SEPA
United States Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-80-088
Environmental Protection Laboratory April 1980
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
A Research Plan to
Study Emissions from
Small Internal
Combustion Engines
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports m this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide-range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-80-088
April 1980
A Research Plan to Study
Emissions from Small
Internal Combustion Engines
by
James W. Murrell
Systems Research and Development Corporation
P.O. Box 12221
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract No. 68-02-3113
Program Element No. INE624A
EPA Project Officer: John H. Wasser
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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ABSTRACT
This report examines some of the requirements for investigating
environmental status of small internal combustion engines. These engines
range in size from 1 1/2 hp to 15 hp and power a variety of equipment by
home owners and industrial members.
With the general growing concern in EPA of identifying sources of
potentially carcinogenic emissions, there exists a possibility that these
small internal combustion engines are a problem source. Research to char-
acterize emissions from this source has largely been limited to critical
pollutants, even though the small internal combustion engine is an incom-
plete combustor. It follows that some carcinogens and other hazardous
compounds are probable.
The basic requirements addressed in this report include:
a) analytical equipment
b) experimental systems design
c) statistical experimental design
Work on this document was performed under EPA Contract No. 68-02-3113
under the direction of Mr. J.H. Wasser, Project Officer.
ii
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CONTENTS
Abstract ..... ii
Figures tv
Tables lv
1. Introduction 1
2. Information Search and Assessment 3
3. Analytical Equipment 9
4. Experimental System Design 13
5. Statistical Experimental Design 19
6. Summary 30
References 31
Appendices
A. Annotated Bibliography A-l
B. Analytical Equipment Characteristics B-l
C. List of Engine Manufacturers/Engines C-l
iii
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FIGURES
Number
Pajge
1 Source Assessment Sampling Training Schematic .... 15
2 Typical Survey Sampling System 17
TABLES
Number Page
1 Information Gathering Form for Analytical Equipment .... 10
2 Subplot Formulation as a 2 x 3 Factorial .... 21
3 Emission of SIC Engines by Block (Mode x RPM) and
Treatment (CS x Age) 21
4 Anova Table for Model
5 Anova Table for Model
6 Test Matrix for Inexpensive Experiments ... 26
7 Test Matrix for Expensive Experiments 27
iv
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Over the past decade, population and energy consumption by way of the
internal combustion engine has increased dramatically. Concomitant with
these increases has been a dramatic increase in the nation's air pollution
problem. An elevated awareness of the hazardous aspects of emissions from
these engines has .been developed. Most of the research and the ensuing
legislation has been aimed at the gasoline powered automobile, and rightfully
so. Recently, diesel engines have been given greater attention because of
their ever increasing numbers. However, relatively little attention has
been focused on the small internal combustion engines in spite of their wide
spread usage. Here "small" is defined as 15 horsepower or less and includes
engines used to power equipment such as garden tractors, motor tillers, lawn
mowers, chain saws and other recreational, industrial and agricultural equip-
ment. General growing concern to identify sources of potentially carcino-
genic emissions, has caused the EPA to explore the possibility that internal
combustion engines are a problem source. These engines are incomplete
combustors, therefore, there is a high probability that carcinogens and
hazardous compounds are emitted.
The purpose of designing a comprehensive research plan is to allow
emissions from these small internal combustion engines to be characterized.
This characterization will account for trie interactive impact of several
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factors on determining the acceptability of projected ambient concentrations
of various emission compounds. As stated earlier, the primary factors are:
-age of engine
-carburetor setting
-revolutions per minute
-mode (or load)
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SECTION 2
INFORMATION SEARCH AND ASSESSMENT
The objective of this task is to find what is known about the
environmental aspects of small engines. In performing this task, SRD team
members used several approaches. Among these were:
-Review of small engine/engine driven equipment
-Review of literature using EPA on-line search system
-Review of related materials in the libraries of area universities
-Interviews with local distributors
In addition, requests for information pertaining to engine size, type
(# of strokes), application, emission data, fuel-air mixtures, life expect-
ancy, duty cycle, sales and usage patterns were made from nine major small
engine manufacturers.
This task effort confirmed our suspicion of the paucity of information
related to distribution, emission characteristics and the health/ecological
effects of these small engines. One dramatic indictment of this situation
was found in an EPA document containing c;uantitative information for eighty
source categories. These categories were selected by EPA as those common to
many areas of the United States and would potentially benefit most from
application of control devices. The source categories are classified into
eleven major areas with internal combustion being considered a major area.
The internal combustion engine category consisted of one sub-category, diesel
and dual fuel engines. Not only were small internal combustion engines
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omitted, data for the one sub-category was too sketchy for the category to
be developed. The internal combustion category is the only category of the
twelve where there exists an information void. The remainder of this section
will explore the potential impact of some of these emissions.
2.1 HEALTH
Among the more prominent suspected emission are:
-hydrocarcons
-carbon monoxide
-oxides of nitrogen
-particulates
Some detrimental health effects of these compounds are well known.
Unburned hydrocarbons have an objectionable odor, contribute to photochemical
smog and are possibly carcinogenic. Hydrocarbons may also show up as partic-
ulate matter. Studies have shown that high molecular weight hydrocarbons
have been carcinogenic in animals.
The toxicity of carbon monoxide has been well documented. It occurs
because blood hemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide than for
oxygen. After approximately one hour of exposure to carbon monoxide at 600
ppm, humans go into a coma. Death usually occurs after one hour of exposure
at 800 ppm. There is epidemiological data suggesting increasing incidence
of mortality from myocardial infarction after continual average weekly
exposure to carbon monoxide concentrations of 8 to 14 ppm.
Oxides of nitrogen have a tendency to combine with lung moisture to
form dilute nitric acid. This may cause respiratory problems over extended
periods of time. Oxides of nitrogen are also known to settle on blood
hemoglobin. Oxides of nitrogen may be regarded as respiratory pollutants.
One of the major groups of respiratory pollutants is that of pulmonary
4
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irritants. Many respiratory irritants contribute to the development of
cancer. By interfering with ciliary activity and retarding the flow of
mucous in the bronchi, they enhance retention of carcinogenic particles in
the lungs, and in this way, encourage tumor formation.
2.2 NOISE
The past twenty years are characterized by the increased concern and
activity of citizens in environmental issues. Noise pollution is an issue
with which both individual citizens and community and environmental organiza-
tions have expressed discontent. Most research in this area of pollution has
been placed on the response of the individual to airport noise and has
focused primarily on the physical/acoustical dimensions of noise exposure.
It is well known that hearing damage can result from high noise and
from overexposure to sounds that are at a lower level than the average lawn-
mower. Sounds levels are usually measured in decibels. Ordinarily, speech
might register 60 decibels and sounds from a low flying aircraft may register
120 decibels or more. Hearing discomfort begins at about 95 decibels and
pain begins at approximately 140. Hearing damage may begin at a much lower
level and is a function of exposure.
Most existing technology can adequately monitor the noise pollution
resulting from different classes of small engines.
The most cost effective study for examining the impact of hearing loss
due to small engines is a retrospective study. This study would identify a
population of individuals who have known time of exposure to sounds from
certain types of small engines (professional lumberjacks, etc). These
individuals would be compared to a "control" group while controlling for
potential confounding variables.
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2.3 ESTIMATING NATIONAL HEALTH EFFECT
2.3.1 Overall Effect
The estimation of national health effects requires information on
several variables. The variables include:
-Distribution of Engines
-Total population of Engines
-Emission rates
-Usage (exposure) rates
These variables are largely unknown and impossible to determine. It
would be impossible to use gasoline sales or engine sales as crude proxy
measures. In the former case, fuel sales from small engines can not be
distinguished from fuel sales for automotive equipment. On the other hand,
engine sales do not reflect engine use nor do they reflect engine life.
One might try estimating some of these variables purely on a deductive
basis. This could be done by assuming a reasonable exposure time for the
"average" American (i.e., lawn mowing, wood sawing, etc.). An overall
effect could then be estimated provided that sufficient data on constituent
emissions and their health impact exists. This information would then be
combined with user population data to estimate a national health effect.
This kind of estimate is crude at best. One study applied such a method in
an example aimed at determining the annual exposure time of lawnmower users
applying the following assumptions:
1) Each residential lawn cover 10,000 square feet
2) To account for commercial usage (plants, schools, etc.) and
sharing among families, each mov/er cuts two lawn areas
3) Each mower cuts 15-inch swath after correcting for overlap
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4) Mower speed is 2 feet/second
5) Grass growing season is 80 days
6) Cutting interval during season is 10 days
It is readily seen that these assumptions, though reasonable, are
subject to a large amount of variability.
Ultimately, better estimates can be gotten by performing a stratified
random sampling procedure. The scope of the sample should be national and
stratification variables could include geographical location, commercial
versus non-commercial applications, season and engine characteristics among
other potential factors.
2.3.2 The Individual Effect
Section 2.1 examined a few of the known detrimental health effects that
particular emissions have on an individual. These effects are expected to
be a function of exposure time as well as the concentration of the various
components of mass emissions. Once threshold dosages of particular compounds
are identified, the "main" effects for that compound may be estimated by
appropriate modifications to the empirical model subsequently described.
For a particular source pollutant from a small engine, one could
approximate the dose that an operator receives by
.-T
D = RA C(t)dt
where R = Volumetric lung capacity.
A = The body retention rate.
C(t) = Concentration of emissions as a function time.
Under static conditions C(t) would remain constant so that the dosage could
be estimated by
D = RAC(tQ)T
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where C(t ) is the steady state concentration and T is the length of time
that the operation is exposed to the emission.
It should be noted that this model does not account for interactive
effects and is useful only as a first level estimate of individual dosage.
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SECTION 3
ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT
Since little is known about small engine emissions, one of the basic
objectives of the experiment will be to test these emissions to determine the
classes of substances that are known or suspected to have adverse health and
environmental effects. This can best be accomplished with a Level 1
assessment utilizing an EPA-developed phased approach.
3.1 THE PHASED APPROACH
The phased approach, as developed by the Process Measurements Branch
(PMB) of the Environmental Protection Agency, required three separate levels
of sampling and analytical effort. The first level, Level 1, utilized
quantitative sampling and analysis procedures that yield final analytical
results accurate to within a factor of 3 of the samples. Level 1 is designed
to (a) provide preliminary environmental assessment data, (b) identify
problem areas, and (c) formulate the data needed for the prioritization of
energy and industrial processes, streams within a process, components within
a process, components within a stream, and classes of materials for further
consideration in the overall assessment. The second sampling and analysis
effort, Level 2, is directed by Level 1 results and is designed to provide
additional information that will confirm and expand the information gathered
in Level 1. This information will be used to define control technology
needs, and may, in some cases, give the probable or exact cause of a given
problem. The third phase, Level 3, involves monitoring the specific problems
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identified in Level 2 to provide information for control device design and
development. For example, if a Level 1 test indicated that polycylic
organic material (POM) might be present in significant amounts and also
gave a positive mutagenicity test, Level 2 sampling and analysis would be
designed to determine the exact quantities of organic constituents, the
percentage of POM, and the identity of as many specific POM compounds present
as is economically possible. In addition, using the Level 1 data and any
available Level 2 results, the sample would be retested for cytotoxicity and
mutagenicity in order to confirm and expand the total bioassay information,
A test for carcinogenicity would also be run if the results of these test
were positive.
The phased approach offers potential benefits in terms of the quality of
information that is obtained for a given ,evel of effort and in terms of the
costs per unit of information. This approach has been investigated and
compared to the more traditional approaches and has been found to offer the
possibility of substantial savings in both time and funds required for
assessment.
3.1.1 Level 1 in a Phased Approach
The Level 1 sampling and analysis program is designed to produce a
comprehensive survey of emissions from any industry or energy-generating
facility that might be of environmental consequence. This survey shows,
within broad general limits, the absence or presence, the approximate
concentrations, and the emission rates of inorganic elements, selected
anions, and classes of organic compounds in gaseous, liquid, and solid
samples. Any particulate matter suspended in the effluent gases is analyzed
separately for chemical composition, for size, and for other physical
parameters that can be determined by microscopic examination. Selective
10
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biotesting is performed on samples to obtain information indicative of the
possible human health and ecological effects of the material. If it can be
proven that equivalent Level 1 data exist for all streams of interest, then
a Level 1 effort need not be conducted. If only partial data exists, then a
complete complement of Level 1 tests must be performed on all streams.
The area of analytical equipment is one of rapidly developing technology.
It is important to know what equipment is available and at what cost. It is
important that analytical equipment used during Level 1 assessment provide a
good approximation to the true levels of the compounds being sampled. It is
expected that IERL/RTP or the contractor who actually performs the experiment
has analytical equipment which is suitable for Level 1 assessment. One of
the tasks of the contract under which this report was written was to review
and compile some of the more cost-effective analytical equipment. Table 1
depicts the elements of a taxonomy of desirable information characteristics
for selecting some of this equipment assuming that no purchases have yet
been made. Appendix B contains a representative compilation of some of this
equipment.
11
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Taxonomic Dimension
Sampling
Elements
Method
Volume
Maximum Temperature Input
Collection Efficiency
Performance
Accuracy
Reproducibility
Linearity
Noise
Lag Time
Retention Time
Fall Time
Zero Time
Span Drift
Operation
Ambient Temperature Range
Temperature Compensation
Relative Humidity Range
Procedure
Unattended Period
Maintenance
Requirements
Power
Weight
Dimensions
Features
Output
Training for Operation
Cost
Table 1. Information gathering form for analytical Equipment.
12
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SECTION 4
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM DESIGN
In selecting an experimental system, sampling should be designed to
ensure that the emissions obtained are representative of those encountered
under normal operating conditions. This task is nearly impossible for small
internal combustion engines. Large variability among usage patterns and
conditions account for this difficulty. Some of these high variability
variables include exposure time, proximity of operator to engine and meteoro-
logical conditions. These factors need not be a major concern during initial
assessment since their impact may be evaluated by modeling. The primary
concern during initial assessment is obtaining sufficient amounts of the
various pollutants to adequately characterize the stream. This requires mak-
ing meaningful measurements. The following list of general criteria should
be considered when setting up the experimental system:
A. The nature of the emissions should be classified according to
whether they are gases, liquids, particles, or some
combination of the three.
B. Efforts should be made to ensure that the emission can be
measured separately from other sources of emission.
C. Procedures should be implemented to ensure that sampling does
not significantly alter the process.
D. Possible reactive effects between different emissions should
be considered.
13
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E. Transport air should be controlled so that emission concentration
is maintained at a measurable level.
4.1 SAMPLE ACQUISITION
Stationary source particulate matter sampling and analysis have been
restricted to streams of high mass loading until recently, because the flow
rates through sampling equipment had not been high enough to collect an
adequate amoung of material in a reasonable length of time.
Because of this restriction, the development and application of control
technology, which requires effluent information on four particulate size
ranges, has been hampered. It has also limited health effects studies, which
require information on the distribution and composition of respirable and
nonrespirable particulate size classes, the presence of volatile organic
compounds, and the presence of trace elements to be complete. To correct
this situation, EPA(IERL-RTP) has developed and specified the use of the
Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS)* for the collection of particulate
samples and volatile matter from ducted emissions (Figure 1).
The SASS train consists of a stainless steel probe that connects to
three cyclones and a filter in an oven module, a gas treatment section, and
an impinger series. Size fractionation is accomplished in the cyclone
portion of the SASS train, which incorporates the three cyclones in series to
provide large collection capacities for particulate matter nominally size-
classified into three ranges: (a) >10 ym, (b) 3 ym to 10 yin, and (c) 1 ym to
3 ym . By means of a standard 142-mm filter, a fourth cut, >1 ym, is also
obtained. The gas treatment system follovs the oven unit and is composed of
four primary components: the gas cooler, the sorbent trap, the aqueous
condensate collector, and a temperature controller. Volatile organic
14
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en
CONVECTION
OVEN
ISOLATION
BALL VALVE
FILTER
GAS COOLER
SS PROBE * | \-
S-TYPE PITOT
DRY GAS METER/ORIFICE METER
IMP/COOLER
TRACE ELEMENT
COLLECTOR
CENTRALIZED TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE READOUT
CONTROL MODULE
SORBENT
CARTRIDGE
CONDENSATE
COLLECTOR
TWO 1Oft3/min VACUUM PUMPS
'Figure 1. Source Assessment Sampling Train Schematic."
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material is collected in a cartridge or " ;rap" containing a sorbent, which is
designated to be XAD-2, a microreticular resin with the capability of absorb-
ing a broad range of organic species. Volatile inorganic elements are
collected in a series of impingers that follow the condenser and sorbent
system. The last impinger in the series contains silica gel for moisture
removal. Trapping of some inorganic species also may occur in the sorbent
module. The pumping capacity is supplied by two 10-ft /min, high-volume
vacuum pumps, while required pressure, temperature, power, and flow condi-
tions are regulated through a main controller. At least 60 A of power at 110
V is needed for operating the sampling equipment.
4.2 SAMPLING SYSTEM DESIGN
The Quasi-stack method is recommended as a means of ducting total engine
emissions to the SASS train. The Quasi-stack Measurement System consists of
an enclosure to capture the emission at the source, an exhaust duct or stack
in which the emissions are measured, and a blower or fan that directs the
emissions through the measurement duct. This method has been widely used for
measuring industrial sources of fugitive emissions. The methods can be used
with small engine emissions since the basic methodological requirement is
that emissions are isolable and capable of being enclosed. Figure 2 shows a
typical system.
4.2.1 Hood Requirements
Care must be taken to provide sufficient capture velocity at the hood
opening. This area may be computed from the relationship.
Q = VA,
where Q = air volume flow rate, cubic feet per minute
V = air velocity, feet per minute
A = hood face area, square feet (Figure 2)
16
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Exhaust
f
(
-^ »MJ mm. ^\
\
d -!
1
Air flow
pitot
-
1
Part
p« ja mm. »•
Measurement
duct
icle
•
^
Gas
sampler ^
a
>*-
1
Jypa«
ir
Control
valve
15
Blow
/er
Source
"Figure 2. Typical Survey Sampling System."
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In order to effectively measure the velocity, temperature and pressure
of the flowing stream to determine the total flow rate and to provide the
most efficient sample flows, flow in the measurement duct should be in the
turbulent range with a Reynold's number of 2 x 10 for a typical smoothwalled
duct. The Reynolds number for air is roughly calculated as
Re = 110 cV
where Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
d = duct diameter, feet
V = air velocity, feet per minute
Since V = Q/A
2
and A = -rrd /4
by substitution, Re = 140(Q/d)
. . 140 _ 140 e
ana a " Re~ " 2 x 10b " 0.0007Q
The blower of fan used to provide the required air flow rate should, in
general, be selected to provide about twice the calculated rate to allow for
adjustments for inaccuracies in estimates or assumptions. The actual flow
rate may be controlled by providing a variable bypass air duct downstream of
the measurement duct. Actual system layouts will, of course, be governed by
space requirements at the source site. The minimum straight duct runs of
3 duct diameters upstream and downstream of the measurement and sampling
ports must be provided to ensure that the sampled flow reaches and remains
in fully developed turbulent flow with a uniform velocity profile.
18
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SECTION 5
STATISTICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In evaluating the results of any experiment, the inferences that can be
made are dependent upon the nature of the data. It is quite possible to
sustain tremendous experimental costs while obtaining data from which no
inferences can be made. Quite often researchers are forced to choose among
several methodological alternatives. When using a factorial experiment, a
full factorial design is often the methodological choice. In the case of an
experimental design for small engine emissions, one has four factors to
consider. Given the proposed level of these factors, a full factorial model
would require the total number of runs to be:
3 (Carburetor settings) x 3 (Models) x 2 (RPM) x 2 (Age) x 3 (Engines) =
108 Test runs
This number of runs is obviously costly and unreasonable. The following
sections will present alternate designs based on the following
recommendations:
A) Initial attention should be given to 3 to 4 horsepower four
cycle engines since they represent the most popular size in
use.
B) Minimize the number of runs to be performed on the more
expensive classes of emissions such as particulate phase
polynuclear aromatic (PNA) and vapor phase PNA.
C) Perform replicate runs under "typical conditions" for the
class of emissions that are relatively inexpensive to perform.
19
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Two plausible models will be present for each class of emissions. One
model utilizes the split-plot design and is a true "experimental design."
The second model utilizes a linear model using weighted least squares.
5.1 THE SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN
The split-plot design can be used to obtain information about measures
of emissions while reducing the number of runs by the incorporation of com-
binations of two factors. These factors are divided into "whole plots" and
"subplots." These two factors may be depicted as Factor One ("whole plot" or
block effects) and Factor Two ("subplot" or treatment effects) which contain
I levels and J levels respectively. An important point here is that both
factors may actually be made up of a combination of other factors (i.e.,
I = Ia Ib). As an example, using the factors in the small engine experiment,
Factor One may consist of I = I I. = 6 combinations where r = 3 (levels of
a o a
carburetion settings) and I. = 2 (levels of engine age). In this case,
Factor One makes up the whole plot design. In this example, carburetor
settings may be randomized among engines of different age. Factor two, the
subplot factor would be divided similarly with J = Ja Ju = 6 being determined
by 3 levels of mode randomized over two levels of RPM. Assuming no signif-
icant interaction between age and the other factors, the blocks defined by
mode and RPM form a (Table 2) 2 x 3 factorial. The combination of Factor
One and Factor Two then give rise to the 36 treatment combinations of emis-
sions depicted in Table 3. The configuration assumes that tests will be
conducted using six engines.
5.1.1 Analysis Model
Let Yijklm = " + 6i + *J + Ek + Yl + Wjk + <0Y>jl + kl
+Eijkl
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TABLE 2
Subplot Formulation as a 2 X3 Factorial
MODE
100% 50% 0%
RPM
2600
3600
A
B
C
D
E
F
TABLE 3
Emission of SIC Engines by Block (Mode xRPM) and Treatment (CS xAge)
^"^^v^Factor 1
Factor 2"*^^^
Mode: 100%
RPM: 2600
Mode: 100%
RPM: 3600
Mode : 50%
RPM: 2600
Mode : 50%
RPM: 3600
Mode : 0%
RPM: 2600
Mode : 0%
RPM: 3600
MR
1 2
EA1 EA2
EB1 EB2
EC1 EC2
ED1 ED2
F* F*
LE1 LE2
E* E*
tR Lp2
FR
3 4
EA3 EA4
EB3 EB4
EC3 EC4
ED3 ED4
E* E*
LE3 LE4
E* E*
bF3 LF4
F6
5 6
EA5 EA6
EB5 EB6
EC5 EC6
ED5 ED6
E* E*
LE5 hE6
E* E*
tF5 LF6
NOTES:
(1) E.. where 1 =A, B.C. D,E, F and j =1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 are the
' J
mean emissions for cell ij.
(2) Cells containing * are quite atypical and would be omitted for
the more expensive runs.
21
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be the M-th observation (replicate at the 1-th level of RPM for the k-th
level of the mode, j-th level carburetor setting, i-th level of engine age.
The parameters of the model are defined as follows:
6. = Engine age effect
0. = Carburetor setting effect
J
E. = Mode effect
Y1 = RPM effect
(0E)-k = Carburetor setting - mode interaction
(0Y)., = Carburetor setting - RPM interaction
(Ev) = Mode - RPM interaction
(0EY)--k= Carburetor setting - mode - RPM interaction
This model may be simplified when considering only the whole plot effect and
the subplot effects. The model then becomes;
Yijk=^ai + ej + <<*>1j-+B1k + E1Jkl (Model2>
which represents the 1-th subplot at the j-th level of Factor Two ($..) within
the k-th block (whole plot) of the i-th level of Factor One (a^. It is
important to note that Factor Two is a combination of two factors (i.e.,
according to some specified randomized design scheme. Here it is assumed
that treatment effect (Factor Two) are fixed and block effects (Factor One)
are random. The estimates obtained are:
E[B.k: = 0
v:Bik: = o
22
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The estimates of the interactive and the fixed effects are obtained by ANOVA
procedures. Tables 4 and 5 provide the appropriate ANOVA tables for the two
models.
5.2 ALTERNATE EXPERIMENT USING LINEAR MODELS
Tables 6 and 7 depict alternate experiments which may be conducted using
six engines for the "inexpensive" runs and four engines for the "expensive"
runs respectively. Both of these experiments are examples of "Incomplete
Block" designs and are most easily analyzed using a general linear models
approach. One important assumption in the use of this model is that the
combined effects of the independent variables (factors) are additive. This
assumption seems fairly reasonable. Subsequent sections describe the model
and some elementary matrix procedures which may be employed in estimation and
hypothesis testing.
5.2.1 Notations
The general linear model is defined as:
Y = X3 + e
where X is an nxp matrix of rank p
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TABLE 4
ANOVA TABLE FOR MODEL I
SOURCE DF EMS
WHOLE PLOT
? 9
Age 1 a[
CS 2 o!
2 2
Whole plot error 2 a£ + 6a~
SUBPLOT
... o Z , 1 2 r 2
Mode 2 aE ~2~ ^ek
RPM 1 aE + T ^2
Mode * RPM 2 a +
CS*RPM 2 a|+|
Mode * CS 4 a +
Mode * CS * RPM 4 a\ + |
Subplot error
24
-------
TABLE 5
ANOVA TABLE FOR MODEL II
SOURCE DF EMS
WHOLE PLOT ANALYSIS 5
(Between blocks)
2 2
Factor one 2 a^ +6aB +
2 °
Whole plot error 3 a£
SUBPLOT ANALYSIS 30
2
Factor two 5 a£ +
Factor one -Factor two 10 ~
Interaction a.. +
Subplot error 15 a_
Where, DF = Degrees of Freedom
EMS = Expected Mean Square
E TO
2
25
-------
BLE 6
TEST MATRIX FOR INEXPENSIVE EXPERIMENTS
ro
Tpst
Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Engine 1
rpm
2600
2600
2600
3ouu
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
Mode
0
50
100
0
0
50
50
100
100
CS
FL
FR
MR
MR
FR
FL
MR
FL
FR
age =
= 0 years
Engine 2
rpm
2600
2600
2600
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
Mode
0
50
100
0
0
50
50
100
100
CS
MR
FL
FR
TL
FR
MR
FR
FL
MR
Engine 3
rpm
2600
2600
2600
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
3600
Mode CS
Engine 4 Engine 5 Engine 6
0 FR same test same test same test
50 MR runs as run as run as
100 FL Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 3
0 FL
0 MR
KQ FL
en CD
100 MR
100 FR
-------
TABLE 7
TEST MATRIX FOR EXPENSIVE EXPERIMENTS
ro
age = 0 years
Test
Run
Engine 1
rpm
Mode a)
CS
Engine 2
rpm
?fede a)
CS
age = 5 years
Engine 3
Engine 4
1
2
3
4
2600
2600
3600
3600
50
100
50
100
MR
FR
FR
MR
2600
2600
3600
3600
50
100
50
100
FR
MR
MR
FR
same test
runs as
Engine 1
same test
run as
Engine 2
-------
v II if carburetor setting = MR
2 [
0 otherwise
Y _Jl if mode = 50%
3 ~\
10 otherwise
1 if mode = 100%
0 otherwise
Jl if RPM = 3600
C
~D (0 otherwise
[1 if AGE - 5 years
~6 10 otherwise
Thus each cell depicted in Tables 6 and 7 denotes an "observation"
of some compound. In a strict sense, the X's represent those combination of
factors which resulted in the observation of a compound and a corresponding
level Y. Thus, the matrix X will have the form:
X ~l_'» *M » Xo, 3J 4} 5* 6-J
This is a "main effects" model and does not include any terms for interaction.
Interaction terms may be created by simply multiplying the row elements of
the factors of interest. As an example, an RPM—Age interaction is denoted
by Xc Xfi and if found by creating a new column whose rows reflect the
*vD -s»O
product of the corresponding rows of X5 and Xg.
28
-------
5.2.2 Estimation of Parameters
The unknown parameters 6 and e are estimated by the following matrix
relationships:
e = (x xrVv
S = Y'£I -/(X'XrV Y/(n-p)
Let C be a given axp matrix of rank a
-------
SECTION 6
SUMMARY
This report is written in a manner that will allow for methodological
alternatives during the actual implementation. This will allow the implemen-
tation to be based on the goal of optimizing the study in terms of desirable
criteria. These criteria may vary depending on numerous factors. An example
of a highly possible criteria is cost-effectiveness. This criteria may
govern the selection of certain analytical equipment. As an example, in
instances where there is no appreciable gain in performance, it is always
most cost-effective to utilize equipment that is already on hand. For this
reason, the report reflects some of the desirable characteristics of certain
components of the experimental systems without making formal references to
specific manufactures or their line products.
The theme of flexible alternatives is carried over to the statistical
design. Two designs are presented. One statistical model is a "classical"
experimental design while the other is a linear models approach which readily
accommodates multiple replications.
Current small engine population data is sparse. Getting this information
for the estimate of national impact should be done by a carefully planned
statistical sample.
This report is the end-product of efforts to formulate a basic research
strategy to study emissions from small internal combustion engines. This
work was performed under EPA Contract No. 68-02-3113.
30
-------
REFERENCES
1. Adams, J. Selection and Evaluation of Sorbent Resins for the Collection
of Organic Compounds. EPA-600/7-77-044, April 1977.
2. Bowen, Joshua S., Hall, Robert E. Proceedings of the Third Stationary
Source Combustion Symposium; Vol. I Utility, Industrial, Commercial, and
Residential Systems. EPA-600/7-70-050a, February 1979.
3. Bowen, Joshua S., Hall, Robert E. Proceedings of the Third Stationary
Source Combustion Symposium; Vol. II Advanced Processes and Special
Topics. EPA-600/7-79-050b, February 1979.
4. Bowen, Joshua S., Hall, Robert E. Proceedings of the Third Stationary
Source Combustion Symposium; Vol. Ill Stationary Engine and Industrial
Process Combustion Systems. EPA-600/7-79-050c, February 1979.
5. Bowen, Joshua S., Hall, Robert E. Proceedings of the Third Stationary
Source Combustion Symposium; Vol. IV Fundamental Combustion Research and
Environmental Assessment. EPA-600/7-79-050d, February 1979.
6. Gushing, K. M., et al. Particulate Sampling Support: 1977 Annual Report.
EPA-600/7-78-009, January 1978.
7. Dorsey, S. A., Johnson, L. D. Environmental Assessment and Sampling:
Phased Approach and Techniques for Level 1. EPA-600/2-77-115, June 1977.
8. Duke, K. M., et al. IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1 Environmental
Assessment Biological Tests for Pilot Studies. EPA-600/7-77-043, April
1977.
9. Gallant, R. F., et al. Characterization of Sorbent Resins for Use in
Environmental Sampling. March 1978.
10. Hamersma, S. L., et al. IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1 Environ-
mental Assessment. EPA-600/2-76-160a, June 1976. .
11. Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 2,
Outboard Motors. APTD-1491, January 1973.
12. Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 4,
Small Air-Cooled Spark Ignition Utility Engines. APTD-1493, May 1973.
31
-------
13. Jaye, Fredrick C. Monitoring Instrumentation for the Measurement of
Sulfur Dioxide In Stationary Source Emissions. EPA-R2-73-163, February
1973.
14. Kalika, P. W., et al. Development of Procedures for the Measurement of
Fugitive Emissions. EPA-600/2/76-284, December 1976.
15. Kolnsberg, H.J. Technical Manual for the Measurement of Fugitive
Emissions: Quasi-Stack Sampling Method for Industrial Fugitive Emissions,
May 1976.
16. Lentzen, D. E., Estes, E. D., Gutknecht, W. F. IERL-RTP Procedures
Manual: Level 1 Environmental Assessment, 2nd edition. EPA-600/7-78-201
October 1978.
17. Lilienfeld, Pedro et al. Design, Development, and Demonstration of a
Fine Particulate Measuring Device. EPA-600/2-77-077, April 1977.
18. McAlevy, Robert F. Ill, Cole, Richard B. Nitric-Oxide Measurement in a
Simulated Spark-Ignition Engine. APTD-1498, January 1973.
19. Smith, E. M., Little, Arthur D. Sensitized Fluorescence for the
Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. September 1978.
20. Springer, George. Engine Emissions, Chapter 1, "Engine Exhaust
Emission."
32
-------
APPENDIX A-l
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
SOURCE:
A Study of Emissions From 1966 - 1972 Light Duty Vehicles in Los Angeles and
St. Louis, Prepared by Automotive Environmental Systems, Inc., August 1973
DESCRIPTION:
A comprehensive study of exhaust and evaporative emissions from light duty
vehicles was performed in Los Angeles, California; and St. Louis, Missouri, to
determine the contribution to atmospheric pollution by 1966 through 1972 model
year vehicles. This study was part of a total effort to measure the emissions
from light duty vehicles in six cities. Automotive Environmental Systems, Inc.,
under contract to the EPA, performed exhaust emissions tests on 170 vehicles
in Los Angeles, California; and St. Louis, Missouri, and evaporative emissions
tests on twenty 1972 model year vehicles in Los Angeles, California.
MEASUREMENT:
The emissions tests determined the levels of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen exhaust emissions as well as hydrocarbon
evaporative emissions.
A-l
-------
SOURCE:
Dorsey, James A. et al, Environmental Assessment Sampling and Analysis:
Phased Approach and Techniques for Level 1, June 1977.
DESCRIPTION:
A sampling and analytical approach has been developed for conducting environmental
source assessments of the feed, product, and waste streams associated with
industrial and energy processes.
This document presents an overview of: the historical development of the
strategy, the concepts employed, the measurement techniques applied, and the
costs of program implementation.
Components of an environmental source assessment program:
1. A systematic evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of all streams associated with a process;
2. Predictions of the probable effects of those streams on the
environment;
3. Prioritization of those streams relative to their individual
hazard potential, and
4. Identification of any necessary control technology programs.
Ultimate goals of environmental source assessment:
1. To ensure that the streams from a given processing scheme will
be environmentally acceptable, or
2. Ensure that adequate control technology either exists or can be
developed.
Information effective strategies:
Two clearly distinct strategies which would satisfy the requirements for
A-2
-------
comprehensive information are the direct and phased approaches. In a direct
approach, all streams would be carefully sampled and the samples subjected to
complete detailed analysis for all detectable components at an overall accuracy
of 50 percent. In a phased approach, all streams would first be surveyed using
simplified, generalized sampling and analytical methods which would permit their
ranking on a priority basis (Level 1) i.e., very hazardous streams would be
distinguished from those less hazardous or relatively innocuous in nature.
Detailed sampling analysis (Level 2) would then be applied first to streams
ranked in the highest priority by the Level 1 survey, and other streams would
be addressed in descending order to potential hazard. Another phase, initiated
after consideration of Level 1 and 2 results, would involve the continuous
monitoring of "key" indicator materials to evaluate long-term process variability
(Level 3).
Cost-effectiveness--Direci and Phase Approaches:
Studies were conducted by the staff of the process measurements branch of EPA's
IERL-RTP with the objective of comparing the costs of direct and phased (elim-
inating low priority streams) sampling and analysis approach. In both cases
studied, the phased approach was found to be more cost-effective than the direct
approach.
Sampling Programs in a Phased Approach:
The most cost-effective approach clearly is one in which detailed sampling is
performed only on those streams demonstrated to be potentially hazardous. It
is not sound practice to attempt to define a detailed sampling program until:
1. The general characteristics of the stream in question have
been evaluated.
2. The nature of any unfavorable sampling system/sample interactions
A-3
-------
has been considered (e.g., chemical reaction, volatility loss).
MEASUREMENT:
Level (1) Analysis
Level (1) sampling provides a single set of samples acquired to represent
the average composition of each stream. This sample set is separated into
solid, liquid, and gas-phase components. Each fraction is evaluated with
survey techniques which define its basic physical, chemical, biological
characteristics.
In Level (1), the analytical techniques and instrumentation have been kept
as simple as possible to provide an effective level of information at
minimum cost. Physical analysis of solid samples is incorporated into
Level (1) because the size and shape of the particles have a major effect
on their behavior in process streams, control equipment, atmospheric
dispersion, and the respiratory system. Some materials have characteristic
physical forms which can aid in their identification.
Chemical analyses to determine the types of substances present are
incorporated to provide information for predicting: control approaches,
atmospherical dispersion/transformation, and potential toxicity of the
stream. Biological assay techniques are incorporated as a measure of the
potential toxicity.
Level (2) Analysis
Level (2) analyses must positively identify the materials in sources which
have already been defined as causing adverse environmental effects. These
are the most critical of all three levels. Each sample in Level (2) assess-
ing will require the analyst to select appropriate techniques based on the
A-4
-------
information developed in Level (1) and the information requirements of
the assessments.
Level (3) Analysis
The analytical procedures for Level (3) are specified to the stream
components being monitored, and it is ;;ot possible to define the exact
form they may take. These analyses are oriented toward the time variation
in the concentrations of key indicator materials. Both manual and instru-
mental techniques may be used, providing they can be implemented at the
process site. At Level (3), continuous monitors for selected pollutants
should be incorporated in the analysis program as an aid in interpreting
the data acquired through manual techniques.
METHODOLOGY:
Level (1) Methodology and Components
Level (1), the principal subject of this section, is structured to produce
a cost-effective information base for prioritization of streams and for
planning any subsequent programs. It seeks to provide input data to
support evaluation of the following questions:
-- Do streams leaving the processing unit have a finite probability of
exceeding existing or future air, water, or solid waste standards
or criteria?
-- Do any of the streams leaving the processing unit contain any classes
of substances that are known or suspected to have adverse environmental
effects?
-- Into what general categories (classes) do these adverse substances
fall?
-- What are the most probable sources of these substances?
A-5
-------
-- Based on the adverse effects and mass output rates, what is the
priority ranking of streams?
-- For streams exhibiting potential environmental effects, what is the
basic direction that control strategies are likely to follow?
The Level (1) measurement program provides information on the physical
characteristics, chemical composition, and biological effects of a given
stream.
A-6
-------
SOURCE:
Duke, K. M., et al, IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1 Environmental
Assessment Biological Tests for Pilot Studies, April 1977.
DESCRIPTION:
This manual focuses on the Level 1 sampling and bioassy effort of the three
phased approach to performing an environmental source assessment — the testing
of feed and waste streams associated with industrial processes in order to
define control technology need. Each phase involves distinctly different sampl-
ing and analytical activities.
The three phased sampling and analytical strategy was developed to focus available
resources (both manpower and dollars) on emissions which have a high potential
for causing measurable health or ecological effects, and to provide chemical and
biological information on all sources of industrial emissions.
The Level 1 sampling and analysis goal is to identify the pollution potential
of a source. Level 1 has at its most important function the selection, in order
of relative toxicity, of specific streams and components for the Level 2 effort.
The manual presents the strategy of the phased approach. It also presents the
basic sampling procedures and the Level 1 protocol for the biological tests
used to analyze the samples. It briefly discusses possible bioassay procedures
for Level 2 and 3.
A-7
-------
SOURCE:
Jay, Frederic C., Monitoring Instrumentation for the Measurement of Sulfur
Dioxide in Stationary Source Emissions, February 1973.
DESCRIPTION:
Substances:
Experiments:
Conclusions:
Experiments:
The S02 stack gas monitoring instrumentation is comprised of
a sampling system, including any necessary sample condition-
ing equipment, and a measuring system including an analyzer
and recorder. The system is to be used to continuously
determine quantitatively the concentration of S02 gas in exit
gas from stationary power plants using fossil fuels.
Five nondispersive infrared (NIDR) SOp monitors were studied.
The units considered were: 1) Leeds and Northrop - IR gas
analyzer, 2) Bendix Unor, 3) Intertech Uras, 4) Beckman Model
315A, 5) MSA - Lira Model 300. All units used as their
principle means of detecting SOg the selective absorption of
infrared radiation by SOp molecules, and consisted of an IR
source, a chopper, a sample chamber, a reference chamber,
and a detector unit.
All the instruments studies were only conditionally suitable
for use as continuous monitors since all suffered interference
from particulate matter, water vapor and vibration.
It was concluded that the proper ranking of the instruments
could only be done after the instruments had been subjected to
laboratory tests to measure their performance.
Commercially available SO^ analyzers based on the use of
electrochemical principles were evaluated for use in
continuous monitoring S02 in stack gases. The evaluation
A-8
-------
included a review of: basic electrochemical principles
involved, theoretical and practical limitations, possible
interference from other stack gas constituents, operating
procedures, maintainability, and physical construction.
The instruments were of three types: conductimetric,
coulometric, and "fuel cell."
Conclusions: Conductimetric instruments measure the change in conductivity
of a solution resulting from the addition of S(L. Instuments
found to be capable of monitoring SCL in stack gases were:
Mikrogas - MSK - SO,, - El by Calibrated Instruments Model 70
Stack Monitoring System by Scientific Industries.
Coulometric instruments are based on the principle of coulo-
metric titration where electrogenerated halogen (bromine or
iodine) serves as the titrant. Instruments recommended for
possible use in stack-gas monitoring are: Model 286/ or 400
by ITT Barton, Diffusion Stack Monitor Model 906A by Beckman
Instruments.
The "fuel cell" - type instruments are based on a completely
sealed sensor functioning as an electrochemical transducer.
Some of the drawbacks of this type of instrument are:
1) Membrane is not highly specific to SO,, (NO,, is a major
interfering species); and 2) Membrane surface must be kept
free of condensate and particulates. Only the basis of data
from the field test program, the following equipment is
recommended for use in SO^ control technology development
programs:
a. Calibrated Instruments Co. Model MSK-S02-E1
A-9
-------
conductometric SOp analyzer installed according to
schematic 521-S1/2.
b. DuPont model 460 untraviolet SCL analyzer when
calibration gas standards are used instead of the
optical calibration filter for calibration purposes.
c. Intertech model URAS-2 non-dispersive infrared S(L
analyzer when used with model 7651 probe and filter,
model 7865 auto zero and calibration units. The CMR
5869 unit shall be set at 8 hour intervals.
These recommendations are made on the basis of:
a. Proven reliability and performance.
b. The availability of the unit as a complete system.
The conclusions from interpretation of the data concerning
the definition of the state-of-the-art in S02 monitoring are:
a. There is equipment available which is adequate for
the monitoring purpose required by the New Source
Performance Standards of December 23, 1971.
b. The equipment which does operate properly is that
which is available as a complete system consisting
of probe, particulate filtration, sample conditioning
and analyzer equipment.
c. No particular measurement technique is superior to
all others.
d. A major operational problem encountered with most of
the units was the variance of instability of the
"zero" setting.
A-10
-------
SOURCE:
Ballant, R. R. et al, Characterization of Sorbent Resins for use in
Environmental Sampling, March 1978.
DESCRIPTION:
This technical report has information pertaining to the use of chromatographic
techniques to characterize resins which are used to trap vapors in environmental
sampling schemes. Two chromatographic techniques are described, frontal and
elution analysis.
Three diverse adsorbate groups, consisting of eight distinct chemical classes,
were studied as potential pollutants.
Sorbent modules are frequently employed as one of a number of collection devices
or stages in a multi-purpose sampling device, such as the EPA-SASS train. The
SASS train sorbent trap is primarily designed to capture organic species that
have sufficient volatility to pass through particulate filters upstream from
the sorbent bed.
One of the more common methods of characterizing absorbents is the use of gas
chromatography. Characteristics data may be obtained by both elution analysis
methods. The elution method introduced a small quantity of sorbate to the
sorbent in a short time. In the frontal method the sorbent is continuously
challenged with a steady state concentration sorbate.
The data presented in this report support the use of chromatographic elution
data to characterize breakthrough and sorption capacity of sorbent cartridges
containing synthetic resins.
A-ll
-------
SOURCE:
Hamersma, S. L., et al, IERL-RTP, Procedures Manual: Level 1 Environmental
Assessment, June 1976.
DESCRIPTION:
This manual describes a set of sampling and analytical procedures compatible with
the information requirements of a comprehensive Level 1 environmental assessment.
The phased sampling and analytical strategy was developed to focus available
resources (manpower and dollars) on emissions which have a high potential for
causing measurable or ecological effects, and to provide comprehensive chemical
and biological information on all sources of industrial emissions.
The phased approach requires three separate levels of sampling and analytical
effort. The first level utilized quantitative sampling and analysis procedures
accurate within a factor of 2 to 3 and: 1) provides preliminary environmental
assessment data, 2) identifies problem areas, and 3) formulates the data needed
for the prioritization of energy and industrial processes, streams within a
process, components within a stream, and classes of materials for further
consideration in the overall assessment.
The manual is divided into two major sections: sampling procedures and
analytical procedures. The sampling section is divided into five chapters:
fugitive emissions, gases, aerosols, liquids, (including slurries), and solids.
The analytical section is divided into three chapters: inorganic, organic and
bioassays.
A-12
-------
SOURCE:
Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J., Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 4
Small Air-Cooled Spark Ignition Utility Engines, APTD-1493, May 1972.
DESCRIPTION:
This document is Part 4 of the Final Report on Exhaust Emissions of
Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines.
Exhaust emissions from five gasoline-fueled, air-cooled utility engines were
measured using two types of steady-state procedures, measurements were taken
during transient operation.
The study includes test data, documentation, and discussion on detailed emissions
characterization of five engines (one 2-strokes and four 4-stroke), as well as
estimated emission factors and national emissions impact.
MEASUREMENT:
The exhaust products measured during the emissions tests included:
1. Total hydrocarbons by FIA
2. Hydrocarbons, CO, C02 and NO by NDIR
3. 02 by electrochemical analysis
4. Light hydrocarbons by gas chromatograph
5. Total aliphatic aldehydes (RCHO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) by the MBTH
and chromotropic acid method, respectively.
A-13
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SOURCE:
Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J., Exhaust from Uncontrolled Vehicles and
Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 7-Snowmobiles,
April 1974.
DESCRIPTION:
This is part 7 of the Final Report on Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines.
Exhaust emissions from four snowmobile engines were measured using steady-state
"mapping" procedures, employing 29 combinations of speed and load for each
engine.
The engines tested were an Artie 440, a Polaris 335, a Rotax 248, and an OMC
528 rotary. The first three engines listed are all 2-stroke vertical twins
with blower cooling, and the last engine is a blower-(and charge-) cooled rotary
combustion (Wankel) engine.
MEASUREMENT:
The gaseous exhaust constituents measured on a continuous basis during all the
test modes included:
1. Total hydrocarbons by FIA:
2. CO, C02, NO, and HC by NDIR;
3. NO and NO by chemiluminescence;
/\
4. Op by electrochemical analysis
A-14
-------
SOURCE:
Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles
and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 5 Heavy-Duty
Farm, Construction, and Industrial Engines, October 1973.
DESCRIPTION:
This report is Part 5 of the Final Report on Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines. The engine
categories covered in this report are heavy-duty gasoline and diesel engines
used in farm, construction, and industrial applications. Exhaust emissions from
twelve engines were measured, including eight diesels and four gasoline engines.
The program of research on which this report is based was initiated by the EPA
to (1) characterize emissions from a broad range of internal combustion engines
in order to accurately set priorities for future control as required, and
(2) aid in the development of more inclusive national and regional air pollution
'»
inventories.
MEASUREMENT:
The emissions to be measured for all the engines included:
1. Hydrocarbons by FIA;
2. CO, C02 and NO by NDIR;
3. NO and NO by chemiluminescence;
/\
4. 02 by electrochemical analysis-
5. Light hydrocarbons by gas chromatograph;
6. Aldehydes by wet chemistry;
7. Particulate by gravimetric analysis. In addition, hydrocarbons were
to be measured by NDIR for gasoline engines, and smoke by the PHS
full-time smoke-meter for diesel engines.
A-15
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SOURCE:
Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J., Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 6-
Gas Turbine Electric Utility Power Plants.
DESCRIPTION:
This document is Part 6 of the Final Report on Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines. In contrast
to the other phase of the subject contract, no measurements of emissions from
the source under consideration (Gas Turbine Electric Utility Powerplants) were
taken as part of the research project. The reasons for this departure were
that information on gas turbine emissions available in the literature was deemed
sufficient (at least on the major emissions) and that the small test effort
possible within the scope of the contract would hardly add anything worthwhile
to that body of knowledge.
MEASUREMENT:
Emissions data include, NO, N02> and N0x measured by a variety of techniques;
a less substantial amount of CO and hydrocarbon data; either CO,, or 02
(occasionally both) for a given test; and scattered information on SO
J\
particulate, visible smoke, and less important pollutants.
A-16
-------
SOURCE:
Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J., Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 3-
Motorcycle, March 1973.
DESCRIPTION:
This report is Part 3 of the Final Report on Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines. Exhaust
emissions from seven motorcycles were measured using three separate procedures
for each bike. Though motorcycles are currently exempt from Federal emissions
regulations, two of the procedures used for testing were based on those specified
in federal law for automobiles.
MEASUREMENT:
The first procedure used for the motorcycle tests was the Federal "7-mode" direct
sampling procedure (applicable to 1970 and 1971 model year light duty vehicles),
modified when necessary. The exhaust components measured for the 7-mode tests
included hydrocarbons, CO, C02> and NO, all by NDIR.
The Federal "LA-4" bag sampling procedure was also used to test the motorcycles;
this procedure was modified as necessary. Currently it specifies measurement
of the following:
1. Hydrocarbons by FIA
2. CO and C02 by NDIR
3. NO and NO by chemiluminescence
/\
The final procedure was a series of steady-state conditions designed to cover
the range of operating conditions experienced by each motorcycle. Exhaust
products measured during this procedure included:
A-17
-------
1. Total hydrocarbons by FIA;
2. Light hydrocarbons by gas chromatograph (2 of the 7 machines only);
3. Hydrocarbons, (2 of the 7 machines only);
4. CO, C02, and NO by NDIR;
5. NO and NO by chemiluminescence;
/\
6. Op by electrochemical analysis;
7. Total aliphatic aldehydes (RCHO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) by the MBTH
and chromotropic acid method, respectively;
8. Particulate by an experimental dilution type sampling device;
9. Exhaust smoke (2-stroke machines only) using PHS full-flow smoke meter
A-18
-------
SOURCE:
Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J., Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 2-
Qutboard Motors, APTD-1491, January 1973.
DESCRIPTION:
This report is Part 2 of the Final Report on Exhaust Emissions of Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines. The study
includes documentation and discussion on characterization of exhaust emissions
from four water-cooled 2-stroke outboard motors (Section III and IV), and
estimation of emission factors and national impact (Section V).
MEASUREMENT:
Exhaust emissions from four 2-stroke outboard motors were measured.
The components measured were:
1. Total hydrocarbons by FIA
2. CO, C02, NO, and hydrocarbons by NDIR
3. NO and NO by chemiluminescence
A
4. Q£ by electrochemical analysis
5. Light hydrocarbons by gas chromatograph
6. Total aliphatic aldehydes and formaldehyde by the MBTH and chromatropic
acid methods, respectively.
A-19
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SOURCE:
Hare, Charles T., Springer, Karl J., Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines: Part 1-
Locomotive Diesel Engines and Marine Counter Parts, October 1972.
DESCRIPTION:
This document is Part 1 of the Final Report on Exhaust Emission from Uncontrolled
Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion Engines.
The program of research on which this report is based was initiated by the
Environmental Protection Agency to (1) characterize emissions from a broad range
of internal combustion engines in order to accurately set priorities for future
control, as required, and (2) assist in developing more inclusive national and
regional air pollution inventories. This document, which is Part 1 of what is
planned to be a seven-part final report, concerns emissions from locomotive diesel
engines (and their marine counterparts) and the national impact of these engines.
The primary objectives of the locomotive portion of this project were to collect
useful emissions data on three locomotive diesel engines, and to use these data
in conjunction with supplementary data on emissions, number of units in service,
and annual usage to estimate emission factors and national impact.
MEASUREMENT:
The emissions to be characterized included:
1. Total hydrocarbons;
2. Light hydrocarbons;
3. Aldehydes;
4. CO, C02 NO by NDIR and chemiluminescence;
A-20
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5. NO by chemiluminescence;
/\
6. 02
7. Smoke by a modified PHS opacity meter;
8. Participate by an experimental dilition-type sampling system
A-21
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SOURCE:
Kolnsberg, H. J., Technical Manual for the Measurement of Fugitive Emissions:
Quasi-Slack Sampling Method for Industrial Fugitive Emissions, May 1976.
DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this manual is to present the fundamental considerations
required for the use of the Quasi-Stack sampling method in the measurement of
fugitive emissions.
EMISSIONS- Pollutants emitted into the ambient air from an industrial plant or
other site generally fall into one of two types. The first type is released into
the air through stacks or similar devices designed to direct and control the flow
of the emissions, and they may be readily measured by universally-recognized
standard sampling techniques. The second type is released into the air without
control of flow or direction; these cannot be measured using existing standard
techniques.
Categories of Fugitive Emissions
A useful approach toward categorization of fugitive emissions is to group them
according to the methods of their measurement. Three basic methods exist—quasi-
stack sampling, roof monitor sampling, and upwind-down-wind sampling.
SAMPLING:
QUASI-STACK SAMPLING METHOD
This method has the fugitive emissions captured in a temporarily installed hood
or enclosure and vented to an exhaust duct or stack of regular cross-sectional
area. The emissions are then measured in the exhaust duct using standard stack
sampling or similar well recognized methods.
Sources of fugitive emissions measurable by the quasi-stack method include:
A-22
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--Material transfer operations
Solids-conveyor belts, loading
Liquids-spray, vapors
--Process leaks
Solids-pressurized ducts
Liquids-pumps, valves
--Evaporation
Cleaning fluids-degreasers, wash tanks
Paint solvent vapors-spray booths, conveyors
--Fabricating operations
Solids-grinding, polishing
Gases-welding, plating
ROOF MONITOR SAMPLING METHOD
This method measures the fugitive emissions entering the ambient air from
building or other enclosure openings such as roof monitors, doors, and windows
from enclosed sources too numerous or unwie'dy to permit the installation of
temporary hooding. Sampling generally is limited to a mixture of all uncontrolled
emission sources within the enclosure and requires the ability to make low air
velocity measurements and mass balances of small quantities of material across
the surface of the openings.
UPWIND-DOWNWIND SAMPLING METHOD
This method is used to measure fugitive emissions from sources typically
covering large areas that cannot be temporarily hooded and are not enclosed
in a structure allowing the use of the roof monitor method.
The upwind-downwind method quantifies emissions from sources such as material
handling and storage operations, waste dumps and industrial processes in which
A-23
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the emissions are spread over large areas or are periodic in nature.
The emissions from such sources are quantified as the difference between the
pollutant concentrations measured in the ambient air approaching (upwind) and
leaving (downwind) the source site.
MEASUREMENT:
Quasi-Stack Method
Effective use of the quasi-stack method requires that the source of emissions
be isolable and that an enclosure can be installed capable of capturing
emissions without interference with plant operations.
The quasi-stack method is mainly restricted to a single source and must be
limited to two or three small sources that can be enclosed to duct their total
emissions to a single sampling point. In some cases, enclosing a portion of a
process in order to capture its emissions can alter that portion of the process
by changing its temperature profile or affecting flow rates. Emissions may be
similarly altered by reaction with components of the ambient air drawn into the
sampling ducts.
The quasi-stack method is useful for all types of emissions. One of the reasons
for this is it will provide measurable samples in generally short sampling times
since it captures essentially all of the emissions.
Roof Monitor Method
The roof monitor method requires that the source of emissions be enclosed in a
structure with a limited number of openings to the atmosphere.
This method is usually dependent on or influenced by gravity in the transmission
of emissions, and it may not be useful for the measurement of larger particles
which may settle within the enclosure being sampled. Emission generation rates
must be high enough to provide pollutant concentrations of measurable magnitude
A-24
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after dilution in the enclosed volume of the structure.
Upwind-Downwind Method
This method is generally used where neither of the other methods would be
successful. The method is strongly influenced by meteorological conditions,
and requires a wind consistent in direction and velocity throughout the sampling
period as well as conditions of temperature, humidity and ground moisture
representative of normal ambient conditions.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS:
Sampling Strategies
Fugitive emissions measurements can be separated into two classes. Survey
measurement systems, designed to screen emissions and provide gross measurements
at a relatively low level of effort in time and cost. Detailed systems are
designed to isolate, identify and quantify constituents with increased accuracy
and higher investments in time and cost.
Test Strategies
Approaches that may be taken to successfully complete a testing program using
the quasi-stack sampling method are described.
Instrumentati on/Equi pment/Faclli ti es
A description of the instrumentation arrays to be used to collect the samples
and meteorological data identified in the approach description.
A description of the facilities required to operate the measurement program,
including work space, electrical power, support from plant personnel, special
construction, etc.
Quality Assurance
The test plan should address the development of a quality assurance program.
This QA program should be an integral part of the measurement program and be
A-25
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incorporated as a portion of the test plan either directly or by reference.
Quasi-Stack Sampling Strategies
This method is used to quantify the emissions from a source by capturing the
emissions, entrained in the ambient air, in a temporary hood or enclosure built
over or around the source and directing the captured stream through a duct of
regular cross section for measurement, sampling and analysis using standard
stack techniques.
Survey Quasi-Stack Sampling Strategy
A survey measurement system is designed to provide gross measurements of
emissions to determine whether any pollutant constituents should be considered
for more detailed investigation. A quasi-stack measurement system consists
basically of a hood or other enclosure to capture the emissions at the source,
an exhaust duct or stack in which the emissions are measured, a fan or blower
to direct the emissions through the measurement duct, and the emissions sampling
equipment.
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT:
Particulate pollutants may be grossly measured conveniently using any of a
large variety of filter impaction devices. Gaseous pollutants may be grab-
sampled for laboratory analysis into suitably-sized vessels added to the
particulate sampling train or separate sampling ports elsewhere in the
measurement duct.
An alternative method for the measurement of particulates and volatile matter
is the recently developed source assessment sampling system (SASS) train. The
train consists of a stainless steel probe that delivers the sample to an oven
module. This device, used in combination with a gas-sampling, provides all
the information required as the nature and composition of the pollutants in
A-26
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Sampling Techniques
The primary concern of the sampling design is that sufficient amounts of the
various pollutants are collected to provide meaningful measurements.
Information on detailed quasi-stack sampling strategy, sample equipment and
design and sampling techniques are described.
Quality Assurance
The basic reason for quality assurance on a measurement program is to insure
that the validity of the data collected can be verified.
An Appendix is also furnished in this document. It represents an application
of the quasi-stack fugitive emissions measurement system selection and designed
criteria to a gray-iron foundry mold pouring operation.
A-27
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SOURCE:
Lear, C. W., Charged Droplet Scrubber For Fine Particle Control: Laboratory
Study, September 1976.
DESCRIPTION:
This document gives results of a feasibility study of the application of
charged droplet scrubbing for fine particle control. Results, using the TRW
charged droplet scrubber, indicated that the method is feasible and applicable
over a wide range of conditions. In the charged droplet scrubber the electrical
interaction mechanisms exist in addition to the normal impact and diffusional
scrubbing mechanisms. Electrical interaction is strong in the 0.1 to 1.0
micron particulate size range where the normal mechanisms lack effectiveness.
Collection efficiencies as high as 80% for 0.1 micron and 90% for 1 micron
particles were demonstrated in a three-stage unit. Induced charging or dry
charging of particulate by charge transfer from droplets is an effective and
major collection mechanism in the fine particulate size range. Large (100
micron) droplets give better performance characteristics than small (10 micron)
droplets.
A-28
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SOURCE:
Shih, C. C., et al, Emissions Assessment of Conventional Stationary Combustion
Systems; Volume II. Internal Combustion Sources, February 1979.
DESCRIPTION:
Emission from gas-and oil-fueled gas turbines and reciprocating engines for
electricity generation and industrial applications are assessed in this report.
The assessment method involved a critical examination of existing emissions data,
followed by the conduct of a measurement program to fill data gaps based on
a phased sampling and analysis strategy.
MEASUREMENT:
In the first phase of the measurement progrem, one gas-fueled gas turbine, five
distillate-oil fueled gas turbines, and five diesel engines were selected for
testing. Evaluation of test results led to the recommendation for additional
tests to determine S03 and organic emissions from diesel engines which were
subsequently conducted at three of the diesel engine sites previously tested.
The results of the emissions assessment indicate that internal combustion
sources contribute significantly to the national emissions burden. NO , hydro-
/\
carbon and CO emissions from internal combustion sources account for approximately
20 percent, 9 percent, and 1 percent of the emissions of these pollutants from
all stationary sources. The source severity factor, defined as the ratio of the
calculated maximum ground level concentration of the pollutant species to the
level at which a potential environmental hazard exists, was used to identify
pollutants of environmental concern.
A-29
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SOURCE:
Smith, E. M., Little, Authur D., Sensitized Fluorescence for the Detection
of Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, September 1978.
DESCRIPTION:
Summary
A fluorescent spot test has been devised for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) based on the sensitization of the inherent fluorescence of such compounds.
The basic procedure involves spotting a filter paper with a small amount of
the sample solution, adding napthalene, in solution, to the spot and visually
observing the fluorescence under illumination with a simple ultraviolet light
source.
This project was initiated to determine whether the phenomenon of fluorescence
could be utilized in the analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
as a class. A major objective was to develop a simple procedure for detection
of PAH at much lower levels than current methods based on fluorescence analysis.
This procedure requiring only instrumentation readily available to most
laboratories, would provide a low cost screening technique to determine whether
environmental assessment samples contained levels of PAH such that more detailed
analyses should be undertaken.
Suggested Applications
In its present form the sensitized fluorescence spot test is useful for
screening environmental assessment samples for the presence of PAH at least as
low as 10 ug/L (pg/uL) in solution. The absence of sensitized fluorescence
might well indicate that additional analyses for PAH are not necessary; on the
other hand, a positive fluorescence test might indicate that GC/MS analyses
should be performed to determine the exact nature of the PAH detected.
A-30
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SOURCE:
Pefley, R. K., Saad, M. A., et al, Study of Decomposed Methanol As A Low
Emission Fuel - Final Report, April 30, 1971.
DESCRIPTION:
Studies were conducted to evaluate blends of pure and decomposed methanol
(2\\y + CO) as fuels for reducing automotive 1C engine air pollution. These
investigations included laboratory 1C engine tests and analysis, and preliminary
design study of possible methanol decomposition chambers with associated engine
air-fuel (A/F) ratio controls.
MEASUREMENT:
Steady-state performance and emission tests were made on a variable compression
ratio CFR engine operating at 900 RPM. A total of 191 tests were conducted.
They included 184 tests with methanol blends and seven comparative gasoline
fueled tests. Engine test variables were A/F ratio, percent methanol dissocia-
tion, compression ratio (CR), spark advance, and intake manifold temperature.
INSTRUMENTATION:
Instrumentation consisted of apparatus for measuring air and fuel flow rates,
engine load, engine emissions and various engine temperatures. Emission
instrumentation included CO, C0?, and NO gas analyzers and a gas chromatograph
£• ^
(GC) using a flame ionization detector.
A-31
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SOURCE:
Wilson, R. R., et al, Guidelines for Particulate Sampling in Gaseous Effluents
from Industrial Processes, January 1979.
DESCRIPTION:
This guideline document lists and describes briefly many of the instruments and
techniques that are available for measuring the concentration or size distribu-
tion of particles suspended in process streams. The standard, or well
established, methods are described as well as some experimental methods and
prototype instruments.
Descriptions of instruments and procedures for measuring mass concentration,
opacity, and particle size distribution are given. Precedures for planning and
implementing tests for control device evaluation are also included.
A-32
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APPENDIX B-l
ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS
COMPOUNDS: S02, CO, C02, NH3, hydrocarbons
MANUFACTURER: MSA Instrument Division
MODEL: LIRA Luft-Type Infrared Analyzer 303
PERFORMANCE
Reproducibility: +1% of full scale
Noise: <1% of f-11 scale
Lag Time: Response time is 5 seconds (fast response time models available)
Zero Drift: <1% in 24 hrs.
Span Drift: <1% in 24 hrs.
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 5° to 49°C (40° to 120°F)
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 110 V, 60 Hz, 60 W
Weight: 17 Kg (37 Ib)
Dimensions: 21 cm H, 26 cm W, 52 cm D (8-1/4" X 10-1/2" X 20-7/16")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, recorder output 50-100 mV
COST
Model 303 $1,935
B-l
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COMPOUNDS: CO, C02, S02, NH3, NO, N02 and hydrocarbons by changing cells
MANUFACTURER: MSA Instrument Division
MODEL: LIRA Luft-Type Infrared Analyzer 202
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ 1% of full scale
Reproducibility: +. 1% of full scale
Linearity: Usually within 5%, always within 10%
Noise: <1% of full scale
Lag time: 24 sec - Response time is 5 seconds (fast response time
models available)
Zero Drift:
-------
Cost Cont'd.
Model 202S, with separate sheet metal case for 20" cells, general $3,350
Model 202SX, with separate explosion proof case for 20".cell,
explosion proof $4,415
Model 202FR, Fast Response, general purpose $2,855
B-3
-------
COMPOUNDS: S02, CO and C02
MANUFACTURER: Leeds & Northrup
MODEL: 7864 and 7865 Infrared Analyzers
SAMPLING
Maximum Temperature Input: 93°C (200°F)
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ ]% of span or + 0.003% of gas (whichever is greater)
Reproducibility: + 1.5£ of span or j^ 0*003% of gas (which ever is greater)
Lag Time: 1 sec.
Zero Drift: + 0.72/24 hr & +2%/7 days
Span Drift: + O.H/24 hr & 0.3%/7 days
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 4° to 49°C ( 40° to 120°F)
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 108-132 V, 50/60 Hz
Weight: 31.7 Kg (70 Ib)
Dimensions: 37 cm W, 108 cm H, 30 cm D (14-5/8" X 42-3/8" X 11-5/8")
FEATURES
Output: 0-10 mV standard, current outputs 0-16 mA, 4-20 mA, 0-20 mA,
0-40 mA, and 10-50 mA.
B-4
-------
COMPOUNDS: Several, by change or use of different sensor
MANUFACTURER: RFC
MODEL: Biosensor Vapor Detection System, 1332-16
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 300-600 cc/nrin
Collection Efficiency: Maximum possible
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: Not computed
Reproducibility: + 20%
Linearity: Not calculated
Noise: 40% of minimum detectable sensitivity
Lag Time: <5 sec for gaseous pollutants
Retention Time: Function of concentration, usually <5 sec
Fall Time: <10 sec for low concentration;<60 sec for crash concentration
Zero Drift: Not determined
Span Drift: Self zeros, time not determined
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 0° to 32°C (32° to 90°F)
Temperature Compensation: Internal
Relative Humidity Range: 40-90% R.H.
Procedure: Self explained in operation manual
B-5
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Unattended Period: -0-
Maintenance: Minimal with dust and participate cleaning performed
on a weekly basis
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 110 Vac, 60 Hz; 220 Vac optional
Weight: 4Kg (10 Ib)
Dimensions: Control unit 18 cm H, 23 cm W, 18 cm D (7" X 9" X 7")
(Sensing unit and handle 8 cm H, 15 cm W, 11 cm D + 9 cm probe)
(3" X 6" X 4-1/2" + 3-1/2" probe)
FEATURES
Output: Meters, lights, audible alarm and recorder output
Training: in-house or in-field
COST
Model 1332-16 $6,830
B-6
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COMPOUNDS: S02, NO, CO, C02> and total hydrocarbons
MANUFACTURER: Infrared Industries
MODEL: Series 700
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump
Volume: 1 CFH
Maximum Temperature Input: Below due point
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: 1% of full scale
Reproducibility: 0.5% of full scale
Linearity: +_1% of full scale
Noise: < ~\% of full scale
Fall Time: <.5 sec.
Zero Drift: <5%/24 hr,
-------
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 V, 60 Hz, 50 U
Weight: 11 Kg (25 Ib)
Dimensions: 23cm H, 43cm W, 43cm D ( 9" X 17" X 17")
FEATURES
Output: 0-100 mV
COST
Series 700 $1500
B-8
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COMPOUNDS: 502, NO, co> C02» opacity
MANUFACTURER: Environmental Data Corporation
MODEL: Diga-Series In-Situ Emission Monitors
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous - measures inside the stack, no sampling system required
Maximum Temperature Input: As required - no limit
Collection Efficiency: Integrated analysis across stack or duct
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy +_ 2%
Reproducibility: +_ 1%
Noise: typically <2%
Lag Time: Instantaneous - no sample system
Zero Drift: <2% in 30 days
Span Drift:
-------
COMPOUNDS: S02, N02, NOX, CO, CH20 Sy replacing sensor
MANUFACTURER: Dynasciences Corporation
MODEL: Carbon Monoxide Monitor Model CO-530
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump in optional Sampling unit
Volume: 0.24 to 1.0 liters/min (0.5 to 2.0 CFH)
Maximum Temperature Output: 43°C (110°F)
Collection Efficiency: Not applicable
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: + 2% of full scale
Reproducibility: + 2%
Linearity:< 1/2% over entire range
Noise:< 0.1% rms of full scale
Lag Time: 0.1 sec
Retention Time: 0.1 sec
Zero Drift: 1% in 24 hr
Span Drift: 1% in 24 hr
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 4° to 43°C (40° to 110°F)
Temperature Compensation: Compensated to +_ 10% between 4° to 43°C
(40° to 110°F) for optimum accuracy, temperature control units
are recommended.
B-10
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Relative Humidity Range: 0- 99% at 37.8°C
Unattended Period: 1 week minimum
Maintenance: Weekly zero and span checks are recommended
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115/230 V, 50/60 HZ, option 12 Vdc
Weight: 5.9 Kg (13 Ib)
Dimensions: 21 cm H, 28 cm W, 28 cm D 8.25" X 11" X 11")
FEATURES
Output: meter, 0-10 mV recorder connection
Training: not required
COST
Monitor Model CO-530 $2,395
Sampling Unit Model CXS-1000 1,680
B-ll
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO
MANUFACTURER: Devco Engineering Inc.
MODEL: Series 10 APM Environmental Co.
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous (Sample is drawn through a series of filters &
scrubbers to remove particulates & hydrocarbons)
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_0.5%
Reproducibility: + 1% of full scale
Linearity: 1.0% of full scale
Noise: +0.5%
Lag Time: Approximately 15 sec
Zero Drift:
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO, C02, CH4, C2H6> C2H4, C2K2, C3H8, C4H0, C6H14, NH3, N20, NO.
et al., dependent on filter
MANUFACTURER: Bendix Corporation
MODEL: Infrared Gas Analyzer UNOR 2
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump or external pressure
Volume: 0.47 liters/min
Maximum Temperature Input: 35°C
Collection Efficiency: 100%
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ }% of full scale
Reproducibility: +_ 1% of full scale
Lag Time: 2 sec
Zero Drift: + 1% of full scale
Span Drift: +_ 1% of full scale
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 15 to 35°C
Temperature Compensation: Achieved by a temperature dependent feed-
back to amplifier
Relative Humidity Range: To 98%
Procedure: Assembly is gasketed and can be air purged & interlocked.
Maintenance: Supply reference gas N2 (sealed or flowing)
B-13
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REQUIREMENTS
Power: 110 V, 60 Hz, 20 W
Weight: 22 Kg (49 Ib)
Dimensions: 51 cm H, 37 cm W, 15 err, D (20" X 14-1/2" X 6")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, recorder connection 0.1-1.0 mA (live zero output)
COST
UNOR 2 with one range $3,403
UNOR 2 with dual ranges $3,685
B-14
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO, CH4 and total hydrocarbons
MANUFACTURER: Bendix Corporation
MODEL: Series 8200 Environmental Chromatograph
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous (cyclic operation)-pump
Volume: 200 cc per min.
Collection Efficiency: 100%
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: + 1% of full scale
Reproducibility: + 1% of full scale
Linearity: + 0.5%
Noise: <0.01 ppm
Lag Time: Does not apply. 5 min cycle time.
Retention Time: Does not apply. 5 min cycle time.
Fall Time: Does not apply. 5 rn'n cycle time.
Zero Drift: + 1% for 24 hr. or +_ 2% for 3 days
Span Drift: + 1% for 24 hr or + 2% for 3 days
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 5° to 40°C
Temperature Compensation: Limit ambient fluctuation to + 5°C. Sample
loops, injection valves and columns are controlled to +_ 0.5°C.
Relative Humidity Range: to 95%
B-15
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Procedure: With gas of known concentration
Unattended Period: 7 days
Maintenance: Provide gases for operation.
Periodic replacement of sample participate filter.
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 + 10 V, 50 or 60 Hz as specified 500 W, 700 VA Max.
Weight: approximately 115 Kg (250 Ib)
Dimensions: 107 cm H, 56 cm W, 58 cm D (41" X 22" X 23")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, recorder connections )-!DmV + 0-1 V DC
Training: Factory training course
COST
Series 8200 Environmental Chromatograph $6,900
B-16
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Procedure: Chart supplied with instrument which gives a specific in-
strument reading when inserted instead of tape cassette.
Unattended Period: 168 hours (1 week of 24 hour operation)
Maintenance: None required except to change cassette once per week
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 V, 60 Hz, 35 W
Weight: 10 Kg (22 Ib)
Dimensions: 24 cm H, 41 cm W, 25 cm D (9-1/4" X 16" X 10")
FEATURES
Recorder Output: 0-1 mA dc or 0-100 mV dc
Training: None
COST
Model 7050 $2,465
B-17
-------
COMPOUNDS: The Model 7050 can be modified to also measure H2S, N02, Phosgene,
Chlorine, Amonia and T D I.
MANUFACTURER: Universal Environmental Instruments (U.K.) Ltd.
MODEL: Model 7050 CO Detector
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous, with self-contained pump, needle valve & flow meter
Volume: 500 cc/min
Collection Efficiency: 100%
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ 10% of reading
Reproducibility: Better than 5%
Linearity: Better than 5%
Noise: 1.055
Lag Time: 30 seconds
Retention Time: 30 seconds
Fall Time: 30 seconds
Zero Drift: Better than 1% for 24 hours
Span Drift: Better than 1% for 24 hours
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 0 to 40°C
Temperature Compensation: None
Relative Humidity Range: 0-100% RH
B-18
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO
MANUFACTURER: MSA Instrument Division
MODEL: Portable CO Indicator Model D
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump
Volume: Approximately 1.5 liters/min.
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ 1% of full scale
Reproducibility: +_ 5%
Lag Time: Response time -50 sec (90% of value) with 5 ft sample line
Zero Drift: + 1%/10 min
REQUIREMENTS
Power: Battery powered - 72 volts
Weight: 3 Kg (7-1/2 Ibs)
COST
Model D $367.50
Battery Charger $42.00
Alarm Unit $210.00
B-19
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO
MANUFACTURER: Matheson Gas Products
MODEL: Carbon Monoxide Detector Models 8031, 8032, 8033
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: <+_ 1% of full scale
COST
Model 8031 $1545
Model 8032 $1545
Model 8033 $1545
B-20
-------
COMPOUNDS: NO
MANUFACTURER: Enraf-Nonius
MODEL: TNO Ambient Monitor NO
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 2.4 liter/hour
Collection Efficiency: Better than 95%
PERFORMANCE
Linearity: Better than 2% of full scale
Lag Time: Integrated NO concentration is measured over periods of a 1/2 hour.
Retention Time: Integrated NO concentration is measured over periods of a 1/2 hr.
Fall Time: Integrated NO concentration is measured over periods of a 1/2 hr.
Zero Drift: Compensation provided for
Span Drift: < 5% in 3 months
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 0° to 30°C
Relative Humidity Range: 10 to 100%
Procedure: Reagent consumption is 10 liters per 3 months
Unattended Period: 3 months
Maintenehce: Twice per annum
REQUIREMENTS
Power 115 V, 60 Hz; 220 V, 50 Hz; 150 W
Weight: 30kg (measuring unit)
B-21
-------
7 Kg (reagent storage container)
Dimensions: 45 cm H, 52 cm W, 40 cm D (measuring unit)
45 cm H, 24 cm W, 40 cm D (reagent storage container)
FEATURE
Output: 0-100 mV
B-22
-------
COMPOUNDS: S02 and N02 in the same unit, NOX, CO, and CH20 by replacing sensor
MANUFACTURER: Dynasciences Corporation
MODEL: Multi-Pollutant Gas Analyzer NS 410
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-sampling capability within unit
Volume: 0.24 to 1.0 liters/min (0.5 to 2.0 CFH)
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ 2%
Reproducibility: j^ 0.5% minimum
Linearity: j^l/2 % over entire range
Noise: £0.1 rms of full scale
Lag Time: 0.2 sec
Retention Time: 0.2 sec
Fall Time: <5 min
Zero Drift: +_ 2%/24 hr
Span Drift: + 2/24 hr
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 4.4° to 43°C (40° to 110°F)
Temperature Compensation: +_ 10% (40° to 110°F)
Relative Humidity Range: 0 - 99% at 37.8°C (100°F)
Unattended Period: up to 30 days
Maintenance: Weekly zero and span checks are recommended.
B-23
-------
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115/230 V, 50/60 Hz
Weight: 27 Kg (60 Ib)
Dimensions: 28 cm H, 49 $L W, 54 cm D (IT X 19-1/2" X 21-1/2")
FEATURES
Output: meter, two recorder outputs 0-1 Vdc
Training: Not required
COST
Model NS 410 $6,450
B-24
-------
COMPOUNDS: S02, N02> NOX> CO, C^O by replacing sensor
MANUFACTURER: Dynasciences Corporation
MODEL: Nitrogen Dioxide Monitor NR-230
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump in optional sampling unit
Volume: 0.24 to 1.0 liters/min (0.5 to 2.0 CFH)
Maximum Temperature Input: 43°C (110°F)
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: + 2% of full scale
Reproducibility: + 2%
Linearity:
-------
OPERATION Cont'd.
Relative Humidity Range: 0 - 99% at 37.8°C (100°F)
Unattended Period: 1 week minimum
Maintenance: Weekly zero and span checks are recommended
Requirements
Power; 115/230 V, 50/60 Hz^ option 12 Vdc
Weight: 5.9 Kg (13 Ib)
Dimensions: 21 cm H, 28 cm W, 28 cm D (8.25" X 11" X 11")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, 0-10 mV recorder connection
Training: Not required
COST
Monitor Model NR-230 $2,000
Sampling Unit Model CXS-1000 $1,680
B-26
-------
COMPOUNDS: NO /S0« NO /NOa or N02/S02
/\ *• /\
MANUFACTURER: Dynasciences Corporation
MODEL: Single Gas Analyzer Models P100R & P100D
Dual Gas Analyzer Models P101R & P101D
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-unit includes all necessary equipment to sample,
condition and monitor source gases. Sampling acquisitioning
is accomplished through the use of a sintered stainless
steel filter capable of removing 98% of the particles
above 0.7 microns & 100% of those above 1.8 microns.
Heated sample lines are available.
PERFORMANCE
Reproducibility: +_ \% minimum
Linearity: +_ 1/2% within any range
Lag Time: Response time NOX -30 sec
NO 2 -8 min
Zero Drift: <+ 2% / 24 hr.
Span Drift: <+ 2%/ 24 hr.
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 4° to 43°C (40° to 110°F)
Temperature Compensation: Temperature controlled at 43°C (110°F)
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 V, 50/60 Hz 1100 W maximum
Weight: 39 Kg (85 Ib)
B-27
-------
FEATURES
COST
Model P100R $4,950
Model P100D $6,400
Model P101R $6,450
Model P101D $7,950
B-28
-------
COMPOUNDS: PM123 - N02 and NO
PM 124 -N02 and S02
MANUFACTURER: CEA Instruments
MODEL: PM 123 and PM 124 sensors
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 250 to 500 ml/min
Collection Efficiency: 96%
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: 2%
Reproducibility: 1%
Lag Time: 3 min.
Zero Drift: 2% in one week
Span Drift: 2% in one week
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 2° to 43°C (36° to 110°F)
Temperature Compensation: None
Relative Humidity Range: 0-100%
Unattended Period: 2 weeks
B-29
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Maintenance: Reagent change every 2 weeks; pump tube change every month;
general cleaning and calibration every 6 months
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 12 Vdc (120 V, 60 Hz with AC pack)
Weight: 7 Kg (16 Ib)
Dimensions: 46 cm W, 31 cm H, 25 cm D (18" X 12" X 10")
FEATURES
Output: 0-100 mV or 0-10uA; no built-in recorder
Training: None required
COST
PM 123 or PM 124 with DC power pack $2,690
PM 123 or PM 124 with AC power pack $2,970
B-30
-------
COMPOUNDS: Modification to S02 or N02
MANUFACTURER: CEA Instruments
MODEL: PM 113 NO Sensor
y\
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 250 to 500 ml/min
Collection Efficiency: 96%
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: 2%
Reproducibility: 1%
Lag Time: 3 min.
Zero Drift: 2% in one week
Span Drift: 2% in one week
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 2° to 43°C
Temperature Compensation: None
Relative Humidity Range: 0-100%
Procedure: Controls are provided to initiate a purge/calibrate cycle
either manually or automatically.
Unattended Period: 2 weeks
Maintenance: Reagent change every 2 weeks; pump tube change every month;
general cleaning and calibration every 6 months.
B-31
-------
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 110 V, 60 Hz, 110 W
Weight: 8 Kg (18 Ib)
Dimensions: 30.5 cm W, 20.5 cm H, 25.4 cm D (12" X 12" X 10")
FEATURES
Output: 0-100 mV or 0-10 A; no built in recorder
COST
PM 113 $2,150
B-32
-------
COMPOUNDS: S02, N02, NOX, CO, CH20 by replacing sensor
MANUFACTURER: Dynasciences Corporation
MODEL: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitor, NS-130
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump in optional sampling unit
Volume: 0.24 to 1.0 liters/min (0.5 to 2.0 DFH)
Maximum Temperature Input: 43°C (110°F)
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ 2% of full scale
Reproducibility: + 2% , 1%
Linearity:
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Unattended Period: 1 week minimum
Maintenance: Weekly zero and span checks are recommended
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115/230 V, 50/60 Hz, option 12 Vdc
Weight: 5.9 Kg (13 Ib)
Dimensions: 21 cm H, 28 cm W, 28 cm D (8.25" X 11" X 11")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, 0-10 mV recorder connection
Training: Not required
COST
Monitor Model NX-130 $2,000
Sampling Unit Model CXS-1000 $1,680
B-34
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO, C02, CH4, C2Hg, C2H4, C2H2> C3H8, C4H10j C6H14, NH3, NgO, NO,
et al., dependent on filter
MANUFACTURER: Bendix Corporation
MODEL: Infrared Gas Analyzer UNOR 2
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump or external pressure
Volume: 0.47 liters/min
Maximum Temperature Input: 35°C
Collection Efficiency: 100%
PERFORMANCE:
Accuracy: +_ 1% of full scale
Reproducibility: +_ 1% of full scale b, <1% d
Lag Time: 2 sec b, 11.7 sec d
Zero Drift: +_ 1% of full scale
Span Drift: +_ 1% of full scale
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 15 to 35°C
Temperature Compensation: Achieved by a temperature dependent feed-
back to amplifier
Relative Humidity Range: to 98%
Procedure: Assembly is gasketed and can be air purged and interlocked,
Maintenance: Supply reference gas N2 (sealed or flowing)
B-35
-------
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 110 V, 60 Hz, 20 W
Weight: 22 Kg (49 Ib)
Dimensions: 51 cm H, 37 cm W, 15 cm D (20" X 14-1/2" X 6")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, recorder connection 0.1-1.0 mA (live zero output)
B- 36
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO, NgO, NO, N02, CH4, C2H2, S02 and most other heteroatomic gases
except H20 & C02
MANUFACTURER: Calibrated Instruments Inc.
MODEL: Infrared Gas Analyzer SC/LC
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-pump
Volume: 2 liters/min
PERFORMANCE:
Accuracy: + 2% of full scale
Reproducibility: <1% of full scale
Lag Time: 0.1 sec
Zero Drift: +0.9%
Span Drift: 1.0%
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 0° to 40°C (32° to 104QF)
Temperature Compensation: 1% per °C if without thermostat control
Relative Humidity Range: to 82°C (107.6°F)
Maintenance: Replace detector cell after 24 months or longer
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 95-130 V, 60 HZ; 190-260 V, 50 Hz; 50 VA; 100 VA with sampling pump
Weight: 25 Kg (56 Ib)
Dimensions: 52 cm H, 46 cm W, 27 cm D (20.5" X 18" X 10.5")
B- 37
-------
FEATURES
Output: Meter, chart recorder connection
COST
Infrared Gas Analyzer SC/LC $2,995
B- 38
-------
COMPOUNDS: NOX with external converter
MANUFACTURER: Bendix Corporation
MODEL: 8102 NO - NOX Analyzer
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 20 to 30 cc/min and 150 cc/min oxygen
Maximum Terperature Input: 150° to 200°C
Collection Efficiency: 1000
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ 1% of full scale
Reproducibility: +1%
Linearity: j^ 0.5% full scale
Noise: 0.5 ppm
Lag Time: 5 seconds
Retention Time: 5 seconds
Fall Time: 15 seconds
Zero Drift: + 2% for 24 hours
Span Drift: + 21 for 24 hours
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 5° to 40°C
Temperature Compensation: Limit ambient fluctuations to +_ 5°C. Photo-
multiolier tube and reaction chamber w/ith
analytical components temperature controlled.
B- 39
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Relative Humidity Range: to 95%
Procedure: With Gas of known concentration
Unattended Period: 7 days
Maintenance: Provide oxygen for operation. Periodic replacement of
sample particulate filter and exhaust gas activated
charcoal scrubber.
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 +_ V, 50 or 60 Hz as specified, 350 W
Weight: Approximately 27 Kg (60 Ib)
Dimensions: 42 cm W, 22 cm H, 46 cm D (8-1/2" X 16-1/2" X 18")
FEATURES
Output: 0-10 mV and 0-1 Vdc
Training: Factory training course
COST
Model 8102 (for NO only) $4,250
with converter option $4,675
B-40
-------
COMPOUNDS: Model A100 - N02
Model A1001 - NO/N02/NOX
MANUFACTURER: Freeman Laboratories, Inc.
MODEL: N02/NO/NOX Continuous Analyzer Models A100 and A1001
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Collection Efficiency: 99 + %
PERFORMANCE
Lag Time: 6-15 sec
Zero Drift: maximum 1%/day
Span Drift: maximum 1%/day
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 V/60 Hz/0.25 amps or 220 V/50 Hz/0.125 amps
Weight: 18 Kg (40 Ib)
Dimensions: 30 cm H, 28 cm W, 37 cm D (12" X 11" X 14-1/2")
FEATURES
Output: Recorder
COST
Model A100 (N02) Standard $3,400
Self calibrating $4,500
Model A1001 (NO/N02/NOX) standard $4,150
Self calibrating $5,250
B- 41
-------
COMPOUNDS:
MANUFACTURER: Bendix Corporation
MODEL: 400 Gas Detector
SAMPLING
Method: Intermittent - manual pump
Volume: 1-100 ml
PERFORMANCE
OPERATION
Procedure: Gas to be sampled is drawn through detector tube and length
of stain compared to concentration chart provided.
Maintenance: Tube replacement
REQUIREMENTS
FEATURES
Output: Length of stain
COST
Model 400 $90.00
B-42
-------
COMPOUNDS: NO, NOX with N02 derived from the NOX - NO difference
MANUFACTURER: Bendix Corporation
MODEL: 8101B
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 150 cc/min sample and 30 cc/min oxygen
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +_ 0.01 ppm or +_ 2% whichever is greater on the 0 to 2.0 ppm scale
Reproducibility: +_ 0.01 ppm from .005 to 2.0 ppm measured at integrator output
Linearity: + 0.5% full scale
Noise: + 0.5 % of full scale
Lag Time: 5 sec
Retention time: 5 sec on NO mode
Fall time: Less than 15 sec on NO mode
Zero Drift: Less than 0.01 ppm in 24 hr. on the 2.0 ppm range and
less than 0.05 ppm for 3 days on the 2.0 ppm range
Span Drift: Less than 0.08 ppm in 24 hr. on the 2.0 pom range
and less than 0.08 ppm for 3 days on the 2.0 ppm range
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 5° - 40°C
Temperature compensation: Limit ambient fluctuations to +_ 5°C. Photo-
multiplier tube and reaction chamber temperature
control
B- 43
-------
Operation Cont'd.
Relative Humidity Range: to 95%
Procedure: With gas of known concentration
Unattended Period: 7 days
Maintenance: Provide gases for operation. Periodic replacement
of sample participate filter and exhaust gas activated
charcoal scrubber.
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 +_ 10 V, 50 or 60 Hz as specified, 350 W
Weight: approximately 27 Kg (60 Ib)
Dimensions: 22 cm H, 42 cm W, 43 cm D (8-1/2" X 16-1/2" X 17")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, recorder 0-10 mV and 0-1 Vdc
Training for Operation: Factory training course
COST
Model 8101B $5,870
B-44
-------
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 ±10 V, 50 or 60 Hz as specified, 500 W, 700 VA max
Weight: Approximately 115 Kg (250 Ibs)
Dimensions: 107 cm H, 56 cm W, 58 cm D (41" x 22" x 23")
FEATURES
Input: Meter, recorder connections 0-10 mV and 0-1 V dc
Training: Factory training course
COST
Series 8200
Environmental Chromatograph $6900
B- 45
-------
COMPOUND: Hydrocarbons
MANUFACTURER: Teledyne
MODEL: Series 400
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 100 ml to 400 ml per minute of sample
Maximum Temperature Input: 177°C (35QOF)
Collection Efficiency: 1002
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: 1% of full scale range
Reproducibility: +1%
Linearity: +2%
Noise: <+}/2% full scale
Lag Time: 15 seconds
Retention Time: 15 seconds
Fall Time: l second
Zero Drift: less than 1*
Span Drift: less than 1%
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 4° to 38°C (40° to 100°F)
Temperature Compensation: Contains proportional temperature controller
Unattended Period: 1 day
B-46
-------
COMPOUNDS: CO, C02, hydrocarbons, nitrogen and sulfur compounds
MANAFACTURER: Varian Aerograph
MODEL: 2732
SAMPLING
Method: Cyclic-gas sampling valv.j
Volume: Variable
Maximum Temperature Input: 225°C
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy +}%
Reproducibility: +1%
Noise: < 5 microvolts
Retention Time: Variable
Zero Drift: < 10 microvolts/month
OPERATION
Maintenance: Monthly-minimal
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 V, 20 amp
Weight: 341 Kg (155 Ib)
Dimensions: 51 cm H, 49 cm W, 55 cm D (20 1/4" x 19 3/8" x 21 3/4")
FEATURES
Output: Recorder
Training: Optional at extra cost
COST
Model 2732 $5195 to 7,395
B- 47
-------
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 V, 60 Hz, 200 watts (Model 403), 350 watts (Model 404)
Weight: Approximately 18 Kg (40 Ib)
Dimensions: Model 403: 46 cm H x 56 cm W x 46 cm D (18" x 22" x 18")
Model 404: 51 cm H x 56 cm W x 46 cm D (20" x 22" x 18")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, provision for 0*5 mV dc recorder
Training: Available from-manufacturer
COST
Model 403 (for sampling systems with dew points below 52°C [125°F]) $2750
Model 404 (for sampling systems with dew points up to 66°C [175°F]) $7500
B-48
-------
COMPOUNDS: Total hydrocarbons based on methane equivalent
MANAFACTURER: Wemco Instrumentation Company
MODEL: Automatic Gas Detector and Alarm System Model MUC 12CS
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous-positive vaccum pressure
Volume: Approximately 70 SCFH air
Maximum Temperature Input: 49°C (120°F)
Collection Efficiency: 100% at sample input point at time of reading
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: +3% of full scale
Reproducibility: +3% of full scale
Linearity: +3% of full scale
Noise: Negligible
Lag Time: 10 seconds through one 200 foot 1/4" tube
Retention Time: 3 seconds through one 200 foot 1/4" tube
Fall Time: 2 seconds
Zero Drift: Negligible
Span Drift: Negligible
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 18° to 35°C (65° to 95°F)
Relative Humidity Range: 0 to 100%
Unattended Period: unknown
Maintenance: Approximately 2 hours per year plus cylinder changing
B-49
-------
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 120 V. 60 Hz or 240 V, 50 Hz
Weight: Approximately 77 Kg (170 Ibs)
Dimensions: 155 cm H, 57 cm W, 65 cm D (61" x 22 1/2" x 25 1/2")
FEATURE
Output: 0-lma dc meter relay readout
Training: Available at nominal charges
COST
Model MUC 12CS $3,950
(explosion proof model) $4,975
B-50
-------
COMPOUNDS: NO, CO, C02 and Hydrocarbons
MANUFACTURER: Horiba Instruments Incorporated
MODEL: Modular Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Analyzer Model AIA-21
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
Volume: 2 to 20 CFH
Maximum Temperature Input: 40°C (105°F)
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: ll%
Reproducibility: +1%
Linearity: 5% of full scale at mid-scale (linearizer available)
Noise: < 1%
Lag Time: Response time -0.5 seconds
Zero Drift: 1% of full scale/8 hours
Span Drift: 1% of full scale/8 hours
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 0° to 40°C (32° to 105°F)
Temperature Compensation: Thermostatically controlled
Relative Humidity Range: 0-90% RH at 20°C (68°F)
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 115 V, 60 Hz or 230 V, 50 Hz, 250 U
Weight: Analyzer Section - 10 Kg (21 Ibs)
Amplifier Section - 7 Kg (16 Ibs)
Dimensions: Analyzer Section - 46 cm H, 10 cm W, 16 cm D
(200 mm cell) (18" x 4" x 6-1/10")
B- 51
-------
Amplifer Section - 15 cm H, 24 cm W, 46 cm D
(6" x 9-3/8" x 18")
FEATURES
Output: 0-10 V and 0-100 mV dc for recorder and 0-1 V and 0-5 V input
to Data Acquisition System
B-52
-------
COMPOUNDS: Total hydrocarbons, CHq and CO
MANUFACTURER: Hewlett-Packard Company
MODEL: 5781 A Environmental Analyzer
REQUIREMENTS
Weight: 43 Kg (95 Ibs)
Dimensions: 35 cm H, 68 cm W, 48 cm D (13 1/2" x 27" x 19");
including detector: 47 cm H (18 1/2")
COST
Model 5781A $3,985
opt. 34 (Total hydrocarbon analysis capability) $1,140
B-53
-------
COMPOUNDS: S02, CO, 0)3, NH3, hydrocarbons
MANUFACTURER: MSA Instrument
MODEL: 303
PERFORMANCE
Reproducibility: ^1% of full scale
Noise: < 1% of full scale
Lag Time: Response time is 5 seconds (fast response time models
available)
Zero Drift: < 1% in 24 hours
Span Drift: <1% in 24 hours
OPERATION
Ambient Temperature Range: 5° to 49°C (40° to 120°F)
REQUIREMENTS
Power: 110 V, 0 Hz, 60 W
Weight: 17 Kg (37 Ibs)
Dimensions: 21 cm H, 26 cm W, 52 cm 0(8-1/4" x 10 1/2" x 20-7/16")
FEATURES
Output: Meter, recorder output 50-100 mV
COST
Model 303 $1,935
B-54
-------
COMPOUNDS: Total hydrocarbons only
MANAFACTURER: MSA Instrument Division
MODEL: Total hydrocarbon Analyzer MSA 2
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: 1%
Linearity: Linear over operative ranges
Noise:
-------
COMPOUNDS: Methane, total hydrocarbons and total hydrocarbons less
methane only
MANUFACTURER: MSA Instrument Division
MODEL: 11-2
SAMPLING
Method: Continuous
PERFORMANCE
Accuracy: 1% of full scale
Reproducibility: 1% of full scale
Linearity: Linear over range
Noise: < +1% of full scale
Lag Time: Response time is 15 seconds, 100% of reading
Zero Drift:
-------
APPENDIX C-l
LIST OF ENGINE MANUFACTURERS/ENGINES
The following list includes the names and addresses of the small engine
manufacturers contacted for information. Information sought included
size (hp), type (# strokes), application (lawn, etc.), emission data,
fuel-air mixture, life expectancy and duty cycle. Responses were
generally poor.
The list also contains the size range (hp) of the engines produced by
each manufacturer.
NAME
1. Briggs & Stratton
Corporation
2. Chrysler Corp.
3. Clinton Engines
Corporation
4. Homelite (Div. of
Textron
5. Jacobsen Mfg. Co.
6. Outboard Marine
Corp. (Lawnboy)
7. McCulloch Corp.
8. 0 & R Engines, Inc.
9. Tecumseh Prod. Co.
ADDRESS
3300 N. 124th Street
Wauwatosa, WI 53201
Marine & Ind. Products Plant
Marysville, MI
Maguoketa, 10 52060
70 Riverdale Avenue
Port Chester, NY 10573
1721 Packard Avenue
Racine, WI 53403
Gale Products Division
100 Sea Horse Drive
Waukegan, IL 60085
6101 Century Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90045
3340 Emery Street
Los Angeles, CA 90043
Ottawa & Patterson Streets
1-1/8--3-9/16 bore size single cylinder engines
2500 to 7200 rpm speed range
300 to 500 MM $ industry
12.5 + MM engines/year
Average engine use 50 hrs./year
C-l
ENGINE SIZES(HP)
2-16 hp
3-l/4-8hp
4-7hp
2- 4hp
3hp
lOhp
20hp
1-2 l/4hp
2-1/2—16hp
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completinx)
\ 3EPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-088
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A Research Plan to Study Emissions from Small
Internal Combustion Engines
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
April 1980
7 AUTHOH(S)
James W. Murrell
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Systems Research and Development Corporation
P.O. Box 12221
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE624A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3113
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF FlEPOHT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 9/78-9/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESIERL-RTP project officer is John H,
541-2476.
Wasser, Mail Drop 65, 919/
16. ABSTRACT
The report examines some of the requirements for investigating the envi-
ronmental status of small internal combustion (1C) engines. These engines range in
size from 1. 5 to 15 hp and power a variety of equipment operated by homeowners
and industry. With EPA's general growing concern of identifying sources of poten-
tially carcinogenic emissions, a possibility exists that these small 1C engines are a
problem source. Research to characterize emissions from 1C engines has largely
been limited to critical pollutants, even though the small 1C engine is an incomplete
combustor. It follows that some carcinogens and other hazardous compounds are
probable. The basic requirements addressed in the report include analytical equip-
ment, experimental systems design, and statistical experimental design.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Pollution
Internal Combustion Engines
Analyzing
Systems Engineering
Statistical Analysis
Carcinogens
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Analytical Equipment
13B
21K
14 B
05A
12A
06E
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
128
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
C-2
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