APTD-70
NATIONAL INVENTORY
OF SOURCES
AND EMISSIONS:
ASBESTOS - 1968
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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APTD-70
NATIONAL INVENTORY
OF
SOURCES AND EMISSIONS:
ASBESTOS - 1968
by
W. E. Davis § Associates
9726 Sagamore Road
Leawood, Kansas
Contract No. CPA-22-69-131
EPA Project Officer: C. V. Spangler
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Water Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
February 1970
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The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Office of Air and
Water Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report technical
data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of APTD reports
are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and non-profit organizations as supplies permit from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 or may be obtained,
for a nominal cost, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency
in fulfillment of Contract No. CPA-22-69-131. The contents of this report
are reproduced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions,
findings and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. The report
contains some information such as estimates of emission factors and
emission inventories which by no means are representative of a high
degree of accuracy. References to this report should acknowledge the
fact that these values are estimates only.
Publication No. APTD-70
11
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PREFACE
This report was prepared by W. E. Davis & Associates pursuant to
Contract No. CPA 22-69-131 with the U. S. Public Health Service,
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Air
Pollution Control Administration.
The inventory of atmospheric emissions has been prepared to pro-
vide reliable information regarding the nature, magnitude, and
extent of the emissions of asbestos in the United States for the
year 1968.
Background information concerning the basic characteristics of
the asbestos industry has been assembled and included. Process
descriptions are given, but they are brief, and are limited to the
areas that are closely related to existing or potential atmospheric
losses of the pollutant.
Due to the limitation of time and funds allotted for the study, the
plan was to personally contact about twenty percent of the companies
in each major emissions source group to obtain the required infor-
mation. It was known that published data concerning emissions of
the pollutant was virtually non-existent.
111
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The asbestos emissions and emissions factors that are presented are
based on information obtained from production companies that represent
about fifty percent of the domestic production, and from reprocessing
companies that handled about five percent of the asbestos consumed
in 1968. Two of the largest reprocessing companies refused to furnish
the information requested concerning their facilities. At the beginning
of this study, Johns-Manville indicated that they were willing to co-
operate, but after several months and two special trips to their home
office, no useful information was given. The GAP Corporation also
indicated they would provide certain data but have delayed and have
refused to grant permission to visit their mining facility in Vermont.
This response was typical of several in the asbestos industry, and
accounts for the lack of data from reprocessing companies. Many
stated that they knew of no way to test for asbestos emissions and
therefore could provide no information.
The magnitude of the asbestos emissions from production facilities
is subject to many variables, including atmospheric conditions, and
is very difficult to estimate accurately. The emissions during mining,
blasting, loading, hauling, and unloading are virtually uncontrolled,
and visual inspection indicates that emissions are substantial.
IV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This was an industry oriented study and the authors express
their appreciation to the many companies and individuals in
the asbestos industry for their contributions.
We wish to express our gratitude for the assistance of the
various societies and associations, and to many branches
of the Federal and State Governments.
Our express thanks to Mr. C. V. Spangler, Project Officer,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, for his helpful
guidance.
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CONTENTS
SUMMARY 1
SOURCES OF ASBESTOS 2
MATERIAL FLOW
Material Flow Chart 4
Mining and Processing 5
Asbestos Imports & Exports 6
Reprocessing 7
Friction Materials 7
Asbestos Cement Products 8
Floor Tile 8
Textiles 9
Asbestos Paper 9
Miscellaneous 10
EMISSIONS
Map of Emission Regions 11
Asbestos Emissions 12
Asbestos Emissions Factors 13
Particle Size of Emissions 14
Mining and Other Basic Processing 15
Reprocessing 19
Friction Materials 19
Asbestos Cement Products 21
Textiles 23
Asbestos Paper 25
Miscellaneous 27
Consumptive Uses 28
Road Surfacing 28
Construction 29
Brake Linings 29
Steel Fireproof ing 30
Motor Vehicle Use 31
Insulating Cement 31
VII
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CONTENTS
EMISSIONS
Incineration and Other Disposal 33
APPENDIX A
Asbestos Mines in the United States 34
Reprocessing Plants Producing Asbestos
Friction Material 35
Reprocessing Plants Producing Asbestos
Cement Products 37
Reprocessing Plants Using Asbestos in
Floor Tile 40
Other Asbestos Reprocessing Plants 42
Vlll
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SUMMARY
The flow of asbestos in the United States has been traced and
charted for the year 1968. The apparent consumption for the
year was 817,363 tons and the domestic production was only
120,690 tons. Imports, mostly from Canada, totaled 737,909
short tons. There was no recovery from scrap.
Emissions to the atmosphere during the year were 6,579 tons.
About 85 percent of the emissions were due to mining and mill-
ing operations. Estimates of emissions are based for the great-
est part on observations made during field trips,.and on the
limited information provided by mining, milling, and reprocess-
ing companies. Information was not available regarding the
magnitude of the emissions or the particulate size.
There were no emission records at any of the locations visited.
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SOURCES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos is the name applied to a group of naturally fibrous minerals
that are found in irregular veins scattered throughout rock masses
in various parts of the world. Only a few of the deposits are of
commercial importance.
There are several varieties of asbestos, differing considerably in
composition and physical properties. The most important commer-
cially is chrysotile, and its wide use is due to the fact that its fibers
are strong and flexible. Other species of asbestos fall in the amphibole
group, and the only ones used to any extent are anthopytllite, trem-
olite, amosite, and crocidolite.
In the United States asbestos has been found in the States of Alaska,
Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, North
Carolina, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming, but
production has been negligible except in California, Vermont, Arizona,
and North Carolina.
Most of the asbestos mined in the world is produced by companies
that also fabricate finished asbestos products. They are strong, well
organized concerns that maintain a tight control throughout all phases
of the business, including mining, processing, manufacturing, and
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marketing of asbestos and asbestos products. As an example, the
largest producer in the world, operates asbestos mines in Canada
and the United States, and manufactures asbestos products in more
than forty five domestic and eight overseas plants. The products
include all the important large volume items that contain asbestos.
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MATERIAL FLOW
ASBESTOS
MATERIAL FLOW CHART - 1968
(Short Tons)
175000
(ASBESTOS CONTENT)'
FROM MINING
5610
EMISSIONS
48700
TO TAILINGS
ASBESTOS
PRODUCTION
DOMESTIC
120690
737909
IMPORTS
41236
EXPORTS
SCRAP
817363
1 04000.
410000
200000
18000.
30000
55363
FRICTION
MATERIALS
ASBESTOS
CEMENT
PRODUCTS
FLOOR
TILE
TEXTILES
ASBESTOS
PAPER
MISCELLANEOUS
CONSUMER
.- J
Figure V
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MINING AND PROCESSING
There are eight asbestos mining companies in the United States
that produce chrysotile fiber. Four of these mines are located
in California, three in Arizona, and one in Vermont.
In Arizona the mining operations are all in the Salt River Valley
north of Globe, and the mills are either at the mines or in Globe.
The California asbestos mines and mills are in the counties of
San Benito, Fresno, and Calaveras. The largest mine and mill
in the United States is in Vermont near the Canadian border.
One company operating in Yancey county, North Carolina, pro-
duces a small amount of amphibole asbestos fiber.
Asbestos production in the United States during 1968 is reported
as 120,690 short tons^_/ Mining companies are listed in Appendix A.
Asbestos Production in the United States
1968
STATE SHORT TONS
Arizona 1,390
California 75,592
North Carolina and Vermont 43,708
1- Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1968
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ASBESTOS IMPORTS
During 1968, asbestos imports were 737,909 short tons. Approx-
imately 94 percent of the import total was from Canada and 5 percent
was from the Republic of South Africa._/
ASBESTOS EXPORTS
2
Asbestos exports, during 1968, were 41,236 short tons._/
1-2- Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1968
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REPROCESSING
The apparent consumption of asbestos in the United States, during
1968, has been reported at 817,363 short tons._/
FRICTION MATERIALS
Asbestos is regarded as indispensable in most types of friction
materials. It is used as the primary constituent in brake linings
and clutch facings for motor vehicles, and other commercial and
industrial equipment.
Brake linings are of two principal types. In the early days of the
automobile, virtually all brakebands were of woven asbestos fabrics
but now the molded type is used extensively. Molded linings con-
sist of asbestos fibers bonded with an organic matrix. Metallic
reinforcing is commonly added, and the shaped products are
thoroughly cured. Chrysotile asbestos is required, ranging in
fiber length from the very short grades to those just under spinning
grades.
In the United States the use of asbestos in friction materials during
2
1968 was about 104,000 short tons.__/ Reprocessing plants producing
friction materials are listed in Appendix A.
1- Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1968
2- Estimate based on reports from reprocessing companies and data
from the 1967 Census of Manufacturers.
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ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS
Asbestos building materials, such as roofing shingles, siding, flat
sheets, corrugated sheets, and wallboard consist of portland cement
and approximately 15 percent shingle grade asbestos. The mix for
asbestos cement pipe may contain as much as 20 percent.
In the United States the use of asbestos in asbestos cement products,
during 1968, is estimated at 410,000 short tons^_/ Reprocessing com-
panies producing asbestos cement products are listed in Appendix A.
FLOOR TILE
Asbestos is used extensively in asphalt floor tile, and in vinyl
asbestos floor tile as a filler and binder. The total amount of
asbestos used for this purpose has not changed much during the
past few years, but less is used now in asphalt products and more
in the vinyl asbestos flooring.
The use of asbestos in floor tile during 1968, is estimated at
2
200,000 short tons._/ Reprocessing companies using asbestos
in floor tile are listed in Appendix A.
1- Estimate based on data from 1967 Census of Manufacturers
and Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1968.
2- Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1968.
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TEXTILES
Long fiber or spinning grade asbestos is required for textiles and
the process involved in manufacturing asbestos fabrics is much
the same as that employed in spinning or weaving cotton and wool.
In fact, a small amount of cotton or some other organic fiber is
normally used along with the asbestos. The asbestos content
usually ranges from 75 to 99 percent.
Yarns are made in various sizes and used for many purposes. Yam
used for brake linings is usually reinforced with fine copper, brass
or lead wire and woven into strips. Yarn for electrical insulating
tape should contain not more than 7 percent carbon, and not more
than 14 percent cotton. Yarn for cloth varies depending on the end
use of the material. Asbestos cloth is used for safety clothes,
gloves, gaskets, insulating blankets, and numerous other purposes.
In the United States, asbestos used in textiles during 1968 totaled
about 18,000 short tons.
ASBESTOS PAPER
Asbestos paper is used for many purposes such as; roofing felt,
a paper or tape for covering hot ductwork, in the manufacture of air-
cell pipe covering. Millboard is used in the manufacture of mill-
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board gaskets.
It is estimated that the quantity of asbestos used in paper in the
United States during 1968 totaled 30,000 short tons.
MISCELLANEOUS
In addition to the above mentioned uses, asbestos is used in filters,
insulating materials, auto undercoating, roofing compound, boiler
cement, plastics, rubber, wall joint tape, wall joint cement, gas
mask filters, welding rod coating, fire proof ing materials, com-
pounded packings, fire walls, oil well drilling mud, etc.
About 15,000 to 17,000 tons of asbestos is used each year in in-
sulation materials that are for insulating pipes, ducts, boilers,
and other hot equipment. The asbestos content of the insulation
is about 15 percent.
About 3,000 tons of asbestos is used each year in material that
is sprayed-on steel columns and other structures for fire protection.
The miscellaneous uses of asbestos, during 1968, are estimated at
55,363 short tons.
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EMISSIONS
MAP OF EMISSION REGIONS
•J- Asbestos Mines
• Asbestos Reprocessing
Figure VI
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ASBESTOS EMISSIONS
1968
SOURCE CATEGORY
SOURCE GROUP
SHORT TONS
MINING AND
OTHER BASIC PROCESSING
REPROCESSING
CONSUMPTIVE USES
INCINERATION OR OTHER
DISPOSAL
Mining and Milling
Friction Materials 312
Asbestos Cement Products 205
Textiles 18
Paper 15
Floor Tile 100
Miscellaneous 28
Construction 61
Brake Linings 190
Steel Fireproof ing 15
Insulating Cement 25
5,610
678
291
NA
TOTAL
6,579
NA - Data not available,
Region No. 1
Region No. 2
Region No. 3
Region No. 4
EMISSIONS BY REGION
PLANTS
SHORT TONS
3570
20
2020
Regional distribution includes the source groups - Mining and
Milling (representing 85 percent of total emissions)
Undistributed 15 percent
969
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ASBESTOS EMISSIONS FACTORS
MINING AND OTHER PROCESSING
REPROCESSING
Friction Materials
Asbestos Cement Products
Textiles
Paper
Floor Tile
CONSUMPTIVE USES
Brake Linings
Steel Fireproofing
Insulating Cement
C 93 Ib/ton of asbestos produced
C 6 Ib/ton of asbestos processed
C 1 Ib/ton of asbestos processed
C 2 Ib/ton of asbestos processed
C 1 Ib/ton of asbestos processed
C 1 Ib/ton of asbestos processed
NC 10 Ib/ton of asbestos processed
NC 10 Ib/ton of asbestos applied
C 25 Ib/ton of asbestos applied
Asbestos emissions factors are based on particulate control indicated as
follows:
Mining and Other Processing
Friction Materials
Asbestos Cement Products
Textiles
Paper
Floor Tile
Insulating Cement
- Eighty percent.
- Ninety five percent.
- Seventy five percent.
- Ninety five percent.
- Seventy five percent.
- Seventy five percent.
- Eighty nine percent.
C - Controlled
NC - Not Controlled
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PARTICLE SIZE OF EMISSIONS
Field sampling and lab testing were not a part of this study, and
throughout this report there are numerous statements to the effect
that information concerning the particle size of asbestos emissions
is not available from mining processing, and reprocessing companies.
All these companies stated they were not aware of any accurate
method for testing asbestos emissions.
Even though there is a lack of data concerning the particle size of
asbestos emissions, there is considerable information available re-
garding the dimensions of asbestos fibers. The diameter of chrysotile
fiber ranges from about 0.018 to 0.03 microns, and the length varies
from a fraction of a micron to 30,000 microns and longer.
It is reasonable to assume the size of some asbestos emission particles
would be about the same as that of a single fiber, (0.018 to 0.03 micron)
and others may consist of a cluster of fibers several microns in
diameter and more than a thousand microns in length.
The dust observed in some of the mine offices appeared to consist of
very fine particles, possibly ranging in size from 1 to 40 microns. The
particle size of most emissions from bag filters at reprocessing facilities
is probably in the range of 1 to 10 microns.
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MINING
and
OTHER BASIC PROCESSING
In the United States most of the asbestos mining operations are of
the open-pit type and the milling facilities are located reasonably
close to the mines. At some locations the rock is easily removed
without blasting, but at others, it is necessary to blast in order to
i
loosen the material. From the standpoint of atmospheric emissions,
it is unfortunate that blasting is necessary.
At many locations the rock containing the asbestos is moved from
the mine to a storage pile near the mill where it remains until it is
again moved into the mill for processing. During the loading, un-
loading, and moving operations, there are emissions, and the mag-
nitude of those emissions depends on the atmospheric conditions.
Chrysotile asbestos is a fibrous form of serpentine, and is usually
associated with massive fractured serpentine. The concentration
process is unusual in that it involves the separation of a fibrous
mineral from a massive form of the same mineral. Neither chemical
composition, nor specific gravity can be used as a basis for sepa-
ration; however, mechanical separation is possible. Due to its
fibrous structure, it can be divided into filaments that are amenable
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to separation by air suction and screening.
Since the long fibers of chrysotile asbestos are worth several times
as much as the short ones, it is important to accomplish separation
of fiber from rock with a minimum of fiber breakage. Asbestos mill-
ing consists essentially of course crushing, drying, and recrushing
in stages, each step being followed by screening, and air separation
of the fiber from rock.
In Arizona the mining is underground and the fiber is found in veins
that occur in bands from a few inches to a few feet in thickness. The
fiber is mined in drifts and stopes, using modified room-and-pillar
methods, and mining costs are relatively high. Since mining is under-
ground, the atmospheric emissions are considered as negligible.
In Vermont, the fiber-bearing rock is removed from an open pit, which
is worked on three benches, each 125 feet high. About 50,000 tons
of rock is broken with each multiple blast._/
Operations in California are well organized and efforts are made to
control emissions, but the very nature of the operation makes emission
control difficult. During one field trip, it was observed that trucks
transporting rock were covered with tarpaulins; however, the tarpaulins
were loose and the dust was blowing. A fine dry dust was noticed at
1- Bowles, Oliver; Asbestos - A Materials Survey; Bureau of Mines
Information Circular 7880- 1959.
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all locations - inside and outside. A fine dust haze was observed
at a distance of several miles from some of the mining and milling
operations.
In general, emission control equipment is used to some extent at all
milling facilities. At one location visited, mechanical type collectors
were used, and the operator estimated a two percent fiber loss to the
atmosphere, based on the total asbestos fiber processed. At the
second location, there were four mechanical dust collectors, and one
was equipped with a bag filter. At the third location all of the cyclone
collectors were equipped with bag filters, but there was a light fog of
asbestos inside the mill building. At the fourth mill, there were bag
filters, but there was no collector on the dryer. There was a light
haze over the plant due to rock unloading. At the fifth mill, bag filters
were used except for the cyclone collector on the dryer. At the sixth
mill, which was not in operation at the time the field trip was made,
there was a baghouse, but dust was everywhere - in the office, and in
the conference room. At the seventh mill, no visitors were allowed
beyond the office without permission from the home office in New York.
Without exception, there was no data regarding emissions. There were
no records or tests showing the asbestos content or the asbestos particle
size of the emissions.
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Even though emissions data was not available, an emissions factor
of 93 pounds per ton of asbestos produced has been estimated for
mining and milling operations. This factor is based on the type of
emissions control equipment used and its collection efficiency.
ASBESTOS EMISSIONS FACTORS FOR MINING AND MILLING*
(pounds per ton of asbestos produced)
Emission
Uncontrolled Cyclone Bag house Factor
Mining X 3
Loading X 2
Hauling X 2
Unloading X 2
Crushing & Drying X 10
Milling XX 64
Tailings X 10
93
* Based on baghouse efficiency @ 99.5% and cyclone efficiency
@ 80%.
For the year 1968, the asbestos emissions to the atmosphere from
sources of mining and milling are estimated at 5,610 short tons,
based on an average emissions factor of 93 pounds per ton of
asbestos produced.
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REPROCESSING
An outstanding characteristic of the asbestos industry is that a very
large proportion of the fiber is mined, imported, processed, and re-
processed by a relatively few companies. Very little of the finished
product is sold to the consumer trade.
The original use of asbestos was based on its heat resistance
properties, but the current use is more often as a binder; such as
in asbestos cement products.
The asbestos fibers are usually sold in 100 pound bags which are
paper bags or jute bags which sometimes have a plastic liner. The
disposal of these bags seems to present a problem to the industry.
A few are able to use the paper bags in the product being produced,
but many more are still seeking a satisfactory solution.
FRICTION MATERIALS
One of the largest uses of the friction material is in brake linings
of the molded type. The molded linings, consisting of asbestos
fibers bonded with an organic matrix, contain approximately fifty
percent asbestos. As a part of the manufacturing process, the linings
must be shaped and finished by grinding after they are formed. This
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creates a substantial loss of asbestos, as much as thirty percent.
With such a grinding procedure an adequate exhaust and collection
system is essential.
A large manufacturer of brake linings reported 4000 tons of asbestos
collected in bag filters at one plant during 1968 and described his
collection system. He estimated overall atmospheric emissions of
asbestos to be 0.25 to 0.50 percent, based on the efficiency of his
collection equipment. Other manufacturers provided some information
regarding the type of collection equipment in operation, but not data
or estimates of asbestos emissions.
On the basis of information obtained an emissions factor of 6 pounds
per ton of asbestos processed is estimated, and asbestos emissions
to the atmosphere during 1968 are 312 short tons.
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ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS
Asbestos cement products contain 15 to 20 percent asbestos, cement,
and minor amounts of other ingredients.
In one method of pipe manufacture, a slurry of asbestos, cement, and
water is collected on a felt-covered belt and the water is removed by
suction. The sheet is then wound on a rotating metal cylinder to form
the pipe. After the pipe wall is built to the desired thickness, the
pipe is steam cured.
Asbestos shingles and siding products, manufactured by the dry process,
have a dry mix which is spread evenly on a conveyor belt before water
is added. When produced by the wet method, the water is added before
the forming is initiated.
From the standpoint of air pollution during manufacture of asbestos
cement products, the principal emissions occur when unloading the
asbestos and while handling it in a dry condition.
Data regarding the magnitude and nature of asbestos emissions to the
atmosphere was not available at any asbestos cement plant that was
visited during this study; therefore, an emissions factor based on
visual inspection is estimated as 1 pound per ton of asbestos processed.
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Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere due to the manufacture of
asbestos cement products, during 1968, are estimated at 205 short
tons, based on an average emissions factor of one pound per ton of
asbestos processed.
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TEXTILES
During the manufacture of most asbestos textiles, a small amount
of cotton or some other suitable organic fiber is mixed with the
asbestos to help bind the asbestos fibers together during the spin-
ning process. After all the fibers are thoroughly mixed, they are
combed into a parallel position as they pass a succession of
carding rolls. The loose blanket that has emerged from carding
is separated into rovings and spun into yarn.
The spinning of the yarns and the subsequent weaving of the fabrics
accumulates a considerable amount of lint and dust. To control
this accumulation and cleanse the air inside the factory, it is the
usual practice to exhaust the air from the building through a bag
filter, and sometimes return the air from the filter to the factory.
In asbestos textile mills, the amount of asbestos collected in bag
filters is about 8 to 10 percent of the asbestos processed.
The following seems to be typical of asbestos textile manufacturing
plants: At one plant where asbestos cloth, rope, tape, etc. is
manufactured the air in the building is filtered through bag filters
and returned to the factory. During 1968, 8 1/2 percent of the
asbestos used was collected in the bag filters. Based on this in-
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formation, an emissions factor is estimated at 2 pounds per ton of
asbestos processed.
Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere from textile mills during 1968
are estimated at 18 short tons.
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ASBESTOS PAPER
The methods used to make asbestos paper are similar to those employed
in the manufacture of paper from wood pulp. Asbestos of paper-stock
grade, sodium silicate, size, and starch are mixed with water to make
a thin slurry. The material is conveyed to a paper machine, and as
the sheet is formed, it passes between rollers and through driers to
remove the water and dry the paper.
If a two-ply paper is desired, one side of a sheet is coated with
sodium silicate, and the two sheets are run together over several
hot rolls. Crimped paper is made by passing the sheets over cor-
rugated rolls.
During the manufacture of asbestos paper and asbestos paper products,
emissions to the atmosphere occur at the beginning of the process
when the asbestos fiber is dry, and also again after the paper is
formed. The magnitude of the emission? due to dusting depends, to
a large extent, on the number of times the paper is handled as the
products are manufactured.
Since manufacturer's data was not available regarding asbestos
emissions during the manufacture of paper, the emissions factor
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was estimated at one pound per ton of asbestos processed.
Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere due to the manufacture of
asbestos paper during 1968 are estimated at 15 short tons, based
on an emissions factor of one pound per ton of asbestos processed,
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MISCELLANEOUS
A light fluffy form of magnesium carbonate combined with asbestos
fiber makes an effective heat insulation for steam pipes. Such
products are commonly referred to as "85 percent magnesia",
and they are manufactured by mixing magnesium carbonate and
asbestos in water, collecting the solids on a filter press and cast-
ing the mix in the form of pipe insulation.
The manufacture of molded articles for electrical fittings and
household appliances is similar to many other manufacturing
procedures regarding the manner in which asbestos fiber is
handled. Asbestos is mixed with other ingredients, ground,
compressed in molds, baked and polished. The asbestos be-
comes "locked-in" during the process and thereafter presents
a minimum hazard with respect to air pollution.
Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere, during 1968, due to the
manufacture of miscellaneous products that contain asbestos
i
are estimated at 28 short tons, based on an emissions factor
of 1 pound per ton of asbestos processed.
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CONSUMPTIVE USES
When asbestos material is used, most is applied by the building
trades 01 some specialty group. In these cases most of the
emissions to the atmosphere occur during the cutting, handling,
or spraying of the asbestos products.
There are exceptions, one of the outstanding being the replace-
ment of motor vehicle brake linings.
The abrasion of brake and clutch facings during use may be
another source of atmospheric emissions of asbestos.
Rock from asbestos mines, used as a road surfacing agent,
would also result in an emission to the atmosphere from use.
Road Surfacing
There have been several reports that tailings from asbestos
milling operations are used for surfacing roads. Sometimes the
rock is mixed with oil or asphalt, and at other times, it is used
as it comes from the mill.
At one location visited during a field trip, it was reported that
150,000 tons of mill tailings, containing about 2 tons of asbestos
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fiber, were sold to a contractor during 1968 for use on roads.
It is reported that an appreciable amount is used in Vermont for
roads. _/ This could not be confirmed, since permission to
visit the mine and mill was denied.
Construction
Workmen in all trades in the construction industry come in con-
tact with asbestos. Heating ducts are often insulated with asbestos,
and steam piping is nearly always covered with a material contain-
ing asbestos. Electricians strip asbestos insulation from wires,
and the carpenter saws asbestos siding, wallboard, and shingles.
As a result, there is asbestos released to the air around the con-
struction sites.
Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere at construction sites are
estimated at 61 short tons for 1968.
Brake Linings
Motor vehicle travel during 1968 totaled one trillion miles, and
replacement brake linings were required for about 25 to 30 million
vehicles. It is the usual practice, when installing new brake linings,
1- May-Timothy C.; Asbestos; Mineral Facts and Problems;
Bureau of Mines Bulletin 630 - 1965
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to fit the linings to the drums by grinding, and the amount of
grinding required varies depending on the condition of the brake
drum.
Data concerning motor vehicle brake linings:
Vehicle miles during 1968 1,010,000,000,000
Mileage life of brake linings 27,500
Brake lining sets on new vehicles 10,718,000
Pounds of asbestos per set of brake linings 3
Assumed loss to atmosphere during grinding
and fitting - percent 0.5
Based on the above, the emissions factor is 10 pounds per ton of
asbestos processed, and the asbestos emissions to the atmos-
phere during 1968 were 190 tons.
Steel Fireproofinq
Several spray-on materials that contain asbestos are used ex-
tensively on steel columns and other structures as a fire pro-
tection measure. The application of such materials is often
required by code. Even though the building frame may be covered
by a temporary enclosure when the material is sprayed/ the work-
men are exposed to an atmosphere that is virtually saturated with
asbestos fiber.
Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere, due to the use of spray-
on fireproofing during 1968, are estimated at 15 short tons,
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based on an emissions factor of 10 pounds per ton of asbestos
applied.
Motor Vehicle Use
It is obvious that there are substantial particulate emissions from
the wear of motor vehicle brake linings and clutch facings. This
has been reported as a primary source of asbestos emissions to
the atmosphere; however, there are conflicting reports indicating
that the asbestos fiber has been destroyed by the heat of friction.
In this report the estimate of emissions does not include an
amount for the wear of motor vehicle brake linings and clutch
facings.
Insulating Cement
Insulating cement that contains asbestos is used extensively in
all types of boilers. It is used for pointing up joints and cracks
in stack and breeching linings, and for surfacing block insulation
that is installed inside breechings, ducts and economizers.
During the boiler operation, as the flue gas passes through the
boiler some of the insulating cement is worn away and carried
along through the dust collector, up the stack, and into the
atmosphere.
Based on the following assumptions, an emissions factor of 33
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-32-
pounds per ton of asbestos applied is calculated for the use of
insulating cement.
1 - Fifteen percent of the insulating cement worn away during
use,
.: - Dust collector efficiency - 89 percent (average)
Asbestos emissions to the atmosphere during 1968 due to the
use of insulating cement are estimated at 25 short tons.
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INCINERATION OR OTHER DISPOSAL
The recovery of scrap is an important factor in some industries,
but asbestos, once used, is rarely recovered for reuse. In most
products, asbestos is combined with other materials in such a
manner that it is difficult to separate into a usable form. Most
of the discarded products that contain asbestos become part of
the solid waste.
The greatest percentage of the asbestos is used in building
materials; therefore, the debris from the demolition of buildings,
and from new construction, contains most of the asbestos scrap.
In the process of destroying a building, some of the asbestos
fibers would be released; and if the asbestos fiber is not destroyed
by burning, there would be some asbestos released by incineration.
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APPENDIX A
ASBESTOS MINES IN THE UNITED STATES
ARIZONA
Asbestos Manufacturing Company
Jaquays Mining Corporation
Metate Asbestos Corporation
LOCATION
Gila County
Gila County
Gila County
CALIFORNIA
Atlas Minerals Corporation
Coalinga Asbestos Company (1)
Pacific Asbestos Corporation (2)
Union Carbide Corporation
Fresno County
Fresno County
Calaveras County
San Benito County
NORTH CAROLINA
Powhatan Mining Company
Yancey County
VERMONT
GAF Corporation
Orleans County
(1) - Owned by Johns-Manville Corporation
(2) - Acquired by H. K. Porter Company, Inc. during 1968.
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REPROCESSING PLANTS PRODUCING ASBESTOS FRICTION MATERIALS
CALIFORNIA
H. Krasne Manufacturing Company
Silver Line Brake Lining Corporation
Lasco Brake Products Corporation, Ltd.
LOCATION
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Oakland
CONNECTICUT
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
Middletown
Stratford
ILLINOIS
Gatke Corporation
Grizzly Brake Division of Mar Pro Inc.
The L. S. Miley Company
Johns-Manville Corporation
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Waukegan
INDIANA
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
World Bestos Company
(sub. of Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.)
Crawfordsville
Huntington
New Castle
KENTUCKY
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
Richmond
MASSACHUSETTS
Auto Friction
Lawrence
MICHIGAN
American Brakeblock - Division Ambes Corp. Birmingham
American Brake Shoe Company Troy
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NEW JERSEY
Johns-Manville Corporation
Reddaway Manufacturing Company, Inc.
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
Manville
Newark
Passaic
Trenton
NEW YORK
Bendix Corporation
Troy
NORTH CAROLINA
Southern Friction Materials Company
Charlotte
OHIO
American Brake Shoe
General Motors Corporation
Maremont Corporation
Cleveland
Dayton
Paulding
PENNSYLVANIA
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
Manheim
Pittsburgh
TEXAS
Standee Brake Lining Company
Houston
TENNESSEE
Bendix Corporation
Cleveland
VIRGINIA
American Brake Shoe
Winchester
(Thomas Register, Dec., 1968 Ed., Fortune-1966 Plant & Product
Directory of the 1000 Largest U.S. Industrial Corporations; U.S.
Department of Commerce.)
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REPROCESSING PLANTS PRODUCING ASBESTOS CEMENT PRODUCTS
ALABAMA
U.S. Cast Iron Pipe Company
GAP Corporation
Cement Asbestos Products Company
LOCATION
Anniston
Mobile
Woodward
CALIFORNIA
Southern Pipe & Casing Company
Johns-Manville Corporation
Johns-Manville Corporation
Certain-Teed Products Corporation
Certain-Teed Products Corporation
Johns-Manville Corporation
Azuza
Long Beach
Pittsburgh
Riverside
Santa Clara
Stockton
CONNECTICUT
Tile Roofing Company
Stratford
GEORGIA
Uniroyal, Inc.
GAP Corporation
Hogansville
Port Wentworth
ILLINOIS
Acme Asbestos Covering & Flooring Company Chicago
Asbestos & Magnesia Materials Company Chicago
Flintkote Company Chicago
Western Slate Company Elmhurst
Pel-Pro, Inc. Skokie
Johns-Manville Corporation Waukegan
INDIANA
U. S. Gypsum Company
East Chicago
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LOUISIANA
Johns-Manville Corporation
National Gypsum Company
Marraro
New Orleans
MASSACHUSETTS
Johns-Manville Corporation
No. Billerica
MICHIGAN
American Asbestos Products Company
Detroit
MINNESOTA
Mac Arthur Company
St. Paul
MISSOURI
Certain-Teed Products Corporation
GAP Corporation
National Gypsum Company
St. Louis
St. Louis
St. Louis
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Johns-Manville Corporation
Nashua
NEW JERSEY
Johns-Manville Corporation
National Gypsum Company
Philip Carey Manufacturing Company
GAP Corporation
U. S. Plywood-Champion Papers, Inc.
Manville
Millington
Perth Amboy
So. Bound Brook
South River
NEW YORK
Asbeka Fabricators Corporation
National Gypsum Company, Inc.
Flintkote Company
Brooklyn
Buffalo
White Plains
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NORTH CAROLINA
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
Johns-Manville Corporation
Charlotte
Marshville
OHIO
Philip Carey Manufacturing Company
Seagrave
Flintkote Company
Cincinnati
Columbus
Ravenna
PENNSYLVANIA
Certain-Teed Products Corporation
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
Supradur Manufacturing Company
(sub. of Seagrave)
Ambler
Ambler
Windgap
TEXAS
Johns-Manville Corporation
Certain-Teed Products Corporation
Philip Carey Manufacturing Company
Dennison
Hillsboro
Houston
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin Gasket & Manufacturing Company Milwaukee
(Thomas Register, Dec.,! 1968 Ed.; Fortune-1966 Plant & Product
Directory of the 1000 Largest U. S. Industrial Corporations; U.S.
Department of Commerce.)
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REPROCESSING PLANTS USING ASBESTOS IN FLOOR TILE
CALIFORNIA
GAF Corporation
Armstrong Cork Company
Flintkote Company
LOCATION
Long Beach
South Gate
Vernon
ILLINOIS
Flintkote Company
GAF Corporation
Armstrong Cork Company
Johns-Manville Corporation
Chicago
Joliet
Kankakee
Waukegan
LOUISIANA
Johns-Manville Corporation
Flintkote Company
Marraro
New Orleans
MASACHUSETTS
Flintkote Company
Watertown
MISSISSIPPI
Armstrong Cork Company
Jackson
NEW JERSEY
Congoleum-Nairn, Inc.
Johns-Manville Corporation
American Builtrote Rubber Company, Inc.
Kearny
Manville
Trenton
NEW YORK
GAF Corporation
Vails Gate
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OHIO
Johns-Manville Corporation Chillicothe
PENNSYLVANIA
Armstrong Cork Company Lancaster
TEXAS
GAF Corporation Houston
(Thomas Register, Dec. , 1968 Ed.; Fortune-1966 Plant & Product
Directory of the 1000 Largest U.S. Industrial Corporations; U.S.
Department of Commerce.)
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OTHER ASBESTOS REPROCESSING PLANTS
ALABAMA
GAP Corporation
LOCATION
Mobile
CALIFORNIA
Hill Brothers Chemical Company
Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation
Jbhns-Manville Corporation
Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation
Scott Labs, Inc.
Sacomo Manufacturing Company
George Short Company
City of Industry
Emeryville C
Pitts burg B C
Redwood City B
Richmond C
San Francisco ABC
San Francisco C
COLORADO
The Verticel Company
Englewood
CONNECTICUT
Brosites Industries, Inc.
Standard Washer & Material, Inc.
Auburn Manufacturing Company
Greenwich
Manchester
Middletown
C
C
DELAWARE
Haveg Industries, Inc.
Wilmington
GEORGIA
Terri-Cord Mills
Roberta
ILLINOIS
Unarco Industries, Inc.
Accurate Felt & Gasket Manufacturing Co.
Acme Asbestos Covering & Flooring Co.
Bloomington
Chicago
Chicago
C
C
B
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Asbestos & Magnesia Materials Company
Asbestos Textile Company
Chambers Gasket & Manufacturing Company
Colonial Kolonite Company
A. Daigger & Company
Filpaco Industries, Inc.
Geraghty Gasket & Manufacturing Company
L. E. Harnisch & Company
John Herman Manufacturing Corporation
Industrial Hermetic Materials, Inc.
Kopel Filter Paper Company
Sail Mountain Company
Singer Safety Products, Inc.
Grant Wilson, Inc.
United Gasket Corporation
Industrial Gloves Company
GAP Corporation
F. D. Farnam Company
Luse-Stevenson Company
Blackhawk Gasket Corporation
Excelsior Leather Washer Mfg. Co.
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
Johns-Manville Corporation
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Cicero
Danville
Joliet
Lyons
Melrose Park
Rockford
Rockford
Union
Waukegan
A B
A
C
C
C
C
B C
A
C
C
C
A
A B
C
A
B
ABC
C
C
C
B C
LOUISIANA
Johns-Manville Corporation
New Orleans
MARYLAND
Congoleum-Nairn, Inc.
Cedarhurst
MASSACHUSETTS
Armstrong Cork Company
Pepperell Braiding Company
Barwood Manufacturing Corporation
Asbestos Textile Company, Inc.
Braintree C
East Pepperell A
Everett C
No. Brookfield A
MICHIGAN
Detroit Gasket & Manufacturing Company Detroit
Great Lakes Filter Media Company Detroit
Walker Manufacturing Company Jackson
B
C
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-44-
MISSOURI
GAP Corporation
Standard Asbestos Mfg. & Insulating Co.
General Gasket Corporation
Tallman-McCluskey Fabrics Company
(sub. of H. K. Porter Co. Inc.)
Kansas City
Kansas City
St. Louis
St. Louis
B
BC
C
A
NEW HAMPSHIRE
American Asbestos Textile Corporation
Johns-Manville Corporation
NEW JERSEY
Howard Industries, Inc.
Asbesto Corporation
Kavon Filter Products Company
Janos Asbestos Company
GAP Corporation
Columbia Filter Company
Cellulo Company
Imperial Products Company
Ladden Asbestos Corp. of New Jersey
Smyth Rubbar & Packing Company
Smith & Kanzler Corporation
Johns-Manville Corporation
Flaherty-Kennedy Filter Fabrics
Asbestos Products Mfg. Corp.
Asbestospray Corporation
Johns-Manville Corporation .
Electrical Insulation Sales Company
Brassbestos Manufacturing Corporation
La Favorite Rubber Manufacturing Co.
J. T. Baker Chemical Company
Minerals & Insulation Company, Inc.
Baldwin-Ehret-Hill, Inc.
NEW YORK
Atlantic Asbestos Corporation
Able-Val Canvas & Rope Mfg. Co.
Acme Canvas & Rope Company
Eureka Packing Company
Smith Chemical & Color Company
Meredith
Tilton
Berkley Heights
Bloomfield
Cranford
East Rutherford
Gloucester City
Hawthorne
Hoboken
Hoboken
Irvington
Jersey City
Linden
Manville
Maplewood
Newark
Newark
New Brunswick
North Bergen
Patterson
Patterson
Phillips burg
Rochelle Park
Trenton
Bronx
Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn
A
B C
A
C
ABC
B
C
C
A B
C
B C
B C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
B C
A
A
A
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U. S. Indestructible Gasket Company
Armstrong Cork Company
National Filter Corporation
Asbestos Ltd.
Atlantic Asbestos Corporation
Scientific Filter & Machinery Company
Whittaker, Clark & Daniels, Inc.
Pam Narrow Fabrics Corporation
Garlock, Inc.
Gaddis Engineering Company
Brooklyn A C
Fulton B
Mt. Vernon C
New York City
New York City
New York City
New York City
Oceanside A
Palmyra A C
Port Washington B C
NORTH CAROLINA
Carolina Asbestos Company
Tar Heel Mica Company
Davidson
Plumtree
OHIO
G. P. Hall Company
Johns-Manville Corporation
The Blemker Company
Cincinnati Gasket Packing, & Mfg. Co.
Russel Gasket Company
Zimmerman Packing Company
Asbestos Products Company
Bodwell-Lemmon Company
Foseco Inc.
Russell Gasket Company
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
The Cellulo Company
Asbeka Fabricators Corporation
Akron
Avery
Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Hamilton
Sandusky
Willoughby
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
PENNSYLVANIA
Keasbey & Mattison Company
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
GAF Corporation
Debco Products
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
American Asbestos Textile Corporation
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
Atlas Asbestos Company
Greene Tweed & Company
Aljay Manufacturing Company
Ambler
Ambler
Erie
Herminie
Manheim
Norristown
Norristown
North Wales
North Wales
Philadelphia
AC
C
AC
B
AC
A
A
C
A
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-46-
Anchor Packing Company
Austen Hill Manufacturing Company
Burnswick Asbestos Company
Collins Packing Company
Delaware Asbestos & Rubber Company
Manufactured Rubber Products Company
Mercer Rubber Company, Inc.
Philadelphia Asbestos Corporation
George A. Rowley & Company, Inc.
Charles A. Wagner Company, Inc.
Armstrong Cork Company
Pittsburgh Corning Corporation
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Refractory and Insulation Corporation
Quaker Safety Products & Mfg. Co.
Carlisle Corporation
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Port Kennedy
Quakerstown
Ridgway
A
A C
C
C
SOUTH CAROLINA
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.
Bennettsville A
North Charleston A C
TEXAS
GAP Corporation
Johns-Manville Corporation
Philip Carey Manufacturing Company
Standee Asbestos Textile Company
Dallas
Fort Worth
Houston
Houston
B
B
A
A C
VIRGINIA
Capitol Asbestos Fabricators Corporation
Forcee Manufacturing Corporation
Alexandria
Tappahannock
WISCONSIN
Ametek/Plymouth Plastics Division
Sheboygan
CODE - A - Textiles
B - Paper
C - Miscellaneous
(Thomas Register, Dec., 1968 Ed.; Fortune-1966 Plant & Product Directory
of the 1000 Largest U.S. Industrial Corporations; U.S. Department of
Commerce.)
if U. S. COVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 74B77I/41B4
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
APTD-70
3. Recipient's Accession No.
PB 192-252
4. Title and Subtitle
National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: Asbestos 1968
5. Report Date
February 1970-
6.
7. Author(s)
W. E. Davis
8. Performing Organization Rept.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
W. E. Davis § Associates
9726 Sagamore Road
Leawood, Kansas
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
CPA-22-69-131
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Final
1968
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
The inventory of atmospheric emissions has been prepared to provide reliable informatioi
regarding the nature, magnitude, and extent of the emissions of asbestos in the United
States for the year 1968. Background information concerning the basic characteristics
of the asbestos industry has been assembled and included. Process descriptions are
given, but they are brief, and are limited to the areas that are closely related to
existing or potential atmospheric losses of the pollutant. The asbestos emissions and
emissions factors that are presented are based on information obtained from production
companies that represent about fifty percent of the domestic production, and from
reprocessing companies that handled about five percent of the asbestos consumed in 1968
The magnitude of the asbestos emissions from production facilities is subject to many
variables, including atmospheric conditions, and is very difficult to estimate
accurately. The emissions during mining, blasting, loading, hauling, and unloading are
virtually uncontrolled, and visual inspection indicates that emit; si DTK;
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors
Inventory
Atmospheric emissions
Asbestos
Asbestos industry
Pollutant
Asbestos emissions
Asbestos emission factors
17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
17c. COSATI Field/Group
13B
18. Availability Statement
Unlimited
19.. Security Class (This
Report)
UNC L ASS1FIED^
Uiy
20. Security Class (This
P"1jMCLASSIFIED
21. Ko. of Pages
52
22. Price
$3.00
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U3COMM-DC 14M3-P72
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