EPA/530-SW-88-035
SEPTEMBER 1988
1986 NATIONAL SCREENING SURVEY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT, STORAGE, DISPOSAL, AND
RECYCLING FACILITIES
OFFICE OF POLICY, PLANNING, AND INFORMATION
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
CENTER FOR ECONOMICS RESEARCH
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709
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EPA/530-SW-88-035
SEPTEMBER 1988
1986 NATIONAL SCREENING SURVEY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT, STORAGE, DISPOSAL, AND
RECYCLING FACILITIES
OFFICE OF POLICY, PLANNING, AND INFORMATION
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
CENTER FOR ECONOMICS RESEARCH
RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709
This report was prepared under EPA Contract Number 68-01-7350
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The 1986 National Screening Survey required the coordinated effort of both the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency and its contractor, the Research Triangle Institute
(RTI). The EPA Project Manager was Jim Craig of the Office of Policy, Planning, and
Information (OPPI) in the Office of Solid Waste (OSW). Reviews of the draft
questionnaires were conducted by Larry Rosengrant, JoAnn Bassi, and Jim Berlow of
OSW's Waste Management Division.
John L. Warren was the RTI Project Manager. Hall Ashmore directed the development
of the questionnaires; Danny Allen and Kathy Almich developed the computer support
systems for the survey and subsequent analyses. Brenda Hair managed the
questionnaire receipt operations and Pat Best supervised the data entry operations.
This report was written by Jim Craig, John Warren, Sandra Curtis-Powell, and Renae
Clawsori. Initial editorial review was done by Maria Bachteal. Christine Ellestad
conducted the final detailed editing, layout, and map design.
Finally, we wish to thank the over 5,500 facilities that responded to the survey. Their
responsiveness enabled us to achieve a 100 percent response rate and ensure the
usefulness of the results.
John L. Warren, RTI Project Manager
Jim Craig, EPA Project Manager
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 OVERVIEW 3
2.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES 4
2.2 TASK OVERVIEW 5
2.3 INITIAL TASKS 5
3 QUESTIONNARE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING 9
3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT 9
3.2 PRETEST OF DRAFT QUESTIONNAIRE 10
3.3 SCREENING SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 13
4 SURVEY ADMINISTRATION 17
4.1 INTRODUCTION 17
4.2 DATA-COLLECTION PROCEDURES 1 7
4.3 DATA-COLLECTION RESULTS... 19
5 ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED 21
5.1 INTRODUCTION 21
5.2 NATIONAL HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES 22
5.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES BY EPA REGION 27
5.4 NUMBER OF FACILITIES 27
5.5 MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES BY FACILITY 33
5.6 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGIES 37
5.7 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY AND
FACILITIES BY SIC CODE 42
5.8 FEDERAL FACILITIES 45
5.9 TELEPHONE VERIFICATION , 53
6 CONCLUSIONS 55
6.1 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 55
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
CHAPTER PAGE
6.2 QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT CHANGES 56
6.3 FUTURE DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES 57
APPENDIX A - PRETEST QUESTIONNAIRE
APPENDIX B - FINAL SCREENER QUESTIONNAIRE
11
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
ES-1 SCREENING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION RESULTS ES-2
ES-2 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FACILITIES DURING 1985 (MILLION METRIC TONS) ES-3
ES-3 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA ES-12
4-1 SCREENING SURVEY FOLLOW-UP EFFORTS 18
4-2 SCREENING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION RESULTS 20
5-1 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FACILITIES DURING 1985 (MILLION METRIC TONS) 23
5-2 ACTIVE FACILITIES BY COMBINATIONS OF
TECHNOLOGIES IN THE 1986 SCREENING SURVEY 32
5-3 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH TECHNOLOGIES
AVAILABLE FOR MANAGING SELECTED WASTE TYPES 38
5-4 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES PROVIDING HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT —ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH AT LEAST ONE
COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY 40
5-5 FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES WITH THE LARGEST HAZARDOUS WASTE
QUANTITIES MANAGED IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA 43
5-6 FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES CONTAINING THE LARGEST NUMBER OF
FACILITIES MANAGING UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA ....44
5-7 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA 46
111
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IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
ES-1 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED DURING 1985,
BY THE 50 LARGEST ACTIVE FACILITIES USING
UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA ES-5
ES-2 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY
ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION ES-7
ES-3 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION ES-8
ES-4 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE
OF TECHNOLOGY ES-9
ES-5 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES ES-9
ES-6 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH LAND
DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES ES-10
ES-7 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES ES-10
ES-8 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
BY TYPE OF TECNOLOGY....: ES-11
ES-9 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION ES-13
ES-10 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
BY EPA REGION ES-14
5-1 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED DURING 1985,
BY THE 50 LARGEST ACTIVE FACILITIES USING
UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA 26
5-2 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY
ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION 28
5-3 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION 29
5-4 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE
OF TECHNOLOGY 30
5-5 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES 34
5-6 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES 34
5-7 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH LAND
DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES 35
5-8 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH RECYCLING
TECHNOLOGIES 36
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LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
FIGURE PAGE
5-9 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH AT LEAST ONE COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION 41
5-10 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES AS A PORTION OF THE TOTAL
NUMBER OF FACILITIES DURING 1985 47
5-11 QUANTITY OF WASTE MANAGED IN ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES VS.
QUANTITY OF WASTE MANAGED IN NON-FEDERAL FACILITIES
DURING 1985 47
5-12 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985 48
5-13 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY 48
5-14 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION 49
5-15 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
BY EPA REGION 50
5-16 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
BYTYPEOFTECNOLOGY 51
5-17 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
WITH TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 51
5-18 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
WITH STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES 52
5-19 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
WITH LAND DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES 52
VI
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Executive Summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report describes the results of the 1986 National Screening Survey of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities (Screening
Survey). The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) in the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) conducted this Screening Survey to collect preliminary data necessary
to select a sample for a more detailed follow-up survey, the National Survey of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling (TSDR) Facilities.
Respondents were required to complete the questionnaire under Section 3007 of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) that authorizes collection of
information for regulatory development purposes. The EPA retained the Research
Triangle Institute (RTI) to conduct both surveys.
SURVEY OBJECTIVES
• To gather current information that would uniquely identify the name,
location, ownership, operating status, and commercial availability of
every TSDR in the country.
• To gather information to characterize the type, scope, and nature of
the hazardous waste and the hazardous waste treatment, storage,
disposal, and recycling operations onsite at each TSDR in the
country.'
• To gather information to use in regulatory development. Most
regulations require background information documents, investigation
of enforcement and sampling methods, and cost estimations before
promulgation.
• To begin .to understand the relationship between hazardous wastes
managed in units exempt from RCRA regulation and hazardous
wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.
WHO WAS SURVEYED?
The project team assembled the best information available on the current
population of both commercial and noncommercial TSDRs in the United States and
developed a single, comprehensive list of facilities. This initial list contained 5,505
hazardous waste TSDRs, including both commercial and noncommercial facilities.
After further research, we discovered an additional 101 facilities to bring the final total
to 5,666 facilities.
PAGE ES-1
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SURVEY ADMINISTRATION
The initial mailing of 5,505 screening questionnaires was conducted during the
week of February 20-26, 1986. A data receipt control system containing unique
computer software, data files, and procedures specifically designed for the Screening
Survey was used to track all aspects of the survey and to retain a file history for each
facility. The project team also established a toll-free survey helpline service for the
Screening Survey to help respondent facilities complete their questionnaires.
FACILITIES INCLUDED IN THE RESULTS
Table ES-1 presents the final data-collection results of the survey. The 5,666
facilities in the Screening Survey data base include the original 5,505 facilities and the
161 additional facilities that were located subsequent to the initial mailing.
TABLE ES-1. SCREENING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION RESULTS
STATUS
Total
COUNT
5,666
PERCENT
Completed questionnaire, active
Completed questionnaire, inactive
No longer in business
Included in error (duplicates, etc.)
Refusal
2,971
2,452
183
60
0
52.5
43.3
3.2
1.0
0.0
100.0
These results include only those facilities that were active in 1985 or were
actively managing hazardous waste when they answered the questionnaire in the first
half of 1986. These results do not include facilities that:
• have closed their TSDR capabilities and managed no hazardous
waste in 1985,
• were never a TSDR facility,
• onfy have management units that are exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements,
• manage wastes regulated as hazardous under state law and manage
no federally regulated hazardous waste,
PAGE ES-2
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• only have 90-day accumulation, or
• were no longer in business.
NATIONAL HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES
Table ES-2 shows the quantity of hazardous waste managed by all active
facilities in the United States during 1985.
Of the total 272 MMT, 267 MMT is classified as hazardous under federal RCRA
regulations and 5 MMT is classified as hazardous under state but not federal
regulations. The most common example of waste that is hazardous under state
regulation and not under federal regulation is waste or used oil.
TABLE ES-2. QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY
ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
UNITS REGULATED UNITS EXEMPT FROM
UNDER RCRA RCRA PERMITTING
REQUIREMENTS*
HAZARDOUS UNDER
FEDERAL REGULATIONS 267 184
HAZARDOUS UNDER
STATE REGULATIONS 5 127
TOTAL 272 311
* Primarily wastewater treatment in tanks prior to discharge 1) to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
or 2) under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.
These hazardous waste quantities include only quantities that were managed in
1985. Some facilities were in the process of discontinuing hazardous waste
management operations or undergoing closure of all or part of their TSDR capabilities.
Others were going out of business at the site. Of the 2,971 facilities active in 1985, 324
or approximately 11 percent were in this category. These closing facilities accounted
for 5.3 percent of hazardous waste quantity managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements and 2,4 percent of the hazardous waste quantity managed in
units regulated under RCRA. There were an additional 90 facilities that are not
included as active because they are also closing but managed no hazardous waste
quantities during 1985.
Of the 272 MMT managed in units regulated under RCRA, 232 MMT (85.3
percent) was treated, 100 MMT (36.8 percent) was stored, and 33 MMT (12.1 percent)
PAGE ES-3
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was disposed. Because some hazardous wastes went through more than one
management technology (treated, then stored, and then disposed), these percentages
do not sum to 100 percent. Based on follow-up telephone calls to the top 20 facilities,
we estimate that a minimum of 80 percent of the 272 MMT managed in units regulated
under RCRA is hazardous waste water.
Several factors influence the accuracy of the numbers indicating the quantity of
hazardous wastes managed in exempt units:
* In many states, quantities of hazardous wastes managed in exempt
units do not have to be manifested or reported. Consequently,
facilities do not expend as much effort accurately measuring these
quantities as they do with hazardous wastes managed in units
regulated under RCRA.
• Survey respondents noted that these quantities were usually
estimates with a much lower level of precision than the data for
hazardous wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.
• If a hazardous waste were treated in both regulated and exempt units,
the survey instructions directed respondents to report it only for
regulated units. If a respondent failed to do this, the same waste
quantity was counted as being managed in both regulated and
exempt units. Thus, adding quantity managed in regulated units to
quantity managed in exempt units would overestimate the total
quantity of hazardous waste managed at the facility.
EPA's last major survey of hazardous waste TSDRs was conducted in 1982 to
collect data for 1981. Using that survey, EPA estimated 264 million metric tons (MMT)
of hazardous waste were managed in regulated units at TSDR facilities in 1981.
Estimates from the Screening Survey for 1985 are 272 MMT. However, it is not
possible to make direct comparisons between the 1981 survey and the 1985 survey
because there have been major changes in the universe of wastes considered
hazardous under RCRA since 1981. Some of these changes include:
• The universe of solid hazardous wastes that are considered
hazardous has changed. Additional hazardous wastes have been
listed and others have been delisted .
• The type of facilities regulated under RCRA has changed. Tighter
restrictions on land disposal facilities caused a significant number of
facilities to modify or cease their hazardous waste operations in
anticipation of the regulations.
• Some small quantity generators that were not regulated in 1981 are
now being regulated.
PAGE ES-4
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The nation's economic output affects the generation of hazardous
waste. The level of this output is different from year to year; for
example, 1985 had a higher output than 1981.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984
appear to be having a significant impact on hazardous waste
management and have affected the 1985 results.
The quantities of hazardous wastewater have such a significant effect
on national estimates of hazardous waste managed that a change or
misreporting at only a few facilities can cause a large shift in
estimated quantities.
Figure ES-1 shows the distribution of hazardous waste managed by the 50
largest TSDRs in the United States. These facilities managed 244 MMT of hazardous
waste (90 percent of the total hazardous waste managed in units regulated under
RCRA at TSDRs).
FIGURE ES-1 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGED DURING 1985, BY THE 50 LARGEST
ACTIVE FACILITIES USING UNITS REGULATED
UNDER RCRA
TOP 50 FACILITIES
OTHER 2.921 FACILITIES
TOTAL = 272 MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
PAGE ES-5
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WASTE QUANTITIES AND NUMBER OF FACILITIES BY EPA REGIONS
Figure ES-2 shows the distribution of hazardous waste quantities managed at
TSDRs by EPA region. Figure ES-3 shows the distribution of active TSDR facilities by
EPA region.
MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES BY FACILITY
Figure ES-4 summarizes the number of active facilities with "Treatment,"
"Storage," "Disposal," "Land disposal," and "Recycling" technologies. Because
facilities may have more than one technology, the sum is more than 2,971. Eighty-
seven percent of the TSDRs have "Storage" capability, the most common
classification.
Figure ES-5 shows the number of active facilities with at least one "Treatment"
technology, and divides "Treatment" into more detailed categories.
The number of facilities with active surface impoundments used for storage has
declined since the Screening Survey was mailed in February 1986. Of all active
facilities, 170 have "Storage impoundments," 48 have "Waste piles," and 2,585 utilize
"Other storage." During the followup and verification stages, we determined that, for
the majority of facilities, "Other storage" meant storage in containers and/or tanks.
Figure ES-6 shows those facilities that have "Land disposal" technologies
onsite. These facilities were active in 1985; however, because of the continuing
concern about land disposal, many companies are closing their land disposal units or
reducing their reliance on them. Actual survey responses were compared with permit
records in HWDMS to reflect the number of facilities that also submitted certification
required by HWSA. Figure ES-6 reflects totals that have been adjusted for facilities
that are formally closed or have approved closure plans.
Figure ES-7 includes active facilities that have at least one "Recycling"
technology onsite. The numbers of active federal facilities with "Treatment," "Storage,"
"Land disposal," and "Recycling" facilities are depicted in Figure ES-8.
PAGE ES-6
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m
m
CO
FIGURE ES-2 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS!
WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FACILITIES I
DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION I
J so
TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA = 272 MMT
TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS = 311 MMT
H UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA
UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
NOTE: Some waste may be managed in both regulated and exempt
units. Consequently, the total amount of RCRA hazardous waste is
less.than the sum of waste managed in exempt and regulated units.
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I
m
rn
C/)
00
FIGURE ES-3 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES
DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION
209
761
346
REGION/10
REGION 8
REGION
REGIONV4
REGION 6
TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971
TOTAL FACILITIES
COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
NOTE: Commercial facilities include those with at least one commercially available technology.
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FIGURE ES-4 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES 1
DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY
2,585
TREATMENT
STORAGE
DISPOSAL LAND DISPOSAL RECYCLING
TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971
FIGURE ES-5 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES
DURING 1985, WITH TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
949
556
INCINERATION BIOLOGICAL STEAM
WASTEWATER STRIPPING
TREATMENT
OTHER SOLIDIFICATION TREATMENT OTHER
WASTEWATER IMPOUNDMENT TREATMENT
TREATMENT
TOTAL FACILITIES
E FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY IS
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one
treatment technology and some facilities may have no treatment technology.
PAGE ES-9
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600-
500"
400-
300-
200-
100"
FIGURE ES-6 NUMBER OF ACTIVE
FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH LAND
DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES
I
530
UNDERGROUND LANDFILL
INJECTION
LAND WASTE PILE SURFACE
TREATMENT IMPOUNDMENT
TOTAL
TOTAL FACILITIES
E3 FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one land
disposal technology and some facilities may have no land disposal technology.
447
FIGURE ES-7 NUMBER OF ACTIVE!
FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH I
RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES I
SOLVENTRECOVERY
REUSE AS FUEL
OTHER RECYCLING
TOTAL FACILITIES
FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one recycling
technology and some facilities may have no recycling technology.
PAGE ES-10
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FIGURE ES-8 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY!
220
TREATMENT STORAGE LAND DISPOSAL RECYCLING
NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one type of
treatment, storage, land disposal, or recycling technology, while others may have none.
COMMERCIAL STATUS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Facilities were asked to designate whether each technology was commercially
available to the public. Commercial hazardous waste treatment does not have to be
the primary activity at a facility for an individual operation or unit to be considered
"commercially available." Of the 2,971 active facilities, 528 have at least one
"Treatment," "Storage," "Disposal," or "Recycling" technology that is commercially
available. The Screening Survey collected no information concerning the percentage
of hazardous waste managed on a commercial basis, or whether commercial
hazardous waste management is the facility's primary business.
FEDERAL FACILITIES
Table ES-3 shows the quantity of hazardous waste managed by federal
agencies in units permitted under RCRA. All federal agencies account for 237 facilities
or 8.0 percent of all active TSDRs in the nation. This table aggregates the individual
federal facilities under their respective agencies by number of active facilities and
regulated quantity.
The distribution of the hazardous waste quantities managed by active federal
facilities according to EPA region is shown in Figure ES-9 Figure ES-10 shows the
distribution of the number of active federal facilities by EPA region.
PAGE ES-11
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TABLE ES-3. QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY
ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA
AGENCY NAME
U.S Navy
U.S. Department of Energy
CBI Federal Facilities
U.S Marine Corps
U.S. Army
U.S. Air Force
NASA
'Stoller Chemical Qo. Inc./MIIDIV
Tennessee Valley Authority
*NI Ind. Inc. Riverbank Plant
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Department of Defense
National Institute of Health
*Olin Corp.
U.S Bureau of Reclamation
National Institute of
Environmental Health Science
Total
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
42
23
2
8
70
66
5
1
3
1
5
6
2
1
1
1
237
REGULATED
QUANTITY
(MMT)
1.181955
0.595965
0.264676
0.212069
0.173225
0.063235
0.013022
0.005443
0.005316
0.003148
0.001353
0.000514
0.000107
0.000081
0.000002
0.000001
3.092112
* Government contractor
PAGE ES-12
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m
m
V
CO
FIGURE ES-9 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES
DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION
MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA
UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
N 1
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m
m
CO
FIGURE ES-10 NUMBER OF ACTIVE
FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY
EPA REGION
TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES = 2371
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CONCLUSIONS
The 1986 National Screening Survey results, though general in scope, provide
some insights into the universe of TSDRs. There are far fewer active TSDRs than
there were in earlier years. The hazardous waste management universe is dominated
by very large onsite management facilities; the top 50 facilities manage 90 percent of
the hazardous waste quantities. Based on our understanding of the industries
generating hazardous waste and telephone verification, we consider the dominant
hazardous waste category to be "Hazardous wastewater with low pH."
The quantities of hazardous wastes managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements are greater than the quantities of hazardous wastes managed
in units permitted under RCRA, largely due to the amount of hazardous wastewater
treated and discharged under NPDES permits (exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements).
FUTURE DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES
The 1986 National Screening Survey is serving as the basis for several
additional data collection efforts being conducted by EPA's OSW. Using the data
collected in the Screening Survey, a detailed survey was prepared and mailed to over
2,600 TSDRs in August 1987. This survey consisted of 16 individual booklets. A
companion survey, the 1987 National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators, was
mailed to a sample of generators in late 1987. Approximately 10,300 generators of
hazardous waste received this survey. Data from these two surveys will be available
in 1989.
PAGE ES-15
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This report describes the results of the 1986 National Screening Survey of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities (Screening
Survey). The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) in the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) conducted this Screening Survey to collect preliminary data necessary
to select a sample for a more detailed follow-up survey, the National Survey of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities.
Respondents were required to complete the questionnaire under Section 3007 of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) that authorizes collection of
information for regulatory development purposes. The EPA retained the Research
Triangle Institute (RTI) to conduct both surveys.
The EPA is performing these national surveys as part of its strategy to gather
information on the nation's ability to treat, store, dispose, and recycle hazardous
waste. The EPA has already used this information to identify facilities that have the
technologies and the permits to manage certain types of hazardous waste that may be
restricted from land disposal by the regulations implemented under RCRA of 1976, as
amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984. While
national capacity to manage hazardous waste was the initial driving force behind this
effort, best demonstrated available technology (BOAT) standards, analysis of treatment
and disposal capacity by state for hazardous wastes required by the Superfund
Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA), the potential revision of hazardous
waste tank standards, and other numerous regulatory activities required information
not available in existing data sources.
. The Screening Survey was designed to identify and collect summary
information from all hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling
facilities (TSDRs) in the United States. These data were used to select a statistically
valid sample of TSDRs for the more detailed follow-up survey, begun in late 1987.
The information gathered in the Screening Survey describes the status, location,
nature, and scope of the hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling
activities onsite at each respondent facility.
The chapters in this report describe the development and administration of the
Screening Survey. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the survey tasks, Chapter 3
describes questionnaire development and testing, Chapter 4 briefly summarizes
survey administration, Chapter 5 presents results of analyses performed on the data,
and Chapter 6 contains conclusions based on the analyses and a brief discussion of
future data collection efforts. Appendix A includes a copy of the pretest version of the
Screening Survey and Appendix B includes a copy of the final Screening Survey.
PAGE 1
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PAGE 2
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CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW
In preparing to survey the U.S. hazardous waste TSDRs, the project team
concluded that, given the then-current quality and quantity of available industry
information, the most effective data-gathering effort would include two surveys of the
respondent universe:
• an initial screening survey to identify and characterize the nature and
scope of the operations onsite at each TSDR in the target population,
and
• a follow-up survey to collect detailed technical information from a
sample of the TSDRs identified by the Screening Survey.
The focus of the two surveys has been to gather supporting information for
rulemaking and related efforts including:
• design and operating parameters, hazardous waste quantity and
characterization, and other types of technical information on the
nation's hazardous waste TSDRs,
• information for developing BOAT for the management of specific types
of wastes,
• hazardous waste management capacity and hazardous waste
quantities for determining land disposal capacities and for use in the
state capacity certifications required under SARA,
• air emissions control information for rulemaking on TSDR air
emissions by EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
(OAQPS),
• specifications for hazardous waste tank systems for possible tank
requirement revisions,
• revisions to underground injection well standards, and
• data to support the development of Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs)
for the land disposal restrictions rule.
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The survey was initially intended to be a census of an estimated 500
commercial hazardous waste management facilities. As the implications of the HSWA
became apparent; however, EPA realized the need to survey both commercial and
noncommercial facilities. The Screening Survey, a short census survey of all potential
TSDR facilities, was designed to be followed in 1987 by a detailed survey of a sample
based on the results of the Screening Survey. After reviewing available data bases of
the universe of facilities that were thought to be TSDRs, the project team determined
that the completeness of the initial data base would affect the team's ability to draw an
adequate sample. Consequently, the follow-up effort was changed to a census of
treatment, disposal, and recycling facilities and a sample of storage facilities.
The following sections in this chapter describe the survey objectives, provide an
overview of the tasks required to conduct the survey, summarize how the respondent
universe was identified, describe specific data-collection objectives, and outline data-
protection procedures.
2.1 SURVEY OBJECTIVES
The project team administered the Screening Survey primarily to help identify
the respondent universe for a more detailed follow-up survey. Consequently, the
Screening Survey was designed to gather data to characterize the survey population
with a high level of precision, to identify the parameters required for selecting a sample
for the follow-up survey, and to provide the most current available data on facility
names, contacts, and addresses.
The Screening Survey had the following major objectives:
• To gather current information that would uniquely identify
the name, location, ownership, operating status, and
commercial availability of every TSDR in the country. Firms
frequently change ownership or contact persons making
communication difficult or impossible. Permitted and Interim Status
firms may not be actively managing hazardous wastes; some firms
maintain their status even though hazardous waste operations have
ceased temporarily or permanently.
• To gather information to characterize the type, scope, and
nature of the hazardous waste and the hazardous waste
treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling operations
onsite at each TSDR in the country. This information was used
to develop the statistical sampling procedures for selecting the
sample for the detailed follow-up survey. The data collected during
the Screening Survey allowed stratification of the detailed survey
sample frame based on facility size and types of operations.
Stratifying based on size allowed selection of the facilities of greatest
interest for the follow-up survey.
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• To gather information to use in regulatory development.
Most regulations require background information
documents, investigation of enforcement and sampling
methods, and cost estimations before promulgation. There
is no national data base for the TSDRs that contains information
collected in the Screening Survey.
• To begin to understand the relationship between
hazardous wastes managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements and hazardous wastes managed in
units regulated under RCRA. Some RCRA-listed wastes are
handled in treatment technologies exempt from RCRA regulation.
Some states are more stringent than the federal government in
regulating the wastes within their boundaries and require certain non-
RCRA wastes to be managed in the same fashion as RCRA wastes.
The exact relationships are not accurately known.
2.2 TASK OVERVIEW
The Screening Survey required six tasks:
• Task 1. Define the Respondent Universe—Identify to whom the
Screening Survey should be mailed.
• Task 2. Develop Data Collection Objectives—Identify what
information should be collected during the Screening Survey.
• Task 3. Develop and Test Questionnaire—Write a survey instrument
that will achieve objectives developed in Task 2 and demonstrate its
validity in a small-scale pretest with survey respondents.
• Task 4. Develop Data Base System—Store and use data collected
during the Screening Survey including methods of insuring
confidentiality when necessary.
• Tasks. Administer the Survey.
• Task 6. Analyze the Data.
The following sections briefly address tasks one, two, and four; subsequent
chapters address the other three tasks.
2.3 INITIAL TASKS
Before developing, testing, and administering the Screening Survey, the project
team first developed a-comprehensive list of all the active TSDRs in the United States,
decided what types and amounts of information should be collected from them, and
developed procedures to protect any information claimed as confidential by survey
respondents. The following subsections briefly describe these three initial tasks.
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2.3.1 Defining the Respondent Universe
To define the respondent universe, the project team assembled the best infor-
mation available on the current population of both commercial and noncommercial
TSDRs in the United States and developed a single, comprehensive list of facilities
from the following sources of data:
• EPA's Hazardous Waste Data Management System (HWDMS)
containing Part A of the RCRA waste management permit applications
filed by TSDRs
• Biennial Reports, which all RCRA-permitted TSDRs must file either
with the states or with EPA
• Directories of commercial hazardous waste TSDRs:
- Hazardous Waste Consultant, Volumes 1-5, 1983-1985, published
by McCoy and Associates Inc., 1313 W. Cedar Drive, Lakewood,
Colorado 80228
- Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management Firms, 1985,
published by Environmental Information Ltd., 7400 Metro Blvd.,
Suite 400, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55435
- Hazardous Waste Services Directory, 1985, J.J. Keller and
Associates, Inc., 145 W. Wisconsin Ave., Neenah, Wisconsin
54956
In order to create a single, comprehensive mailing list, the project team merged
relevant data from each of these sources, eliminated duplicate entries, matched
corresponding partial entries, and researched discrepancies among similar entries.
This initial list contained 5,505 hazardous waste TSDRs, including both commercial
and noncommercial facilities. Through additional research 101 facilities were added
to bring the final total to 5,666 facilities.
2.3.2 Developing Data-Collection Objectives
The project team developed data-collection objectives based on the general
survey objectives described in Section 2:
• Identify the operating status of every TSDR in the United States.
• Identify the following quantities of hazardous waste managed in units
regulated under RCRA:
— total quantity managed onsite (i.e., treated, stored, or disposed),
— total quantity disposed onsite,
— total quantity treated onsite, and
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— total quantity stored onsite, including the quantity accumulated in
storage areas for fewer than 90 days.
• Identify the following quantities of hazardous waste managed in units
that are not permitted under RCRA:
— total quantity managed (i.e., treated or recycled) onsite,
— total quantity treated onsite, and
— total quantity recycled onsite.
• Identify what percentage of each waste quantity reported was
considered hazardous by federal (as opposed to state) regulations.
Previous surveys have not asked for state-regulated hazardous waste
quantities. Because these wastes do compete for available capacity
to manage all hazardous wastes, it is important to identify state-
regulated hazardous waste quantities.
• Identify general types of hazardous waste managed onsite.
• Identify general types of treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling
technologies used onsite.
• Identify which treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling technologies
are used to manage which types of hazardous waste onsite.
• Identify which treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling technologies
are offered commercially onsite.
• Accurately identify
— EPA facility identification (ID) number,
— company name,
— location, and
— name, title, telephone number, and mailing address of a person
for future survey-related contacts.
2.3.3 Developing Data-Protection Procedures
All surveyed firms and facilities had the right, under law, to request that the
information they submitted during the Screening Survey be treated as Confidential
Business Information (CBI). The cover letter (and addenda) mailed with each
questionnaire specifically addressed how, and when, respondents could claim CBI
status for their completed questionnaires and how, and to whom, EPA could release
CBI for data processing and analysis. To ensure the protection of any CBI data that
might be submitted during the survey, the project team developed detailed
procedures, in accordance with EPA regulations, that specify how CBI data should be
protected, including who can and should be cleared to view and handle those data
and how the data should be protected in both hard-copy and electronic forms.
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PAGE 8
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CHAPTER 3
QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING
To develop the Screening Survey questionnaire, the project team prepared
different draft questionnaires over a 12-month period. Each of these draft instruments
was subject to intense technical and format reviews by EPA staff. Several were
reviewed by industry and trade association representatives and, during a small-scale
pretest, by management and technical personnel at a few selected TSDRs in the
respondent universe.
The following two sections briefly describe how the Screening Survey
questionnaire was developed and tested during these reviews and subsequent
discussions. A final section summarizes the form and intent of the seven questions in
the version of the questionnaire that was mailed to respondents during the Screening
Survey.
3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT
To develop the Screening Survey questionnaire, the project team drafted a set of
questions to identify and characterize TSDRs; these questions were reviewed by staff
members in several different offices within EPA. The primary purpose of these reviews
was to ensure that the Agency's rulemaking information needs would be met to the
maximum extent possible by the information gathered using the Screening Survey
questionnaire.
After each internal review, the project team assembled all the comments from
EPA staff who had reviewed the questionnaire; then the project team assessed the
comments, resolved any issues, and prepared a new draft for additional reviews, as
necessary. The lead office, the OSW, reviewed every draft. Other EPA offices that
reviewed selected drafts and portions of drafts included the OAQPS, the Office of
Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE), and the Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response (OERR).
The project team also solicited comments from industry and trade association
representatives. The general purpose of these reviews was to improve the
questionnaire, to establish a working relationship with appropriate industry and trade
associations, and to obtain their support for the survey. The project team arranged
these industry reviews to help ensure that the questions:
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• could be answered using data available onsite at each TSDR in the
respondent universe,
• were asked using language that is understandable and familiar to the
persons likely to complete the questionnaires at TSDRs, and
• would be answered by the respondent facilities to ensure that they
would not refuse to answer the questions for legal or technical
reasons.
The following industry trade associations participated in the review process:
• Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA),
• National Association of Solvent Recyclers (NASR),
• Institute for Chemical Waste Management (ICWM) of the National
Solid Waste Management Association (NSWMA),
• Hazardous Waste Treatment Council (HWTC), and the
• American Petroleum Institute (API).
3.2 PRETEST OF DRAFT QUESTIONNAIRE
As an extension of the questionnaire development process, the project team also
conducted a small-scale pretest of the survey instruments and data-collection
procedures to test their ability to accomplish their intended purposes. The following
subsections discuss the pretest objectives, facility selection and testing procedures,
and pretest results.
3.2.1 Pretest Objectives
The overall objective of the pretest was to test the ability of the survey instrument
and data collection procedures to gather the required information. Specifically, the
pretest had the following major objectives:
• To measure the extent to which the instruments and procedures could
collect information that met the objectives of the analysis plan.
• To test the ability and willingness of the respondent facilities to
provide the information sought in three categories:
1. Questions that ask for information unavailable to the respondents.
For example, was the requested information routinely kept in
respondent files and was it stored in the form requested?
2. Questions the respondents could not understand. For example,
was the terminology used in the survey similar to what the
respondents used to describe their treatment, storage, disposal, or
recycling operations?
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3. Questions that might mean one thing to the EPA but something
quite different to respondents. For example, would respondents
understand the use of the term "commercially available" as it was
defined in the questionnaire?
3.2.2 Facility Selection and Testing Procedures
Facility Selection. After the project team had developed a final draft
version of the Screening Survey questionnaire based on industry and EPA staff
comments and discussions, RTI contacted nine hazardous waste TSDRs by mail and
asked them to participate in a voluntary pre-survey test of the data-collection
instruments and procedures. The letter mailed to each facility informed the personnel
of the background and objectives of the survey, identified a timeframe for the pretest,
requested their participation, and informed them that they would be contacted soon
about their willingness to participate.
Each facility was told it would not have to complete another questionnaire during
the actual Screening Survey if it submitted a completed questionnaire during the
pretest. The facility would, however, be contacted by telephone during the survey to
confirm its earlier pretest responses.
Within a few days, the project team followed up the initial letter with a telephone
call to each facility requesting its participation in the pretest. After identifying the nine
participants and whether they would participate in person or by telephone, the project
team identified when each facility would be able to discuss its completed
questionnaire. The project team then scheduled and began conducting the pretest
discussions.
The nine facilities contacted for the pretest were chosen at random from among
TSDRs within a 1-day drive of Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, where the
project team was developing the final questionnaire. Of the nine facilities contacted,
three agreed to conduct onsite personal interviews with the project team, five agreed
to discuss the questionnaire over the telephone with the project team, and one
declined to participate.
Testing Procedures. To assess whether the questionnaire met the
objectives describes in Section 3.2.1, each pretest discussion addressed three topics:
• Adequacy of the information provided on the background and
objectives of the Screening Survey.
• A review of each respondent's completed questionnaire to determine
whether each question had been understood and answered
accurately.
• General impression from respondents regarding the form of the
questionnaire. This included discussions of definitions, question
layout and ordering, and type styles, sizes, and treatments.
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In addition, each pretest discussion usually included a description (on the telephone)
or a tour (in-person interviews) of the operations at each pretest facility.
3.2.3 Pretest Results
Of the eight facilities whose staffs agreed to discuss the questionnaire with the
project team, four actually submitted their questionnaires during the pretest. The other
four pretest facilities completed their questionnaires only for the purpose of the pretest
discussion. The results of the pretest discussions indicated a need for changes in both
the form and content of the screening questionnaire. The pretest questionnaire is in
Appendix A. The following paragraphs summarize the changes made to the pretest
questionnaire. The page numbers given refer to those on the final questionnaire:
Cover (page 1)—Information on background and objectives of survey.
The project team made wording changes to simplify the language and modified the
mailing label format to exclude Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. Also, a
formal question was added requiring the correction of any erroneous identification and
address information in a formal question rather than by asking respondents to make
changes on the label (see Question 7, Page 7). On the final questionnaire, the mailing
label and instructions were moved to the cover page.
Page 2—Definitions. The project team deleted several definitions that the pretest
experience indicated were not needed and added others that were. In addition, the
amount of space devoted to definitions was expanded to make them easier to find and
read.
Page 3—Question 1. The project team added a fifth status option to address the
various possible stages of facility closure that surfaced during the pretest and changed
the skip pattern instructions to direct respondents to a list of information under the
heading "Important Note."
Page 3—First "Important Note." Also added to this page was a series of
clarifying statements in the form of an "Important Note." These clarifications included
explanations'of whether and how to report several types of hazardous waste treatment
and recycling operations and several types of hazardous waste.
Page 4—Questions 2 and 3. In addition to making several wording changes to
further clarify- how respondents should answer these questions, the project team
reordered the overall question format so that the explanatory notes would appear
before, rather than after, the answer spaces.
Page 5—Second "Important Note." In response to several questions that
surfaced during the pretest, the project team added a second "Important Note" to clarify
what types of treatment and recycling operations and should be considered "exempt
from RCRA permitting requirements," including certain types of hazardous wastewater
treatment and solvent recycling operations.
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Page 5—Questions 4 and 5. The project team made several wording changes to
clarify Questions 4 and 5 and also reordered the question formats so that the
explanatory notes would appear before, rather than after, the answer spaces.
Page 6—Question 6. The project team made several wording and format changes
to this question. First, the question itself was rewritten and reformatted. Second, the
various headings in the matrix were rewritten to better label each column. Third, the
row in which respondents indicate the units that are not used to manage hazardous
waste onsite was relocated from the bottom of the matrix to the top. Fourth, the
commercial status question was moved to the last columns. And, fifth, a series of
explanatory notes was added to the bottom of the matrix to clarify how respondents
should report certain kinds of hazardous waste management operations.
Page 7—Question 7. This question was expanded specifically to direct
respondents to correct or supplement the facility identification, contact, and location
information contained on the mailing label pasted on the front of each questionnaire.
3.3 SCREENING SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
The final version of the screening questionnaire was designed to collect four
types of information from each respondent facility:
• Question 1—Facility operating status,
• Questions 2, 3, 4, and 5—Waste quantity,
• Question 6—Waste management capability, and
• Question 7—Facility identification and location.
The following subsections describe the screening questionnaire's various parts,
including its seven questions, in terms of the information collection objectives listed
above. Appendix B contains a copy of the final Screening Survey questionnaire.
3.3.1 Cover Page
In addition to displaying the facility identification label, the cover (Page 1) of the
screening questionnaire presents several types of information designed to anticipate
specific questions from respondents. The "Introduction" provides administrative
information.
3.3.2 Definitions
The definitions section of the questionnaire (Page 2) contains definitions of key
terms developed specifically for this survey. While they are not legal definitions, they
are derived from definitions of similar terms in the Code of Federal Regulations.
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3.3.3 Important Notes
These notes contain information that should help the respondent interpret the
language in Questions 2, 3, 4, and 5—especially the difference between treatment and
recycling operations and the difference between units regulated under RCRA and
units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
3.3.4 Question 1— Facility Status
The first question asks respondents to give the current operating status of their
respective facilities by circling the number next to one of five options:
1. This facility currently treats, stores, disposes, or recycles hazardous
wastes.
2. This facility is planned or under construction and has not yet opened.
3. At one time this facility treated, stored, disposed, or recycled
hazardous waste, but it has ceased ALL such hazardous operations
and has closed ALL its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal
and recycling units.
4. This facility is either (a) a permitted facility that has notified the EPA
Regional Administrator that it plans to close ALL its hazardous waste
treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling units or (b) an interim status
facility that has submitted a closure plan for ALL its treatment, storage,
disposal, or recycling units.
5. This facility has not treated, stored, disposed, or recycled hazardous
waste since November 19, 1980, when hazardous waste became
regulated under RCRA.
The information provided in response to this question helped refine the data
base on U.S. facilities by eliminating those that no longer manage hazardous waste
and by identifying those with immediate plans to close or open.
How this question is answered determines whether a respondent is routed
through Questions 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 or sent directly to Question 7, which asks for
identification and location information. In general, only facilities that have closed and
those that have not managed hazardous waste since RCRA was enacted were routed
directly to Question 7.
3.3.5 Questions 2 and 3—Hazardous Waste Quantities Managed in
Units Regulated Under RCRA
Questions 2 and 3 both ask for information on the quantities of hazardous waste
that were managed onsite during 1985 using technologies or units that are regulated
under RCRA. Although Questions 2 and 3 ask for the same types of information, they
differ in one important respect—how they ask a respondent to count and report waste
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that is managed using more than one type of technology. Question 2 asks for
hazardous waste quantity information on a whole facility basis and specifically
instructs respondents to report hazardous waste managed in more than one manner
only once (e.g., hazardous waste that was treated twice or both stored and treated);
Question 3 asks for the same information on a technology-type basis and specifically
requires reporting of each type of hazardous waste technology under treatment,
storage, or disposal of hazardous waste. Respondents were to count only once
hazardous waste going to more than one storage, treatment, or disposal system.
Question 2 asks for types of information on the total quantity of hazardous waste
that was managed onsite during 1985 in units regulated under RCRA. The responses
to this question helped determine the size of each facility and the regulatory status of
the hazardous waste managed onsite in units that are regulated under RCRA.
Question 3 asks for information on the individual quantities of hazardous waste that
were treated, stored, or disposed onsite using units regulated under RCRA. The
responses to this question helped determine the size of each facility's treatment,
storage, and disposal operations and the regulatory status of the hazardous waste
managed onsite in units that are regulated under RCRA.
3.3.6 Questions 4 and 5—Hazardous Waste Quantities Managed in
Units Exempt from RCRA Permitting Requirements
While Questions 2 and 3 ask for information on the quantities of hazardous
waste that were managed onsite during 1985 using units regulated under RCRA,
Questions 4 and 5 ask for information on the quantities of hazardous waste that were
managed onsite during 1985 using units that are exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements (i.e., units for which facilities do not need a RCRA Part A or Part B permit
or interim status). Questions 4 and 5 differ from one another in one important
respect—how they ask a respondent to count and report hazardous waste that is
managed using more than one type of technology. Question 4 asks for hazardous
waste quantity information on a whole-facility basis and specifically instructs
respondents to report hazardous waste managed in more than one manner only once
(e.g., hazardous waste that was treated twice or both treated and recycled). Question
5 asks for the same information on an technology-type-specific basis and specifically
requires reporting hazardous waste that was treated and recycled in each category.
Question 4 asks information on the total quantity of hazardous waste that was
managed (treated or recycled) onsite during 1985 using units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements. The responses to this question helped determine the size of
each facility and the regulatory status of the hazardous waste treated or recycled
onsite in units that are exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. Question 5 asks
for information on the individual quantities of hazardous waste that were treated or
recycled onsite using units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. The
responses to this question helped determine the size of each facility's treatment and
recycling technologies and the regulatory status of the hazardous waste managed
onsite in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
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3.3.7 Question 6—Hazardous Waste Management Capability
Although it is probably the most complex-looking question in the questionnaire,
Question 6 has the most straightforward objective—to identify what types of
technologies each facility has onsite to manage hazardous hazardous waste, what
general types of hazardous waste are managed using each unit, and whether each
unit is available commercially. This information is among the most useful collected
with the Screening Survey for deciding what kinds, and sizes, of facilities should be
included in the sample for the detailed follow-up survey and for use in regulatory
development.
3.3.8 Question 7—Facility Identification and Location
This question first asks respondents to confirm or correct the information listed
in the facility identification label pasted on the front of the questionnaire, then it asks for
the name, title, and telephone number of the missing information.
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CHAPTER 4
SURVEY ADMINISTRATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The initial mailing of 5,505 screening questionnaires was conducted during the
week of February 20-26, 1986. A receipt control system containing unique computer
software, data files, and procedures specifically designed for the Screening Survey
was used to track all aspects of the survey and to retain a file history for each facility.
The project team also established a toll-free survey helpline service for the
Screening Survey to help respondent facilities complete their questionnaires. This
line solved many problems and greatly reduced the need for follow-up phone calls.
4.2 DATA-COLLECTION PROCEDURES
The data-collection procedures implemented in this Screening Survey were
more intensive than those normally used. In response to EPA's desire to have a
complete data base of all U.S. hazardous waste TSDRs, extra effort was taken to
obtain the maximum possible response to this Screening Survey. In between two
separate mailings of the questionnaire, a thank you/reminder letter was mailed. The
second mailing was followed by two telephone promptings; near the end of the second
telephone follow-up, a reminder letter was mailed to nonresponders.
The thank you/reminder letter was mailed on March 10, 1986, 12 days after the
end of the first mailout. The second mailing of the questionnaire was made on April 14
and 15, 1986, to 1,361 facilities whose questionnaires had not been received by April
15,1986. '
Undeliverables were given to technical interviewers who contacted the facility
using the system phone number, directory assistance, the state agency responsible for
hazardous waste facilities, the regional offices and, occasionally, the Federal
Bankruptcy Court to obtain contact information. Eventually, all facilities were traced.
Opening and processing returned questionnaires began on March 17, 1986,
and continued on a regular basis. Any questionnaires having data that was claimed
as CBI were logged in and immediately placed in a locked filing cabinet until
processing. All completed questionnaires were manually and machine edited for
legibility of responses, missing and multiple responses, and correct entry of contact
information. Editors also examined questionnaires for any notes or explanatory
information. These notes were then marked for inclusion into the facility's permanent
file.
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After allowing 2 months for receipt of completed questionnaires, a telephone
prompting effort was made to improve upon the response rate. A total of 925 facilities
was included in the first telephone prompting, and a significant number either filled out
their questionnaire or dictated their responses over the telephone.
Approximately 1 month after the initial telephone interview, those facilities that
had promised and failed to return the questionnaire by a certain date were contacted a
second time. The telephone interviewers called 160 facilities in the second prompting.
On July 1, 1986, a final reminder letter was mailed to approximately 100
facilities that had not returned a completed questionnaire. All these facilities had
received two mailings of the questionnaire and a telephone prompting. Many had also
received a second telephone prompting.
Facilities that either explicitly refused to complete the questionnaire, or that had
been prompted by telephone and had not returned a completed questionnaire, were
sent a letter referring to EPA's authority under Section 3007 of RCRA requiring the
respondent to complete the questionnaire. All facilities eventually responded.
Constant follow-up by staff members resulted not only in eventually accounting for all
original facilities in the data base, but it also added a significant number of facilities to
the system. The survey follow-up activities are summarized in Table 4-1.
TABLE 4-1. SCREENING SURVEY FOLLOW-UP EFFORTS
ACTIVITY
Initial mailing
Facilities added during survey
Total receiving survey
Reminder letter mailed
Second mailing
First telephone prompt
Second telephone prompt
Final reminder
Final telephone contact of
refusals/nonrespondents begun
Last facility completed
DATE
(1986)
February 20-26
March 10
April 15-16
May 1
May 16
July 1
July 17
August 1 2
FACILITIES
INVOLVED
5,505
161
5,666
5,505
1,361
925
160
100
52
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4.3 DATA-COLLECTION RESULTS
The project team used significant resources to maximize the response rate to
this Screening Survey and to enhance the data quality of the resultant data base.
Information was obtained on 100 percent of the facilities included in the survey.
Beyond EIPA's authority under Section 3007, this high response rate is attributed to the
aggressive mail and telephone follow-up and the simplicity of the questionnaire.
Table 4-2 presents the final data-collection results of the survey. The 5,666 facilities in
the Screening Survey data base include the original 5,505 facilities and the 161
additional facilities that were located subsequent to the initial mailing.
The facilities counted as active in Table 4-2 are those that were actively treating,
storing, disposing, or recycling hazardous waste in at least part of 1985. This also
includes facilities that managed hazardous waste quantities in 1985 but were in the
process of closing their hazardous waste operations. Active facilities also includes
those that were active in the first half of 1986 but not in 1985. They are included in all
facility counts but did not contribute any quantity to that managed in 1985. Facilities
that were in the process of closing, but managed no hazardous waste quantities in
1985, are included with the inactive facilities. Inactive facilities also included those
that:
• have closed their TSDR capabilities and managed no hazardous
waste in 1985,
• were never a TSDR facility,
• only have management units that are exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements,
• manage wastes regulated as hazardous under state law and manage
no federally regulated hazardous waste,
• only have 90-day accumulation, or
• were no longer in business.
Two additional telephone follow-ups have been conducted to verify status and
response. They were done in October 1986 and January 1987.
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TABLE 4-2. SCREENING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION RESULTS
STATUS
COUNT
PERCENT
Completed questionnaire, active
Completed questionnaire, inactive
No longer in business
Included in error (duplicates, etc.)
Refusal
Total
2,971
2,452
183
60
0
5,666
52.5
43.3
3.2
1.0
0.0
100.0
PAGE 20
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CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter reviews the data collected in the Screening Survey and provides a
discussion of the results and factors affecting them. Data are presented on a national
and regional basis, by regulatory status, by commercial status, and by available
technologies. These results include only those facilities that were active in 1985 or
were actively managing hazardous waste when they answered the questionnaire in
the first half of 1986. Facilities not active and not included in these results include
those that:
• have closed their TSDR capabilities and managed no hazardous
waste in 1985,
• were never a TSDR facility,
• only have management units that are exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements,
• manage wastes regulated as hazardous under state law and manage
no federally regulated hazardous waste,
• only have 90-day accumulation, or
• were no longer in business.
Facilities were asked to designate whether each technology was commercially
available to the public. This was done on a technology basis rather than a facility
basis. Commercial hazardous waste treatment does not have to be the primary activity
at a facility for an individual operation or unit to be considered "commercially
available." All facilities fall into one of three categories:
• All technologies are commercially available.
• No technologies are commercially available.
PAGE 21
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• Some technologies are commercially available and some are used
for management of hazardous waste generated onsite.
The implications of this designation scheme are discussed in Section 5.6,
"COMMERCIAL STATUS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES."
EPA's last major survey of hazardous waste TSDRs was conducted in 1982 to
collect data for 1981. Using that survey, EPA estimated 264 million metric tons {MMT)
of hazardous waste were managed in regulated units at TSDR facilities in 1981.
Estimates from the Screening Survey for 1985 are 272 MMT. However, it is not
possible to make direct comparisons between the 1981 survey and the 1985 survey
because there have been major changes in the hazardous waste universe since 1981.
Some of these changes include:
• The universe of solid hazardous wastes that are considered
hazardous has changed. Additional hazardous wastes have been
listed and others have been delisted .
• The type of facilities regulated under RCRA has changed. Tighter
restrictions on land disposal facilities caused a significant number of
facilities to modify or cease their hazardous waste operations in
anticipation of the regulations.
• Some small quantity generators that were not regulated in 1981 are
now being regulated.
• The nation's economic output affects the generation of hazardous
waste. The level of this output is different from year to year; for
example, 1985 had a higher output than 1981.
• HSWA of 1984 appear to be having a significant impact on hazardous
waste management and have affected the 1985 results.
• The quantities of hazardous wastewater have such a significant effect
on national estimates of hazardous waste managed that a change or
misreporting at only a few facilities can cause a large shift in
estimated quantities.
5.2 NATIONAL HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES
Table 5-1 shows the quantity of hazardous waste managed by all active
facilities (as defined in Section 5.1) in the United States during 1985.
A facility is a TSDR facility if it has RCRA regulated technologies. There are
many generators that manage hazardous wastes in exempt technologies only, e.g.,
tanks regulated under the Clean Water Act. This Screening Survey includes only
those TSDRs which manage hazardous wastes in at least one regulated technology.
The quantities illustrated in Table 5-1 do not represent the entire universe of
hazardous waste managed in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. The
PAGE 22
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large quantity of hazardous wastes managed by facilities npj permitted by RCRA is not
included in this table.
Of the total 272 MMT, 267 MMT is classified as hazardous under federal RCRA
regulations and 5 MMT is classified as hazardous under state but not federal
regulations. The most common example of waste that is hazardous under state
regulation and not under federal regulation is waste or used oil.
TABLE 5-1. QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FACILITIES DURING 1985 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
UNITS REGULATED UNITS EXEMPT FROM
UNDER RCRA RCRA PERMITTING
REQUIREMENTS*
HAZARDOUS UNDER
FEDERAL REGULATIONS 267 184
HAZARDOUS UNDER
STATE REGULATIONS 5 127
TOTAL 272 311
* Primarily wastewater treatment in tanks prior to discharge 1) to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
or 2) under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.
Respondents also provided the quantity of hazardous waste that was managed
in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. A total of 311 MMT is managed in
units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements, with 184 MMT hazardous under
federal regulations and 127 MMT hazardous under state regulations. .The relatively
large amount classified hazardous under state regulations and handled in units
exempt from RCRA permitting is thought to be managed in two common hazardous
wastewater treatment technologies: skimming waste or used oil from large quantities
of hazardous wastewater and neutralization of corrosive hazardous wastewater.
Hazardous wastewater with a pH of less than 2 or more than 12.5 is hazardous
under RCRA. However, some states consider corrosive hazardous wastewater with
pH values of 2 to 4 and 10 to 12 hazardous and require it to be neutralized before
release. Other states have more stringent restrictions on the concentrations of metals
or other constituents allowable in wastewater. Most neutralization and oil skimming is
handled in tanks permitted under the Clean Water Act and thus exempt from RCRA
permitting. These wastes are reported as hazardous wastes managed in units exempt
from RCRA permitting requirements. There have been no previous national surveys
that have asked for this information on hazardous wastes managed in units exempt
from RCRA permitting requirements. Consequently, there are no earlier benchmarks
with which to compare these totals.
PAGE 23
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These hazardous waste quantities include only quantities that were managed in
1985. Some facilities were in the process of discontinuing hazardous waste
management operations or undergoing closure of all or part of their TSDR capabilities.
Others were going out of business at the site. Of the 2,971 facilities active in 1985, 324
or approximately 11 percent were in this category. These closing facilities accounted
for 5.3 percent of hazardous waste quantity managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements and 2.4 percent of the hazardous waste quantity managed in
units regulated under RCRA. There were an additional 90 facilities that are not
included as active because they are also closing but managed no hazardous waste
quantities during 1985.
Of the 272 MMT managed in units regulated under RCRA, 232 MMT (85.3
percent) was treated, 100 MMT (36.8 percent) was stored, and 33 MMT (12.1 percent)
was disposed. Because some hazardous wastes went through more than one
technology (treated, then stored, and then disposed), these percentages do not sum to
100 percent. This is consistent with our understanding of the types of hazardous
waste managed. Verification telephone calls revealed that, especially in the case of
the very largest TSDRs, a large percentage of their hazardous waste quantity was
hazardous wastewater that was usually treated and then discharged into a publicly
owned treatment works (POTW) or into a waterway under a Clean Water Act, National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Typically, this hazardous
wastewater is corrosive, with a pH of less than 2.0 prior to treatment, and therefore a
waste regulated under RCRA. Based on follow-up telephone calls to the top 20
facilities, we estimate that a minimum of 80 percent of the 272 MMT managed in units
regulated under RCRA is hazardous wastewater.
Of the 311 MMT managed in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements,
99.3 percent is treated and 1.6 percent is recycled. These two categories do not
appear to overlap except for a few facilities. For exempt technologies, hazardous
wastes are either treated or recycled, but usually not both. Respondents reported that
the influence of hazardous wastewater is important. Hazardous wastes treated in units
exempt from RCRA permitting requirements are primarily hazardous wastewater, while
hazardous wastes managed in exempt recycling units are largely solvents and similar
organic-containing wastes. Facilities may be treating the same type of hazardous
wastewater and conducting the same types of recycling operations in either permitted
or exempt technologies depending on the differences in state hazardous waste
regulations. No verification was done on the percentages that wastewater treatment
and recycling represented of the total quantity of hazardous wastes managed in units
exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
Several factors influence the accuracy of the numbers that indicate the quantity of
hazardous wastes managed in exempt units:
• In many states, quantities of hazardous wastes managed in exempt
units do not have to be reported. Consequently, facilities do not
expend as much effort accurately measuring these quantities as they
do with wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.
PAGE 24
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• Survey respondents noted that these quantities were usually
estimates with a much lower level of precision than the data for
wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.
• If a waste were treated in both regulated and exempt units, the survey
instructions directed respondents to report it only for regulated units.
If a respondent failed to do this, the same waste quantity was counted
as being managed in both regulated and exempt units. Thus, adding
quantity managed in regulated units to quantity managed in exempt
units would overestimate the total quantity of hazardous waste
managed at the facility.
These national totals represent the results of a census of known TSDRs in
1985. There may be discrepancies between these data and the actual quantities
managed due to the following factors:
• Through inappropriate data codes or similar errors, some TSDRs may
have been excluded from the census universe. We believe this
number to be very small. EPA is continuing to follow-up on facilities
that are reported by various sources as missing from the data base.
They are added if further investigation shows this to be warranted.
• Facilities may have reported quantities inaccurately. However, we
believe these errors have been reduced them to a minimum.
• Facilities may have received their permits since January 1986. This
survey and these results do not include any facilities permitted after
that date. These TSDRs will be added to the population for the
detailed TSDR survey.
We did not ask for information that would enable us to determine the actual
quantities managed in commercial technologies. This information will be reported in
the 1987 follow-up survey.
Figure 5-1 shows the distribution of hazardous waste managed by the 50 largest
TSDRs in the United States. These facilities managed 244 MMT of hazardous waste
(90 percent of the total hazardous waste managed in regulated units at TSDRs).
PAGE 25
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FIGURE 5-1 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGED DURING 1985, BY THE 50 LARGEST
ACTIVE FACILITIES USING UNITS REGULATED
UNDER RCRA
TOP 50 FACILITIES
OTHER 2,921 FACILITIES
TOTAL = 272 MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
PAGE 26
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5.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES BY EPA REGION
Figure 5-2 shows the distribution of hazardous waste quantities managed at
TSDRs by EPA region. Those regions with concentrations of industries that
traditionally generate hazardous wastes show the highest quantities. With the
exception of Texas and Louisiana, those areas west of the Mississippi River managed
low quantities of hazardous waste. Regions 7, 8, 9, and 10 account for only 3.2
percent of all waste managed in units regulated under RCRA and 17.4 percent of all
waste managed in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
This higher percentage of hazardous wastes managed in units exempt from
RCRA permitting is primarily due to hazardous wastes in Region 9, which includes
California. California regulates wastewater treatment technologies and waste oil
recycling, requiring more quantities to be treated or recycled than do many other
states. Most states do not regulate waste oil as hazardous. Wastes managed in many
of these technologies are reported as quantities managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements.
These results appear to support the view that the following factors may
influence the geographical distribution of hazardous waste management activities:
• Industries that typically generate large quantities of hazardous
wastewater are not located in the western part of the United States
because of less plentiful and, often, more expensive water.
• Industries that typically generate hazardous wastes that are
hazardous have been concentrated in the eastern and central part of
the country.
• Significant petrochemical and chemical manufacturing facilities are
located in the New Jersey-New York area and the Texas-Louisiana
areas.
• The western states of the United States typically have lower
population densities.
5.4 NUMBER OF FACILITIES
The Screening Survey was mailed to 5,666 facilities. Based on the results of
this census there are 2,971 active facilities (as defined in Section 5.1). This total does
not include facilities that began operating after January 1986. The follow-up survey
will also address the issue of facilities that began or have ceased hazardous waste
operations, updating the number of facilities active in 1986.
Figure 5-3 shows the distribution of active TSDR facilities by EPA region.
Region 5 has 761 facilities white Region 10, with 71, has the least number of facilities.
Of the 259 facilities in Region 9, 223 are located within California. The other states in
that region have very small numbers of TSDRs.
PAGE 27
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m
PO
oo
FIGURE 5-2 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FACILITIES
DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION
5 0
TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA = 272 MMT
TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS = 311 MMT
P UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA G3 UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
NOTE: Some waste may be managed in both regulated and exempt
units. Consequently, the total amount of RCRA hazardous waste is
less.than the sum of waste managed in exempt and regulated units.
-------
m
r\3
CD
209
FIGURE 5-3 NUMBER OF ACTIVE
FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION
REGIOfie
TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971
TOTAL FACILITIES
COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
NOTE: Commercial facilities include those with at least one
commercially available technology. See text for further details.
-------
Those facilities shown as commercial have at least one technology that is
commercially available. Of the 2,971 facilities, 528 have at least one "Treatment,"
"Storage," "Disposal," or "Recycling" technology that is commercially available. We
have no information concerning the percentage of hazardous waste managed on a
commercial basis, or whether commercial hazardous waste management is the
facility's primary business. Some facilities manage wastes only as a special service to
selected customers. We verified that the technologies were commercial in the
telephone follow-up by narrowly defining "commercial" to be any facility that accepts
hazardous wastes: from offsite; from firms not under the same ownership; for pay,
profit, or as a special service to its customers. The follow-up survey will explore this
question in more detail.
The number of active facilities is not perfectly correlated by region with
hazardous waste quantities managed because the distribution of hazardous waste
quantity is heavily skewed; a high percent of the quantity of hazardous waste is
managed by a relatively small number of facilities. For example, Region 6 with 13
percent of the active facilities manages 21 percent of the total regulated hazardous
waste.
Figure 5-4 summarizes the number of active facilities with "Treatment," "Storage,"
"Disposal," "Land disposal," and "Recycling" technology. Because facilities may have
more than one technology, the sum is more than 2,971. Eighty-seven percent of the
TSDRs have "Storage" capability, the most common classification.
FIGURE 5-4 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES
DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY
I
2,585
846
530
287
TREATMENT
STORAGE
DISPOSAL LAND DISPOSAL RECYCLING
TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2.971
PAGE 30
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Ten percent of the facilities reported that they had "Disposal" capabilities. We
verified this information by cross-referencing EPA identification numbers with facilities
listed in EPA's HWDMS. This method was used to verify that a facility had actually
submitted a permit application for "Land disposal" and certified that it had met the
financial responsibility and ground water monitoring requirements. This category
includes only those technologies that are classified as "Disposal" technologies (i.e.,
"Landfills," "Land treatment," "Disposal surface impoundments," and "Underground
injection wells"). The larger category of "Land disposal" capabilities (addressed under
the Land Disposal Restriction Rules) includes "Treatment surface impoundments,"
"Storage surface impoundments," and "Disposal surface impoundments," "Waste
piles," "Landfills," and "Land treatment" but excludes "Underground injection wells."
We report both "Disposal" and "Land disposal" separately for several reasons.
"Disposal" technologies ("Underground injection wells," "Landfills," "Land treatment",
and "Disposal surface impoundments") are important as the final management
process for hazardous waste. "Land disposal" capabilities are critical for the proposed
Land Disposal Restriction Rules and understanding permitting issues.
The Screening Survey specifically excluded Totally Enclosed Treatment
Facilities (TETF) and Closed Loop Recovery facilities (CLR) because they are
excluded from regulation under RCRA. A TETF is a treatment unit that is totally
enclosed, directly connected to an industrial production process, and operated in a
manner that prevents the release of any hazardous waste or any constituent thereof
into the environment during treatment. To be considered a "closed-loop" recovery
system, a recovery unit must meet all of the following criteria:
• Secondary materials must be returned to the original process.
• The production process to which these secondary materials are
returned must be a primary production process.
• The secondary material must be returned as feedstock to the original
production process and must be recycled as part of the process.
Table 5-2 shows the number of facilities with different combinations of
technologies. It includes a number of facilities that currently are listed by OSW as
being on a closure track for all or part of their TSDR technologies but that were active
in 1985. Thirty-four percent (941 facilities) have only "Storage" technologies.
Typically, this is drum or tank storage that allows the facility to accumulate enough
hazardous waste for a cost-effective shipment to a treatment facility. In many cases,
facilities told us that they have a storage permit but usually ship the hazardous waste
offsite in less than 90 days. Many of the commercial facilities have collection points
that are permitted storage facilities. Facilities with these storage/collection locations
ship hazardous wastes to large centralized treatment or disposal facilities.
Noncommercial firms also occasionally do this; for example, one division of a large
corporation may treat the hazardous waste for the entire corporation. .
PAGE 31
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TABLE 5-2. ACTIVE FACILITIES BY COMBINATIONS OF TECHNOLOGIES
IN THE 1986 SCREENING SURVEY
NUMBER OF FACILITIES
TECHNOLOGY
Treatment and storage only
Storage only
Treatment, storage,
and recycling only
Storage and recycling only
Treatment, storage,
and disposal only
Treatment only
T, S, D, and R
Disposal only
Storage and disposal only
Treatment and disposal only
Treatment and recycling only
Other combinations
TOTAL
WITH UNITS
REGULATED
UNDER
RCRA
995
941
6
0
5
0
12
45
0
19
1
0
2,024
WITH BOTH
RCRA REGULATED
UNITS & UNITS EXEMPT
FROM RCRA
PERMITTING TOTAL
26
0
307
288
106
102
47
0
41
1
18
11
947
1,021
941
313
288
111
102
59
45
41
20
19
11
2,971
%
OF
TOTAL
34.36
31.67
10.53
9.69
3.73
3.43
1.98
1.51
1.38
0.67
0.63
0.37
100
PAGE 32
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Generally, the more technologies the facility has, the larger and more complex it
is; however, complexity is not necessarily correlated with the quantity of hazardous
waste managed. In many cases, facilities with many technologies are not necessarily
managing large quantities of hazardous waste, just a wide variety. Research
laboratories, universities, and colleges frequently follow this pattern.
5.5 MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES BY FACILITY
Figure 5-5 shows the number of active facilities with at least one treatment
technology, and divides treatment into more detailed categories. "Other wastewater
treatment," the most frequently utilized technology, is used in 949 facilities. The
questionnaire did not ask facilities to identify the "Other wastewater treatment." Based
on calls to the survey helpline and follow-up contacts by the survey technical staff to
facilities, it appeared that a large number of these facilities were neutralizing or adjust-
ing the pH of their hazardous wastewater. "Other wastewater treatment" technologies
reported in the verification follow-up also included skimming, clarification, metal ion
removal, and settling.
Some facilities categorized their neutralization as "Other treatment" rather than
"Other wastewater treatment." During telephone verification follow-up, we specifically
inquired about this misinterpretation and, in the data presented in this report, this
misinterpretation is minimized. "Other treatment" includes open burning or detonation
of explosives, physical/chemical treatment, mechanical filtering of chemicals (not
hazardous wastewater), and those management operations that do not fall into any of
the other categories.
Figure 5-6 provides data on active facilities that have "Storage impoundments,"
"Waste piles," or "Other storage." Almost 90 percent of all active facilities have some
type of "Other storage." Through follow-up, we learned that almost all of these facilities
had storage in either tanks or in containers, such as 55-galIon drums. The number of
facilities with active surface impoundments used for storage has declined since the
Screening Survey was mailed in February 1986. Facilities are phasing out this type of
storage because of the November 8, 1985, restrictions on land disposal units and the
forthcoming November 1988 deadline for retrofitting existing surface impoundments to
prevent groundwater contamination.
Figure 5-6 does not include any facilities that have (1) only 90-day
accumulation and (2) no TSDR management technology. If all hazardous waste is
stored or accumulated for less than 90 days, but the facility has a storage permit or
interim status, then the facility is included as an active TSDR facility in these data.
Facilities frequently file for a storage permit as a protective measure in case a
hazardous waste must be kept longer than 90 days due to scheduling delays. Some
facilities that have a storage permit or interim status but did not store longer than 90
days are in the process of changing to generator status.
PAGE 33
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FIGURE 5-5 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING
1985, WITH TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
949
556
INCINERATION BIOLOGICAL STEAM
WASTEWATER STRIPPING
TREATMENT
OTHER SOLIDIFICATION TREATMENT OTHER
WASTEWATER - IMPOUNDMENT TREATMENT
TREATMENT
TOTAL FACILITIES
FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY IS
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one
treatment technology and some facilities may have no treatment technology.
FIGURE 5-6 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING
1985, WITH STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
3000
2500
2000 •
1500
1000
500
0
2,585
170
13
48
12
STORAGE IMPOUNDMENT
WASTE PILES
OTHER STORAGE
(CONTAINERS & TANKS)
TOTAL FACILITIES
FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one storage
technology and some facilities may have no storage technology.
PAGE 34
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Figure 5-7 shows those facilities that have "Land disposal" technologies onsite.
These facilities were active in 1985; however, because of the continuing concern
about land disposal, many companies are closing their land disposal units or reducing
their reliance on them. These totals already are lower than those provided from the
1981 survey, primarily due to the reaction of companies to HSWA of 1984, which place
increasingly restrictive requirements on land disposal operations. Actual survey
responses were compared with permit records in HWDMS to reflect the number of
facilities that also submitted certification required by HWSA. Figure 5-7 reflects totals
that have been adjusted for facilities that are formally closed or have approved closure
plans. Survey respondents reported all "Land disposal" technologies that had not
been formally closed regardless of whether they were actively adding hazardous
wastes to the units (See Table 5-3). Based on our discussions with survey
respondents, we anticipate that additional facilities plan to close.
600-
500-
400-
300-
200-
100"
FIGURE 5-7 NUMBER OF ACTIVE
FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH LAND
DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES
530
UNDERGROUND LANDFILL LAND
INJECTION TREATMENT
WASTE PILE SURFACE
IMPOUNDMENT
TOTAL
TOTAL FACILITIES
Z3 FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one land
disposal technology and some facilities may have no land disposal technology.
PAGE 35
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Figure 5-8 includes active facilities that have at least one "Recycling"
technology onsite. We found that many respondents were confused as to what
constitutes "Reuse as fuel." Some viewed it as "Incineration," "Other treatment," or
"Other recycling." Therefore, the number of facilities that actually reuse hazardous
waste as fuel is probably different from that shown. In addition, the regulations
governing "Reuse as fuel" in 1985 were in a state of flux and this affected how
respondents answered the question.
447
FIGURE 5-8 NUMBER OF ACTIVE
FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH
RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
SOLVENT RECOVERY
REUSE AS FUEL
OTHER RECYCLING
TOTAL FACILITIES
0 FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one recycling
technology and some facilities may have no recycling technology.
Three hundred twenty-seven facilities have "Other recycling" operations.
Although the scope of this survey is limited to technologies that manage at least one
federal hazardous waste and the total quantity of hazardous waste, (including federal
and state hazardous waste), many facilities reported "Other recycling" technologies
that managed only state hazardous wastes. We did not follow up on this because
recycling was not a federally regulated process at the time of this survey. Thus, the
"Other recycling" category includes a variety of operations such as:
• reuse of off-spec product,
• physical/chemical adjustments,
PAGE 36
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•• recovery of rubber battery cases, and
* waste oil recovery.
For each of the hazardous waste management technologies included in the
Screening Survey, Table 5-3 shows the number of active facilities that use a particular
technology to manage a specific hazardous waste category. Hazardous waste
categories used in the Screening Survey were selected to provide a preliminary
indication of the hazardous wastes a facility could manage. These data are related to
the categories of hazardous wastes being considered for Land Disposal Restriction
Rules by EPA. The "Land disposal" management technology includes all surface
impoundments ("Storage," "Treatment," and "Disposal"), "Waste piles," "Landfills," and
"Land treatment" but excludes "Underground injection wells."
The way the hazardous waste category and technology question was posed
does not provide information about which facilities actually manage any one
hazardous waste category at this time. These data give the number of facilities that
have the capability of managing a particular hazardous waste category but not
whether the facility actually manages the hazardous waste.
Table 5-3 includes responses for all the categories of hazardous wastes and
technologies asked on the Screening Survey. In addition, the first column indicates
the number of facilities that offer a particular technology commercially.
5.6 COMMERCIAL STATUS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Facilities were asked to designate whether each technology was commercially
available to the public. This was done on a technology-basis rather than a facility-
basis. Commercial hazardous waste treatment does not have to be the primary activity
at a facility for an individual technology or unit to be considered "commercially
available." All facilities fall into one of three categories:
All technologies are commercially available.
No technologies are commercially available.
Some technologies are commercially available and some are used for
management of hazardous waste generated onsite.
Seldom is a facility completely commercial for all technologies, even one whose
business is commercial hazardous waste incineration. Individual units may generate
hazardous waste residues that are treated in other noncommercial units. In the
Screening Survey, "commercially available" was defined as follows:
PAGE 37
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TABLE 5-3. NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH TECHNOLOGIES
AVAILABLE FOR MANAGING SELECTED HAZARDOUS WASTE TYPES
Management Technologies Total - Total Acidic Metals Cyanides Solvents Other Other
Facilities Commercially Halogenated Hazardous
with this Available" Organics Wastes
Technology*
TREATMENT OPERATIONS
Liquids incineration 190 17 58 29 39 136 79 134
Solids incineration 110 13 27 35 25 45 39 91
Wastewater treatment
Biological 151 16 66 40 25 64 45 114
Steam stripping 45 6 55 6 14 16 20
Other 949 86 696 574 247 82 58 298
Solidification 211 84 76 148 51 66 64 123
Treatment impoundment 259 24 153 125 39 42 31 118
Other treatment 556 106 229 209 95 94 66 321
STORAGE OPERATIONS
Storage impoundment 414 28 132 216 43 64 58 210
Waste pile 112 19 13 75 4 12 12 54
Other storage 2,585 399 1,310 1451 791 1,982 1,302 1,749
DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
Underground injection 79 11 47 26 19 22 20 56 '
Disposal impoundment 69 10 21 35 13 11 6 43
Landfill 126 36 35 94 37 37 36 90
Land treatment 82 6 9 32 2 10 6 77
LAND DISPOSAL*" 746 85 280 427 101 139 118 410
RECYCLING OPERATIONS
Solvent recovery
Reuse as fuel
Other recycling
447
276
327
131
43
104
12
12
78
7
14
119
3
5
7
406
178
88
147
36
58
61
165
148
*Total number of facilities = 2,971.
"Total number of facilities having at least one commercial technology = 527.
"'Land disposal includes facilities having at least one of the following: treatment
impoundment, storage impoundment, disposal impoundment, waste pile, landfill, and
land treatment. Survey respondents reported all land disposal technologies that had
not been formally closed regardless of whether they were actively adding hazardous
wastes to the units. This has not been modified to reflect facilities listed in HWDMS as
having units undergoing closure.
PAGE 38
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"Any hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling operation or unit is
considered 'commercially available' if it is generally offered to other parties NOT UNDER
THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility. Commercially available operations or units are
usually offered for sale or other renumeration. However, commercially available
operations or units INCLUDE those used to recycle (reuse, reclaim, or recover) hazardous
waste that has been purchased. Any operation or unit offered ONLY to other parties
UNDER THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility is NOT considered commercially
available. Commercial hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling does
not have to be the primary activity at a facility for an operation or unit to be considered
'commercially available'."
Some respondents were confused by the term and thought we wanted to know
whether a specific piece of equipment was available on the open market for purchase
by any facility to use for its own hazardous waste. In follow-up phone calls, we verified
whether or not a facility was actually making the technology commercially available
and believe that the following results reflect what services are truly commercially
available to any firm.
Table 5-4 shows the hazardous waste management technologies offered by
active facilities for the six major hazardous waste types in which at least one of the
technologies at each facility is commercially available. The most common technology
offered commercially at these facilities is "Other storage" followed in order by "Solvent
recovery," "Other wastewater treatment," "Other treatment," and "Other recycling."
These active facilities include those traditionally thought of as being commercial
as well as those captive commercial which offer hazardous waste services to their
selected customers at cost or as an inducement to buy other services. Those typically
thought of as commercial may have some technologies that are not offered as part of
their commercial package but are necessary for the operation of the facility. For
example, an incinerator facility may have wastewater treatment for managing
hazardous wastewater generated onsite but does not offer that technology to the
general public. A landfill may have a hazardous wastewater treatment system to treat
the contaminated water from the leachate collection system.
Some active facilities manage other firm's hazardous wastes on a limited
commercial basis. Usually, these facilities do not accept hazardous waste from the
general public, choosing to offer this incentive to attract customers. Positive
commercially available responses were verified in telephone follow-ups revealing that
a small number of firms engage in this practice.
Figure 5-9 summarizes the distribution of active facilities, by EPA Region, that
offer at least one commercially available technology. The largest number of
commercial facilities is in Region 5, which also had the largest hazardous waste
quantity. However, the next two largest regions in terms of numbers of commercial
facilities (Regions 4 and 9) are not the next two largest regions in terms of quantities of
hazardous wastes managed (Regions 2 and 3).
PAGE 39
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TABLE 5-4. NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES PROVIDING HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH AT LEAST ONE COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY
Management Technologies Total
Facilities'
TREATMENT OPERATIONS
Liquids incineration
Solids incineration
Wastewater treatment
Biological
Steam stripping
Other 1
Solidification
Treatment impoundment
Other treatment 1
STORAGE OPERATIONS
Storage impoundments
Waste pile
25
18
19
6
26
97
33
17
39
29
Other storage 459
DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
Underground injection
Disposal impoundment
Landfill
Land treatment
LAND DISPOSAL*" 1
RECYCLING OPERATIONS
Solvent recovery 1
Reuse as fuel
Other recycling 1
11
13
39
6
05
42
62
13
Commercially Acidic Metals
Available"
16
13
13
4
48
66
18
68
16
13
247
10
10
31
0
62
28
31
49
13
8
8
1
86
45
19
54
17
9
202
9
3
17
0
46
3
0
26
12
10
6
2
78
70
20
62
17
23
223
10
11
35
3
77
3
9
39
Cyanides Solvents
12
10
4
0
34
35
7
35
4
3
133
8
3
23
0
32
1
0
1
21
12
6
3
24
44
9
49
5
7
369
9
5
21
0
36
131
50
48
Other
Halogenated
Organics
19
12
6
0
17
48
8
40
6
8
244
7
2
23
0
59
76
17
36
Other
Hazardou:
Wastes
21
17
14
4
70
78
22
75
24
19
279
10
13
33
6
74
32
40
56
'Total number of facilities = 2,971.
"Total number of facilities having at least one commercial technology = 527.
"'Land disposal includes facilities having at least one of the following: treatment
impoundment, storage impoundment, disposal impoundment, waste pile, landfill, and
land treatment.
PAGE 40
-------
m
-P»
FIGURE 5-9 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH
AT LEAST ONE COMMERCIALLY AVAILIABLE
TECHNOLOGY DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION
| TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971
-------
5.7 HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY AND FACILITIES
BY SIC CODE
The Screening Survey did not ask for data about the SIC Codes for these
facilities. We assigned SIC Codes to each facility according to the methods outlined
below. Because there is such a large and varied number of codes represented by the
surveyed facilities, we provide data only for the top 50 SIC Codes. Table 5-5
represents the top 50 codes by quantity. Table 5-6 provides information on the top 50
codes by numbers of facilities in that code.
We are interested in SIC Codes because they allow the impacts of new rules to
be distributed across economic sectors. They are not without their limitations,
however. Some industrial and agricultural areas are minutely classified. Other
recently developed industries are forced into categories in which they do not really fit.
SIC Codes are also aggregated when classifications have only a few firms, usually
into the more general category of "NEC" (not elsewhere classified).
The distribution of SIC Codes used in this report is not found in any report or
survey; they have been carefully derived from several data sources The HWDMS data
base contains SIC Codes assigned to each facility by EPA identification number. It
was used as a starting point, but contained many codes only at two or three digit
levels. In addition, codes were missing altogether for some facilities.
For 77 facilities with suspect, missing, or incomplete SIC Codes, wherever
possible, RTI obtained waste stream data from a previous survey done by EPA in
1981. This data gave information on the primary wastes that each facility produced.
These data were inspected on an individual basis for wastes that would identify a
particular industry, such as K084, "wastewater treatment sludges generated during the
production of veterinary Pharmaceuticals from arsenic or organo-arsenic compounds."
Waste stream data were then used to infer an industry classification for the facility that
generated them.
Additionally, each facility's responses were inspected for identifying information
in its facility, name, or location. For example, a facility named "City Wood Preservers"
would be assigned to SIC 2491, wood preserving industries. Each facility was
reviewed individually and a SIC assigned to it that best described its line of business.
Other information sources consulted were: The Standard Industrial
Classification Manual, Moody's Industrial Manual, directories of manufacturing firms,
Census of Manufactures, and Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management Firms.
PAGE 42
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TABLE 5-5. FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES MANAGING THE LARGEST
WASTE QUANTITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA
TOTAL
SIC DESCRIPTION NUMBER OF QUANTITY
CODE FACILITIES (MMT)
2822
2816
2865
2869
2819
2821
4953
2879
2812
2861
2999
2833
3312
2911
9711
3743
2824
3471
2992
3317
2899
2851
2813
3573
2874
3724
9631
3711
7399
4511
3964
3761
3662
4911
3356
3341
2834
2843
3674
3721
3479
3679
3483
3332
3449
3691
3452
3643
2048
2892
Synthetic rubber
Inorganic pigments
Cyclic crudes & intermediates
Industrial organic chemicals, NEC
Industrial inorganic chemicals, NEC
Plastics, materials & resins
Refuse systems
Agricultural chemicals, NEC
Alkalies & chlorine
Gum & wood chemicals
Petroleum & coal products, NEC
Medicinals & botanicals
Blast furnaces & steel mills
Petroleum refining
National security
Railroad equipment
Organic fibers, noncellulosic
Plating & polishing
Lubricating oils & greases
Steel pipe & tubes
Chemical preparations, NEC
Paints & allied products
Industrial gases
Electronic computing equipment
Phosphatic fertilizers
Aircraft engines & engine parts
Regulation, & administration of utilities
Motor vehicles & car bodies
Business services, NEC
Certified air transportation
Needles, pins, & fasteners
Guided missiles & space vehicles
Radio & TV communication equipment
Electric services
Nonferrous rolling & drawing
Secondary nonferrous metals
Pharmaceutical preparations
Surface active agents
Semiconductors & related devices
Aircraft
Metal coating & allied services
Electronic components, NEC
Ammunition, except for small arms, NEC
Primary lead
Miscellaneous metal work
Storage batteries
Bolts, nuts, rivets, & washers
Current-carrying wiring devices
Prepared feeds, NEC
Explosives
15
18
24
98
119
91
173
39
18
3
4
30
56
110
199
10
14
69
19
7
36
44
7
33
5
16
8
18
131
3
5
7
46
69
5
24
38
5
32
24
20
43
8
4
1
11
9
8
3
20
43.9461
31.4932
30.8315
28.1197
18.6194
11.8227
7.1016
6.8624
4.6728
4.1245
2.8455
2.8212
2.8126
2.6096
2.2263
1.6354
1.4553
1.3636
1.0184
0.9975
0.9246
0.8850
0.8517
0.7625
0.6526
0.6100
0.5497
0.4742
0.4689
0.4431
0.4193
0.4076
0.3760
0.3327
0.3210
0.3189
0.2712
0.2563
0.2099
0.2076
0.1865
0.1626
0.1575
0.1533
0.1519
0.1448
0.1410
0.1344
0.1308
0.1258
PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL
QUANTITY
16.18
11.60
11.35
10.35
6.86
4.35
2.61
2.53
1.72
1.52
1.05
1.04
1.04
0.97
0.82
0.60
0.54
0.50
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
PAGE 43
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TABLE 5-6. FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES CONTAINING THE LARGEST
NUMBER OF FACILITIES MANAGING UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA
SIC
CODE
9711
4953
7399
2819
2911
2869
2821
2491
3471
4911
3312
3714
5161
3662
2851
3679
2879
2834
2899
8221
3573
3674
3079
2833
2865
3341
3721
3479
2892
2992
5172
2816
2812
3711
3069
3724
3321
2822
3519
2824
3661
2873
3229
2891
3691
3585
1311
3861
3728
2844
3743
3531
3339
3494
DESCRIPTION
National security
Refuse systems
Business services, NEC
Industrial inorganic chemicals, NEC
Petroleum refining
Industrial organic chemicals, NEC
Plastics, materials & resins
Wood preserving
Plating & polishing
Electric services
Blast furnaces & steel mills
Motor vehicle parts & accessories
Chemicals & allied products
Radio & TV communication equipment
Paints & allied products
Electronic components, NEC
Agricultural chemicals, NEC
Pharmaceutical preparations
Chemical preparations, NEC
Colleges & universities, NEC
Electronic computing equipment
Semiconductors & related devices
Miscellaneous plastic products
Medicinals & botanicals
Cyclic crudes & intermediates
Secondary nonferrous metals
Aircraft
Metal coating & allied services
Explosives
Lubricating oils & greases
Petroleum products, NEC
Inorganic pigments
Alkalies & chlorine
Motor vehicles & car bodies
Fabricated rubber products
Aircraft engines & engine parts
Gray iron foundries
Synthetic rubber
Internal combustion engines, NEC
Organic fibers, noncellulosic
Telephone & telegraph apparatus
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Pressed & blown glass, NEC
Adhesives & sealants
Storage batteries
Refrigeration & heating equipment
Crude petroleum & natural gas
Photographic equipment & supplies
Aircraft equipment, NEC
Toilet preparations
Railroad equipment
Construction machinery
Primary nonferrous metals, NEC
Valves & pipe fittings
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
199
173
131
119
110
98
91
72
69
69
56
52
49
46
44
43
39
38
36
35
33
32
31
30
24
24
24
20
20
19
19
18
18
18
18
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
PERCENTAGE OF
ALL FACILITIES
9.25
8.04
6.09
5.53
5.11
4.55
4.23
3.34
3.20
3.20
2.60
2.41
2.27
2.13
2.04
1.99
1.81
1.76
1.67
1.62
1.53
1.48
1.44
1.39
1.11
1.11
1.11
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
PAGE 44
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5.8 FEDERAL FACILITIES
Table 5-7 shows the quantity of hazardous waste managed by federal agencies
in units permitted under RCRA. Collectively, federal agencies account for 237 facilities
or 8.0 percent of all active TSDRs in the nation. This table aggregates the individual
federal facilities under their respective agencies by number of facilities and regulated
quantity. Only the facilities that did not claim their data as Confidential Business
Information (CBI) are tabulated. Figures 5-10 and 5-11 show the total quantities and
total numbers of active federal facilities as a portion of the whole TSDR universe.
Figure 5-12 provides a summary of the quantity of hazardous waste managed
by active federal facilities during 1985. Over 75 percent of all hazardous waste at
federal facilities was managed in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
Some federal facilities may not have reported hazardous waste that they did not
consider under EPA's jurisdiction, especially wastes considered to be hazardous by
individual states or other federal agencies.
Figure 5-13 shows the quantities of hazardous waste managed by active
federal facilities by type of technology. Federal facilities, especially military bases,
may ship wastes regulated under RCRA to offsite commercial TSDRs. Hazardous
wastes that usually are not accepted at commercial TSDRs, and consequently have to
be managed onsite, include strongly reactive or explosive wastes, such as used or
spent ordnance. Other hazardous wastes that federal agencies manage onsite are
those that must be disposed of by federal facilities due to national security procedures
or safety precautions, or substances private firms cannot accept under their permit.
The distribution of the hazardous waste quantities managed by active federal
facilities according to EPA region is shown in Figure 5-14. Figure 5-15 shows the
distribution of the number of active facilities by EPA region. This map reflects the
location of military bases and DOE sites.
The number of active federal facilities with "Treatment," "Storage," "Land
disposal," and "Recycling" technologies are depicted in Figure 5-16. Of the 237
federal facilities, almost 95 percent have some type of storage. Federal agencies use
private commercial firms to handle some hazardous waste categories, such as
"Solvents." Some military bases also are phasing out large PCB transformers, which
they must store until management capacity becomes available.
The number of federal facilities that have particular "Treatment" technologies is
shown in Figure 5-17. The "Treatment" technology most frequently used (77 facilities)
at federal facilities is "Other treatment," the category used for open burning of
explosives and detonation of ordnance. The next most frequent "Treatment"
technology is "Other wastewater treatment," (50 facilities). "Incineration" is the third
most frequent technology (43 facilities) and may be used to dispose unstable, out-of-
date ordnance.
Figure 5-18 provides data on "Storage" technologies. Figure 5-19 provides data
on "Land disposal" technologies. These totals do not reflect adjustments for facilities
undergoing closure in 1987; the totals are for 1985 data.
PAGE 45
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TABLE 5-7. QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
FEDERAL FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA
AGENCY NAME
U.S Navy
U.S. Department of Energy
CBI Federal Facilities
U.S Marine Corps
U.S. Army
U.S. Air Force
NASA
•Stoller Chemical Co. Inc./MIIDIV
Tennessee Valley Authority
*NI Ind. Inc. Riverbank Plant
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Department of Defense
National Institute of Health
*Olin Corp.
U.S Bureau of Reclamation
National Institute of
Environmental Health Science
Total
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
42
23
2
8
70
66
5
1
3
1
5
6
2
1
1
1
237
REGULATED
QUANTITY
(MMT)
1.181955
0.595965
0.264676
0.212069
0.173225
0.063235
0.013022
0.005443
0.005316
0.003148
0.001353
0.000514
0.000107
0.000081
0.000002
0.000001
3.092112
* Government contractor
PAGE 46
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FIGURE 5-10 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES AS A PORTION OF THE TOTAL NUMBER
OF FACILITIES DURING 1985
237
NON-FEDERAL FACILITIES Q FEDERAL FACILITIES
[TOTAL NUMBER OF FACILITIES = 2.971
FIGURE 5-11 QUANTITY OF WASTE MANAGED IN
ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES VS. QUANTITY OF
WASTE MANAGED IN NON-FEDERAL FACILITIES
DURING 1985
D FEDERAL FACILITIES
NON-FEDERAL FACILITIES
TOTAL = 272 MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
PAGE 47
-------
FIGURE 5-12 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES DURING 1985
UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA
UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
30T
20-
10-
FIGURE 5-13 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF
TECHNOLOGY
TREATED IN UNITS
REGULATED UNDER
RCRA
STORED IN UNITS
REGULATED UNDER
RCRA
DISPOSED IN UNITS
REGULATED UNDER
RCRA
MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
TREATED IN UNITS
EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING
REQUIREMENTS
PAGE 48
-------
TJ
5
m
.&.
CD
FIGURE 5-14 QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING
1985, BY EPA REGION
N 1
MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA M UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
-------
-a
s
m
8
FIGURE 5-15 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION
| TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES = 237J
-------
FIGURE 5-16 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY
I
220
TREATMENT STORAGE LAND DISPOSAL RECYCLING
NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one type of
treatment, storage, land disposal, or recycling technology, while others may have none.
FIGURE 5-17 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH TREATMENT)
TECHNOLOGIES
1 4
INCINERATION
BIOLOGICAL STEAM OTHER SOLIDIFICATION TREATMENT OTHER
WASTEWATER STRIPPING WASTEWATER IMPOUNDMENT TREATMENT
TREATMENT TREATMENT
NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one treatment
technology, while others may have none.
PAGE 51
-------
250
200 •
150 •
100 •
50
0
FIGURE 5-18 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL!
FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES
220
10
STORAGE IMPOUNDMENT
WASTE PILE
OTHER STORAGE
(CONTAINER & TANK)
NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one storage
technology, while others may have none.
FIGURE 5-19 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH LAND DISPOSAL)
TECHNOLOGIES
UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL LANDFILL LAND WASTE PILE STORAGE TREATMENT
INJECTION IMPOUNDMENT TREATMENT IMPOUNDMENT IMPOUNDMENT
NOTE: Some of the 237 federal facilities may have more than one land disposal technology, while others may have
none. Some facilities may have closed or be in the process of closing since the survey was completed.
PAGE 52
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5.9 TELEPHONE VERIFICATION
From calls to the Survey Helpline and written responses, we were aware that
many changes in facility capabilities were being planned. A selected group of land
disposal facilities was contacted in October 1986 to verify their types of operations.
This follow-up revealed that numerous changes had occurred in response to the land
disposal restrictions and regulations on existing surface impoundments.
Consequently, additional follow-ups were made as necessary. We have also verified
commercial availability, quantity of hazardous waste managed by the largest facilities,
and contradictory responses. Based on these verifications, changes were made in the
data base.
PAGE 53
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PAGE 54
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
6.1 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
The 1986 National Screening Survey results, though general in scope, provide
some insights into the universe of TSDRs. There are far fewer active TSDRs than
there were in earlier years. Many of the facilities filed protectively to cover hazardous
waste operations anticipated for the future. As additional paperwork requirements and
regulations were put into effect, many of these facilities chose not to become TSDRs
and (1) remained only generators, (2) ceased hazardous waste operations entirely, or
(3) went out of business.
The hazardous waste management universe is dominated by very large onsite
management facilities; the top 50 facilities manage 90 percent of the hazardous waste
quantities. Based on our understanding of the industries generating hazardous waste
and telephone verification, we consider the dominant hazardous waste category to be
"Hazardous wastewater with low pH."
The quantities of hazardous wastes that are managed in units regulated under
RCRA appears to have changed little, growing only slightly. Therefore, commercial
facilities may be managing a larger percentage of the hazardous waste quantities than
in earlier years. Responses to telephone follow-ups of the largest TSDRs indicated
that approximately 80 percent of the hazardous wastes regulated under RCRA are
hazardous wastewater. This large quantity of wastewater is essentially nonhazardous
under RCRA by the time it is discharged by the facilities. This accounts for the large
quantities of hazardous wastes that are treated compared to the amounts that are
disposed (85.3 percent treated versus 12.1 percent disposed).
The quantities of hazardous wastes managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements are greater than the quantities of wastes managed in units
permitted under RCRA, largely due to the amount of hazardous wastewater treated in
tanks and discharged under NPDES permits (exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements). The large quantity of wastes managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting will be addressed in the 1987 TSDR Survey to a greater degree; these
hazardous wastes compete for resources with wastes managed in units permitted
under RCRA and need to be included in the hazardous waste universe.
PAGE 55
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6.2 QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT CHANGES
Several EPA offices required current data on specific aspects of hazardous
waste management sooner than the results of the detailed survey would be available.
The Screening Survey data provide current information on all TSDRs; but they are, by
design, limited in scope and general in the questions asked. As with any project of this
type, we learned many things in conducting this survey that would have improved the
quality of data of this survey and that of future efforts. Simple wording changes, in
some cases, could have made responses more useful to these offices without adding
to the respondent's burden.
Based on the results of the Screening Survey, we would change the method of
wording some questions and terms. The addition of the wording in the definitions of
"actively accepting wastes" would have made the data more accurate for use in
comparison to HWDMS. Facilities using land disposal methods (i.e., surface
impoundments, waste piles, landfills, underground injection wells, and land treatment)
must certify to the EPA that they are in compliance with the groundwater monitoring
and financial responsibility requirements of RCRA. This applies only to facilities that
are "actively accepting wastes." The Screening Survey data base contains many
surface impoundments that are not accepting hazardous wastes, but are not formally
certified closed. This aspect will be specifically addressed in the 1987 TSDR Survey.
The regulated hazardous waste question (Question 3) contained the wording
"Federal RCRA 90-day rule," which caused respondents much confusion because they
did not know whether that meant less than 90 days or more than 90 days. Also, the
heading for that question said "... in units regulated under RCRA"; this caused some
facilities to omit their exempt units used for managing hazardous wastes. The intent of
the Question 3 was to find out how much hazardous waste in RCRA-permitted storage
was actually moved out in 90 days or less and might eventually be managed in units
exempt from RCRA permitting. Facilities, however, said that if they moved it out in 90
days or less, they were exempt from permitting requirements and did not want to report
the wastes at all. The 1987 TSDR Survey will split these two types of storage into
"Accumulation" under the 90-day rule and "Storage."
Another wording problem was in the matrix question (Question 6); one of the
columns was titled "Are onsite units of this type commercially available?" Some
facilities misinterpreted that to mean "Could you buy an incinerator like ours?" and
answered yes. The facilities in the commercial hazardous waste business seemed to
understand the wording well, but noncommercial facilities did not. This confusion
resulted in one of the main verification efforts, but the present responses are felt to be
accurate.
In the same question, one of the hazardous waste categories was titled "Acidic
corrosives (pH < 2)". This is the largest corrosive hazardous waste category, but there
are numerous facilities that deal in caustics with pH > 12. Because the question was
worded acidic, these caustic corrosives had to be placed in "Other hazardous wastes"
along with oils and contaminated soils.
PAGE 56
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"Solvents" and "Other halogenated organics" are two other hazardous waste
categories that were confused. Some common solvents are halogenated organics as
well. Most pesticides are halogenated organics but not all of them. Some organic
pesticides ended up in the column headed "Other hazardous wastes" while some
solvents were placed in "Other halogenated organics." It would have been clearer if
the hazardous waste categories were "Solvents of all types," and "Halogenated
organics (except solvents) and pesticides." The detailed survey will ask for specific
RCRA codes rather than categories.
The matrix question also had a technical wording problem caused by the need
for a response in every column and every row. The respondents were asked to circle
the option if they did not manage a specific hazardous waste category (row a) or if they
did not have a technology (column 9). The result was respondent confusion in many
cases. Such questions are more effective in the last row and column of a matrix and if
they require action for positive responses instead of negative ones. In addition, the
regulations governing "Reuse as fuel" in 1985 were in a state of flux and this affected
how respondents answered the question.
In addition, facilities reported all RCRA-permitted technologies whether or not
they were actually used. A facility that had filed protectively to have a hazardous
waste incinerator but was actually using it to only burn paper and nonregulated trash
could have the same technology responses as one with an incinerator used to
manage hazardous waste.
California has its own hazardous waste codes, which do not completely
correspond to RCRA codes; facilities repeatedly stated they would report them as
wastes regulated under RCRA to be safe when they were unsure of the exact federal
listing. The 1987 TSDR Survey will allow for state waste codes.
The quantity of hazardous wastes managed commercially is also unknown.
Because few facilities accept wastes commercially for all technologies, the actual
quantity treated commercially is not separated from the total quantity treated. These
problems are addressed in the 1987 TSDR Survey on a technology-by-technology
basis.
6.3 FUTURE DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES
The 1986 National Screening Survey is serving as the basis for several
additional data collection efforts being conducted by EPA's OSW. Using the data
collected in the Screening Survey, a detailed survey was prepared and mailed to over
2,300 TSDRs in August 1987. This survey consisted of the following individual
booklets:
Instructions
A General Facility Information (64 questions)
B Incineration (51 questions)
C Reuse as Fuel (51 questions)
D Fuel Blending (33 questions)
PAGE 57
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E Solidification/Stabilization (53 questions)
F Solvent Recovery for Reuse (56 questions)
G Metals Recovery for Reuse (56 questions)
H Wastewater Treatment (47 questions)
I Other Processes (Treatment or Recovery) (59 questions)
J Waste Piles (58 questions)
K Surface Impoundments (85 questions)
L Landfills (48 questions)
M Landfills (48 questions)
N Underground Injection Wells (33 questions)
O Tank Systems (18 questions plus 21 questions for each tank)
This is a very detailed set of over 700 questions. The level of detail in this
survey is due to the complexity of the decisions the Agency must make to implement
the 1984 amendments. No facility fills put all the questionnaires. Rather the facility fills
out only the booklets for the technologies that it has onsite and that are operational or
planned to be operational by 1992.
EPA currently is facing many critical issues, among which are the land disposal
restrictions, regulation of hazardous waste tanks, and Superfund requirements that the
states determine their hazardous waste management capabilities. The Agency does
not currently have the detailed data needed to make these complicated decisions.
The 1987 TSDR Survey is part of EPA's effort to assemble a detailed data base for
developing and evaluating hazardous waste regulations. This TSDR Survey focuses
on gathering the following data:
• unit- and technology-specific operating parameters;
• information to provide a basis for regulatory development, including
regulatory impact analyses for regulations required by HSWA of
1984;
• waste management capacity and hazardous waste quantities for the
land disposal capacity decisions;
• tank system information for possible tank requirement revisions; and
• individual state hazardous waste management capacities.
A companion survey, the 1987 National Survey of Hazardous Waste
Generators was mailed to a sample of generators in late 1987. Approximately 10,300
generators of hazardous waste received this questionnaire, which consists of the
following booklets:
GA General Facility Information (154 questions)
GB Hazardous Waste Characterization (47 questions)
GC Fuel Blending (30 questions)
GD Reuse as Fuel (49 questions)
GE Wastewater Treatment (39 questions)
PAGE 58
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GF Metals Recovery for Reuse (48 questions).,.
GG Solvent Recovery for Reuse
GH Other Recovery Processes (48 questions)
Gl Tank Systems (15 questions plus Tank Description Forms for each tank)
Data from these two surveys are expected to be available in 1989.
PAGE 59
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Appendix A
Pretest Questionnaire
-------
OMB*.
Expires.
1986 National Screening Survey of
Hazardous Waste Management Facilities
Introduction
The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting a survey of U.S. hazardous waste
management facilities. EPA has retained the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) as its survey contractor. Section 3007 of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires your participation in (his survey. Please complete and return the enclosed question-
naire within 30 days of receiving this package.
This survey is being conducted to gather information on the nation's capacity to manage—treat, store, dispose, and recycle—hazardous
waste. This information will be used to assess the availability of alternatives to land disposal for the waste types scheduled for upcom-
ing land disposal restrictions under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA). The survey results will also sup-
port analyses of future regulatory actions.
EPA is conducting this survey in two parts—a screening survey of all hazardous waste facilities (both onsite and commercial) and a
detailed survey of a sample of these facilities. This package contains the first pan. the screening survey questionnaire.
We have identified the facility addressed in the accompanying cover letter as a hazardous waste management facility for purposes
of this survey. We would therefore like this facility to provide the information requested in the brief questionnaire on the following pages.
What Is This Screening Survey Questionnaire?
This screening survey questionnaire asks for aggregate information that will be used to identify and characterize hazardous waste
management facilities and to determine the size and composition of the sample for the detailed survey. Your timely and accurate
responses to this questionnaire will help us reduce the number of facilities required to respond to the detailed questionnaire.
Who Should Complete the Questionnaire?
This questionnaire should be completed by the person who is most knowledgable of the hazardous waste management operations
at this facility. All facilities receiving this questionnaire should complete and return it. Even if operations have temporarily or perma-
nently ceased or if no hazardous waste is managed at this facility, we need your response indicating that this is the case m order to
update our records and to get a clearer picture of hazardous waste management in the United States.
How Do I Complete the Questionnaire?
The enclosed screening questionnaire contains seven questions. The accompanying instructions contain all the information, includ-
ing definitions of key terms, that you may need to answer the questions. When you have completed the questionnaire and signed and
dated the certification statement at the end. enclose the questionnaire in the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelooe. and drop it in
the mail. If you did not receive—or have misplaced—the postage-paid envelope, call the RTI SURVEY HELPLINE (1-800-334-3571)
and ask for Hall Ashmore.
What If I Manage Hazardous Waste Facilities at More Than One Location?
If you manage hazardous waste facilities at more than one location, you must complete a screening questionnaire for each of them.
If you received questionnaires for more than one facility, please take the time to complete them all. If you nave received the wrong
numoer of questionnaires—either too many or too few—call the RTI SURVEY HELPLINE (1-800-334-8571) and ask for Hall Ashmore.
What If This Facility Does Not Manage Hazardous Waste?
Even it this facility no longer manages—or never managed—hazardous waste, please complete and return this questionnaire. The
questionnaire instructions explain which questions to answer: the information you provide on your status as a facility that does not manage
hazardous waste is important For our analyses.
This questionnaire applies only to me facility listed on this
mailing label Please check the SIC code, facility 10 number.
and the facility mailing address on this .label and correct any
mistakes.
(RTI will place facility
mailing label here)
-------
Definitions
NOTE: The following definitions apply throughout this questionnaire. They are provided to help you answer the questions.
Commercially Available Any hazardous waste management operation or process unit is considered "commercially availaole"
if it is generally offered to third parties NOT UNDER THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility. Commercially available operations
or process units are usually offered for a fee or other remuneration. However, commercially available operations or process units
INCLUDE those used to manage waste purchased for recycling (reuse, reclamation, or recovery). Any operation or process unit
offered ONLY to third panics UNDER THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility is NOT considered commercially available. Com-
mercial hazardous waste management does not have to be the primary activity at a facility for an operation or process unit to be
considered "commercially available."
Hazardous Waste Any waste, including wastewater. defined as hazardous by any federal or state regulation.
Hazardous Waste Management Facility Any facility that treats, stores, disposes, or recycles any hazardous waste.
Process Units Regulated Under RCRA Hazardous waste management process units that are regulated under RCRA.
Process Units Exempt From RCRA Hazardous waste management process units that are not regulated under RCRA. including
elementary neutralization units, totally enclosed wastewater treatment systems, and aggressive biological treatment units.
Management Operations conducted in onsite process units to treat, store, dispose, or recycle hazardous waste. DOES NOT IN-
CLUDE operations associated with shipping waste offsite for treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling at another facility.
Treatment Any activity designed to change the character or composition of any hazardous waste so as to render it nonhazardous
or less hazardous: safer to transport, store, or dispose: or amenable for recovery or reduced in volume. When reporting quantities
of hazardous waste treated, include all waste that was recycled in process units regulated under RCRA.
Storage The holding of hazardous waste. For this survey, there are two kinds of storage: (1) the holding of waste in tanks or drums
under the 90-day rule and (2) other hazardous waste storage under RCRA.
Disposal Discharging or placing of hazardous waste into or onto any land or water with the intention of leaving it there after the
facility closes. Specific disposal processes include landfills, disposal surface impoundments, land treatment, and injection wells.
Recycling Any process conducted to recover material or energy resources from hazardous waste. When reporting quantities of
hazardous waste recycled, include only that waste that was processed in reuse, reclamation, and recovery process units that are
exempt from RCRA.
If you need help, call the RTI Survey Helpline (1-800-334-8571)
Ask for Hall Ashmore
Questionnaire
IMPORTANT: Read the definitions of key terms provided on the previous page.
1. Which of the following best describes the status of the hazardous waste management operations at this facility?
(CIRCLE ONLY CHE.)
01 This facility currently manages—treats, stores, disposes, or recycles—hazardous waste. (Go to Question 2)
02 This facility is planned or under construction and has not yet opened. (Go to Question 2)
03 At one time this facility managed hazardous waste but has stopped ALL hazardous waste management operations and
has closed or has applied for closure of its hazardous waste management operations. (Go to Question 2)
04 This facility has not managed hazardous waste since November 19. 1980. when hazardous waste became regulated
under RCRA. (Skip to Question 7)
Circle 01 even if operations at this facility have temporarily ceased due to seasonal fluctuations or other reasons.
Circle 02 if this facility is planned or under construction and has not yet opened.
Circle 03 only il all hazardous waste management operations at this facility nave ceased AND this facility has either (a) closeo. Ibl appliea
lor closure, or (c) begun closure of hazardous waste management operations.
NOTE: Facilities with permits must notify the EPA Regional Administrator or an authorized state 180 days before beginning closure.
ano interim status facilities must submit a closure plan ISO days before beginning closure. Any permitted facility that has noti-
fied the EPA Regional Administrator that it plans to close all hazardous waste management units, or any interim status facility
that has submitted a closure plan for all hazardous waste management units, should circle 02.
Circle 04 tal if this facility has not managed hazardous waste since November 19. 1980. when hazardous waste became regulated unoer
RCRA. or (b) il this facility generates, but does not manage (treat, store, dispose, or recycle), hazardous waste.
-------
2. How much waste defined as hazardous by Federal and State regulations was managed—treated, stored, or disposed—onsite
at this facility during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste
defined as hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? (Enter a waste quantity in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate
unit of measure, and enter a percentage.)
Quantity of Federal and State hazardous v*-*ste managed onsite
during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA
(II none, enter zero.)
Units of measure.
Tons Gallons
Percentage of waste defined
as hazardous under
Federal RCRA regulations
(If none, enter zero.)
JJ
01
02
Report here the total cumulative quantity of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered one or more
of this facility's treatment, storage, or disposal process units regulated under RCPA during 1985. COUNT ONLY ONCE any quantity of
hazardous waste that entered more than one type of management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was bow treated and
stored SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. Similarly, hazardous waste that was treated more than once SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY
ONCE. Enter zero if no Federal or State hazardous waste was managed with process units regulated under RCRA onsite at this facility
during 1985.
How much waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations was (a) treated (b) stored, and (c) disposed onsite
at this facility during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA? (As indicated in the answer space below, repon(i) the quan-
tity stored under the 90-day rule and (ii) the quantity of other storage regulated by RCRA.) In addition, what percentage of each of these
1985 waste quantities was waste defined as hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? (Enter the waste quantities in either
tons cr gallons, circle the appropriate unit of measure, and enter the percentages.)
Quantity of Federal and State
hazardous waste managed
onsite during 1985 using
Types of waste process units regulated under RCRA
management operation (It none, enter zero.)
a. Treated onsite
b. Stored onsne
i. 90-day rule
ii. Other
c. DiSDOsed onsite
|
|
1
1
Perc
defin
y
Units of measure RC
Tons Gallons (If n
01 02
01 02
01 02
01 02
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
nder Federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)
%
I'D
Report here the indiviaual quantities of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered this /acuity's treat-
ment process units, storage process units, and disposal process units regulated under RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity for any
type ct waste management operation not in use onsite.
COUNT ALL HAZARDOUS WASTE THAT ENTERED EACH TYPE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATION, whether or not it previously or
subseauently entered another type of waste management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated ana aisoosed
onsite at this facility during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA SHOULD BE COUN TED TWICE—both in (a) " Treated onsite"
and in (c) "Disposed onsite." However, hazardous waste that was sub/eel to more than one process under a single type of management
ooeraoon SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. For example, hazardous waste that was treated twice—distilled and then incinerated—
SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE in (a) "Treated onsite."
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4. How much waste defined as hazardous by Federal and Slate regulations was managed—treated or recycled—onsite at this
facility during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste defined as
hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? I'Enter a waste quantity in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate unit of measure.
and enter a percentage.)
Quantity of Federal and State hazardous waste managed onsite
during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA
(If none, enter zero.)
Unit of measure
Tons Gallons
Percentage of waste defined
as hazardous under
FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS
(If none, enter zero.)
01
02
Report here the total cumulative quantity of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered one or more
of this facility's treatment or recycling process units exempt from RCRA during 1985. COUN T ONLY ONCE any quantity of hazardous waste
that entered more than one type of management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and recycled SHOULD
BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. Similarly, hazardous waste that was treated more than once SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. Enter zero
if no Federal or State hazardous waste was managed using process units exempt from RCRA onsite at this facility during 1985.
How much waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations was (a) treated and (b) recycled onsite at this facil-
ity during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA? In addition, what percentage of these two 1985 waste quantities was
waste defined as hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? (Enter the waste quantities in either tons or gallons, circle the
appropriate units of measure, and enter the percentages.)
Quantity of Federal and Slate
hazardous waste managed
onsite during 1985 using
Types of waste process units exempt from RCRA
management operation (If none, enter zero.)
Perc
defin
U
Units of measure RC
Tons Gallons (If n
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
nder Federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)
a. Treated onsite |_
b. Recycled onsite 1
I
I
I
I
01 02
01 02
%
%
Report here the individual quantities of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered this facility's treat-
ment process units or recycling process units exempt from RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity for any type of waste management
operation not in use onsite.
COUNT ALL HAZARDOUS WASTE THAT ENTERED EACH TYPE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATION, whether or not it previously or
suoseauently entered another type of waste management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and recyclea
onsite at this facility during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA SHOULD BE COUNTED TWICE—both in (a) "Treated onsite''
and in (b) "Recycled onsite." However, hazardous waste that was subject to more than one process under a single type of management
operation SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. For example, hazardous waste that was treated twice—distilled and then incinerated—
SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE in (a) "Treated onsite"
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6. Indicate the types of hazardous waste management process units that are onsite at this facility and the types of hazardous waste
that'can be managed with each. Specifically, opposite each type of hazardous waste management process unit listed down the left-
hand side of the matrix (types a through o). circle numerical codes 01 through 08 across the matrix to indicate what types ofhazaraous
waste that can be managed with each type of unit that is onsite— installed, permitted (where necessry). and operational. For units that
are not installed, permitted (where necessary), and operational. circle09. Inaddition, to indicate whether or not this facility's onsite hazardous
waste management process units are "commercially available." circle 10 (Yes) OR 11 (No) for each type of process unit. Finally, to indicate
which types of hazardous waste that this facility cannot manage with any type of unit onsite, circle the applicable codes 01 through 08
in the last row (p) of the matrix.
NOTE: See (he definition of "commercially available." Also, "operational" units include those that are temporarily down for maintenance
or because of low demand.
Type of hazardous
waste management
process unit
Treatment Operations
a Liquids incineration
b. Solids incineration
c. Wastewater treatment •
i Biological treatment . .
ii. Steam stripping'
iii Other
d Solidification
e. Treatment impoundment
f. Other treatment
Storage Operations
g. Surface impoundment . .
h. Other storage
Disposal Operations
i. Underground injection .
j. Surface impoundment . .
k. Landfill
I. Other disposal
Recycling Operations
m. Sol vent recovery
n. Reuse as fuel
o. Other recycling
Which of the following types of RCRA-hazardous waste currently are
managed onsite at this facility using each type of waste
management operation? (Circle all that apply)
Other
Acidic halo- Other
corrosives genated hazardous
(pH < 2) Metals Cyanides Solvents PCBs Dioxins organics waste
01 02 03 04 05 06 . . 07 . 08
... 01 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 08 ...
01 . . 02 ... 03 04 . •. 05 . . 06 07 08 ...
... 01 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 08 ...
. . 01 . 02 03 . 04 . 05 .. 06 .... 07 08 ...
01 02 03 04 05 . . 06 07 ... 08 ...
. . . 01 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 08 . . .
. . . 01 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 08 . . .
... 01 . . . . 02 03 ... 04 ... 05 . . 06 07 08 ...
... 01 02 03 ... 04 ... 05 . . 06 07 08 ...
. . . 01 . . . . 02 . .-. . 03 . . . 04 .. 05 . . 06 . . . 07 . . . . 08 . . .
... 01 .... 02 .. 03 ... 04 05 . 06 07 08 ...
... 01 02 . . . 03 . . . 04 . 05 .06 07 ... . 08 ...
. . 01 .02 03 04 05 NA NA 08
... 01 02 03 04 05 NA NA • 08
... 01 02 .... 03 . 04 05 .06 . NA 08
. . 01 .... 02 .. 03 . . . 04 . . 05 . . 06 . . . . NA 08
p. There are no units
onsite at this facility
that can be used to
manage this type of
waste 01 . 02 . 03 . 04 . 05 .. 06 ... 07 08 ...
i
No
process
units of
this type
onsite
... 09 ...
... 09
. . . 09 . . .
... 09 ...
... 09 ...
... 09
. . . 09 . . .
... 09 ...
. . . 09 . . .
... 09 ...
09 . .
. 09
. 09 .
. . 09 . . .
09
09
. 09
NA . . .
Are units
of this
type
commer-
cially
available
onsite?
Yes No
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 .. 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
..10 .'. 11
. 10 ... 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
10 11 ,
. 10 11
. 10 11
. 10 . . 11
10 11
10 11
10 11
NA. .NA-
NA = Not applicable.
5
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7. Provide the following information for potential future survey-related contacts with this facility.
a. What is your name, title, and telephone number?
Name Title
Telephone (
Area code
b. Is your address the same as that listed on the mailing label provided above? (Circle 01 or 02)
01 Yes Skip to Certification Statement at end of questionnaire)
02 No (Go to Question 7c)
c. At what address can you be contacted for future survey-related Information?
Mailing address
City State ZIP.
Certification Statement
I hereby certify under penalty of law that the information submitted above is true, accurate, and complete to the best of my
knowledge.
Name (print or type) Signature Date
When you have completed all questions and signed and dated the certification statement, tear along the perforated line, en-
close the questionnaire in the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelope, and drop it in the mail.
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Appendix B
Final Screener Questionnaire
-------
OMB * 2050-0055
Expires January 31. 1988
1986 National Screening Survey of Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities
Introduction
The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting a survey of U.S. hazardous
waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling facilities. EPA has retained the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) as its survey
contractor. Section 3007 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires your participation in this survey. Please
complete and return this questionnaire booklet within 30 days of receiving it.
This survey is being conducted to gather information on the nation's capacity to treat, store, dispose, and recycle hazardous waste.
This information will be used to assess the availability of alternatives to land disposal for the waste types scheduled for upcom-
ing land disposal restrictions under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA). The survey results will also
support analyses of future regulatory actions.
EPA is conducting this survey in (wo pans—a screening survey of all hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycl-
ing facilities (both onsite and commercial) and a detailed survey of a sample of these facilities. This is the first part, the screening
survey questionnaire.
We have identified the facility listed on the label below as a hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling facility for
purposes of this survey. We would therefore like this facility to provide the information requested in the brief questionnaire on the
following pages.
What Is This Screening Survey Questionnaire?
This screening survey questionnaire asks for information that will be used to identify and characterize hazardous waste facilities
and to determine the size and composition of the sample for the detailed survey. Your timely and accurate responses to this ques-
tionnaire will help us reduce the number of facilities required to respond to the detailed questionnaire.
Who Should Complete the Questionnaire?
This questionnaire should be completed by the person who is most knowledgeable of the hazardous waste treatment, storage.
disposal, and recycling operations at this facility. All facilities receiving this questionnaire should complete and return it. Even
if operations have temporarily or permanently ceased or if no hazardous waste is treated, stored, disposed, or recycled at this
facility, we need your response indicating that this is the case in order to update our records and to get a clearer picture of hazardous
waste facilities in the United States.
How Do I Complete the Questionnaire?
This screening questionnaire booklet contains seven questions. The instructions contain all the information, including definitions
of key terms, that you may need to answer the questions. When you have completed the questionnaire and signed and dated the
Certification Statement at the end. enclose the questionnaire booklet in the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelope, and drop it
m the mail. If you did not receive—or have misplaced—the postage-paid envelope, call the RTI SURVEY HELPLINE
(1-800-334-8571) between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. eastern standard time (EST) and ask for Hall Ashmore.
What III Manage Hazardous Waste Facilities at More Than One Location?
if you manage hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling facilities at more than one location, you must complete
a screening Questionnaire for each of them. Please make sure you have received a questionnaire for each facility you manage.
If you have received the wrong number of questionnaires—either too many or too few—call the RTI SURVEY HELPLINE
(1-800-334-8571) between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. EST and ask for Hall Ashmore.
What If This Facility Does Not Treat, Store. Dispose, or Recycle Hazardous Waste?
Even il this facility no longer treats, stores, disposes, or recycles hazardous waste, or never has. please complete and return this
questionnaire. The questionnaire instructions explain which questions to answer: the information you provide on your status as
a facility that does not treat, store, dispose, or recycle hazardous waste is important (or our analyses.
This Questionnaire applies only tn the facility listed on
inis label Refer to this label lor •-, estions on potential
future survey-related contacts.
(RTI will place
facility laoel here)
-------
Definitions
The following definitions have been developed for this survey and apply throughout this questionnaire.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Treatment, storage, and disposal in surface impoundments and storage in waste piles are
among the operations that will be prohibited by the land disposal restrictions under HSWA. For this survey, however
report quantities of hazardous waste treated, stored, or disposed in surface impoundments or stored in waste
piles under the appropriate treatment, storage, or disposal categories. Do not report them all under disposal.
Commercially Available Any hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling operation or unit is
considered "commercially available" if it is generally offered to other parties NOT UNDER THE SAME OWNER-
SHIP as this facility. Commercially available operations or units are usually offered for a fee or other remuner-
ation. However, commercially available operations or units INCLUDE those used to recycle (reuse, reclaim.
or recover) hazardous waste (hat has been purchased. Any operation or unit offered ONLY to other parties UN-
DER THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility is NOT considered commercially available Commercial hazardous
waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling does not have to be the primary activity at a facility for an operation
or unit to be considered "commercially available."
Disposal Injecting, dumping, or placing of hazardous waste into or onto any land. For this survey, report only
on the following disposal operations: landfills, disposal surface impoundments, land treatment, and injection
wells.
Hazardous Waste Any waste, including wastewater. defined as hazardous by any federal or state regulation.
Hazardous Waste Operations Activities conducted in onsite hazardous waste units to treat, store, dispose.
or recycle hazardous waste. DOES NOT INCLUDE shipping waste offsite for treatment, storage, disposal, or
recycling at another facility.
RCRA The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976—the federal statute that regulates the treatment.
storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. Some states have RCRA statutes as well.
Recycling Any reuse, reclamation, or recovery activity conducted in a unit exempt from RCRA permitting re-
quirements to recover material or energy resources from hazardous waste. NOTE: For this survey, some ac-
tivities that you may commonly call "recycling" should be reported as "treatment" if they are conducted in units
regulated under RCRA. See the IMPORTANT NOTE on the top of page 5 for a list of the recycling operations
that we would like you to report as exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
Storage The holding of hazardous waste for a temporary period, at the end of which it is treated, disposed.
recycled, or stored elsewhere. For this survey, we want you to report two kinds of activities as storage of hazardous
waste: (1) the accumulation of hazardous waste in tanks or containers under the federal RCRA 90-day rule
and (2) other hazardous waste storage under RCRA. In addition, waste piles are considered storage units.
Treatment Any activity designed to change the character or composition of any hazardous waste so as to render
it nonhazardous or less hazardous: safer to transport, store, or dispose: amenable for recovery: or reduced
in volume. Include quantities of hazardous waste incinerated as treatment in units regulated under RCRA. For
this survey, we ask you to report two types of treatment: (1) that conducted in units regulated under RCRA and
(2) that conducted in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. See the IMPORTANT NOTE at the
top of page 5 for a list of treatment units that we would like you to report as exempt from RCRA permitting re-
quirements.
Units Exempt From RCRA Permitting Requirements Hazardous waste treatment or recycling operations
.that do not require permits under RCRA. See the IMPORTANT NOTE at the top of page 5 for a list of opera-
tions that we would like you to report as exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. NOTE: Any storage con-
ducted prior to an exempt process is regulated and should be reported as such.
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If you need help, call the RTI Survey Helpline (1-800-334-8571) between
g a m ancj 4 p m eastern standard time (EST). Ask for Hall Ashmore.
Questionnaire
IMPORTANT: Read the definitions of key terms provided on the previous page. Also, read all the instruc-
tions (in italics) for each question before answering the question.
1. Which of the following best describes the status of the hazardous waste operations at this facility?
CIRCLE THE ONE CODE that best describes the current flatus of hazardous waste operations at this facility. Circle 01 even it ooerations
at this facility have temporarily ceased due to seasonal fluctuations or other reasons. Circle 05 (a) if this facility has not treatea. storea
disposed, or recycled hazardous waste since November 19. 1980. when hazardous waste became regulated unoer RCRA. or Ib) it this
facility generates, but does not treat, store (except under the federal RCRA 90-day rule), dispose, or recycle hazardous waste.
01 This facility currently treats, stores, disposes, or recycles hazardous waste. (Read the IMPORTANT NOTE below and then
yo to Question 2.)
02 This facility is planned or under construction and has not yet opened. (Read the IMPORTANT NOTE below and then go
to Question 2.)
03 At one time this facility treated, stored, disposed, or recycled hazardous waste, but it has ceased ALL such hazardous
waste operations and has closed ALL its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling units.
(Skip to Question 7.)
04 This facility is either (a) a permitted facility that has notified the EPA Regional Administrator that it plans to close ALL
its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling units or (b) an interim status facility that has submitted
ai closure plan for ALL its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling units. (Read the IMPORTANT.
MOTE below and then go to Question 2.)
05 This facility has not treated, stored, disposed, or recycled hazardous waste since November 19, 1980. when hazardous
waste became regulated under RCRA. (Skip to Question 7.)
IMPORTANT NOTE: Read this before answering Questions 2. 3. 4, 5. and 6.
The quantities you report in Questions 2.3.4, and 5 and your responses to the matrix in Question 6 should
reflect the following items:
— Incineration should be reposed as a treatment operation.
— Waste piles should be reported as a storage operation.
— Recycling (reuse, reclamation, or recovery) in REGULATED units should be reported as treatment.
— Recycling (reuse, reclamation, or recovery) m EXEMPT units should be reported as recycling.
— Waste defined as hazardous by the state m which it is generated should be considered hazardous even
if it is not defined as hazardous by the state in which it is treated, stored, disposed, or recycled.
— Do not report anywhere in this questionnaire any quantity of nonhazardous waste, even if treated, stored.
disposed, or recycled as if it were hazardous.
— Do not report anywhere in this questionnaire any quantity of waste treated m a totally enclosed treat-
ment unit—a treatment unit directly connected to an industrial production process and from which no
hazardous waste is released into the environment during treatment.
— Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act. report
PCB waste as federal RCRA hazardous waste for this survey.
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2. How much waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations was TREATED. STORED, OR DISPOSED onsite at this facil-
ity during 1985 in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste defined as hazardous
by federal RCRA regulations?
Report here the TOTAL quantity ol waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations that entered one or more ol this facility's treat-
ment, storage, or disposal units REGULATED UNDER RCRA during 1985. REPORT ONLY ONCE any quantity of hazardous waste that
entered more than one type of operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and stored should be reported only ONCE.
Similarly, hazardous waste that was treated more than once should be reported only ONCE. Enter zero if no federal or state hazardous
waste was treated, stored, or disposed in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA onsite at this facility during 1985.
TOTAL quantity of federal or state hazardous waste
TREATED. STORED. OR DISPOSED onsite during 1985
in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA
(If none, enter zero.)
Units of measure
(Circle one.)
Tons Gallons
Percentage of waste defined
as hazardous by
federal RCRA regulations
(If none, enter zero.)
01
02
How much waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations was (a) TREATED, (b) STORED, or (c) DISPOSED onsite
at this facility during 1985 in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA? (As indicated in the answer space below, report (i) the quantity accum-
ulated in tanks or containers under the federal RCRA 90-oay rule and (ii) the quantity stored in other units REGULATED UNDER RCRA.)
In addition, what percentage of each of these 1985 waste quantities was waste defined as hazardous by federal RCRA regula-
tions? (Enter the waste quantities in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate unit of measure, and enter the percentages.)
Report here the quantities ol waste defined as nazardous by federal or state regulations that entered this facility's treatment units, storage
units, or disposal units REGULATED UNDER RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity lor any type of hazardous waste operation not onsite.
REPORT ALL HAZARDOUS WASTE THATENTERED TREATMENT. STORAGE. OR DISPOSAL OPERATIONS, whether or not it previously
or subsequently entered another ol those operations. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and disposed onsite at this
facility during 1985 in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA should be reported TWICE—both in (a) " Treated onsite" and in (c) "Disposed on-
site." However, nazardous waste that entered more than one type of unit under a single type of hazardous waste operation should be reported
only ONCE. For example, hazardous waste that was treated twice—e.g.. incineration followed by solidification of residuals—should be
reported only ONCE, in (a) "Treated onsite."
Quantity of fe
hazardous waste T
OR DISPOSED or
Type of hazardous in units REGULAT
waste operation (II none, e
a. TREATED onsiie
deral or state Perc
REATEO. STORED. ... . defin
isite during 1985 Units of measure
En UNDER nenA (Circle one.) BC
nterzero.) Tons Gallons (If n
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
by federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)
01 02
°'o
b. STORED onsite
i Federal RCRA
90-day rule
ii. Other RCRA-regulaied
storage
c DISPOSED onsiie
01
01
01
02
02
02
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IMPORTANT NOTE: Read this before answering Questions 4 and 5.
Report quantities of hazardous waste treated or recycled in the following units as exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements:
• TREATMENT
— Elementary neutralization
— Wastewater treatment in tanks that are regulated under the Clean Water Act.
• RECYCLING
— Solvent recovery (distillation, fractionation. steam stripping)
— Reuse of hazardous waste as fuel in boilers and industrial furnaces (NOTE: Incineration is treatment in a RCRA-
regulated unit.)
— Any recycling operation that does NOT involve putting hazardous waste onto land.
DO NOT report the following quantities of hazardous waste as exempt from RCRA permitting requirements:
— Any hazardous waste quantities that are exempt for other reasons. DO NOT REPORT these waste quantities any-
where on this questionnaire.
— Any hazardous waste quantity treated or recycled in units exempt from RCRA if it was previously TREATED in a
unit that is regulated under RCRA.
— Any hazardous waste treated or recycled in a totally enclosed treatment facility—a unit directly connected to an in-
dustrial production process and from which there is no release of hazardous waste into the environment during
treatment.
— Any quantity of nonhazardous waste. DO NOT REPORT nonhazardous waste anywhere on this questionnaire.
NOTE: Storage before recycling is a regulated activity and should be reported as such.
4. How much waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations was TREATED OR RECYCLED onsite at this facility dur-
ing 1935 in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste defined as hazardous by federal RCRA
regulations? (Enter a waste quantity in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate unit ol measure, and enter a percentage.)
Repon here the TOTAL Quantity ol waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations that entered one or more of this facility's treat-
ment or recycling units EXEMPT FROM RCRA during 1985. REPORT ONLY ONCE any quantity ol hazardous waste that entered more than
one type of operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and recycled should oe reported only ONCE. Similarly, hazardous
waste that was treated more than once should oe reported only ONCE. Enter zero il no federal or state hazardous waste was TREATED
OR RECYCLED in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA onsite at this facility during 1985.
TOTAL quantity of federal or state hazardous waste
TREATED OR RECYCLED onsite during 1985 in
units EXEMPT FROM RCRA
III none, enter zero.)
Units of measure
(Circle one.)
Tons Gallons
Percentage of waste defined
as hazardous by
federal RCRA regulations
(II none, enter zero.)
1
01 02
°'o
How much waste defined as hazardous under federal or state regulations was (a) TREATED or (b) RECYCLED onsite at this facil-
ity during 1985 in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA? In addition, what percentage of each of these 1985 waste quantities was waste
defined as hazardous by federal RCRA regulations? (Enter the waste Quantities in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate unit
ol measure, and enter the percentages.)
Reoorr here the individual quantities ol waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations that entered this facility's treatment units
or recycling units EXEMPT FROM RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity for any type ol hazardous waste operation not onsite
REPORT ALL HA ZAROOUS WASTE THAT EN TEFIED TREATMENT OR RECYCLING OPERATIONS, whether or not it previously or subse-
quently enterea the other type ol operation. For example, hazardous waste that was Doth treated and recyctea onsite at this 'acuity during
'985 in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA should oe reported TWICE—both in (a)" Treatea onsite" and in (b) "Recycled onsite." However, nazaraous
waste that entered more than one unit under a single type ol hazardous waste operation should oe reported only ONCE. For example.
ftazartious waste that underwent both cyanide destruction and lime precipitation should be reoorteq only ONCE, in (a) "Treated onsite."
Quantity of federal or state
hazardous waste TREATED OR
RECYLED onsite during 1985 in
Type of hazardous units EXEMPT FROM RCRA
waste operation III none, enter zero.)
a TREATED onsite
D RECYCLED onsne
Perc
... . defin
Units of measure
(Circle one.) RC
Tons Gallons (II n
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
by federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)
1
1 i 1
1
1 1
01 02
01 02
O/o
<"b
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Indicate the types of hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling units that are onsite at this facility and the
types of hazardous waste that can be treated, stored, disposed, or recycled with each.
— Circle cooes 01 tnrougn 08 m the lirst row (a) ol tne matrix to indicate the types ot hazaraous waste tnat cannot oe treatea. storea.
disposed, or recycled m any type ol unit onsite at this facility.
— Opposite eacn type ol hazardous waste unit listed down the left-hand side ol the matrix (rows b through q). circle cooes 0' througn
08 to indicate tne types ol hazardous waste that can oe treated, stored, disposed, or recycled in eacn type ol unit mat is onsite.
that has a permit or interim status (where necessary), and that is operational at this facility.
— For each type ol unit, circle 09 if there is no unit onsite at this facility, if it is not permitted or interim status (where necessary), or
it it is not operational.
- Circle either lO(YES) or 11 (NO) tor each type of onsite unit to indicate whether or not this facility's units are "commercially availaoie."
NOTE See the definition ol "commercially available" on page 2. In addition, "operational" units should include those that are temporarily
not operational due to repairs, maintenance, or low demand.
Type of hazardous
waste unit
a. No waste of this type can
be ireated. stored.
disposed, or recycled at
this facility
Treatment Operations
D. Liquids incineration
c Solids incineration
d. Wastewater treatment'
i. Biological treatment
n. Steam stripping5
iii. Other
e. Solidification"
1 Treatment impoundment
g Other treatment'
Storage Operations
h Siorage impoundment
i Waste pile
I Other storage
Disposal Operations
k Underground injection
1 Disposal impoundment
m Landfill
n Land treatment
Recycling Operations
o Solvent recovery55
D Reuse as luei
q Other recycling
Which of the following types of RCRA-hazardous waste currently are
treated, stored, disposed, or recycled onsite at this facility using
each type of hazardous waste unit?* (Circle all that apply.)
Other
Acidic halo- Other
corrosives genated hazardous
(pH < 2) Metals Cyanides Solvents PCBs Oioxins organics waste
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 . 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 . 04 05 06 07 08
..01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 .
01 . 02 03 04 05 . 06 . . 07 08 .
01 02 03 04 .05 . 06 ... 07 08 . .
• 01 02 03 04 05 . . 06 . 07 . 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 . 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Ol ' 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
No
units of
this type
onsite
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
. 09
09 . .
. 09 .
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
Are onsite
units of
this type
commer-
cially
available?
Yes No
i
10 11
. 10 11
10 11
. 10 11
. 10 11
. 10 11
.10 .11
10 11
10 11 ;
10 n
10 11 |
;
10 n i
10 n
10 11
10 11
1
10 n
10 n !
to n
These compounds exist in most wastes at very low concentrations Provide information on tnem cased on what each treatment, storage, cisoosai
ana recycling unit onsite at this facility is "typically" designed to take
1 li this facility's wastewater treatment system includes a treatment impoundment, also circle all the applicable codes opposite "treatment im-
poundment "
3 <=or ims survey, "steam stripping" as a treatment operation is the removal of organic contaminants from a waste using direct or indirect contac:
wastewater discharge limitations.
" for inis survey, 'solidification" includes units sometimes referred to as 'fixation" or "stabilization" units.
: it tne 'other ireatmeni" occurs m a treatment impoundment, also circle all the applicable codes opposite "treatment impounament"
§*For this survey, "solvent recovery" is the removal ol organic constituents Irom waste tor the primary puroose of recovering the organic comoound
lor reuse As delmea here, "solvent recovery" includes units that are sometimes referred to as "oaten distillation" or "fracnonanon" unns. Steam
sinoping is sometimes used lor solvent recovery ana should oe noted seoaratelv from steam stnprjing as a treatment ooeration
6
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7. Provide [he following information for potential future survey-related contacts with this facility.
a. Is the EPA identification number of this facility the same as that given in the label on the cover of this questionnaire?
01 YES ISkio to Question 7c.l
02 NO ICo to Question 7b.)
b. Enter the correct EPA identification number of this facility in the space provided below.
J | (Go fo Question 7c.)
c. Are the company name and STREET ADDRESS (physical location) of this facility the same as those given in the label on
the cover of this questionnaire?
01 YES (Skip to Question 7e.)
02 NO ICo to Question 7d >
d. Enter the correct company name and STREET ADDRESS (physical location) of this facility in the space provided below.
Comoany name' .
Street address:
Guy State ZIP
(Go ro Question 7e.)
e. What is your name, title, and telephone number?
Name Title
Telephone ( ) (Go ro Question 71.)
Area code
f. Is your MAILING ADDRESS the same as the facility street address (physical location) given in the label on the cover of
this questionnaire? NOTE: "Mailing address" refers 10 the address at which you can be reacned for potential future survey-
related contacts.
01 YES (Skip fo Certification Statement oelow.)
02 NO (Go ro Question 7g.)
g. At what MAILING ADDRESS can you be contacted for future survey-related information?
Mailing address __
City State
(Go ro Certification Statement oelow)
Certification Statement
I hereby certify under penalty of law that the information submitted above is true, accurate, and complete to the best of my
knowlecge
Name (print or type) Signature Date
When you have completed all questions and signed and dated the Certification Statement, enclose this questionnaire oook-
let m the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelope and drop it m the mail
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