EPA/530-SW-88-035
                                        SEPTEMBER 1988
1986 NATIONAL SCREENING SURVEY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
                  TREATMENT, STORAGE, DISPOSAL, AND
                                 RECYCLING FACILITIES
              OFFICE OF POLICY, PLANNING, AND INFORMATION
                                  OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
                   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
                        CENTER FOR ECONOMICS RESEARCH
                            RESEARCH TRIANGLE  INSTITUTE
            RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709

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                                        EPA/530-SW-88-035
                                         SEPTEMBER  1988
1986 NATIONAL SCREENING SURVEY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
                   TREATMENT, STORAGE, DISPOSAL, AND
                                  RECYCLING FACILITIES
               OFFICE OF POLICY, PLANNING, AND  INFORMATION
                                   OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
                   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  AGENCY
                                  WASHINGTON,  D.C. 20460
                         CENTER FOR ECONOMICS  RESEARCH
                             RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
            RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27709
     This report was prepared under EPA Contract Number 68-01-7350

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                          ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The 1986 National Screening Survey required the coordinated effort of both the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency and its contractor, the  Research Triangle Institute
(RTI). The EPA Project Manager was Jim Craig of the Office of Policy, Planning, and
Information  (OPPI) in the Office  of Solid Waste (OSW). Reviews of the draft
questionnaires were conducted by Larry  Rosengrant, JoAnn Bassi, and Jim Berlow of
OSW's Waste Management Division.

John L. Warren was the RTI Project  Manager. Hall Ashmore directed the development
of the questionnaires; Danny Allen and Kathy Almich developed the computer support
systems  for the survey  and subsequent analyses. Brenda Hair  managed the
questionnaire receipt operations and Pat  Best supervised the data entry operations.

This report was written by Jim Craig, John Warren, Sandra Curtis-Powell, and Renae
Clawsori. Initial editorial review was done by Maria  Bachteal. Christine Ellestad
conducted the final detailed editing, layout, and map design.

Finally, we wish to thank the over 5,500  facilities that responded to the survey.  Their
responsiveness enabled us to achieve a 100 percent response rate and ensure the
usefulness of the results.

John L. Warren, RTI Project Manager
Jim Craig, EPA Project Manager

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                     TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER                                                PAGE

  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY	ES-1

  1      INTRODUCTION	1
  2      OVERVIEW	3
         2.1  SURVEY OBJECTIVES	4
         2.2  TASK OVERVIEW	5
         2.3  INITIAL TASKS	5
  3      QUESTIONNARE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING	9
         3.1  QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT	9
         3.2  PRETEST OF DRAFT QUESTIONNAIRE	10
         3.3  SCREENING SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE	13
  4      SURVEY ADMINISTRATION	17
         4.1  INTRODUCTION	17
         4.2  DATA-COLLECTION PROCEDURES	1 7
         4.3  DATA-COLLECTION RESULTS...	19
  5      ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED	21
         5.1  INTRODUCTION	21
         5.2  NATIONAL HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES	22
         5.3  HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITIES BY EPA REGION	27
         5.4  NUMBER OF FACILITIES	27
         5.5  MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES BY FACILITY	33
         5.6  COMMERCIAL STATUS OF MANAGEMENT
             TECHNOLOGIES 	37
         5.7  HAZARDOUS WASTE QUANTITY AND
             FACILITIES BY SIC CODE	42
         5.8  FEDERAL FACILITIES	45
         5.9  TELEPHONE VERIFICATION	,	53
  6      CONCLUSIONS	55
         6.1  GENERAL CONCLUSIONS	55

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                TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)


CHAPTER                                                PAGE


         6.2 QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT CHANGES	56
         6.3 FUTURE DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES	57

  APPENDIX A - PRETEST QUESTIONNAIRE
  APPENDIX B - FINAL SCREENER QUESTIONNAIRE
                              11

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                        LIST OF TABLES


TABLE                                                    PAGE

ES-1   SCREENING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION RESULTS	ES-2
ES-2   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
      FACILITIES DURING 1985 (MILLION METRIC TONS)	ES-3
ES-3   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL
      FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA	ES-12
4-1    SCREENING SURVEY FOLLOW-UP EFFORTS	18
4-2    SCREENING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION RESULTS	20
5-1    QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
      FACILITIES DURING 1985 (MILLION METRIC TONS)	23
5-2    ACTIVE FACILITIES BY COMBINATIONS OF
      TECHNOLOGIES IN THE 1986 SCREENING SURVEY	32
5-3    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH TECHNOLOGIES
      AVAILABLE FOR MANAGING SELECTED WASTE TYPES	38
5-4    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES PROVIDING HAZARDOUS WASTE
      MANAGEMENT —ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH AT LEAST ONE
      COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY	40
5-5    FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES WITH THE LARGEST HAZARDOUS WASTE
      QUANTITIES MANAGED IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA	43
5-6    FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES CONTAINING THE LARGEST NUMBER OF
      FACILITIES MANAGING UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA	....44
5-7    QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL
      FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA	46
                              111

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IV

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                        LIST OF  FIGURES


FIGURE                                                    PAGE


ES-1   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED DURING 1985,
      BY THE 50 LARGEST ACTIVE FACILITIES USING
      UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA	ES-5
ES-2   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY
      ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION	ES-7
ES-3   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION	ES-8
ES-4   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE
      OF TECHNOLOGY	ES-9
ES-5   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH TREATMENT
      TECHNOLOGIES	ES-9
ES-6   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH LAND
      DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES	ES-10
ES-7   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH RECYCLING
      TECHNOLOGIES	ES-10
ES-8   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
      BY TYPE OF TECNOLOGY....:	ES-11
ES-9   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
      FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION	ES-13
ES-10 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
      BY EPA REGION	ES-14
5-1    QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED DURING 1985,
      BY THE 50 LARGEST ACTIVE FACILITIES USING
      UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA	26
5-2    QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY
      ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION	28
5-3    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION	29
5-4    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE
      OF TECHNOLOGY	30
5-5    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH TREATMENT
      TECHNOLOGIES	34
5-6    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH STORAGE
      TECHNOLOGIES	34
5-7    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH LAND
      DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES	35
5-8    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH RECYCLING
      TECHNOLOGIES	36

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                  LIST OF FIGURES  (continued)


FIGURE                                                    PAGE

5-9    NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH AT LEAST ONE COMMERCIALLY
      AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION	41
5-10   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES AS A PORTION OF THE TOTAL
      NUMBER OF FACILITIES DURING 1985	47
5-11   QUANTITY OF WASTE MANAGED IN ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES VS.
      QUANTITY OF WASTE MANAGED IN NON-FEDERAL FACILITIES
      DURING 1985	47
5-12   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
      FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985	48
5-13   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
      FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY	48
5-14   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
      FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION	49
5-15   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
      BY EPA REGION	50
5-16   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
      BYTYPEOFTECNOLOGY	51
5-17   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
      WITH TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES	51
5-18   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
      WITH STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES	52
5-19   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,
      WITH LAND DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES	52
                              VI

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Executive Summary

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                          EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY


      This report describes the results of the 1986 National  Screening Survey  of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities (Screening
Survey).   The Office of Solid Waste (OSW)  in the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) conducted this Screening Survey to collect preliminary data necessary
to select a sample for a more detailed follow-up  survey, the National Survey  of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and  Recycling (TSDR)  Facilities.
Respondents  were required to complete the questionnaire under Section 3007 of the
Resource Conservation and  Recovery Act  (RCRA) that authorizes collection  of
information for regulatory development  purposes.  The  EPA retained the  Research
Triangle Institute (RTI) to conduct both surveys.


SURVEY  OBJECTIVES

      •  To gather current information that would uniquely identify the name,
         location, ownership, operating status, and commercial availability of
         every TSDR in the country.

      •  To gather information to characterize the type, scope, and  nature of
         the  hazardous waste and the hazardous waste treatment, storage,
         disposal, and  recycling  operations onsite at each TSDR in the
         country.'

      •  To  gather information to use in regulatory  development.  Most
         regulations require background information documents, investigation
         of enforcement and sampling  methods, and cost estimations before
         promulgation.

      •  To begin .to understand the relationship between hazardous wastes
         managed in  units exempt from  RCRA regulation and  hazardous
         wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.


WHO  WAS  SURVEYED?

      The  project team assembled the best information  available  on the current
population of  both commercial and noncommercial TSDRs in the United States and
developed a single, comprehensive list  of facilities.   This initial list contained 5,505
hazardous waste TSDRs, including both commercial and  noncommercial facilities.
After further research, we discovered an  additional 101 facilities to bring the final total
to 5,666 facilities.
                                PAGE  ES-1

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SURVEY ADMINISTRATION

      The initial mailing of 5,505 screening questionnaires was conducted during the
week of  February 20-26, 1986.  A data receipt control system containing unique
computer software, data files, and procedures specifically designed for the Screening
Survey was used to track all aspects of the survey and to retain a file history for each
facility. The project team also established a toll-free survey helpline service for the
Screening Survey to  help respondent facilities complete their questionnaires.


FACILITIES  INCLUDED IN  THE RESULTS

      Table ES-1  presents the final data-collection results of the survey.  The 5,666
facilities in the Screening Survey data base include the original 5,505 facilities and the
161 additional facilities that were located subsequent to the initial mailing.
TABLE ES-1.   SCREENING  SURVEY  DATA COLLECTION  RESULTS
STATUS
Total
COUNT
  5,666
PERCENT
Completed questionnaire, active
Completed questionnaire, inactive
No longer in business
Included in error (duplicates, etc.)
Refusal
2,971
2,452
183
60
0
52.5
43.3
3.2
1.0
0.0
   100.0
      These results include only those  facilities that were active in 1985 or were
actively managing hazardous waste when they answered the questionnaire in the first
half of 1986.  These results do not include facilities that:

      •   have closed their TSDR capabilities and managed no hazardous
         waste in 1985,

      •   were never a TSDR facility,

      •   onfy have management units that are exempt from RCRA permitting
         requirements,

      •   manage wastes regulated as hazardous under state law and manage
         no federally regulated hazardous waste,
                                PAGE ES-2

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      •   only have 90-day accumulation, or

      •   were no longer in business.



NATIONAL  HAZARDOUS  WASTE  QUANTITIES

      Table  ES-2 shows the quantity of  hazardous  waste managed by all active
facilities in the United States during 1985.

      Of the total 272 MMT, 267 MMT is classified as hazardous under federal RCRA
regulations and 5  MMT is classified as hazardous under state but not  federal
regulations.  The  most common example of waste that is hazardous under state
regulation and not under federal regulation is waste or used oil.

TABLE  ES-2.  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS  WASTE  MANAGED BY
ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING 1985 (MILLION  METRIC TONS)
                    UNITS  REGULATED           UNITS EXEMPT  FROM
                      UNDER  RCRA                  RCRA  PERMITTING
                                                     REQUIREMENTS*
HAZARDOUS UNDER
FEDERAL REGULATIONS         267                            184

HAZARDOUS UNDER
STATE REGULATIONS             5                            127
TOTAL                       272                            311

*  Primarily wastewater treatment in tanks prior to discharge 1) to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
  or 2) under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.

      These hazardous waste quantities include only quantities that were managed in
1985.   Some  facilities were  in the process of discontinuing  hazardous waste
management operations or undergoing closure of all or part of their TSDR capabilities.
Others were going out of business at the site.  Of the 2,971 facilities active in 1985, 324
or approximately 11  percent were in this category.  These closing facilities accounted
for 5.3 percent of hazardous waste quantity managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements and 2,4 percent of the hazardous waste quantity managed in
units regulated under RCRA.  There were  an additional 90  facilities that are not
included as active because  they are also closing  but managed no hazardous waste
quantities during 1985.

      Of the 272 MMT managed in units regulated under  RCRA, 232 MMT (85.3
percent) was treated, 100  MMT (36.8 percent) was stored, and 33 MMT (12.1  percent)


                                PAGE ES-3

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was  disposed.   Because some hazardous wastes went through more than one
management technology (treated, then stored, and then disposed), these percentages
do not sum to 100 percent.   Based on follow-up telephone calls to the top 20 facilities,
we estimate that a minimum of 80 percent of the 272 MMT managed in units regulated
under RCRA is hazardous waste water.

     Several factors influence the accuracy of the numbers indicating the quantity of
hazardous wastes managed in exempt units:

      *   In many states, quantities of hazardous wastes managed in exempt
         units do  not have  to be manifested  or  reported.  Consequently,
         facilities do not expend as much effort accurately measuring these
         quantities as they  do with hazardous wastes managed in units
         regulated under RCRA.

      •   Survey  respondents noted  that these  quantities were  usually
         estimates  with a much  lower level of precision than the data for
         hazardous wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.

      •   If a hazardous waste were treated in both regulated and exempt units,
         the  survey instructions directed respondents to  report it only for
         regulated units.  If  a respondent failed to do this, the same waste
         quantity was counted as being managed  in both regulated and
         exempt units. Thus, adding quantity managed in  regulated units to
         quantity managed  in exempt units would  overestimate the total
         quantity of hazardous waste managed at the facility.

     EPA's last major survey of hazardous waste TSDRs was conducted in 1982 to
collect data for 1981.  Using that survey, EPA estimated 264 million metric tons (MMT)
of hazardous waste were managed in regulated units at TSDR facilities  in 1981.
Estimates from the  Screening Survey for  1985 are 272 MMT.  However, it is  not
possible to make direct comparisons between the 1981 survey and the  1985 survey
because  there have been major  changes in the  universe of  wastes considered
hazardous under  RCRA since 1981.  Some of these changes include:

      •   The universe  of  solid   hazardous  wastes that  are  considered
         hazardous has changed.   Additional hazardous wastes have been
         listed and others have been delisted .

      •   The type  of facilities regulated under  RCRA has changed.  Tighter
         restrictions on land disposal facilities caused a significant number of
         facilities to modify  or cease their hazardous waste operations  in
         anticipation of the regulations.

      •   Some small quantity generators that were  not regulated in 1981 are
         now being regulated.
                                PAGE  ES-4

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        The nation's economic output affects the generation of hazardous
        waste.  The level of this output is different from  year to year; for
        example, 1985 had a higher output than 1981.

        The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984
        appear to be  having  a significant impact on  hazardous waste
        management and have affected the 1985 results.

        The quantities of hazardous wastewater have such a significant effect
        on national estimates of hazardous waste managed that a change or
        misreporting at only  a few  facilities  can cause a  large shift in
        estimated quantities.
    Figure  ES-1  shows the  distribution of hazardous waste managed by the 50
largest TSDRs in the United States.  These facilities managed 244 MMT of hazardous
waste (90 percent of the total hazardous waste managed in units regulated under
RCRA at TSDRs).
            FIGURE ES-1  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
             MANAGED DURING  1985,  BY THE 50 LARGEST
             ACTIVE FACILITIES USING  UNITS  REGULATED
           	UNDER  RCRA	
                TOP 50 FACILITIES
OTHER 2.921 FACILITIES
                    TOTAL = 272 MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
                               PAGE ES-5

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WASTE  QUANTITIES  AND  NUMBER  OF  FACILITIES  BY  EPA REGIONS

      Figure ES-2 shows the distribution of hazardous waste quantities managed at
TSDRs by EPA region.  Figure ES-3 shows the  distribution of active TSDR facilities by
EPA region.


MANAGEMENT  TECHNOLOGIES BY  FACILITY

      Figure  ES-4 summarizes the number of active facilities with "Treatment,"
"Storage," "Disposal,"  "Land  disposal," and "Recycling" technologies.   Because
facilities may have more than one technology,  the sum is more than 2,971.  Eighty-
seven percent  of the TSDRs  have  "Storage"  capability, the  most  common
classification.

      Figure ES-5 shows the number of active  facilities with at least  one "Treatment"
technology, and divides "Treatment" into more detailed categories.

      The number of facilities with active surface impoundments used for storage has
declined  since the Screening  Survey was mailed in February 1986. Of all active
facilities,  170 have "Storage impoundments," 48 have "Waste piles," and 2,585 utilize
"Other storage."  During the followup and verification stages, we determined that, for
the majority of facilities, "Other storage" meant storage in containers and/or tanks.

      Figure ES-6 shows those  facilities  that have "Land disposal" technologies
onsite.  These facilities were  active in  1985;  however,  because of the continuing
concern about  land disposal, many companies are closing their land disposal units or
reducing their reliance on them. Actual survey responses were compared with permit
records in HWDMS to reflect the number of facilities that also submitted certification
required by HWSA.  Figure  ES-6 reflects totals that have been adjusted for facilities
that are formally closed or have approved closure plans.

      Figure ES-7 includes active facilities that  have at least one "Recycling"
technology onsite. The numbers of active federal facilities with "Treatment," "Storage,"
"Land disposal," and "Recycling" facilities are depicted in Figure ES-8.
                                PAGE ES-6

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                              FIGURE ES-2   QUANTITY  OF HAZARDOUS!
                              WASTE MANAGED BY  ACTIVE  FACILITIES I
                                   DURING  1985, BY  EPA  REGION      I
                                                                       J  so
                         TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA = 272 MMT
                 TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS = 311 MMT
                      H UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA
UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
                     NOTE: Some waste may be managed in both regulated and exempt
                     units.  Consequently, the total amount of RCRA hazardous waste is
                     less.than the sum of waste managed in exempt and regulated units.

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00
                            FIGURE ES-3   NUMBER  OF ACTIVE FACILITIES

                                    DURING 1985, BY  EPA  REGION
                                                                                 209
                                                        761
                               346
            REGION/10
                              REGION  8
REGION
                                                              REGIONV4
                                      REGION 6
                                   TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971
                                 TOTAL FACILITIES
              COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
                  NOTE: Commercial facilities include those with at least one commercially available technology.

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        FIGURE ES-4  NUMBER OF ACTIVE  FACILITIES 1
           DURING 1985, BY TYPE OF  TECHNOLOGY
                 2,585
   TREATMENT
STORAGE
DISPOSAL  LAND DISPOSAL  RECYCLING
               TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971
         FIGURE ES-5  NUMBER OF ACTIVE  FACILITIES
        DURING  1985, WITH  TREATMENT  TECHNOLOGIES

                               949
                                                           556
  INCINERATION  BIOLOGICAL    STEAM
            WASTEWATER  STRIPPING
            TREATMENT
               OTHER   SOLIDIFICATION  TREATMENT    OTHER
             WASTEWATER           IMPOUNDMENT  TREATMENT
              TREATMENT
 TOTAL FACILITIES
               E FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY IS
                  COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one
  treatment technology and some facilities may have no treatment technology.
                         PAGE ES-9

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600-

500"

400-

300-

200-

100"
  FIGURE ES-6  NUMBER OF ACTIVE
FACILITIES  DURING 1985, WITH  LAND
     DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES
     I
530
     UNDERGROUND   LANDFILL
      INJECTION
              LAND     WASTE PILE    SURFACE
            TREATMENT             IMPOUNDMENT
            TOTAL
     TOTAL FACILITIES
                    E3 FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
                       IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
   NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one land
      disposal technology and some facilities may have no land disposal technology.
         447
                  FIGURE ES-7  NUMBER OF ACTIVE!
                    FACILITIES DURING 1985, WITH  I
                     RECYCLING  TECHNOLOGIES   I
       SOLVENTRECOVERY
               REUSE AS FUEL
OTHER RECYCLING
    TOTAL FACILITIES
                      FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
                      IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
 NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one recycling
           technology and some facilities may have no recycling technology.
                            PAGE ES-10

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                  FIGURE ES-8 NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
             FACILITIES  DURING 1985,  BY  TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY!
                               220
            TREATMENT        STORAGE       LAND DISPOSAL      RECYCLING
        NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one type of
      treatment, storage, land disposal, or recycling technology, while others may have none.


COMMERCIAL  STATUS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES

      Facilities were asked to designate whether each technology was commercially
available to the public.  Commercial hazardous waste treatment does not have  to be
the primary activity at a facility for an individual operation or unit to be  considered
"commercially available."  Of the 2,971 active facilities,  528 have at least one
"Treatment," "Storage," "Disposal,"  or "Recycling" technology that is commercially
available.  The Screening Survey collected no information concerning the  percentage
of hazardous waste managed on a commercial  basis, or whether  commercial
hazardous waste management is the facility's primary business.


FEDERAL  FACILITIES

      Table ES-3 shows the quantity  of hazardous waste managed  by  federal
agencies in units permitted under RCRA.  All federal agencies account for 237 facilities
or 8.0 percent of all active TSDRs in the  nation.  This table aggregates the individual
federal facilities under their respective agencies by number of active facilities and
regulated quantity.

      The distribution of the hazardous waste quantities managed by active federal
facilities according to EPA region is  shown in Figure ES-9  Figure ES-10 shows the
distribution of the number of active federal facilities by EPA region.
                                PAGE ES-11

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TABLE ES-3.  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED  BY
ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA
AGENCY NAME
U.S Navy
U.S. Department of Energy
CBI Federal Facilities
U.S Marine Corps
U.S. Army
U.S. Air Force
NASA
'Stoller Chemical Qo. Inc./MIIDIV
Tennessee Valley Authority
*NI Ind. Inc. Riverbank Plant
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Department of Defense
National Institute of Health
*Olin Corp.
U.S Bureau of Reclamation
National Institute of
Environmental Health Science
Total
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
42
23
2
8
70
66
5
1
3
1
5
6
2
1
1
1
237
REGULATED
QUANTITY
(MMT)
1.181955
0.595965
0.264676
0.212069
0.173225
0.063235
0.013022
0.005443
0.005316
0.003148
0.001353
0.000514
0.000107
0.000081
0.000002
0.000001
3.092112
* Government contractor
                         PAGE ES-12

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                             FIGURE ES-9  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS  WASTE
                               MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES
                                     DURING 1985, BY EPA REGION
                               MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
                    UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA
UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
                                                                                N 1

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                                 FIGURE ES-10  NUMBER  OF ACTIVE
                               FEDERAL FACILITIES DURING 1985,  BY
                                           EPA REGION
                     TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES = 2371

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CONCLUSIONS

      The 1986 National Screening Survey results, though general in scope, provide
some insights into the universe of TSDRs. There are far fewer active TSDRs than
there were in earlier years. The hazardous waste management universe is dominated
by very large onsite management facilities; the top  50 facilities manage 90 percent of
the hazardous waste quantities.   Based on our understanding of the industries
generating hazardous waste and telephone verification, we consider the dominant
hazardous waste category to be "Hazardous wastewater with low pH."

       The quantities of hazardous wastes managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements are greater than the quantities  of hazardous wastes managed
in  units permitted under RCRA, largely due to the  amount of hazardous wastewater
treated and  discharged under NPDES  permits  (exempt from RCRA permitting
requirements).


FUTURE  DATA COLLECTION  ACTIVITIES

      The 1986  National Screening Survey is serving as the basis  for  several
additional  data collection efforts  being conducted by EPA's OSW.  Using  the data
collected in the Screening Survey, a detailed survey was  prepared and mailed to over
2,600 TSDRs in August 1987.  This survey consisted  of 16 individual booklets. A
companion survey, the 1987 National Survey of Hazardous Waste Generators, was
mailed to a sample of generators in late 1987.   Approximately 10,300 generators of
hazardous waste received this survey.  Data from these two surveys will be available
in  1989.
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                                CHAPTER 1

                              INTRODUCTION


      This report describes the results of the 1986 National Screening  Survey of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, Disposal, and Recycling Facilities (Screening
Survey).  The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) in  the  U.S. Environmental  Protection
Agency (EPA) conducted this Screening Survey to collect preliminary data  necessary
to select a sample for  a  more detailed follow-up survey, the  National  Survey of
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,  Disposal, and Recycling  Facilities.
Respondents were required to complete the questionnaire under Section 3007 of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act  (RCRA) that authorizes collection of
information for regulatory development purposes.  The EPA retained the Research
Triangle Institute (RTI)  to conduct both surveys.

      The  EPA is performing these national surveys as part of its strategy to gather
information on the nation's  ability to treat, store, dispose, and  recycle hazardous
waste.  The EPA has already used this information to identify facilities that have the
technologies and the permits to manage certain types of hazardous waste that may be
restricted from land disposal by the regulations implemented under RCRA of 1976, as
amended by the Hazardous  and Solid Waste  Amendments (HSWA) of 1984. While
national capacity to manage  hazardous waste was the initial driving force behind this
effort, best demonstrated available technology (BOAT) standards, analysis of treatment
and  disposal capacity by  state for  hazardous wastes required by the Superfund
Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA), the potential revision of hazardous
waste tank standards, and other numerous regulatory activities required information
not available in existing data sources.

    .  The  Screening Survey  was  designed to identify  and collect  summary
information from all hazardous  waste treatment, storage,  disposal,  and recycling
facilities (TSDRs) in the United States. These data were used to select a statistically
valid sample of TSDRs for the more  detailed follow-up survey, begun in late 1987.
The  information gathered  in the Screening Survey describes the status, location,
nature, and scope of the  hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling
activities onsite at each respondent facility.

      The chapters in  this  report describe the development and administration of the
Screening Survey.  Chapter  2 provides an overview of the survey tasks, Chapter 3
describes questionnaire development and testing,  Chapter 4 briefly summarizes
survey administration, Chapter 5 presents results of analyses performed on the data,
and Chapter 6 contains conclusions based on  the analyses and a brief discussion of
future data collection efforts.  Appendix A includes a copy of the pretest version of the
Screening Survey and Appendix B includes a copy of the final Screening Survey.
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PAGE 2

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                                CHAPTER 2

                                OVERVIEW
      In  preparing to survey  the U.S. hazardous  waste TSDRs, the  project team
concluded that, given the then-current quality and quantity of available industry
information, the most effective data-gathering effort  would include two surveys of the
respondent universe:

      •   an initial screening survey to identify and characterize the nature and
         scope of the operations onsite at each TSDR in the target population,
         and

      •   a follow-up survey to  collect detailed technical information from a
         sample of the TSDRs identified by the Screening Survey.

    The focus of the two surveys has been to gather supporting information for
rulemaking and related efforts including:

      •   design and operating  parameters,  hazardous waste  quantity and
         characterization, and  other types  of technical information  on the
         nation's hazardous waste TSDRs,

      •   information for developing BOAT for the management of specific types
         of wastes,

      •   hazardous  waste management capacity and  hazardous  waste
         quantities for determining land disposal capacities and for use in the
         state capacity certifications required under  SARA,

      •   air emissions  control information  for rulemaking on TSDR  air
         emissions  by EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
         (OAQPS),

      •   specifications for hazardous waste tank  systems  for possible tank
         requirement revisions,

      •   revisions to underground injection well standards, and

      •   data to support the development of Regulatory Impact Analyses  (RIAs)
         for the land disposal restrictions rule.
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      The  survey was  initially intended to be  a census  of  an estimated 500
commercial hazardous waste management facilities. As the implications of the HSWA
became apparent; however, EPA realized the need to survey both commercial and
noncommercial facilities.  The Screening Survey, a short census survey of all potential
TSDR facilities, was designed to be followed in 1987 by a detailed survey  of a sample
based on the results of the Screening Survey. After reviewing available data bases of
the universe of facilities that were thought to be TSDRs, the project team determined
that the completeness of the initial data base would affect the team's ability to draw an
adequate sample.  Consequently, the follow-up effort was changed to a census of
treatment, disposal, and recycling facilities and a sample of storage facilities.

      The following sections in this chapter describe the survey objectives, provide an
overview of the tasks required to conduct the survey, summarize how the respondent
universe was identified, describe specific data-collection objectives, and outline data-
protection procedures.

2.1   SURVEY  OBJECTIVES

      The project team administered the Screening Survey primarily to help identify
the respondent  universe for a more detailed  follow-up survey.  Consequently, the
Screening Survey was designed to gather data to characterize  the survey population
with a high level of precision, to identify the parameters required  for selecting a sample
for the follow-up survey, and to provide the most current available data on  facility
names, contacts, and addresses.

      The Screening Survey had the following major objectives:

      •   To gather  current information that  would  uniquely identify
         the  name,  location,   ownership,   operating  status,  and
         commercial availability  of every TSDR in the country. Firms
         frequently  change  ownership or  contact  persons  making
         communication difficult or  impossible.  Permitted and Interim Status
         firms may not be actively  managing hazardous wastes;  some  firms
         maintain their status even  though hazardous waste operations  have
         ceased temporarily or permanently.

      •   To gather  information  to characterize the  type, scope,  and
         nature of  the hazardous waste and the hazardous  waste
         treatment,  storage,  disposal,  and recycling operations
         onsite  at each  TSDR  in  the country.  This information was  used
        to develop  the  statistical sampling procedures for selecting the
        sample for the detailed follow-up survey.  The data collected during
        the Screening Survey  allowed stratification  of the detailed  survey
        sample  frame  based  on  facility size  and  types of operations.
        Stratifying based on size allowed selection of the facilities of greatest
        interest for the follow-up survey.
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      •   To  gather information to  use in  regulatory  development.
         Most   regulations   require   background   information
         documents,  investigation  of  enforcement and  sampling
         methods,  and cost  estimations  before promulgation.  There
         is no national data base for the  TSDRs that contains information
         collected in the Screening Survey.

      •   To  begin   to   understand  the   relationship  between
         hazardous wastes managed  in  units  exempt from RCRA
         permitting  requirements and hazardous  wastes managed in
         units  regulated  under  RCRA.   Some RCRA-listed  wastes are
         handled in treatment technologies exempt from RCRA regulation.
         Some  states are more  stringent than  the federal  government in
         regulating the wastes within their boundaries and require  certain non-
         RCRA wastes to be managed in the same fashion as RCRA wastes.
         The exact relationships are not accurately known.

2.2   TASK  OVERVIEW

      The Screening Survey required six tasks:

      •   Task 1.   Define the Respondent Universe—Identify to whom the
         Screening Survey should be mailed.

      •   Task 2.   Develop Data  Collection  Objectives—Identify  what
         information should be collected during the Screening  Survey.

      •   Task 3. Develop and Test Questionnaire—Write a survey instrument
         that will achieve objectives developed in Task 2 and  demonstrate its
         validity in a small-scale pretest with survey respondents.

      •   Task 4. Develop  Data Base System—Store and use data collected
         during  the Screening  Survey  including  methods  of  insuring
         confidentiality when necessary.

      •   Tasks. Administer the Survey.

      •   Task 6. Analyze the Data.

    The following sections  briefly address tasks one, two, and four; subsequent
chapters address the other three tasks.

2.3   INITIAL TASKS

      Before developing, testing, and administering the Screening Survey, the project
team first developed a-comprehensive list of all the  active TSDRs in the United States,
decided  what types  and amounts of information should be collected from them, and
developed procedures to protect any  information  claimed as confidential by survey
respondents. The following subsections briefly describe these three initial tasks.
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2.3.1   Defining the Respondent Universe

      To define the respondent universe, the project team assembled the best infor-
mation available on the  current population of both commercial and noncommercial
TSDRs  in the United States and developed a single, comprehensive list of facilities
from the following sources of data:

      •   EPA's  Hazardous  Waste Data  Management  System  (HWDMS)
         containing Part A of the RCRA waste management permit applications
         filed by TSDRs

      •   Biennial Reports, which all RCRA-permitted TSDRs must file either
         with the states or with EPA

      •   Directories of commercial hazardous waste TSDRs:
         -  Hazardous Waste Consultant, Volumes 1-5, 1983-1985, published
            by McCoy and Associates Inc., 1313 W. Cedar Drive,  Lakewood,
            Colorado 80228
         -  Industrial and Hazardous  Waste Management Firms,  1985,
            published by Environmental Information Ltd.,  7400 Metro Blvd.,
            Suite 400, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55435
         -  Hazardous  Waste Services  Directory,  1985, J.J.  Keller and
            Associates, Inc.,  145  W. Wisconsin Ave., Neenah,  Wisconsin
            54956

      In order to create a single, comprehensive mailing list, the project team merged
relevant data from  each of these  sources, eliminated duplicate  entries, matched
corresponding partial entries,  and  researched discrepancies among similar entries.
This initial list contained  5,505 hazardous waste TSDRs, including both commercial
and noncommercial  facilities.  Through additional research 101 facilities were added
to bring the final total to 5,666 facilities.

2.3.2   Developing Data-Collection  Objectives

      The project team  developed  data-collection objectives based on the general
survey objectives described in Section 2:

      •   Identify the operating status of every TSDR in the United States.

      •   Identify the following  quantities  of hazardous waste managed in units
         regulated under RCRA:

         —  total quantity managed  onsite (i.e., treated, stored, or disposed),

         —  total quantity disposed onsite,
         —  total quantity treated onsite, and
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         — total quantity stored onsite, including the quantity accumulated in
            storage areas for fewer than 90 days.

      •  Identify the following quantities of hazardous waste managed in units
         that are not permitted under RCRA:
         — total quantity managed (i.e., treated or recycled) onsite,
         — total quantity treated onsite, and
         — total quantity recycled onsite.

      •  Identify what percentage  of  each  waste quantity  reported was
         considered hazardous by federal (as opposed to state) regulations.
         Previous surveys have not asked for state-regulated hazardous waste
         quantities.  Because these wastes do compete for available capacity
         to manage all hazardous wastes, it is  important to  identify  state-
         regulated hazardous waste quantities.

      •  Identify general types of hazardous waste managed onsite.

      •  Identify general types of treatment, storage,  disposal, or recycling
         technologies used onsite.

      •  Identify which treatment, storage, disposal, or  recycling technologies
         are used to manage which types of hazardous waste onsite.

      •  Identify which treatment, storage, disposal, or  recycling technologies
         are offered commercially onsite.

      •  Accurately identify
         — EPA facility identification (ID) number,
         — company name,
         — location, and
         — name, title, telephone number, and mailing address  of a person
            for future survey-related contacts.

2.3.3   Developing  Data-Protection  Procedures

      All surveyed firms and facilities had the right, under law, to request that the
information they submitted during the Screening Survey be treated as  Confidential
Business  Information  (CBI).   The cover letter (and  addenda)  mailed with each
questionnaire specifically addressed  how, and when, respondents could  claim CBI
status for their completed questionnaires and how, and to whom, EPA could release
CBI for data processing and analysis.  To ensure the protection  of any CBI data that
might  be  submitted  during  the survey,  the  project  team  developed detailed
procedures, in accordance with EPA regulations, that specify how CBI data should be
protected, including  who can and should be  cleared to  view and handle those data
and how the data should be protected in both hard-copy and electronic forms.
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                                CHAPTER  3

             QUESTIONNAIRE  DEVELOPMENT  AND  TESTING
      To develop the Screening Survey questionnaire, the project team prepared
different draft questionnaires over a 12-month period.  Each of these draft instruments
was subject to  intense technical and format reviews by EPA staff.  Several were
reviewed by industry and trade association representatives and, during a small-scale
pretest, by management and technical personnel at a few selected TSDRs in the
respondent universe.

      The  following  two  sections briefly describe how the Screening  Survey
questionnaire was developed and tested  during these reviews and subsequent
discussions. A final section summarizes the form and intent of the seven questions in
the version of the questionnaire that was mailed to respondents during the Screening
Survey.

3.1   QUESTIONNAIRE  DEVELOPMENT

     To develop the Screening Survey questionnaire, the project team drafted a set of
questions to identify and characterize TSDRs; these questions were reviewed by staff
members in several different offices within EPA. The primary purpose of these reviews
was to ensure that the  Agency's rulemaking information needs would be met to the
maximum  extent possible by the information gathered using the Screening Survey
questionnaire.

     After  each  internal review, the  project  team  assembled all the comments from
EPA staff who had reviewed the questionnaire; then  the project team assessed the
comments, resolved any issues,  and prepared a new draft for additional reviews, as
necessary.  The lead  office, the OSW, reviewed every draft.  Other EPA offices that
reviewed selected drafts and portions of drafts included the OAQPS, the Office  of
Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE), and the Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response (OERR).

     The project team also solicited comments from  industry and trade association
representatives.  The  general  purpose of these  reviews  was  to improve the
questionnaire, to establish a working relationship with appropriate industry and trade
associations, and to obtain their  support for the survey.  The project team arranged
these industry reviews to help ensure that the questions:
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      •  could be answered using data available onsite at each TSDR in the
         respondent universe,

      •  were asked using language that is understandable and familiar to the
         persons likely to complete the questionnaires at TSDRs, and

      •  would be answered by the respondent facilities  to ensure that they
         would  not  refuse to answer the questions for  legal or technical
         reasons.

The following industry trade associations participated in the  review process:

      •  Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA),

      •  National Association of Solvent Recyclers (NASR),

      •  Institute for Chemical Waste  Management (ICWM) of the National
         Solid Waste Management Association (NSWMA),

      •  Hazardous Waste Treatment Council (HWTC), and the

      •  American Petroleum Institute (API).

3.2   PRETEST OF  DRAFT QUESTIONNAIRE

    As an extension of the questionnaire development process, the project team also
conducted  a small-scale  pretest  of the  survey  instruments  and data-collection
procedures to test their ability to  accomplish their intended purposes.  The following
subsections  discuss the pretest objectives, facility  selection and testing procedures,
and pretest results.

3.2.1   Pretest  Objectives

    The overall objective of the pretest was to test the ability of the survey instrument
and data collection procedures to gather the required information.  Specifically, the
pretest had the following major objectives:

      •  To measure the extent to which the instruments and procedures could
         collect information that met the objectives of the analysis plan.

      •  To  test the ability and willingness  of the respondent facilities to
         provide the information sought in three categories:
         1.  Questions that ask for information unavailable to the respondents.
            For example, was the requested information routinely kept in
            respondent files and  was it stored in the form requested?
         2.  Questions the respondents could not understand.  For example,
            was the terminology used in the survey similar to what the
            respondents used to describe their treatment, storage, disposal, or
            recycling operations?


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         3. Questions that might mean one thing to the EPA but something
            quite different to respondents. For example, would respondents
            understand the use of the term "commercially available" as it was
            defined in the questionnaire?

3.2.2  Facility Selection  and Testing  Procedures

         Facility Selection. After the  project team had developed  a final  draft
version of the  Screening Survey questionnaire based on industry and EPA  staff
comments and discussions, RTI contacted nine hazardous waste TSDRs by mail and
asked them  to  participate  in a voluntary pre-survey test of  the data-collection
instruments and  procedures. The letter mailed to each facility informed the personnel
of the background and objectives of  the survey, identified a timeframe for the pretest,
requested their participation, and informed them that they  would be contacted soon
about their willingness to participate.

     Each facility was told it would not have  to complete another questionnaire during
the actual  Screening Survey if  it submitted a completed  questionnaire during the
pretest. The  facility would,  however, be contacted by telephone during the survey to
confirm its earlier pretest responses.

     Within a few days, the  project team followed up the initial letter with a telephone
call to each facility requesting its  participation in the pretest.  After identifying the nine
participants and whether they would  participate in person or by telephone, the project
team identified when  each  facility would  be  able to  discuss its  completed
questionnaire.  The project team then scheduled and began conducting the pretest
discussions.

     The nine facilities contacted for the pretest were chosen at random  from among
TSDRs within a 1-day drive of Research Triangle  Park, North Carolina, where the
project team was developing the  final questionnaire. Of the nine facilities contacted,
three agreed to conduct onsite personal interviews with the project  team,  five agreed
to discuss the  questionnaire over  the telephone  with the project team, and  one
declined to participate.

         Testing  Procedures. To  assess whether the questionnaire  met the
objectives describes in Section 3.2.1, each pretest discussion addressed three topics:

      •  Adequacy  of the  information  provided  on the  background and
         objectives of the Screening Survey.

      •  A review of each respondent's completed questionnaire to determine
         whether  each  question   had  been  understood and  answered
         accurately.

      •   General impression from  respondents regarding the  form of the
         questionnaire.   This  included discussions  of definitions, question
         layout and ordering, and type styles, sizes, and treatments.
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In addition, each pretest discussion usually included a description (on the telephone)
or a tour (in-person interviews) of the operations at each pretest facility.

3.2.3   Pretest Results

     Of the eight facilities  whose staffs agreed to discuss the questionnaire with the
project team, four actually submitted their questionnaires during the pretest.  The other
four pretest facilities completed their questionnaires only for the purpose of the  pretest
discussion. The results of the pretest discussions indicated a need for changes  in both
the form and content of the screening questionnaire.  The pretest questionnaire is in
Appendix A.  The following paragraphs summarize  the changes made to the  pretest
questionnaire. The page numbers given refer to those on the final questionnaire:

Cover  (page  1)—Information  on  background  and  objectives  of survey.
The project team made wording changes to  simplify the language and  modified the
mailing  label  format to exclude  Standard  Industrial Classification (SIC) codes.  Also, a
formal question was added requiring the correction of any erroneous identification and
address information in a formal question rather than by asking respondents to make
changes on the label (see Question 7, Page 7).  On the final questionnaire, the  mailing
label and instructions were moved to the cover page.

Page 2—Definitions.  The project team deleted several definitions  that the  pretest
experience indicated were not  needed and added others that were.  In  addition, the
amount of space devoted to definitions was expanded to make them easier to find and
read.

Page 3—Question 1.  The project team added a  fifth status option to address the
various  possible stages of facility closure that surfaced during the pretest and changed
the skip pattern instructions to  direct respondents  to a list of information  under the
heading "Important Note."

Page 3—First "Important  Note."   Also  added to this page was  a  series of
clarifying statements in the form of an "Important Note."  These clarifications included
explanations'of whether and how to report several types of hazardous waste treatment
and recycling operations and several types of hazardous waste.

Page 4—Questions 2 and 3.  In  addition  to  making several wording changes to
further clarify- how  respondents should  answer these questions, the project team
reordered the overall  question  format so that the  explanatory notes would appear
before, rather than after, the answer spaces.

Page 5—Second  "Important  Note."  In response to several  questions  that
surfaced during the pretest, the project team added a second "Important Note" to clarify
what types of treatment and recycling operations and should  be considered "exempt
from RCRA permitting  requirements," including certain types of hazardous wastewater
treatment and solvent recycling  operations.
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Page 5—Questions 4 and 5. The project team made several wording changes to
clarify Questions 4  and 5 and  also  reordered the  question  formats so that  the
explanatory notes would appear before, rather than after, the answer spaces.

Page 6—Question 6.  The project team made several wording and format changes
to this question.  First, the question itself was rewritten and reformatted.  Second, the
various headings in the  matrix were rewritten to  better label each column.  Third, the
row in which respondents indicate the units that are not used to manage hazardous
waste onsite was relocated from the  bottom of the matrix to the top.  Fourth,  the
commercial  status question was moved to the last columns. And, fifth, a series of
explanatory  notes was added to  the bottom of the matrix to clarify how respondents
should report certain  kinds of hazardous waste management operations.

Page  7—Question  7.   This  question was  expanded  specifically  to  direct
respondents to correct or supplement  the facility identification, contact,  and location
information contained on the mailing label pasted on the front of each questionnaire.

3.3   SCREENING  SURVEY  QUESTIONNAIRE

      The final version of the screening questionnaire was designed to collect four
types of information from each respondent facility:

      •  Question 1—Facility operating status,

      •  Questions 2, 3, 4, and 5—Waste quantity,

      •  Question 6—Waste management capability, and

      •  Question 7—Facility identification and location.

      The following subsections describe the screening questionnaire's various parts,
including its seven questions, in  terms of the information collection objectives listed
above.  Appendix B contains a copy of the final Screening Survey questionnaire.

3.3.1   Cover Page

     In addition to displaying the  facility identification label, the cover (Page 1) of  the
screening questionnaire presents several types of information designed to  anticipate
specific questions from  respondents.   The "Introduction" provides administrative
information.

3.3.2  Definitions

      The definitions section of the questionnaire (Page 2) contains definitions of key
terms developed specifically for this survey.  While they are not legal definitions, they
are derived from definitions of similar terms in the  Code of Federal Regulations.
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3.3.3  Important  Notes

      These notes  contain information that should help the respondent interpret the
language in Questions 2, 3, 4, and 5—especially the difference between treatment and
recycling operations and the difference between units regulated under  RCRA and
units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.

3.3.4  Question 1— Facility  Status

      The  first question asks respondents to give the current operating status of their
respective facilities by circling the number next to one of five options:

      1. This facility currently treats, stores, disposes, or recycles hazardous
         wastes.

      2. This facility is planned  or under construction and has not yet opened.

      3. At one time this facility treated, stored, disposed, or recycled
         hazardous waste, but  it has ceased ALL such hazardous operations
         and has closed ALL its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal
         and recycling units.

      4. This facility is either (a) a permitted facility that has notified the  EPA
         Regional Administrator that it plans to close ALL its hazardous waste
         treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling units or (b) an interim status
         facility that has submitted a closure plan for ALL its treatment, storage,
         disposal, or recycling units.

      5. This facility has not treated, stored, disposed, or recycled hazardous
         waste since November 19,  1980, when hazardous waste became
         regulated under RCRA.

      The  information provided in response to this question helped refine the data
base on U.S. facilities by eliminating those that no longer manage  hazardous waste
and by identifying those with immediate plans to close or open.

      How this question is  answered determines whether a respondent is routed
through Questions 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 or sent directly to Question 7, which asks for
identification and  location information.  In general, only facilities that have closed and
those that have not managed hazardous waste since RCRA was enacted were routed
directly to Question 7.

3.3.5   Questions  2 and  3—Hazardous  Waste  Quantities Managed in
           Units  Regulated Under RCRA

      Questions  2 and 3 both ask for information on the quantities of hazardous waste
that were managed onsite during 1985 using technologies or units that are regulated
under RCRA. Although Questions 2 and 3 ask for the same types of information, they
differ in  one important respect—how they ask a respondent to count and report waste
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that is managed using  more than one type of technology.  Question 2  asks for
hazardous waste quantity  information on a whole facility  basis  and specifically
instructs respondents to  report hazardous waste managed in  more than one manner
only once (e.g., hazardous waste that was treated twice or both stored and treated);
Question 3 asks for the same information on a technology-type basis and specifically
requires  reporting of each  type  of hazardous  waste technology under treatment,
storage, or disposal  of  hazardous waste.  Respondents were to count only once
hazardous waste going to more than one storage, treatment, or disposal system.

      Question 2 asks for types of information on the total quantity of hazardous waste
that was managed onsite during 1985 in units regulated under  RCRA.  The responses
to this question helped determine  the size of each facility and  the regulatory  status of
the hazardous waste managed  onsite in  units that are regulated  under RCRA.
Question 3 asks for information on the individual quantities of hazardous waste that
were  treated, stored, or disposed onsite using units regulated under RCRA.  The
responses to this question  helped determine the size of  each  facility's  treatment,
storage, and disposal operations and the regulatory status of the hazardous waste
managed onsite in units that are regulated under RCRA.

3.3.6 Questions 4 and  5—Hazardous  Waste Quantities Managed  in
          Units Exempt  from  RCRA Permitting Requirements

      While Questions 2 and 3 ask for information  on the quantities of hazardous
waste that were managed onsite during 1985 using units regulated under RCRA,
Questions 4 and 5 ask for information on the quantities of hazardous waste that were
managed onsite during  1985 using units that are exempt  from RCRA permitting
requirements (i.e., units for which facilities do not need a RCRA Part A or Part B permit
or interim status).  Questions 4 and  5 differ from one  another in one important
respect—how they ask a respondent to count and  report hazardous waste that is
managed using more than one type of technology.  Question 4 asks for hazardous
waste quantity  information on  a whole-facility  basis and specifically  instructs
respondents to report hazardous waste  managed in more than one manner only once
(e.g.,  hazardous waste that was treated twice or both  treated and recycled).  Question
5 asks for the same information on an technology-type-specific basis and specifically
requires reporting hazardous waste that was  treated and recycled in each category.

      Question 4 asks information on the total quantity of  hazardous waste  that was
managed (treated or recycled) onsite during  1985 using  units  exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements.  The responses to this question helped determine the size of
each  facility and the  regulatory status of the hazardous waste treated or  recycled
onsite in units that are exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. Question 5 asks
for  information on the individual quantities of hazardous waste that  were treated or
recycled  onsite  using units exempt  from  RCRA permitting requirements.    The
responses to this question helped determine the size of each  facility's treatment and
recycling  technologies and the regulatory status of the hazardous waste managed
onsite in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
                                  PAGE  15

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3.3.7  Question  6—Hazardous Waste  Management  Capability

      Although it is probably the most complex-looking question in the questionnaire,
Question  6 has the  most  straightforward  objective—to identify what  types of
technologies each  facility has onsite to manage hazardous hazardous  waste, what
general types of hazardous waste are  managed using each unit, and whether each
unit is  available commercially.  This information is among the  most useful collected
with the Screening Survey for deciding what kinds, and sizes,  of facilities should be
included in the sample for the detailed follow-up survey and  for use in regulatory
development.

3.3.8  Question  7—Facility Identification  and Location

       This question first asks respondents to confirm or correct the information listed
in the facility identification label pasted on the front of the questionnaire, then it asks for
the name,  title, and telephone number of the missing information.
                                  PAGE  16

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                                CHAPTER 4

                        SURVEY  ADMINISTRATION
4.1   INTRODUCTION
      The initial mailing of 5,505 screening questionnaires was conducted during the
week of February 20-26, 1986. A receipt control system containing unique computer
software, data files, and procedures specifically designed for the  Screening Survey
was used to track all aspects of the survey and to retain a file history for each facility.

      The project team also  established a toll-free  survey helpline service for the
Screening Survey to help  respondent facilities  complete their questionnaires.  This
line solved many problems and greatly reduced the need for follow-up phone calls.

4.2   DATA-COLLECTION  PROCEDURES

      The data-collection  procedures implemented  in  this  Screening Survey were
more intensive than those normally used.  In response to  EPA's desire to have a
complete data base of all U.S.  hazardous waste TSDRs, extra effort was taken to
obtain the maximum possible response to this  Screening Survey.  In between two
separate mailings of the questionnaire, a thank  you/reminder letter was mailed.  The
second mailing was followed by two telephone promptings; near the end of the second
telephone follow-up, a reminder letter was mailed to nonresponders.

      The thank you/reminder letter was mailed  on March 10, 1986, 12 days after the
end of the first mailout.  The second mailing of the questionnaire was made on April 14
and 15,  1986, to 1,361  facilities whose questionnaires had not been received by April
15,1986.    '

      Undeliverables were given to technical interviewers who contacted  the facility
using the system phone number, directory assistance,  the state agency responsible for
hazardous  waste facilities,  the regional  offices  and, occasionally, the Federal
Bankruptcy Court to obtain contact information. Eventually, all facilities were traced.

      Opening  and  processing returned questionnaires began on March 17, 1986,
and continued on a regular basis. Any questionnaires having data that was claimed
as CBI  were  logged  in and  immediately placed in a locked filing  cabinet until
processing.   All completed questionnaires were manually and machine  edited for
legibility of responses, missing and  multiple responses, and correct entry of contact
information.   Editors also examined questionnaires for any notes or explanatory
information.  These notes were then marked for  inclusion into the facility's permanent
file.
                                  PAGE  17

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      After allowing 2  months for receipt of completed questionnaires, a telephone
prompting effort was made to improve upon the response rate. A total of 925 facilities
was included in the first telephone prompting, and a significant number either filled out
their questionnaire or dictated their responses over the telephone.

      Approximately 1  month after the initial telephone interview, those facilities that
had promised and failed to return the questionnaire by a certain date were contacted a
second time.  The telephone interviewers called 160 facilities in the second prompting.

      On July  1, 1986,  a final reminder letter was mailed to approximately 100
facilities  that  had not  returned  a completed questionnaire.   All these facilities had
received  two mailings of the questionnaire and a telephone prompting.  Many had also
received  a second telephone prompting.

      Facilities that either explicitly refused to complete the questionnaire, or that had
been prompted by telephone and had not returned a completed questionnaire, were
sent a letter referring to EPA's authority under  Section 3007 of RCRA requiring the
respondent to  complete the questionnaire.   All facilities eventually  responded.
Constant follow-up by staff members resulted not only in eventually  accounting for all
original facilities in the data base, but it also added a significant number of facilities to
the system. The survey follow-up activities are summarized in Table 4-1.
TABLE 4-1.  SCREENING  SURVEY  FOLLOW-UP EFFORTS
ACTIVITY
Initial mailing
Facilities added during survey
Total receiving survey
Reminder letter mailed
Second mailing
First telephone prompt
Second telephone prompt
Final reminder
Final telephone contact of
refusals/nonrespondents begun
Last facility completed
DATE
(1986)
February 20-26

March 10
April 15-16
May 1
May 16
July 1
July 17
August 1 2
FACILITIES
INVOLVED
5,505
161
5,666
5,505
1,361
925
160
100
52

                                  PAGE  18

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4.3   DATA-COLLECTION  RESULTS

      The project team used significant resources to maximize the response rate to
this Screening Survey and to enhance the data quality of the resultant data base.
Information  was obtained on  100 percent of the facilities  included in the survey.
Beyond EIPA's authority under Section 3007, this high response rate is attributed to the
aggressive mail and  telephone  follow-up and the  simplicity of  the questionnaire.
Table 4-2 presents the final data-collection results of the survey.  The 5,666 facilities in
the Screening Survey data base include  the original 5,505 facilities  and the 161
additional facilities that were located subsequent to the initial mailing.

      The facilities counted as active in Table 4-2 are those that were actively treating,
storing, disposing,  or recycling hazardous  waste  in at least  part of 1985.  This also
includes facilities that managed hazardous waste quantities  in 1985 but were in the
process of closing their hazardous waste operations.  Active facilities  also includes
those that were active in the first half of 1986 but not in 1985.  They are  included in all
facility counts but did not contribute any quantity to that managed in 1985.  Facilities
that were in the process of closing, but managed no hazardous waste quantities in
1985, are included with the inactive facilities. Inactive  facilities also included those
that:

      •  have closed their TSDR capabilities and managed  no hazardous
         waste in 1985,

      •  were never a TSDR facility,

      •  only have management units that are exempt  from RCRA permitting
         requirements,

      •  manage wastes regulated as hazardous under state law and manage
         no federally regulated hazardous waste,

      •  only have 90-day accumulation, or

      •  were no longer in business.

      Two additional telephone follow-ups  have been conducted to verify status and
response.  They were done in October 1986 and January 1987.
                                  PAGE 19

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TABLE 4-2.  SCREENING SURVEY DATA COLLECTION  RESULTS
STATUS
COUNT
PERCENT
Completed questionnaire, active
Completed questionnaire, inactive
No longer in business
Included in error (duplicates, etc.)
Refusal
Total
  2,971
  2,452
   183
    60
     0
  5,666
    52.5
    43.3
     3.2
     1.0
     0.0
   100.0
                               PAGE  20

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                                CHAPTER 5

                    ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTED
5.1   INTRODUCTION

      This chapter reviews the data collected in the Screening Survey and provides a
discussion of the results and factors affecting them.  Data are presented on a national
and  regional basis, by regulatory status, by commercial  status,  and by available
technologies.  These results  include only those facilities that were active in 1985 or
were actively managing hazardous waste when they answered the questionnaire in
the first half of 1986.  Facilities  not active and not included in these results include
those that:

      •  have  closed their TSDR capabilities and managed  no  hazardous
         waste in 1985,

      •  were never a TSDR facility,

      •  only  have management units that are exempt from RCRA permitting
         requirements,

      •  manage wastes regulated as hazardous under state law and manage
         no federally regulated hazardous waste,

      •  only have 90-day accumulation, or

      •  were no longer in business.

      Facilities were asked to designate whether each technology was  commercially
available to the public.  This was  done  on  a technology basis  rather than a facility
basis.  Commercial hazardous waste treatment does not have to be the primary activity
at a facility for an individual  operation or unit to  be considered "commercially
available." All facilities fall into one  of three categories:

      •  All technologies are commercially available.

      •  No technologies are commercially available.
                                  PAGE  21

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      •  Some technologies are commercially available and  some are used
         for management of hazardous waste generated onsite.

    The implications  of  this designation scheme are discussed in  Section 5.6,
"COMMERCIAL STATUS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES."

    EPA's last major survey of hazardous waste TSDRs was conducted in 1982 to
collect data for 1981. Using that survey, EPA estimated 264 million metric tons {MMT)
of hazardous waste were managed  in regulated units at  TSDR facilities in  1981.
Estimates from the Screening Survey for 1985 are 272 MMT.  However,  it  is not
possible to make direct comparisons  between the 1981 survey and the 1985 survey
because there have been major changes in the hazardous waste universe since 1981.
Some of these changes include:

      •  The  universe  of  solid hazardous wastes  that are  considered
         hazardous has changed. Additional  hazardous wastes  have been
         listed and others have been  delisted .

      •  The type of facilities regulated under RCRA has changed.  Tighter
         restrictions on land disposal facilities caused a significant number of
         facilities to modify  or cease their hazardous waste operations in
         anticipation of the regulations.

      •  Some small quantity generators that were not regulated  in 1981 are
         now being regulated.

      •  The nation's  economic output  affects the generation of  hazardous
         waste.  The  level  of this output is different from year to year; for
         example, 1985 had a higher  output than 1981.

      •  HSWA of 1984 appear to be having a significant impact on hazardous
         waste management and have affected the 1985 results.

      •  The quantities of hazardous  wastewater have such a significant effect
         on national estimates of hazardous waste managed that a change or
         misreporting  at only a  few facilities can  cause a large shift in
         estimated quantities.

5.2   NATIONAL  HAZARDOUS  WASTE QUANTITIES

      Table 5-1  shows the quantity of hazardous waste  managed by all active
facilities (as defined in Section 5.1) in the United States during 1985.

      A facility is a TSDR facility if it has RCRA regulated  technologies.  There are
many  generators that manage hazardous wastes in exempt technologies only, e.g.,
tanks  regulated under  the Clean Water Act.  This Screening  Survey includes only
those  TSDRs which manage hazardous wastes  in at least one  regulated technology.
The quantities illustrated in Table 5-1  do not  represent  the entire universe  of
hazardous waste managed in  units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.  The
                                 PAGE  22

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large quantity of hazardous wastes managed by facilities npj permitted by RCRA is not
included in this table.

      Of the total 272 MMT, 267 MMT is classified as hazardous under federal RCRA
regulations and 5  MMT is classified as hazardous under state but not federal
regulations.  The  most common example of waste that  is hazardous under state
regulation and not under federal regulation is waste or used oil.


TABLE 5-1.  QUANTITY  OF HAZARDOUS  WASTE  MANAGED BY ACTIVE
              FACILITIES DURING  1985 (MILLION METRIC TONS)
                    UNITS  REGULATED           UNITS  EXEMPT FROM
                      UNDER RCRA                 RCRA PERMITTING
                                                      REQUIREMENTS*
HAZARDOUS UNDER
FEDERAL REGULATIONS          267                            184

HAZARDOUS UNDER
STATE REGULATIONS              5                            127


TOTAL                        272                            311

* Primarily wastewater treatment in tanks prior to discharge 1) to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
  or 2) under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.


      Respondents also provided the quantity of hazardous waste that was managed
in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. A total of 311 MMT is managed in
units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements, with 184 MMT hazardous under
federal regulations and 127 MMT hazardous under state regulations.  .The relatively
large  amount classified  hazardous under state regulations  and handled in  units
exempt from RCRA permitting is thought to be managed in two common hazardous
wastewater treatment technologies: skimming waste or used oil from large quantities
of hazardous wastewater and neutralization of corrosive hazardous wastewater.

      Hazardous wastewater with a pH of less than 2 or more than 12.5 is hazardous
under RCRA.  However, some states consider corrosive hazardous wastewater with
pH values of 2 to 4 and 10 to 12  hazardous and require it to be neutralized before
release. Other states have more stringent restrictions on the concentrations of metals
or other constituents allowable in wastewater.  Most neutralization and oil skimming is
handled in tanks  permitted under the Clean Water Act and thus exempt from RCRA
permitting. These wastes are reported as hazardous wastes managed in units exempt
from  RCRA permitting requirements.  There have been no previous national surveys
that have asked for this information on hazardous wastes managed in units exempt
from  RCRA permitting requirements.  Consequently, there are  no earlier benchmarks
with which to compare these totals.
                                 PAGE  23

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      These hazardous waste quantities include only quantities that were managed in
1985.   Some facilities  were  in the process of  discontinuing hazardous waste
management operations or undergoing closure of all or part of their TSDR capabilities.
Others were going out of business at the site.  Of the 2,971 facilities active in 1985, 324
or approximately 11  percent were in this category. These closing facilities accounted
for 5.3 percent of hazardous  waste quantity managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements and 2.4 percent  of the hazardous waste quantity managed in
units  regulated under RCRA.  There were  an additional  90  facilities that  are  not
included as active because they are also closing but managed no hazardous waste
quantities during 1985.

      Of the  272 MMT managed in units regulated under RCRA, 232 MMT (85.3
percent) was treated, 100 MMT (36.8 percent) was stored, and 33 MMT (12.1 percent)
was  disposed.  Because  some  hazardous wastes went  through more  than one
technology (treated, then stored, and then disposed), these percentages do not sum to
100 percent.   This is consistent with our  understanding of the types of  hazardous
waste managed. Verification telephone  calls revealed that, especially in the  case of
the very largest TSDRs, a large percentage of their hazardous  waste quantity was
hazardous  wastewater that was usually  treated and then discharged into a  publicly
owned treatment works (POTW) or into a waterway under a Clean Water Act, National
Pollutant Discharge  Elimination System  (NPDES) permit.  Typically, this  hazardous
wastewater is corrosive, with a pH of less than 2.0 prior to treatment, and therefore a
waste  regulated under RCRA.  Based  on follow-up telephone  calls  to the top 20
facilities, we estimate that a minimum of 80 percent of the 272 MMT managed in units
regulated under RCRA is hazardous wastewater.

    Of the 311 MMT managed in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements,
99.3  percent is treated and 1.6 percent is recycled. These two categories do not
appear to overlap except for a few facilities.  For exempt  technologies,  hazardous
wastes are either treated or recycled, but usually not both. Respondents reported that
the influence of hazardous wastewater is  important. Hazardous wastes treated in units
exempt from RCRA permitting requirements are primarily hazardous wastewater, while
hazardous wastes managed in exempt recycling units are largely solvents and similar
organic-containing wastes.  Facilities may be  treating the same type of  hazardous
wastewater and conducting the same types of recycling operations in either permitted
or exempt technologies depending on  the  differences in state hazardous waste
regulations. No verification was done on the  percentages that  wastewater treatment
and recycling represented of the total quantity of hazardous  wastes managed  in units
exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.

    Several factors influence the accuracy of  the numbers that indicate the  quantity of
hazardous wastes managed in  exempt units:

      •  In many states, quantities of hazardous wastes managed in exempt
         units do not  have to be reported.   Consequently, facilities do  not
         expend as much effort accurately measuring these quantities as they
         do with wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.
                                  PAGE  24

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      •  Survey  respondents  noted that these  quantities were usually
         estimates with  a  much  lower level  of precision than the data for
         wastes managed in units regulated under RCRA.

      •  If a waste were treated in both regulated and exempt units, the survey
         instructions directed respondents to report it only for regulated units.
         If a respondent failed to do this, the same waste quantity was counted
         as being  managed in both regulated and exempt units.  Thus,  adding
         quantity managed in regulated units  to quantity managed in exempt
         units  would overestimate the  total quantity  of hazardous waste
         managed at the facility.

      These national  totals represent the  results of a census of known TSDRs in
1985.  There may  be  discrepancies between these data and the actual quantities
managed due to the following factors:

      •  Through inappropriate data codes  or similar errors, some TSDRs may
         have  been excluded from the  census universe.  We believe this
         number to be very small.  EPA is  continuing to follow-up  on facilities
         that are reported by various sources  as missing from the data base.
         They are  added if further investigation shows this to be warranted.

      •  Facilities  may have  reported quantities inaccurately.  However, we
         believe these errors have been reduced them to a minimum.

      •  Facilities  may have received their permits since January  1986.  This
         survey and these  results do not include any facilities permitted after
         that date.  These TSDRs will be added to the population for the
         detailed TSDR survey.

    We did not ask for information that would enable  us to determine the actual
quantities managed in commercial  technologies.  This information will be  reported in
the 1987 follow-up survey.

    Figure 5-1  shows the distribution of hazardous waste managed by the 50 largest
TSDRs in the United States.  These facilities managed 244 MMT of hazardous waste
(90 percent of the total hazardous waste managed in regulated units  at TSDRs).
                                  PAGE  25

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FIGURE 5-1   QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
 MANAGED DURING 1985, BY THE 50 LARGEST
 ACTIVE  FACILITIES USING  UNITS  REGULATED
        	UNDER RCRA
   TOP 50 FACILITIES
OTHER 2,921 FACILITIES
      TOTAL = 272 MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
                 PAGE  26

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5.3  HAZARDOUS  WASTE QUANTITIES  BY  EPA REGION

      Figure 5-2 shows the distribution of hazardous waste quantities  managed at
TSDRs by EPA  region.   Those  regions with  concentrations  of  industries that
traditionally generate  hazardous wastes show the  highest quantities.   With  the
exception of Texas and Louisiana, those areas west of the Mississippi River managed
low quantities of hazardous waste.  Regions 7, 8, 9, and 10 account for only  3.2
percent of all waste managed in units regulated under RCRA and 17.4 percent of all
waste managed in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.

      This higher percentage of hazardous wastes managed in units exempt from
RCRA permitting is primarily due to hazardous wastes in Region 9, which includes
California.  California regulates wastewater treatment technologies  and waste  oil
recycling, requiring more quantities to  be treated  or recycled than do many other
states.  Most states do not regulate waste oil as hazardous. Wastes managed in many
of these technologies are reported as quantities managed in units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements.

      These results  appear to support  the view  that the following  factors may
influence the geographical distribution of hazardous waste management activities:

      •  Industries that  typically generate large  quantities of hazardous
         wastewater are  not located in the western part of the United States
         because of less plentiful and, often, more expensive water.

      •  Industries  that  typically  generate hazardous  wastes that  are
         hazardous have been concentrated in the eastern and central part of
         the country.

      •  Significant petrochemical and chemical manufacturing facilities  are
         located in the New Jersey-New York area and the Texas-Louisiana
         areas.

      •  The  western states of  the  United States typically have  lower
         population densities.

5.4   NUMBER  OF  FACILITIES

      The Screening Survey was mailed to 5,666 facilities.  Based on the results of
this census there are 2,971 active facilities  (as defined in Section 5.1). This total does
not include facilities that began operating after January 1986. The follow-up survey
will also address the issue of facilities that began or have ceased hazardous waste
operations, updating the number of facilities active in 1986.

      Figure  5-3 shows the distribution of active  TSDR facilities  by EPA region.
Region 5 has 761 facilities white Region 10, with 71, has the least number of facilities.
Of the 259 facilities in Region 9, 223 are located within California. The  other states in
that region have very small numbers of TSDRs.
                                  PAGE  27

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m

PO
oo
                              FIGURE 5-2  QUANTITY OF  HAZARDOUS
                              WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FACILITIES
                                   DURING 1985, BY  EPA  REGION
                                                                          5 0
                         TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA = 272 MMT
                 TOTAL WASTE MANAGED IN UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS = 311 MMT
                      P UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA  G3 UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
                                                     PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
                     NOTE:  Some waste may be managed in both regulated and exempt
                     units. Consequently, the total amount of RCRA hazardous waste is
                     less.than the sum of waste managed in exempt and regulated units.

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m
r\3
CD
                                                                                       209
                                      FIGURE 5-3  NUMBER OF ACTIVE
                                 FACILITIES  DURING 1985, BY EPA  REGION


                                         REGIOfie

                                        TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971
                                    TOTAL FACILITIES
COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
                                  NOTE:  Commercial facilities include those with at least one
                                commercially available technology. See text for further details.

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      Those facilities  shown as commercial  have at least one technology  that is
commercially available.  Of the 2,971 facilities, 528 have at least one "Treatment,"
"Storage," "Disposal," or "Recycling"  technology that is commercially available.  We
have no information concerning the percentage of hazardous waste managed on a
commercial basis, or  whether commercial hazardous  waste management  is the
facility's primary business. Some facilities manage wastes only as a special service to
selected  customers.   We  verified that the technologies were commercial  in the
telephone follow-up by narrowly defining "commercial" to  be any facility that accepts
hazardous wastes: from offsite; from firms not under the same ownership; for pay,
profit, or as a special service to its customers. The follow-up survey will explore this
question in more detail.

      The number of active  facilities is  not  perfectly  correlated by  region with
hazardous waste quantities managed because the distribution of hazardous waste
quantity is heavily skewed; a high  percent of the quantity of hazardous waste is
managed by a relatively small number of facilities.  For example,  Region 6 with 13
percent of the  active facilities manages 21 percent of the total regulated hazardous
waste.

    Figure 5-4 summarizes the number of active facilities with "Treatment," "Storage,"
"Disposal," "Land disposal," and "Recycling" technology.  Because facilities may have
more than one  technology, the sum is more than 2,971.  Eighty-seven percent of the
TSDRs have "Storage"  capability, the most common classification.
                FIGURE 5-4  NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES
                  DURING 1985, BY TYPE  OF  TECHNOLOGY
                                        I
                        2,585
                                                              846
                                                 530
                                     287
          TREATMENT
STORAGE
DISPOSAL  LAND DISPOSAL  RECYCLING
                      TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2.971
                                 PAGE  30

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      Ten percent of the facilities reported that they had "Disposal" capabilities.  We
verified this information by cross-referencing EPA identification numbers with facilities
listed in EPA's  HWDMS. This method was used to verify that a facility had actually
submitted a permit application for "Land disposal" and certified that it had met the
financial  responsibility and ground water monitoring requirements.  This category
includes only those technologies that are classified as "Disposal"  technologies (i.e.,
"Landfills," "Land treatment," "Disposal  surface impoundments," and "Underground
injection wells"). The larger category of "Land disposal" capabilities (addressed under
the Land  Disposal  Restriction Rules) includes "Treatment surface impoundments,"
"Storage  surface impoundments," and  "Disposal  surface impoundments," "Waste
piles," "Landfills," and "Land treatment" but excludes "Underground injection wells."

      We report both "Disposal" and "Land disposal" separately for several reasons.
"Disposal" technologies ("Underground injection wells," "Landfills," "Land treatment",
and "Disposal  surface  impoundments") are important as the final  management
process for hazardous waste.  "Land disposal" capabilities are critical for the proposed
Land Disposal Restriction Rules and understanding permitting issues.

      The Screening  Survey  specifically excluded Totally Enclosed Treatment
Facilities  (TETF) and Closed  Loop  Recovery facilities (CLR)  because  they  are
excluded  from  regulation under RCRA.  A TETF is a treatment unit that is totally
enclosed,  directly connected to an industrial production process, and operated in a
manner that prevents the release of any hazardous waste or any constituent thereof
into the environment during treatment.  To be considered a "closed-loop" recovery
system, a  recovery unit must meet all of the following criteria:

      •  Secondary materials must be returned to the original process.

      •  The  production process to which these  secondary materials are
         returned must be a primary production process.

      •  The secondary material must be returned as feedstock to the original
         production process and must be recycled as part of the process.

      Table 5-2 shows the number of facilities with different combinations of
technologies.  It includes a number of facilities that currently  are listed by OSW as
being on a closure track for all or part of their TSDR technologies but that  were active
in 1985.  Thirty-four percent  (941  facilities) have only "Storage" technologies.
Typically,  this is drum or tank storage that allows the facility to accumulate enough
hazardous waste for a cost-effective shipment to a treatment facility.  In many cases,
facilities told us that they have a storage permit but  usually ship the hazardous waste
offsite in less than 90 days.  Many of the commercial facilities have collection points
that are permitted storage facilities.  Facilities with  these storage/collection locations
ship  hazardous  wastes to  large centralized  treatment or  disposal facilities.
Noncommercial firms also occasionally do this; for example, one division of a large
corporation may treat the hazardous waste for the entire corporation.   .
                                   PAGE  31

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TABLE 5-2.  ACTIVE FACILITIES  BY COMBINATIONS OF TECHNOLOGIES
                  IN THE 1986 SCREENING SURVEY
NUMBER OF FACILITIES
TECHNOLOGY
Treatment and storage only
Storage only
Treatment, storage,
and recycling only
Storage and recycling only
Treatment, storage,
and disposal only
Treatment only
T, S, D, and R
Disposal only
Storage and disposal only
Treatment and disposal only
Treatment and recycling only
Other combinations
TOTAL
WITH UNITS
REGULATED
UNDER
RCRA
995
941
6
0
5
0
12
45
0
19
1
0
2,024
WITH BOTH
RCRA REGULATED
UNITS & UNITS EXEMPT
FROM RCRA
PERMITTING TOTAL
26
0
307
288
106
102
47
0
41
1
18
11
947
1,021
941
313
288
111
102
59
45
41
20
19
11
2,971
%
OF
TOTAL
34.36
31.67
10.53
9.69
3.73
3.43
1.98
1.51
1.38
0.67
0.63
0.37
100
                          PAGE 32

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      Generally, the more technologies the facility has, the larger and more complex it
is; however, complexity is not necessarily correlated with the quantity of hazardous
waste managed.  In many cases, facilities with many technologies are not necessarily
managing  large  quantities  of  hazardous waste,  just a wide variety.  Research
laboratories, universities, and colleges frequently follow this pattern.

5.5   MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES BY FACILITY

      Figure 5-5 shows the number of active facilities with at least one treatment
technology, and divides treatment into more detailed categories.  "Other wastewater
treatment," the most frequently utilized technology, is used  in 949 facilities.   The
questionnaire did not ask facilities to identify the "Other wastewater treatment." Based
on calls to  the survey helpline and follow-up contacts by the survey technical staff to
facilities, it  appeared that a large number of these facilities were neutralizing or adjust-
ing the pH  of their hazardous wastewater. "Other wastewater treatment" technologies
reported in the verification follow-up also included  skimming, clarification, metal ion
removal, and settling.

      Some facilities categorized their neutralization as "Other treatment" rather than
"Other wastewater treatment."  During telephone verification follow-up, we specifically
inquired  about  this  misinterpretation and, in the data presented in  this report,  this
misinterpretation is minimized.  "Other treatment" includes open burning or detonation
of explosives,  physical/chemical treatment,  mechanical filtering of chemicals  (not
hazardous wastewater), and those management operations that do not fall into any of
the other categories.

      Figure 5-6 provides  data on active facilities that have "Storage  impoundments,"
"Waste piles," or "Other storage."  Almost 90 percent of all active facilities have some
type of "Other storage." Through follow-up, we learned that almost all of these facilities
had storage in either tanks or in containers, such as 55-galIon drums.  The number of
facilities with active surface  impoundments used for storage has declined since the
Screening Survey was mailed in February 1986.  Facilities are phasing out this type of
storage  because of the November 8, 1985, restrictions on land disposal units and the
forthcoming November 1988 deadline for retrofitting existing surface impoundments to
prevent  groundwater contamination.

      Figure 5-6 does not include  any facilities  that  have  (1)  only  90-day
accumulation and (2) no TSDR management technology.   If all hazardous waste is
stored or accumulated for less than 90 days, but the facility has a storage permit or
interim status, then  the facility is included as an active TSDR  facility in these data.
Facilities frequently  file for  a storage permit  as  a protective measure  in case a
hazardous waste  must be kept longer than 90 days due to scheduling delays. Some
facilities that have a  storage  permit or interim status but did  not store longer than 90
days are in the process of changing to generator status.
                                   PAGE  33

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          FIGURE  5-5  NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES DURING
                1985, WITH  TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
                                   949
                                                                556
      INCINERATION  BIOLOGICAL     STEAM
                WASTEWATER   STRIPPING
                 TREATMENT
                           OTHER   SOLIDIFICATION  TREATMENT    OTHER
                         WASTEWATER         -  IMPOUNDMENT  TREATMENT
                          TREATMENT
     TOTAL FACILITIES
                              FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY IS
                              COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
    NOTE:  Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one
      treatment technology and some facilities may have no treatment technology.
          FIGURE 5-6   NUMBER  OF  ACTIVE FACILITIES  DURING
                  1985,  WITH  STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
3000
2500
2000  •
1500
1000
 500
   0
                                            2,585
170
           13
48
                               12
       STORAGE IMPOUNDMENT
                        WASTE PILES
                      OTHER STORAGE
                   (CONTAINERS & TANKS)
    TOTAL FACILITIES
                              FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
                              IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
  NOTE:  Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one storage
            technology and some facilities may have no storage technology.
                               PAGE  34

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      Figure 5-7 shows those facilities that have "Land disposal" technologies onsite.
These facilities were active  in 1985; however, because of the continuing concern
about land disposal, many companies are closing their land disposal units or reducing
their reliance on them.  These totals already are lower than those provided from the
1981 survey, primarily due to the reaction of companies to HSWA of 1984, which place
increasingly restrictive requirements on land disposal  operations.  Actual  survey
responses were compared with permit records in HWDMS to reflect the number of
facilities that also submitted certification required by HWSA.  Figure 5-7 reflects totals
that have been adjusted for facilities that are formally closed or have approved closure
plans.   Survey respondents  reported all "Land disposal" technologies that had not
been  formally  closed  regardless of whether they were actively adding hazardous
wastes to  the  units (See  Table 5-3).   Based  on our  discussions  with  survey
respondents, we anticipate that additional facilities plan to close.
   600-


   500-


   400-


   300-


   200-


   100"
   FIGURE 5-7   NUMBER  OF ACTIVE
FACILITIES  DURING  1985, WITH  LAND
     DISPOSAL  TECHNOLOGIES

530
        UNDERGROUND   LANDFILL      LAND
          INJECTION               TREATMENT
                        WASTE PILE   SURFACE
                                  IMPOUNDMENT
 TOTAL
        TOTAL FACILITIES
                     Z3 FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
                        IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
      NOTE:  Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one land
         disposal technology and some facilities may have no land disposal technology.
                                  PAGE  35

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      Figure 5-8  includes  active facilities that  have  at  least one "Recycling"
technology onsite.  We found that many  respondents were confused as  to what
constitutes "Reuse as fuel."  Some viewed it as "Incineration," "Other treatment," or
"Other recycling."  Therefore, the number of facilities that actually reuse hazardous
waste as fuel is probably different from that shown.  In addition,  the regulations
governing "Reuse  as fuel" in 1985 were in a state of flux and this  affected how
respondents answered the question.
             447
                      FIGURE 5-8  NUMBER OF ACTIVE
                       FACILITIES DURING  1985, WITH
                        RECYCLING  TECHNOLOGIES
           SOLVENT RECOVERY
REUSE AS FUEL
OTHER RECYCLING
        TOTAL FACILITIES
    0  FACILITIES WHERE THIS TECHNOLOGY
        IS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
    NOTE: Of the 2,971 facilities surveyed, some facilities may have more than one recycling
               technology and some facilities may have no recycling technology.
      Three  hundred twenty-seven facilities have  "Other recycling"  operations.
Although the scope of this survey is limited to technologies that manage  at least one
federal hazardous waste and the total quantity of hazardous  waste, (including federal
and state hazardous waste), many facilities  reported "Other recycling" technologies
that managed only state hazardous wastes.   We did not  follow up on this because
recycling was not a  federally regulated process at the time of this  survey.  Thus, the
"Other recycling" category includes a variety of operations such as:

      •   reuse of off-spec product,

      •   physical/chemical adjustments,
                                  PAGE  36

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      ••  recovery of rubber battery cases, and

      *  waste oil recovery.

      For each of the hazardous waste management technologies included in the
Screening Survey, Table 5-3 shows the number of active facilities that use a particular
technology to manage  a  specific hazardous waste  category.  Hazardous waste
categories  used in the Screening Survey  were selected to provide a preliminary
indication of the hazardous wastes a facility could manage.  These data are related to
the categories of hazardous wastes being considered for Land  Disposal Restriction
Rules by EPA. The "Land disposal" management technology  includes all surface
impoundments ("Storage," "Treatment," and "Disposal"), "Waste piles," "Landfills," and
"Land treatment" but excludes "Underground injection wells."

      The way the hazardous  waste  category and technology question was posed
does  not  provide  information  about which facilities actually manage any  one
hazardous waste category  at this time.  These data give the number of facilities that
have the capability of managing a particular  hazardous waste  category  but not
whether the facility actually  manages the hazardous  waste.

      Table 5-3 includes responses for all the categories of hazardous wastes and
technologies asked on the  Screening  Survey.  In addition,  the first column indicates
the number of facilities that  offer a particular technology commercially.

5.6    COMMERCIAL STATUS OF MANAGEMENT  TECHNOLOGIES

      Facilities were asked to designate whether each technology was commercially
available to the public. This was done on a technology-basis rather than a facility-
basis.  Commercial hazardous waste treatment does not have to be the primary activity
at a facility for an  individual technology or unit  to be considered "commercially
available." All facilities fall into one of three categories:

            All technologies are commercially available.

            No technologies are commercially available.

            Some technologies are commercially available and some are used for
            management of hazardous waste generated onsite.

      Seldom is a facility completely commercial for all technologies, even one whose
business is commercial hazardous waste incineration.  Individual units may generate
hazardous waste  residues that are treated  in other noncommercial units.   In the
Screening Survey, "commercially available" was defined as follows:
                                  PAGE  37

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TABLE 5-3.   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH TECHNOLOGIES
AVAILABLE  FOR MANAGING SELECTED HAZARDOUS WASTE TYPES

Management Technologies     Total -    Total   Acidic Metals  Cyanides Solvents   Other     Other
                    Facilities Commercially                        Halogenated  Hazardous
                    with this  Available"                         Organics    Wastes
                   Technology*

TREATMENT OPERATIONS
Liquids incineration     190     17    58   29    39    136     79    134
Solids incineration      110     13    27   35    25     45     39     91
Wastewater treatment
    Biological          151     16    66   40    25     64     45    114
    Steam stripping      45      6     55     6     14     16     20
    Other              949     86   696   574   247     82     58    298
Solidification           211     84    76   148    51     66     64    123
Treatment  impoundment 259     24   153   125    39     42     31    118
Other treatment         556    106   229   209    95     94     66    321

STORAGE OPERATIONS
Storage impoundment   414     28   132   216    43     64     58    210
Waste pile             112     19    13   75     4     12     12     54
Other storage         2,585    399  1,310  1451    791  1,982  1,302   1,749

DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
Underground injection    79     11    47   26    19     22     20     56   '
Disposal impoundment    69     10    21   35    13     11      6     43
Landfill                126     36    35   94    37     37     36     90
Land treatment          82      6     9   32     2     10      6     77

LAND DISPOSAL*"     746     85   280   427   101    139    118    410
RECYCLING OPERATIONS
Solvent recovery
Reuse as fuel
Other recycling
447
276
327
131
43
104
12
12
78
7
14
119
3
5
7
406
178
88
147
36
58
61
165
148
*Total number of facilities = 2,971.
"Total number of facilities having at least one commercial technology = 527.
"'Land disposal includes facilities having at least one of the following:  treatment
impoundment, storage impoundment, disposal impoundment, waste pile, landfill, and
land treatment. Survey respondents reported all land disposal technologies that had
not been formally closed regardless of whether they were actively  adding hazardous
wastes to the units. This  has not been  modified to reflect facilities listed in HWDMS as
having units undergoing closure.
                                PAGE  38

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      "Any hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling operation or unit is
      considered 'commercially available' if it is generally offered to other parties NOT UNDER
      THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility. Commercially available operations or units are
      usually offered for sale or other renumeration.  However, commercially available
      operations or units INCLUDE those used to recycle (reuse, reclaim, or recover) hazardous
      waste that has been purchased. Any operation or unit offered ONLY to other parties
      UNDER THE SAME  OWNERSHIP as  this facility is NOT considered commercially
      available.  Commercial hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling does
      not have to be the primary activity at a facility for an operation or unit to be considered
      'commercially available'."

      Some respondents were confused by the term and thought we wanted to know
whether a specific piece of equipment was available on the open market for purchase
by any facility to use for its  own hazardous waste. In follow-up phone calls, we verified
whether or not a facility  was actually making  the technology commercially available
and believe that the following results reflect what services are truly commercially
available to any firm.

      Table 5-4 shows the hazardous  waste management technologies offered by
active facilities for the six major hazardous waste types in which at  least one of the
technologies at each facility is commercially available. The most common technology
offered  commercially at these facilities is "Other storage" followed  in order by "Solvent
recovery," "Other wastewater treatment,"  "Other treatment," and "Other recycling."

      These active facilities include those  traditionally thought of as being commercial
as well as those captive commercial which offer hazardous waste services to their
selected customers at cost  or as an inducement to buy other services.  Those typically
thought of as commercial may have some technologies that are not offered as part of
their commercial package  but  are necessary for the operation  of the  facility.  For
example, an  incinerator  facility  may  have  wastewater  treatment for managing
hazardous wastewater generated onsite  but  does not offer that technology to the
general public.  A landfill  may have a hazardous wastewater treatment system to treat
the contaminated water from the leachate collection system.

      Some active  facilities manage other firm's  hazardous  wastes  on a limited
commercial  basis.  Usually, these facilities do not accept hazardous waste from the
general  public,  choosing  to  offer this incentive to attract customers.   Positive
commercially available responses were verified in telephone follow-ups revealing that
a small  number of firms engage in this practice.

      Figure 5-9 summarizes the distribution of active facilities, by EPA Region, that
offer  at least one commercially available technology.   The  largest number of
commercial  facilities is in  Region 5, which also had the  largest hazardous waste
quantity.  However, the next two largest regions in terms of numbers of commercial
facilities (Regions 4 and 9) are not the next two largest regions in terms of quantities of
hazardous wastes  managed (Regions 2 and 3).
                                   PAGE 39

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 TABLE 5-4.  NUMBER OF ACTIVE  FACILITIES  PROVIDING HAZARDOUS
                          WASTE MANAGEMENT

 ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH AT LEAST ONE COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY
Management Technologies Total
Facilities'
TREATMENT OPERATIONS
Liquids incineration
Solids incineration
Wastewater treatment
Biological
Steam stripping
Other 1
Solidification
Treatment impoundment
Other treatment 1
STORAGE OPERATIONS
Storage impoundments
Waste pile

25
18

19
6
26
97
33
17

39
29
Other storage 459
DISPOSAL OPERATIONS
Underground injection
Disposal impoundment
Landfill
Land treatment
LAND DISPOSAL*" 1
RECYCLING OPERATIONS
Solvent recovery 1
Reuse as fuel
Other recycling 1

11
13
39
6
05

42
62
13
Commercially Acidic Metals
Available"

16
13

13
4
48
66
18
68

16
13
247

10
10
31
0
62

28
31
49

13
8

8
1
86
45
19
54

17
9
202

9
3
17
0
46

3
0
26

12
10

6
2
78
70
20
62

17
23
223

10
11
35
3
77

3
9
39
Cyanides Solvents

12
10

4
0
34
35
7
35

4
3
133

8
3
23
0
32

1
0
1

21
12

6
3
24
44
9
49

5
7
369

9
5
21
0
36

131
50
48
Other
Halogenated
Organics

19
12

6
0
17
48
8
40

6
8
244

7
2
23
0
59

76
17
36
Other
Hazardou:
Wastes

21
17

14
4
70
78
22
75

24
19
279

10
13
33
6
74

32
40
56
'Total number of facilities = 2,971.
"Total number of facilities having at least one commercial technology = 527.
"'Land disposal includes facilities having at least one of the following:  treatment
impoundment, storage impoundment, disposal impoundment, waste pile, landfill, and
land treatment.
                              PAGE  40

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m
-P»
                            FIGURE 5-9   NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES WITH
                               AT LEAST ONE COMMERCIALLY AVAILIABLE
                              TECHNOLOGY DURING 1985, BY  EPA REGION
                         | TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FACILITIES = 2,971

-------
5.7  HAZARDOUS  WASTE QUANTITY AND   FACILITIES
      BY SIC CODE

      The Screening Survey did not  ask for data about the SIC Codes for these
facilities.  We assigned SIC Codes to each facility according to the methods outlined
below.  Because there is such a large and varied number of codes represented by the
surveyed facilities, we provide data  only for the  top 50 SIC  Codes.  Table 5-5
represents the top 50 codes by quantity.  Table 5-6 provides information on the top 50
codes by numbers of facilities in that code.

      We are interested in SIC Codes  because they allow the impacts of new rules to
be  distributed across economic  sectors.  They are not without their limitations,
however.   Some industrial and agricultural areas are minutely classified.  Other
recently developed industries are forced into categories in which they do not really fit.
SIC Codes are also aggregated when classifications have only a few firms, usually
into the  more general category of "NEC" (not elsewhere classified).

      The distribution of SIC Codes used in this report is not found in any report or
survey; they have been carefully derived from several data sources The HWDMS data
base  contains  SIC Codes assigned to  each facility by EPA identification number.  It
was used as a starting point,  but contained many  codes only  at two or three digit
levels. In addition, codes were missing  altogether for some facilities.

      For 77 facilities with suspect, missing, or incomplete SIC Codes,  wherever
possible, RTI obtained waste stream data from a previous survey done by  EPA in
1981. This data gave information on the primary wastes  that each facility produced.
These data  were inspected on an individual basis  for wastes that would  identify a
particular industry, such as K084, "wastewater treatment sludges  generated during the
production of veterinary Pharmaceuticals from arsenic or organo-arsenic compounds."
Waste stream data were then used to infer an industry classification for the facility that
generated them.

      Additionally,  each facility's responses were inspected for identifying information
in its facility, name, or location.  For example, a facility named "City Wood Preservers"
would be assigned to SIC 2491,  wood  preserving industries.   Each facility was
reviewed individually and a SIC assigned to it that best described its line of business.

      Other information  sources  consulted  were:   The Standard  Industrial
Classification Manual, Moody's Industrial Manual, directories of  manufacturing firms,
Census  of Manufactures, and Industrial  and Hazardous Waste Management Firms.
                                  PAGE  42

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TABLE 5-5.  FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES MANAGING THE LARGEST
          WASTE QUANTITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER  RCRA
TOTAL
SIC DESCRIPTION NUMBER OF QUANTITY
CODE FACILITIES (MMT)
2822
2816
2865
2869
2819
2821
4953
2879
2812
2861
2999
2833
3312
2911
9711
3743
2824
3471
2992
3317
2899
2851
2813
3573
2874
3724
9631
3711
7399
4511
3964
3761
3662
4911
3356
3341
2834
2843
3674
3721
3479
3679
3483
3332
3449
3691
3452
3643
2048
2892
Synthetic rubber
Inorganic pigments
Cyclic crudes & intermediates
Industrial organic chemicals, NEC
Industrial inorganic chemicals, NEC
Plastics, materials & resins
Refuse systems
Agricultural chemicals, NEC
Alkalies & chlorine
Gum & wood chemicals
Petroleum & coal products, NEC
Medicinals & botanicals
Blast furnaces & steel mills
Petroleum refining
National security
Railroad equipment
Organic fibers, noncellulosic
Plating & polishing
Lubricating oils & greases
Steel pipe & tubes
Chemical preparations, NEC
Paints & allied products
Industrial gases
Electronic computing equipment
Phosphatic fertilizers
Aircraft engines & engine parts
Regulation, & administration of utilities
Motor vehicles & car bodies
Business services, NEC
Certified air transportation
Needles, pins, & fasteners
Guided missiles & space vehicles
Radio & TV communication equipment
Electric services
Nonferrous rolling & drawing
Secondary nonferrous metals
Pharmaceutical preparations
Surface active agents
Semiconductors & related devices
Aircraft
Metal coating & allied services
Electronic components, NEC
Ammunition, except for small arms, NEC
Primary lead
Miscellaneous metal work
Storage batteries
Bolts, nuts, rivets, & washers
Current-carrying wiring devices
Prepared feeds, NEC
Explosives
15
18
24
98
119
91
173
39
18
3
4
30
56
110
199
10
14
69
19
7
36
44
7
33
5
16
8
18
131
3
5
7
46
69
5
24
38
5
32
24
20
43
8
4
1
11
9
8
3
20
43.9461
31.4932
30.8315
28.1197
18.6194
11.8227
7.1016
6.8624
4.6728
4.1245
2.8455
2.8212
2.8126
2.6096
2.2263
1.6354
1.4553
1.3636
1.0184
0.9975
0.9246
0.8850
0.8517
0.7625
0.6526
0.6100
0.5497
0.4742
0.4689
0.4431
0.4193
0.4076
0.3760
0.3327
0.3210
0.3189
0.2712
0.2563
0.2099
0.2076
0.1865
0.1626
0.1575
0.1533
0.1519
0.1448
0.1410
0.1344
0.1308
0.1258
PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL
QUANTITY
16.18
11.60
11.35
10.35
6.86
4.35
2.61
2.53
1.72
1.52
1.05
1.04
1.04
0.97
0.82
0.60
0.54
0.50
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
                         PAGE 43

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TABLE 5-6.  FIFTY FOUR-DIGIT SIC CODES CONTAINING THE LARGEST
 NUMBER  OF FACILITIES MANAGING UNITS PERMITTED UNDER RCRA
SIC
CODE
9711
4953
7399
2819
2911
2869
2821
2491
3471
4911
3312
3714
5161
3662
2851
3679
2879
2834
2899
8221
3573
3674
3079
2833
2865
3341
3721
3479
2892
2992
5172
2816
2812
3711
3069
3724
3321
2822
3519
2824
3661
2873
3229
2891
3691
3585
1311
3861
3728
2844
3743
3531
3339
3494
DESCRIPTION
National security
Refuse systems
Business services, NEC
Industrial inorganic chemicals, NEC
Petroleum refining
Industrial organic chemicals, NEC
Plastics, materials & resins
Wood preserving
Plating & polishing
Electric services
Blast furnaces & steel mills
Motor vehicle parts & accessories
Chemicals & allied products
Radio & TV communication equipment
Paints & allied products
Electronic components, NEC
Agricultural chemicals, NEC
Pharmaceutical preparations
Chemical preparations, NEC
Colleges & universities, NEC
Electronic computing equipment
Semiconductors & related devices
Miscellaneous plastic products
Medicinals & botanicals
Cyclic crudes & intermediates
Secondary nonferrous metals
Aircraft
Metal coating & allied services
Explosives
Lubricating oils & greases
Petroleum products, NEC
Inorganic pigments
Alkalies & chlorine
Motor vehicles & car bodies
Fabricated rubber products
Aircraft engines & engine parts
Gray iron foundries
Synthetic rubber
Internal combustion engines, NEC
Organic fibers, noncellulosic
Telephone & telegraph apparatus
Nitrogenous fertilizers
Pressed & blown glass, NEC
Adhesives & sealants
Storage batteries
Refrigeration & heating equipment
Crude petroleum & natural gas
Photographic equipment & supplies
Aircraft equipment, NEC
Toilet preparations
Railroad equipment
Construction machinery
Primary nonferrous metals, NEC
Valves & pipe fittings
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
199
173
131
119
110
98
91
72
69
69
56
52
49
46
44
43
39
38
36
35
33
32
31
30
24
24
24
20
20
19
19
18
18
18
18
16
16
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
PERCENTAGE OF
ALL FACILITIES
9.25
8.04
6.09
5.53
5.11
4.55
4.23
3.34
3.20
3.20
2.60
2.41
2.27
2.13
2.04
1.99
1.81
1.76
1.67
1.62
1.53
1.48
1.44
1.39
1.11
1.11
1.11
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
                          PAGE 44

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5.8  FEDERAL  FACILITIES

      Table 5-7 shows the quantity of hazardous waste managed by federal agencies
in units permitted under RCRA. Collectively, federal agencies account for 237 facilities
or 8.0 percent of all active TSDRs in the nation. This table aggregates the individual
federal facilities under their respective agencies by number of facilities and regulated
quantity.  Only the facilities that did not claim their data  as Confidential Business
Information (CBI) are tabulated. Figures 5-10 and 5-11 show the total quantities and
total numbers of active federal facilities as a portion of the whole TSDR universe.

      Figure 5-12  provides a summary of the quantity of hazardous waste managed
by active federal facilities during 1985.  Over 75  percent of all hazardous waste at
federal facilities was managed in units  exempt from RCRA permitting requirements.
Some federal facilities may not have  reported hazardous waste  that they did  not
consider under EPA's jurisdiction, especially wastes considered to be hazardous  by
individual states or other federal agencies.

      Figure 5-13  shows the quantities of hazardous  waste managed by active
federal facilities by type of technology.  Federal  facilities,  especially military bases,
may ship wastes  regulated under RCRA to offsite commercial TSDRs.  Hazardous
wastes that usually are not accepted at commercial TSDRs,  and consequently have to
be  managed onsite, include strongly reactive or explosive  wastes, such as  used or
spent ordnance.  Other hazardous wastes that federal agencies manage onsite are
those that must be disposed of by federal facilities due to national security procedures
or safety precautions, or substances private firms cannot accept under their permit.

      The distribution of the hazardous waste  quantities managed by active federal
facilities according to  EPA  region is shown in  Figure 5-14. Figure 5-15 shows the
distribution of the number of  active facilities by EPA region.  This map  reflects the
location of military bases and DOE sites.

      The  number of  active federal facilities with  "Treatment,"  "Storage," "Land
disposal," and  "Recycling" technologies are depicted in Figure 5-16.  Of the 237
federal facilities, almost 95 percent have some type of storage.  Federal agencies use
private commercial firms to  handle  some hazardous  waste categories,  such as
"Solvents." Some military bases also are phasing out large PCB transformers, which
they must store until management capacity becomes available.

      The number of federal facilities that have particular "Treatment" technologies is
shown in Figure 5-17.  The "Treatment" technology most frequently used (77 facilities)
at federal facilities is "Other treatment," the  category  used for  open  burning  of
explosives and detonation of ordnance.   The  next most  frequent "Treatment"
technology is "Other wastewater treatment," (50 facilities).  "Incineration" is the third
most frequent technology (43 facilities)  and may be used to dispose unstable, out-of-
date ordnance.

      Figure 5-18 provides data on  "Storage" technologies. Figure 5-19 provides data
on "Land disposal" technologies. These totals do  not reflect adjustments for facilities
undergoing closure in 1987; the totals are for 1985 data.
                                  PAGE 45

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TABLE 5-7.  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE
           FEDERAL FACILITIES IN UNITS PERMITTED UNDER  RCRA
AGENCY NAME
U.S Navy
U.S. Department of Energy
CBI Federal Facilities
U.S Marine Corps
U.S. Army
U.S. Air Force
NASA
•Stoller Chemical Co. Inc./MIIDIV
Tennessee Valley Authority
*NI Ind. Inc. Riverbank Plant
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Department of Defense
National Institute of Health
*Olin Corp.
U.S Bureau of Reclamation
National Institute of
Environmental Health Science
Total
NUMBER OF
FACILITIES
42
23
2
8
70
66
5
1
3
1
5
6
2
1
1
1
237
REGULATED
QUANTITY
(MMT)
1.181955
0.595965
0.264676
0.212069
0.173225
0.063235
0.013022
0.005443
0.005316
0.003148
0.001353
0.000514
0.000107
0.000081
0.000002
0.000001
3.092112
* Government contractor
                           PAGE 46

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   FIGURE 5-10  NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL
FACILITIES AS  A  PORTION OF THE TOTAL NUMBER
          OF  FACILITIES DURING 1985
             237
    NON-FEDERAL FACILITIES Q FEDERAL FACILITIES
           [TOTAL NUMBER OF FACILITIES = 2.971
 FIGURE 5-11  QUANTITY OF WASTE MANAGED IN
 ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES VS. QUANTITY  OF
 WASTE  MANAGED IN NON-FEDERAL  FACILITIES
                 DURING  1985
  D FEDERAL FACILITIES
NON-FEDERAL FACILITIES
       TOTAL = 272 MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
                  PAGE 47

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          FIGURE 5-12  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS
           WASTE MANAGED  BY ACTIVE  FEDERAL
                  FACILITIES  DURING 1985
       UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA
                      UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
                      PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
                 MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
30T
20-
10-
FIGURE 5-13  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL
 FACILITIES DURING 1985,  BY TYPE OF
            TECHNOLOGY
    TREATED IN UNITS
    REGULATED UNDER
         RCRA
        STORED IN UNITS
       REGULATED UNDER
            RCRA
DISPOSED IN UNITS
REGULATED UNDER
     RCRA
                    MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
TREATED IN UNITS
EXEMPT FROM RCRA
   PERMITTING
  REQUIREMENTS
                          PAGE 48

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TJ
5
m
.&.
CD
                           FIGURE 5-14  QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
                         MANAGED BY ACTIVE FEDERAL  FACILITIES DURING
                                       1985,  BY EPA REGION
                                                                                  N 1
                                MILLION METRIC TONS (MMT)
                     UNITS REGULATED UNDER RCRA M UNITS EXEMPT FROM RCRA
                                               PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS

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-a
s
m

8
                               FIGURE 5-15  NUMBER OF ACTIVE  FEDERAL
                               FACILITIES DURING  1985, BY  EPA REGION
                    | TOTAL NUMBER OF ACTIVE FEDERAL FACILITIES = 237J

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             FIGURE 5-16  NUMBER  OF  ACTIVE FEDERAL
       FACILITIES  DURING  1985, BY TYPE  OF  TECHNOLOGY
                                                     I
                         220
      TREATMENT         STORAGE        LAND DISPOSAL      RECYCLING
  NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one type of
treatment, storage, land disposal, or recycling technology, while others may have none.
           FIGURE 5-17  NUMBER OF ACTIVE  FEDERAL
           FACILITIES  DURING  1985, WITH  TREATMENT)
                          TECHNOLOGIES
                                                    1 4
 INCINERATION
 BIOLOGICAL     STEAM     OTHER   SOLIDIFICATION  TREATMENT     OTHER
WASTEWATER   STRIPPING  WASTEWATER           IMPOUNDMENT  TREATMENT
 TREATMENT             TREATMENT
 NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one treatment
                   technology, while others may have none.
                            PAGE  51

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 250

 200 •

 150 •

 100 •

  50

    0
               FIGURE 5-18   NUMBER  OF  ACTIVE FEDERAL!
                FACILITIES DURING  1985,  WITH  STORAGE
                              TECHNOLOGIES
                                            220
10
       STORAGE IMPOUNDMENT
                   WASTE PILE
                                                OTHER STORAGE
                                              (CONTAINER & TANK)
NOTE: Of the 237 federal facilities surveyed, some may have more than one storage
                 technology, while others may have none.
                FIGURE  5-19  NUMBER OF ACTIVE  FEDERAL
             FACILITIES  DURING 1985,  WITH  LAND  DISPOSAL)
                               TECHNOLOGIES
     UNDERGROUND   DISPOSAL     LANDFILL      LAND     WASTE PILE     STORAGE    TREATMENT
       INJECTION   IMPOUNDMENT            TREATMENT            IMPOUNDMENT IMPOUNDMENT
NOTE: Some of the 237 federal facilities may have more than one land disposal technology, while others may have
    none.  Some facilities may have closed or be in the process of closing since the survey was completed.
                                PAGE  52

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5.9   TELEPHONE  VERIFICATION

      From calls to the Survey Helpline and written responses, we were aware that
many changes in facility capabilities were being planned.  A selected group of land
disposal facilities was contacted in October 1986 to verify their types of operations.
This follow-up revealed that numerous changes had occurred in response to the land
disposal  restrictions  and  regulations  on  existing  surface  impoundments.
Consequently, additional follow-ups were made as necessary.  We have also verified
commercial availability, quantity of hazardous waste managed by the largest facilities,
and contradictory responses. Based on these verifications, changes were made in the
data base.
                                 PAGE  53

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PAGE 54

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                                CHAPTER  6

                              CONCLUSIONS
6.1   GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS

      The 1986 National Screening Survey results, though general in scope, provide
some insights into the universe of TSDRs.  There are far fewer active TSDRs than
there were in earlier years.  Many of the facilities filed protectively to cover hazardous
waste operations anticipated for the future. As additional paperwork requirements and
regulations were put into effect, many of these facilities chose not to become TSDRs
and (1) remained only generators, (2) ceased hazardous waste operations entirely, or
(3) went out of business.

      The hazardous waste management universe is dominated by very large onsite
management facilities; the top 50 facilities manage 90 percent of the hazardous waste
quantities. Based on our understanding of the industries generating hazardous waste
and telephone verification, we consider the dominant hazardous waste category to be
"Hazardous wastewater with low pH."

      The quantities of hazardous wastes that are managed in units regulated under
RCRA appears to have changed little, growing  only slightly.  Therefore, commercial
facilities may be managing a larger percentage of the hazardous waste quantities than
in  earlier years.  Responses to telephone follow-ups of the largest TSDRs indicated
that approximately 80  percent of the hazardous wastes regulated under RCRA are
hazardous wastewater. This large quantity of wastewater is essentially nonhazardous
under RCRA by the time it is discharged by the  facilities. This accounts for the large
quantities of hazardous wastes that are treated compared to the  amounts that are
disposed (85.3 percent treated versus 12.1 percent disposed).

      The quantities of  hazardous wastes managed in  units exempt from RCRA
permitting requirements are greater than the quantities of  wastes  managed in units
permitted under RCRA, largely due to the amount of hazardous wastewater treated in
tanks and  discharged under NPDES permits (exempt from  RCRA  permitting
requirements).  The large quantity of wastes managed in  units exempt from RCRA
permitting will be addressed in the 1987 TSDR Survey to a greater degree; these
hazardous wastes compete for resources with wastes managed in units permitted
under RCRA and need to be included in the hazardous waste universe.
                                 PAGE 55

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6.2  QUESTIONNAIRE FORMAT  CHANGES

      Several EPA offices required current data on specific aspects of hazardous
waste management sooner than the results of the detailed survey would be available.
The Screening Survey data provide current information on all TSDRs; but they are, by
design, limited in scope and general in the questions asked.  As with any project of this
type, we learned many things in conducting this survey that would have improved the
quality of data of this survey and that of future efforts.  Simple wording  changes, in
some cases, could have made responses  more useful to these  offices without adding
to the respondent's burden.

      Based on the results of the Screening Survey, we would change the method of
wording some questions and terms.  The addition of the wording in the definitions of
"actively accepting  wastes"  would have  made the data more accurate for use in
comparison to HWDMS.  Facilities  using land disposal  methods  (i.e., surface
impoundments, waste piles, landfills,  underground injection wells, and land treatment)
must certify to the EPA that they are in compliance with the groundwater monitoring
and financial responsibility requirements of RCRA.  This applies only to facilities that
are "actively accepting wastes."  The Screening Survey data base contains many
surface impoundments that are not accepting hazardous wastes,  but are  not formally
certified closed. This aspect will be specifically  addressed in the 1987 TSDR Survey.

      The  regulated hazardous waste question (Question  3) contained the wording
"Federal RCRA 90-day rule," which caused respondents much confusion because they
did not know whether that meant less than 90  days or more than 90 days.  Also, the
heading for that question said "... in units  regulated under RCRA"; this caused some
facilities to omit their exempt units used for managing hazardous wastes.  The intent of
the Question 3 was to find out how much hazardous waste in RCRA-permitted storage
was actually moved out in 90 days or less and might  eventually be managed in units
exempt from RCRA  permitting.  Facilities, however, said that if they moved it out in 90
days or less, they were exempt from permitting requirements and did not want to report
the wastes at all. The 1987 TSDR Survey will split these two types of storage into
"Accumulation" under the  90-day rule and "Storage."

      Another wording problem was in the matrix question  (Question 6); one  of the
columns was titled  "Are  onsite units of this type commercially available?"  Some
facilities  misinterpreted that to mean  "Could you buy an incinerator like ours?" and
answered yes.  The facilities in the commercial hazardous waste business seemed to
understand the wording well, but  noncommercial facilities did not.  This confusion
resulted in one of the main verification efforts, but the present responses are felt to be
accurate.

      In  the same question, one of the hazardous waste  categories was titled "Acidic
corrosives (pH < 2)".  This is the largest corrosive hazardous waste category, but there
are numerous facilities that deal in caustics with pH > 12. Because the question was
worded acidic, these caustic corrosives had to be placed in "Other hazardous wastes"
along with oils and contaminated soils.
                                  PAGE  56

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      "Solvents" and "Other halogenated organics" are two other hazardous waste
categories that were confused.  Some common solvents are halogenated organics as
well.  Most  pesticides are halogenated organics but not all of them.  Some organic
pesticides ended up in the column  headed "Other hazardous wastes" while some
solvents were placed in "Other halogenated organics." It would have been clearer if
the hazardous  waste categories  were "Solvents  of all types,"  and "Halogenated
organics (except solvents) and pesticides." The detailed survey will ask for specific
RCRA codes rather than categories.

      The matrix question also had a technical wording problem caused by the need
for a response in every column  and every row.  The respondents were asked to circle
the option if they did not manage a specific hazardous waste category (row a) or if they
did not have a technology (column 9).  The result was respondent confusion in many
cases. Such questions are more effective in the last row and column of a matrix and if
they  require action for positive  responses instead of negative ones.  In addition, the
regulations governing "Reuse as fuel" in 1985 were  in a state of flux and this affected
how respondents answered the question.

      In addition, facilities reported all RCRA-permitted technologies whether or not
they  were actually used.   A facility that had filed protectively to  have  a hazardous
waste incinerator but was actually using it to only burn paper and  nonregulated trash
could have  the  same technology responses  as one with an incinerator used to
manage hazardous waste.

      California has its own  hazardous waste codes, which  do not completely
correspond to RCRA codes; facilities repeatedly stated they would report them as
wastes regulated under RCRA to be safe when they were unsure of the  exact federal
listing. The 1987 TSDR Survey will allow for state waste codes.

      The quantity of hazardous wastes managed commercially  is also  unknown.
Because few facilities accept wastes commercially for all technologies, the actual
quantity treated  commercially is not separated from the total quantity treated. These
problems are addressed in the 1987 TSDR  Survey on a technology-by-technology
basis.
6.3   FUTURE  DATA  COLLECTION ACTIVITIES

      The  1986 National  Screening Survey is serving  as the basis for several
additional data collection efforts being conducted by EPA's OSW.  Using the data
collected in the Screening Survey, a detailed survey was prepared and mailed to over
2,300 TSDRs in August 1987.  This survey consisted of  the  following individual
booklets:

      Instructions
      A  General Facility Information (64 questions)
      B  Incineration (51 questions)
      C  Reuse as Fuel (51 questions)
      D  Fuel Blending (33 questions)
                                  PAGE  57

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      E  Solidification/Stabilization (53 questions)
      F  Solvent Recovery for Reuse (56 questions)
      G  Metals Recovery for Reuse (56 questions)
      H  Wastewater Treatment (47 questions)
      I   Other Processes (Treatment or Recovery) (59 questions)
      J  Waste Piles (58 questions)
      K  Surface Impoundments (85 questions)
      L  Landfills (48 questions)
      M  Landfills (48 questions)
      N  Underground Injection  Wells (33 questions)
      O  Tank Systems (18 questions plus 21 questions for each tank)

      This is a very detailed set of over 700 questions.  The level of detail  in this
survey is due to the complexity of the decisions the Agency must make to implement
the 1984 amendments.  No facility fills put all the questionnaires. Rather the facility fills
out only the booklets for the technologies that it  has onsite and that are operational or
planned to  be operational by 1992.

      EPA currently is facing many critical issues, among which are the land disposal
restrictions, regulation of hazardous waste tanks, and Superfund requirements that the
states determine their hazardous waste management capabilities.  The Agency does
not currently have the detailed  data needed to make these complicated decisions.
The 1987 TSDR Survey is part of EPA's effort to assemble a detailed data base for
developing  and evaluating hazardous waste  regulations. This TSDR Survey focuses
on gathering the following data:

      •   unit-  and technology-specific operating parameters;

      •   information to provide  a basis for regulatory development, including
         regulatory impact analyses  for regulations required  by HSWA of
         1984;

      •   waste management capacity  and hazardous waste quantities for the
         land disposal capacity decisions;

      •  tank system information for possible tank requirement revisions; and

      •   individual state hazardous waste management capacities.

      A companion survey, the  1987  National Survey of  Hazardous  Waste
Generators was mailed to a sample of generators in late 1987. Approximately 10,300
generators  of  hazardous waste  received this questionnaire, which consists of the
following booklets:

     GA General Facility Information (154 questions)
     GB  Hazardous Waste Characterization  (47 questions)
     GC  Fuel  Blending (30 questions)
     GD  Reuse as Fuel (49 questions)
     GE Wastewater Treatment  (39 questions)
                                  PAGE  58

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GF  Metals Recovery for Reuse (48 questions).,.
GG  Solvent Recovery for Reuse
GH  Other Recovery Processes (48 questions)
Gl   Tank Systems (15 questions plus Tank Description Forms for each tank)

Data from these two surveys are expected to be available in 1989.
                             PAGE  59

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    Appendix A
Pretest Questionnaire

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                                                                                         OMB*.

                                                                                         Expires.
                               1986  National Screening Survey of

                          Hazardous Waste  Management Facilities


Introduction
  The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting a survey of U.S. hazardous waste
  management facilities. EPA has retained the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) as its survey contractor. Section 3007 of the Resource
  Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires your participation in (his survey. Please complete and return the enclosed question-
  naire within 30 days of receiving this package.

  This survey is being conducted to gather information on the nation's capacity to manage—treat, store, dispose, and recycle—hazardous
  waste. This information will be used to assess the availability of alternatives to land disposal for the waste types scheduled for upcom-
  ing land disposal restrictions  under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA). The survey results will also sup-
  port analyses of future regulatory actions.

  EPA is conducting this survey in two parts—a screening survey of all hazardous waste facilities (both onsite and commercial) and a
  detailed survey of a sample of these facilities. This package contains the first pan. the screening survey questionnaire.

  We have identified the facility addressed in the accompanying cover letter as a hazardous waste management facility for purposes
  of this survey. We would therefore like this facility to provide the information requested in the brief questionnaire on the following pages.


What Is This Screening Survey Questionnaire?
  This screening survey questionnaire asks for aggregate information that will be used to identify and characterize hazardous waste
  management facilities and to determine the size and composition of the sample for the detailed survey. Your timely and accurate
  responses to this questionnaire will help us reduce the number of facilities required to respond to the detailed questionnaire.

Who Should Complete the Questionnaire?
  This questionnaire should be completed by the person who is most knowledgable of the  hazardous waste management operations
  at this facility. All facilities receiving this questionnaire should complete and return it. Even if operations have temporarily or perma-
  nently ceased or if no hazardous waste is managed at this facility, we need your response indicating that this is the case m order to
  update our records and to get a clearer picture of hazardous waste management in the United States.

How Do I Complete the Questionnaire?
  The enclosed screening questionnaire contains seven questions. The accompanying instructions contain all the information, includ-
  ing definitions of key terms, that you may need to answer the questions. When you have completed the questionnaire and signed and
  dated the certification statement at the end. enclose the questionnaire in the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelooe. and drop it in
  the mail. If you did not receive—or have misplaced—the postage-paid envelope, call the RTI SURVEY HELPLINE (1-800-334-3571)
  and ask for Hall Ashmore.

What If I Manage Hazardous Waste Facilities at More Than One Location?
  If you manage  hazardous waste facilities at more than one location, you must complete a screening questionnaire for each of them.
  If you received questionnaires for more than one facility, please take the time to complete them all. If you nave received the wrong
  numoer of questionnaires—either too many or too few—call the RTI SURVEY HELPLINE (1-800-334-8571) and ask for Hall Ashmore.

What If This Facility Does Not Manage Hazardous Waste?
  Even it this facility no longer  manages—or never managed—hazardous waste, please complete and return this questionnaire. The
  questionnaire instructions explain which questions to answer: the information you provide on your status as a facility that does not manage
  hazardous waste is important For our analyses.
   This questionnaire applies only to me facility listed on this
   mailing label  Please check the SIC code, facility 10 number.
   and the facility mailing address on this .label and correct any
   mistakes.
(RTI will place facility
 mailing label here)

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                                                   Definitions

   NOTE:  The following definitions apply throughout this questionnaire. They are provided to help you answer the questions.

   Commercially Available Any hazardous waste management operation or process unit is considered "commercially availaole"
   if it is generally offered to third parties NOT UNDER THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility. Commercially available operations
   or process units are usually offered for a fee or other remuneration. However, commercially available operations or process units
   INCLUDE those used to manage waste purchased for recycling (reuse, reclamation, or recovery). Any operation or process unit
   offered ONLY to third panics UNDER THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility is NOT considered commercially available. Com-
   mercial hazardous waste management does not have to be the primary activity at a facility for an operation or process unit to be
   considered "commercially available."
   Hazardous Waste Any waste, including wastewater. defined as hazardous by any federal or state regulation.
   Hazardous Waste Management Facility  Any facility that treats,  stores, disposes, or recycles any hazardous waste.
   Process Units Regulated Under RCRA Hazardous waste management process units that are regulated under RCRA.
   Process Units Exempt From RCRA Hazardous waste management process units that are not regulated under RCRA. including
   elementary neutralization units, totally enclosed wastewater treatment systems, and aggressive biological treatment units.
   Management Operations conducted in onsite process units to treat, store, dispose, or recycle hazardous waste. DOES NOT IN-
   CLUDE operations associated with shipping waste offsite for treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling at another facility.
   Treatment  Any activity designed to change the character or composition of any hazardous waste so as to render it nonhazardous
   or less hazardous: safer to transport, store, or dispose: or amenable for recovery or reduced in volume. When reporting quantities
   of hazardous waste treated, include all waste that was recycled in  process units regulated under RCRA.
   Storage The holding of hazardous waste. For this survey, there are two kinds of storage: (1) the holding of waste in tanks or drums
   under the 90-day rule and (2) other hazardous waste storage under RCRA.
   Disposal Discharging or placing of hazardous waste into or onto any land or water with the intention of leaving it there after the
   facility closes. Specific disposal processes include landfills, disposal surface impoundments, land treatment, and injection wells.
   Recycling Any process conducted to recover material or energy resources from hazardous waste. When reporting quantities of
   hazardous waste recycled, include only that waste that was processed in reuse, reclamation, and recovery process units that are
   exempt from RCRA.
                           If you need help, call the RTI Survey Helpline (1-800-334-8571)
                                                   Ask for Hall Ashmore
                                               Questionnaire

IMPORTANT: Read the definitions of key terms provided on the previous page.

1.  Which of the following best describes the status of the hazardous waste management operations at this facility?

   (CIRCLE ONLY CHE.)

   01 This facility currently manages—treats, stores, disposes, or recycles—hazardous waste. (Go to Question 2)
   02 This facility is planned or under construction and has not yet opened. (Go to Question 2)

   03 At one time this facility managed hazardous waste but has stopped ALL hazardous waste management operations and
      has closed or has applied for closure of its hazardous waste management operations. (Go to Question 2)

   04 This facility has not managed hazardous waste since November 19. 1980. when hazardous waste became regulated
      under RCRA. (Skip to Question 7)

   Circle 01 even if operations at this facility have temporarily ceased due to seasonal fluctuations or other reasons.
   Circle 02 if this facility is planned or under construction and has not yet opened.

   Circle 03 only il all hazardous waste management operations at this facility nave ceased AND this facility has either (a) closeo. Ibl appliea
   lor closure, or (c) begun closure of hazardous waste management operations.
   NOTE: Facilities with permits must notify the EPA Regional Administrator or an authorized state 180 days before beginning closure.
          ano interim status facilities must submit a closure plan ISO days before beginning closure. Any permitted facility that has noti-
          fied the EPA Regional Administrator that it plans to close all hazardous waste management units, or any interim status facility
          that has submitted a closure  plan for all hazardous waste management units, should circle 02.
   Circle 04 tal if this facility has not managed hazardous waste since November 19. 1980. when hazardous waste became regulated unoer
   RCRA. or (b) il this facility generates,  but does not manage (treat, store, dispose, or recycle), hazardous waste.

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2.  How much waste defined as hazardous by Federal and State regulations was managed—treated, stored, or disposed—onsite
   at this facility during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste
   defined as hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? (Enter a waste quantity in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate
   unit of measure, and enter a percentage.)
   Quantity of Federal and State hazardous v*-*ste managed onsite
   during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA
   (II none, enter zero.)
Units of measure.
Tons    Gallons
         Percentage of waste defined
             as hazardous under
          Federal RCRA regulations
             (If none, enter zero.)
                                     JJ
 01
02
   Report here the total cumulative quantity of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered one or more
   of this facility's treatment, storage, or disposal process units regulated under RCPA during 1985. COUNT ONLY ONCE any quantity of
   hazardous waste that entered more than one type of management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was bow treated and
   stored SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. Similarly, hazardous waste that was treated more than once SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY
   ONCE. Enter zero if no Federal or State hazardous waste was managed with process units regulated under RCRA onsite at this facility
   during 1985.
   How much waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations was (a) treated (b) stored, and (c) disposed onsite
   at this facility during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA? (As indicated in the answer space below, repon(i) the quan-
   tity stored under the 90-day rule and (ii) the quantity of other storage regulated by RCRA.) In addition, what percentage of each of these
   1985 waste quantities was waste defined as hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? (Enter the waste quantities in either
   tons cr gallons, circle the appropriate unit of measure, and enter the percentages.)
Quantity of Federal and State
hazardous waste managed
onsite during 1985 using
Types of waste process units regulated under RCRA
management operation (It none, enter zero.)
a. Treated onsite
b. Stored onsne
i. 90-day rule
ii. Other
c. DiSDOsed onsite








|































|

1




1










Perc
defin
y
Units of measure RC
Tons Gallons (If n
01 02
01 02
01 02
01 02
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
nder Federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)




















%
I'D
   Report here the indiviaual quantities of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered this /acuity's treat-
   ment process units, storage process units, and disposal process units regulated under RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity for any
   type ct waste management operation not in use onsite.
   COUNT ALL HAZARDOUS WASTE THAT ENTERED EACH TYPE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATION, whether or not it previously or
   subseauently entered another type of waste management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated ana aisoosed
   onsite at this facility during 1985 using process units regulated under RCRA SHOULD BE COUN TED TWICE—both in (a) " Treated onsite"
   and in (c) "Disposed onsite." However, hazardous waste that was sub/eel to more than one process under a single type of management
   ooeraoon SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. For example, hazardous waste that was treated twice—distilled and then incinerated—
   SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE in (a) "Treated onsite."

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4.  How much waste defined as hazardous by Federal and Slate regulations was managed—treated or recycled—onsite at this
   facility during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste defined as
   hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? I'Enter a waste quantity in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate unit of measure.
   and enter a percentage.)
   Quantity of Federal and State hazardous waste managed onsite
   during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA
   (If none, enter zero.)
Unit of measure
Tons   Gallons
  Percentage of waste defined
     as hazardous under
FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS
      (If none, enter zero.)
                                                                  01
          02
   Report here the total cumulative quantity of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered one or more
   of this facility's treatment or recycling process units exempt from RCRA during 1985. COUN T ONLY ONCE any quantity of hazardous waste
   that entered more than one type of management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and recycled SHOULD
   BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. Similarly, hazardous waste that was treated more than once SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. Enter zero
   if no Federal or State hazardous waste was managed using process units exempt from RCRA onsite at this facility during 1985.
   How much waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations was (a) treated and (b) recycled onsite at this facil-
   ity during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA? In addition, what percentage of these two 1985 waste quantities was
   waste defined as hazardous under FEDERAL RCRA REGULATIONS? (Enter the waste quantities in either tons or gallons, circle the
   appropriate units of measure, and enter the percentages.)
Quantity of Federal and Slate
hazardous waste managed
onsite during 1985 using
Types of waste process units exempt from RCRA
management operation (If none, enter zero.)
Perc
defin
U
Units of measure RC
Tons Gallons (If n
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
nder Federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)

a. Treated onsite |_

b. Recycled onsite 1



I








I



I

I



01 02


01 02






%
%
   Report here the individual quantities of waste defined as hazardous under Federal and State regulations that entered this facility's treat-
   ment process units or recycling process units exempt from RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity for any type of waste management
   operation not in use onsite.
   COUNT ALL HAZARDOUS WASTE THAT ENTERED EACH TYPE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATION, whether or not it previously or
   suoseauently entered another type of waste management operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and recyclea
   onsite at this facility during 1985 using process units exempt from RCRA SHOULD BE COUNTED TWICE—both in (a) "Treated onsite''
   and in (b) "Recycled onsite." However, hazardous waste that was subject to more than one process under a single type of management
   operation SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE. For example, hazardous waste that was treated twice—distilled and then incinerated—
   SHOULD BE COUNTED ONLY ONCE in (a) "Treated onsite"

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6. Indicate the types of hazardous waste management process units that are onsite at this facility and the types of hazardous waste
that'can be managed with each. Specifically, opposite each type of hazardous waste management process unit listed down the left-
hand side of the matrix (types a through o). circle numerical codes 01 through 08 across the matrix to indicate what types ofhazaraous
waste that can be managed with each type of unit that is onsite— installed, permitted (where necessry). and operational. For units that
are not installed, permitted (where necessary), and operational. circle09. Inaddition, to indicate whether or not this facility's onsite hazardous
waste management process units are "commercially available." circle 10 (Yes) OR 11 (No) for each type of process unit. Finally, to indicate
which types of hazardous waste that this facility cannot manage with any type of unit onsite, circle the applicable codes 01 through 08
in the last row (p) of the matrix.
NOTE: See (he definition of "commercially available." Also, "operational" units include those that are temporarily down for maintenance
or because of low demand.
Type of hazardous
waste management
process unit
Treatment Operations
a Liquids incineration
b. Solids incineration 	
c. Wastewater treatment •
i Biological treatment . .
ii. Steam stripping' 	
iii Other 	
d Solidification
e. Treatment impoundment
f. Other treatment 	
Storage Operations
g. Surface impoundment . .
h. Other storage 	
Disposal Operations
i. Underground injection .
j. Surface impoundment . .
k. Landfill 	
I. Other disposal 	
Recycling Operations
m. Sol vent recovery 	
n. Reuse as fuel 	
o. Other recycling 	

Which of the following types of RCRA-hazardous waste currently are
managed onsite at this facility using each type of waste
management operation? (Circle all that apply)
Other
Acidic halo- Other
corrosives genated hazardous
(pH < 2) Metals Cyanides Solvents PCBs Dioxins organics waste
01 02 03 04 05 06 . . 07 . 08
... 01 	 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 	 08 ...
01 . . 02 ... 03 04 . •. 05 . . 06 	 07 	 08 ...
... 01 	 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 	 08 ...
. . 01 . 02 03 . 04 . 05 .. 06 .... 07 	 08 ...
01 02 03 04 05 . . 06 	 07 ... 08 ...
. . . 01 	 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 	 08 . . .
. . . 01 	 02 .... 03 .... 04 ... 05 ... 06 .... 07 	 08 . . .
... 01 . . . . 02 	 03 ... 04 ... 05 . . 06 	 07 	 08 ...
... 01 	 02 	 03 ... 04 ... 05 . . 06 	 07 	 08 ...
. . . 01 . . . . 02 . .-. . 03 . . . 04 .. 05 . . 06 . . . 07 . . . . 08 . . .
... 01 .... 02 .. 03 ... 04 05 . 06 	 07 	 08 ...
... 01 	 02 . . . 03 . . . 04 . 05 .06 	 07 ... . 08 ...
. . 01 .02 03 04 05 NA NA 08
... 01 	 02 03 04 05 NA NA • 08
... 01 	 02 .... 03 . 04 05 .06 . NA 08
. . 01 .... 02 .. 03 . . . 04 . . 05 . . 06 . . . . NA 	 08

p. There are no units
onsite at this facility
that can be used to
manage this type of
waste 	 01 . 02 . 03 . 04 . 05 .. 06 ... 07 	 08 ...
i
No
process
units of
this type
onsite
... 09 ...
... 09
. . . 09 . . .
... 09 ...
... 09 ...
... 09
. . . 09 . . .
... 09 ...
. . . 09 . . .
... 09 ...
09 . .
. 09
. 09 .
. . 09 . . .
09
09
. 09

NA . . .
Are units
of this
type
commer-
cially
available
onsite?
Yes No
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 .. 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
..10 .'. 11
. 10 ... 11
. 10 . . 11
. 10 . . 11
10 11 ,
. 10 11
. 10 11
. 10 . . 11
10 11
10 11
10 11

NA. .NA-
NA = Not applicable.
5


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7.  Provide the following information for potential future survey-related contacts with this facility.

   a.  What is your name, title, and telephone number?

      Name   	 Title
      Telephone (
               Area code
   b. Is your address the same as that listed on the mailing label provided above? (Circle 01 or 02)
      01  Yes Skip to Certification Statement at end of questionnaire)
      02 No (Go to Question 7c)

   c. At what address can you be contacted for future survey-related Information?

      Mailing address  	
      City	 State	 ZIP.
                                          Certification Statement
I hereby certify under penalty of law that the information submitted above is true, accurate, and complete to the best of my
knowledge.
Name (print or type)                               Signature                                        Date


When you have completed all questions and signed and dated the certification statement, tear along the perforated line, en-
close the questionnaire in the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelope, and drop it in the mail.

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        Appendix B
Final Screener Questionnaire

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                                                                                              OMB *  2050-0055
                                                                                        Expires  January 31. 1988



                1986 National  Screening Survey of Hazardous Waste

               Treatment, Storage,  Disposal,  and Recycling Facilities


Introduction
   The Office of Solid Waste (OSW) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting a survey of U.S. hazardous
   waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling facilities. EPA has retained the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) as its survey
   contractor. Section 3007 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires your participation in this survey. Please
   complete and return this questionnaire booklet within 30 days of receiving it.

   This survey is being conducted to gather information on the nation's capacity to treat, store, dispose, and recycle hazardous waste.
   This information will be used to assess the availability of alternatives to land disposal for the waste types scheduled for upcom-
   ing land disposal restrictions under the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA). The survey results will also
   support analyses of future regulatory actions.

   EPA is conducting this survey in (wo pans—a screening survey of all hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycl-
   ing facilities (both onsite and commercial) and a detailed survey of a sample of these facilities. This is the first part, the screening
   survey questionnaire.

   We have identified the facility listed on the label below as a hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling facility for
   purposes of this survey. We would therefore like this facility to provide the information requested in the brief questionnaire on the
   following pages.


What Is This Screening Survey Questionnaire?
   This screening survey questionnaire asks for information that will be used to identify and characterize hazardous waste facilities
   and to determine the size and composition of the sample for the detailed survey. Your timely and accurate responses to this ques-
   tionnaire will help us reduce the number of facilities required to respond to the detailed questionnaire.

Who Should Complete the Questionnaire?
   This questionnaire should be completed by the person who is most  knowledgeable of the hazardous waste treatment, storage.
   disposal, and recycling operations at this facility. All facilities receiving this questionnaire should complete and return it. Even
   if operations have temporarily or permanently ceased or if no hazardous waste is treated, stored, disposed, or recycled at this
   facility, we need your response indicating that this is the case in order to update our records and to get a clearer picture of hazardous
   waste facilities in the United States.

How Do I Complete the Questionnaire?
   This screening questionnaire booklet contains seven questions. The  instructions contain all the information, including definitions
   of key terms, that you may need to answer the questions. When you have completed the questionnaire and signed and dated the
   Certification Statement at the end. enclose the questionnaire booklet in the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelope, and drop it
   m the mail. If you did not receive—or have misplaced—the postage-paid envelope, call the RTI SURVEY  HELPLINE
   (1-800-334-8571) between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. eastern standard time  (EST) and ask for Hall Ashmore.

What III Manage Hazardous Waste Facilities at More Than One Location?
   if you manage hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling facilities at more than one location, you must complete
   a screening Questionnaire for each of them. Please make sure you have received a questionnaire for each facility you manage.
   If you have received the  wrong number of questionnaires—either too many or too few—call the RTI SURVEY  HELPLINE
   (1-800-334-8571) between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. EST and ask for Hall Ashmore.

What If This Facility Does Not Treat, Store. Dispose, or Recycle Hazardous Waste?
   Even il this facility no longer treats, stores, disposes, or recycles hazardous waste, or never has. please complete and return this
   questionnaire. The questionnaire instructions explain which questions to answer: the information you provide on your status as
   a facility that does not treat, store, dispose, or recycle hazardous waste is important (or our analyses.
   This Questionnaire applies only tn the facility listed on
   inis label Refer to this label lor •-,  estions on potential
   future survey-related contacts.
 (RTI will place
facility laoel here)

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                                          Definitions
 The following definitions have been developed for this survey and apply throughout this questionnaire.

 IMPORTANT NOTE: Treatment, storage, and disposal in surface impoundments and storage in waste piles are
 among the operations that will be prohibited by the land disposal restrictions under HSWA. For this survey, however
 report quantities of hazardous waste treated, stored, or disposed in surface impoundments or stored in waste
 piles under the appropriate treatment, storage, or disposal categories. Do not report them all under disposal.

 Commercially Available Any hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling operation or unit is
 considered "commercially available" if it is generally offered to other parties NOT UNDER THE SAME OWNER-
 SHIP as this facility.  Commercially available operations or units are usually offered for a fee or other remuner-
 ation.  However, commercially available operations or units INCLUDE those used to recycle (reuse, reclaim.
 or recover) hazardous waste (hat has been purchased. Any operation or unit offered ONLY to other parties UN-
 DER THE SAME OWNERSHIP as this facility is NOT considered commercially available Commercial hazardous
 waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling does not have to be the primary activity at a facility for an operation
 or unit to be considered "commercially available."

 Disposal  Injecting, dumping, or placing of hazardous waste into or onto any land. For this survey, report only
 on the following disposal operations: landfills, disposal surface impoundments, land treatment, and injection
 wells.

 Hazardous Waste Any waste, including wastewater. defined as hazardous by any federal or state regulation.

 Hazardous Waste Operations Activities conducted in onsite hazardous waste units to treat, store, dispose.
 or recycle hazardous waste. DOES NOT INCLUDE shipping waste offsite for treatment, storage, disposal, or
 recycling at another facility.

 RCRA The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976—the federal statute that regulates the treatment.
 storage, and disposal of hazardous waste.  Some states have RCRA statutes as well.

 Recycling Any reuse, reclamation, or recovery activity conducted in a unit exempt from RCRA permitting re-
 quirements to recover material or energy resources from hazardous waste. NOTE: For this survey, some ac-
 tivities that you may commonly call "recycling" should be reported as "treatment" if they are conducted in units
 regulated  under RCRA. See the IMPORTANT NOTE on the top of page 5 for a list of the recycling operations
 that we would like you to report as exempt  from RCRA permitting requirements.

 Storage The holding of hazardous waste for a temporary period, at the end of which it is treated, disposed.
 recycled, or stored elsewhere. For this survey, we want you to report two kinds of activities as storage of hazardous
 waste: (1) the accumulation of hazardous waste in tanks or containers under the federal RCRA 90-day rule
 and (2) other hazardous waste storage under RCRA. In addition, waste piles are considered storage units.

 Treatment Any activity designed to change the character or composition of any hazardous waste so as to render
 it nonhazardous or less hazardous: safer to transport, store, or dispose: amenable for recovery: or reduced
 in volume. Include quantities of hazardous waste incinerated as treatment in units regulated under RCRA. For
 this survey, we ask you to report two types of treatment: (1) that conducted in units regulated under RCRA and
 (2) that conducted in units exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. See the IMPORTANT NOTE at the
 top of page 5 for a list of treatment units  that we would like you to report as exempt from RCRA permitting re-
 quirements.

 Units Exempt From RCRA Permitting  Requirements  Hazardous waste treatment or recycling operations
.that do not require permits under RCRA. See the IMPORTANT NOTE at the top of page 5 for a list of opera-
 tions that we would like you to report as exempt from RCRA permitting requirements. NOTE: Any storage con-
 ducted prior to an exempt process is regulated and should be reported as such.

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                    If you need help, call the RTI Survey Helpline (1-800-334-8571) between
                      g a m  ancj 4 p m  eastern standard time (EST). Ask for Hall Ashmore.
                                           Questionnaire

 IMPORTANT: Read the definitions of key terms provided on the previous page. Also, read all the instruc-
tions (in italics) for each question before answering the question.

1.  Which of the following best describes the status of the hazardous waste operations at this facility?

   CIRCLE THE ONE CODE that best describes the current flatus of hazardous waste operations at this facility. Circle 01 even it ooerations
   at this facility have temporarily ceased due to seasonal fluctuations or other reasons. Circle 05 (a) if this facility has not treatea. storea
   disposed, or recycled hazardous waste since November 19. 1980. when hazardous waste became regulated unoer RCRA. or Ib) it this
   facility generates, but does not treat, store (except under the federal RCRA 90-day rule), dispose, or recycle hazardous waste.

   01   This facility currently treats, stores, disposes, or recycles hazardous waste. (Read the IMPORTANT NOTE below and then
       yo to Question 2.)
   02  This facility is planned or under construction and has not yet opened. (Read the IMPORTANT NOTE below and then go
       to Question 2.)
   03  At one time this facility treated, stored, disposed, or recycled hazardous waste, but it has ceased ALL such hazardous
       waste operations and has closed ALL its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling units.
       (Skip to Question 7.)
   04  This facility is either (a) a permitted facility that has notified the EPA Regional Administrator that it plans to close ALL
       its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling units or (b) an interim status facility that has submitted
       ai closure plan for ALL its hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling units. (Read the IMPORTANT.
       MOTE below and then go to Question 2.)
   05  This facility has not treated, stored, disposed, or recycled hazardous waste since November 19, 1980. when hazardous
       waste became regulated under RCRA. (Skip to Question 7.)
   IMPORTANT NOTE: Read this before answering Questions 2. 3. 4, 5. and 6.

   The quantities you report in Questions 2.3.4, and 5 and your responses to the matrix in Question 6 should
   reflect the following items:
   —  Incineration should be reposed as a treatment operation.
   —  Waste piles should be reported as a storage operation.
   —  Recycling (reuse, reclamation, or recovery) in REGULATED units should be reported as treatment.
   —  Recycling (reuse, reclamation, or recovery) m EXEMPT units should  be reported as recycling.
   —  Waste defined as hazardous by the state m which it is generated should be considered hazardous even
       if it is not defined as hazardous by the state in which it is treated, stored, disposed, or recycled.
   —  Do not report anywhere in this questionnaire any quantity of nonhazardous waste, even if treated, stored.
       disposed, or recycled as if it were hazardous.
   —  Do not report anywhere in this questionnaire any quantity of waste treated m a totally enclosed treat-
       ment unit—a treatment unit directly connected to an industrial production process and  from which no
       hazardous waste is released into the environment during treatment.
   —  Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act. report
       PCB waste as federal RCRA hazardous  waste for this survey.

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2.  How much waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations was TREATED. STORED, OR DISPOSED onsite at this facil-
   ity during 1985 in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste defined as hazardous
   by federal RCRA regulations? 

   Report here the TOTAL quantity ol waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations that entered one or more ol this facility's treat-
   ment,  storage, or disposal units REGULATED UNDER RCRA during 1985.  REPORT ONLY ONCE any quantity of hazardous waste that
   entered more than one type of operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and stored should be reported only ONCE.
   Similarly, hazardous waste that was treated more than once should be reported only ONCE. Enter zero if no federal or state hazardous
   waste was treated,  stored, or disposed in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA onsite at this facility during  1985.
   TOTAL quantity of federal or state hazardous waste
   TREATED. STORED. OR DISPOSED onsite during 1985
   in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA
   (If none, enter zero.)
Units of measure
   (Circle one.)
Tons    Gallons
    Percentage of waste defined
          as hazardous by
      federal RCRA regulations
         (If none, enter zero.)
                                                                     01
          02
   How much waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations was (a) TREATED, (b) STORED, or (c) DISPOSED onsite
   at this facility during 1985 in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA? (As indicated in the answer space below, report (i) the quantity accum-
   ulated in tanks or containers under the federal RCRA 90-oay rule and (ii) the quantity stored in other units REGULATED UNDER RCRA.)
   In addition, what percentage of each of these 1985 waste quantities was waste defined as hazardous by federal RCRA regula-
   tions? (Enter the waste quantities in either tons or gallons,  circle the appropriate unit of measure, and enter the percentages.)

   Report here the quantities ol waste defined as nazardous by federal or state regulations that entered this facility's treatment units, storage
   units, or disposal units REGULATED UNDER RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity lor any type of hazardous waste operation not onsite.

   REPORT ALL HAZARDOUS WASTE THATENTERED TREATMENT. STORAGE. OR DISPOSAL OPERATIONS, whether or not it previously
   or subsequently entered another ol those operations. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and disposed onsite at this
   facility during 1985 in units REGULATED UNDER RCRA should be reported TWICE—both in (a) " Treated onsite" and in (c) "Disposed on-
   site." However, nazardous waste that entered more than one type of unit under a single type of hazardous waste operation should be reported
   only ONCE. For example, hazardous waste that was treated twice—e.g.. incineration followed by solidification of residuals—should be
   reported only ONCE, in (a) "Treated onsite."
Quantity of fe
hazardous waste T
OR DISPOSED or
Type of hazardous in units REGULAT
waste operation (II none, e

a. TREATED onsiie
deral or state Perc
REATEO. STORED. ... . defin
isite during 1985 Units of measure
En UNDER nenA (Circle one.) BC
nterzero.) Tons Gallons (If n
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
by federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)

01 02




°'o
   b.  STORED onsite
       i   Federal RCRA
          90-day rule

       ii. Other RCRA-regulaied
          storage


   c  DISPOSED onsiie
      01
      01
      01
02


02


02

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    IMPORTANT NOTE: Read this before answering Questions 4 and 5.
    Report quantities  of hazardous waste treated or recycled in the following units as exempt  from  RCRA permitting
    requirements:
    • TREATMENT
      — Elementary neutralization
      — Wastewater treatment in tanks that are regulated under the Clean Water Act.
    • RECYCLING
      — Solvent recovery (distillation, fractionation. steam stripping)
      — Reuse of hazardous waste as fuel in boilers and industrial furnaces (NOTE: Incineration is treatment in a RCRA-
         regulated unit.)
      — Any recycling operation that does NOT involve putting hazardous waste onto land.
    DO NOT report the following quantities of hazardous waste as exempt from RCRA permitting requirements:
      — Any hazardous waste quantities that are exempt for other reasons. DO NOT REPORT these waste quantities any-
         where on this questionnaire.
      — Any hazardous waste quantity treated or recycled in units exempt from RCRA if it was previously TREATED in a
         unit that is regulated under RCRA.
      — Any hazardous waste treated or recycled in a totally enclosed treatment facility—a unit directly connected to an in-
         dustrial production process and  from which there is no release of hazardous waste into the environment  during
         treatment.
      — Any quantity of nonhazardous waste. DO NOT REPORT nonhazardous waste anywhere  on  this questionnaire.
    NOTE: Storage before recycling is a regulated activity and should be reported as such.
4.  How much waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations was TREATED OR RECYCLED onsite at this facility dur-
   ing 1935 in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA? What percentage of that waste quantity was waste defined as hazardous by federal RCRA
   regulations? (Enter a waste quantity in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate unit ol measure, and enter a percentage.)

   Repon here the TOTAL Quantity ol waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations that entered one or more of this facility's treat-
   ment or recycling units EXEMPT FROM RCRA during 1985. REPORT ONLY ONCE any quantity ol hazardous waste that entered more than
   one type of operation. For example, hazardous waste that was both treated and recycled should oe reported only ONCE. Similarly, hazardous
   waste that was treated more than once should oe reported only ONCE. Enter zero il no federal or state hazardous waste was TREATED
   OR RECYCLED in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA onsite at this facility during 1985.
   TOTAL quantity of federal or state hazardous waste
   TREATED OR RECYCLED onsite during 1985 in
   units EXEMPT FROM RCRA
   III none, enter zero.)
Units of measure
   (Circle one.)

Tons    Gallons
Percentage of waste defined
     as hazardous by
 federal RCRA regulations
    (II none,  enter zero.)










1

01 02




°'o
   How much waste defined as hazardous under federal or state regulations was (a) TREATED or (b) RECYCLED onsite at this facil-
   ity during 1985 in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA? In addition, what percentage of each of these 1985 waste quantities was waste
   defined as hazardous by federal RCRA regulations? (Enter the waste Quantities in either tons or gallons, circle the appropriate unit
   ol measure, and enter the percentages.)

   Reoorr here the individual quantities ol waste defined as hazardous by federal or state regulations that entered this facility's treatment units
   or recycling units EXEMPT FROM RCRA during 1985. Enter a zero quantity for any type ol hazardous waste operation not onsite

   REPORT ALL HA ZAROOUS WASTE THAT EN TEFIED TREATMENT OR RECYCLING OPERATIONS, whether or not it previously or subse-
   quently enterea the other type ol operation. For example, hazardous waste that was Doth treated and recyctea onsite at this 'acuity during
   '985 in units EXEMPT FROM RCRA should oe reported TWICE—both in (a)" Treatea onsite" and in (b) "Recycled onsite." However, nazaraous
   waste that entered more than one unit under a single type ol hazardous waste operation should oe reported only ONCE. For example.
   ftazartious waste that underwent both cyanide destruction and lime precipitation should be reoorteq only ONCE, in (a) "Treated onsite."
Quantity of federal or state
hazardous waste TREATED OR
RECYLED onsite during 1985 in
Type of hazardous units EXEMPT FROM RCRA
waste operation III none, enter zero.)
a TREATED onsite
D RECYCLED onsne
Perc
... . defin
Units of measure
(Circle one.) RC
Tons Gallons (II n
entage of waste
ed as hazardous
by federal
RA regulations
one. enter zero.)










1
1 i 1

1


1 1
01 02
01 02









O/o
<"b

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    Indicate the types of hazardous waste treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling units that are onsite at this facility and the
    types of hazardous waste that can be treated, stored, disposed, or recycled with each.
        — Circle cooes 01 tnrougn 08 m the lirst row (a) ol tne matrix to indicate the types ot hazaraous waste tnat cannot oe treatea. storea.
           disposed, or recycled m any type ol unit onsite at this facility.
        — Opposite eacn type ol hazardous waste unit listed down the left-hand side ol the matrix (rows b through q). circle cooes 0' througn
           08 to indicate tne types ol hazardous waste that can oe treated, stored, disposed, or recycled in eacn type ol unit mat is onsite.
           that has a permit or interim status (where necessary), and that is operational at this facility.
        — For each type ol unit, circle 09 if there is no unit onsite at this facility, if it is not permitted or interim status (where necessary), or
           it it is not operational.
        - Circle either lO(YES) or 11 (NO) tor each type of onsite unit to indicate whether or not this facility's units are "commercially availaoie."
    NOTE  See the definition ol "commercially available" on page 2. In addition,  "operational" units should include those that are temporarily
           not operational due to repairs, maintenance, or low demand.
Type of hazardous
waste unit

a. No waste of this type can
be ireated. stored.
disposed, or recycled at
this facility
Treatment Operations
D. Liquids incineration
c Solids incineration
d. Wastewater treatment'
i. Biological treatment
n. Steam stripping5
iii. Other
e. Solidification"
1 Treatment impoundment
g Other treatment'
Storage Operations
h Siorage impoundment
i Waste pile
I Other storage
Disposal Operations
k Underground injection
1 Disposal impoundment
m Landfill
n Land treatment
Recycling Operations
o Solvent recovery55
D Reuse as luei
q Other recycling
Which of the following types of RCRA-hazardous waste currently are
treated, stored, disposed, or recycled onsite at this facility using
each type of hazardous waste unit?* (Circle all that apply.)
Other
Acidic halo- Other
corrosives genated hazardous
(pH < 2) Metals Cyanides Solvents PCBs Oioxins organics waste




01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 . 03 04 05 06 07 08

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 . 04 05 06 07 08
..01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 .
01 . 02 03 04 05 . 06 . . 07 08 .
01 02 03 04 .05 . 06 ... 07 08 . .
• 01 02 03 04 05 . . 06 . 07 . 08

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 . 07 08

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Ol ' 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
No
units of
this type
onsite






. 09
. 09

. 09
. 09
. 09
09 . .
. 09 .
09

09
09
09

09
09
09
09

09
09
09
Are onsite
units of
this type
commer-
cially
available?
Yes No
i





10 11
. 10 11

10 11
. 10 11
. 10 11
. 10 11
.10 .11
10 11

10 11 ;
10 n
10 11 |
;
10 n i
10 n
10 11
10 11

1
10 n
10 n !
to n
  These compounds exist in most wastes at very low concentrations Provide information on tnem cased on what each treatment, storage, cisoosai
  ana recycling unit onsite at this facility is "typically" designed to take
1  li this facility's wastewater treatment system includes a treatment impoundment, also circle all the applicable codes opposite "treatment im-
  poundment "
3 <=or ims survey, "steam stripping" as a treatment operation is the removal of organic contaminants from a waste using direct or indirect contac:

  wastewater discharge limitations.
" for inis survey, 'solidification" includes units sometimes referred to as 'fixation" or "stabilization" units.
:  it tne 'other ireatmeni" occurs m a treatment impoundment, also circle all the applicable codes opposite "treatment impounament"
§*For this survey, "solvent recovery" is the removal ol organic constituents Irom waste tor the primary puroose of recovering the organic comoound
  lor reuse  As delmea here, "solvent recovery" includes units that are sometimes referred to as "oaten distillation" or "fracnonanon" unns. Steam
  sinoping is sometimes used lor solvent  recovery ana should oe noted seoaratelv from steam stnprjing as a treatment ooeration
                                                               6

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 7.  Provide [he following information for potential future survey-related contacts with this facility.
    a. Is the EPA identification number of this facility the same as that given in the label on the cover of this questionnaire?
      01   YES ISkio to Question 7c.l
      02   NO ICo to Question 7b.)

    b. Enter the correct EPA identification number of this facility in the space provided below.

                                           J	|     (Go fo Question 7c.)
   c. Are the company name and STREET ADDRESS (physical location) of this facility the same as those given in the label on
      the cover of this questionnaire?
      01   YES (Skip to Question 7e.)
      02  NO ICo to Question 7d >

   d. Enter the correct company name and STREET ADDRESS (physical location) of this facility in the space provided below.
      Comoany name'	.	
      Street address:	
      Guy  		State	ZIP  	
                                                   (Go ro Question 7e.)

   e. What is your name, title, and telephone number?
      Name	Title	
      Telephone (	)	       (Go ro Question 71.)
               Area code
   f.  Is your MAILING ADDRESS the same as the facility street address (physical location) given in the label on the cover of
      this questionnaire? NOTE: "Mailing address" refers 10 the address at which you can be reacned for potential future survey-
      related contacts.
      01   YES (Skip fo Certification Statement oelow.)
      02   NO (Go ro Question 7g.)

   g. At what MAILING ADDRESS can you be contacted for future survey-related information?
      Mailing address				__  	
      City	State	
                                            (Go ro Certification Statement oelow)
                                        Certification  Statement
I hereby certify under penalty of law that the information submitted above is true, accurate, and complete to the best of my
knowlecge
Name (print or type)                               Signature                                       Date

When you have completed all questions and signed and dated the Certification Statement, enclose this questionnaire oook-
let m the pre-addressed. postage-paid envelope and drop it m the mail

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