EPA-460/3-74-028
OCTOBER 1974
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
AND VEHICLE EMISSIONS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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EPA-460/3-74-028
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
AND VEHICLE EMISSIONS
Prepared by
B.H. Eccleston and R.W. Hum
U.S. Bureau of Mines
Bartlesville Energy Research Center
Fuels Combustion Research Group
Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003
Interagency Agreement Nos. OMSAPC-IAG-007 ,
OMSAPC-IAG-D4-F402, and OMSAPC-IAG-D4-F533
EPA Project Officer: H. Anthony Ashby
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
October 1974
-------
This report is issued by the EnvironmentallProtection Agency to .report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
.available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
:Research Triangle Park, North'Carolina 27i71'l; or, 'for a fee, from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
the U.S. Bureau of-Mines , B.artlesville Energy Research Center,
Bartlesville, Oklahoma, in fulfillment of Inter.agency Agreement Nos.
OMSAPC-IAG-0.07, JD4-F.402, and .D4-F533. The contents of this
report are reproduced herein as .received from the U.S. Bureau of
Mines. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those
of'the author and not necessarily those of the .Environmental Protection
Agency. Mention of company or product names is not to be considered
as .an endorsement by .the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication.No. .EPA-460/3-74-028
11
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.TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF FIGURES : v
LIST OF TABLES .. , vi
FOREWORD .vii
SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 2
TEST PROGRAM 3
Test Procedures 3
Validation of Procedure 4
Equipment . . 4
Vehicle Inspection and Tune-up. 5
Ambient Temperature and Humidity 7
Air Conditioner Operation 8
Test Fuels 8
EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT 8
Analysis for Hydrocarbon Composition 10
RESULTS 10
Influence of Temperature on HC, CO and NO 10
Aldehyde Emissions 17
Temperature of Minimal Emissions 17
Fuel Economy and Effects of Operating Vehicle Air Conditioner.. 17
Pinto Special Tests , 21
REFERENCES 24
APPENDIX A—Hood-up—hood-down emissions comparisons A-l
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS— CONTINUED
Page
APPENDIX B--Hydrocarbon emissions by vehicle .......................... B~l
APPENDIX C — Total, non-methane, and reactive hydrocarbon emissions
by vehicle ................................................ C-l
APPENDIX D — Effect of ambient temperature on emissions ................ D~l
APPENDIX E— Vehicle temperatures ...................................... E-l
APPENDIX F--Time distribution rate of HC and CO emissions ............. F-l
iv
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Controlled ambient chassis dynamometer test facility
2. Trends—ambient influence on emissions--hydrocarbon
3. Trends--ambient influence on emissions,—carbon monoxide
4. Trends—ambient influence on emissionsr-oxides of nitrogen
5. Contributions of test segments to measured emissions—carbon
monoxide
6. Contributions of test segments to measured emissions~-oxides
of nitrogen
7. Exhaust reactivity at varied ambients
-------
LIST OF TABLES
1. Vehicle test fleet
2. Variation in chassis dynamometer controlled ambient
3. Characteristic chassis dynamometer humidity control
4. Fuel inspection data.
50 Hydrocarbon emissions averaged for vehicle groups
6. Carbon monoxide emissions averaged for vehicle groups
7. Oxides of nitrogen emissions averaged for vehicle groups
8. Emission reductions--catalyst cars
9. Hydrocarbon reactivity—variation with ambient temperature
10. Aldehyde emissions—variation with ambient temperature
11. Emissions data for three 1974 vehicles--summary averages
12. Fuel economy—averages for vehicles grouped by age and control
technology employed
13. Effect of operating vehicle air conditioners considering emissions
and fuel economy—tests at 110° F ambient
14. Emissions with and without catalyst—Ford Pinto vehicle No. 56
VI
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FOREWORD
This report presents a summary of.work performed by the Fuels Combustion
Research Group, Bartlesville Energy Research Center, Bartlesville, Okla.,
for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Air and Waste
Management, Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, Emission
Control Technology Division under Interagency agreement numbers OMSAPC-
IAG-007, OMSAPC-IAG-D4-F402, and OM3APC-IAG-D4-F533.
Mr. H. Anthony Ashby, Emission Control Technology Division, EPA, was the
Project Officer. The program at Bartlesville was directed by .R. W. Hurn,
Research Supervisor; with B. H. Eccleston, Project Leader, responsible
for the experimental work.
vii
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SUMMARY
The effect of ambient temperature on exhaust emissions has been studied
experimentally using a variety of automobiles tested at artificially-
controlled ambients of 20°, 50°, 75°, and 110° F.
Twenty-six cars, ranging from 1967 models through catalytic converter-
equipped prototypes of 1975 models and cars powered by unconventional
engines, were tested for exhaust emissions by the standard Federal
procedure. Of the twenty-six cars, there were nineteen production
cars powered by conventional engines, four catalyst-equipped prototypes,
one production car with a rotary engine, one stratified charge engine,
and one diesel.
This is a report of the data that were obtained for emissions of
hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NO )
for all the vehicles at each test temperature. Additional data were
taken to determine total aldehyde (RCHO) and reactive hydrocarbon.
Data pertinent to operating temperatures that might have significance
in interpretation of the test results were taken during the tests and
are reported.
All tests were conducted using a chassis dynamometer in an environment
in which temperature and humidity were controlled. Emissions measurements
were made using the 1975 Federal Test Procedure except with some modifi-
cation to the vehicle cooling procedure to more nearly approach actual
vehicle in-use conditions. The possible effect of this procedural
variation on findings was studied and judged to be negligible.
It was found that the highest emissions of the three gaseous pollutants
occurred at 20° F. Unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO)
emissions were generally lowest at 75° F. Hydrocarbon and CO emissions
were the most sensitive to temperature. Hydrocarbon emissions at 20° F
were about 1.5 to 2.7 times as high as those at 75° F. Carbon monoxide
at 20° was about 1.2 to 5 times as high as at 75° F. Oxides of nitrogen
at 20° was only 1.2 to 1.4 times as high as at 75° F.
Analysis of the data has indicated that HC and CO emissions from the
cold start phase of. the Federal test were the most sensitive to ambient
temperature. This is especially true of the catalyst-equipped cars
which showed excellent control of HC and CO across the entire temperature
range once the engines and catalytic converters achieved operating
temperature. With NO emissions the ambient temperature sensitivity
was fairly constant throughout the three phases of the Federal test.
-1-
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When HC and CO emissions from the catalyst cars were compared with those
from the 1969-70 models, reductions of about 90% were seen at the 75° F
ambient temperature (the 1970 Clean Air Act mandated 90% reductions in
HC and CO). For HC emissions that degree of reduction was maintained
fairly well across the temperature range— 83% reduction at 20° F, 90%
reduction at 110° F. The reductions in CO emissions also remained high
at high temperature (87% at 110° F) but dropped to only 62% at 20° F.
The decline of CO control effectiveness is due to normal choke operation
rather than so-called "defeat devices". EPA recognizes the need for
fuel-air mixture enrichment at low temperatures not only for easier
starting and safe driving, but also for emission control. Rough running
and misfires will cause high exhaust emissions,
A diesel-powered car and a developmental stratified charge engine-
powered car both exhibited low emissions with very little change due to
ambient temperature.
Tests made with and without air conditioners operated at 110° F test
ambient showed that the additional load imposed by air conditioners
resulted in increased exhaust emissions in parallel with penalty to
fuel economy. Both effects were substantial.
INTRODUCTION
That ambient temperature does affect the character and quantity of emissions
from automobiles has been known for some years (1-4).* However, as a
matter of practical uniformity, the Federal Test Procedure (5) provides
that emissions measurements be made with the vehicle operated in an
environment of temperature with the limits of 68° F to 86° F. This
temperature range was chosen as representative of temperatures typically
encountered in areas beset by photochemical smog problems and probably
represents an initial primary concern with photochemical effect. However,
other pollutants to which the automobile contributes are now a matter
of concern in a number of urban areas that represent widely varied ambient
conditions. Representative of such widely divergent ambients are
Phoenix, Arizona, and Fairbanks, Alaska. Because of the possible
consequence of the wide variation encountered in operating vehicles
within the U.S., it was desirable and was encumbent upon the cognizant
regulatory agency that additional information on the effect of ambient
temperature on emissions be obtained and made generally available.
* Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references
at the end of this report.
-2-
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Special note should be taken of the fact that in and of itself the
experimental program reported herein was not designed to yield all
information needed for a statistically valid expression of effects that
would be expected from all or any given segment of the auto population.
Instead, the study was made to characterize the more prominent trends
in an association of ambient temperature and emission levels and to
determine, the nature and degree of difference in sensitivity to
temperature observed for vehicles representing varied'age groups and
representing differing control technologies.
TEST PROGRAM
All tests were conducted in the controlled ambient chassis dynamometer
facility, Figure 1, located at the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville,
Okla., Energy Research Center. Temperature and humidity conditions
were selected to represent within the capabilities of the test facility
seasonal variations that occur across the more populous areas of the
nation. The ambient conditions were:
20° F, 5 to 10 grains water per pound dry air
50° F, 20 to 30 gr/lb
75° F, 50 to 70,gr/lb
110° F, 45 to 65 gr/lb
In addition to the basic program involving the above four temperatures
and twenty-six test cars, three late-model (1974) production cars
were tested at 60°, 70°, 80°, and 90° F to define more closely the
temperature of zero slope (maxima or minima) in curves relating temper-
atures and emissions.
TEST PROCEDURES
The 1975 Federal Test Procedure (FTP) for sampling and measurement of
HC, CO, and NO used in these studies is described in the Federal
Register (5_). The test involves soaking the vehicles for 12 hours at
the test ambient (between 68° to 86° F for the FTP and at the designated
ambient for this study). The vehicle is then started and run through
a 23-minute, 7.5 mile simulated urban driving cycle while its exhaust
is sampled in two segments of the test. The first segment, known as
the cold transient phase (bag 1), involves the initial 505 seconds of
the 23-minute cycle including the cold start portion of the test. The
second segment, referred to as.the stabilized phase (bag 2), includes
that portion of the test beginning after 505 seconds and continued to
the end of the 23-minute test. At this point the engine is turned off
and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. It is then restarted and the
first 505 seconds of the cycle is repeated to provide the third segment
or hot transient phase (bag 3).
-3-
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The emissions measurement by this procedure, designated 1975 composite,
is expressed in grams per mile. It is calculated by weighting the
cold transient mass emissions by 43 pet, the hot transient by 57 pet,
combining these with the stabilized phase emissions, and dividing by
the 7.5 mile trip length. This is equivalent to assuming that on an
average 43 pet of the vehicle's urban trips are made from a cold
start, 57 pet from a hot start, and the additional assumption that the
mass emissions during the stabilized phase are unaffected by the engine
status, i.e., hot or cold at start. The above weighting procedure was
established to reflect the nature of metropolitan auto operation in
which a large fraction of engine starts within a given day are made
after an initial day's run and before the engine and related temperatures
return to near equilibrium with the ambient.
The tests conducted in this program differed from the Federal Test
Procedure in that (1) evaporative emissions were not collected, (2) an
additional 10 pet load increment required of cars equipped with air
conditioning was not used, (3) the hood remained closed during the test,
and (4) windage was generated across the vehicle and was modulated to
follow (i.e., equal) vehicle speed.
VALIDATION OF PROCEDURE
The hood-down procedure was used because the original concept of the
temperature effects program was to duplicate as closely as possible
typical vehicle user practice at varied ambient conditions and to
determine emissions as they would be generated under those conditions.
Under this concept it was desirable that emissions be measured with the
vehicle operated in its normal configuration and with windage applied
over the vehicle to duplicate road air stream velocity. The FTP specifies
that auxiliary engine cooling be provided with the hood open and cooling
air supplied by a fixed speed fan of 5,300 cfm maximum capacity placed
8 to 12 inches in front of the radiator grill. Because the Federal
Test Procedure differed from the one proposed for use in the study, it
was necessary to determine the correspondence between emissions measure-
ments made using the procedures of this study and measurements made
following the standard Federal procedure. No significant differences
due to hood/windage configuration could be found for either the three
production vehicles or the two low emission vehicles. Therefore, a
test procedure with the hood down and windage keyed to the roll speed
was accepted as more representative of conditions for vehicles in normal
use. Detailed information for results of these tests is given in the
tabulations of Appendix A.
EQUIPMENT
Vehicles for the test were designated by the Environmental Protection
Agency for procurement by the Bureau of Mines subject to availability
within reasonable efforts. The criteria for selection were:
-4-
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—The fleet of older cars (1967 through 1972 model years) should
reflect the nationwide mix as well as possible in a 15-car fleet, the
limited number being dictated by budget constraints.
—Among the newer production cars (1973 and 1974) a five-car
fleet should encompass the more prominent size range of engines and
the more commonly used emission control approaches including emission
control modulation. One fuel-injection engine was to be included
among the five.
—Six development cars were chosen to include engines and emission
control features in near-prototype status and believed to approach
closely the design and performance characteristics of models to be
introduced 1975 and later.
—Three 1974 cars were used in experiments to better define
emissions sensitivity to temperature in the range of 60 to 90° F.
Twenty-nine cars (Table 1) were used in the study. All standard
production vehicles were low mileage cars considering their respec-
tive age categories. Four vehicles were equipped with engines that
incorporated advanced or prototype emission control systems, including
oxidizing catalytic converters. These four and the standard production
diesel car (not sold in the United States) were provided by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency through the couresy of the auto manufacturers.
The stratified-charge car was owned by the Environmental Protection
Agency, having been built under a stratified-charge evaluation program.
VEHICLE INSPECTION AND TUNE-UP
For the vehicles obtained from dealers' lots, the following items were
examined for proper condition; repairs or replacements were made as
necessary:
Spark plugs Heat riser valve
Breaker points Carburetor air heater
Advance and dwell settings Air filter
Idle speed and mixture PCV valve
Automatic choke function Fuel evaporation control system
Most of the higher mileage vehicles needed some maintenance prior to
use in the study. Typical requirements were for spark plug and air
filter replacement and for repairs to the exhaust system. Timing and
idle speed were the adjustments most commonly required. Idle mixture
was not adjusted unless the adjusting screw caps had been removed or
altered. Routinely, the automatic choke system and throttle plates
were cleaned with gum solvent. No internal carburetor, adjustments
were made.
Spark plugs were replaced and idle speed and timing were changed as
necessary for the 1973-74 vehicles that were obtained directly from
dealers. Otherwise, minimum corrective adjustment was done. The Mazda
-5-
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Car
No.
49
53
59
57
54
58
62
60
55
50
51
52
63
61
39*
38
40
42*
41*
45
56
48
43*
46*
44
47
69**
70**
71**
Year
1967
1967
1967
1969
1969
1969
1969
1970
1970
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1973
1973
1973
1973
1974
Prototype
Prototype
'Prototype
Prototype
1973
Prototype
1974
1974
1974
Make & Model
Ford Galaxie
Chevrolet Impala
Plymouth Fury
Chevrolet Malibu
Ford Galaxie
AMC Ambassador
Mercury Monterey
Oldsmobile Cutlass
Chrysler Newport
Ford Galaxie
Chevrolet Impala
Chevrolet Impala
Dodge Coronet
Buick Electra
Ford Torino -C
Mazda RX2 (Rotary)
Volvo 142
Chevrolet Laguna
Ford LTD
Ford Torino -C
Ford Pinto
Plymouth Satellite
Ford LTD
Chevrolet Belair
Opel Rekord Diesel
Ford PROCO Capri
Plymouth Fury III
Chevrolet Chevelle
Ford Torino
Table 1. VEHICLE
Engine
Size
289
283
318
307
302
290
390
350
383
351
350
400
318
455
351
34.9x2
121
350
351
351
140
318
400
350
126
141
360
350
351-W
TEST FLEET
Trans .
A3
A2
A3
A2
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
M4
M4
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
A3
M4
A3
A3
A3
Air
Cond,
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Emission
Control
PCV only
EM
added
EEC
added
TR
EGR, EFI
EGR
EGR
EGR, MAI
Ox. Cat.
added
None
Strat.chg.,
EGR, Ox.cat.
EGR
EGR, MAI
EGR
Transmission Code
A2 - automatic 2-speed
A3 - automatic 3-speed
M4 - manual 4-speed
*Used in hood configuration/windage
study
**Used in 60°, 70°, 80", 90° F study
Emission Control Code
PCV - positive crankcase ventilation
EM - engine modifications
EEC - evaporative emission control
EGR - exhaust gas recirculation
MAI - manifold air injection
EFI - electronic fuel injection
Ox.Cat. - oxidizing catalytic converter
TR - thermal reactor
Inertia
Weight
4000
4000
4500
3500
4000
4000
4500
4000
4500
4500
4500
4500
4500
5000
4000
3000
3000
4000
4500
4500
3000
4000
4500
4500
3000
2500
4500
4000
4500
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(car 38) was returned to the dealer for idle adjustment as the idle
mixture appeared to be much too rich. No adjustments were made to the
vehicles supplied by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Before tests were made, all vehicles were fitted with thermocouples
to measure the temperatures of coolant, oil, and air to the carburetor.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
All measurements were made with vehicles operated on a chassis dynamometer
equipped for both temperature and humidity control. Figure 1 is a sche-
matic of the dynamometer cell. The temperature'of the test cell was
controlled as required in the range of 20° to 110° F with windage
across the vehicle at test cell temperature. The temperature of the
air to the vehicle was measured at a point three feet ahead of the
vehicle. Related temperature measurements were made for air-to-
carburetor, coolant, and oil. These measurements were made at each
of ten equally spaced time intervals during each test. Results are
tabulated in Appendix E.
The degree of temperature control that was attained is indicated by
data from the group of 1969-70 vehicles (Table 2).
Table 2. VARIATION IN CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER CONTROLLED AMBIENT
Temperature During the 42-Minute Test Period
Nominal test ambient
Average
Standard deviation
Range
20° F
21.7
2.8
16-26
50° F
50.8
1.5
47-54
75° F
75.0
1.4
72-78
110° F
109.8
1.6
105-112
It is estimated that the average temperature over the full test typically
was within ± 1° F of the nominal temperature for all except the 20° F
ambient and was within ± 2° F for the 20° F ambient.
Humidity control was somewhat less precise than Intended probably
because of wide outside atmospheric variations and limited response
capability of the humidity control system. The data of Table 3
illustrate the variations typical of the test program.
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Table 3. CHARACTERISTIC CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER HUMIDITY CONTROL
Ambient Moisture Content, Grains Water per Pound of
Dry Air, Average During the 42-Minute Test Period
Nominal test
Average
Standard deviation
Range
NOX-K^ for range shown
20° F
9
1
8-11
0.76-0.79
50° F
26
2
22-30
0.80-0.83
temperature
75° F
64
6
52-76
0.90-1.01
110° F
61
9
49-87
0.89-1.06
The humidity correction factor (NO - 1C ) given above for the minimum
range in moisture content observed at each temperature is calculated
according to the Federal procedure (5).
AIR CONDITIONER OPERATION
The cars were tested with air conditioners off for all tests except as
specifically shown otherwise. To assess the effect on emissions of
operating the vehicle air conditioner, 17 cars were tested at 110° F
with their air conditioners in operation with cooling air to the
passenger compartment set at maximum delivery.
TEST FUELS
Lead-free 9.5 pound RVP fuel and a leaded 8.7 pound RVP fuel were used
as summer grade fuels for the 75° and 110° F test ambients. Lead-free
12.2 pound RVP fuel and a 10.7 pound RVP leaded fuel were used at 20°
and 50° F. The lead-free fuels were used in the catalyst-equipped
vehicles; properties of the fuels are listed in Table 4.
Indolene fuel of 12 pound RVP and 91 RON was used for the tests conducted
at 60°, 70°, 80°, and 90° F. A 44 cetane index diesel fuel with a
386° F 10 pet point and 568° F 90 pet point was used in the one diesel-
powered vehicle (car 44).
EMISSIONS MEASUREMENT
Hydrocarbon was measured by flame ionization, carbon monoxide by non-
dispersive infrared and oxides of nitrogen by chemiluminescence. All
sampling and measurement procedures were as specified in the latest
Federal Test Procedure. Exhaust samples of twelve vehicles were
measured for total aldehydes using continuous absorption sampling
followed by an MBTH procedure (6_) .
-8-
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Table 4. FUEL INSPECTION DATA
Lead -Free
Fuel
Summer Winter
Distillation, °F:
Initial
10 pet distilled
20 pet distilled
30 pet distilled
40 pet distilled
50 pet distilled
60 pet distilled
70 pet distilled
80 pet distilled
90 pet distilled
End point
Loss, pet
Reid vapor pressure
Density, Ib/gal
92
124
148
174
202
222
238
254
275
311
376
1.5
9.5
6.148
88
110
133
162
195
219
232
250
274
316
373
2.5
12.2
6.082
Leaded
Summer
105
130
150
171
192
212
232
258
294
340
408
1.0
8.7
6.202
Fuel
Winter
93
122
146
172
196
218
239
265
302
338
397
3.5
10.7
6.099
Specific gravity 0.7380 0.7300 0.7444 0.7321
Gravity, ° API 60.2 62.3 58.6 61.8
FIA, volume pet:
Aromatics 25 25 29 24
Olefins 9956
Sulfur 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
TEL, ml/gal 1.08 0.50
-9-
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ANALYSIS FOR HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION
Composition of the hydrocarbon component (2.) of emissions was determined
for the exhausts of each of twelve vehicles sampled for each phase of
the CVS 1975 procedure. From these compositional data, non-methane
hydrocarbon and a "reactive" hydrocarbon mass were calculated. In this
classification, "reactive" hydrocarbon is defined as the total hydro-
carbon (by FID) less methane, ethane, propane, acetylene, and benzene.
RESULTS
To establish a logical basis for consolidation of the data according to
similitude in vehicle age and control technology, units of the test
fleet were grouped and results averaged according to the following:
—Three 1967 models (production cars with positive crankcase
ventilation—the only emissions control).
--Six 1969 and 1970 models (production cars to which early
emission standards for HC and CO applied).
--Six 1971 and 1972 models (1971 was the first year for Federal
evaporative emission control standards).
--Four 1973 and 1974 models (1973 was the first year for the
Federal NO standard).
—Four developmental cars with conventional engines and oxidizing
catalytic converters (possible prototypes of 1975 production cars).
--Three development units considered separately because of
unconventional engine types--rotary, diesel, and PROCO stratified
charge, respectively.
Summarized emissions data for vehicles grouped as above are listed in
Tables 5-7.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HC, CO and NO
' x
Vehicles in all categories except the diesel and stratified charge
showed a common characteristic of CO and HC emissions sharply increased
at low ambient temperature (Figures 2 and 3). Oxides of nitrogen
change with variation in ambient temperature was less pronounced
(Figure 4),but the general trend was for NO also increased at the low
ambients.
The explanation for marked increase of HC and CO emissions at low
ambient may be deduced from the data from the individual phases of the
tests. From these data, summarized and illustrated for CO (Figure 5),
it is readily deduced that the effect of greatest magnitude (in moving
from a "normal" ambient within the 70° to 80° F range) is upon the cold
start emissions. A similar effect is noted for hydrocarbon. The
explanation is unquestionably related to (1) carburetion of rich mixture
during the choking phases of starting and warmup and (2) lack of activity
-10-
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Table 5. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS AVERAGED
FOR VEHICLE GROUPS
HC emissions, g/mile
Test ambient.... 20° F 50° F 75° F 110° F
WEIGHTED COMPOSITE
Vehicles
3
6
6
4 '
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype, 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
12.84
7.64
5.77
5.90
1.31
6.19
.60
.55
10.61
5.40
4.81
-
.81
-
.30
.28
8.51
4.80
3.89
3.18
.49
2.87
.49
.20
7.90
4.94
3.79
3.64
.50
2.74
.40
.14
COLD TRANSIENT PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype, 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
31.6
18.5
14.4
15.9
5.20
23.1
1.81
2.17
23.2
9.66
9.97
-
2.64
-
.61
•95
13.3
6.48
4.80
4.42
1.30
4.71
.64
.58
9.0
5.03
3.60
3.57
1.01
3.59
.53
.42
STABILIZED PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype , 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
8.59
5.16
3.70
3.17
.28
1.05
.23
.10
7.75
4.45
3.63
-
.24
-
.23
.08
7.61
4.51
3.69
2.90
.19
1.56
.51
.10
7.83
4.90
3.60
3.38
.23
1.33
.20
.05
HOT TRANSIENT PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype, 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
6.83
4.19
3.11
2.81
.35
3.26
.36
.19
6.58
4.00
3.06
-
.50
-
.19
.14
6.63
4.08
3.29
2.78
.45
4.01
.39
.08
7.19
4.95
3.77
4.05
.65
4.76
.67
.11
-11-
-------
Table 6. CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
AVERAGED FOR VEHICLE GROUPS
Test ambient.... 20° F
CO emissions, g/mile
50° F 75° F 110° F
WEIGHTED COMPOSITE
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
Vehicles
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype, 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
137
73
78
74
28
16.8
1.9
130
56
60
-
15.8
-
1.4
118
46
43
43
5.5
19.2
1.4
124
48
56
63
6.1
24.6
1.2
1.8 .6 .7 .4
COLD TRANSIENT PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype , 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
295
211
225
227
126
36
3.2
8.1
238
136
162
-
68
-
1.5
2.4
169
96
75
85
17
26
1.5
2.8
128
48
42
69
10
28
1.5
1.1
STABILIZED PHASE
196.7
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype , 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
105
41
32
57
1.2
6.4
1.6
.2
110
36
28
-
1.5
-
1.4
.1
114
35
23
51
1.2
11.4
1.5
.2
127
45
44
86
1.9
16.9
1.1
.2
HOT TRANSIENT PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype, 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
78
31
23
49
4.8
22
1.5
.3
86
32
20
-
4.1
-
1.3
.2
87
33
23
48
5.2
28
1.2
.1
113
55
49
83
11.0
37
1.3
.1
-12-
-------
Table 7. OXIDES OF NITROGEN EMISSIONS
AVERAGED FOR VEHICLE GROUPS
NOX emissions, g/mile
Test ambient 20° F 50° F 75° F 110° F
WEIGHTED COMPOSITE
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
3
6
6
4
4
1
1
1
Vehicles
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype, 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
5.9
8.9
7.0
3.3
3.1
2.0
2.1
1.4
5.1
7.8
7.0
-
3.1
-
2.0
1.3
4.5
6.9
6.0
2.3
2.3
1.3
1.8
1.1
4.0
6.7
4.8
2.4
2.4
.6
1.9
1.1
COLD TRANSIENT PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype , 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
4.4
7.3
6.2
2.9
3.6
2.6
2.1
1.9
4.5
7.1
6.8
-
3.5
-
2.1
1.7
4:7
6.7
6.7
2.8
2.7
1.5
1.8
1.4
5.2
7.6
7.1
3.1
2.7
.7
1.9
1.3
STABILIZED PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype t 75
Rotary
Diesel
5.6
8^6
6.9
3.4
3.0
1.6
2.1
PROCO 1 . 1
4.6
7.3
6.9
-
2.9
-
2.0
1.0
3.8
6.4
5.7
2.4
2.1
1.0
1.9
3.3
6.2
5.2
2.4
2.3
.5
2.0
.9 .9
HOT TRANSIENT PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 1974
Prototype , 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
7.6
10.8
9.5
4.4
3.1
2.3
1.9
1.4
6.5
9.4
9.0
-
3.1
-
1.8
1.3
5.8
8.0
7.2
3.0
2.5
1.7
1.6
1.2
4.6
7.0
6.9
2.7
2.3
.7
1.7
1.2
-13-
-------
in normal post combustion oxidation and, as applicable, augmented
exhaust conversion.
The effect of reduced temperature is particularly striking with
respect to the catalyst-equipped cars but primarily because of the low
reference level, i.e., the emissions levels at 70° F. In the case of
the catalyst cars, the full degradation of control at low temperature
is attributable to the cold start contribution to the composite emissions
(Figure 5).
In general, emissions increased also as test temperature was raised
above 75° p. The effect probably is due to mixture enrichment from
vapor being fed both from the carburetor and from components of the
evaporative loss control system. The effect probably is not serious
except as inordinately-high vapor pressure fuels may be involved.
The explanation for change in NOx emissions with change in ambient is
less clear (Figure 6). However, again referring to the contributions of the
individual test phases, it is to be seen that the increased NO at low
ambients is attributable to the effect on the warmed-up engine. Possibly
an explanation that more nearly approaches full rationalization of the
effect could be deduced from critical examination of the detailed data.
Such examination is beyond the scope of the contractor's obligation in
the study, but further analysis of the data independent of this currently-
reported study is suggested.
When HC and CO emissions from the catalyst cars are compared with those
from the 1969-70 models, reductions (Table 8) of about 90% are seen
at the 75° F ambient temperature (the 1970 Clean Air Act mandated 90%
reductions in HC and CO). For HC emissions, that degree of reduction
is maintained fairly well across the temperature range-- 83% reduction
is 20° F, 90% reduction at 110° F. With CO, however, the reductions
are not as great at the lower temperatures - only 62% reduction at 20° F -
although remaining high at 110° F-- 87% reduction. Reductions of NOX
of 55 to 60% are seen when the catalyst cars are compared with 1971-72
models as the baseline.
Detailed data on the emissions measurements, including data calculated
for the separate phases of the Federal Test Procedure, are given in
Appendix B. In the process of reducing and compiling the data, it was
convenient to calculate values that relate to relative rates of emissions
during the separate phases of the Federal Test Procedure. These data
have been found useful in more clearly establishing that period of the
tests when the temperature effects are most prominent. Further analysis
and discussion of the data thus generated is beyond the scope of this
report, but the data are given in Appendix F to be conveniently available
for further analysis.
-14-
-------
Table 8. EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS—CATALYST CARS
Reductions from 1969-70 baseline
emission values4, pet
Hydrocarbon
Carbon monoxide
Oxides of nitrogen*
20° F
83
62
55
50° F
85
72
59
75° F
90
88
61
110° F
90
87
59
*0xides of nitrogen baseline: 1971-72
Results of the study show hydrocarbon reactivity to be, overall, little
affected by change in ambient temperature. Composite emissions (Figure 7,
Table 9) show virtually no systematic altering of HC reactivity with
change in temperature, but some pattern is found in data for the
different test phases. Within the phases of the FTP, the following
occur: (1) In the cold transient phase (bag 1) the proportion of methane
in the HC emissions is increased at low test ambient temperatures. The
trend may be accounted- for by generally richer mixtures that are provided
during cold start and warmup (methane and acetylene yields are accentuated
by mixture enrichment). (2) The proportion of total non-reactive' HC
produced during stabilized (bag 2) and hot transient (bag 3) phases
generally increase as the test ambient temperature rises. This effect
probably is accounted for by higher combustion and operating temperatures
that tend to diminish the amount of reactive fuel components and combus-
tion fragments that are left unburned. The effect is particularly
noticeable in the case of the catalyst cars; catalyst conversion
efficiency for the heavier hydrocarbons, enhanced at higher operating
temperature, probably is involved.
The directional trends as summarized above are similar for catalyst and
non-catalyst cars. Quantitatively, however, there are mark'ed differences
between the catalyst and the non-catalyst cars in that emissions from
-15-
-------
Table 9. HYDROCARBON REACTIVITY—VARIATION
WITH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Test ambient 20° F
50° F
75° F
110° F
Methane fraction of total
hydrocarbon, wt pet
Production Vehicles
Composite emissions
Cold transient phase
Stabilized phase
Hot transient phase
Catalyst Vehicles
Composite emissions
Cold transient phase
Stabilized phase
Hot transient phase
Production Vehicles
Composite emissions
Cold transient phase
Stabilized phase
Hot transient phase
Catalyst Vehicles
Composite emissions
Cold transient phase
Stabilized phase
Hot transient phase
9
12
6
4
19
18
28
22
Total
total
21
30
14
14
29
29
36
30
8
12
6
5
21
21
31
15
non-reactive
hydrocarbon
20
29
14
14
32
33
38
20
5
7
4
4
18
14
36
18
fraction
, wt pet *
20
24
18
19
29
25
48
26
6
5
7
6
24
13
46
21
of
20
20
20
21
32
24
55
28
* Total non-reactive hydrocarbon defined as the sum of methane, ethane,
propane, acetylene, and benzene.
-16-
-------
the catalyst cars generally have a greater proportion of non-reactive
hydrocarbon. A characteristic of the hydrocarbon from the catalyst
cars is the high proportion of methane in the total non-reactive fraction.
Whereas the methane fraction from the production cars ranges between 25
and 40 pet of the total non-reactive fraction, the comparable range for
the catalyst cars is roughly 60 pet to 80 pet, or about twice that of
the non-catalyst cars. Detailed data are included in Appendix C.
ALDEHYDE EMISSIONS
Aldehyde emissions (Table 10) associated with the production vehicles
were found to increase by about one-third as ambient temperature decreased
from 110° to 20° F. The trend is consistent in data from all test phases
and the differences, although small, are believed to be real. However,
the significance of the small differences—and, hence, the significance
of the observed temperature sensitivity—are unknown.
The absolute levels of aldehydes from all categories of low emission
test vehicles were markedly reduced from levels found with the production
vehicles, and the differences that were measured may not be real. Con-
sidering all test phases, however, there appears to be an aldehyde
temperature sensitivity with the low emission cars that roughly parallels
the sensitivity found for the production vehicles. The diesel is an
exception—no evidence of aldehyde-yield sensitivity to temperature
appears in results from the diesel.
TEMPERATURE OF MINIMAL EMISSIONS
The results of experimental work to determine more precisely the temper-
ature of maxima and minima in emissions are reported in detail in
Appendix D. The summary data also are shown in Table 11 and in Figures
2-4, designated three 1974 cars. Within the temperature range 60° to
90° F these data showed minimal CO and HC emissions at 80° F and
maximum NOX emissions at 75° F. Extrapolating other data in the study
however, it would be expected that NO emissions again would increase
at some temperature below the 60° F value of the special series of
tests.
FUEL ECONOMY AND EFFECTS OF OPERATING VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONER
The effect of ambient temperature on fuel economy (Table 12) was readily
measurable and averaged about a 10 pet economy loss with change from
75° to 20° F temperature. The economy data are believed valid only for
an indication of general trends to be expected and are not to be
construed as indicative of the fuel economy characteristics of any
group of vehicles in the test.
-17-
-------
Table 10. ALDEHYDE EMISSIONS—VARIATION
WITH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Test ambient.
Production Vehicles
Composite
Cold Transient Phase
Stabilized Phase
Hot Transient Phase
20° F
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.20
Variation, g/mile
50° F 75° F
0.20
0.18
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.20
0.17
110° F
0 17
0.17
0.18
0.14
Catalyst Vehicles
Composite
Cold Transient Phase
Stabilized Phase
Hot Transient Phase
0.035
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.035
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.01
Diesel Vehicle
Composite
Cold Transient Phase
Stabilized Phase
Hot Transient Phase
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.05
0,05
0.06
-18-
-------
Table 11. EMISSIONS DATA FOR THREE 1974
VEHICLES—SUMMARY AVERAGES
Emissions, g/mile
Test ambient 60^1 70° F 80° F 90^ F
HYDROCARBON
Test Phase
Cold transient, g/test...
Stabilized, g/test
Hot transient, g/test... •
Weighted composite, g/mile
13.7
5.8
7.0
2.1
10.3
5.7
7.4
1.9
9.4
5.4
7.5
1.8
7.1
5.9
8.2
1.8
.CARBON MONOXIDE
Cold transient, g/test...
Stabilized, g/test
Hot transient, g/test
Weighted compos iterg/mile
Cold transient, g/test...
Stabilized, g/test
Hot transient, g/test
Weighted composite, g/mile
287
72
79
32
173
69
81
25
135
67
87
23
126
74
105
25
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
10.8
9.0
10.3
2.6
11.3
9.4
10.2
2.7
10.6
9.2
9.9
2.6
9.7
9.0
9.6
2.5
FUEL ECONOMY
Cold transient, g/test...
Stabilized, g/test
Hot transient, g/test....
Weighted composite.
1,181
1,204
974
9.26
1,147
1,129
976
9.22
1,100
1,213
965
9.40
1,071
1 202
958
9.52
-19-
-------
Table 12. FUEL ECONOMY—AVERAGES FOR VEHICLES GROUPED
BY AGE AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED
Test ambient.
Fuel economy, miles per gallon
20° F 50° F 75° F 110° F
WEIGHTED COMPOSITE
3
6
6
A
A
1
1
1
3
6
6
A
A
1
1
1
3
6
6
A
A
1
1
1
Vehicles
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 197A
Prototype, 75
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
10.7
10.5
9.8
10.3
9.6
11.5
17.1
19.3
11.3
11.3
-
-
10.3
-
18.6
20. A
11.8
11.7
10.8
11.3
10.8
11.5
19.7
21.2
11.7
11.9
10.0
11.2
11. A
11.7
20.1
20.5
COLD TRANSIENT PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 197A
Prototype, 1975
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
7.7
7.9
7. A
7.1
7.8
10.7
13.5
18.0
8.9
9.5
8;6
_
9.2
-
16.1
21.0
10.5
10.6
10.0
9.3
10.2
11.8
17.1
22.5
11.3
12.1
11. A
10.2
11.3
13.0
18.8
22.8
STABILIZED PHASE
1967
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 197A
Prototype, 1975
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
11.5
10.8
10.0
9.3
9. A
10.6
17.9
18.2
11.6
11.3
10. A
-
9.8
,
\ 18.9
1 18.7
11.6
11.5
10. A
9. A
10.2
10.4
19.4
19. l!
11.3
11.3
10. A
9.1
10.6
10.5
20.1
18.7
HOT TRANSIENT PHASE
3
6
6
A
A
1
1
1
1967 12.9
1969 - 1970
1971 - 1972
1973 - 197A
Prototype, 1975
Rotary
Diesel
PROCO
12. A
11.9
10.9
11.1
1A.5
19.3
23.0
12.6
12.6
12.2
-
11.5
-
20.5
2A.3
13.2
12.8
12.3
11.1
11.7
1A.2
21.6
25. A
12.7
12.8
12.3
10.6
12.2
13. A
21.2
23.2
-20-
-------
The effect of air conditioner operation at 110° F ambient on vehicle
emissions and fuel consumption was obtained from data on 13 production
vehicles and the four prototype low emission vehicles. The results
are summarized in Table 13; values for each.phase and individual vehicles
are in Appendix B.
In brief, operating the vehicle air conditioner at the elevated ambient
was found to increase composite cycle emissions of the production vehicles
by 15% for HC, 20% for CO, and 30% for NOX. These increased emissions
were paralleled with fuel economy decreased by about 10%.
Considering the four prototype vehicles, air conditioner operation
increased HC by an average of about 8%, CO by 95%, and NO by 13%. As
with the production vehicles the prototypes suffered about 10% fuel
economy loss attributable to air conditioner operation.
PINTO SPECIAL TESTS
In a special test of the catalyst-equipped Pinto, data were taken both
with the catalyst installed and with it removed. Results, Table 14,
show the marked effect of the catalyst at normal ambient with progressively
less effect as the test temperature was lowered. Again it is to be observed
that the determination is accounted for by emissions during the cold start
phase of the test.
Table 13. EFFECT OF OPERATING VEHICLE AIR CONDITIONERS CONSIDERING
EMISSIONS AND FUEL ECONOMY—TESTS AT 110° F AMBIENT
Change Attributable to Operating Air Conditioners
13 Production vehicles
4 Prototype vehicles
EMISSIONS
+ .58 (15%) + .04 ( 8%)
+14.5 (20%) +5.8 (95%)
+1.5 (34%) + .31 (13%)
F_UEL_ ECONO_MY _
- 1.24 (11%) - 1.15 (10%)
Hydrocarbon, g/mile
Carbon monoxide, g/mile
Oxides of nitrogen, g/mile
Miles/gallon
-21-
-------
Table 14. EMISSIONS WITH AND WITHOUT CATALYST*
FORD PINTO VEHICLE NO. 56
Test ambient 20° F
50° F 75° F
110° F
CARBON MONOXIDE^ grains /test
Cold transient phase
Without catalyst
Stabilized phase
With catalyst
Without catalyst
Hot transient phase
With catalyst
Without catalyst
1975 CVS composite,
grams /mile
434
485
12
92
46
128
30
49.8
250
328
16
90
30
109
19
39
83
209
13
102
37
105
9
34
57
155
21
126
64
155
11
37
HYDROCARBON^ grams /test
Cold transient phase
With catalyst
Without catalyst.. ...
Stabilized phase
Hot transient phase
With catalyst
1975 CVS composite.
grams /mile
With catalys t
OXIDES OF NITROGEN^ g
Cold transient phase
Stabilized phase
With catalyst
Without catalyst
Hot transient phase
With catalyst. .......
Without catalyst
1975 CVS composite,
grams /mile
12.99
21.17
.27
1.23
.74
2.58
.84
1.58
rams /test (un
8.7
12.2
5.8
11.9
6.0
7.7
1.7
2.9
5.14
8.25
.33
1.05
.94
2.23
.41
.79
corrected exc
9.6
11.8
4.2
4.7
6.0
7.3
1.6
1.9
2.03 .
4.69
.29
1.01
.88
2.13
.22
.57
ept for 75°
10.2
12.6
3.0
3.7
4.8
5.9
1.4
1.7
1.57
3.74
.36
1.19
2.88
3.37
.36
.63
F tests)
9.3
9.0
2.6
3.0
4.1
4.6
1.2
1.3
* Catalyst chamber removed from vehicle set up for use of catalyst;
no other changes or adjustments made.
-22-
-------
Table' 14. EMISSIONS WITH AND WITHOUT CATALYST*
FORD PINTO VEHICLE NO. 56—Continued
Test ambient ..... 20° F
50° F
75" F
asHCHO
110° ,F
Cold transient phase
Without catalyst....,
Stabilized phase
With catalyst ,
Without catalyst
Hot transient phase
Without catalyst
1975 CVS composite,
grams /mile
With catalys t
Without catalyst
CORRECT
iJola transient pnase
With catalyst ,
Without catalyst
Stabilized phase
With catalyst
Without catalys t .....
Hot transient phase
With catalyst ,
Without catalyst....,
1975 CVS composite.
grams /mile
With catalyst ,
Without catalyst....,
0.12
.45
.00
.22
.01
.23
.01
.072
ED OXIDES OF !
6.7
9.3
4.4
9.0
4.6
5.9
1.3
2.2
0.07
.32
.00
.15
.01
.22
.01
.06
JTETROGEN^ erati
7.7
9.7
3.4
3.8
4.8
6.0
1.3
1.5
0.03
..34
.01
.18
.01
.24
.00
.063
is /test
10.2
12.6
3.0
3.7
4.8
5.9
1.4
1.7
0.07
.26
..01
.26
.02
.32
.01
.074
8.4
9.0
. 2.4
3.0
3.7
4.7
1.1
1.3
Catalyst chamber removed from vehicle set up for use of .catalyst;
no other changes or adjustments made.
-23,
-------
REFERENCES
1. McMichael, W. F., and J. E. Sigsby, Jr. Automotive Emissions After
Hot and Cold Starts in Summer and Winter. Pres. at Annual Meeting
of Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, Calif., June' 1966,
2. Stone, R. K., and B. H. Eccleston. Vehicle Emissions versus Fuel
Composition. Pres. at the American Petroleum Association 33rd
Mid-Year Meeting, May 16, 1968.
3. Eccleston, B. H., B. F. Noble, and R. W. Hurn. Influence of Vola-
tile Fuel Components on Vehicle Emissions. BuMines RI 7291, 1970.
4. Eccleston, B. H., and R. W. Hurn. Effect of Fuel Front-End and
Midrange Volatility on Automobile Emissions. BuMines RI 7707 1972.
5. Environmental Protection Agency. .Federal Register, v.37, No. 221,
Part II, Nov. 15, 1972.
6. Sawicki, E. T., W. Stanley, and W. Elbert. The 3-Methyl-2-benzo-
thiazolene Hydrozone Test. Anal. Chem., v. 38, No. 1, January .1961.
7. Dimitriades, and D. E. Seizinger. A Procedure for Routine Use in
Chromatographic Analysis of Automotive Hydrocarbon Emissions.
Environmental Sci. & Technol. v. 5, No. 3, March 1971, pp. 219-222.
-24-
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00
H
(0
n
o
(D
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s
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CO
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rt
(D
(D
01
i-h
03
n
VN\\\V\ IN /////////'
INSTRUMENTATION ROOM
HEATING-COOLING AIR CIRCUIT
OUTSIDE SPACE OCCUPIED BY VEHICLE
?rou>o
COOLING-HEAT
EXCHANGER
/////////////////////////////////////////////////^
-------
8
7|
(A
o
o.
E
o
o
o
in
19 production cars
1967-'74
•2 41
o» '
O
m
a:
<
o
o
cc
o
3-1974 cars
4 catalyst
prototypes
20
40 60 80
TEST AMBIENT,°F
100
120
Figure 2. Trends--ambient influence on emissions--hydrocarbon
-------
90
80
0>
•£ 70
o
o.
E
o
o
> 60
o
m
• 50
—
E
\
v>
E
2 40
X
o
o
m
o
30
20
10
9 production cars
1967-'74
\ 3-1974 cars
\
\
4 catalyst
prototypes
20
100
120
40 60 80
TEST AMBIENT, °F
Figure 3. Trends—ambient influence on emissions—carbon monoxide
-------
8
o
OL
E
o
o
O
10
h-
(7)
7 5
0>
CO
E 4
o
k_
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LJ
O
O
cr
19 production cars
1967- '74
3-1974 cars
4 catalyst
prototypes
CO
LJ
a
x
o
20
40 60 80
TEST AMBIENT,°F
100
120
Figure 4. Trends—ambient influence on emissions—oxides of nitrogen
-------
90
80
70
60
E
ui 50
o
x
o
1 40
o
CO
or
< 30
20
10
19 production cars
CtCold start contribution
I I
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
I 0
4 catalyst cars
^Composite
'Cold start contribution
20 40 60 80 100 120 °
TEST AMBIENT,°F
100 120
Figure 5. Contributions of test segments to measured
emissions--carbon monoxide
-------
0)
'i
V.
in
E
o
LJ
O
O
tr
5 3
UJ
° 2
x
o
19 production cars
Composite
Stabilized contribution
o o o
1
4 catalyst cars
Composite
Stabilized contribution
O
Cold start
O
I
I
20 40 60 80 100 120 w 20
TEST AMBIENT, °F
Figure 6. Contributions of test segments to measured
emissions--oxides of nitrogen
40
60
80
100
120
-------
12
10
in
E
o
k.
o>
Z 6
8
Ct
O
o
o:
o
5E 4
6-production vehicles
I967-'7I
t Total Hydrocarbon
Non-Methane Hydrocarbon
Reactive Hydrocarbon
4-catalyst prototypes
20 50 75 110
TEST AMBIENT, °F
Figure 7. Exhaust reactivity at varied ambients
20
50
75
110
-------
APPENDIX A (10 pages)
Hood-up -- Hoodrdown Emissions Comparisons
As stated in the body of the report the hood-down procedure was used
because the original concept of the temperature effects program was
to duplicate as closely as possible.typical vehicle user practice at
varied ambient conditions and to determine emissions as they would be
generated under these conditions. However, it was also desired to
know the relationships between data taken with the hood down and the
constant velocity cooling and hood-up of the FTP.
To provide information on this question--involving primarily hood
configuration and windage--back-to-back experiments were made with the
vehicle hood alternatively up or down. Similar experiments were made
with the windage varied. In some tests a standard 12-hour soak period
was allowed prior to test, but to obtain more data in a shorter time,
in other tests the procedure was modified to incorporate rapid vehicle
cool-down. In this rapid cool-down procedure, the control for cool-
down was based upon regaining fixed stationary temperatures for critical
items. In all, 48 validation tests were made at temperatures from 20°
to 110° F and were made using both production and low emission prototype
vehicles. The results provided data that would, dependent upon findings,
(1) validate the results of this study as directly comparable with
results to be expected using the FTP, or, (2) provide a basis for
estimating the degree to which the procedural deviations might cause
difference in measurements attributable to the differences in procedure.
Table A-l presents a composite of data taken from Tables A-? through
A-9 for both production and prototype catalyst vehicles. It was concluded
from the data of the tables that a significant difference in emissions
measurements would not occur in measurements in the range of 75° F
between the two procedures. It was somewhat surprising to the investi-
gators that a difference did not occur at the temperature extremes of
20° and 110° F. Data accumulated during the project and analyzed for
19 vehicles at all test conditions for the repeatability of replicates
yielded standard deviation values in terms of pet of the measured emissions
of 10%, 7%, and 8% for CO, HC, and NO , respectively for the production
vehicles and 17%, 157», and 9% for the low emission prototype vehicles.
This information strengthens the conclusion that significant differences
do not occur between the two hood configuration procedures as conducted
in our laboratory.
.A-l
-------
Table A-l ~ Effects Upon Emissions Observed in Comparative Tests
Using Alternate Vehicle Cooling Procedures I/
Production Vehicles—
20° F Ambient:
Average
3/
Difference—, absolute
Difference, pet
75° F Ambient:
Average
Difference, absolute
Difference, pet
110° F Ambient:
Average
Difference, absolute
Difference, pet
FTP— emissions, gm/mile
HC CO NOy
6.38
0.34
5
3.37
0.26
8
3.84
-0.42
•10
106.1
5.7
6
70.3
2.7
4
87.2
-3.34
-4 -
5.48
-0.53
-9
3.39
0.07
2
2.63
-0.03
-1
4/
Catalyst Vehicles-
20° F Ambient:
Average 1.18 26.1 2.75
Difference, absolute .00 0.27 0.09
Difference, pet 0 13
110° F Ambient:
Average 4.81 0.46 3.62
Difference, absolute 0.91 0.08 0.04
Difference, pet 19 17 1
_!/ Standard procedure essentially as per FTP (hood
up, with supplemental low velocity cooling). Modified
procedure hood down with windage across full frontal
area of vehicle with velocity keyed to roll speed.
2_/ cars 39, 41, and 42. Duplicate tests at 20° and
110° F; triplicate tests at 75° F.
3_/ Difference defined as (Results with Standard
procedure) minus (Results with Modified procedure).
4/ Cars 43 and 46. Triplicate tests.
A-2
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project—
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-2. Hood up--hood down emissions comparisons with 12 hour soak
(Car Nos. 39 and 41, at 20° F ambient I/)
i
u>
Test
No.
Hood
posi-
tion
Cold transient,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
Stabilized,
grains /test
CO
HC
NOx
Hot transient;
grams /test
CO
HC
NOx
1975 CVS weighted,
grams /mile
CO
HC
N°x
VEHICLE NO. 39
4739
4742
Difference
Down- Up:
Up
Down
1017.10
1072.50
55.40
5
50.80
58.30
7.50
15
17.70
15.70
- 2.00
-11
374.80 -
377.20
2.40
1
15.10
18.30
3.20
21
22.50
21.1.0
-1.40
-6
220.50
236.30
15.80
7
11.30
15.80
4.50
40
28.10
29.10
1.00
4
119.00
129.70
10.70
9
5.80
6.98
1.18
20
6.70
5.92
-0.78
-12
VEHICLE NO. 41
4744
4745
Difference
Down- Up :
Up
Down
718.07
748.20
30 13
4
59.06
54.80
-4 26
-7
15.80
15.70
- 0 10
- 1
257.30
240.30
-17 00
- 7
16.97
15.49
-1 48
-9
16.74
15.56
-1 18
-7
157.70
174.60
16 90
11
12.67
11.94
-0 73
-6
21.42
19.98
-1 44
-7
87.46
88.20
0 74
1
6.61
6.11
-0 50
-8
4.77
4.49
-0 28
-6
AVERAGE
Difference
Down-Up :
Grains . . . .
Up
Down
867.59
910.35
42.76
5
54.93
56.55
1.62
3
16.75
15.70
- 1.05
- 6
316.05
308.75
- 7.30
- 2
16.04
16.90
0.86
5
19.62
18.33
-1.29
-7
189.10
205.45
16.35
9
11.99
13.87
1.88
16
24.76
24.54
-0.22
-1
103.23
108.95
5.72
6
6.21
6.55
0.34
5
5.74
5.21
-0.53
-9
_!/ Soaked at test
NOTE.-Any percent
temperature 12 hours or more.
difference whose absolute value is less than 0.5 is called "0" (zero).
NOTE.-NO not corrected to air moisture content of 75 grains.
A
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project--
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-3.Hood up--hood down emissions comparisons with 12 hour soak
(Car Nos. 39, 41, and 42, at 75" F ambient I/)
Test
No.
Hood
posi-
tion
Cold transient,
grams/test
CO
IIC
NOx
Stabilized,
grams /test
CO HC
NOX
Mot transient,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
1975 CVS weighted,
grams /mi le
CO
HC
NOX
VEHICLE NO. 39
4727
4738
Average
4728
4734
Average
Difference
Down- Up:
Up
UE
Up
Down
Down
Down
310.30
347.38
328.84
377.50
343.00
360.25
31.41
10
16.03
18.74
17.39
18.40
16.58
17.49
0.10
1
21.76
20.48
21.12
21.50
22.03
21.77
0.65
3
297.60
335.11
316.36
283.20
325.80
304.50
-11.86
- 4
12.92
14.52
13.72
13.30
14.47
13.89
0.17
1
18.98
17.66
18.32
19.40
19.26
19.33
1.01
6
200.00
214.50
207.25
184.20
216.19
200.20
- 7.05
- 3
11.67
11.39
11.53
12.10
14.84
13.47
1.94
17
25.00
22.19
23.60
25.60
26.94
26.27
2.67
11
72.67
80.90
76.79
73.40
79.60
76.50
-0.29
0
3.53
3.88
3.71
3.75
4.01
3.88
0.17
5
5.68
5.22
5.45
5.76
5.88
5.82
0.37
7
VEHICLE NO. 41
4731
4725
Average
4730
4737
Average
Difference
Down -Up :
Up
UE
Up
Down
Down
Down
249.80
238.10
243.95
241.40
313.80
277.60
33.65
14
13.40
13.02
13.21
13.40
21.47
17.44
4.23
32
11.50
13.30
12.40
11.10
10.11
10.61
- 1.79
-14
161.60
147.10
154.35
126.30
154.74
140.52
-13.83
- 9
10.40
9.17
9.79
10.30
13.27
11.79
2.00
20
9.40
8.63
9.02
9.20
9.14
9.17
0.15
2
131.60
124.30
127.95
111.30
245.70
178.50
50.55
40
8.80
8.29
8.55
8.60
4.30
6.45
- 2.10
-25
11.50
11.18
11.34
11.60
11.04
11.32
-0.02
0
45.80
42.71
44.26
39.10
57.30
48.20
3.94
9
2.82
2.60
2.71
2.80
3.33
3.07
0.36
13
2.79
L 2.76
2.78
2.70
2.60
2.65
-0.13
-5
VEHICLE NO. 42
4732
4729
Difference
Down -Up:
Up
Down
506.40
523.90
17.50
3
18.77
18.80
0.03
0
5.77
5.94
0.17
3
258.80
278.60
19.80
8
10.88
12.20
1.32
12
6.90
6.70
-0.20
-3
291.30
299.70
8.40
3
10.19
11.10
0.91
9
7.47
7.75
0.28
4
85.70
90.00
4.30
5
3.30
3.55
0.25
8
1.82
1.80
-0.02
-1
AVERAGE
Difference
Down -Up:
Percent . •
Up
Down
......
359.73
370.58
10.85
3
16.46
17.91
1.45
9
13.10
12.77
- 0.33
- 3
243.17
241.21
- 1.96
- 1
11.46
12.63
1.17
10
11.41
11.73
0.32
3
208.83
226.13
17.30
8
10.09
10.34
0.25
2
14.14
15.11
0.97
7
68.92
71.57
2.65
4
3.24
3.50
0.26
8
3.35
3.42
0.07
2
!_/ Soaked at test temperature 12 hours or more.
NOTE.-Any percent difference whose absolute value is less than
NOTE.-NO not corrected to air moisture content of 75 grains.
0.5 is called "0" (zero).
A-4
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project--
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-4.Hood up—hood down emissions comparisons with 12 hour soak
(Car Nos. 39, 41, and 42, at 110° F ambient I/)
Test
No.
Hood
posi-
tion
Cold transient,
grams/test
CO 1 HC
NOX
Stabilized,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
Hot transient,
drams/test
CO
HC
NOx
1975 CVS weighted,
crams/mile
CO
HC
NOX
VEHICLE NO. 39
4733
4722
Difference
Down-Up:
Up
Down
245.40
267.80
22.40
9
13.20
13.10
- 0.10
- 1
18.80
18.22
-0.58
-3
383.70
398.12
14.42
4
15.30
15.49
0.19
1
15.20
14.01
- 1.19
- 8
283.60
299.37
15.77
6
17.30
16.08
- 1.22
- 7
18.60
19.57
0.97
5
86.80
91.20
4.40
5
4.11
4.04
- 0.07
- 2
4.52
4.40
-0.12
-3
VEHICLE NO. 41
4736
4724
Difference
Down-Up :
Up
Down
282.17
171.20
-110.97
- 39
15.15
10.48
- 4.67
-31
9.01
10.46
1.45
16
234.10
238.10
4.00
2
14.32
13.44
- 0.88
- 6
8.48
7.62
- 0.86
-10
232.98
226.50
- 6.48
- 3
14.03
14.10
0.07
1
9.80
9.85
0.05
1
65.09
58.78
- 6.31
-10
3.84
3.46
- 0.38
-10
2.39
2.36
-0.03
-1
VEHICLE NO. 42
4735
4723
Difference
Down- Up:
Up
Down
540.21
436.00
-104.21
- 19
22.12
15.18
- 6.94
-31
3.77
4.82
1.05
28
382.64
367.80
-14.84
- 4
13.99
12.16
- 1.83
-13
3.86
3.83
- 0.03
- 1
432.17
429.80
- 2.37
- 1
14.13
12.38
- 1.75
-12
3.72
3.76
0.04
1
114.80
106.70
- 8.10
- 7
4.21
3.40
- 0.81
-19
1.01
1.07
0.06
6
AVERAGE
Difference
Down-Up:
Percent. .
Up
Down
......
355.93
291.67
- 64.26
- 18
16.82
12.92
- 3.90
-23
10.53
11.17
0.64
6
333.48
334.67
1.19
0
14.54
13.70
- 0.84
- 6
9.18
8.49
- 0.69
- 8
316.25
318.56
2.31
1
15.15
14.19
- 0.96
- 6
10.71
11.06
0.35
3
88.90
85.56
- 3.34
- 4
4.05
3.63
- 0.42
-10
2.64
2.61
-0.03
-1
I/ Soaked at test temperature 12 hours or more.
NOTE.-Any percent difference whose absolute value is less than 0.5 is called "0" (zero).
NQt not corrected to air moisture content of 75 grains.
A-5
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project--
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-5. - Hood up—hood down emissions comparisons
(Car No. 46, Chevrolet with catalyst)
Test
No.
Hood
posi-
tion
Cold transient,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
Stabilized,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
Hot transient,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
1975 CVS weighted,
grams /mile
CO HC NOX
20" F AMBIENT - RAPID COOL DOWN I/
4910
4912
4914
Average
4911
4913
4915
Average
Difference
Down-Up :
Grams. . . .
Up
Up
"£-
Up
Down
Down
Down
Down
257.0
267.5
262.8
262.4
255.5
259.7
241.5
252.2
-10.1
- 4
13.71
15.92
14.92
14.85
13.39
16.71
13.19
14.43
-0.42
-3
11.49
12.30
11.91
11.90
11.89
12.46
12.83
12.39
0.49
4
0.70
.00
.70
.47
0.71
.71
. .72
.71
0.24
51
1.34
1.05
.79
1.06
1.30
1.17
1.13
1.20
0.14
13
7.66
8.79
8.42
8.29
8.15
8.62
8.97
8.58
0.29
4
6.23
5.41
6.26
5.97
6.26
6.19
6.73
6.39
0.42
7
1.17
1.08
1.00
1.08
1.22
1.09
1.08
1.13
0.05
5
11.43
11.96
11.99
11.79
11.99
12.15
12.51
12.22
0.43
4
15.30 1.05 2.55
15.80 1.13 ' 2.79
15.60 1.04 2.70
15.57 1.07 2.68
15.20 1.03 2.68
15.50 1.20 2.79
14.50 .99 2.88
15.07 1.07 2.78
-0.50 0.00 0.10
-304
110° F AMBIENT - RAPID COOL DOWN I/
4917
4919
4921
Average
4918
2/4920
4922
Average
Difference
Down -Up :
Grains . . . .
Up
Up
UE_
Up
Down
Down
Down
Down
15.7
13.0
12.8
13.8
13.5
15.4
12.4
13.0
0.8
6
4.79
4.75
4.16
4.57
3.96
8.11
3.80
3.88
-0.69
-15
13.06
13.81
13.40
13.42
13.17
13.34
12.22
12.70
-0.72
-5
0.55
.70
.70
.65
0.56
1.43
.71
.64
-0.01
-2
0.84
.78
.73
.78
0.92
.86
.75
.84
0.06
8
17.29
15.65
15.26
16.07
16.84
16.40
15.76
16.30
0.23
1
22.92
18.79
21.41
21.04
29.07
40.07
25.76
27.42
6.38
30
1.90
1.51
1.47
1.63
2.32
2.25
1.81
2.07
0.44
27
16.38
16.46
16.23
16.35
17.30
16.12
16.46
16.88
0.53
3
2.72 0.53 4.30
2.26 .49 4.13
2.46 .45 4.04
2.48 .49 4.16
3.06 0.53 4.32
4.12 .75 4.18
2.76 .46 4.05
2.91 .50 4.19
0.43 0.01 0.03
17 2 2
I/ Three replicates in one day.
~2l Car died during test, therefore not included in average.
NOTE. -Any percent difference whose absolute value is less than 0.5 is called "0"
(zero).
A-6
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project--
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-6. - Hood up--hood down emissions comparisons
(Vehicle No. 46, 1973 Chevrolet Equipped with Catalyst and Other Advanced Emission Controls,
Averaged Vehicle Temperatures During Test)
lime
into
minutes
Overnight
soak I/
Hood down
Rapid
cool down 2.1
Hood
UD
Hood
down
Overnight
soak
Hood down
Rapid
cool down
Hood
UD
Hood
down
Overnight
soak
Hood down
Rapid
cool down
Hood
up
Hood
down
Overnight
soak
Hood down
Rapid
cool down
Hood
up I/
Hood
down
• Overnight
soak
Hood down
Rapid
cool down
Hood
up
Hood
down
COLD START AT 20° F AMBIENT
0
8.4
22.9
18
23
24
18
21
23
18
23
24
20
148
176
20
147
169
20
138
160
20
106
156
24
103
140
23
97
147
20
82
80
18
72
76
18
72
78
20
64
86
20
66
82
20
61
79
HOT START AT 20° F AMBIENT FOLLOWING 10-MINUTE SOAK
0
8.4
22
26
21
23
22 II 205
25 11 174
181
174
185 H 142
162 H 162
126
158
132 | 89
155 \ 22
76
70
82 | 106
80 H 80
101
79
104
76
COLD START AT 110° F AMBIENT
0
8.4
22.9
106
108
111
107
109
108
108
110
111
108
202
207
109
202
205
108
202
202
96
175
216
112
186
209
112
181
212
y
107
121
123
106
124
133
108
118
134
107
115
125
106
120
134
HOT START AT 110° F AMBIENT FOLLOWING 10-MINUTE SOAK
0
8.4
110
111
110
110
111 1 232
110 || 206
227
206
231 |l 197
205 || 222
192
224
198 I.
218 II
136
124
146 1 156
131 || 132
146
125
154
132
17 Single test only; others average of three tests.
2/ Forced cooldown. Coolant circulated through radiator and block with air to radiator at 15-20 mph.
3_/ Thermocouple problems—single test at 20°, two at 110°.
4/ Thermocouple failure.
NOTE.—Thermocouple locations: Air to vehicle—ahead of radiator near source; coolant—in or close to engine block; oil—in oil
drain plug; air to carburetor—in air at center of air filter or following air filter; under hood—in air space under
carburetor.
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project—
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-7. - Hood up-"hood down emissions comparisons
(Vehicle No.46, 1973 Chevrolet Equipped with Catalyst and Other Advanced Emission Controls,
Vehicle Temperatures During Test)
Time
into
cycle,
minutes
Air to vehicle
Overnight
soak
Rapid cool
down test
1
2
0
8.4
22.9
No
test
18
21
24
18
21
24
3
Coolant
Overnight
soak
Rapid cool
down test
1
2
3
Oil
Overnight
soak
Rapid cool
down test
1
2
3
Air to carburetor
Overnight
soak
Rapid cool
down test
1 12
HOOD UP - COLD START AT 20° F AMBIENT
18
20
22
-
I/
20
150
169
21
146
168
-
26
101
130
22
104
144
25
105
145
-
18
72
76
3
Under hood temperature,
°F
Overnight
soak
Rapid cool
down test
1 1 2
3
11
I/
-
19
69
82
19
65
82
21
64
81
>
00
HOOD UP - HOT START AT 20° F AMBIENT FOLLOWING 10-MINUTE SOAK
0
8.4
No
test
20
24
22
24
21
22
-
165
168
189
176
188
177
:
114
146
132
162
133
166
-
76
70
I/
I/
;
101
80
102
81
101
75
HOOD DOWN - COLD START AT 20° F AMBIENT
0
8.4
22.9
18
23
24
17
22
24
18
24
25
18
22
24
20
148
176
20
134
160
21
140
160
20
139
160
20
106
156
23
97
146
23
104-
147
23
91
148
20
82
80
18
72
78
I/
!/
20
64
86
18
61
80
22
65
80
20
58
78
HOOD DOWN - HOT START AT 20° F FOLLOWING 10-MINUTE SOAK
0
8.4
22
26
22
24
23
26
21
24
205
174
186
160
185
161
184
163
142
162
132 1 134
152 |l54
132
158
89
82
82
80
y
i/
106
80
104
75
104
76
103
76
HOOD UP - COLD START AT 110° F AMBIENT
0
8.4
22.9
No
test
109
110
110
106
110
110
106
108
106
_
_
-
109
202
207
109
202
204
109
202
205
_
_
-
112
182
215
112
188
205
112
187
209
_
_
-
, 106
I/ 121
|l24
108
1?0
122
„
_
-
106
115
124
106
116
122
108
m
123
HOOD UP - HOT START AT 110° F FOLLOWING 10-MINUTE SOAK
0
8.4
No
test
109
110
110
110
111
108
-
229
207
226
206
227
206
-
193
227
190
224
HOOD DOWN - COLD START AT 110° F
0
8.4
22.9
106
108
111
108
111
110
102
110
110
107
109
112
108
202
207
109
202
206
106
202
206
110
201
205
96
175
216
114
189
212
109
175
211
194
221
-
I/
136
126
136
122
-
147
124
145
125
145
125
AMBIENT
114
179
212
I/
I/
104
123
135
109
125
131
• 108 '
118
134
107
123
133
104
117
132
108
119
137
HOOD DOWN - COLD START AT 110° F FOLLOWING 10-MINUTE SOAK
0
8.4
110
111
111
111
112
110
111
110
232
206
232
205
230
205
230
205
197
222
198
220
197
218
198
217
I/
11
146
130
146
132
156
132
153
132
154
132
155
132
1^1 Thermocouple failure.
NOTE.--Thermocouple locations: Air to vehicle--ahead of radiator near source; coolant—in or close to engine block; oil--in oil
drain plug; air to carburetor—in air at center of air filter or following air filter; under hood—in air space under
carburetor.
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project --
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-8. - Hood up--hood down emissions comparisons
(Car No. 43, Ford catalyst equipped)
Test
No.
Hood.
posi-
tion
Cold transient,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
Stabilized,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
Hot transient,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
1975 CVS weighted,
grams/mile
CO
HC
NOX
20° F AMBIENT - RAPID COOL DOWN I/
4896
4898
4900
Average
4397
4399
4901
Average
Difference
Down -Up :
Up
Up
U£
Up
Down
Down
Down
Down
671.8
570.3
622.8
621.6
596.3
653.3
611.5
620.4
- 1.2
0
20.09
15.51
20.27
18.62
14.26
20.82
19.58
18.22
-0.40
-2
7.61
7.42
8.37
7.80
8.11
8.10
8.26
8.16
0.36
5
2.85
2.80
2.90
2.85
2.84
2.81
2.82
2.82
-0.03
-1
0.90
1.04
1.15
1.03
1.16
1.18
1.12
1.15
0.12
12
10.76
10.71
11.55
11.01
10.38
11.29
11.59
11.09
0.08
1
14.28
8.92
9.93
11.04
11.85
8.48
12.90
11.08
0.04
0
0.99
1.12
1.11
1.07
1.36
1.18
1.11
1.22
0.15
14
9.73
10.92
11.22
10.62
10.08
11.57
11.75
11.13
0.51
5
40.00
33.80
36.90
36.90
35.50
38.50
36.40
36.80
0.10
0
1.35
1.11
1.40
1.29
1.08
1.44
1.36
1.29
0.00
0
2.61
2.68
2.87
2.72
2.62
2.85
2.91
2.79
0.07
3
50° F AMBIENT - RAPID COOL DOWN 21
4890
4894
Average
4891
4893
Average
Difference
Down- Up :
Up
UE
Up
Down
Down
Down
314.9
391.1
353.0
275.8
378.8
327.3
-25.7
- 7
5.96
11.88
8.92
4.90
11.15
8.03
-0.89
-10
6.64
6.73
6.69
6.73
7.93
7.33
0.64
10
4.23
2.11
3.17
2.78
2.15
2.47
-0.70
-22
0.84
.91
.88
0.80
.78
.79
-0.09
-10
10.18
10.04
10.11
9.59
10.35
9.97
-0.14
-1
10.09
8.38
9.24
16.58
10.92
13.75
4.51
49
1.08
1.25
1.17
2.32
1.87
2.10
0.93
79
8.70
10.05
9.38
9.46
5.59
7.53
-1.85
-20
19.40
23.30
21.35
17.40
22.80
20.10
-1.25
-6
0.54
.90
.72
0.56
.89
.73
0,01
1
2.40
2.49
2.45
2.38
2.26
2.32
-0.13
-5
110° F AMBIENT - RAPID COOL DOWN I/
4903
4905
4907
Average
4904
4906
4908
Average
Difference
Down-Up :
Up
Up
Up.
Up
Down
Down
Down
Down
41.7
34.8
28.5
35.0
40.5
33.8
29.6
34.6
- 0.4
- 1
2.04
1.79
1.57
1.80
1.39
1.59
1.51
1.50
-0.30
-17
9.77
10.15
9.76
9.89
10.18
11.02
9.85
10.35
0.46
5
4.16
4.18
5.65
4.66
7.05
6.23
5.67
6.32
1.66
36
0.75
1.03
1.05
.94
0.63
1.03
1.12
.93
-0.01
-1
13.32
13.49
13.33
13.38
12.28
14.09
13.74
13.37
-0.01
0
57.60
46.02
38.94
47.52
83.60
60.05
45.49
63.05
15.53
33
1.49
1.68
1.73
1.63
3.60
3.55
4.14
3.76
2.13
131
7.88
8.85
9.931
8.89
7.98
9.52
10.39
9.30
0.41
5
7.32
6.05
5.35
6.24
9.61
7.33
5.91
7.62
1.38
22
0.33
.37
.36
.35
0.44
.50
.55
.50
0.15
43
2.94
3.05
3.09
3.03
2.83
3.23
3.19
3.08
0.05
2
I/ Three replicates in one day.
2/ One pair tests per day.
NOTE.-Any percent difference whose absolute value is less than 0.5 is called "0" (zero).
NOTE.-NOx n°t corrected to air moisture content of 75 grains.
NOTE.-Accelerated cool down to same coolant and air temperature and repeat for each test.
A-9
-------
BERC-EPA Temperature Effects Project—
Ambient Temperature Versus Emissions
TABLE A-9. - Hood up constant airstream versus
hood-down variable airstream
(Car No. 39, 1972 Ford)
Test
No.
Hood
posi-
tion
Cold transient,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
Stabilized,
grams/test
CO
HC
NOX
20° F AMBIENT
4749
4750
4753
Average
4747
4748
4752
Average
Up
Up
UE
Up
Down
Down
Down
Down
Difference
Down- Up :
930.09
943.27
966.40
946.59
881.80
826.64
933.86
880.77
-65.82
- 7
51.61
48.73
47.54
49.29
45.20
45.07
48.24
46.17
-3.12
-6
13.91
14.68
14.62
14.40
13.97
12.63
15.90
14.17
-0.23
-2
434.71
455.91
409.89
433.50
427.68
471.75
404.63
434.69
0.85
0
17.50
18.76
17.70
17.99
16.92
18.51
17.22
17.55
-0.44
-2
17.74
18.55
18.58
18.29
18.34
18.87
18.44
18.55
0.26
1
110° F AMBIENT
4757
4754
Average
4755
4756
Average
Up
UE
Up
Down
Down
Down
Difference
Down-Up :
222.63
240.86
231.75
244.82
238.61
241.72
9.97
4
11.87
15.29
13.58
13.04
12.46
12.75
-0.83
-6
21.94
21.38
21.66
19.90
19.46
19.68
-1.98
-9
385.16
413.87
399.52
427.20
396.72
411.96
12.44
3
14.50
15.56
15.03
15.88
14.86
15.37
0.34
2
17.93
17.11
17.52
16.37
16.76
16.57
-0.95
-5
NOTE.-Any percent difference whose absolute value is less
than 0.5 is called "0" (zero).
NOTE.-NO not corrected to air moisture content of 75 grains.
X
NOTE.-Accelerated cool down to same coolant and air temperature and
repeat for each test.
A-10
-------
APPENDIX B (25 pages)
Hydrocarbon emissions by vehicle
Duplicate test emissions averaged for 20°, 50°, 75°, 110°, and 110° F
with air for each of 26 vehicles and at each test phase of the 1975
CVS Federal test driving cycle.
Table B-l — weighted composite
B-2 — cold transient phase
B-3 -- stabilized phase
B-4 -- hot transient phase
B-l
-------
TABLE B-I. - Effect of ambient temperature on hydrocarbon
emission over 1975 CVS composite
HC. grains per aile
Vehicle description
Model Manu-
year facturer Code
Test temperature. F
20
50
75
110
110
v«'/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AI-1C
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
53
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
PROTOTYPE
Ford 43
Chevrolet 46
Plymouth 48
Ford 56
DIESEL
PROCO
Opel 44
Ford 47
11.37
11.92
15.23
9.26
7.33
0.90
10.33
5.39
4.63
7.33
5.37
7.00
4.22
4.72
5.99
6.19
6.87
5.81
4.65
6.27
8.47
10.04
13.33
6.16
6.51
6.61
4.62
4.50
3.99
5.66
4.48
5.05
4.66
4.04
1.28
1.15
.60
.55
.84
.81
1.18
.41
.30
2
. <
6.15
9.53
9.87
6.21
4.81
4.85
4.54
4.55
5.85
5.92
2.82
5.45
4.97
5.89
4.51
2.87
4.52
5.07
3.42
1.92
.53
.57
.65
.22
49
20
5.90
9.15
3.66
7.10
4.67
5.03
4.26
5.03
3.56
3.68
3.00
4.13
3.50
4.12
4.46
2.74
4.59
3.62
4.26
2.08
.58
.52
.53
.36
.40
.14
4.96
4.61
6.31
4.10
3.74
4.56
4.12
4.62
4.77
5.83
4.43
4.24
5.01
.54
.58
.60
.44
B-2
-------
TABL3B-2. - Effect of ambient temperature on hydrocarbon
emission over cold transient
phase
HC. grams per test
Vehicle description
Ho del
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature. P
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
Chevrolet
me
Kercury
Chrysler
Oldsiaobile
Pord
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Pord
Mazda
Volvo
Pord
Chevrolet
Pord
49
53
59
54
57
58
52
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
112.7
75.9
151.4
67.1
55.9
85.5
124.4
37.4
28.3
78.8
50.3
68.9
26.7
33.1
49.2
82.9
33.5
50.4
38.6
89.5
65.3
53.8
130.7
30.2
46.8
49.4
36.0
24.5
21.2
48.9
37.2
39.3
29.6
24.0
27.8
41.8
73.6
23.9
24.8
24.2
27.9
19.9
19.0
22.0
14.6
13.7
16.2
19.6
21.3
16.9
18.2
14.9
16.9
10.5
22.4
34.0
40.7
22.3
16.2
19.5
17.5
19.7
13.2
14.4
10.5
12.8
10.8
16.1
13.9
12.9
16.4
11.6
17.0
8.8
17.7
15.3
26.2
14.9
15.9
16.8
12.6
16.6
13.8
14.6
15.9
14.7
19.8
PROTOTYPE
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
43
46
48
56
17.8
16.6
27.3
13.0
7.2
10.3
15.3
5.1
2.3
6.8
7.6
2.0
2.8
4.6
5.5
1.6
2.6
4.9
3.8
2.6
DIESEL
Opel
44
6.5
2.2
2.3
1.9
PROCO
Ford
47
7.8
. 3.4
2.1
1.5
B-3
-------
TABLE B-3. - affect of ambient temperature on hydrocarbon
emission over stabilized phase
HC , grams
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
per test
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
v//air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1367
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plj^inouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AMC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsciobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buicl:
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
53
62
55
60
50
51.
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
26.4
39.3
35.0
29.4
21.7
20.5
17.3
16.5
15.6
14.7
12.3
16.8
14.0
14.5
16.4
4.1
26.3
15.4
11-7
6.0
25.0
35.0
30.9
22.7
19.4
18.9
13.2
15.9
14.3
14.6
11.7
15.5
15.7
13.4
23.6
35.4
30.2
25.6
17.0
17.1
15.1
17.1
13.9
13.1
10.1
14.5
20.9
13.6
14.9
6.1
16.5
11.8
12.0
6.7
23.8
35.1
33.1
31.2
17.3
19.1
16.3
18.6
12.5
13.0
11.9
17.6
11.9
15.9
16.6
5.2
18.3
13.9
14.6
7.8
19.4
18.6
23.6
14.7
13.5
18.4
17.2
18.4
18.2
8.4
15.3
16.4
17.7
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
1.1
.9
2.1
.3
1.0
1.0
1.5
.3
1.1
.7
.9
.3
1.2
1.1
.8
.4
1.1
1.1
1.5
.4
DI2SEL
Opel
44
.9
.9
2.0
.8
PROCO
Ford
47
.4
.4
.2
B-4
-------
TABLE B-4 - Effect of ambient temperature on hydrocarbon
emission over
HC, grains
Vehicle description
Kodel
year
.Manu-
facturer
Code
20
hot transient ti
base
per test
Test temperature, P
50
•75
110
110
v//air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
Chevrolet
AMC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Pord
Mazda
Volvo
Pord
Chevrolet
Pord
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
18.2
30.5
24.8
19.5
16.2
16.7
11.8
13.7
12.3
11.3
11.1
10.7
11.0
11.7
12.9
11.7
18.9
11.4
11.6
4.5
18.2
30.1
22.6
18.6
16.3
16.6
10.5
12.7
11.4
11.9
10.5
9.6
11.5
11.5
18.2
31.6
21.5
18.7
14.7
15.6
12.1
14.8
12.0
12.1
8.3
9.7
16.4
12.5
14.4
14.4
14.1
8.6
11.2
5.7
18.9
33.2
25.2
21.8
18.9"
18.1
14.2
18.7
14.9
14.8
10.7
13.8
14.4
14.2
19.2
17.1
15.9
14.5
17.5
7.0
17.8
16.6
. 21.9
16.9
13.5
15.2
14.6
16.0
20.4
24.6
19.5
16.0
20.0
PROTOTYPE
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
43
46
48
56
1.5
1.0
.1.8
.7
3.8
1.1
1.4
.9
3.3
1.1
1.2
*9
3.5
1.5
1.5
2.9
3.3
2.0
2.5
3.2
DIESEL
PROCO
Opel
Pord
44
47
1.3
.7
.7
.5
1.4
2.4
.4
B-5
-------
Carbon monoxide emissions by vehicle
Duplicate test emissions averaged for 20°, 50°, 75°, 110°, and
110° F with air for each of 26 vehicles and at each test phase
of the 1975 CVS Federal test driving cycle.
Table B-5— weighted composite
B-6-- cold transient phase
B-7-- stabilized phase
B-8— hot transient phase
B-6
-------
TABLE B-S - Effect of ambient temperature on carbon monoxide
emission over 1975 CVS composite
CO. grams per mile
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
v;/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1369
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AHC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
PROTOTYPE
Ford 43
Chevrolet 46
Plymouth 48
Ford 56
DIESEL
PRO CO
Opel 44
Ford 47
140.3
124.1
146.3
68.0
87.8
82.0 .
82.8
47.3
70.0
92.5
63.3
107.5
37.8
45.4
124.3
16.8
60.3
78.7
84.6
72.7
110.2
114.4
164.5
42.5
79.8
63.7
49.4
44.3
53.4
75.1
46.3
72.8
36.9
36.6
39.3
14.9
27.6
30.0
1.9
1.8
20.0
7.4
16.8
18.8
1.4
.6
87.0
112.5
153.6
35.0
59.5
38.0
48.4
45.9
49.9
31
29
39
34
34
87.0
19.2
29.0
43.7
69.4
24.0
4.5
2.9
5.4
9.2
1.4
.7
78.7
111.2
180.8
35.5
50.2
48.6
32.5
31.3
42..3
24.2
32.8
64.9
59.9
43.3
108.1
24.6
38.3
69.0
104.7
39.3
8.1
1.8
3.7
10.9
1.2
.4
56.6
36.S
107.2
59.0
59!5
69.6
70.3
114.0
38.6
48.0
84.1
137.7
8.2
3.6
9.5
26.1
B-7
-------
iA3iiEB-6. - Infect of ambient temperature on carbon r.i.ono::ic.e
emission over
OU 9 /"^ j?3Jil 3
Vehicj
I-.ode..'.
yea:?
SSAIDA:
19 57
1 9 59
1970
1971
1972
1975
1974
Lo :ie3criotion
f act lire r
Code
20
cold transient "oho.se
per tost
Test ten-oerciture, F
50
75
110
110 •
I'D IHODUCTION
Ford
Chevrolet
Ply month
Ford
Chevrolet
.SIC
hercury
Chrysler
Gldnnobilo
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Bui cl:
Dodge
Ford
liazd?.
Vol vo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
>c
55
59
54
~ *7
53
62
55
50
50
51
52
51
55
59
''"•3
40
41
42
45
1251. 2
573 . 5
1252. 1
725. 9
532.6
915.5
1231.9
445.0
435.4
1111.7
325.1
1243. 5
593.4
443.4
911.4
123. 5
553.8
555.0
755.1
1059.0
390.0
527.5
1147.7
454.6
555. 5
555.2
545. 1
55 1 . 0
553.5
355.7
537.9
775.5
- • -;; £- ^
550.0
• !- '-ry . 1
420.2
951.5
195.2
593. 5
299.1
555.0
253.7
..' I • J • ^)
559.7
274.0
204.1
2 55. 5
292.5
555.1
95.4
143.1
0 07 f,
<- •J i • ^
579.4
209.7
215.3
1.' •' •- . *T
739.5
1 25. 0
1H3.1
143.5
55.2
550.4
1 • i n
I --,-4 • •-•'
PO T
120 [4
1 "71 ~
1 [<-•<->
135.7
139.1
273.5
100 . e
105.9
214.3
530.2
119.0
219.7
7 5 . 9
1 '- " r^
1Dli2
155.9
175.5
242.5
279.9
255.3
1 ;; 1 . 9
150.1
255.3
505.7
PROTOTYPE
DI2SEL
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
"r .-'
•-'/ v
• -3
55
357.9
251.3
470.3
455.3
517.7
117.2
234.4
250. 5
41.5
55.2
^J 'j . vJ
02 . 5
--3.7
10. *i
oo *^i
55.3
55.4
13 0
52^2
105.o
44
11.5
5.5
5.5
5.2
PROCO
10.1
-!-. 1
B-8
-------
TABLE B-7. - Effect of ambient temperature on carbon monoxide
emission over stabilized phase
CO . crams
Vehicle description
Iiodel
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
per test
Test t«
50
jmperature , F
75
110
110
v;/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AHC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
392.4
455.2
385.3
151.9
260.2
151.8
50.7
110.9
228.0
165.7
79.5
213.3
78.0
97.2
400.8
25.0
217.6
263.8
180.4
52.8
342.6
441.3
502.7
87.0
243.0
156.8
71.5
120.9
174.6
150.6
64.7
166.5
97.8
72.8
354.9
464.5
515.1
126.3
186.0
94.7
100.5
145.6
164.6
47.3
66.2
157.2
110.3
71.1
363.8
46.7
102.4
181.3
214.2
43.5
355.3
455.3
683.6
120.4
185.3
171.7
129.4
288.3
163.9
73.4
125.1
288.2
230.1
147.4
481.3
66.1
173.3
284.4
363.6
209.0
244.0
154.5
398.2
212.4
171.7
242.6
253.9
227.0
503.6
121.9
198.9
339.9
472.0
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
2.8
.7
2.8
12.2
3.5
.5
2.2
16.4
2.8
.5
.2.4
12.9
4.9
.7
4.2
20.6
8.0
1.1
23.1
79.9
DIESEL
Opel
44
6.4
5.6
5.8
4.2
PROCO
1?,
ord
47
.7
.5
.9
.6
B-9
-------
- ,.-,•', .-, -. - f» -f* r\v,f <-i •** 1", r"\ -J~ *t~")n "i Y\ •"* "i "i v*. "f" —i1-*! •*- ~" ."i
•Ji iJ. o o_uL} .1 U V c;j. IlU u L/J. UioJ_ o^j. u •J.Lr.^o J
•/.-). iii\:..j de:;c :'::.r-tic:i
. .. , ,~ .. •..^,,.:-,. -I/-,--! !'")dO
' •"'.', '7"i ' i"' "--.'••'," :',',"• ""r 'V '
1 •-••;•• rp-.-i ^ :;
1 J'C; j'ord 5 ;•
Cl-vvolet 57
.' L ."!'_/ ' / O
Mercii::-;' 62
1'07.) Oh:.:
1>72 J'ord ...:
1975 Ilazda 50
Volvo -0
7ord 41
Chevrolet 42
1574 Pord 45
PROTOTYPE
7oi-d •-;
0 A27.V01i't 46
Plymouth -i-2
?ord r>.i
cpoi .;••;
P^OGC
?crd -',7
20
? ^
• j.1 •
' • 'p ! .
121.
.'5.
;;•'!-.
i 54 .
..' / •
;' 2 .
.. -•* •
'"•% O
•' -' •
2 45 .
30.
1 52 .
155.
'•" -'i-5 .
65.
15.
r^
i— •
rJ.
-\
.S •
1.
;.-
'•j
2
';
'f
n
"r
,.
1
.3
.;'-.
1
1
_',
'"*!
3
,1
3
4
c
•)
5
,'
^
Test terrce
50 7
;.^:? ^
1 .> • .^' ^.
iyc.i 15
146.5 10
-' ^' • i -'
57.5 14
1 1 :; . /'. 1 5
71.-; 7
5 '- .2 o
' "• o o i
51 !o 3
35.5 10
25
10
J
12
25
V J
17.5 2
3.2 1
2. 5
^ *™ pr "'
L - - ' • .x
•';• • O
• •-'
j^.!
^
x1'
i".
5.
O
".•• •
j.
•b .
•i.
0.
1.
7.
1.
,-•
0 .
1.
0.
.^
0.
1 .
1.
> •
1.
5.
f-1
•:-.
•
.tu:
/
i
1
';.
?
2
0
1
5
3
.1
5
9
0
7
1
A
4
5
0
1
2
"
4
-
:e,
1
24
1C
1 ;
L.d
12
.;1
15
12
1 2
21
24
i >C
56
15
12
2 A
45
12
£
1
1
..J
10
%.' •
J, .
., • .
•_; ,
O .
.1
• ,• .
C'
w.' «
1.
ft.
'-./ .
o
<~j •
•^ ,
o
o .
1 .
.1.
•7
i .
> .
J4.
0.
^ .
i .
'"'"
•',-.
•
>
~
'|"l
^
Y
2
y
C;
'j
5
2
u
1
4
6
•s
x
. L
6
6
1
X
7
/;
>
2
1
;>
^
o
?
2
^
/!_
1
1
5
O
1
^ r» "1
1 1 .;
:;2 .
5.;.
-1 .
5y .
07 .
26.
07
•-* i .
15.
15.
94 .
05.
13.
05.
51.
;1 .
•."j 0 .
i"^ '
1
.'..
L,
2
2
3
'.;
"\
5
1
1
2
LJ
8
5
6
3
B-10
-------
Oxides of nitrogen emissions
Duplicate test emissions averaged for 20°, 50°, 75°, 110°, and
110° F with air for each of 26 vehicles and at each test phase
of the 1975 CVS Federal test driving cycle.
Table B-9 --weighted composite
B-10-- cold transient phase
B-ll—stabilized phase
B-12—hot transient phase
B-ll
-------
TA3L1-- B-9. - rjffect of ambient temperature on nitrogen o::ide
emission over 1
ITO::. ~rams p
/Chi G"
iiod 3i
y D ar
Ls ds.icript
i-.anu-
.i?r.cturor
STAiDAPJD PRODUCT!
1257
1969
1970
1971
1972
1975
1D74
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
Chevrolet
Ai-IC
I-Ier cury
Chrysler
Oldsriobilo
Pord
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Sui c-:
Dod^e
Pord
Mazda
Volvo
Pord
Chevrolet
Pord
ion
Code
OIT
43
55
53
54
57
53
62
55
50
50
51
52
51
S3
39
33
40
41
42
45
20
6.55
5.03
5.92
10.12
7.64
3. 54
15.04
O QQ
4 '.26
7.07
6.64
G.42
6.17
9.07
4.54
2.01
3.74
5.83
2.28
3.37
T
"7
4
3
8
5
r-7
/
10
3
4
3
5
3
5
8
975 GVS composite
er nile
est temperature,
50
.51
.46
.52
.92
.53
.23
.79
.31
.52
.26
.72
.00
.82
.50
75
*•
3.
2.
8.
5.
7.
3.
7.
3.
7.
5.
7.
5.
5.
4.
1.
2.
2.
1.
2.
73
32
35
60
55
59
31
44
^6
14
00
41
50
55
45
29
99
03
59
34
1
— ' •
2.
t— •
3.
5 .
5 .
*2 .
5 .
5.
r •
5.
5 .
-r «
5.
3.
.
5.
2.
1.
3.
P
10
v.:
JAJ
35
53
55
72
31
42
55
55
07
51
55
52
39
57
20
10
45
03
1
l3 ,
11.
t-S •
5.
5.
11.
6.
5.
-r »
1.
4.
2.
1.
10
25
.'•• i
02
39
54
14
95
72
76
73
51
59
•s' r
PP.OTOTYPJ
DljSHL
PP.OCO
Pord
Chevrolet
Plvmouth
Pord
Opel
A~
46
43
56
44
2.75
5.03
5.04
1.75
2.05
2
3
4
1
1
.70
.25
.59
.56
.93
2.
5.
2.
1.
1.
25
10
63
yy
73
2.
3.
2.
1.
1.
22
54
44
20
3O
O
2.
"r •
f- *
1.
3r
Q
22
^4
11
Pora
1.57
1.25
1.05
1 .07
B-12
-------
TA3L3 B-10- Effect of ambient temperature on nitrogen oxide
emission over cold transient
phase
NOx, grams per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, P
50
75
110
110
w/air
STAHDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AI-IC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Pord
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Pord
Mazda
Volvo
Pord
Chevrolet
Pord
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
14.67
21.13
11.09
23.34
29.95
23.26
29.54
31.36
19.04
17.40
20.32
19.18
26.71
27. 79
14.04
9.83
16.78
12.66
7.01
7.93
18.95
20.14
9.49
23.99
23.13
23.52
31.90
31.43
18.12
21.79
21.72
27.24
25.85
24.81
25.10
17.67
7.73
28.66
21.22
26.35
27.75
26.94
13.97
24.22
19.77
30.31
27.23
19.01
16.69
5.54
14.27
8.68
6.58
8.38
31.26
14.48
9.94
30.69
27.63
31.47
37.17
19.91
17.16
31.94
20.62
25.68
25.02
24.12
17.15
2.58
13.52
8.96
6.72
10.99
30.47
50.12
25.57
23.32
24.52
36.46
31.55
23.45
21.11
7.16
19.95
9.56
6.16
PROTOTYPE
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
43
46
48
56
6.64
13.24
22.63
8.73
8.45
12.46
19.35
9.59
7.65
11.54
8.67
10.24
7.42
11.26
10.36
9.29
9.05
12.68
12.13
8.74
DIESEL
Opel 44 7.46 7.57 6.48 6.73
PROCO
Pord 47 6.73 6.19 .4.98 4.71
B-13
-------
1.131'J B-11. - Affect oi* aabient temperature on nitrogen o::i-;
emission over
NO::,
/oil:'. si'. a denc:..1!^-;:!
. .o;i3-'- .'. -nu-
",r'- .".r.1 .'.?n.c 'ourr 3~*
3?.:..:iD.;.:u3 PIIODUCL'IC
1957 ?o-:d
Ohsvrol'.ct
J?l3"iouth
1i~-",o TO--""
I ./ -'^ J-'U- LA.
Chevrolet
.'•lie
Ilercurv
1370 C hr .7 c lei-
Old nnobilc
1971 J?ord
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Bui ok
Dod.-o
1972 ?ord
1975 I'r.sds.
Vol vo
j?ord
Chevrolet
1974 ?o::d
7ord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
DIMS^,
or.1
r^ ^ _
'^ OC . C
-.7
' r .-•
55
~ • \**
.;4
^^7
53
.'O
55
50
30
51
" 9
61
55
'•' i Q
53
:10
41
42
45
• :;
'''-O
1 d
:;•=
•••-'loric' •"*
V. Lwtoil^J tj
iTI
J.
o^
i'J
O".
-• s •
15.
2^ .
41 .
24.
52 .
55.
56.
15.
25.
24.
52.
13.
';5 .
15.
5.
12.
1 ^
1 *T •
"-'•
13.
11.
9.
10
i ^- .
5.
*r •'
42
14
35
57
69
54
07
50
52
00
07
02
13
16
56
55
74
55
65
:!•"'
5 5
OA
v^'J
25
14
15
'.'-.
22
25
59
-^*r
15
51
19
54
15
.x J
11
11
17
,1
stabilized plic.ce
^•v. 4-0r--f-
\~ ... L>C O I/
eot temperature,
— r\
3'D
t
• i i
* ^
. 'T^
f r*
. cu
.90
.25
.55
• ' >*
.01
.72
'vr'-
. i ^
.07
.72
.95
.21
.05
r-i •—
• v^.
• i >
.79
.20
i—
i
12 !
11.
54.
13.
27.
-^ I •
27.
10.
'~> '
17.*
25.
15.
25.
15.
'j .
9.
7.
5.
•— *•
.-^
J> •
IA
1 •
.•^
•^ *
'5
•*? "
29
> ^
15
52
91
L2.
72
71
P •
5 5
"2
10
5 5
15
35
53
10
77
O"."
22
55
55
0.;
21 .
>• .
7
41 .'
17.
1 "' '
"A .
20 .
11.
25.
16.
22.
11.
2,'. .
12.
1.
10.
«-•?
i •
'3 •
12.
10.
15.
>~i .
2.
T,1
A ."l
1'J
13
Cl '7
.' •""*
* r ^
:/\
,'; j",
46
' — '
D2
> --•'
r • '.'
t1 ^-'
72
16
''J O
l~l *"*!
75
^ -1
24
12
36
07
55
55
." i
0'",-
1"'2
•41
25
u;
25
4-j
25
'1-7
•- i
15
;^
16
2
5
12
16
o
2
110
/ n..i."..'
o ~
. 55
•"* /
• '-*'•,•
. 1 9
'"". ~7
• ^ 1
.00
~ r~
".21
.52
.59
.56
.70
.00
.55
• i '— '
.15
. ?-•'•
OpG 1
3.59
7.52
7.53
-. - .. \.^ -^ V
. 4.45 .'-.00 5'. 52
B-14
-------
TABLE B-12.- Effect of ambient temperature on nitrogen oxide
emission over not transient phase
NOx, grams per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AMC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
34.39
22.05
24.96
43.36
34.29
38.77
55.03
42.52
18.79
35.13
29.37
40.22
29.34
36.98
22.06
8.17
14.94
16.04
9.40
14.96
36.65
18.10
15.35
38.08
27.50
30.78
49.32
39.11
19.04
36.49
25.43
37.01
27.37
34.91
33.70
15.36
13.11
31.66
24.54
32.59
39.93
28.95
14.83
28.60
20.48
30.22
25.39
25.25
19.42
6.06
11.74
8.40
5.88
8.93
27.41
12.21
9.44
30.74
22.80
23.23
39.33
19.89
15.69
30.52
21.86
23.81
22.45
24.28
15.57
2.51
12.96
8.16
4.78
9.90
26.89
46.74
25.14
21.47
25.64
38.31
26.39
22.95
19.24
6.28
16.96
9.03
4.25
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
10.74
13.19
14.72
5.98
9.81
12.90
15.89
5.98
7.45
11.80
12.35
4.77
5.95
13.62
9.08
4.11
8.66
16.52
8.68
4.15
DIESEL
Opel 44 6.78 6.44 5.72 6.25
PROCO
Ford 47 5.19 4.71 4.24 4.47
B-15
-------
Total aldehyde emissions
Duplicate test emissions averaged for 20°, 50°, 75°, 110°, and 110° F
with air for each of 26'vehicles and at each test phase of the .1975
CVS Federal test driving cycle.
Table.B-13 — weighted composite .
B-14 — cold transient phase
B-15 — stabilized phase
B-16 — hot transient phase
B-16
-------
TABLE B-13.- Effect of ambient temperature on aldehyde
emission over 1975 CVS composite
RCHO. grams per mile
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AT'IC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
.20
.32
.26
.29
.17
.13
.15
.18
.29
.21
.24
.15
.15
.16
.25
.23
.19
.13
.14
.06
.14
.30
.20
.17
.13
.09
.06
.19
.15
.13
.09
PROTOTYPE
DIESEL
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
.04
.03
.06
.01
.05
.03
.05
.01
.06
.03
.03
.00
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.00
Opel
44
.05
.04
.05
.05
PROCO
Ford
47
.04
.03
.01
.01
B-17
-------
TABLE B-14. - Effect of ambient temperature on aldehyde
emission over
cold transient phase
HCHD. grams per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
1 10
T.v/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AI-IC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
.83
.82
.97
.96
.82
.46
1.25
.67
.70
.73
.72
.52
.57
.62
.75
.68
.61
.48
.37
.27
.53
.95
.73
.66
.45
.36
.44
.76
.54
.36
.52
PROTOTYPE
TjT-cicrT
JJX.Ci3.CiL
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
i
43
46
48
56
.22
.22
..51
.12
.19
.18
.53
.07
.16
.20
.24
.03
.15
.25
.15
.07
.05
.13
.04
Opel 44 .38 .16 .19 .18
PROCO
Ford 47 .36 .35 .14 .12
B-18
-------
TABLE B-15.- Effect of ambient temperature on aldehyde
emission over stabilized phase
RCHO. grams per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer Code
20
Test temperature, P
50
75
110
110
v//air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
Chevrolet
AMC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Pord
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Pord
Mazda
Volvo
Pord
Chevrolet
Pord
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
.83
1.44
1.04
1.27
.63
.52
.37
.71
1.25
.86
1.02
.63
.62
.64
1.09
1.00
.79
.56
.60
.16
.60
1.34
.85
.70
.55
.38
.18
.79
.70
.61
.25
PROTOTYPE
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
43
46
48
56
.15
.11
.18
.00
.19
.09
.16
.00
.24
.10
.10
.01
.14
.05
.06
.01
.06
.03
.00
DIESEL
Opel
PRO CO
44
.16
.15
.22
.18
Pord
47
.06
.04
.01
.01
B-19
-------
TABLE B-16.- Effect of ambient temperature on aldehyde
emission over
hot transient phase
ECHO, grams per test
Vehicle description
jfadel
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AMC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Tolvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
.55
1.06
.82
.89
.55
.39
.37
.60
1.13
.72
.89
.54
.45
.59
.85
.74
.69
.42
.49
.31
.45
.87
.58
.56
.35
.27
.21
.58
.36
.31
.35
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
.11
.10
.11
.01
.16
.09
.13
.01
.19
.08
.10
.01
.08
.04
.04
.02
.04
.03
.01
DIESEL
Opel 44 .14 .11 .14 .23
PROCO
Ford 47 .11 .07 .02 .03
B-20
-------
Fuel consumption
Fuel consumption averaged for duplicate tests at test ambients of 20°,
50°, 75°, 110°, and 110° F with air for each of 26 vehicles and each
phase of the 1975 CVS driving cycle.
Table B-17 — weighted composite
B-18 — cold transient phase
B-19 — stabilized phase
B-20 — hot transient phase .
B-21
-------
TABLE B-17- Effect of ambient temperature on fuel
economy over
1975 CVS composite
Fuel economy, miles per gallon
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
AMC
Mercury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
55
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
10.4
11.0
10.7
10.7
11.3
11.4
9.1
10.4
9.8
9.6
9.9
9.7
8.6
11.2
9.5
11.5
14.0
9.6
10.4
7.3
11.1
12.0
10.8
11.9
11.9
12.4
10.0
10.9
10.4
10.0
10.8
10.2
8.9
12.3
11.8
12.2
11.3
12.1
12.4
12.7
11.0
11.0
10.9
10.8
11.2
11.1
8.9
12.6
10.5
11.5
16.0
9.5
11.1
8.5
11.9
12.4
10.9
11.2
13.1
12.7
11.3
11.3
11.8
11.5
11.7
10.8
9.4
12.3
10.5
11.7
16.1
10.0
10.6
8.0
11.5
10.2
9.7
10.1
10.0
9.2
8.8
10.9
9.9
10.7
14.2
9.4
9.8
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
8.2
9.4
8.7
12.0
8.7
9.7
9.9
12.8
9.6
9.7
10.6
13.2
9.8
10.2
11.4
14.0
9.1
9.5
10.0
12.2
Opel
44
17.1
18.6
19.7
20.1
PROCO
Ford
47
19.3 20.4
21.2
20.5
B-22
-------
TABLE B-18.- Effect of ambient temperature on fuel
consumed over
cold transient phase
Fuel, grains per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
w/air
STAHDAHD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
-AI-IC
Mercury
Chrysl er
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mas da
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
62
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
1433.9
1125.3
1337.3
1226.5
1130.8
1268.6
1626.2
1136.1
1269.9
1462.9
1318.0
1466.0
1410.0
1104.4
1331.2
936.2
780.2
1279.1
1255.1
1821.0
1193.8
961.7
1214.2
974.1
985.7
990.0
1234.6
1026.8
1110.9
1312.8
1132.8
1232.2
1249. 2
945.3
947.6
869.4
1060.1
873.5
898.1
871.1
1077.3
957.5
1015.1
1030.6
970.7
935.4
1225.4
373.0
1003.4
854.2
616.2
1109.9
975.0
1245.8
815.4
804.2
994.9
845.3
770.9
772.3
867.6
880.3
85 5.. 6
850.3
834.7
852.5
10 58. 5
321.8
916.0
773.9
582.1
994.1
931.2
1109,0
854.9
949.6
1033.5
959.3
966.0
1006.7
1225.3
922.3
949.5
854.9
633.3
1075.2
1023.4
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
1573.9
1202. 3
1348. 2
1042. 3
1358.8
1051.3
1074.0
908.6
1071.9
1056.3
1045.4
789.7
1004. 3
935.7
934.4
702.2
1110.9
1022.5
996.5
764.9
44 742.0 621.5 537.3 534.1
47 556.7 . 479.1 445.5 440.5
B-23
-------
TABLE B-19.- Effect of ambient temperature on fuel
consumed over stabilized phase
Fuel, grams per test
Vehicle descriptionTest temperature. F
Model Manu- ! l"l5~~
year facturer Code 20 50 75 110 v//air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967 Ford 49 958.4 954.2 939.9 978.5
Chevrolet 53 971.5 916.2 916.3 913.7
Plymouth 59 935.1 963.4 965.4 1021.1
1969 Ford 54 975.9 893.0 922.6 1056.0
Chevrolet 57 934.8 913.8 883.0 852.4 976.5
AMC 58 876.4 853.0 864.3 892.7
Mercury 62 1146.0 1065.2 989.5 1014.9 1127.7
1970 Chrysler 55 1040.6 1011.9 1023.6 1005.4 1173.2
Oldsmobile 60 1099.6 1065.3 1026.3 972.0 1135.0
1971 Ford 50 1096.1 1057.3 1054.6 1006.4
Chevrolet 51 1095.6 1013.3 1012.1 998.0 1157.7
Chevrolet 52 1046.4 1056.5 1030.5 1103.9 1289.1
Buidc 61 1290.7 1277.3 1290.4 1243.5 1271.9
Dodge 65 940.8 867.5 872.9 913.4 1042.3
1972 Ford 39 1149.8 1115.8 1115.6 1179.8
1973 Mazda 38 1035.3 1054.2 1040.2 1136.9
Volvo 40 829.1 736.4 744.7 848.7
Ford 41 1144.2 1196.4 1161.1 1219.7
Chevrolet 42 1015.9 1007.2 1062.1 1136.1
1974 Ford 45 1443.0 1334.8 1465.0
PROTOTYPE
Ford 43 1274.6 1252.8 1189.7 1160.5 1272.4
Chevrolet 46 1176.3 1175.7 1175.6 1146.5 1215.5
Plymouth 48 1308.5 1156.7 1046.4 982.3 1143.1
Ford 56 899.8 866.2 872.8 834.2 973.8
DIESEL
Opel 44 612.0 580.1 548.4 544.7
PROCO
Ford 47 599.9 586.5 572.7 585.9
B-24
-------
TABLE B-20. - Effect of ambient temperature on fuel
consumed over
hot transient phase
Fuel. Krams per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
20
Test temperature, F
50
75
110
110
w/air
SSAHMRD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
me
Ker cury
Chrysler
Oldsmobile
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Mazda
Volvo
Ford
Chevrolet
Ford
49
53
59
54
57
58
52
55
60
50
51
52
61
63
39
38
40
41
42
45
770.2
783.3
782.8
800.2
730.7
732.8
331.5
847.1
380.0
814.9
812.4
844.6
959.1
800.2
850.7
693.6
586.0
870.3
839.1
1115.0
739.0
747.9
799.7
794.9
747.1
717.4
864.6
818.2
830.1
823.0
766.9
816.4
943.1
753.9
769.4
750.1
761.2
778.9
732.0
720.0
309.5
831.0
826.7
779.5
782.7
816.2
968.4
724.5
845.1
708.1
541.5
924.5
809.0
1034. 3
770.4
759.5
837.2
807.4
733.1
741.7
825.3
834.0
777.5
808. 3
771.6
824.8
925.0
770.1
843.9
751.5
538.8
912.9
908.3
1109.0
855.5
926.2
944.0
923.3
908.6
979.1
1042.2
869.3
925.4
803.5
621.7
966.9
992.0
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43
46
48
56
1041.9
938.1
923.7
702.8
1016.4
933.0
881.7
672.7
958.6
,956.1
847.3
667.6
951.9
893.7
812.0
643.2
988.2
983.9
913.5
729.7
DIESEL
Opel
44
521.8 491.0 465-. 4 474.6
PROCO
Ford
436.5 .413.5 394.8 433.1
B-25
-------
APPENDIX C (13 pages)
Total, non-methane, and reactive
hydrocarbon emissions by vehicle
Duplicate test emissions averaged for 20°, 50°, 75°, 110° and 110° F with
air for each of 12 vehicles and at each phase of the 1975 CVS Federal
test driving cycle.
Total hydrocarbon for
(Tables Cl-4)
Non-methane for —
(Tables C5-8)
Reactive for —
(Tables C9-12)
a. weighted composite
b. cold transient phase
c. stabilized phase
do hot transient
a. weighted composite
b. cold transient phase
c. stabilized phase
d. hot transient phase
a. weighted composite
b. cold transient phase
c. stabilized-phase
d. hot transient phase
C-l
-------
TABLE c-l. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
total hydrocarbon over the 1975 CYS weighted emissions
(Results are average of duplicate tests)
Total hydrocarbon, grams per mile
Vehicle description
Model Manu-
year facturer Code
Test temperature. F
20
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967 Ford
1969 Pord
AMC
Mercury
1971 Chevrolet 52
Buick
1973 Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 1 /
11.37
9.26
8.90
10.33
7.00
4.22
6.19
8.47
6.16
6.61
4.62
5.05
4.47
6.06
6.21
4.85
4.54
3.45
4.97
3.02
5.90
7.10
5.03
4.26
4.13
3.30
2.74
4.61
4.56
4.12
3.83
PROTOTYPE
Ford 43 2/
Chevrolet 46 J5/
Plymouth 48
Ford 56
1.31
1.00
1.92
.84
.94
.81
1.18
.41
.53
.57
.65
.22
.58
.52
.53
.36
.52
.60
.44
PROCO
Ford
47
.55
.28
.20
.14
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
1/ Single test for 75 F
I/ Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
3/ Single test for 20 F
C-2
-------
TABLE c-2. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
total TiycFro carbon over the cold transient phase
(Results' are
i
Vehicle descr:
average of duplicate tests)
total hydrocarbon,
tption
Model kanu-
year facturer Code
20
grams per test
Test temperature.
50 75
F
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967 Ford
1969 Ford
AMC
Mercury
49
54
58
62
1971 Chevrolet 52
Buick
1973 Mazda
PROTOTYPE
Ford
61
38 _!/
43 2/
Chevrolet 46 J5/
Plymouth 48
Ford
PRQCO
Ford
56
47
112.68
67.12
85.51
124.40
68.86
26.68
82.90
18.01
14.24
26.32
12.99
7.85
65.33 27.49
30.20 23.93
49.37 24.20
35.98 27.87
39.34 13.65
29.55 16.19
17.60
8.71 2.32
10.33 6.75
15.32 7.63
5.12 2.03
3.37 2.07
22.40
22.29
19.52
17.55
12.81
10.79
12.90
2.82
4.55
5.47
1.57
1.50
15.25
16.82
12.61
14.62
2.15
3.77
2.59
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
Single test for 75 F
Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
Single test for 20 F
c-3
-------
TABLE c-3. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
to-fcal hydrocarbon over the
stabilized phase
(ResuTis are average of duplicate tests)
Total hydrocarbon,
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
grams per test
Test temperature, F
20
50
75
1
10
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1971
1973
Ford
Ford
AMC
Mercury
Chevrolet
Buick
Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 J/
26.
29.
20.
17.
16.
13.
4.
43
43
50
26
80
97
09
25.02
22.66
18.91
13.22
15.49
15.69
2 3. 35
25.63
17.09
15.15
14.46
20.95
6.82
23.
31.
19.
16.
17.
11.
5.
81
25
06
28
58
90
22
18.. 58
18.35
17.19
8.37
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43 2 /
46 3/
48
56
1.
•
2.
•
19
81
11
27
.98
.99
1.46
.33
1.11
.71
.89
.29
1.
1.
•
•
21
06
77
36
.93
1.46
.38
PROCO
Ford
47
.36
.34
.44
.17
NOTE. — Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
1/ Single test for 75 F
Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
Single test for 20 F
c-4
-------
TABLE c-4. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
to-tiai
hydrocarbon over the hot transient phase
[Results are average of duplicate tests}
Total hydrocarbon.
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer Code
grams per test
Test temperature, P
20
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1.971
1973
Ford
Pord
AMC
Mercury
Chevrolet
Buick
Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 J/
18.24
19.53
16.66
11.75
10.70
10.96
11.75
13.21
18.58
16.59
10.51
9.58
9.01
18.10
18.66
15.63
12.10
9.74
16.40
14.50
18.94
21.76
18.08
14.20
13.84
14.38
17.10
16.62
15.16
14.56
24.64
PROTOTYPE
PRO CO
Pord
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Pord
Pord
43 2/
46 3/
48
56
47
1.59
.96
1.77
.74
.72
4.11
1.10
1.37
.94
.52
3.31
1.12
1.19
.88
.33
3.46
1.50
1.49
2.88
.42
3.58
2.45
3.23
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
1/ Single test for 75 P
"2J Single test for 20 P, 50 P, 110 P w/air
J5/ Single test for 20 P
c-5
-------
TABLE c-5. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
non-methane Hydrocarbon over
the 1975
(Results are average or dupj.
CTS weighted emissions
icate testsj
Non-methane hydrocarbon, grams per mile
Vehicle description
Model Mann-
year facturer
Code
Test temperature.
20
50
75
F
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967 Ford
1969 Ford
AMC
Mercury
1971 Chevrolet
Buick
1973 Mazda
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 \J
43 2/
46 &
48
56
10.20
8.76
8.14
9.31
6.21
3.94
5.97
1.02
.86
1.60
.63
7.71
5.90
6.13
4.26
4.46
4.17
.74
.68
.94
.26
5.70
5.99
4.61
4.24
3.20
4.71
2.82
.43
.48
.54
.14
5.58
6.85
4.76
4.04
3.80
3.01
2.54
.43
.40
.43
.27
4.40
4.25
3.78
3.47
.41
.44
.34
PRO CO
Ford
47
.46
.22
.15
.11
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
1/ Single test for 75 F
2/ Si
I/
, Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
/ Single test for 20 F
c-6
-------
TABLE c-6. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
non-met'bahe Hydrocarbon over the
cold transient phase
("Results are average of duplicate tests)
Non-methane hydrocarbon, grams per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer Code
Test temperature,
20
50
75
, F
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1971
1973
Ford
Ford
AMC
Mercury
Chevrolet
Buick
Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 I/
98.70
61.61
75.40
108.71
59.14
23.98
80.96
57.27
28.05
44.13
31.67
33.25
26.68
25.50
22.96
22.59
25.20
12.65
14.52
16.46
21.45
21.53
18.57
16.77
11.85
9.78
12.13
14.68
15.70
11.32
13.68
PROTOTYPE
PROCO
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Ford
43 2/
46 3/
48
56
47
14.35
12.86
21.66
10.07
7.02
6.38
9.47
12.06
3.43
3.04
1.76
6.29
6.60
1.38
1.73
2.30
4.21
4.90
1.10
1.28
1.73
3.30
1.98
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
1/ Single test for 75 F
2/ Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
Single test for 20 F
c-7
-------
TABLE c-7. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
non-m"eTih"ane"^hydrocarbon over the stab]
(Results are average of duplicate 1
.lized phase
tests)
^Ton-methane
Vehicle description
nod el Manu-
year facturer Code
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967 Ford 49
1969 Ford 54
AMC 58
Mercury 62
1971 Chevrolet 52
Buick 61
1973 Mazda 38 J/
PROTOTYPE
Ford 43 2/
Chevrolet 46 J3/
Plymouth 48
Ford 56
PROCO
Ford 47
hydrocarbon, grams per test
Test temperature, F
L 20 50 75
24.20 23.34 21.93
28.43 21.95 24.75
19.58 18.01 16.37
16.62 12.60 14.40
15.41 14.06 13.40
13.30 14.91 20.07
3.69 6.23
.80 .69 .78
.49 .57 .41
1.78 1.20 .62
.10 .14 .11
.14 .14 .24
110
1 10 w/air
22.41
30.25
18.03
15.44 17.73
16.13 17.10
10.74 15.87
4.67 7.26
.68 .55
.59
.44 .87
.14 .13
.11
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
1/ Single test for 75 F
?/ Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
2/ Single test for 20 F
C-8
-------
TABLE c-8. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
non-methane" nydrocarbon over the hot transient phase
(Results are average of duplicate tests)
Non-methane hydrocarbon, grams per test
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer Code
Test temperature, F
20
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1971
1973
Ford
Ford
AMC
Mercury
Chevrolet
Buick
Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 I/
17.23
13.96
15.94
11.35
10.01
10.47
10.99
17.29
18.00
15.77
10.11
8.90
8.63
17.26
18.02
14.94
11.58
9.10
15.78
13.74
17.85
20.82
16.93
13.46
12.73
13.42
16.11
15.77
14.10
13.39
22.55
PROTOTYPE
PROCO
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Ford
43 2/
46 %
48
56
47
1.21
.71
1.58
.46
.54
3.76
.80
1.21
.64
.37
2.96
.80
.99
.55
.18
2.74
1.06
1.14
2.45
.28
3.09
1.80
2.72
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
I/ Single test for 75 F
Z/ Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
3/ Single test for 20 F
c-9
-------
TABLE c-9. Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
reactive hydrocarbon over the 1975 CVS weighted emissions
(Results are average of duplicate tests)
Reactive nyarocarbon. grams per mile
Vehicle description Test temperature, F
Hod el Mann- TlO"
year facturer Code 20 50 73 110 w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967 Ford 49 8.51 6.63 4.82 4.77
1969 Ford 54 7.87 5.38 5.20 5.96 .
AMC 58 6.92 5.29 3.93 4.06 .
Mercury 62 7.56 3.65 3.53 3.45 3.77
1971 Chevrolet 52 4.99 3.62 2.62 2.79 3.51
Buick 61 3.45 3.63 3.98 2.44 3.11
1973 Mazda 38 J/ 5.44 2.44 2.20 2.91
PROTOTYPE
Ford 43 2/
Chevrolet 46 _3/
Plymouth 43
Ford 56
.90
.74
1.40
.54
.63
.60
.82
.23
.38
.43
.47
.11
.37
.36
.37
.24
.36
.39
.30
47 .40 .20 .13 .10
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
1/ Single test for 75 F
"g/ Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
2/ Single test for 20 F
c-io
-------
TABLE r-in.Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of __
reactive
hydrocarbon over the cold transient phase
(Results are average of
duplicate tests)
Reactive hydrocarbon, grams
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
Test
20
per
test
temperature. F
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1971
1973
Ford
Ford
AMC
Mercury
Chevrolet
Buick
Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 J/
78.
52.
59.
83.
44.
19.
73.
44
78
98
16
11
55
68
45.
24.
35.
25.
24.
21.
94
60
41
17
17
66
21.
19.
18.
20.
10.
10.
14.
12
79
78
06
24
87
21
18
18
15
14
9
7
.56
.69
.89
.40
.57
.57
10.51
12.50
12.81
8.54
11.83
PROTOTYPE
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
43 2/
46 3/
48
56
12.
11.
18.
8.
71
04
67
75
4.
8.
10.
2.
97
31
28
92
1.
5.
5.
1.
50
73
76
19
2
3
4
.00
.87
.20
.92
1.53
2.89
1.68
PROCO
Ford 47 6.03 2.76 1.52 1.16
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
I/ Single test for 75 F
2/ Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
5/ Single test for 20 F
c-il
-------
TABIE c-11.Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
re acTive hvjlro car Don
over the stabilized phase
(Result's are average of duplicate tests )
Reactive hydrocarbon, grams
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
per tes^
Test temperature. F
20
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1971
1973
Ford
Ford
me
Mercury
Chevrolet
Buick
Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 J/
21.46
26.33
17.86
15.09
13.52
12.15
3.38
21.05
20.34
16.38
11.40
12.39
13.51
18.64
21.65
14.12
12.30
11.08
17.43
5.30
19.19
26.53
15.54
13.26
13.35
8.61
3.93
15.29
14.21
13.38
5.90
PROTOTYPE
PROCO
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Ford
43 2/
46 2/
48
56
47
.68
.42
1.65
.08
.12
.61
.49
1.09
.11
.12
.66
.35
.55
.09
.22
.54
.48
.39
.12
.11
.44
.77
.10
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio -1.85
1/ Single test for 75 F
"gj Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
2/ Single test for 20 F
C-12
-------
TABLE c-12 .Effect of ambient temperature on emissions of
reactive TTyclro carbon over the hot' transient phase
TRe'sults are average of duplicate tests)
Reactive hydrocarbon, grams
Vehicle description
Model
year
Manu-
facturer
Code
per test
Test temperature, F
20
50
75
110
110
w/air
STANDARD PRODUCTION
1967
1969
1971
1973
Ford
Ford
AMC
Mercury
Chevrolet
Buick
Mazda
49
54
58
62
52
61
38 J/
15.14
17.48
14.45
10.21
8.68
9.30
10.09
15.67
16.48
14.21
9.01
7.65
7.72
14.78
15.52
12.76
9.75
7.36
13.57
12.04
15.13
17.76
14.22
11.33
6.01
11.26
14.15
13.30
11.64
10.97
18.99
PROTOTYPE
PROCO
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Ford
Ford
43 2/
46 3/
48
56
47
1.03
.63
1.49
.40
.49
3.54
.72
1.14
.58
.33
2.73
.69
.92
.47
.16
2.45
.91
1.04
2.29
.27
2.82
1.60
2.51
NOTE.—Reactive hydrocarbon is total hydrocarbon less methane,
ethane, propane, acetylene and benzene
Emissions calculated using CH ratio 1.85
I/ Single test for 75 F
2/
Single test for 20 F, 50 F, 110 F w/air
Single test for 20 F
C-13
-------
APPENDIX D (4 pages)
Effect of ambient temperature on emissions for
vehicle no. 69. 70. and 71
D-l
-------
TABLE D-I. - Effect of ambient temperature on emissions J/
(Vehicle No. 69, 1974 360 CID Plymouth)
Emissions, grams/test phase
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2/. .
Total aldehydes (as HCHO)
Fuel used, grams/test phase.....
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2/. .
Total aldehydes (as HCHO). . .7. . .
Fuel used, grams/test phase.....
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2/. .
Total aldehydes (as HCHO)
b(J
3^6765
3289.79
18.02
10.82
1217.05
~ 38733
3638.63
6.01
9.56
1172.15
" 39752
2930. 61
6.67
11.27
950.20
70
" 121.8*7" '
3322.76
12.00
10.86
1119.95
37.76" '
3617.27
5.60
9.49
1164.75
44.41" '
2902.64
7.23
10.63
944. 40
Ambient temperature F
8O
COLD TRANSIENT PHASE
91 20
3304.65
11.23
10.92
1098. 25
STABILIZED PHASE
40.04
56 32 . 1 3
5.85
10.01
1 170.85
HOT TRANSIENT PHASE
56.53
2863.76
7.52
10.85
938.40
9O
"94.21 " "
5136.92
5.81
9.75
1041. 50
" 55. 15 "
3521.56
6. ^7
3.34
1 1 44 . 1 5
76759
2736. 17
8.02
9.53
908.60
Emissions, grams/mile
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.85) ,
Oxides of nitrogen (as NO2) 2/,
Total aldehydes (as HCHO)...7.,
Fuel economy, mpg (1975 CVS)..,
26784
896.49
2.34
2.75
15.
893,
1.
2,
40
,41
,98
.70
1975 CVS
" ~~ 14.
891.
1.
2.
WEIGHTED
40
99
72
EMISSIONS
13,
857,
1,
2,
,58
,34
,82
.55
9.38
9.61
9.64
9.95
1/ All results are averages of duplicate tests.
?/ ITO:; corrected to 75 nrainc v;ater vapor.
-------
TABEE D-2. - Effect of ambient temperature on emissions J/
(Vehicle No. 70, 1974 350 CID Chevrolet)
Ambient temperature F
7O
Emissions, grams/test phase
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.85)
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2/..
Total aldehydes (as HCHO)
Fuel used, grams/test phase
Carbon monoxide
Carbon di oxide
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.85)
Oxides of nitrogen (as NO2) 2/.
Total aldehydes (as HCHO)
Fuel used, grams/test phase....
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.85)
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2/.
Total aldehydes fas HCHO)
Fuel used, grams/test phase....
" 30370T
3174.95
10.35
9.38
.74
1164.25
"150.15
3670.37
6.05
5.01
.75
1228.05
"144722
2940.58
5.40
1004.15
2998.21
5.34
7.34
.39
1019.60
Emissions, grains/mile
COLD TRANSIENT PHASE
24T. 45
3205.05
8.68
9.67
.55
1142.00
15"7 .19
3203.11
7.23
8.91
.63
1115.10
18^7.20 "
3155.20
7.57
7.74
.53
1095.30
STABILIZED PHASE
3867. 21
5.69
6.43
.60
1286. 15
3871.01
5.15
6.47
.76
1282. 70
1T8.90"-
3828.61
5.40
6.09
.73
1271.70
HOT TRANSIENT PHASE
141757 -------
2957.69
5.99
6.99
.49
1008.85
154.1"?
2851.85
6.32
6.46
.46
982.00
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2j. .
Total aldehydes (as HCHO)
Fuel economy, mpg (1975 CVS)....
45797
894.90
1.81
1.91
.18
9.12
41. 15
927.25
1.66
1.97
.14-
8.90
37 . 33
924.56
1.56
1.90
.17
8.98
38.30
908 12
1.63
1.75
16
9.12
1/ All results are averages of duplicate tests.
Z/ NO:; corrected to 75 grains v/ater vapor.
-------
TABLE D-3. - Effect of ambient temperature on emissions \J
(Vehicle No. 71, 1974 351 CID Ford)
Ambient temperature F
bO
70
80
90
Emissions, grams/test phase
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.85) ,
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2j'.
Total aldehydes (as HCHO) ,
Fuel used, grams/test phase...,
Carbon monoxide ,
Carbon dioxide ,
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.85) ,
Oxides of nitrogen (as NO2) 2/t
Total aldehydes (as HCHO) ,
Fuel used, grains/test phase...,
3292.00
12.85
12.27
1162.15
~ T6769"
3751.37
5.44
11.30
1211.30
COLD TRANSIENT PHASE
' 74'5.89 1T6729"
3475.67 3230.08
10.20 9.68
13.50 12.04
1179.80 1085.65
~ 0770?
3237.05
7.79
11.77
1076.40
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.S5)
Oxides of nitrogen (as N02) 2/.
Total aldehydes (as HCHO)
Fuel used, grams/test phase....
Emissions, g
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon (as CH1.85)
0;d.dos of nitrogen (as NO2) 2f.
Total aldehydes"(ao HCHO)
?ui?l economy, inp^ (1975 CVS)...
2958.39
8.84
12.22
968.15
' "53723
913.76
2.13
9.
STABILIZED PHASE
• -45.46 46785 40707
3832.33 3668.19 3680.89
5,79 5.36 5.62
12.13 11.13 11.06
1236.60 1185.10 1189.95
HOT TRANSIENT PHASE
" "59.01 "£3765 §5725"
2939.33 2878.06 2953.33
9.48 9.04 10.22
12.51 H.76 12.71
965.45 947.95 983.55
935.64
2.08
3.34
9.15
1975 CVS V/EIGHTSD EMISSIONS
T777"5 T8745
893.02 900.83
1.96 1.97
9. 53
9.4G
1/ All vc;cults arc avoragos of duplicate testa.
7/ "iO ^oi-^uctcJ ic Yj- ';•:•• in.: . •.:;.; • v :pcj .
-------
APPENDIX E (29 pages)
Vehicle temperatures
Temperatures listed at 10 time intervals during the 41 minute
test for air to car coolant,, air and air to carburetor. The
temperatures are averages of duplicate tests for each of 25
vehicles tested at 20°, 50°, 75°, and 110° F.
E-l
-------
TABLE E-l." Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 38, 1973 Mazda)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures. °F
Air
to
car
Water
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
19
21
22
24
24
21
31
67
133
143
148
Oil
21
30
56
110
115
125
Air to
carburetor
20° ? .\MBIE
20
27
45
82
108
118
Hot start phase temperatures. °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
NT
20
22
24
24
157
146
145
145
121
123
121
124
102
119
105
101
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
76
78
78
77
78
76
88
124
164
169
171
75
91
121
151
157
161
76
81
92
119
130
140
74
77
77
77
174
171
170
172
155
160
162
165
134
140
131
128
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
108
110
109
109
109
108
119
149
181
185
189
107
120
146
177
181
187
110° F AMB
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
105
107
110
109
111
109
107
121
155
189
199
202
107
126
156
188
190
197
107
109
117
134
in
143
106
109
110
110
189
189
189
191
-,
175
184
187
188
153
144
142
143
LENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
105
111
123
135
139
148
105
110
111
111
201
201
202
202
186
195
198
198
160
150
144
143
-------
TA3LF. E-2.- Vehicle temperatures during teats
(Vehicle No. 39, 1972 Ford Torino)
Time,
minutes
Gold start phase temperatures, *F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMB1
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
19
21
22
23
25
20
59
104
146
165
176
20
20
55
118
148
169
19
50
75
109
96
94
Hot st.art phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
air to
carburetor
ENT
24
22
22
26
192
172
172
178
140
165
167
183
93
106
100
94
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
74
75
76
76
76
76
77
115
147
188
193
197
77
84
108
159
192
200
77
91
106
107
112
124
79
76
77
77
200
192
193
195
171
194
199
207
126
121
114
120
F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
105
107
109
109
110
109
106
141
171
198
199
204
105
112
134
184
206
211
106
112
122
141
144
156
107
108
111
110
227
201
199
202
186
207
211
217
150
151
147
150
U0° F AMBIENT WITH AIR CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
103
108
110
110
109
109
108
114
137
211
216
107
114
127
148
149
160
106
109
111
111
190
211
218
224
154
160
153
158
-------
TABLE E-3.- Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 40, 1973 Volvo)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, "F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor 1^
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
19
20
22
22
21
19
70
135
173
172
179
20
20
22
59
103
129
20
20
21
24
25
27
19
20
20
23
177
162
170
181
113
117
111
121
106
41
43
50
75* F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
74
76
77
76
75
75
143
173
170
171
170
74
74
82
118
147
163
73
76
76
79
79
82
74
75
76
76
189
164
169
170
153
156
162
165
118
87
80
80
M
•F-
nn° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
103
108
109
109
109
108
110
164
180
174
175
173
108
110
118
158
177
190
108
107
109
111
111
117
103
106
109
108
202
167
172
174
166
173
183
186
149
116
111
111
110° F AMBIENT WIIH -MR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
102
108
110
109
110
109
109
111
120
154
183
203
108
108
109
113
112
115
105
109
110
109
180
188
193
197
162
121
116
114
I/ From air filter into intake manifold.
-------
TABLE E-4.- Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 41, 1973 Ford LTD)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
16
19
21
24
24
24
20
70
133
184
184
184
20
21
47
145
176
179
20
41
64
90
99
99
22
21
22
25
197
183
185
186
132
176
182
190
94
96
89
98
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
74
75
76
77
77
77
77
131
175
190
190
194
75
79
114
172
193
194
77
97
99
98
96
103
75 .
74
77
77
204
189
191
191
167
194
198
204
122
104
99
96
i
01
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
104
108
110
111
110
109
113
158
191
196
199
206
108
114
146
160
206
208
108
108
111
126
124
135
105
107
108
110
215
205
205
207
186
207
211
217
150
135
127
129
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
105
106
109
110
109
109
109
135
162
202
203
210
109
118
148
190
211
216
109
110
116
126
126
132
105
108
110
110
229
208
209
213
186
212
216
225
150
136
129
129
-------
TABLE E-5.- Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 42, 1973 Chevrolet Laguna)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures . °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
16
19
21
22
23
23
21
22
54
91
158
176
20
40
78
104
100
90
20
20
22
24
151
165
169
185
89
92
97
89
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
76
77
77
76
75
76
101
140
178
178
185
76
78
97
158
185
196
75
102
105
105
108
115
75
76
75
76
212
190
185
179
179
190
193
203
124
119
107
116
ra
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
104
105
109
109
109
108
109
131
165
191
191
193
107
113
128
180
198
206
107
111
116
140
142
146
107
109
111
110
217
195
195
193
193
200
205
214
147
148
144
148
110° F AMBIENT WITH.AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
109
107
110
' 110
109
109
109
114
129
182
201
208
107
112
121
145
145
151
103
108
111
111
195
201
206
217
151
151
149
151
-------
TABLE E-6.- Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 43, 1973 Ford LTD Catalyst Equipped)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBTEN
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
20
21
24
26
27
20
56
118
186
187
192
20
22
52
139
165
182
19
29
42
65
65
79
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
T
20
22
25
27
205
188
187
190
152
169
182
186
106
76
66
74
50°F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
51
52
51
50
50
51
95
153
191
190
194
50
55
93
158
174
187
50
63
70
83
86
94
49
48
50
49
214
188
190
193
159
183
188
199
122
100
96
96
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
75
77
76
76
75
76
105
142
183
188
195
73
76
99
152
181
190
77
87
97
100
121
130
75
73
75
76
214
188
189
193
168
186
192
198
140
125
112
120
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
105
105
109
110
111
110
108
115
152
189
197
200
107
109
122
168
198
205
113
114
120
153
154
168
109
108
111
112
222
205
195
200
184
201
.201
213
180
171
166
171
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
109
112
110
111
111
108
139
174
199
199
205
107
114
136
180
204
210
114
124
148
191
215
225
108
110
111
111
226
205
202
204
190
206
214
218
213
224
226
230
-------
i
oo
TABLE E-7.- Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 44, 1973 Opel Diesel)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to l
carburetor —
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
18
20
20
20
18
21
26
53
87
77
87
20
26
48
109
137
143
19
20
21
25
24
27
16
18
20
21
105
80
88
92
113
134
136
146
72
30
25
26
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
45
48
50
52
50
51
51
61
92
106
108
130
52
61
82
133
151
150
52
49
52
55
54
57
48
50
51
51
144
114
120
117
130
151
154
165
92
61
56
57
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
70
72
75
76
75
75
79
83
105
139
124
131
76
87
104
148
163
169
83
100
110
120
125
135
73
75
75
76
170
141
133
142
143
163
166
173
145
135
130
133
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
. 22.9
107
110
110
110
110
111
107
115
150
158
152
159
105
115
132
167
180
185
119
127
150
183
197
212
107
111
110
110
182
161
166
165
166
179
183
190
178
200
203
215
I/ From air filter into intake manifold.
-------
TABLE E-8.- Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 45, 1974 Ford LTD)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° P AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
19
20
24
25
25
21
84
152
194
196
195
20
20
54
145
198
207
20
35
40
120
88
94
22
20
22
25
220
194
195
198
157
195
202
210
86
94
104
99
75° F'AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
77
77
78
78
75
75
79
136
190
186
197
201
77
85
119
186
210
215
76
93
107
103
98
118
72
76
76
77
225
197
196
200
181
206
211
220
120
117
105
102
i
\o
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
107
106
110
110
110
110
109
155
199
205
205
211
107
116
144
201
220
226
109
109
114
129
129
136
105
109
111
112
243
210
209
213
198
221
228
236
159
139
133
137
-------
TABLE E-9.- Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 46, 1973 Chevrolet Catalyst Equipped)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase, temperatures., °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
19
21
22
25
28
30
23
48
114
189
191
193
23
25
36
116
155
175
20
32
50
70
70
80
50° F AMBIE*
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
48
49
51
51
52
52
51
78
129
185
194
198
50
51
65
128
169
189
50
65
78
91
88
100
24
25
30
30
212
191
193
195
151
161
167
179
89
83
77
74
IT
52
50
51
52
219
194
196
199
164
175
189
197
108
99
95
97
I
I-"
o
75" F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
82
79
75
79
75
75
79
106
165
197
197
900
81
83
99
160
185
700
78
92
93
103
100
106
75
74
76
77
220
197
198
200
183
185
198
207
122
108
103
106
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
107
110
110
111
111
111
106
131
176
201
201
202
106
109
125
180
198
208
107
109
111
111
230
200
201
203
195
200
209
216
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
108
110
109
110
111
112
108
135
180
202
202
206
108
111
129
185
203
212
108
109
113
118
125
129
110
110
110
111
231
207
203
204
197
202
210
219
146
142
130
132
-------
TABLE E-10. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 48, 1973 Chrysler Plymouth Sattelite)
rime into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
19
21
24
27
27
25
61
112
182
186
187
23
24
36
87
133
157
23
38
55
78
86
83
50° F AMBIEN1
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
48
49
53
51
52
49
50
79
128
188
191
192
48
50
60
108
147
165
49
59
71
81
85
94
19
19
24
19
207
184
190
189
132
142
145
157
100
77
82
89
r
48
49
50
51
212
188
190
196
153
157
158
167
118
99
87
89
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
73
75
77
76
77
78
111
159
194
194
197
77
80
91
139
163
176
76
79
81
103
108
118
74
76
76
77
212
192
194
199
162
167
169
181
145
121
110
117
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
109
109
109
110
111
112
107
122
149
182
194
201
107
124
151
184
194
201
109
111
117
144
142
152
108
110
111
113
202
195
197
206
203
195
196
205
161
150
148
154
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.*
L6
22.9
109
111
111
111
108
138
182
209
112 j 214
111 1 220
108
111
124
169
194
204
107
111
123
149
153
162
111
111
111
112
237
217
215
222
192
199
201
210
176
163
159
165
-------
TABLE E-ll. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 49, 1967 Ford Galaxie-500)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
18
21
22
23
24
24
58
118
183
177
173
22
24
37
138
183
189
21
23
30
47
52
61
18
18
21
24
178
175
177
182
150
179
183
203
71
73
58
65
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
50
50
52
51
52
52
50
80
103
182
182
185
50
50
76
159
193
200
50
52
62
77
77
82
50
49
52
51
187
181
182
190
161
179
191
211
91
87
78
83
m
i—"
NJ
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
80
80
77
75
75
76
80
114
145
193
190
193
79
80
109
176
205
211
78
80
82
108
109
107
77
77
75
76
197
187
185
199
174
197
200
221
112
115
106
112
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
108
110
109
111
111
111
108
112
142
201
203
207
108
109
121
193
219
225
108
111
114
138
141
148
110
109
111
111
212
202
203
212
193
215
222
234
145
148
142
145
-------
TABLE E-12. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 50, 1971 Ford Galaxie-500)
Cime into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
16
16
18
21
23
25
22
62
114
191
190
188
20
20
22
108
156
173
19
27
39
56
74
86
22
20
22
25
208
190
191
188
139
162
172
182
86
79
74
82
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
51
52
51
50
50
49
90
139
190
192
192
49
49
71
141
175
188
49
58
68
92
103
113
51
50
49
50
211
191
193
195
149
174
187
196
108
103
101
106
M
I-"
LO
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
76
77
78
75
77
76
112
161
192
192
195
75
75
100
159
188
198
74
83
92
117
112
120
74
75
74
76
219
190
193
196
167
190
196
206
127
123
115
119
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
109
111
110
111
112
108
140
178
198
198
204
106
109
126
179
202
212
106
114
124
140
144
151
113
112
111
112
229
201
198
216
186
207
213
225
154
151
148
150
-------
TABLE E-13. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(.Vehicle No. 51, 1971 Chevrolet Impala)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phj
Air
to
car
Water
ase temperatures, °F
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
18
20
21
23
23
21
68
126
190
192
191
20
23
36
87
126
155
21
19
21
25
210
193
197
200
143
140
141
153
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
50
51
50
50
51
49
92
148
195
196
200
49
51
65
114
146
168
50
84
119
133
119
106
53
53
49
49
217
195
199
202
154
158
157
170
110
123
126
116
I
I—1
->
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
71
75
77
74
74
72
111
177
200
200
199
70
73
84
137
163
169
72
93
118
127
133
132
73
74
72
74
220
199
203
202
158
164
168
184
123
127
127
128
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
107
109
110
110
111
110
107
121
162
200
204
208
107
108
115
157
184
195
106
117
136
138
140
141
112
112
111
111
228
200
202
210
186
189
189
202
146
147
136
144
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
111
110
111
111
111
108
115
181
205
205
212
107
107
117
162
192
201
106
117
137
143
135
144
113
113
110
110
231
205
205
215
187
193
191
207
149
145
141
145
-------
TABLE E-14. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 52, 1971 Chevrolet Impala)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
17
20
23
23
24
21
63
122
197
198
201
21
21
40
106
163
185
20
33
57
92
105
110
24
22
23
20
203
192
202
200
156
177
176
193
81
88
98
114
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
50
52
53
50
51
50
94
132
202
202
202
50
51
78
136
183
196
50
55
107
95
93
91
51
48
50
50
213
193
204
204
168
189
193
202
98
93
97
95
Ul
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
71
73
76
76
75
79
115
155
201
202
207
77
78
96
162
193
206
76
85
99
98
97
101
76
76
75
75
221
199
206
207
185
201
199
211
119
102
104
105
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
107
109
111
110
110
111
106
109
184
208
207
213
106
106
114
175
210
219
108
109
110
125
125
132
109
110
111
111
228
206
207
217
201
212
214
229
144
144
131
133
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
109
110
110
112
111
111
109
114
178
211
216
216
109
108
118
185
220
228
109
112
115
133
129
141
109
110
110
111
236
214
216
222
212
221
224
238
150
151
137
138
-------
TABLE E-15. ~ Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 53, 1967 Chevrolet Impala)
Cime into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
20
20
21
23
24
19
21
24
32
48
60
18
19
21
24
78
72
55
63
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
51
52
51
50
50
53
88
136
195
191
192
53
54
57
87
120
139
52
53
54
79
82
89
53
51
51
51
199
182
188
191
141
136
131
150
110
104
79
90
I
I—"
ON
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
75
75
75
76
74
80
86
140
193
190
193
77
77
79
110
141
154
76
77
77
108
104
110
74
73
75
74
203
195
192
194
153
147
146
163
113
100
107
110
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
105
106
109
108
110
110
106
119
156
195
194
200
106
106
109
147
166
178
106
108
110
139
137
144
106
108
109
109
213
192
194
204
174
174
172
186
154
156
138
141
-------
TABLE E-16. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 54, 1969 Ford Galaxie-500)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
19
19
18
21
24
24
23
46
106
176
183
183
21
22
42
141
183
192
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to .
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
20
25
42
85
96
102
20
19
22
26
190
182
186
187
141
172
187
203
82
87
84
103
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
48
50
51
51
52
51
51
59
143
184
188
190
49
50
63
151
193
202
49
58
78
112
85
96
49
49
50
50
204
184
186
191
156
191
197
210
101
102
91
92
I
l-l
•vj
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
73
76
75
75
75
80
84
154
192
191
197
76
77
96
164
201
210
75
81
92
110
104
112
75
74
76
76
209
190
189
199
164
193
202
217
116
118
109
111
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
105
106
109
110
109
110
108
118
188
202
200
205
104
106
120
190
219
225
105
114
123
136
136
145
110
110
108
110
220
202
202
206
186
214
218
229
148
151
143
143
-------
TABLE E-17- " Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 55, 1970 Chrysler Newport)
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures^ °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIEN1
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
18
20
23
24
25
23
67
118
138
140
147
22
22
22
82
128
139
20
42
48
61
46
64
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
r
23
23
23
26
172
146
148
158
124
133
137
150
90
60
54
66
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
49
52
52
53
52
52
96
137
158
163
172
51
52
62
124
150
164
51
72
66
75
72
83
53
54
50
50
196
165
164
174
146
158
163
172
115
82
77
84
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
73
75
76
76
76
79
119
148
173
179
187
78
79
94
146
171
185
76
78
85
100
96
108
75
77
77
78
214
183
181
190
166
178
183
193
136
113
104
105
M
I
oo
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
107
109
109
110
110
109
138
165
194
199
207
0
2
4
8.4
16
?2,9
108
110
110
111
112
111
107
138
169
203
208
218
107
110
124
169
196
207
107
111
115
128
130
148
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-C
107
108
124
174
206
215
108
112
123
140
131
156
106
110
111
112
:ONDITION
110
110
111
111
221
203
200
208
ER ON
233
210
211
222
188
201
207
211
197
211
215
226
164
145
135
142
170
140
137
143
-------
TABLE E-18. • Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 56, 1974 Ford Pinto Station Wagon, with catalyst)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
19
18
21
24
25
24
21
21
38
119
127
132
20
21
29
90
115
131
20
33
64
108
92
85
20
21
23
26
160
147
135
132
129
122
127
139
89
89
73
84
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
50
51
52
53
52
52
52
52
67
118
134
139
50
52
62
116
135
150
51
62
78
95
92
95
50
52
52
52
166
158
145
140
147
147
150
159
112
93
96
101
w
I
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
71
75
76
76
75
74
75
75
83
125
141
146
74
76
87
137
154
165
73
90
108
125
137
134
73
75
76
76
167
163
153
148
158
141
164
172
147
145
129
148
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
110
110
112
112
111
111
108
109
116
153
166
170
107
108
120
163
180
188
109
110
113
126
128
134
109
111
111
112
183
183
176
173
179
182
187
194
154
141
130
132
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
108
110
111
112
112
111
109
110
117
151
171
176
108
110
124
165
167
159
109
110
115
134
137
143
108
110
111
112
188
187
181
179
182
147
152
152
159
148
135
140
-------
TABLE E-19 • " Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 57, 1969 Chevrolet Malibu)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start pha
Air
to
car
Water
se temperatures , °F
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
20
20
22
24
25
22
61
116
192
185
191
21
23
30
76
105
126
20
34
56
79
84
88
19
19
23
26
192
184
191
188
122
119
115
130
81
75
78
93
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
47
50
51
50
51
50
52
85
137
189
189
193
51
54
61
106
128
146
50
61
81
107
99
96
48
50
51
50
200
189
194
193
144
143
140
154
100
101
104
101
i
NJ
O
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
75
76
76
76
75
76
97
150
181
180
184
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
108
110
111
111
111
112
107
111
119
157
.171
180
75
77
85
130
144
159
74
84
103
110
109
112
73
75
75
75
208
187
188
185
158
155
152
167
119
109
110
115
110° F--AMBIENT
108
110
118
158
169
178
109
118
122
129
130
135
110
111
111
112
178
177
176
188
179
177
176
187
145
140
133
136
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
1.6
?.2o9
108
109
109
111
111
111
108
127
171
202
203
209
108
110
121
162
174
184
107
116
121
135
136
142
109
110
110
112
222
203
204
207
181
180
182
200
150
144
139
142
-------
TABLE E-20. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 58, 1969 Rambler Ambassador)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
19
21
23
25
26
23
61
110
185
186
184
22
22
52
125
169
184
21
25
36
58
73
81
20
22
24
26
200
188
187
191
148
171
179
192
78
79
72
78
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
50
48
52
. 53
53
52
49
82
130
188
187
193
49
54
76
141
182
190
51
55
64
85
100
107
52
52
52
50
207
186
189
194
161
185
190
200
101
100
97
103
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
77
76
76
76
76
72
106
156
192
191
197
72
78
100
163
194
199
73
78
88
111
104
106
76
76
76
76
215
192
195
198
175
194
199
208
115
113
107
108
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
109
111
111
112
111
111
108
141
178
202
202
206
108
112
132
191
211
216
108
110
120
131
133
140
111
110
111
112
223
201
203
206
191
208
213
222
147
146
140
139
-------
TABLE E-21. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 59, 1967 Plymouth Fury III)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures , °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
20
22
24
25
26
22
56
93
177
182
185
20
21
24
80
127
145
24
22
23
30
48
56
19
21
23
26
192
178
178
182
132
137
137
152
88
66
54
59
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
51
51
52
52
52
50
84
129
180
181
185
49
50
59
108
145
162
50
53
54
69
81
90
49
50
51
51
200
183
182
185
150
156
156
165
110
93
86
88
I
NJ
NJ
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
75
77
77
76
77
77
74
106
150
183
183
186
74
75
84
132
161
173
75
78
79
100
106
114
74
75
75
75
203
180
182
186
161
167
167
176
130
122
111
114
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
108
110
110
110
110
111
109
140
180
192
190
196
109
111
121
163
183
190
108
110
114
138
141
147
109
110
110
110
215
191
190
197
180
185
186
198
155
151
145
145
-------
TABLE E-22. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle Na 60, 1970 Oldsmobile Cutlass)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
16
18
19
22
24
24
22
71
118
163
165
171
21
22
32
81
113
128
19
38
60
90
85
99
20
21
23
26
188
166
169
175
120
125
129
138
81
85
89
103
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
48
50
52
52
52
50
49
94
140
176
179
187
49
51
63
108
138
152
49
67
87
107
103
110
51
50
51
51
202
178
178
184
140
147
149
154
102
106
108
109
I
ro
UJ
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
74
76
76
76
76
74
117
154
184
186
192
75
76
88
130
155
167
73
89
106
113
111
120
75
75
76
75
208
183
184
188
156
163
164
169
121
121
115
120
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
110
110
111
111
110
108
147
174
198
193
199
108
111
121
158
178
185
107
113
121
138
141
148
112
110
110
110
220
195
196
200
177
182
186
192
149
152
147
146
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
107
110
111
111
111
110
108
148
178
203
200
209
108
111
121
162
184
192
109
115
126
147
151
160
110
110
110
111
229
208
207
210
184
191
194
199
156
159
156
156
-------
TABLE E~23. • Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 61, 1971 Buick Electra)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
18
19
21
24
26
25
22
80
155
188
185
189
21
22
30
89
121
143
21
42
67
98
102
113
20
20
24
27
218
181
186
192
141
135
130
143
96
107
99
102
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
49
51
51
51
50
49
•49
99
169
189
189
198
49
50
58
111
137
157
49
68
90
113
116
119
57
52
52
51
223
189
190
194
155
153
149
159
113
120
116
121
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
75
76
76
76
76
76
128
172
197
192
200
75
76
85
135
154
172
75
92
110
120
117
132
75
75
76
76
230
192
192
196
172
166
166
172
132
135
123
124
75° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
75
76
77
77
77
75
76
128
180
198
194
210
77
77
85
137
160
177
75
106
107
123
126
141
83
75
75
75
234
205
202
207
176
173
175
184
141
141
132
138
110" F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
107
110
109
110
111
111
109
161
194
207
209
219
108
110
121
164
181
195
108
.115
121
1.47
147
157
112
110
110
110
242
214
213
219
193
191
191
203
161
160
154
157
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
110
111
110
110
110
108
162
199
218
216
222
107
110
125
169
187
202
107
124
1.30
161
158
170
110
110
110
110
244
223
223
230
198
196
198
210
164
166
164
168
E-24
-------
TABLE E-24. - . Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 62, 1969 Mercury Monterey)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
18
19
21
23
24
21
59
114
188
190
192
19
24
56
130
171
190
19
31
43
66
76
99
21
20
22
26
203
190
190
196
129
180
188
200
96
86
83
94
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
50
53
54
52
50
50
51
86
133
192
194
197
51
60
90
151
182
194
51
59
73
98
108
117
52
52
52
51
208
192
195
198
141
188
195
208
115
111
112
123
p]
I
t<0
in
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
74
75
74
75
74
74
107
154
195
195
200
73
86
109
159
189
200
73
82
93
126
132
140
74
75
73
74
211
192
196
200
155
194
200
210
132
134
132
143
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
109
109
111
110
111
112
107
139
180
200
196
201
106
117
136
184
205
210
109
115
130
166
165
171
111
110
109
110
217
195
197
204
173
205
211
222
161
162
164
173
110° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
106
109
110
110
110
110
107
139
186
201
198
204
106
120
140
184
208
216
107
121
138
173
172
179
108
110
109
110
220
201
202
208
176
210
217
227
163
168
173
182
-------
TABLE E~25. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 63, 1971 Dodge Coronet station wagon)
Time into
phase,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
20° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
17
19
20
22
23
23
22
66
122
185
182
186
22
26
60
140
179
188
20
45
73
105
108
111
21
21
23
25
201
183
185
185
169
176
185
197
106
100
101
104
50° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
51
51
54
52
51
51
51
89
140
186
183
190
51
56
87
155
187
193
52
71
95
122
119
132
52
53
53
51
207
186
186
186
178
186
192
203
131
119
119
130
75° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
72
76
76
75
75
75
75
109
156
188
187
192
75
80
102
167
195
203
72
95
110
128
138
126
75
74
74
75
212
187
190
192
200
196
200
209
141
124
124
125
75° F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
73
74
76
75
76
76
73
112
159
191
189
192
74
79
103
170
198
207
76
76
76
75
212
190
193
196
190
197
203
214
110° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
107
109
110
111
110
111
108
141
182
199
195
199
108
114
135
187
210
215
110
109
110
110
217
197
196
202
202
208
213
222
110" F AMBIENT WITH AIR-CONDITIONER ON
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
108
109
110
110
111
110
109
141
182
201
198
205
109
112
138
191
214
219
108
125
127
146
143
156
107
110
110
110
220
200
204
206
206
212
217
227
166
155
146
148
E-26
-------
TABLE E-26. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 69, 1974 Plymouth Fury III)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
60° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
59
60
60
61
61
61
63
110
164
194
195
200
62
88
120
181
206
212
62
94
88
86
81
84
60
61
61
63
219
193
196
200
199
202
208
217
127
90
84
97
70° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
68
69
71
71
70
71
70
121
173
196
196
202
70
94
127
185
208
213
70
102
98
89
88
100
69
71
71
71
222
194
197
201
201
205
211
218
135
104
89
93
M
NJ
80° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
76
81
80
81
80
82
79
127
179
198
198
202
79
101
134
188
211
217
79
101
93
97
95
108
79
81
81
81
223
194
199
205
204
207
213
220
141
111
101
108
90° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
91
91
92
93
90
.91
90
134
189
200
199
203
91
110
144
192
213
216
91
94
96
114
104
123
89
91
90
92
224
197
201
206
206
209
213
219
146
112
112
122
-------
TABLE E-27. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 70, 1974 Chevrolet Chevelle)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
60° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
58
61
61
63
61
62
62 62
83 65
130 84
199 155
199 178
196 194
61
76
91
101
96
107
60
60
61
61
222
193
200
203
174
177
182
206
118
104
97
106
70° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
69
71
70
71
72
72
70 71
92 75
139 90
200 159
200 182
201 198
70
82
96
104
105
112
70
70
71
71
223
195
202
201
179
182
188
201
124
112
106
113
ro
00
80° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
76
80
81
81
81
81
79 79
100 . 83
139 98
202 168
200 186
202 199
78
92
98
111
111
118
79
80
80
80
223
197
199
202
182
184
189
202
133
118
109
118
90° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
91
91
92
91
90
91
90 90
109 94
146 109
202 176
201 191
203 204
92
99
103
119
119
129
88
90
90
91
225
197
202
202
187
190
194
208
140
131
120
125
-------
TABLE E-28. - Vehicle temperatures during tests
(Vehicle No. 71, 1974 Ford Torino)
Time,
minutes
Cold start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
Hot start phase temperatures, °F
Air
to
car
60° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
58
60
60
61
60
59
62
110
167
196
195
195
61
61
70
116
133
151
61
91
102
111
107
112
59
60
60
61
Water
Oil
Air to
carburetor
227
192
194
197
154
146
144
157
126
108
104
112
70° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
70
69
71
71
71
72
72
115
178
196
196
195
71
71
81
127
142
159
73
104
109
117
115
121
70
73
72
71
222
195
194
197
isy
155
152
160
132
120
113
118
I
to
VO
80° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
80
81
82
81
81
81
81
124
182
197
197
198
81
83
91
133
149
164
81
107
105
123
122
129
82
81
81
81
230
195
198
200
162
160
156
166
141
128
119
127
90° F AMBIENT
0
2
4
8.4
16
22.9
90
90
90
91
91
92
91
137
186
197
199
199
91
91
98
141
156
169
91
108
114
130
131
136
yu
91
90
90
231
195
198
200
166
164
165
174
145
134
130
135
-------
APPENDIX F (30 pages)
Time distribution rate of HC and CO emissions
Time distribution rate of HC and CO emissions for five time
intervals of the 7.5 mile cold start .driving cycle, a calculated
7.5 mile hot start trip and a 7.5 mile weighted composite trip.
F-l
-------
TABLE F-l. -Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.38, 1973 Mazda Rotary )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20 50
COLD START
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1915 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
20.
6.
5.
1.
1.
75
110
110 w/air
20 50
F
75
rate,
110
110 w/air
(COLD TRANSIENT AMD STABILIZED PHASE)
2
6
4
0
2
£HOT TRANSIENT
10.
8.
8.
1.
1.
9
7
1
5
8
COMPOSITE (43$
15.
7.
6.
1.
1.
8
6
7
3
5
10.2
7.5
6.5
2.1
2.5
PLUS
7.9
6.6
10.2
2.0
2.4
6.9
8.0
6.5
2.1
3.4
4.6
7.2
6.2
2.4
4.2
33.
4.
1.
,
•
STABILIZED PHASE
7.3
8.9
7.2
1.8
2.9
OF COLD START
8.9
7.0
8.7
2.0
2.4
7.1
8.5
6.9
1.9
3.0
6.4
7.2
8.2
1.9
3.4
PLUS
5.7
7.2
7.4
2.1
3.7
12.
7.
7.
1.
1.
579*
29.
5.
2.
.
*
2
5
5
3
3
OF COLD
4
7
3
7
9
i OF HOT
2
1
6
6
6
18.9
5.4
4.4
1.5 .
2.1
START j.
12.5
6.1
7.7
1.7
2.4
START)
15.5
5.8
6.2
1.6
2.3
14.5
6.9
5.3
1.9
2.1
16.7
6.6
5.9
1.5
1.7
15.9
6.7
5.7
1.6
1.9
11.7
6.3
5.7
2.1
2.9
13.3
8.0
6.3
1.5
2.0
12.7
7.4
6.1
1.7
2.3
j./ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-2. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.39, 1972 351-CID Ford )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20 50
75
110
110 w/air
20 50
F
75
110
110 ' w/air
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
15.9
7.5
2.7
1.9
2.3
XHOT TRANSIENT
4.0
4.6
4.8
3.9
4.7
COMPOSITE (43$
11.2
6.3
3.6
2.7
3.3
9.7
5.0
4.0
3.2
3.7
PLUS
4.5
4.9
4.4
4.0
4.5
3.5
4.7
4.3
4.0
4.9
3.4
4.7
4.0
4.0
5.0
19.8
6.6
2.7
1.8
1.6
STABILIZED PHASE OF COLD
5.9
5.0
4.9
3.5
4.3
OF COLD START
7.0
4.9
4.2
3.6
4.1
4.9
4.9
4.6
3.7
4.6
5.8
5.2
5.1
3.4
4.2
PLUS
4.9
5.0
4.7
3.6
4.5
5.2
5.6
4.8
4.1
3.7
51% OF HOT
14.4
6.2
3.5
2.7
2.4
11.6
6.1
4.2
2.9
2.8
START}.
4.8
7.3
4.8
3.6
3.4
START)
8.1
6.7
4.5
3.3
3.1
6.3
5.5
4.6
3.8
3.7
7.5
6.5
5.5
3.2
3.1
7.0
6.1
5.1
3.4
3.4
7.1
6.9
1.3
4.0
3.8
9.3
5.5
4.8
3.3
3.2
8.5
6.0
3.4
3.6
3.4
_1/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-3. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.40, 1973 121 CTD Volvo w/FI )
Elapsed
Time
CO
, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds ' minutes 20 50
COLD START
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
16.
4.
3.
2.
2.
75
110
110 w/air
20 50
F
75
110
110 w/air
(COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
5
5
7
4
7
_(HOT TRANSIENT
3.
5.
4.
4.
4.
5
0
7
0
5
COMPOSITE (43^
10.
4.
4.
3.
3.
7
7
1
1
5
11.0
5.5
5.6
2.6
3.1
PLUS
3.9
6.3
6.1
3.3
4.0
3.3
4.2
5.7
3.2
5.4
4.0
4.2
6.0
3.2
5.2
12.
4.
4.
3.
3.
STABILIZED PHASE
4.5
4.4
5.9
3.0
5.1
OP COLD START
7.4
5.9
5.9
3.0
3.6
4.0
4.3
5.8
3.1
5.2
5.8
4.7
6.9
2.7
4.4
PLUS
5.1
4.5
6.6
2.9
4.7
4.
4.
5.
3.
4.
1
6
6
0
1
OP COLD
6
8
5
9
1
57$ OF HOT
8.
4.
5.
3.
3.
3
7
1
4
6
8.6
5.0
5.8
3.1
3.5
START^
5.8
4.5
6.4
3.6
3.9
START)
7.1
4.7
6.1
3.4
3.7
6.2
4.7
6.3
3.3
4.0
4.6
5.0
6.1
3.6
4.1
5.6
5.0
6.5
3.4
3.9
7.4
5.2
6.0
3.1
3.7
9.6
5.0
6.4
2.8
3.3
8.7
5.0
6.2
2.9
3.4
Jy Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-4.- Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.41,1973 351-C GID Ford )
Wl
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20 50
GOLD START
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
15.
6.
3.
2.
2.
75 '
(COLD TRANSIENT
5
3
9
1
3
^HOT TRANSIENT
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
8
6
5
2
5
COMPOSITE (43$
10.
5.
4.
3.
3.
8
7
1
0
2
9.3
7.7
4.3
2.8
.2.8
110
110 w/air
20 50
F
75 .
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
4.9
6.0
4.1
3.5
4.4
6.1
5.6
3.6
3.6
4.3
21.
5.
2.
1.
1.
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE
- 4.6
5.1
4.4
4.1
4.2
OP COLD
7.1
6.5
4.4
3.4
3.5
6.8
5.0
5.1
3.3
4.1
START
6.0
5.4
4.7
3.4
4.2
6.3
5.4
5.4
3.3
4.0
PLUS
6.2
5.5
4.7
3.4
4.1
4.
5.
4.
4.
3.
575*
15.
5.
3.
2.
2.
8
8
6
7 .
5
OP COLD
7
6
7
2
8
i OP IDT
8
7
4
6
3
10.9
5.8
4.0
3.1
3.0
STARTjt
5.2
5.2
4.6
4.0
4.0
START)
8.0
5.5
4.3
3.6
3.5
5.9.
5.8
4.5
3.7.
3.8
6.8
6.1
5.4
3.3
3.5
6.4
6.0
5.0
3.5
3.6
8.2
5.4
4.2
3.6
3.5
7.2
5.4
4.9
3.6
3.5
7.6
5.4
4.6
3.6
3.5
2J Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F -5. -Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
Elapsed
test time
seconds
(
Time
Vehicle Ho. 42,
CO
1973 350 CID Chevrolet )
, relative emission
pet per minute 1/
rate,
HC
, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
, interval,
minutes 20
COLD START
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
°33
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
12.
13.
~r
1.
1.
5C
75 1
(COLD TRANSIENT
1
0
0
5
2
^HOT TRANSIENT
4.
9.
6.
3.
2.
4
0
1
3
6 '
COI-1POSITE (432$
9.
11.
4.
2.
1.
2
4
2
2
7
9.4
8.8
4.6
2.6
2.4
110
AND
4.3
7.5
5.7
3.5
3.3
110
w/air
20 50
STABILIZED
3.8
7.6
6.2
3.5
3.2
19.
7.
2.
1.
1.
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE
4.0
7.7
6.8
3. 3
3.1
OF COLD
6.7
8.2
5.7
2.9
2.8
6.2
7.2
6.1
3.2
3.0
6.4
7.3
6.1
3. 2
2.9
START PLUS
5.5
7.3
6.0
3.3
3.1
5.3
7.5
6.1
3.3
3.0
6.
6.
""I
3.
3.
57 v?
14.
7.
3.
2.
2.
PHASE)
0
6
6
8
4
OP COLD
4
4
9
9
0
I OF IDT
2
1
5
6
0
F
75
11.2
6.4
4.0
2.9
2.8
STARTj.
4.8
6.4
«= c.
t •
3.7
3.5
START )
7.9
6.4
4.9
3.3
3.2
110
8.9
5.9
4.9
3.3
3.1
8.7
6.0
K t
3.3
3.0
8.8
6.0
5.0
3.3
3.1
rate,
110
\v/air
7.9
6.1
5.1
3.4
3.1
7.8
6.1
K f
:5.4
3.1
7.8
6.1
5.2
3.4
3.1
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided "by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-6. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.43, 1973 400 CID Ford w/Catalyst )
CO, relative emission
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
test time
seconds
Time
rate,
HC, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
, interval,
minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
19.9
15.5
.3
.0
.0
19.4
15.4
.7
.1
.1
J[HOT TRANSIENT
, 12.0
11.7
6.3
1.0
1.1
COMPOSITE
19.6 .
15.4
.5
.1
.1
12.3
11.7
5.7
1.1
1.2
(43?S
18.8
15.1
1.1
.2
.2
23.9
7.3
5.2
.4
.5
110
AND
20.1
10.0
3.9
.6
.7
110
w/air
20
50
F
75
110
rate,
110
w/air
STABILIZED PHASE)
15.3
11.7
4.7
.8
.9
25.0
9.2
2.0
.4
.4
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP
11.5
14.9
4.3
.7
.8
OP COLD
18.5
10.7
4.8
.5
.6
18.1
10.1
6.1
.5
.5
16.2
10.8
4.6
.9
1.0
START PLUS
18.8
10.1
5.3
.5
.6
15.8
11.2
4.6
.8
,-1.0
8.7
6.7
5.4
2.9
3.0
51$ OP
22.4
8.8
2.5
.8
.8
17.4
12.1
2.5
.8
.8
COLD
18.0
7.1
5.3
1.4
1.4
HOT
17.7
9.9
3.7
1.1
1.1
13.1
.7.3
4.8
2.3
2.2
STARTj.
16.4
8.1
3.6
1.8
1.7
START)
15.2
7.8
4.0
2.0
1.9
15.1
6.5
4.9
2.0
2.1
17.0
6.9
4.4
1.7
1.8
16.2
6.7
4.6
1.9
1.9
20.7
4.8
2.6
2.0
2.0
17.9
6.8
4.2
1.7
1.7
19.0
6.0
3.6
1.8
1.8
jy Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
•n
oo
TABLE F-7. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.44, 1973 128 CTD Opel Diesel )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
75 '
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
2
3
2
7
7
.28
.43
.70
.17
.28
HOT START
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2
;>
2
7
7
1975
2
•v
2
1
1
.28
.43
.70
.17
.28
CVS
.28
.43
.70
.17
.28
8.6
8.8
5.3
2.3
2.6
6.4
5.9
5.4
3.3
3.7
^HOT TRANSIENT
4.8
6.0
5.2
3.6
4.0
COMPOSITE
6.8
7.5
5.2
2.9
3.2
4.8
5.8
5.3
3.6
4.0
(43f°
5.5
5.9
5.3
3.5
3.8
5.8
6.3
5.1
3.4
3.7
110
110 w/air
20
50
F
75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
5.7
7.5
6.2
3.1
3.1
17.8
12.0
2.0
.9
.8
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OF
4.7
5.7
4.9
3.7
4.1
OF COLD
5.2
6.0
5.0
3.6
3.9
5.0
7.5
5.7
3.3
3.3
START PLUS
5.3
7.5
5.9
3.2
3.2
4.8
9.0
6.2
3.1
2.7
13.8
7.9
4.7
2.0
2.0
COLD
4.9
6.1
5.0
3.7
3.8
57> OF HOT
14.1
11.2
3.3
1.5
1.3
10.1
7.2
4.8
2.7
2.7
7.8
6.7
4.7
3.1
3.4
START).
4. 1
5.5
4.6
3.9
4.3
START)
5.9
6.1
4.7
3.5
3.8
8.
10.
5.
2.
2.
4.
13.
6.
1.
1.
6.
12.
6.
1.
1.
6
5
6
0
0
8
8
4
7
7
3
6
1
8
8
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-8. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1973 CVS test
( Vehicle No.45, 1974 351-C CLD Ford )
VO
CO, relative emission rate,
pet j?er minute \J
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
test time, interval,
seconds
minutes 20 50
75
COED STAUT (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
4W>
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
20.7
13.4
1.0
.3
.2
_£HOT TRANSIENT
3.9
8.7
4.3
3.9
3.0
COMPOSITE (43$
19.1
12.9
1.4
.7
.5
17.9
9.6
3.3
1.2
1.1
110
110 w/air
20 50
P
75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
7.0
7.4
4.4
2.9
3.5
31.6
5.7
1.9
.2.
.2
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP COLD
7.0
9.6
6.1
2.5
2.3
OP COLD
13.6
9.6
4.4
1.7
1.6
9.6
7.4
6.0
2.3
2.7
START PLUS
8.7
7.4
5.4
2.5
3.0
5.0
5.6
4.3
4.0
4.0
57> OP HOT
29.8
5.7
2.0
.5
.5
14.3
5.7
3.3
2.5
2.9
START).
5.7
5.8
4.9
3.5
4.0
START)
10.1
5.7
4.1
3.0
3.4
8.0
5.3
4.1
7.3
3.9
7.3
5.6
4.7
3.3
3.8
7.6
5.5
4.5
3.3
3.9
Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-9. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.46, 1973 350 OLD Chevrolet w/Catalyst )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
110
110 w/air
20
50
F
75
110
rate,
110
w/air
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
39.4
2.4
.6
.0
.0
36.0
3.8
1.6
.0
.0
^HOT TRANSIENT
10.2
12.5
8.6
.7
.8
COMPOSITE
38.5
2.7
.8
.0
.0
12.5
13.0
8.0
.3
.4
25.6
8.4
4.3
.1
.1
PLUS
11.8
13.6
8.3
.3
.3
13.4
13.1
6.7
.4
.5
12.3
12.6
8.5
.4
.4
37.6
2.2
.5
.4
.3
STABILIZED PHASE OF
12.4
14.2
6.8
.3
.3
(43^ OF COLD START
33.9
4.6
2.1
.1
.1
21.5
10.0
5.5
.1
.2
12.8
13.8
6.7
.3
.4
9.6
16.8
6.4
.2
.2
PLUS
10.4
15.5
7.0
.3
.3
10.7
6.0
3.0
3.9
2.6
57^ OF
34.2
2.7
.8
.9
.6
32.2
3.7
1.9
.6
.6
COLD
10.5
5.5
3.6
3.4
3.2
HOT
27.9
4.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
30.5
4.3
2.3
.7
.6
START}.
12.0
6.5
4.3
2.9
2.4
START)
26.0
4.8
2.8
1.3
1.0
24.8
4.8
3.0
1.3
1.3
13.0
6.0
3.1
2.8
2.9
20.4
5.2
3.0
1.9
1.9
28.1
3.8
1.4
1.3
1.3
13.1
7.2
3.3
2.4
2.6
22.0
5.2
2.2
1.7
1.9
_]_/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided "by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-10.- Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.47, PROCO Capri vr/Catalyst )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
110
110 w/air
20
50
P
75
110
110 w/air
COLD START (COED TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
37.1
2.2
2.0
.1
.2
30.8
4.6
3.0
.4
.4
_£HOT TRANSIENT
6.6
8.0
7.8
2.3
2.7
COMPOSITE
34.8
2.7
2.5
.3
.4
6.2
9.6
5.0
2.6
2.9
(43*
26.8
5.4
3.3
.7
.8
28.1
4.4
4.6
.6
.5
PLUS
3.6
4.1
4.3
4.9
4.3
28.
4.
3.
•
1.
0
0
4
8
0
30.4
5.9
2.2
.3
.3
STABILIZED PHASE OP
4.
5.
5.
3.
4.
7
6
8
4
1
OP COLD START PLUS
24.6
4.4
4.5
1.2
1.1
22.
4.
4.
1.
1.
5
4
0
4
7
7.6
8.2
7.9
2.4
2.2
25.6
8.5
1.2
.6
.6
COLD
8.6
8.4
4.5
2.8
2.7
57$ OP HOT
27.0
6.3
3.0
.6
.6
21.6
8.5
2.0
1.1
1.1
30.6
3.3
.5
1.5
.9
STARTj.
5.2
5.6
4.3
4.9
3.0
START)
23.2
4.0
1.6
2.5
1.6
28.
5.
2.
•
•
9.
8.
7.
2.
2.
22.
6.
3.
1.
1.
5
4
3
7
7
9
4
3
0
0
6
4
9
1
1
\J Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
I
I-"
to
TABLE F-ll. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.48, 1973 318 CID Plymouth w/Catalyst )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
110
1 10 w/air
20
50
F
75
110
rate,
110
w/air
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
38.5
3.2
.1
.0
.0
42.8
.4
.0
.0
.1
XHOT TRANSIENT
6.6
6.4
5.4
3.1
3.7
COMPOSITE
38.1
3.3
.2
.1
.1
7.0
6.6
5.6
2.8
3.6
(43^
42.0
.5
.2
.1
.1
42.4
.1
.1
.2
.2
PLUS
8.4
6.2
6.0
2.9
3.1
37.1
.5
.5
.6
1.1
22.9
.9
1.0
2.3
3.5
36.2
2.6
.5
.6
.4
STABILIZED PHASE OF
24.1
4.0
4.9
.9
1.5
OF COLD START
39.7
.6
.5
.4
.4
30.9
2.2
2.6
.8
1.3
18.2
3.9
6.4
1.5
2.3
PLUS
19.8
2.9
4.6
1.8
2.7
5.9
6.6
3.6
4.2
3.3
57$ OF
31.7
3.2
1.0
1.1
.9
36.8
1.8
.4
.7
.5
COLD
7.1
5.9
4.4
4.2
3.0
HOT
31.4
2.6
1.1
1.3
.9
36.0
2.1
.7
.7
START}.
9.2
7.7
3.7
3.0
3.0
START)
29.5
3.5
.9
1.3
1.3
34.1
2.8
.1
.9
.8
18.7
4.7
2.7
2.6
2.1
29.1
3.4
.9
1.5
1.2
27.2
2.9
.1
1.5
2.3
20.7
2.9
2.0
2.0
3.1
24.0
2.9
1.0
1.8
2.7
_!_/ Derxned as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided "by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-12. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.49, 1967 289 CID Ford )
Elapsed
test time,
seconds
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
Time
interval
minutes
COLD
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START £
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature, P
, 110
20 50 75 110 w/air
20 50 75
110
110 w/air
START (COED TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
14.2 12.3 9.2 2.9
10.5 8.5 7.2 5.4
2.8 2.7 3.7 4.7
1.7 2.5 3.1 4.3
1.6 2.4 3.0 4.3
««.* -,«., «.«
9.3. 7.0 7.1
1.9 2.2 3.8
1.4 2.6 3.2
1.3 2.3 3.2
C.6
6.4
4.3
3.6
3.5
HOT TRANSIENT PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP COLD STARTl
6.1 3.2 4.1 4.8
5.6 2.9 3.8 4.9
6.4 3.5 4.4 4.9
3.5 5.1 4.7 4.1
3.4 5.0 4.4 4.0
1975 CVS COMPOSITE (43$ OP COLD START PLUS
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
11.0 8.8 6.8 4.0
8.6 6.3 5.6 5.1
4.2 3.0 4.0 4.9
2.4 3.5 3.9 4.2
2.3 3.4 3.6 4.1
6.0 3.6 4.7
7.3 4.5 5.7
6.6 3.7 4.9
3.1 4.8 3.9
3.0 4.4 3.9
57# OP HOT START)
14.3 10.4 6.5
8.6 6.0 6.4
3.6 2.9 4.4
2.0 3.5 3.6
1.9 3.2 3.5
5.1
5.7
4.9
3.9
3.8
5.7
6.0
4.6
3.8
3.7
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-13. - Time distribution of emission rate during; 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.50, 1971 351-W CID Ford )
I
(-1
*>
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
test time
seconds
Time
HC,
relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
, interval,
minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
2
3
2
7
7
.28
.43
.70
.17
.28
HOT START
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2
3
2
7
7
1975
2
3
2
7
7
.28
.43
.70
.17
.28
CVS
.28
.43
.70
.17
.28
17.7
12.2
1.8
1.0
.8
17.7
11.6
1.8
1.1
1.0
£HOT TRANSIENT
3.9
4.0
4.4
5.0
4.1
COMPOSITE
14.8
10.5
2.3
1.8
1.5
3.6
4.0
3.7
4.9
4.5
(4#
14.6
9.9
2.2
1.9
1.8
25.8
6.0
3.1
.9
.8
110
110 w/air
20
AND STABILIZED
9.2
6.4
4.4
3.1
3.2
20.2
9.2
2.4
1.2
1.0
50
PHASE)
17.3
8.9
2.5
1.7
1.5
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP COLD
7.8
7.4
6.2
3.0
2.5
OP COLD
20.6
6.4
4.0
1.5
1.3
10.8
6.5
5.7
2.6
2.6
START PLUS
10.2
6.5
5.2
2.7
2.8
4.6
5.8
4.9
4.2
3.6
5.3
5.9
4.8
4.1
3.5
57> OP HOT
16.0
8.3
3.1
2.0
1.7
13.1
7.8
3.3
2.6
2.2
P
75
12.9
6.8
3.7
2.7
2.4
START}.
5.4
6.4
5.1
3.8
3.4
START)
9.2
6.6
4.4
3.2
2.9
110
7.
6.
4.
3.
3.
7.
6.
5.
3.
3.
7.
6.
5.
3.
3.
110
w/air
8
8
4
5
1
0
5
6
4
0
3
6
1
4
1
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-14. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.51, 1971 350 CID Chevrolet )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COED TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
21.5
11.0
1.6
.7
.6
26.2
7.5
1.6
.7
.6
XHOT TRANSIENT
4.4
7.0
5.0
3.9
3.3
COMPOSITE
18.4
10.3
2.2
1.3
1.1
4.6
6.3
4.6
4.1
3.6
(43?*
22.1
7.3
2.2
1.4
1.2
19.9
8.3
2.4
1.5
1.2
110
110 w/air
20
50
P
75
rate,
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
7.0
6.3
4.2
3.7
3.4
6.6
7.0
3.8
3.3
3.7
22.4
6.9
2.0
1.4
1.3
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP
4.9
7.2
4.6
4.1
3.1
OP COLD
14.9
8.0
3.1
2.4
1.8
6.4
6.0
5.2
3.7
3.4
START
6.7
6.1
4.8
3.7
3.4
6.4
7.0
6.0
3.0
3.3
PLUS
6.5
7.0
5.1
3.1
3.5
6.6
5.7
4.8
3.7
3.5
57$ OP
17.2
6.5
2.9
2.2
2.1
22.6
5.3
2.3
1.7
1.6
COLD
6.3
5.9
4.7
3.7
3.6
HOT
16.5
5.6
3.2
2.5
2.3
10.0
7.2
4.1
3.0
2.7
STARTj.
4.9
5.9
4.9
4.0
3.6
START)
7.5
6.6
4.6
3.5
3.1
6.6
6.1
4.0
3.8
3.5
5.7
5.9
5.2
3.8
3.5
6.1
6.0
4.7
3.8
3.5
11.6
5.3
3.4
3.2
3.1
6.0
6.3
5.5
3.5
3.4
8.5
5.9
4.5
3.4
3.3
Jy Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-15. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No. 52, 1971 4-00 CID Chevrolet )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
,HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
17.2
12.3
1.4
1.0
1.0
21.2
8.6
1.6
1.2
1.2
_£HOT TRANSIENT
3.2
3.7
4.3
4.7
4.7
COMPOSITE
14.1
10.4
2.1
1.8
1.8
2.9
4.0
4.7
4.5
4.7
(43fo
16.5
7.4
2.4
2.1
2.1
11.3
5.7
4.1
3.2
2.9
110
110 w/air
20
50
F
75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
4.4
4.3
4.6
4.0
4.6
4.8
5.2
4.8
4.0
4.1
22.2
7.3
1.8
1.4
1.3
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OF
3.8
4.3
4.*
4.7
4.2
OF COLD
7.8
5.0
4.3
3.9
3.5
5.9
4.5
«?.?
3.7
4.2
START
5.3
4.5
5.0
3.8
4.4
6.5
5.6
*.">
3.5
3.6
PLUS
5.8
5.5
5.0
3.7
3.8
4.7
4.6
t.*
4.3
4.2
57$ OF
16.9
6.5
2.6
2.2
2.2
18.7
6.3
2.7
2.0
1.9
COLD
3.5
3.8
5.3
4.4
4.2
HOT
13.0
5.4
4.1
2.9
2.8
8.0
5.7
4.0
3.6
3.5
START}.
4.3
5.0
5.0
4.2
4.1
START)
6.0
5.3
4.5
3.9
3.8
5.3
5.2
4.5
3.9
4.1
5.6
5.1
5.1
3.8
3.9
5.5
5.1
4.9
3.9
4.0
8.2
5.2
4.1
3.6
3.6
5.4
5.5
5.1
3.8
3.8
6.7
5.4
4.7
3.7
3.7
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
•*!
I
TABLE F-16. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.53, 1967 283 CTD Chevrolet )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature. P
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7; 28
13.5
5.9
3.2
2.8
2.7
10.8
5.8
3.7
3.3
3.0
£HOT TRANSIENT
3.7
6.0
4.7
4.1
4.0
COMPOSITE
8.8
5.9
4.0
3.4
3.3
3.4
6.5
4.8
4.1
3.8
(437*
7.0
6.1
4.3
3.7
3.4
5.9
6.4
4.4
3.9
3.4
110
110 w/air
20
50 75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
3.8
6.9
4.6
4.1
3.5
15.2
6.4
3.4
2.4
2.3
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP
3.2
6.7
4.6
4.3
3.6
OP COLD
4.4
6.6
4.6
4.1
3.5
4.0
6.7
5.0
4.1
3.4
START PLUS
3.9
6.8
4.9
4.1
3.5
4.0
6.4
4.6
4.0
3.8
57> OP
10.2
6.4
3.9
3.1
3.0
12.0 7.1
6.8 7.4
3.6 4.6
2.8 3.3
2.7 3.0
COED STARTJ.
4.1 4.2
6.8 6.9
5.1 5.1
3.8 3.8
3.6 3.5
HOT START)
8.1 5.5
6.8 7.1
4.3 4.9
3.3 3.6
3.1 3.3
5.0
7.4
4.6
3.7
3.4
4.7
6.8
5.3
3.7
3.4
4.8
7.1
5.0
3.7
3.4
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-17. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.54, 1969 302 CID Ford )
00
CO, relative emission rate, HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/ pet per minute
Elapsed
Time
Ambient test
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
temperature,
110
110 w/air 20
50
F
75
110
110 w/air
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1/ Defined as eaua]
14.8
12.6
2.1
.8
1.6
15.9
11.8
2.4
1.0
1.3
^HOT TRANSIENT
3.1
4.9
3.9
3.1
6.0
COMPOSITE
11.8
10.6
2.6
1.4
2.7
L to 100 ti
3.3
7.6
5.1
3.2
4.1
8.1
8.8
4.4
2.9
2.5
PLUS
3.8
6.0
4.7
4.3
3.7
4.9
7.2
5.4
2.9
3.9
STABILIZED
7.2
6.9
6.4
2.5
3.3
13.
8.
3.
2.
2.
PHASE
4.
5.
5.
4.
4.
6
5
4
1
1
9.5
7.2
4.0
3.1
2.9
OF COLD
1
0
0
1
2
(±3$ OF COLD START PLUS 51% OF
12.2
10.5
3.2
1.7
2.1
.i^T •"
6.0
7.5
4.6
3.6
3.1
6.3
7.0
6.0
2.7
3.6
9.
7.
4.
2.
3.
8
1
0
9
0
!:^« **.-.~~ '^mission rate in
5.3
5.5
5.2
3.9
3.7
HOT
7.4
6.3
4.6
3.5
3.3
the 1
6.7
6.1
4.4
3.8
3.4
STARTj,
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.2
3.8
START)
5.8
5.5
4.8
4.0
3.6
;irae in.1
5.
5.
4.
3.
4.
4.
5.
4.
4.
4.
5.
5.
4.
3.
4.
berv
3
0
6
9
1
7
0
8
0
2
0
0
7
9
2
al
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
\o
T
ABLE F-18. - Jine
( Yel-.i
2.L3. .• 1
nauti
cle ::o.55,
.on 01 e
1370 3
111531
on rat«
5 aur
S3 CLD Cirvsler
33, relative emission
oct per minute 1/
elapsed
Time
rate,
HC,
ins 1:T
)
•3 j.'o
-e~~
relative emission
pet per ainute
rate,
Ambient test temperature, ?
test tisie, interval,
seconds
12"
343
535
335
13^2
13"
;43
505
335
13 "2
137
343
505
335
13"2
minutes
COLD 3TA?.
2. 23 1
3.43 1
2.70
7.17
7.23
TTn/n ^rnit;/n f'Rl"
i-lW — O J-Tl-L -. — V -*•-' —
2.23
3.43
2.70
-.17
-.23
19T5 C75 C0:-[?0
2.23 1
3.43
2.70
7.17
T.23
20
50
75
J (COLD TRAITSIEZTT
1 £
3.1
f ^
T • *»
' . 5
1.2
-:•= :••-;
s • ^
~ . 2
> « i
— . 1
T .«
-x . T
C7 —
3."
3.1
4.3
2.4
1.3
14.1
9.2
4.1
1.9
1.6
10.1
8.5
4.7
2.5
2.3
110
AND
3.5
6.3
4.5
3.1
3.4
110
w/air
20
STABILIZED
9.7
5.5
4.2
3.2
3.4
15.2
7.4
3.5
2.3
2.0
50
PHASE)
11.7
5.3
4.0
2.9
2.5
JIZZIT PLUS STABILIZED PHASE 0? COLD
4.0
6.5
5.0
4.2
3.5
(43^
10.3
3.2
4.4
2.7
2.3
• *
7.2
5.3
3.7
3.3
OP COLD
7.6
7.3
5.0
3.1
2.7
e j
7.1
5.7
3.2
3.4
3TA3.
5.7
6.3
5.2
3.2
3.4
. • .-
5.4
5.6
3.5
3.5
T PLUS
7.2
5.0
5.0
3.4
3.5
j n
5.9
5.1
4.0
;.o
4 t
' m
5.9
5.0
4.1
^ X*
57^ 0? HOT
10.3
5.3
4.2
3.0
2.5
3.3
6.3
4.5
3.5
3.0
75
7.7
5.3
4.7
3.3
3.1
START}.
• **
~~ • ^
5.1
5.2
3.5
3.5
5TA5.T)
5.3
5.4
5.0
3.5
5.3
110
7.4
5.4
4.7
3.4
3.4
f e
^ • •*•
5.6
5.5
3.5
3.4
5.4
5.5
5.1
3.4
3.4
110
w/air
3.0
5.9
4.3
3.4
3.2
c ^
6.3
5.4
3.7
3.5
7.0
6.1
4.9
3.5
3.4
Defined, as equal to 1->j tinies the mass emission rate in tae tin
iirided oy the total nass ei^itted in the entire test segment.
e interval
-------
TABLE F-19. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.56, 1974 140 CID Ford w/Catalyst )
Is3
O
CO, relative emission rate,
pot per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1915 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
22.7
11.7
1.9
.2
.2
23.3
11.7
.3
.4
.5
XHOT TRANSIENT
3.6
18.8
2.3
1.4
1.5
COMPOSITE
19.9
12.8
2.0
.4
.4
3.5
14.4
2.7
2.1
2.7
(43J*
19.5
12.1
.7
.7
.9
10.7
16.1
2.5
.8
1.1
110
110 w/air
20
50
F
75
110
rate,
110
w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
5.4
13.9
4.9
1.4
2.3
3.3
10.3
5.2
2.4
3.5
35.7
4.8
.2
.1
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP
4.6
15.7
3.5
1.5
2.1
OP COLD
8.3
15.9
2.9
1.1
1.5
3.7
13.6
7.5
1.3
2.1
START
4.4
13.7
6.4
1.4
2.1
2.3
11.1
6.5
2.2
3.2
PLUS
2.7
10.7
6.0
2.3
3.4
10.0
12.7
2.5
2.1
1.7
33.2
5.3
.5
.3
COLD
17.2
8.9
1.5
2.1
1.5
57> OP HOT
33.4
5.5
.3
.3
.3
29.4
6.1
.4
.9
.6
18.6
12.0
1.4
1.0
.7
STARTj.
15.8
9.9
1.9
2.0
1.5
START)
17.5
11.1
1.6
1.4
1.0
20.5
9.8
.4
1.2
1.4
23.0
8.8
2.3
.7
.8
22.2
9.1
1.7
.9
1.0
22.9
9.6
.7
.8
1.0
18.6
11.2
3.2
.6
.8
20.2
10.6
2.3
.7
.9
J/ Dexinea as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-20. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No. 57, 1969 307 CID Chevrolet )
10
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
18.7
6.9
2.2
2.0
1.8
16.5
6.9
3.2
2.1
2.0
^HOT TRANSIENT
3.5
5.5
5.5
4.3
3.8
COMPOSITE
12.8
6.3
3.5
2.9
2.6
3.6
7.4
4.1
3.9
3.7
(43?S
11.1
7.1
3.6
2.9
2.7
15.3
7.3
3.0
2.3
2.1
110
1 1 0 w/air
20
50
P
75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
5.8
7.0
4.8
3.7
3.2
4.8
6.9
4.8
3.8
3.4
19.6
6.3
2.1
2.1
1.8
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP
3.9
6.8
4.9
3.9
3.6
OP COED
10.3
7.1
3.8
3.0
2.8
5.3
7.3
5.2
3.7
3.1
START
5.5
7.2
5.0
3.7
3.1
5.4
7.5
5.7
3.4
3.0
PLUS
5.2
7.3
5.3
3.6
3.2
4.2
5.8
4.8
4.2
3.7
17.3
6.7
3.0
2.1
2.0
COLD
4.5
6.7
4.6
3.9
3.6
51$ OP HOT
13.6
6.1
3.2
2.9
2i5
12.0
6.7
3.7
2.8
2.6
10.6
7.1
4.0
3.0
2.7
STARTj.
4.9
6.3
5.1
3.9
3.5
START)
.7.7
6.7
4.6
3.4
3.1
5.9
6.5
4.6
3.8
3.4
5.6
7.4
5.2
3.5
3.1
5.7
7.0
5.0
3.6
3.2
5.7
6.4
4.7
3.8
3.4
4.8
6.6
5.3
3.8
3.4
5.2
6.5
5.0
3.8
3.4
J/ Defined as equal TO TOO times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
I
KJ
10
TABLE F-21. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No. 58, 1969 290 OLD AMC )
CO, relative emission rate, HC, relative emission rate,
Dot per minute 1/ pet per minute
Elapsed
Time
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
110
75 110 w/air 20
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2. 28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
4 tffj C ^HFO
i .j i J \j i j
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
21.1
9.7
1.6
1.0
1.0
18.1
9.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
XHDT TRANSIENT
4.3
6.9
4.0
3.8
3.9
IJCflPOSITE
16.8
9.0
2.2
1.7
1.7
4.3
7.3
5.0
3.5
3.6
(43?&
13.1
8.5
2.9
2.2
2.3
15.2
9.6
3.1
1.7
1.6
50
F
75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
6.0
6.6
3.7
3.7
3.8
21.
7.
2.
1.
1.
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE
5.7
7.8
5.0
3.4
3.1
OP COLD
11.3
8.9
3.9
2.4
2.2
7.1
7.5
5.5
2.9
3.0
START
6.7
7.2
4.8
3.2
3.3
4.
6.
5.
3.
3.
3
6
2
4
3
OP
2
3
0
9
7
15.9
8.0
3.1
2.0
1.8
COLD
4.1
6.5
5.5
3.9
3.5
PLUS 57# OP HOT
15.
7.
3.
2.
2.
9
2
1
2
1
11.1
7.4
4.1
2.8
2.5
9.0
7.7
4.3
3.0
2.7
START).
4.4
6.7
5.4
3.8
3.4
START)
6.7
7.2
4.9
3.4
3.1
7.
6.
4.
3.
3.
5.
6.
5.
3.
3.
6.
6.
5.
3.
3.
0
3
8
6
3
2
6
2
7
4
0
5
0
6
4
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-22. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVfJ tec"
ro
I
[ Vehicle No. 59,
, 1967 3
18 CID Plymouth )
CO, relative emission
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
test time
seconds
• Time
Ambi
ent
, interval,
minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
• 1372
2
3
2
r?
7
HOT 3T
2
3
2
7
-7
I
1975
2
5
2
7
7
.28
.43
.70
.17
.28
/JIT
.28
.43
.70
.17
.20
CVS
.23
.43
.70
. 17
.23
12.6
12.1
2.3
1.5
1.7
11.6
10.7
2.3
2.1
2.1
J^IIOT TRANSIENT
4.7
5.4
5.5
3.7
4.1
COMPOSITE
9.8
9.6
3.5
2.3
2.5
4.3
6.0
5.5
3.3
3.7
(43?
8.5
8.7
3.7
2.9
2.8
9.7
10.0
3.1
2.6
2.3
110
AND
8.0
6.7
4.6
3.5
3.0
rate, KG, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
test temperature,
110
v//air 20
STABILIZED PHA
18.3 1
9.7
2.3
1.3
1.3
50
SE)
9.7
9.1
1.8
1.4
1.3
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OF COLD
4.2
5.7
5.4
4.1
3.7
OF COLD
7.2
3.1
4.1
3.3
2.9
A. 6
5.3
5.8
4.0
3.4
4.5
5.4
4.7
4.2
3.9
START PLUS 575' OF
G.2
6.2
5.2
3.0
3.2
14.2 1
3.4
3.0
2.2
2.1
4.2
5.6
5.0
4.1
3.9
HOT
5.0
3.0
2.7
2.2
2.1
F
75
15.0
8.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
STARTl
4.1
5.5
4.9
4.2
3.9
START)
10.6
7.5
3.5
2.9
2.7
110
110 v;/air
9.
0.
3.
3.
2.
4.
5.
5.
4.
3.
7.
6.
4.
'j -
3.
9
4
q
3
9
4
6
2
1
7
1
0
6
r-f
i
3
Jy Deiined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time Interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-23. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.60, 1970 350 CID Oldsmobile )
^
IS3
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75 '
COHD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1915 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
15.0
7.0
3.6
2.3
2.1
14.2
7.8
3.3
2.3
2.1
^HOT TRANSIENT
3.5
5.4
5.1
4.3
3.9
COMPOSITE
10.2
6.3
4.2
3.1
2.9
4.2
5.4
4.7
4.3
4.0
(43fo
10.0
6.8
3.9
3.1
2.9
11.3
8.4
4.0
2.6
2.2
110
110 w/air
20
50
P
75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
6.4
5.9
4.4
3.8
3.5
6.4
5.9
4.7
3.8
3.4
14.8
6.1
3.6
2.6
2.4
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OF
4.5
6.1
5.0
4.2
3.5
OP COLD
8.2
7.4
4.4
3.3
2.8
6.0
6.2
5.3
3.6
3.4
START
6.2
6.1
4.9
3.7
3.4
6.4
6.9
6.2
3.3
3.0
PLUS
6.4
6.5
5.6
3.5
3.1
3.9
6.1
5.3
4.0
3.7
11.4
6.7
3.9
2.9
2.7
COLD
4.3
6.1
5.0
4.0
3.7
57$ OP HOT
9.9
6.1
4.3
3.2
3.0
7.9
6.4
4.4
3.5
3.2
10.2
6.9
4.1
3.1
2.7
STARTJ,
4.6
6.4
5.1
3.9
3.5
START)
7.4
6.6
4.6
3.5
3.1
8.0
6.1
4.4
3.5
3.2
6.6
6.9
5.7
3.3
3.0
7.2
6.6
5.2
3.4
3.1
8.5
5.7
4.2
3.6
3.3
6.4
6.9
5.6
3.4
3.1
7.3
6.4
5.0
3.5
3.2
Jy Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided "by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-24. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS tost
ro
Ul
( Vehicle
No. 61, 1971
455 OLD Buick )
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per ininute 1/
Elapsed
Tine
HC, relative emission
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS-
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.20
23.8
7.3
1.5
1.0
1.3
21.3
7.3
1.3
1.5
1.7
£HOT TRANSIENT
6.4
5.0
4.3 "
3.4
4.4
COMPOSITE
19.0
6.7
2.3
1.7
2.1
5.4
4.1
4.4
4.0
4.6
(43?$
16.1
6.3
2.4
2.3
2.6
20.3
4.3
2.1
2.1
2.3
110
1 10 w/air
20
50
P
75
110
ro.to ,
110
v//air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
13.9
1.8
2.6
4.0
3.7
12.6
3.1
3.6
3.3
3.7
19.6
4.5
2.0
2.2
2.6
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OP
S.2
4.7
4.5
3.9
4.1
OP COLD
14.7
4.5
3.1
2.9
.3.0 .
7.7
6.1
4.8
3.5
3.2
START
10.2
4.4
3.9
3.7
3.4
7.4
6.2
5.5
3.1
3.4
PLUS
9.5
4.9
4.7
3.2
•j.'o
7.0
4.7
4.5
3.5
4.2.
51% OP
13.. 9
4.6
3.1
?.8
3.3
18.1
5.0
2.6
2.1
2.7
COLD
6.4
5.1
3.7
3.5
4.4
HOT
12.9
5.0
3.1
2.8
3.4
10.1
3.3
3.. 5
3.6
4.2
STARTjL
5.8
•5.5
4.7
3.6
4.2
START)'
7.5
4.4
4.1
3.6
4.2
12.1
3.6
2.7
•3.5
3.8
6. 6
6.7
6.2
3.0
3.3
3.3
5.5
4.8
3.2
3.5
10.3
3.4
2.6
3.9
4.1
5.6
5.7
5.0
3.6
3.8.
7.6
4.7
4.0
3.7
4.0
J_/ DcTinod as equal to TOO time s .the mass emission rate -in the tir.ic interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-25. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.62, 1969 390 CID Mercury )
•n
to
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT
137
343
505
935
1372 .
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1975 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
23.4
11.7
.9
.3
.2
24.6
9.0
.1.1
.6
.7
.(HOT TRANSIENT
4.6
4.3
5.4
4.8
3.5
COMPOSITE
22.0
11.2
1.3
.7
.5
5. .4
3.9
3.7
4.1
4.8
(4.3?'
21.3
8.1
1.5
1.2
1.4
22.9
7.9
1.7
1.0
1.1
110
110 w/air
20
50
F
75
110
110 w/air
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
7.3
5.1
3.1
3.4
4.5
5.7
3.9
2.4
4.2
5.1
25.1
7.7
1.6
.9
.8
PLUS STABILIZED PHASE OF
5.5
3.7
3.9
4.3
4.6
OF COLD
18.6
6.9
2.3
1.8
2.0
9.2
4.4
5.1
3.0
3.9
START
8.5
4.7
4.3
3.2
4.2
8.4
5.0
5.0
3.2
3.8
PLUS
7.4
4.6
4.0
3.5
4.2
4.0
5.4
4.8
4.3
4.0
18.4
6.7
3.0
2.0
1.8
COLD
4.5
5.9
5.2
4.0
3.7
57fo OF HOT
20.5
7.2
2.3
1.6
1.5
13.0
6.3
3.9
2.8
2.5
13.2
7.1
3.7
2.6
2.3
START!
4.3
5.9
5.4
4.0
3.7
START)
9.2
6.6
4.5
3.2
2.9
8.6
6.0
4.3
3.4
3.3
4.9
6.2
5.2
3.8
3.6
6.6
6.1
4.8
3.6
3.4
5.7
5.8
4.4
3.8
3.8
5.2
6.0
5.4
3.7
3.6
5.4
5.9
5.0
3.7
3.7
_1/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-26. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.63, 1971 318 CID Dodge )
I
tsj
-J
CO, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/
Elapsed
Time
HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature,
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 20
50
75
110
1 10 w/air
20
50
P
75
110
110 w/air
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
^2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
1915 CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7..17
7.28
24.4
5.6
2.6
1.2
1.2
21.4
7.0
3.7
1.2
1.2
_£HOT TRANSIENT
2.5
8.0
5.5
3.7
3.6
COMPOSITE
17.6
6.3
3.5
2.0
1.9
3.5
9.2
5.8
3.2
3.0
(43?*
15.4
7.7
4.4
1.9
1.8
6.4
5.8
7.7
3.3
3.0
PLUS
4.9
7.6
7.7
3.0
2.8
9.4
6.3
4.8
3.2
2.9
6.4
5.8
7.7
3.3
3.0
18.6
5.6
3.0
2.2
1.9
15.0
6.0
3.5
2.6
2.3
STABILIZED PHASE OP COLD
3.6
6.6
8.3
3.4
3.1
OP COLD START
5.6
6.8
7.7
3.1
2.8
6.2
6.5
6.8
3.3
3.0
4.9
7.6
7.7
3.0
2.8
PLUS
5.6
6.8
7.7
3.1
2.8
4.3
6.2
5.0
4.1
3.6
57?5 OP
12.6
5.8
3.9
3.0
2.6
4.5
6.5
5.0
4.0
3.5
HOT
10.0
6.2
4.2
3.3
2.9
5.9
5.8
5.3
3.8
3.4
STARTj,
4.6
7.7
2.1
3.8
START)
11.2
3.4
7.6
2.1
3.8
7.4
6.3
4.3
3.6
3.3
4.3
6.6
5.3
3.9
3.5
5.7
6.5
4.9
3.8
3.4
5.9
5.8
5.3
3.8
3.4
4.6
6.1
5.7
3.9
3.5
5.1
5.9
5.5
3.9
3.5
y Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-27. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No. 69, 1974 360 CID Plymouth )
to
oo
CO, relative emission rate, HC,
pet
Elapsed
test time
seconds
Time
, interval,
minutes
per minute 1/
relative emission rate,
pet per minute
Ambient test temperature.
60
70
COLD START (COED
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START (HOT
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
32.5
3.3
1.5
.7
.7
21.
5.
2.
1.
1.
80
TRANSIENT
3
9
8
6
6
TRANSIENT
5.1
7.2
5.4
3.4
3.4
6.
7.
5.
3.
3.
6
2
3
2
17.2
6.0
3.6
2.2
2.0
50
60
70
P
80
90
AND STABILIZED PHASE)
13.7
5.8
4.4
2.5
2.6
PLUS STABILIZED
7.1
8.2
5.3
3.0
2 2.7
1975 CVS COMPOSITE (^3^
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
26.4
4.2
2.3
1.3
1.3
15.
6.
3.
2.
2.
3
4
9
3
3
. OP COLD
12.2
7.1
4.4
2.6
2.3
8.6
7.3
5.0
2.9
2.9
START
10.9
6.6
4.7
2.7
2.8
22.2
5.4
2.1
1.8
1.7
PHASE OP
6.8
6.5
5.4
3.3
3.2
17.4
5.9
3.0
2.2
2.2
15.4
6.0
3.8
2.5
2.2
12.
6.
4.
2
2
1
2.7
2.
8
COED START)
9.0
6.3
5.3
3.0
3.0
PLUS 57# OP HOT
15.9
5.8
3.5
2.4
2.3
13.3
6.1
4.1
2.6
2.6
8.1
6.7
5.4
3.2
2.8
START)
11.7
6.3
4.6
2.9
2.5
7.
6.
5.
3.
3.
9.
6.
4.
2.
3.
9
5
4
1
1
9
4
8
9
0
Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-28. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.70, 1974 350 CID Chevrolet )
i
N5
VO
CO, relative emission rate, EC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/ pet per minute
Elapsed
Time
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 6.0
7.0
Ambient test
80
90
temperature,
. 60
70
P
80
90
COLD START (COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
137
343
505
935
1372
2.
3.
2.
7.
7.
28
43
70
17
28
HOT START
137
343
505
935
1372
2.
3.
2.
7.
7.
28
43
70
17
28
1975 CVS
137
343
505
935
1372
2.
3.
2.
7.
1.
28
43
70
17
28
10.9
9.8
4.4
2.0
2.1
8.3
10.3
4.7
2.1
2.4
.(HOT TRANSIENT
3.4
7.7
6.7
3.2
3.4
COMPOSITE
7.5
8.9
5.4
2.5
2.7
3.9
6.7
7.8
3.0
3.5
7.4
9.8
4.7
2.4
2.7
PLUS
4.6
7.9
6.5
2.9
3.3
6.7
9.5
4.6
2.6
2.8
STABILIZED
5.6
7.3
6.6
3.0
3.2
14.4
7.0
2.3
2.5
2.6
PHASE OP
6.3
5.9
4.7
3.6
3.7
13.0
7.5
1.9
2.7
2.8
COLD
7.1
5.8
4.6
3.5
3.7
(^3^ OP COLD START PLUS 51% OF HOT
6.2
8.5
6.2
2.6
2.9
6.0
8.8
5.7
2.6
3.0
6.1
8.3
5.7
2.8
3.0
10.5
6.5
3.5
3.0
3.2
10.0
6.6
3.3
3.1
3.3
11.0
6.9
3.5
2.8
3.0
STARTj.
7.9
6.2
5.3
3.1
3.3
START)
9.3
6.6
4.5
2.9
3.2
13.
6.
2.
2.
3.
8.
6.
4.
3.
3.
10.
6.
3.
3.
3.
4
0
3
9
0
3
2
8
2
3
6
1
7
0
2
Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TABLE F-29. - Time distribution of emission rate during 1975 CVS test
( Vehicle No.71, 1974 351 Ford Torino)
"1
o
CO, relative emission rate, HC, relative emission rate,
pet per minute 1/ pet per minute
Elapsed
Time
Ambient test
test time, interval,
seconds minutes 60
COLD START
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
137
343
505
935
1372
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
HOT START
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
197? CVS
2.28
3.43
2.70
7.17
7.28
22
7
2
1
1
70
80
90
temperature.
60
70
P
80
90
(COLD TRANSIENT AND STABILIZED PHASE)
.4
.5
.2
.3
.1
16.6
9.2
2.6
1.8
1.4
^HOT TRANSIENT
5
8
4
3
2
.7
.2
.6
.5
.9
7.7
8.3
3.9
3.3
2.7
COMPOSITE (43^
16
7
3
2
1
.9
.7
.0
.0
.7
12.9
8.8
3.2
2.4
1.9
14.3
8.5
3.5
2.1
1.9
PLUS
8.8
7.6
4.2
3.1
2.7
10.4
9.4
4.0
2.3
2.3
STABILIZED
10.9
8.0
4.3
2.5
2.5
15.9
7.7
2.9
2.1
2.0
PHASE OP
8.5
8.0
5.4
2.8
2.6
13.3
7.5
2.8
2.7
2.4
COLD
9.0
8.1
5.0
2.8
2.5
OP COLD START PLUS 57# OP HOT
11.6
8.1
3.9
2.6
2.3
10.6
8.7
4.2
2.4
2.4
12.1
7.9
4.2
2.4
2.3
10.9
7.9
4.0
2.7
2.4
13.8
7.2
3.1
2.5
2.4
STARTj.
9.2
8.0
5.3
2.7
2.5
START)
11.2
7.6
4.3
2.6
2.5
9.
7.
3.
2.
2.
9.
8.
5.
2.
2.
9.
7.
5.
2.
2.
9
5
7
9
9
1
1
9
4
5
4
9
0
6
7
J/ Defined as equal to 100 times the mass emission rate in the time interval
divided by the total mass emitted in the entire test segment.
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
I. REPORT NO.
EPA-460/3-74-028
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Ambient Temperature and Vehicle Emissions
5. REPORT DATE
October 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
B. H. Eccleston and R. W. Hurn
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORG MM IZ ATI ON NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Bureau of Mines
Bartlesville Energy Research Center
P.O. Box 1398
Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency, OAWM
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control, ECTD
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A test program was conducted to study the effects of ambient conditions on
exhaust emissions from a variety of automobiles. Twenty-six cars, ranging from
1967 models through catalytic converter-equipped prototypes and cars powered
by unconventional engines (rotary, Diesel, and stratified charge), were tested
at 20°, 50°, 75° and 110°F.
Test procedure was the 1975 FTP, but with engine hoods closed and cooling
air flow keyed to vehicle speed. HC, CO, NOx, total aldehydes, and reactive
hydrocarbons, plus carbon balance fuel economy, were measured.
From production cars and catalyst-equipped cars, '75 FTP composite emissions
of all three gaseous pollutants were highest at 20°F. HC and CO were generally
lowest at 75°F; composite values were greatly influenced by cold start (Bag 1)
emissions. Composite NOx emissions were generally lowest at 110°F, and were
relatively unaffected by ambient temperature. Fuel economy at 20°F was about 10%
lower than at 110°F.
The Diesel and stratified charge cars had low emissions and little temperature
sensitivity. Use of air conditioners at 110°F caused higher emissions and about
10% lower fuel economy. Reactivity of HC emissions and aldhyde emissions were
unaffected by temperature and were lower from catalyst-equipped cars at all
temperatures.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATi Field/Group
Exhaust emissions
Ambient conditions
Fuel economy
Light duty vehicles
Auto air conditioners
Emission controls
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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