-
pants is the goal of the conference, it is not a prerequisite for adoption of the
recommendations by the Secretary. Nevertheless, the divergent viewpoints of the
participants should be reconciled, if possible, for effective implementation of the
recommendations.
Added emphasis for reconvening the conference was further provided by the
following considerations and events:
1. On April 17, 1967, Dr. Emmett V. Arnold, Director of Health, Ohio State
Department of Health, requested of the Secretary that issuance of final recom-
mendations be delayed "until investigative, inquisitive research, and evalua-
tion study can be conducted to form the basis for such recommendations."
2. Procedural questions were raised by the Attorney General of West Virginia
regarding implementation of the 1967 conference and formation of the conference
recommendations.
3. Substantial differences, which had not been fully resolved at the confer-
ence, existed between emission data supplied by the Union Carbide Corporation
and data developed by the National Air Pollution Control Administration (for-
merly Division of Air Pollution, U.S. Public Health Service).
4. New complaints of air pollution problems not covered in the scope of the
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1967 conference were brought to the attention of the National Air Pollution
Control Administration (NAPCA) and the states of Ohio and West Virginia in
April of 1968. Copies of a petition containing signatures of over 800 resi-
dents in the South Belpre, Porterfield, and Little Hocking, Ohio, area were
received by the Ohio Department of Health and West Virginia Air Pollution Con-
trol Commission. The petition, sponsored by the Little Hocking Community Club
cited odorous and irritant pollutants emanating from industrial plants as a
major concern to residents in Belpre Township of Washington County, Ohio.
Recommendations of the conference were withheld by the Secretary pending
resolution of these matters.
RECENT SURVEY ACTIVITIES
Formal action was taken to reconvene the conference on December 17, 1968. Con-
sultation was held on that date with representatives of Ohio Air Pollution Control
Board and West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission. At the consultation
meeting it was agreed that the conference should be reopened and additional investi-
gative activities should be undertaken to provide additional data or more refined
data, which would define in greater detail the distribution and extent of sulfur
dioxide pollution in the area and to obtain basic information on the odor and irri-
tant problems reported in the Belpre Township, Ohio, and the Lubeck District, West
Virginia, region of the abatement activity area.
Relative to reopening the conference, field investigative activities were
initiated by NAPCA to obtain technical data and information necessary to update and
supplement that contained in the 1967 technical report. These activities and their
objectives were as follows:
1. Additional measurements of sulfur dioxide pollution through area saturation
sampling using sulfation plate measurements and aerial sampling from light air-
craft. Data developed by these tests were used to determine spread of S02 over
the survey area and the transport and diffusion of S02 emissions from large
sources.
2. Updating of air contaminant emission inventory to reflect current emission
quantities from the various source categories surveyed in 1966 and to deter-
mine whether significant changes have occurred in type and quantity of pollu-
tant emissions in the 2-year period since the initial survey.
3. General survey of the condition of vegetation in the area and particularly
in the vicinity of major sources of pollutants to determine the extent of air
pollution injury to vegetation and changes in types of injury and areas
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affected as reported in 1967.
4. Obtain from Union Carbide Corporation updated and sufficiently detailed
information relative to process changes, expansion of facilities, or addition
of control equipment that would permit accurate assessment of current emissions.
5. Perform an odor and irritant.survey in the vicinity of Washington, West
Virginia, and Little Hocking and Porterfield, Ohio, to obtain evidence of the
presence, types, frequency, and intensity of any odors and sensory irritants
causing lachrymation or nasal and throat discomfort and identify the possible
sources of any odors or irritants detected.
The air pollution control agencies of the states of West Virginia and Ohio
agreed to conduct additional air quality sampling in their states. The Ohio Depart-
ment of Health established and operated air sampling stations for a 4-month period
in the Little Hocking - Porterfield, Ohio, area. Routine measurements were made
for suspended particulates, dustfall, and sulfation. Measurements, including both
air quality and wind, were already being taken at several sites in the Lubeck Dis-
trict by the West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission.
The survey activities as described were initiated in January 1969 and continued
through August 1969. The results of the survey efforts carried out by NAPCA are
reported herein. Air quality data obtained from the survey activities of the
cooperating agencies are not included and will be reported separately by each state
agency. Data and information contained in this report are presented as a supple-
ment to the 1967 pre-conference technical report for the Parkersburg, West Virginia -
Marietta, Ohio, Air Pollution Abatement Activity Area.
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II. CURRENT INVENTORY OF AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS
The emissions inventory data compiled for the Parkersburg, West Virginia
Marietta, Ohio, Abatement Activity Area in 1966 showed that large industrial point
sources accounted for 98 percent of the sulfur oxides and 94 percent of the particu-
late emissions. In the 2-year period following the conference, new industrial
development, expansion of existing plant facilities, and addition of control devices
on pollution sources have altered air contaminant emissions in the area.
Consequently, the various source categories listed in the 1967 technical report
were resurveyed to determine air contaminant emissions in the general area in 1969
and changes in emissions from specific sources. Industrial plant officials were
asked to furnish emission estimates or information from which estimates could be made
for their present plant operations. City and county officials were recontacted to
determine changes in waste disposal practices and community patterns that could
affect emissions from area sources. Based on the most recent information, emission
estimates for each source category were adjusted to reflect current emission
quantities.
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES
Emission inventory data obtained from the 1969 industrial survey are given in
Table 1. Pollutant emissions calculated for plants inventoried in 1966 are included
in the table for comparing emission rates in the two periods. The more recent
inventory data show 93,140 pounds per day of particulates and 339,380 pounds per day
of sulfur oxides being emitted in the survey area annually by point sources. This
represents an overall increase of 29'percent in particulate emissions and 2 percent
in sulfur oxides emissions over emission rates estimated in 1966.
The Amax Specialty Metals Corporation has been added to the point source list
on the basis of more recent data. A new plant, Ashland Chemical Company, a Division
of Ashland Oil and Refining Company, began operation near Belpre, Ohio, in 1969.
Particulate and S02 emissions from the carbon black plant are not appreciable; how-
ever, quantities of sulfide gases and other sulfur compounds emitted from the pro-
cess could cause localized odor problems. Applicable control techniques for the
plant are discussed in this report.
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Table 1. ESTIMATED OR REPORTED POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA (pounds per day)
Source
Ohio
American Cyanamid Co. - 1965
(Marietta Township) - 1968
B. F. Goodrich Co. - 1965
(Muskingum Township) - 1968
Shell Chemical Co. - 1965
(Belpre Township) - 1968
Union Carbide Corp. - 1965
Metals Division - 1968
Plastics Division - 1965
(Warren Township) - 1968
Ohio total - 1965
-1968
West Virginia
E. I. duPontde Nemours Co.- 1965
(Lubeck District) -1968
FMC Corp. American Viscose
Division - 1965
(Tygart District) - 1968
Johns-Manville Fiber Glass
Inc. - 1965
(Vienna) - 1968
Amax Corp. - 1965C
(Lubeck District) - 1968
West Virginia total -1965
- 1968
Study area total - 1965
- 1968
Combustion of fuels
Particulate
320
320
725
725
1,270
1,470
17,044
17,044
18
18
19,377
19,577
5.500
3.390
21 ,000
32,770
65
-
-
26,565
36,160
45,942
55,737
S02
1,170
1,170
2.840
2,840
33,300
39,980
237,000
237,000
-
-
274,310
280,992
25,000
29,482
25,000
19,400
2
-
-
50,002
48,882
324,312
329,874
Process emissions
Particulate
-
-
5
5
-
-
17,000a
27.230&
-
-
17,005
27,235
1,650
2,245
-
504
645
680
2,800
2,295
6,229
19,300
33.464
S02
-
-
-
-
-
-
9,350
9,350
-
-
9,350
9,350
-
-
-
-
-
-
165
-
165
9,350
9,350
Refuse disposal
Particulate
6
6
-
-
-
-
16
16
260
-
282
22
600
600
7
-
.
-
-
607
600
889
622
SO2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total emissions
Particulate
326
326
730
730
1,270
1.470
34,060
44,290
278
18
36,664
46,834
7.750
6.235
21,007
33,274
710
680
2,800
29,467
42,989
66,131
89,823
S02
1,170
1,170
2,840
2,840
33,300
39,982
246,350
246,350
.
-
283.660
290,342
25.000
29.482
25.000
19,400
2
-
165
50,002
49,047
333,662
339,389
aReported.
bEsti mated.
cNot calculated.
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Industrial operations having significant changes in emissions, whether increas-
ed or decreased amounts, are discussed below.
The American Cyanamid Company, an organic chemical manufacturer, showed no
change in emissions in the first half of 1969, but in June 1969, the plant changed
from coal to gas fuel and reduced emissions of particulate matter and sulfur oxides.
Daily reduction of emissions amount to 310 pounds of particulate matter and 1170
pounds of sulfur oxide.
Other gaseous pollutants such as hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride, ammonia,
organic sulfides, and sulfur trioxide are emitted from this plant. These gaseous
process emissions may create potential corrosion, odor, and lachrymator problems
when poor atmospheric diffusion conditions exist and/or when plant equipment does
not operate properly.
The Shell Chemical Company plant in Belpre Township, a manufacturer of polyiso-
prene and polystyrene, used more coal in steam-generating boilers in 1968 than was
used in 1965. Estimates of daily atmospheric emissions in 1968 were 1470 pounds of
particulate matter and 40,000 pounds of sulfur oxides. In May 1969 the plant
started using coal with less ash and sulfur. Estimates of present daily emissions
are 1070 pounds of particulate matter and 19,200 pounds of sulfur oxides. The
use of lower sulfur coal along with modern dust-control devices, including electro-
static precipitators in the steam plant, have reduced emissions.
Process emissions include styrene and toluene wastes; the estimated emission
of styrene is 160 pounds per day.*
The Union Carbide Corporation, Mining and Minerals Division, a manufacturer of
ferro-alloys, was in 1965 and is still in 1968, the largest emitter of both particu-
late matter and sulfur oxides in the study area. Union Carbide in 1965 reported
daily emissions of 34,000 pounds of particulate matter. NAPCA estimates in 1966
based on emission data from similar refining operations indicate daily emissions of
61,000 pounds of particulate, with 44,000 pounds from ferro-alloy furnaces and the
balance from coal-fired boilers.
*Experience and information reported in the literature have shown that when present
in the atmosphere in low concentration, these chemical substances, either singly
or in combinations, have been associated experimentally and under naturally occur-
ring conditions with odor or lachrymation problems. The relationship of these
specific pollutants to area complaints of this nature is more fully discussed in
later sections of the report.
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Federal requests In 1968 and 1969 to Union Carbide for additional data con-
cerning emissions of participate and sulfur dioxide from the ferro-alloy plant did
not yield the desired data. Recently a representative of the Ohio Air Pollution
Control Board, too, attempted to obtain such data from the corporation and was
unsuccessful.
NAPCA estimates in 1969, again made on the basis of available information and
best engineering judgment, show total plant emissions of 44,200 pounds per day of
particulate matter. Estimates of particulate emissions from the ferro-alloy pro-
cess were made with the knowledge that 11 furnaces are now used. Emissions from
two furnaces pass through high-energy scrubbers; the other furnaces are not con-
trolled. Emissions from ferro-alloy furnaces are estimated to have been reduced to
27,200 pounds per day of particulate matter. The 17,000 pounds of particulate
matter per day from the coal-fired boilers is assumed to have remained the same as
that of 1965.
The daily emission of sulfur dioxide from fuel combustion and the ferro-alloy
process in 1965 and 1968 is estimated to be 246,000 pounds.
The E. I. du-Pont Company, manufacturer of f1uorocarbons, Nylon and other resins,
and polyvinyl sheeting, in 1968 increased their consumption of coal. It is esti-
mated that the plant emits daily 6230 pounds of particulate matter and 29,500 pounds
of sulfur dioxide.
Process emissions include gaseous pollutants such as formaldehyde, methylene
chloride, and acetic acid.*
The FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, a manufacturer of Rayon fiber
used more coal in the power facility in 1968 than that used in 1965. Estimates of
daily atmospheric emissions from the entire plant are 32,800 pounds of particulate
matter and 19,400 pounds of sulfur oxides. Use of lower sulfur coal in 1968
reduced the emission of sulfur oxides.
Process emissions include gaseous pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide and
carbon disulfide, which can create potential corrosion and odor problems.
The Borg-Warner Corporation, Marbon Chemical Division, a manufacturer of ABS
plastic, uses gas fuel for generation of heat and steam and has negligible emissions
of particulate matter and sulfur oxides.
*See footnote on page 6.
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Process emissions include acrylonitrile and styrene, which by themselves and/or
in combination with other gases from close industrial neighbors create potential
lachrymators.* Estimates of daily emissions are 930 pounds of acrylonitrile and
910 pounds of styrene.
The Amax Specialty Metals plant produces such metals as zirconium and hafnium
in a complex metallurgical and chemical process.
Emissions from the power facility are not considered a problem since gas is
used as a fuel. Emissions from the process do not have a uniform rate since many
of the operations are batch and discharge intermittently at peak rates.
Amax estimates 500 tons per year of particulate matter, which is largely sili-
con dioxide (Si02), is emitted from the electric arc furnace. Approximately 29 tons
per year of other particulate matter is emitted elsewhere in the process. The daily
peak of particulate matter is estimated at 2800 pounds.
Other process operations discharge approximately 58 tons per year of chlorine,*
or about 328 pounds per day. Peak chlorine rates of as much as 45 pounds per hour
were reported.
The electric arc furnace contributes most of the plant emissions of particulate
matter. Emissions from electric arc furnaces in similar operations have been suc-
cessfully controlled in other areas by the use of fabric filters, electrostatic pre-
cipitators, and high-energy scrubbers.
The Ashland Chemical Company, Division of Ashland Oil and Refining Company, a
manufacturer of carbon black, uses gas as a fuel in its power facility with no sig-
nificant emissions of particulate matter and sulfur oxides. Process emissions
of 592 pounds of sulfur per day are emitted as miscellaneous sulfur compounds, which
are judged to be largely hydrogen sulfide and sulfur. Feed stock to the process,
coke oven creosote, is about 0.86 percent sulfur.1 Carbon black plants analogous
to this plant have reported 300 to 400 ppm of hydrogen sulfide and 200 to 400 ppm
of sulfur in process effluents.2
Control of hydrogen sulfide emissions can be achieved by passing the effluent
through a properly designed bubble-cap tower using an aqueous amine or caustic solu-
tion as scrubbing fluid.3
"See footnote on page 6.
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POINT SOURCES OUTSIDE OF SURVEY AREA
Four power plants outside the abatement activity area contacted during the
course of the 1969 inventory submitted the emission estimates given in Table 2.
Emissions from the four plants were not included in the area total because of their
location outside of the survey area; however, the Muskingum River plant of the Ohio
Power Company, because of its nearness to the area and large emissions, does have
an impact on the air quality of the area. Recent expansion of facilities have
nearly doubled plant generating capacity since the 1966 survey.
Table 2. EMISSIONS FROM LARGE POINT SOURCES
LOCATED OUTSIDE OF STUDY AREA
ft\\tf
a CO
'
Source
Ohio Power Company
Muskingum River Plant
Beverly, Ohio
Appalachian Power Company
Philip Sporn Plant
New Haven, West Virginia
Ohio Valley Electric Corporation
Kyger Creek Plant
Monongahela Power Company
Willow Island Plant
St. Mary, West Virginia
Emissions, Ib/day
SOX
1,435,760
774,872
1,255,325
333,600
Particulates
375.654
193,280
49,978
56,433
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES
A significant decrease in the emissions from area sources has resulted from
conversion of the privately operated, open-burning dumps in Washington County into
sanitary landfills.
The solid-waste disposal law enacted by the State of Ohio on January 1, 1969,
prohibits open burning of refuse. When the dumps serving Marietta and other munici-
palities in Washington County were brought into full compliance by August 1969,
more than 700 pounds per day of particulates previously emitted from these sources
to the atmosphere in the survey area was eliminated. Similar restrictions against
open burning of car bodies at scrap-metal reclaiming yards in Washington County
have brought additional improvements in reduction of odor and dark smoke emissions.
Solid-waste regulations enacted by West Virginia became effective in July 1969.
Although the bulk of industrial and municipal wastes in Wood County are disposed of
in sanitary landfills, backyard burning by individuals is still permitted.
10
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Emissions from other area sources such as residential, commercial, and govern-
mental fuel burning and mobile sources were assumed to remain at the estimated 1966
level. Sufficient time had not lapsed since the previous survey for area growth
to alter appreciably emission quantities.
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS OTHER THAN SULFUR DIOXIDE AND PARTICULATES
Pollutants other than sulfur oxides and particulates that cause, or may cause,
adverse effects are released in the area. These include odorous, corrosive, and
irritant pollutants characteristic of emissions from specific industries in the
area.
Odor nuisance problems caused by the release of odorous and highly objection-
able sulfide gases were mentioned in the 1967 technical report. Adverse effects of
hydrogen fluoride and chlorine on indigenous vegetation are described in this report.
Air contaminants emitted in the area capable of causing lachrymation problems are
also discussed. However, in view of the wide variety of complex organic and inor-
ganic materials processed or produced by the chemical industries in the area, it is
likely that other odorous, corrosive, or irritant pollutants are periodically or
accidently released in the area and cause intermittent degradation of the atmosphere.
o
o
(0
M
— 6 G
C
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III. MEASUREMENTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
DISTRIBUTION OF SULFATION RATE MEASUREMENTS
Lead peroxide plates were exposed at 232 locations in the study area to deter-
mine the distribution of sulfation rate^ Sulfation rate, an indication of sulfur
dioxide dosage, can be used to estimate the monthly average sulfur dioxide concen-
tration. The plates were exposed on utility poles about 10 feet above the ground
for intervals of approximately 30 days starting at the beginning of the months of
April and May 1969. The plates were exposed at locations shown in Figure 1.
Appendix C contains a tabulation of the results.
The geographical distributions of sulfation rate for the months of April and
May, 1969, are shown in Figures 2 and 3. In both months areas of maximum sulfation
rates were found downwind of two large sources of sulfur dioxide: the Union Carbide
plant and the Beverly Power Plant. The highest sulfation rate (7.2 mg S03/100 cm2-
day) was measured in the vicinity of Union Carbide. A contribution of industrial
installations in the Washington Bottom area was detected as well.
The interstate nature of the pollution is particularly evident in the area
between Vienna and Williamstown. From the center of high concentrations, on the
Ohio side of the river, an area of contamination extends to the northeast through
southeast in April and to the east and northeast in May. These extensions are
reflections of the prevalent wind directions. Note the wind roses in the lower
right of the sulfation maps.
An area of higher concentrations is shown to the west of Marietta and to the
north of highway U. S. 50 during both months. The terrain in the area is about 300
feet above the Ohio River. When winds are southerly and the atmosphere stable, the
plume of the Union Carbide plant reaches the surface in this area while still coher-
ent and concentrated. The aircraft-acquired data shown in Figures 4-A and 5 document
a period when sizeable concentrations were occurring in the area.
When winds are northwesterly, the area north of U. S. 50 is downwind of the
Beverly Power Plant. The power plant's contribution assists in explaining the simi-
larity in the April and May sulfation levels. Northwesterly winds were less
13
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n r
WASHINGTON COUNTY
Y
X
• STATION LOCATION
j I I
j I I I I L
11 U
MJ ns IU HI ju «J tt» tit tu u) ui ni
Ul Ml
Figure 1. Sulfation-plate sampling network.
frequent, but southerly winds were much more frequent in May than in April. The
area was downwind of one of the two major sources more than 25 percent of the time.
I
Frequent contamination of this area was indicated by the lead peroxide candle
data collected in 1965 and 1966 (see Table D-IV, p. 81, of the March 1967 technical
report). The average sulfation rate in 1965 and 1966 was highest at the Marietta
(West) site, located nearest the area of high sulfation rates, north of U. S. 50,
found in April and May, 1969. It is also noted that none of the continuous sulfur
14
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~i 1 r
n r
i i I
Figure 2. Distribution of sulfation rate for April 1969 (mg SOs/lOO cm^day).
dioxide measurements obtained in 1965 and 1966 were taken in the areas showing high
sulfation rates.
In summary, most of the interstate area experiences readily detectable levels
of sulfation. Pollution levels in portions of the area subject to the greatest con-
tamination are related to two known sources of sulfur dioxide.
15
-------
I i i
j i i i i
Figure 3. Distribution of sulfation rate for May 1969 (mg S03/100 cm2-day).
CASE STUDIES OF DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINANTS
Aerial sampling for air pollutants was conducted in the Parkersburg-Marietta
area for short periods in November 1968 and January 1969. The purpose was (1) to
determine the distance contaminants from known sources could be traced, (2) to
observe the height contaminants were mixed in various weather conditions, and (3)
to ascertain whether some portions of the area might be more subject to contamina-
tion than those where air quality data had been collected in the past.
16
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LU
300
200
S 100
o:
a.
2: 0
O
m
O
UJ
0800 EST
400
300
200
100
NOVEMBER 14, 1968
0812- 0847 EST
TEMPERATURE
WIND
DIRECTION
STEWART AIR PARK
2345
TEMPERATURE, °C
1400 EST
B
NOVEMBER 11, 1968
1250- 1420 EST
>0.05
0.10
>0.05
WIND
DIRECTION
STEWART AIR PARK
Miles
3 4 1 « 7
TEMPERATURE, °C
Figure 4. Plan view of sulfur dioxide plume from Union Carbide power plant on November 14, 1968 (A),
and November 11, 1968 (B) (concentrations in parts per million).
A helicopter instrumented with fast-response sulfur dioxide, temperature, and
altitude sensors was used from November 11 to 14, 1968. A light, fixed-wing air-
craft was flown on January 8 through 12, 1969. The aircraft carried a particulate
sensor in addition to the sulfur dioxide, temperature, and altitude sensors. The
equipment and sampling procedures are described in Appendix B.
17
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400
1,300 -
1,200 -
i 1,100 -
-1,000 -
I 300
i
200
Figure 5. Cross section of sulfur dioxide plume from Union Carbide power plant on November 14,
1968 (see Figure 4).
On some days when the aircraft was being used, air samplers operated in a
mobile van measured ground-level concentrations of contaminants beneath areas in
which the aircraft was detecting the plumes.
Four days were selected for detailed analysis: November 11, 13, and 14, 1968,
and January 11, 1969. The weather on each day differed from weather on the others
in some important aspect. The weather was generally highly favorable for the rapid
dispersion of air pollution on all days except November 14, 1968.
November 11, 1968, was the only day with persistent winds from the north and
northeast. November 13 was a day with strong westerly and northwesterly winds at
the surface. The atmospheric stability was neutral. November 14 was the only day
with southerly winds; it was also the only day with a strong inversion close to the
surface. January 11, 1969, was a day with neutral stability in the lower 1500 feet
above the surface, above which the atmosphere became stable with minor inversions
of moderate intensity. Wind speeds varied from 5 to 10 miles per hour, but the
directions varied consistently with height from southwest near the ground to west-
northwest at 1500 feet. Aerial sampling results for the 4 days are given below.
18
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November 11, 1968
During the afternoon of November 11, the aerial survey was conducted in a tri-
angular area bordered by Marietta, the Washington Bottom industrial area, and a
point 5 miles south of the Wood County Airport. The S02 plume from the Union Car-
bide plant was carried down the Ohio River by the steady north to northeast winds
at 500 to 1000 feet above the surface. The top of the plume reached 1500 to 1600
feet. Within 1-1/2 miles of the plant, S02 concentrations in the plume exceeded
1.0 ppm. The plume was detected more than 8 miles from the plant, in the vicinity
of South Parkersburg. See Figure 4-B.
While the helicopter was aloft a 2-1/2-hour ground survey for S02 was made in
the Vienna area. The average concentration was 0.11 ppm. Short-period concentra-
tions of 0.50 ppm were detected along Route 21 between 28th Street and 41st Street.
Another area of higher levels (0.16 ppm for 30 minutes) was detected east of the
City Building near 13th Avenue and 28th Street.
The plumes from Shell and DuPont intersected at plume level approximately 1
mile downwind of the stacks. The maximum concentration detected was 0.25 ppm.
November 13, 1968
The wind and stability were excellent for the rapid dispersion of pollution.
The stability was approximately neutral up to 2000 feet shortly after sunrise. In
the early afternoon neutral conditions were found up to 3200 feet, where the sound-
ing was terminated because of strong winds and fuel limitations of the helicopter.
Surface winds were gusty and averaged 14 miles per hour at Parkersburg during mid-
afternoon hours. The direction was from the west to northwest. The winds aloft
were consistently from the west-northwest. The speeds varied markedly. They were
frequently measured at 20 to 30 miles per hour between 1000 and 2000 feet above the
ground.
The plume from Union Carbide plant was "bent-over" quickly by the strong winds.
Although it could be detected at low-levels by the sensor in the helicopter, the
ground-level sensor detected a more remarkable feature of the impact of the emis-
sions from this plant. The van cruised Route 21 from the Stewart Air Park north to
Keller Lane, a distance of 6.2 miles, from 0831 to 1147 hours EST. It intersected
the Union Carbide plume in the vicinity of Boaz three of the four times it passed
the area. The S02 concentration reached 0.34 ppm once, and twice it reached 0.53
ppm. At 1413 the vehicle passed near Boaz again and a concentration of 0.39 ppm
was detected.
19
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When the helicopter was north and east of the Muskingum River, the plume from
the Beverly Power Plant was clearly visible. The flight level was consistently
between 1500 and 1700 feet above mean sea level, or slightly more than 500 feet
above the higher terrain. Concentrations of 0.20 ppm S02 were measured over the
Muskingum River, 5 miles upstream from its confluence with the Ohio River. The
plume was detectable over Whipple,. Ohio, which is 15 miles east-southeast of the
power plant. While the helicopter was overhead, the ground-level mobile sampler
sensed 0.12 ppm in the village.
November 14, 1968
The atmosphere was markedly stable on the morning of November 14. The tem-
perature increased with height more than 5.5°F in the layer between 300 and 1000
feet above the Ohio River. The plume from Union Carbide rose to about 700 feet
above the river and flowed northward under the steady winds from the south and
south-southwest. A plan view of the plume is shown in Figure 4-A. The variation
of temperature with height is shown on the left margin.
Several traverses were made of the plume at 2 and 4 miles north of the plant.
Figure 5 shows a cross section of the plume derived from data gathered on the 4-
mile traverse; in an area where the elevation of the ground is 200 to 350 feet
above the river. The plume, confined by the inversion, intersected the higher
terrain. Concentrations as high as 0.5 ppm were sensed at tree-top level on the
highest terrain. A couple of hundred feet above the ground, concentrations exceeded
0.75 ppm. The plume was tracked more than 12 miles from the plant, at which point
it was about 4 miles wide (see Figure 4-A).
Low-level inversions are eventually destroyed by the sun's warmth or by a
change in the weather. If the inversion is trapping or confining a plume, the plume
is mixed to the ground while the inversion is breaking up or being destroyed. The
process, called a "fumigation" by air pollution specialists, frequently causes very
high contamination at ground level for 30 minutes to an hour. Using the data col-
lected north of Union Carbide plant and depicted in Figure 5, it was calculated that
a ground-level concentration of 0.33 ppm S02 was likely to have occurred when the
inversion was destroyed. The fumigation would have taken place in an area about 3
miles wide and from U.S. 50 north to the vicinity of Dam No. 2 on the Muskingum
River. The area where the plume was intersecting the surface and later was likely
to have fumigated coincides with an area of maximum sulfation rate found in April
and May, 1969, and shown in Figures 2 and 3.
20
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January 11, 1969
This day was a typical winter day in the Upper Ohio River Valley. A broken
cloud deck persisted at 2500 to 3000 feet. The atmospheric stability was neutral
to the height of the cloud bases. The winds were generally about 7 miles per hour
near the surface and increased to about 10 miles per hour at the base of the clouds.
A marked veering of the wind direction with height occurred. Near the ground the •
winds were from the southwest. They turned steadily in a clockwise direction with
elevation and at 1700 feet above the ground were west-northwest (Table 3).
An aerial survey of the distribution of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter
was made from 1000 to 1200 hours. The horizontal distribution of contaminants was
determined by following Interstate 1-77 between Wood County Airport and Caldwell,
Route 76 between Beverly and Smith's Chapel Cemetary, the power lines to the east
and northeast of Beverly and radials from the OMNI navigational beacon located 6
miles north of Waverly.
Significant findings were:
1. The plumes from Union Carbide and the Beverly Power Plant intersected in an
area northeast of Marietta. Each plume could be identified on the traverses
along 1-77. but they were not identifiable as separate plumes east of the high-
way (see Figure 6).
2. The combined plumes were detected over the Ohio River between St. Marys and
Sistersville. This area is more than 17 miles from the Union Carbide plant and
more than 28 miles from the Beverly Power Plant.
3. Along 1-77, the Union Carbide plume contained an average of 480,000 5-
micron or larger particles per cubic foot. The Beverly Power Plant plume con-
tained an average of 340,000 particles per cubic foot. Outside the area sub-
jected to the discrete plumes, the concentrations were 80,000 particles per
cubic foot near Caldwell and 135,000 particles per cubic foot near the Wood
County Airport. The concentration of particles in the plumes was from 3 to 6
times greater than outside the plumes.
4. The edges of the plume were easily and simultaneously detected on the S0£
and particle sensors. When particle concentrations exceeded 75,000 to 80,000
particles per cubic foot, S02 concentrations exceeded the minimum detectable
level. (For purposes of these analyses, 0.05 ppm was considered to be the
minimum detectable level for S02-)
5. The horizontal dimension of the plume greatly exceeded the vertical dimen-
sion. Cross sections labeled A-A1 and B-B' have equal vertical and horizontal
21
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ro
Table 3. WINDS ALOFT FROM PILOT BALLOON OBSERVATIONS MADE AT STEWART AIR PARK ON JANUARY 11, 1969
Height,
ft
150
500
800
1,100
1,400
1.700
2,000
Time (EST)
0930
Direction,
degrees
250
240.
240
250
295
290
280
Speed,
mph
7
9
8
10
8
6
8
1000
Direction,
degrees
235
235
250
260
290
300
280
Speed,
mph
6
5
5
5
7
8
7
1030
Direction,
degrees
235
240
260
260
265
300
285
Speed,
mph
7
7
7
6
7
9
8
1100
Direction,
degrees
230
230
255
270
275
300
285
Speed,
mph
7
6
4
6
8
7
6
1130
Direction,
degrees
260
255
255
255
250
280
260
Speed,
mph
9
7
8
6
4
7
8
1200
Direction,
degrees
230
225
250
255
-
-
-
Speed,
mph
4
3
3
5
-
-
-
-------
STACKS
SISTERSVILLE
•<0.05
I.PARKERSBURG
Figure 6. Plan and elevations of plumes measured on January 11, 1969, during surface and aerial
traverses. (Contours of S02 given in parts per million.)
scales. The contaminants are generally confined to within 2000 feet of the
Surface. Detailed representations of the plumes along 1-77 (Figure 7) in which
the horizontal scale is 1/10 the vertical scale shows that the plume from the
Beverly plant was confined to the lower 2500 feet and the plume from Union
Carbide extended about 1500 feet above the surface. These differences are
attributed to the higher stacks at Beverly and to the greater distance that the
Beverly plume had traveled at the point where the sampling was performed.
6. A mobile sampler installed in a vehicle cruised 1-77 as the aircraft
sampled above. The ground-level data correlated very well with the airborne
data. Short-period ground-level SOg concentrations reached 0.3 ppm.
7. Most of the particles had an equivalent diameter of less than 1.0 micron.
Several observations of particle size were made. The ratio of the number of
particles greater than 140 micron to particles between 0.5 and 1.0 micron
varied from 1:3 to 1:5. In other words, the plumes contained 3 to 5 times more
particles with diameter of 0.5 to. 1.0 micron than particles with diameter
greater than 1.0 micron. This may be particularly significant because the
most numerous particles are in the range wherein deposition in the respiratory
system is reasonably effective (55 to 80% are deposited in the respiratory
23
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3,000
J 2,000
•£
o
1,000
TRACE CONCENTRATION
CALDWELL
DISTANCE NORTH, miles
I
DEXTER MACKSBURG
POWER LINE
Figure 7. Vertical cross section (along 1-77) of plume from Beverly Power Plant; approximately 13 miles
downwind from plant. Aircraft traverses at 1300, 1850, 1900 and 2400 feet MSL; 2 automobile
traverses on I-77. All data taken between 0900 and 1200 EST January 11, 1969. Isopleths in
parts per million projected above flight level shown as dashed lines.
system)' and also in a range that impairs visibility.^
In summary, the sampled data for sulfur compounds and particulates show:
1. Widespread contamination from two major sources of sulfur compounds, in-
cluding sulfur dioxide, was observed.
2. Interstate transport of pollutants was common.
3. High short-term S02 contamination was found in the same areas that had
maximum monthly sulfation rates.
4. Sulfur dioxide and particulate contamination coincided. Where S02 was
found, particulate concentrations were greatest. Where S02 was not detected,
particulate concentrations were lowest.
24
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IV. SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO VEGETATION
Plants are sensitive tools by which the presence of several airborne toxicants
in low concentration can be detected and evaluated. It has been demonstrated that
damage to native plants and agricultural crops is an indicator of the presence,
distribution, and level of air pollutants in an area.7*8 Studying the tissue of
specific plant species helps to identify toxicants and to estimate their relative
concentration in the atmosphere. In many cases, chemical analysis of foliage
is also helpful.9
To determine whether present ambient levels of air pollutants in the Parkers-
burg, West Virginia Marietta, Ohio, area damaged indigenous vegetation, two field
inspections were made during the 1969 growing season.
Extensive damage by chlorine was found on plants growing in the vicinity of
the Amax plant near Washington, West Virginia. Injury by fluoride was detected on
vegetation near the Johns-Manville Fiber Glass plant in Vienna, West Virginia.
Sulfur dioxide injury had developed on indigenous plants located northeast and
southeast of the Union Carbide plant in River View, Ohio. Locations of damage to
indigenous vegetation are shown in Figure 8.
CHLORINE DAMAGE
Chlorine has a lower phytotoxicant threshold than sulfur dioxide. The concen-
tration of chlorine required for plant damage is less than that reported for sulfur
dioxide.10 At Boyce-Thompson Institute, Zimmerman!! exposed various plants to
chlorine at concentrations of 0.46 to 4.67 ppm. Sixteen species out of 19 were
susceptible to leaf injury from those concentrations. Brennan et a!.' reported
that alfalfa and radish foliage was injured from 2-hour exposure to 0.1 ppm of
chlorine.
Brennan et al. exposed tomato plants to three different C12 levels for 2- and
3-hour periods. Half the plants were sprayed periodically with water, and half were
left unsprayed. Response of the plants whether wet or dry was similar. It was
found that a concentration of 0.31 ppm caused no damage, 0.61 ppm slight injury and
1.38 ppm severe damage.
High chlorine concentrations cause acute injury similar in pattern to that
caused by sulfur dioxide or similar to that caused by fluoride when the outer leaves
-------
AMAX SPECIALITY (
METALS )
A CHLORINE DAMAGE.
O SULFUR DIOXIDE AND ACID MIST DAMAGE.
• FLUORIDE DAMAGE.
Figure 8. Locations of damage on indigenous vegetation.
are injured at their margins. In some instances, only scattered brown spots occur
over the leaf. In 1968 Hindawi9 reported leaf drop in privet hedges following an
exposure to chlorine. In 1951 Schmidt^2 reported defoliation following chlorine
fumigation of peach, apple, apricot, and quince trees.
26
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Thornton and Setterstron^ compared the toxicity of five gases and concluded
the relative toxicity to green plants as Cl2, SOg, NH,, r^S in decreasing order.
Zimmerman1^ arrived at a similar conclusion, namely HF, Cl2, S02, NH3, H2S. Brennan
et al . agree that chlorine is a strongly active phytotoxicant.
On June 6, 1969, chlorine damage was found on wheat and corn grown in fields
northeast and adjacent to the Amax plant. Tops of the leaves were bleached and the
plants looked whitish or light green in color. About one-half mile northwest of the
plant, pear, apple, and maple trees had been damaged by chlorine. The leaves
showed yellowing, spotting, and margin injury. The leaves of the maple had dropped
prematurely. Table 4 lists chlorine damage observed on plants.
Table 4. CHLORINE INJURY FOUND ON INDIGENOUS VEGETATION
IN WASHINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA
Date
6/6/69
8/14/69
8/14/69
Location
1/2 mile northwest of
Amax plant
1/2 mile northeast
of Amax plant
Moellendick farm,
about 3/4 mile
northwest of Amax
plant
1/2 mile northwest of
Amax plant
Plant varieties
Apple
Pear
Maple
Wheat
Corn
Mullein (weed)
Maple trees
Grape vine
Gladiolus
Redbud
Hybiscus
Lilac
Corn
Apple
Pear
Maple
Pollutants
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine and acid mist,
probably hydrochloric
acid
Chlorine and acid mist
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine and acid mist
Chlorine
Chlorine and acid mist
Chlorine and acid mist
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Degree of damage3
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Severe
Severe
Extensive
Severe
Moderate
Moderate
Extensive
Extensive
Moderate
Extensive
Severe
Severe
Severe
aModerate - indicates 5 to 25 percent of leaf area injured.
Extensive - indicates 25 to 50 percent of leaf area injured.
Severe - indicates greater than 50 percent area injured.
On August 14, 1969, severe chlorine damage was found on vegetation at the
Moellendick farm 3/4 mile northwest of Amax. Severe damage was evident on apple
trees, grape vine, gladiolus, redbud, lilac, corn and hybiscus. Injury of broad
leaf plants was brown-orange on the margin of the leaf tissue and necrotic spots
had formed on the surface of leaves. Injury similar to that for S02 was observed
on grape leaves, redbud, apple, and hybiscus. Both middle age and old leaves are
most readily injured by chlorine. Defoliation was observed on injured maple and
27
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apple trees. Ambient chlorine levels measured in the area of the damaged trees
(reported in Table 10, Section V) were found to be high enough to cause severe
damage to vegetation. Vegetation growing in the adjacent Ohio area across the Ohio
River were inspected, but did not appear to be similarly affected by chlorine at
that time.
SULFUR DIOXIDE DAMAGE
Sulfur oxides can cause both acute and chronic plant injury. The injury is
thought to be caused by sulfur dioxide and/or sulfuric acid mist that forms from
sulfur trioxide. Under humid environmental conditions, $03 rapidly hydrates,
forming small airborne droplets of sulfuric acid mist. The presence of dew or mist
on the surface of the leaf also enable the S02 to be dissolved and accumulated as a
droplet of acid that causes injury to the leaf.
Sulfur dioxide enters the leaf tissue through the stoma, and the gas reacts
with water to produce the sulfite ion, which can be slowly oxidized to the sulfate
ionJ5 Both the sulfate and sulfite ions are toxic to plant cells when present in
excessive amounts.
The accumulation of sulfite in the tissue of the leaves produces two types of
injury, chronic and acute, depending upon the rate of accumulation. The markings
produced on broad leaf foliage consist primarily of regular necrotic or dead areas
between the veins. The color of the markings is usually white or ivory, although
with some species they may be dark brown or reddish-brown. The markings that
develop on narrow leaves occur as necrotic streaks developing near the tip and
extending downward to the base of the leaf. With pine needles the marking usually
begins at the tip and extends toward the base. Middle-aged leaves are more sensi-
tive to S02 than the young and old leaves. Exposure of plants to sublethal concen-
trations of S02 for several days or weeks could cause the development of the gradual
yellowing or chlorotic symptom of chronic injury.^
On June 6, 1969, typical damage by S02 was observed on indigenous vegetation
northeast and southwest of the Union Carbide plant. Sulfur dioxide injury was
detected on black mustard and common foxtail .grass about 0.5 mile northeast of the
plant, at the Union Carbide Park and on grape vines and pine trees growing at the
Ralf Doak residence located on County Road 10 and 7 southwest of Union Carbide.
Damage by S02 was also found on apple, peach, plum, and raspberry leaves.
August 14, 1969, injury by S02 was found on the leaves of tomato, peach, grape
vine, and apple trees grown at the Ralf Doak residence. Pine trees about 1.5 miles
28
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south of Union Carbide also developed severe damage from SCL. Table 5 shows damage
from S02 on indigenous vegetation grown at various locations.
Table 5. SULFUR DIOXIDE INJURY FOUND ON INDIGENOUS VEGETATION
AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN SURVEY AREA
Date
6/5/69
6/6/69
8/14/69
Location
Northeast of Union
Carbide plant, about
1/2 mile
Union Carbide Park
(Bakelite Park),
north of plant
Southwest of Union
Carbide plant at the
Ralf Doak residence on
County Road 10 and 7.
3/4 mile south of
E. I. du Pont plant
Northeast Amax plant,
between Amax plant and
Marbon Chemical plant
Southwest of Union
Carbide plant at the
Ralf Doak residence on
County Road 10 and 7
South of Union
Carbide plant about
1-1/2 miles
Plant varieties
Black mustard
Grass
(Common foxtail)
Grape vine
Evergreen
Apple
Peach
Plum
Raspberry
Grape
Rose
Evergreen
Maple
Tomato
Peach
Grape vine
Apple
Pine trees
Pollutants
S02
SO2
S02
S02
SOa
S02
S02
S02
S02
Acid mist
Acid mist
Acid mist
S02
S02
SO2
S02
S02
Degree of damage
Extensive
Extensive
Moderate
Moderate
Severe
Extensive
Extensive
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Extensive
Severe
FLUORIDE DAMAGE
Gaseous hydrogen fluoride is toxic to some plants in concentrations as low as
0.1 parts per billion.15 Soluble particulate, as well as gaseous fluorides, may
accumulate outside or inside the leaf and cause leaf injury. Fluoride is absorbed
throughout the whole leaf blade and causes a burn.
Citrus trees exposed continuously to low levels of fluoride for many months
develop leaf chlorosis, produce smaller leaves, bear less fruit, and grow less
vigorously than comparable trees exposed to fluoride-free air.7 Fluoride was found
by Brewer et al.1? to cause chlorosis, dwarfing, and abcission of leaves, dropping
of fruits, and lower yield.
Plants containing enough fluoride to show evidence of damage can cause injury
to livestock and even to human beings who consume sufficient quantities of
29
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contaminated plants.18'19 Information reported in the March 1967 technical report
and presented at the conference showed up to 700 ppm fluoride in the maple trees
near the Johns-Manville Fiber Glass plant at Vienna, West Virginia.
On June 5 and 6 and August 14, 1969, the area in the vicinity of the plant was
inspected again. Tip damage and margin burn by fluoride was found on apple, dog-
wood, peach, and maple trees, at locations listed in Table 6 and shown in Figure 8.
Table 6. FLUORIDE INJURY ON INDIGENOUS VEGETATION
IN VIENNA, WEST VIRGINIA
Date
6/6/69
8/14/69
Location
G. T. Goes residence on
Ninth Street, north of Johns-
Mansville Fiber Glass Plant
Plant varieties
Apple
Strawberry
Peach
Dogwood
Evergreen (arbavita)
Roses
Peonies
Maple
Maple
Dogwood
Apple
Peach
Tomato
Bean
Degree of damage
Severe
Severe
Extensive
Extensive
Extensive
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Extensive
Moderate
Moderate
Little
Little
Chemical analysis of the leaf tissue collected from injured vegetation indicated
that current fluoride accumulation greatly exceeded the level that would cause
severe damage.20,21,22 Table 7 gives the time, location, plant varieties, and
concentration of fluoride in plant tissues. The fluoride concentrations found in
the maple leaves in 1969 exceeded fluoride levels found in the same plant variety
in 1967.
Chlorine, $03, and hydrogen fluoride levels in the Parkersburg, West Virginia
Marietta, Ohio, area are high enough to cause damage to vegetation. During the
1969 survey injury characteristic of each pollutant was identified on indigenous
vegetation growing in the general area of sources of the pollutants.
High chlorine concentration caused acute-type injury in the Washington, West
Virginia, area with the pattern being similar to that for S02 or fluoride when
leaves were injured at their outer margins. Defoliation of plants in the area was
also caused by the high levels of chlorine.
30
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Table 7. FLUORIDE ANALYSIS OF INJURED VEGETATION FOUND
IN 1969 IN VIENNA, WEST VIRGINIA
(micrograms F/g)
Leaf specimens
Apple
Dogwood
Dogwood
Peony
Peony
Maple
Maple
Peach
Peach
Reagent blank
Parts of leaf analyzed
Whole leaf
Tips and margins
Midportions
Tips and margins
Midportions
Tips and margins
Midportions
Tips and margins
Midportions
Concentration
60
1,000
510
560
350
960
420
340
210
8
These results should be considered as having no significance closer than ± 10 micrograms F/g.
Severe plant damage from S02 and/or acid mist formed by conversion of S02 to
SC>3 and then to sulfuric acid was found on plant varieties growing in the vicinity
of the Union Carbide Power Plant at River View, Ohio. The sulfur dioxide caused
irregular necrotic or dead areas between the veins.
The extent of fluoride damage on vegetation in Vienna, West Virginia, north of
the Johns-Manville Fiber Glass plant was comparable to that observed in 1967.
Measured fluoride content of leaf specimens from the same plant varieties collected
and analyzed in 1967 shows equivalent or even higher accumulation of fluorides.
31
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V. INVESTIGATION OF ODOR AND EYE IRRITATION
On April 30, 1968, officials of the Ohio Department of Health and the West
Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission received copies of petitions bearing the
names of over 800 residents in the Little Hocking - Porterfield, Ohio,area request-
ing an investigation of the air pollution problems in this area of the Ohio River
Valley. The area affected by air contaminants is situated across the Ohio River
from the Washington Bottom industrial complex in West Virginia.
A letter accompaning the petition from a representative of the Little Hocking
Community Club, cited offensive odors and irritant pollutants from chemical plants
as the cause of coughing, watering eyes, and difficulty in breathing frequently
experienced by the Ohio residents.
Complaints of odor and eye and nose irritation also had been received over a
period of time from West Virginia residents in Washington, West Virginia, by the
Wood County Health Department and West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission.
Incidents of eye burning and throat discomfort, sometimes accompanied by odors, was
consistently mentioned in these reports.
In 1968 the West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission established and
operated a network of air samplers and wind sensors in the Washington Bottom area
in an attempt to evaluate the problem and to identify the sources of the odors and
irritant pollutants. Measurements of oxidants and other commonly sampled pollutants
at these sites could not be sucpessfully correlated with incidents of eye irritation
(lachrymation), suggesting the problem was one of a more chemically complex nature.
At the consultation meeting on December 17, 1968, representatives of West
Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission, Ohio Air Pollution Control Board, and
NAPCA formulated plans for a 4- to 6-month joint investigation of the reported
problem. Basically, the state agencies were to establish or continue operating
existing sampling stations in the Lubeck district in West Virginia and Belpre
Township in Ohio to form an area-wide sampling network for suspended particulates,
dustfall, and sulfation. Wind measurements taken at sampling stations operated by
West Virginia would be used in the evaluation of sampling results.
33
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Investigation to be conducted by NAPCA consisted of an on-site odor and
irritant survey and an evaluation of potential emissions of known or suspected
1achrymators and odorous materials from industrial plants in the area.
ODOR AND IRRITANT SURVEY
The odor and irritant survey was conducted from June 24, 1969, through July
3, 1969, in the general area where complaints had been reported.
The objective of the survey was to identify the presence, types, frequency,
and intensity of odors and sensory irritants, the possible sources of these odors
and irritants, and the areas affected. Emphasis was placed on the documentation of
odor or irritant incidents and the identification of their source. Air samples
were collected when practical and pertinent to the identification of the odor or
irritant experienced.
Seventeen odor and irritant observations were conducted during the survey
period in the area shown in Figure 9. Patrols were conducted during various times
of the day and night and lasted from 1-1/2 to 4 hours depending upon the number and
types of observations made during each patrol. The observations were made from an
open automobile. Each patrol started at Washington School in Washington, West.
Virginia. The route followed was: (1) east on DuPont Road with excursions on side
roads heading to the River; (2) east on West Virginia Route 2 into Parkersburg;
(3) across the bridge into Belpre, Ohio; (4) west on U. S. 50 and Ohio Route 7 to
Little Hocking, Ohio, with excursions on the side roads along the river. When an
investigator traversed an odorous area, he would determine the odor quality, the
presence of eye and respiratory irritants, and wind direction and speed.
Air sampling equipment powered by a gasoline-engine generator was set up in the
back of a station wagon. Since chlorine was the predominant odor, atmospheric
samples were collected and analyzed for chlorine. Static samples were obtained by
use of alkaline plates that were fastened to telephone poles located at 19 stations
throughout the area. Methods used to measure chlorine, odor, and wind speed and
direction are summarized in Table 8.
There are five major industrial plants located in the area: E. I. Du Pont,
Marbon Chemical, Amax, Burdett Oxygen, and Shell Chemical. Shell Chemical is
located in Belpre, Ohio, and the other four are located in the Washington Bottom area
in West Virginia. These plants are all located on the lower flood plain on the
river within 3-1/2 miles of each other (Figure 9).
34
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V
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
Figure 9. Odor and irritant survey area.
in
-------
Table 8. SUMMARY OF MEASUREMENT METHODS
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pollutant or parameter
Chlorine
Odor and irritants
Wind speed
Wind direction
Sampling device
Mast oxidant metera
MSA detector tube
Na2AsO2 solution'' in
itnpingers
Alkaline plated
Nose, mucous membranes
Propeller-type anemometer
Helium-filled balloons
Analytical method
Coulometric
Color! metric
Colorimetricc
Colorimetric
Olfactory perception, eye or
respiratory irritation
Mechanical rotation
Tracking with a compass
Calibrated with chlorine gas.
laboratory method, Division of Abatement, NAPCA.
cAmerican Society for Testing Materials, 1965. Book of ASTM Standards, Part. 23, pp. 21-28.
^Waller, Margaret A. and Norman A. Huey, "Evaluation of a Static Monitor of the Atmospheric Activity
of Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Chloride." Presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of APCA,
June 22-26, 1969.
Odor quality of materials emitted by each of these plants was established by
field investigators who stood immediately downwind from each plant and noted its
characteristic odorant emission. This was done under various wind conditions
including those in which no other plant was located further upwind.
j
In this manner odorant emissions from Amax, Shell Chemical, E. I. du Pont,,
and Marbon Chemical were classified as chlorine, oil refinery, and "plastics,"
Odorant emissions from E. I. du Pont and Marbon Chemical could not be distinguished
by the field investigators, and emissions from both plants are classified as having
a plastics odor. There were no odorant emissions detected from Burdett Oxygen.
The number of odor incidents observed during this survey are summarized in
Table 9. Chlorine odor constituted 32 of the 53 odor incidents observed. Because
five of these incidents were observed in Ohio, interstate transport of odor pollu-
tion is indicated. There were also three cases observed of interstate transport of
plastics odor.
Table 9. NUMBER OF POSITIVE ODOR OBSERVATIONS
Type of odor
Chlorine
Plastics
Oil refinery
State of origin
West Virginia
West Virginia
Ohio
Location of odor observation
Ohio
5
3
7
West Virginia
27
11
0
Total
32
14
7
36
-------
Data obtained during the survey on odor, eye and respiratory irritation, wind
speed and direction, and chlorine concentration are shown in Table 10. There were
five cases of respiratory irritation and one case of eye irritation associated with
chlorine odor. There was one incident of eye irritation with no recognizable
accompaning odor. This case of eye irritation was experienced throughout the
Washington Bottom area and persisted for about 1 hour. Winds were calm during
this period of time.
In cases when the Mast oxidant meter recorded chlorine values of greater than
1.8 ppm (off scale), the MSA detector tube and NazAs02 methods were used to confirm
these results and to obtain measurable values. During these incidents chlorine
values obtained by the detector tube method were 25 to 100 ppm, and values obtained
by the Na2As02 method were 34 and 69 ppm. A number 2 odor strength, as determined
by a Scentometer, was obtained during observation number 28 and an odor strength
of number 1 was obtained during observation numbers 16 and 29. Odor strengths of
less than 1 were obtained at all other times that observations were made. These
high chlorine episodes (>25 ppm) were associated with emissions of dense white
smoke from Amax. During the episode when 100 ppm was measured, the investigators
experienced severe eye and throat irritation, nausea, and headache and were unable
to continue with the survey. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists threshold limit value for chlorine is 1 ppm.24
The odor threshold concentration of chlorine is 0.3 ppm.25 In certain cases
the odor of chlorine was observed when the atmospheric chlorine concentration was
below this value. The odor threshold concentration indicated above was determined
for the pure gas; however, under field conditions, chlorine reacts with moisture
and other materials to form compounds that may have lower odor thresholds than pure
chlorine but the same odor quality as chlorine.
The odors observed in relation to wind direction and source of odor emission
are mapped in Figures 10 to 15. In all cases of observed odors, the observer was
positioned downwind from the source of emission that was associated with the
characteristic odor. In cases of interstate pollution, wind conditions were con-
ducive to transport of odorants emitted from Amax, DuPont, and Marbon to the points
where odors were observed. (Figure 10).
Results obtained by exposure of alkaline plates are shown in Table 11. Highest
chloridation rate was measured at station No. 6 located on a public road in front
of Amax. Chlorldation rate is used as a measure of chlorine dosage over the period
37
-------
00
Table 10. ODOR AND IRRITANT OBSERVATIONS
Observation
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Date
6/24/69
6/25/69
6/25/69
6/25/69
6/25/69
6/25/69
6/26/69
6/26/69
6/26/69
6/26/69
6/26/69
6/26/69
6/26/69
6/26/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
6/27/69
Hour of
day
1600
1530
1550
1930
2100
2115
1030
1130
1400
1415
1830
1930
2000
2025
740
810
930
945
1000
1010
1100
1120
1630
1635
1700
1735
1740
2105
Location
number0
Between 5 and 6
Between 5 and 6
7
8
1/4 mile west of
19
19
Between 5 and 6
Highway 50 and 7
in front of Shell
Chemical
Between 5 and 6
7
Between 5 and 6
1/4 mi le north of
8
1/2 mile northeast
of 19
1/4 mi le east of
19
11
Between 5 and 6
Between 5 and 6
7
8
10
Highway 50 and 7
in front of Shell
Chemical
2 miles northeast
of 18
Between 5 and 6
7
11
1-1/2 miles north-
east of 19
Highway 50 and 7
in front of Shell
Chemical
Between 5 and 6
Type of
odor
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Oil
refinery
Eye
irritation
present
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Chlorine ; No
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Plastics
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Plastics
Oil
refinery
Plastics
Chlorine
Chlorine
Plastics
Plastics
Oil
refinery
Chlorine
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Respiratory
irritation
present
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Wind
direction,"
degrees
230
230
230
180
180
240
240
210
210
200
190
180
170
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
210
Wind
speed, c
mph
Calm
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Calm
Calm
10
5
5
15
15
15
15
IS
15
15
15
8
Chlorine concentrations, ppm
Mast oxidant
meter
0.7
<0.1
0.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<1.8
0.4
<0.1
<0.1
0.7
<1.8
MSA detector
tube
<1
]
< 1
-------
Table 10 (continued). ODOR AND IRRITANT OBSERVATIONS
Observation
number
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
.42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Date
6/28/69
6/28/69
6/28/69
6/28/69
6/28/69
6/28/69
6/28/69
6/28/69
6/29/69
6/29/69
6/29/69
6/29/69
6/29/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
6/30/69
7/2/69
7/2/69
7/2/69
Hour of
day
715
730
745
845
900
1945
2000
2030
600
620
630
1900
1910
610
620
630
1600
1620
1630
1930
1940
2000
2015
930-
1030
1030
2000
Location
numbera
Between 5 and 6
7
1/4 mi le north
of 8
On highway 50
and 7 in Bolpre
Downtown Beipre
1
8
11 to 12
Between 5 and 6
2
9
3
10
Between 5 and 6
4
8
Between 5 and 6
2 miles north-
east of 18
Highway 50 and 7
next to Shell
Chemical
Between 5 and 6
7
Highway 50 and 7
at Shell Chemical
1/4 mile east of
19
Washington Bottom
(general area)
11
3
Type of
odor
Chlorine
Chlorine
Chlorine
Oil
refinery
Oil
refinery
Chlorine
Plastics
Plastics
Chlorine
Plastics
Plastics
Chlorine
Plastics
Chlorine
Plastics
Plastics
Chlorine
Plastics
Oil
refinery
Chlorine
Chlorine
Oil
refinery
Chlorine
Stinging
eye irrita-
tion (no
odor)
Plastics
odor
Chlorine
Eye
i rritation
present
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Respiratory
irritation
present
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
'No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Wind
direct! on, °
degrees
170
170
170
200
200
330
340
340
330
200
200
200
200
200
180
180
330
Wind
speed, c
mph
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Calm
Calm
Calm
5
Calm
Calm
Calm
Calm
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Calm
Calm
5
Chlorine concentrations, ppm
Mast oxidant
meter
<1.8
<0.1
<0.1
0.8
0.7
< 0.1
< tf.l
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
MSA detector
tube
25
< 1
<.l
Imptnger using
Na2AsO2
CO
"Refer to Station Number in Table 11.
Accuracy of measurement is ± 10 degrees. Wind direction was not measured at a calm wind condition.
cM«a>ured to the nearest 5 mph. Calm indicates wind speeds less than 5 mph.
-------
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
The point shows the location where odor was observed.
Numbers relw to observation numbers listed in Taole ID
Figure 10. Odor observations showing interstate transport of pollutants.
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
The point shows the location where odor was observed.
Nnhers refer to observation numbers listed In TaMe 10
Figure 11. Intrastate odor observations 6-24-69 and 6-25-69.
40
-------
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
Die point shots the location there odor «as observed.
Numbers icier to obsewlion mam listed in Twle 10
Figure 12. Intrastate odor observations 6-26-19.
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
The point shots tne location there odor t» observed.
(tubers reler to oosenition numbers listed in Taut IS
Figure 13. Intrastate odor observations 6-27-69.
41
-------
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
The point shews the location where odor was observed.
Numbers refer to observation numbers listed in TaDle 10
Figure 14. Intrastate odor observations 6-28-69 and 6-29-69.
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
The point shows th« 'jcarion where odor was observed.
Numbers refer to observation numbers listed in Taole 13
Figure 15. Intrastate odor observations 6-30-69 and 7-1-69 and 7-2-69.
42
-------
Table 11. RESULTS OF ALKALINE PLATE MEASUREMENTS, 6/24/69 - 7/3/69
Station number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Location
Washington School, West Virginia
Residential area 1 mile south of Amax
Farm, 1/3 mile south of Amax
Public access road 1/4 mile west of Amax
Amax parking lot
Public access road in front of Amax
Moellendick farm 1/4 mile northeast of Amax
Farm, 1/4 mile southwest of Marbon Chemical
Between Marbon Chemical and Parkersburg
Industrial Warehouse
Trailer camp between DuPont and Marbon
Chemical
In front of DuPont on DuPont Road
1/4 mile east of DuPont
1/2 mile northeast of DuPont
1-2/3 miles east of DuPont
Corner DuPont Road and River Hill Road
1/2 mile southwest of Little Hocking, Ohio
1/4 mile southwest of Little Hocking, Ohio
Little Hocking, Ohio
3/4 mile northeast of Little Hocking, Ohio
Chloridation rate, fjg/cm^day
Vandalized
0.6
0.8
1.4
13.6
46.1
9.2
2.4
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.6
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.4
of exposure. Geographic distribution of chlorine dosage is shown in Figure 16.
The area of highest chlorine dosage is located around Amax. The area of next
highest chlorine dosage is an elliptical area stretching northeasterly from Amax.
The shape of this area was mainly governed by the prevailing wind direction in
relation to the source of emission.
EVALUATION OF PROBLEM
In May 1967 the Amax Specialty Metals Corporation resumed production of zir-
conium and hafnium in the plant bought from the Carborundum Metals Climax Corpora-
tion. The plant located in the Washington Bottom area began operation at an acceler-
ated rate to meet the increased demand for these metals. Complaints about odor and
eye irritants by residents in this area began after Amax resumed production.
The metal refining operations employed by Amax are highly complex, chemical,
batch-type processes emitting various pollutants. Characteristic for batch-type
operations, pollutant emissions tend to peak for short time intervals and may
overload the air pollution control equipment. Evidence of intermittent intense
pollution occurred recently when NAPCA personnel were monitoring chlorine on a
public access road near the Amax plant. NAPCA personnel found 70 to 100 parts per
million of chlorine; they became ill after a short-term exposure to this high con-
centration and were forced to leave the area.
43
-------
WEST VIRGINIA
Wood County
(5) SUUra location ind numoer. Thi nuMW nemil U» clrcli
Figure 16. Alkaline plate network 6-25-69 to 7-2-69.
-------
Chlorine emissions from the plant can cause lachrymation in the study area
either by themselves or in combination with styrene from nearby chemical plants.
Exposure to concentrations of 3 to 6 ppm chlorine causes eye irritation.26 An
even more potent lachrymator is formed when chlorine becomes mixed with styrene.27
Exposure to concentrations of a few parts per hundred million of combined chlorine
and styrene causes intense eye irritation.28'29
The Marbon plant, a close neighbor of Amax, emits from its process acryloni-
trile and styrene, potential lachrymators by themselves or in combination with
chlorine.30
The location of the plant and its styrene storage tanks in relation to the
Amax plant is shown in Figure 17, an aerial photograph of the Washington Bottom
area. Prevailing south-southwest winds in the area frequently carry the effluent
from the Amax plant in the direction of the Marbon plant and thereby allow air
contaminant emissions from the plants to mix.
The Shell Chemical plant situated five miles upriver from the Amax plant
between Porterfield and Belpre, Ohio, emits styrene and toulene, potential
lachrymators by themselves or in combination with chlorine.
The E. I. du Pont^lant, a close neighbor to Marbon Chemical emits formalde-
hyde, methylene chloride, and acetic acid, which could create potential odor,
lachrymation, and corrosion problems. Gaseous formaldehyde in the 5- to 10-ppm
range causes eye irritation and has a definite lachrymator effect.^
Process loss information voluntarily furnished to NAPCA by officials of Amax,
Marbon Chemical, E. I. du Pont, and Shell Chemical plants have shown emissions of
potential lachrymator materials from each plant. Observations taken during the odor
and irritant survey by trained observers and descriptions contained in complaint
reports by local residents confirm degradation of air quality in the area.
As evidenced from the number of chlorine observations during the brief survey,
this pollutant has a pronounced impact on the area. Furthermore, because of the
lachrymator potency of combinations of chlorine and styrene at even trace concen-
trations and the nearness of sources of the two chemicals, it is possible that
atmospheric emissions of these materials together contribute significantly to the
lachrymation problem of the area.
45
-------
a^fa . -V-- j
V* I ' -£
' " / .' ' ** * . ^ J^ -^ 02.
'X ^ V.* ^'\
- ^--^^ ^> V±A- -4rti_ -f-fr-^'- irl
'I -T.; J^1^^^^^
'**' ^- .*. ^a jt*- ^
«*'-53T?- .3i£.V
"
Figure 17. Aerial photograph showing nearness of chlorine (Amax Plant) and styrene (Marbon Chem.cal
Plant) sources.
46
-------
Control of all atmospheric emissions from the Amax plant to less than a few
parts per hundred million chlorine at the company property line would eliminate
the potential lachrymator effect from chlorine by itself or in combination with
styrene from nearby chemical plants.
Chlorine and hydrochloric acid emissions from chlorinators may be controlled
effectively by using a packed-bed scrubber or a floating-bed scrubber with an
alkaline scrubbing fluid. Use of a process surge tank to handle peak chlorine
emissions from any process surge or upset may allow a more even flow of chlorine to
scrubbers and reduce or eliminate any overloading of this control equipment. Better
removal of chlorine aerosols from the discharge gases from the scrubbers may be
achieved by use of high-efficiency demisters.
Control of styrene and acrylonitrile from the Marbon Chemical plant can be
achieved by use of a condenser to recover usable products and an independently
fueled flare for the discharge gases as they pass from the condenser to the atmos-
phere. Suitable safety considerations must be included in any design of flare
equipment.
A major manufacturer of styrene has developed methods of controlling atmos-
pheric emissions of styrene from storage tanks or loading operating when emissions
are near bromine or chlorine discharges. Styrene is bulk-stored under an inert
atmosphere of nitrogen.28 The tank breathing of the inert atmosphere containing
styrene traces is done by passing the vent gas through an independently fueled
flare to destroy all styrene.28,29 The manufacturer also monitors styrene concen-
trations at four stations around the bulk-loading facilities and shuts down loading
operations whenever styrene is more than 2 parts per billion and whenever winds
blow toward the sources of bromine and chlorine
Emissions from process vessels of the Shell Chemical plant and of the E. I.
du Pont plant can be reduced by use of condensers to recover usable products and
flares as described previously.
•47
-------
VI. REFERENCES
1. Personal communication, Drape, F. T., Ashland Chemical Company, Division of
Ashland Oil and Refining Company, Houston, Texas, Sept. 18, 1969.
2. Drogin, I., "Carbon black," JAPCA, 18:222, April 1968.
3. Burhouse, W. A., "Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan as air pollutants," presented
at American Institute of Chemical Engineers, National Meeting, Detroit, Michi-
gan, Dec. 8, 1968.
4. Huey, N. A., "The lead dioxide estimation of sulfur dioxide pollution," JAPCA,
18:610, Sept. 1968.
5. U.S. DHEW, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, NAPCA Pub. No. Ap-49,
Jan. 1969, pp. 9-12.
6. Robinson, Elmer, "Effect on the physical properties of the atmosphere'1 IN:
Stern, A. C., ed., Air Pollution, Chapter 11, pp. 349-400. Academic Press,
N. Y., 1968.
7. Middleton, J. T., "Biological systems for the identification and distribution
of air pollutants," IN: Problems and Control of Air Pollution, 64-68, Reinhold
Corp., N. Y., 1955.
8. Middleton, J. T., and A. E. Paulus, "The identification and distribution of air
pollutants through plant response," AMA Archives of Ind. Health, 14:526-532,
1956.
9. Hindawi, Ibrahim J., "Injury by sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and chlorine
as observed and reflected on vegetation in the field," APCA Journal, Vol. 18,
No. 5, May, 1968.
10. Brennan, E., I. A. Leone, and R. H. Daines, "Chlorine as a phytotoxic air pollu-
tion," Pergamon Press (Great Britain), Int. J. Air-Water Poll., 9:791-797, 1965.
11. Zimmerman, P. W., Proceedings of the First National Air Pollution Symposium,
L. A. (Standard Res. Inst.), 135, 1949.
12. Schmidt, H., Beobachtung uber Gasschaden an Obstbaumen. Dt. Baumsch. 3:10,
1951.
13. Thornton, N. C. and C. Setterstrom, "Toxicity of ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen
cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, and sulphur dioxide gases. III. Green Plants,
Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst., II (5) 343, 1940.
14. Zimmerman, P. W., "Impurities in the air and their influence on plant life,"
Proc. of First Natl. Air Pollution Symp., Pasadena, Calif., p. 135, 1949.
15. Thomas, M. D., "Effects of air pollution on plants," World Health Organization,
Monograph Series No. 46, Columbia University Press, New York, New York, 1961.
49
-------
16. Thomas, M. D., R. H. Hendricks, and G. R. Hill, "Some impurities in the air and
their effects on plants." Air Pollution, McCabe, L. C., ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1952, pp. 41-47.
17. Brewer, R. F., F. B. Sutherland, Guillement, and R. K. Creveling, "Some Effects
of hydrogen fluoride gas on bearing navel orange trees," Proc. Am. Soc. Hort.
Sci., 76:208-214, 1960.
18. Largent, Edward J., "The effects of air-borne fluorides on .livestock" IN:
McCabe, Louis, ed., "Air Pollution" Chapter 6, pp. 64-72. McGraw-Hill, 1952.
19. Gatcott, E. J., "Effects of Air Pollution on Animals, World Health Org., Mono.
Series No. 46, 1961.
20. Bellack, E. & P. J. Schouboe, "Rapid photometric determination of fluoride in
water," Anal. Chem. 30:2032-4, 1958.
21. Weinstein, L. H., et al., "A semi-automated method for the determination of
fluoride in air and plant tissues," Contrib. Boyce-Thompson Inst., 22:207-220,
1963.
22. Prince, A. L., F. E. Bear, E. G. Brennan, I. A. Leone, and R. H. Daines, Soil
Science, 67:269, 1949.
23. Huey, Norman A., et al., "Objective odor pollution control investigations,"
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 10:441, 1960.
24. Threshold limit values of air-borne contaminents for 1969. American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
25. Lionardos, G., D. Kendal, and N. Barrard, JAPCA, 19:91, 1969.
26. Hegrath, F. F., "The halogens," Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. II,
pp. 847-849, revised edition. Interservice Publications, N. Y., 1962.
27. Anonymous, "Report of air pollution and smoke prevention association of ameri-
can," Chemical and Engineering News, 30:2704-05, 1952.
28. Shelley, P. G., and E. J. Sills, "Monomer storage and protection," Chemical
Engineering Progress, 65:29, April 1969.
29. Personal communication, P. G. Shelley, Dow Chemical Company, Freeport, Texas,
August 29, 1969.
30. Grant, W. M., Toxicology of the Eye, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., 1962,
p. 16.
31. Ibid, p. 241.
50
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VII. APPENDICES
A. RECOMMENDATIONS OF 1967 ABATEMENT CONFERERENCE
B. AERIAL SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
C. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
-------
APPENDIX A.
RECOMMENDATIONS OF 1967 ABATEMENT CONFERENCE
PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA - MARIETTA, OHIO
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT CONFERENCE
The attached findings and recommendations are those reached by the official
participants to the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta, Ohio, interstate air
pollution abatement conference, and read into the reoord of the conference on March
23, 1967.
RECOMMENDATION I
INTERSTATE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
The Conference participants find:
1. That in the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta, Ohio,area air pollution
originating in either the State of West Virginia or the State of Ohio endangers the
health and welfare of persons in both states.
2. That uniform standards and enforcement of control measures are required to
obtain a uniform quality of air throughout the metropolitan region and to insure
that no portion of the area provides a haven for pollution sources. To accomplish
this, an agency must be established and vested with adequate legal authority. Leg-
islation by the two States is needed to create such an agency.
Therefore, the conference participants concurred in the need for:
A. Legislation to establish an interstate air pollution control agency which,
in addition to other appropriate authority, will be provided with:
1. Authority to establish uniform ambient air quality standards for at
least the two county area involved in this abatement conference, i.e., Wood County,
West Virginia, and Washington County, Ohio. Additional authority reasonably might
be provided to authorize the interstate agency to include additional counties or to
delimit as air pollution control regions other border areas in both States which
share an air pollution problem, and to establish uniform air quality standards for
such other regions.
53
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2. Adequate rule-making and enforcement authority to abate, control and
prevent air pollution originating in the bi-county Parkersburg - Marietta region
(and in such other regions as the interstate air pollution control agency may estab-
lish) to assure the achievement of such air quality standards.
3. Authority to establish a regional enforcement agency in the Wood-
Washington County region (and in any other region established by the interstate
agency), with appropriate representation of local governments, which will meet the
enforcement standards of the interstate agency and will be supported by local
financial resources.
4. Assurance of adequate budgetary support by the States.
5. Federal representation with the same vote as any State, in recognition
of the ultimate Federal interest in, and responsibility for, the quality of the air
as it affects health or welfare of any persons.
RECOMMENDATION II
REFUSE DISPOSAL
The conference participants find:
1. That salvage operations and municipal, domestic, commercial, and industrial
burning of refuse contribute to the overall air pollution burden in the Parkersburg -
Marietta, Ohio, area and is the cause of specific localized problems.
2. That the burning of refuse in open dumps and in backyard incinerators
occurs under extremely poor combustion conditions which result in releases of dense
smoke and other pollutants that cause localized problems and add to general air
pollution in the area.
3i That open fires, started intentionally or accidentally, occur at various
dump sites, and contribute to air pollution in the interstate area.
4. That proper methods for salvage operations and refuse disposal are cur-
rently available; namely, utilization of multiple chamber incinerators or properly
operated and maintained sanitary landfills.
Thrrefore, the conference participants recommend:
A. That salvage operations and the disposal of municipal, domestic, commercial,
or industrial refuse by open burning be prohibited in the Parkersburg, West Virginia
- Marietta, Ohio interstate area. It is desirable that this prohibition become
effective within six months, but in no case shall open burning be permitted later
than one year after the date of issuance of this recommendation by the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare.
54
-------
B. That any device for salvage operations or for disposal of refuse by burning
emit no more than 0.2 grain of particulate matter per standard dry cubic foot of
exhaust gas corrected to 12 percent
RECOMMENDATION III
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM EXISTING, ALTERED OR NEW POWER
OR STEAM GENERATING PLANTS
The conference participants find:
1. That in order to protect the health and welfare of residents in other
similar areas, adoption of ambient air quality objectives for particulates and
sulfur oxides has been implemented.
These criteria provide that:
A. For suspended particulates 50% of the 24-hour values shall be less than
80 yg/m3 and 84% of the 24-hour values shall be less than 120 yg/m3, for any con-
secutive 3-month period.
B. For settleable particulates, a dustfall of 15 tons/mi2/month above back-
ground for residential areas, and 30 tons/mi^/mo. above background for industrial
areas shall not be exceeded.
C. For sulfur oxides, the 24-hour average concentrations shall not exceed
0.1 ppm by volume more than 1% of the time and shall not exceed 0.25 ppm by volume
on an hourly basis more than 1% of the time.
2. That these levels are consistently reached or exceeded in the survey area.
Therefore, the conference participants recommend:
A. That the particulate emissions from all existing, altered, or new power or
steam generating plants in the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta, Ohio inter-
state area not exceed the limits set forth in Regulation II, Chapter 16-20, series
II (1966), of the West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission beyond October 1,
1968.
B. That all existing power or steam generating plants in the Parkersburg,
West Virginia - Marietta, Ohio interstate area not be permitted to burn fuel having
in excess of 2.0% sulfur by weight beyond October 1, 1968, unless they have instal-
led effective means to control sulfur oxide emissions (calculated as sulfur dioxide)
to an equivalent level.
C. That all new or expanded steam generating plants in the Parkersburg, West
55
-------
Virginia Marietta, Ohio interstate area not be permitted to burn fuel having in
excess of 1.5% sulfur by weight following the issuance of this recommendation by
the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, unless they have installed effec-
tive means to control sulfur oxide emissions (calculated as sulfur dioxide) to an
equivalent level.
RECOMMENDATION IV
CONTROL OF PROCESS EMISSIONS
The conference participants find:
1. That industrial process sources contribute malodorous or toxic gases and
particulate emissions in such quantities as to require control measures.
2. Technological means for reducing or eliminating these emissions generally
are available.
The conference participants recommend that:
A. Pollutant discharges into the atmosphere from any source in the Parkers-
burg, West Virginia - Marietta, Ohio area shall not exceed a density of 40% opacity,
such opacity being that which obscures an observer's view to a degree equal to an
emission designated as No. 2 on the Ringelmann Smoke Chart or on the Public Health
Service Smoke Inspection Guide.
B. Pollutant discharges into the atmosphere from any source in the Parkersburg,
West Virginia Marietta, Ohio interstate area shall not cause to tend to cause
injury, damage, detriment, nuisance, or annoyance to people, business, or property.
C. Within 18 months after the issuance of this recommendation by the Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare, the above limitations shall apply to all process
sources in the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta, Ohio interstate area.
D. All sources shall submit written reports of progress toward accomplishment
of this recommendation to the Ohio State Board of Health and the West Virginia Air
Pollution Control Commission, 30 days, 90 days, and subsequently at 90-day intervals
following issuance of these recommendations until compliance is reported, and shall
forward a copy to the Presiding Officer of the Parkersburg, West Virginia - Marietta,
Ohio Interstate Air Pollution Abatement Conference, Public Health Service, Washing-
ton, D. C. 20201.
******************
56
-------
APPENDIX B.
AERIAL SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
A Bell J4 helicopter was used In November 1968 and a Cessna 182 fixed-wing
aircraft in January 1969. The same sulfur dioxide, temperature and altitude
sensors were used in both periods. In January a particle counter was added to
the equipment package.
The sulfur dioxide sensor was a Sign X Lab conductivity device with a nominal
response time of about 2 seconds. The particle sensor was a Bausch and Lomb 40-1
Optical Particle Counter with response time of less than 1 second. It was capable
of counting the number of particles with equivalent diameters greater than 0.3,
0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 microns. The upper limit of the counter was one million
(106) particles per cubic foot. All data were automatically recorded except the
aircraft's geographical position, which was carefully and precisely maintained in
the aircraft observer's log.
A survey flight consisted of a temperature sounding upon take off from Stewart
Air Park to obtain atmospheric stability (by measuring the rate of change of temp-
erature with height). The sounding was terminated when an inversion was encountered
that was effectively confining the dispersion of the pollutants in the vertical
direction. A visual inspection was made of the distribution of particulate
pol1utants.
The sampling aircraft proceeded to the vicinity of the major sources of
sulfur dioxide and made traverses normal to their plumes at increasing distances
downwind. Traverses were often repeated at different altitudes so that the con-
figuration of the plume could be defined as precisely as possible. Then the plume
was followed until it was no longer possible to detect it with assurance. Each
survey flight included several minutes sampling outside any detectable plume to
establish background contamination and define relatively uncontaminated areas.
Another temperature sounding was made prior to landing.
It was possible to sample closer to the ground with the helicopter than with
the fixed-wing aircraft. However, because the aircraft flew at 90 mph versus 50
57
-------
mph for the helicopter (and for longer periods of time), a greater area could be
sampled with the aircraft. Normally the length of the flight was about 2 hours
for the helicopter and about 3 hours for the aircraft.
58
-------
APPENDIX C
AIR QUALITY DATA
59
-------
Table C-1. MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
Location
X
39.6
37.0
32.3
30.7
27.6
25.6
25.7
25.1
28.4
30.3
28.2
28.9
31.3
32.8
35.3
36.2
38.8
35.8
31.8
28.3
22.8
20.1
19.1
17.8
19.2
Y
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.6
40.3
38.6
36.0
32.6
32.6
35.6
35.8
37.8
37.0
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.2
32.7
33.2
30.2
32.5
29.2
27.2
27.7
24.3
, 2
Sulfation rate, ng S03/100 cm -day
April, 1969
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
1.2
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.5
-
May, 1969
0.9
0.6
-
0.5
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
_
0.6
0.9
0.4
-
0.4
0.5
aUse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
60
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULRATION DATA
Location
X
19.8
21.7
25.3
28.9
51.3
50.4
52.7
55.2
58.3
53.8
62.0
61.0
52.6
55.0
58.2
61.3
63.2
57.4
53.9
50.7
47.8
45.5
42.7
43.1
44.0
Y
22.4
23.8
27.5
25.0
58.6
53.2
49.7
50.4
49.7
56.3
50.7
49.3
47.1
45.2
42.3
41.2
38.2
37.6
38.0
35.6
37.3
40.1
40.4
36.7
35.0
o
Sulfation rate, mg SO /100 en -day
April, 1969
—
-
-
-
-
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.6
May, 1969
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
1.1
0.5
0.2
0.6
1.1
0.4
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.8
aUse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
61
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
&
Location
X
46.3
50.5
40.0
40.6
41.7
40.0
40.2
48.5
49.0
46.3
54.2
55.6
61.8
Y
32.0
30.7
20.0
25.2
29.0
32.3
35.8
39.7
44.2
46.6
59.5
55.6
52.8
66.9 56.3
64.8 . 54.4
74.1 ! 58.0
79.8 65.8
85.2 68.9
76.9 62.0
49.2 61.0
44.1 i 55.0
43.8 54.8
43.4
43.0
42.6
54.7
54.5
54.3
p
Su If at ion. rate, mg SO /100 cm -day
April, 1969
<0.2
0.6
0.6
<0.2
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
<0.2
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.2
0.8
-
0.7
0.7
2.5
2.1
5.4
7.2
1.5
May, 1969
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.9
0.8
0.5
0.8
0.4
1.1
0.6
3.0
2.9
0.8
aUse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
62
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULRATION DATA
a
Location
X
41.9
40.4
38.8
38.0
37.5
38.2
38.3
44.1
43.1
40.3
40.6
39.1
37.8
37.8
36.5
35.2
36.2
35.5
31.9
37.3
37.3
37.3
36.6
34.7
33.4
Y
54.0
53.4
51.6
48.2
45.1
46.8
50.2
56.1
56.6
55.7
54.9
53.7
53.3
54.2
52.9
51.7
51.3
50.9
49.7
41.7
41.0
40.7
40.4
40.9
41.2
2
Su If at ion rate, mg SOq/100 en -day
April, 1969
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
2.6
1.3
0.6
0.4
0.9
0.6
1.2
-
1.3
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.8
May, 1969
0.5
0.5
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.1
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.6
-
0.6
0.4
0.1
<0.2
0.5
0.5
0.4
aUse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
63
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
a
Location
X
31.0
29.9
36.3
35.4
32.8
30.4
33.2
34.6
34.2
33.8
32.0
31.9
30.1
27.4
27.6
26.2
23.9
23.0
22.7
22.3
20.9
18.0
15.9
14.0
12.8
Y
41.3
41.2
42.3
42.1
42.2
42.0
41.3
43.4
44.4
45.0
45.5
44.0
43.6
45.1
42.7
41.6
39.0
36.2
34.8
33.3
32.3
29.7
30.7
33.1
33.5
/ 2
Su If at ion rate, mg SO /lOO cm -day
April, 1969
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
1.4
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
<0.2
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
May, 1969
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.4
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
aUse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
64
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
Location
X
17.5
21.6
23.9
17.0
09.9
09.9
26.1
26.2
26.0
26.0
21.7
26.2
26.3
32.2
38.6
43.3
47.3
54.0
58.0
62.0
64.3
69.7
74.6
70.8
62.3/
Y
35.2
37.0
39.9
48.7
56.3
60.6
58.0
56.6
54.7
50.1
49.6
48.1
52.3
57.3
57.4
59 5
59.5
62.9
63.7
66.1
69.8
71.2
70.3
65.5
61.5
n
Su If at ion rate, mg SOo/100 cm -day
April, 1969
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.6
1.4
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
<0.2
<0.2
<0.2
0.6
<0.2
Uay, 1969
0.6
0.6
0.5
<0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.4
<0.2
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.4
<0.2
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.5
aUse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
65
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
a
Location
X
50.0
47.5
46.7
45.8
44.3
45.7
46.8
43.5
42.1
40.2
40.1
40.0
46.7
46.2
45.3
42.0
37.6
36.8
33.4
29.2
12.1
03.6
21.4
18.3
15.1
Y
59.3
57.6
54.8
53.7
53.6
54.7
55.8
52.8
51.0
50.8
49.3
45.2
93.4
95.7
96.6
99.0
98.5
92.0
84.2
78.7
89.2
92.2
85.0
76.7
83.8
Su If at ion rate, mg SO /100 cm -day
3
April, 1969
0.9
1.3
1.4
2.1
-
1.3
1.1
1.3
1.4
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
< 0.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
0.7
1.0
< 0.2
< 0.2
1.1
0.9
May, 1969
0.5
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.4
0.9
1.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.1
1.2
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.9
0.6
0.6
aUse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
66
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
a
Location
X
18.0
24.8
23.0
24.3
27.7
30.0
34.3
33.4
40.5
43.2
46.2
50.1
50.7
47.4
46.2
42.2
38.9
33.2
21.2
19.6
23.3
24.3
24.8
26.8
29.0
Y
85.5
88.4
91.0
96.5
95.4
99.1
81.8
79.4
82.3
77.0
82.7
77.3
71.4
61.4
62.6
63.7
67.8
74.0
83.7
79.2
79.4
81.7
82.4
75.8
67.0
. 2
Sn If at ion rate, mg SOo/100 cm -day
April, 1969
0.2
2.6
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.2
1.1
0.8
1.4
0.7
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.7
1.1
1.7
1.2
0.7
0.7
1.3
0.9
0.7
0.6
-
May, 1969
-
1.1
0.9
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.4
-
0.4
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.8
-
0.5
1.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.5
ailse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
67
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
a
Location
X
20.3
10.8
30.9
50.6
45.1
42.7
34.2
38.8
48.5
52.0
51.2
56.0
61.6
42.8
41.1
42.2
44.4
41.0
38.9
40.5
41.4
42.8
41.3
39.5
39.1
Y
58.2
60.0
64.2
65.2
67.7
74.5
68.5
62.3
62.3
61.6
63.2
70.3
74.3
52.6
51.6
48.9
51.4
49.8
47.8
46.9
46.8
45.5
45.3
45.7
43.8
. 2
Sulfation rate, mg SO /lOO cm -day
o
April, 1969
1.0
0.7
0.7
-
0.7
0.8
1.2
-
0.8
-
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.0
1.2
-
<0.2
<0.2
May, 1969
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.1
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
68
-------
Table C-1 (continued). MONTHLY SULFATION DATA
a
Location
X
40.3
41.9
38.3
38.0
40.2
42.3
43.6
Y
42.3
43.3
41.8
40.7
40.5
41.6
42.3
Su If at ion rate, mg SOg/100 ca -day
April, 1969
0.8
1.1
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.9
<0.2
May, 1969
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
allse site coordinates X and Y to locate sampling stations in Figure 1.
69
-------
Table C-2. EFFECTS SURVEILLANCE DATA FROM PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA, AND MARIETTA, OHIO STATIONS3
Lead peroxide candle, mg S03/100 cm2-day.
Parkersburg
1966
1967
1968
Marietta
1966
1967
1968
Jan.
0.6
0.5
1.1
0.6
0.6
1.4
Feb.
0.6
0.7
0.9
0,7
1.0
1.1
Mar. ,
-
0.5
1.9
0.5
0.7
0.8
i Apr.
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
I May
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.6
June
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.6
July
0.5
0.3
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.7
Aug.
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.8
0.6
0.8
Sept.
1.6
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.5
Oct.
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.9
Nov.
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
Void
~
Dec.
0.9
0.6
0.5
1.1
0.6
"*
Arith.
mean
0.6
•0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
Max.
value
1.6
0.7
1.9
1.1
1.0
1.4
Dustfall, tons/midday
Parkersburg
1966
1967
1968
Marietta
1966
1967
1968
Jan.
11
-
14
12
12
13
Feb.
15
24
19
17
14
14
Mar.
19
35
26
20
20
20
Apr.
20
24
25
24
23
26
May
18
18
22
24
25
6
June
7
14
17
14
15
13
July
19
19
23
21
13
14
Aug.
13
6
19
13
10
17
Sept.
10
10
13
9
12
11
Oct.
18
26
19
17
12
25
Nov.
14
16
18
12
20
11
Dec.
12
17
20
9
9
13
Arith.
mean
15
19
20
16
15
15
Max.
value
20
35
26
24
25
26
-------
Table C-2 (continued). EFFECTS SURVEILLANCE DATA FROM PARKERSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA,
AND MARIETTA, OHIO STATIONS3
Silver tarnishing reflectance, % loss
FWkersburg
1966
1967
1968
Marietta
1966
1967
1968
Jan.
58
65
69
33
52
71
Feb.
66
77
55
61
44
33
Mar.
67
47
72
48
67
45
Apr.
60
75
85
49
49
76
May
67
70
71
68
62
49
June
77
92
77
67
68
57
July
70
79
84
63
60
71
Aug.
65
87
74
70
87
71
Sept.
48
53
75
47
73
63
Oct.
63
82
78
46
44
65
Nov.
65
54
74
37
35
48
Dec.
56
78
76
64
38
47
Arith.
mean
64
72
74
54
56
58
Max.
value
77
92
85
70
87
76
Steel corrosion weight loss, per 3- by 4-in. panel, mg/day
Parkersburg
1966
1967
1968
Marietta
1966
1967
1968
Jan. -Mar.
13.5
15.5
16.6
16.6
17.5
14.6
Apr.-June
16.0
14.1
18.0
20.7
20.7
52.7
July-Sept.
17.6
21.0
21.3
31.0
31.1
27.7
Oct. -Dec.
23.9
11.1
17.0
22.9
0.9
25.7
Arith.
mean
17.7
15.4
18.2
22.8
17.6
30.2
Max.
value
23.9
21.0
21.3
31.0
31.1
52.7
Interstate effects surveillance network, National Air Pollution Control Administration.
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