&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research EPA-60O/7-80-095
Laboratory May 1980
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Generation and
Attenuation of
Leachate from
Fluidized-bed
Combustion Solid
Wastes: First Year
Progress Report
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide-range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-80-095
May 1980
Generation and Attenuation
of Leachate from Fluidized-bed
Combustion Solid Wastes:
First Year Progress Report
by
T.W. Grimshaw, D.N. Garner, W.F. Holland,
A.G. Lamkin, W.M. Little, P.M. Mann,
and H.J. Williamson
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
Contract No. 68-02-3103
Program Element No. INE825
EPA Project Officer: David A. Kirchgessner
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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ABSTRACT
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) residues may pose hazards to the environ-
ment unless they are properly disposed of. This study addresses these con-
cerns in two ways: 1) analysis of representative FBC residues and their
interaction with natural environmental media; and 2) development of a method-
ology for ensuring environmental protection from the impacts of FBC wastes
on a case-by-case basis. During the first year, the residues from pressur-
ized FBC and their interaction with six representative disposal media (sand-
stone, shale, alluvium, glacial till, limestone, and interburden) have been
studied. The investigations include a multistep laboratory protocol for
leachate generation from FBC wastes and subsequent attenuation of the leach-
ate by the disposal media. Field studies utilize seventeen large (four-foot
diameter, seven-foot long) cylindrical cells containing combinations of FBC
waste and disposal media types. Detailed results of laboratory and field
studies of leachate generation and attenuation are presented for three ex-
ample parameters calcium, boron, and sulphate. More cursory examination
of these parameters and 17 others was conducted by comparing volume-weighted
averages of leachate concentrations with primary and secondary drinking
water standards, Multimedia Environmental Goals (MEGS), and Quality Criteria
for Water (QCW). With respect to drinking water standards, the parameters
of greatest concern are cadmium, manganese, sulfate, and total dissolved
solids. For the MEGS, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, potassium, silver,
and manganese are all of concern. Only boron is considered of special con-
cern with respect to QCW.
ii
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CONTENTS
Abstract it
Execut ive Summary xi
1. Introduction 1
Objectives 2
Scenario Disposal Conditions 4
Environmental Regulatory Context 8
Overview of Program Content 8
Characterization of FBC Wastes and Representative
Disposal Media 10
Development of Methodology for Providing Environ-
mental Protection on a Case-by-Case Basis 11
Report Organization 12
2. Methods of Investigation 13
Information Services 13
FBC Solid Residue Identification and Acquisition 15
Waste Requirements and Specifications 16
Wastes Received 18
AFBC Waste Availability 22
AFBC-With-CBC Waste Availability 22
AFBC-With-Recycle Waste Availability 23
Laboratory Studies 23
Determination of Leachability of Waste 24
Step 1 - Initial Leaching 25
Step 2 - Secondary Leaching with Eluant
Replacement 28
Step 3 - Secondary Leaching with Waste
Replacement 28
Determination of Attenuation Capacity of Disposal
Media 29
Step 4 - Initial Attenuation by a Disposal
Medium 31
Step 5 - Secondary Attenuation from Burdened
Disposal Media in Contact with Leachate 31
Step 6 - Secondary Attenuation with Replace-
ment of Attenuating Medium 32
Sample and Apparatus Preparation 32
Special Studies * 33
Secondary "Leaching" from a Burdened Disposal
Medium by Contact with Fresh Water 33
Apparent Bulk Density 33
iii
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Physical Characterization of Wastes 34
X-Ray-Diffraction Analysis 34
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron
Microprobe Analysis 34
Particle Size, Specific Surface Area, and-
Specific Gravity Analyses 35
Physical Characterization of Disposal Media 36
Liner Compatability Studies 36
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the
Laboratory Studies Task 38
Field Studies 39
Study Sites 40
Radian Facility 40
Crown Field Site 40
Selection and Acquisition of Disposal Media 42
Field Cell Design and Construction 47
Cell Design 47
Cell Construction 47
Laboratory Control Columns 50
Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Field
Studies 55
Chemical Analyses 56
Sample Sources 56
Leachates from Laboratory Batch Equilibration
Tests 57
Leachates from Field Cells 57
Leachates from Laboratory Columns 57
Parameters of Analysis 57
Analytical Methods 59
Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled
Argon Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICPES)... 59
Elemental Analyses by Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry (AAS) 59
Others Methods of Analysis 61
Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Chemical
Analysis 62
Data Management and Interpretation 63
SAS System 64
Field Cell and Laboratory Column Data Base 64
Laboratory Batch Equilibration Test Data Base 65
Conceptual Model Development 65
3. Physical Characteristics of FBC Wastes and Disposal Media.... 68
Physical Characterization of FBC Wastes 68
Preliminary X-ray Analysis of IERL-RTP Wastes 68
X-ray Analysis of Exxon Miniplant PFBC Waste 69
Particle Size, Specific Surface Area, and Specific
Gravity Determinations of PFBC Wastes 69
Scanning Electron Microscopic and Electron Micro-
probe Analysis 70
iv
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Physical Characterization of Disposal Media 70
X-ray Analysis of the Disposal Media 70
Particle Size, Specific Surface Area, and Specific
Gravity Determinations of the Disposal Media 72
Cation Exchange Capacities of the Disposal Media. .. 72
Liner Compatability Studies 72
4. Leachate Generation and Attenuation Results 74
Results of Laboratory Studies. 75
Leachate Generation 76
Calcium 77
Boron 77
Sulfate 80
Leachate Attenuation 80
Calcium 82
Boron 86
Sulfate 86
Results of Field Studies 86
Field Cell Water Balance Analysis 94
Leachate Generation 100
Calcium 101
Boron 106
Sulfate 106
Leachate Attenuation 114
Calcium 116
Boron 120
Sulfate 120
Observed Field Cell Concentrations 120
Consideration of Replicate Cells 129
General Patterns Observed 129
Attenuating Media Comparison 129
Calcium 130
Boron 130
Sulfate 130
Correlation of Lab and Field Results 133
Method of Correlation 133
Correlation of Laboratory and Field Results for
Leachate Generation 136
Correlation of Laboratory and Field Results for
Leachate Attenuation 136
Field Results Indicating Contaminant Mobilization
in the Disposal Media 139
5. Comparison of Chemical Analytical Results with Water Quality
Criteria and Standards 141
Comparison with National Interim Primary and Secondary
Drinking Water Regulations 146
Comparison with Multimedia Environmental Goals 149
Comparison with Quality Criteria for Water (QCW) 155
6. Future Program Efforts 156
Information Services 157
Waste Acquisition 157
Future Laboratory Studies 158
Waste Characterization 158
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Disposal Media Characterization 159
Liner Compatability Studies 159
Field Studies 159
Completion of Test Matrix 159
Large Permeameter Experiment 160
Solid Phase Sampling 161
Future Chemical Analyses 162
Chemical Analysis of FBC Wastes and Attenuation
Media 162
Chemical Analysis of Leached Solids 163
Chemical Analysis for Species Studies 163
Chemical Analysis of Leachates 164
Data Management and Interpretation 164
Conceptual Model Development 165
References 166
Appendix I: Laboratory and Field Chemical Analytical Data List. 168
Laboratory Data Listing 171
Field Data Listing 242
Appendix II: Procedural Details for Methods of Investigation.... 273
vi
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Scenario Landfill Disposal Site 7
2 FBC Operating Configurations 17
3 Schematic of Exxon Miniplant PFBC 19
4 Rugged Rotator, RD-250 with Leachate Bottles in Position for
Agitation 26
5 Multi-Step Laboratory Leaching Protocol 27
6 Scheme for Successive Leaching with Solid Replacement 30
7 Field Cell Geometry 48
8 Field Cell Arrangement 49
9 Interior of Equipment Shelter, Showing Drums for Bottom Drains
and Flasks for Sample Collection 51
10 Shells for Field Cells Being Lowered Into Trench 51
11 View of Completed Field Cell Installation 52
12 Completed Field Cell 52
13 Laboratory Control Column 54
14 Laboratory Leachate Generation Data Protocol Steps 1 and 2 for
Calcium 78
15 Laboratory Leachate Generation Data, Steps 1 and 3 for Calcium 78
16 Laboratory Leachate Generation Data, Protocol Steps 1 and 2
for Boron 79
17 Laboratory Leachate Generation Data, Protocol Steps 1 and 3
for Boron 79
18 Laboratory Leachate Generation Data, Protocol Steps 1 and 2
for Sulfate 81
vii
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Number
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Laboratory Leachate Generation Data, Protocol Steps 1 and 3
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Sandstone ซซ
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Alluvium
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Boron by Glacial Till
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Glacial Till
Page
81
83
83
84
84
85
85
87
87
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
viii
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Number Page
36 Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Limestone 92
37 Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Interburden 92
38 Rainfall Mass Curve, Cumulative Volume of Precipitation Per
Cell 96
39 Throughput Mass Curve, Cumulative Volume Per Cell 98
40 Double Mass Curve, Throughput vs. Rainfall. 99
41 Field Leachate Generation Data for Calcium 102
42 Field Leachate Generation Data for Boron 106
43 Field Leachate Generation Data for Sulfate Ill
44 Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Calcium 117
45 Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Boron 121
46 Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Sulfate 124
47 Field Cell Concentrations of Boron (PFBC Waste with Shale
Medium 127
48 Field Cell Concentration of Calcium (PFBC Waste with Shale
Medium) 128
49 Cumulative Mass of Species "K" Leached in Laboratory Shake
Tests as a Function of Volume Added to a Waste 134
50 Cumulative Mass Differential (Attenuated/Contributed) of a
Species "K" in Laboratory Shake Tests as a Function of
Volume of Leachate Added to a Disposal Medium 134
51 Mass of a Species "K" in Leachate at Upper Sample Point of
Field Cell Test as a Function of Rainfall Volume 135
52 Cumulative Mass Differential (Attenuated/Contributed) of a
Species "K" as a Function of Rainfall Volume 135
53 Comparison of Field and Laboratory Leaching Data 137
54 Comparison of Field and Laboratory Attenuating Data for Shale. 138
55 Contamination of Leachate by Shale Medium 140
ix
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TABLES
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
On-Line Literature Files Searched for FBC Citations
Average Operating Conditions for Exxon PFBC Miniplant Runs
Numbered 79, 80, and 81
Contingency FBC Waste in Storage at Crown, West Virginia....
Test Matrix for Field Cells at Crown, West Virginia
Climatological Summary for Mannington, West Virginia
Average Monthly Pan Evaporation from Clarksburg, West
Virginia Weather Station
Filling Schedule - Crown Cells
Replicate Cells for QA/QC
Preliminary Analytical Screening Results (Step 1, Seven-Day
PFBC Leachate)
List of Chemical Parameters Included in Routine Leachate
Additional Parameters to be Screened in Leachates From
Future Wastes
Physical Properties of Disposal Media
Contents of Completed (Operating) Field Cells
Initial Irrigation and Rainfall for Field Cells at Crown,
Field Leachate Generation Comparison for Calcium.
Page
14
20
21
41
43
44
46
53
55
56
58
60
60
61
73
93
95
105
X
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Number Page
19 Field Leachate Generation Comparison for Boron 110
20 Field Leachate Generation Comparison for Sulfate 115
21 Example Calculation of Field Fractional Attenuation 116
22 Comparison of Media Attenuation by Constituent 131
23 Comparison of Constituents Attenuated or Released by Medium.. 132
24 Comparison of Preliminary Laboratory Chemical Analytical
Results with Water Quality Criteria and Regulations 142
25 Comparison of Preliminary Field Cell Chemical Analytical
Results with Water Quality Criteria and Standards: Upper
Sample Point (Leachate Generation) 144
26 Comparison of Preliminary Field Cell Chemical Analytical
Results with Water Quality Criteria and Standards: Lower
Sample Point (Leachate Attenuation) and Control Cells 145
27 Summary of Discharge Severity for Parameters in Drinking
Water Regulations 148
28 MEG Value Bases for Emission and Ambient Level Goals 150
29 Summary of Discharge Severity for DMEG Values 151
xi
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Fluldized bed combustion is an emerging energy conversion technology that
holds promise for high efficiency of energy conversion, but the solid residues
generated during the process may pose hazards to the environment unless they
are properly handled and disposed of. The purpose of this investigation is
to address the environmental concerns of FBC waste disposal in two ways:
1) analysis of the characteristics of representative FBC residues and their
interaction with natural environmental media; and 2) development of a method-
ology or conceptual model for use in planning environmental protection from
the impacts of FBC wastes on a case-by-case basis.
The investigation reported here has several components: 1) identifica-
tion and acquisition of representative FBC solid residues and natural dispos-
al media (geologic materials); 2) characterization of several physical prop-
erties of the FBC residues and disposal media; 3) laboratory studies of
leachate generation from FBC residues and subsequent leachate attenuation
by the disposal media; 4) lab studies of interactions between landfill liners
and FBC residues; 5) construction and operation (leachate collection and
analysis) of simulated landfill cells that are in natural field conditions
but in hydrologic isolation from the environment; 6) development of methods
of "scaling up" from laboratory batch equilibration tests to leachate gen-
eration and attenuation phenomena observed in field cells; and 7) application
of the "scaling up" methods to formulation of a conceptual model for case-
by-case dispoal site application. Studies during the first year have included
pressurized FBC (PFBC) wastes and six disposal media (sandstone, shale, al-
luvium, giacial till, limestone, and interburden).
Physical characterization of the FBC waste and the disposal media have
included X-ray diffraction analysis, particle size, specific surface area,
and specific gravity determinations, and scanning electron microscope and
xii
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electron microprobe analysis. Chemical analyses have been performed on
PFBC leachates both before and after exposure to the disposal media. Analy-
ses are made for 20 water quality parameters. Detailed results of the chem-
ical behavior of leachates during the generation and attenuation phase in
both laboratory and field studies are presented for the parameters calcium,
boron, and sulfate. When the wastes are leached repeatedly with fresh water
in laboratory studies, the leachate concentrations of calcium and boron de-
crease markedly. Sulfate concentrations remain relatively constant with in-
creasing leaching. In laboratory studies of the attenuation of fresh leach-
ate by the disposal media, calcium is attenuated by all of the media, al-
though attenuation trends vary for the different media. Boron is strongly
attenuated by all of the media, and sulfate is attenuated very little by any
of the media.
Leachates collected from sampling points just below the waste body in
the field cells (leachate generation phase) generally decrease in strength
with respect to calcium, boron, and sulfate as increments of water flow
through the cell and leaching progresses. Leachates from sampling points
below the disposal media in the cells (leachate attenuation phase) are less
consistent. The prevalent pattern of calcium, boron, and sulfate concentra-
tion is to remain constant or to gradually increase with time and leachate
volume flow-through.
The concentrations of all 20 analytical parameters have been tabulated
for the leachate generation and attenuation phases of both laboratory and
field studies. In this presentation, a comparison of the leachate strength
is made for all 20 parameters with existing primary and secondary drinking
water standards, Multimedia Environmental Goals, and Quality Criteria for
Water. With respect to drinking water standards, the parameters of greatest
concern are cadmium, manganese, sulfate, and total dissolved solids. For
the Multimedia Environmental Goals, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, po-
tassium, silver, and manganese are all of concern. Only boron is considered
of potential concern with respect to Quality Criteria for Water.
xiii
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Future program efforts include the acquisition of atmospheric FBC (AFBC)
wastes from two sources, laboratory leachate characterization studies for the
AFBC wastes, investigation of the effect of FBC wastes on landfill liners,
and completion of the field cell test matrix with the new wastes. Further
statistical refinements of the attempted "scaling up" from laboratory to
field observations of leachate generation and attenuation will be made, and
the results will be incorporated into the development of the conceptual
methodology for ensuring environmental protection of future individual FBC
waste disposal sites.
xiv
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is an emerging energy conversion technol-
ogy that holds promise for high efficiency of energy conversion as well as
minimization of adverse impacts on air quality. In a fluidized bed combustor,
the fuel (usually coal), is mixed with a sorbent material (limestone or dolo-
mite) , and the mixture is held in entrainment suspension in the combustor by
air that is forced at high velocity through an air distribution grid at the
bottom of the combustor.
A major advantage of FBC lies in the fact that high-sulfur coal can be
burned without the use of flue-gas desulfurization equipment to meet air
quality standards. As the coal is burned in the combustor, the sulfur
present is oxidized to sulfur oxides as in conventional boilers. However,
the sulfur oxides react with the sorbent material in the fluidized bed to
form calcium sulfate instead of being carried out to the atmosphere in the
flue gas. Although FBC has the strong environmental advantage of cleaner
flue gas with respect to sulfur oxides, the additional solid residues gen-
erated as a result of the sorbent material, coupled with their different
properties from conventional combustion by-products, could potentially
represent an increased environmental hazard from solid waste disposal.
The EPA Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory at Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, has initiated a comprehensive effort for
characterizing FBC residues and emissions and their potential environmental
effects. The use of this "front-end" approach for an emerging, highly
promising energy conversion technology enables planning and engineering to
deal with environmental problems before large facilities are in existence.
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The investigation reported here is a major part of the IERL-RTP environ-
mental characterization efforts for FBC. This study, a three-year program
being performed under Contract 68-02-3103, has as its major objective the
evaluation of the environmental acceptability of solid residues generated by
FBC. This report presents the progress and findings of the first year of the
program.*
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are to ascertain the degree of potential
environmental hazard posed by FBC solid residues and to provide a means of
ensuring environmental protection when the residues are disposed of. Spe-
cifically, the program has been structured to:
analyze the characteristics of representative FBC residues and
their interaction with natural environmental media; and
develop a methodology or conceptual model for use in providing
environmental protection from the impacts of the residues on
a case-by-case basis.
An environmental assessment of FBC solid wastes should take into account
all facets of the environment as well as the costs associated with environ-
mental protection. Components of the natural environment which are usually
considered include climate, air quality, noise, odor, topography, soils, ge-
ology, hydrology (including both surface water and ground water), and biology
(including both terrestrial and aquatic ecology). In addition to these nat-
ural components, several anthropogenic categories normally are also considered,
including socioeconomics, land use, and cultural resources (both archaeologic
and historic categories).
*Because of delays in the availability of FBC wastes, the preparation of the
first year progress report was delayed for three months. This report there-
fore presents the results of the first fifteen months of investigation.
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However, the primary focus of concern for the environmental acceptability
of FBC waste disposal is on the potential hydrologic impacts. There are two
reasons for this emphasis. First, the hydrologic systems are the environ-
mental components that are most likely to be adversely affected and that are
regulated by pollution control efforts. Second, the other major environmental
eomponents, when affected by solid waste disposal sites and operations, are
often affected by means of contaminated ground or surface water. Thus, the other
components are affected adversely only if or after the hydrologic components
are affected.
For example, the potential adverse effects of FBC wastes on both terres-
trial and aquatic systems are reflected through hydrologic systems. Aquatic
habitats in streams would most likely be affected as a result of inflow of
contaminated surface water or ground water into the streams. Terrestrial
plants downgradient from the disposal site could be affected by contaminated
ground water if the plants are taking water from below the water table. Wild-
life could be impacted by taking water from streams that are contaminated by
surface runoff from the disposal site or by inflowing ground water.
Many of the cultural concerns of solid waste disposal also occur via hy-
drologic systems that have been contaminated by the disposal site. Where
water supplies are taken from ground water directly, the contamination of
ground water represents an easily identifiable threat. The acceptability of
a disposal site to an informed public is directly related to the threat of
the site to the local commodities of value, including water supply sources.
The regulatory climate in a state, county, or community will bear on the
disposal practices used at a site and will determine in large measure the
relative degree of hydrologic impact of the disposal site.
Because of the potential direct impact of FBC solid waste disposal on
surface water and ground water, and because the impacts on other environmental
components of greatest value occur via hydrologic systems, the emphasis of
this study is placed on the potential hydrologic impacts. This is not to say
that the impacts on other environmental components should be ignored, but the
initial emphasis should be placed on the more important hydrologic impacts.
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SCENARIO DISPOSAL CONDITIONS
FBC solid residues have potential for use as concrete additives and as
aggregate in asphalt and concrete, and some residues may be disposed in the
ocean.l However, the bulk of future FBC wastes will likely be disposed in
landfills. This investigation is being conducted with an emphasis on the
potential environmental problems associated with landfill disposal.
There are as yet no viable commercial FBC plants in operation, and con-
sequently, there are no representative disposal operations to serve as a
guide for this investigation. In order to provide bounds for the study, a
set of "typical" future disposal operating conditions will therefore be
assumed. These scenario conditions are based on landfill operation for other
types of solid wastes.
As the solid residuals are generated in the combustors, they will be
brought to ambient temperature before temporary storage at the plant site.
From temporary storage the wastes will be pneumatically loaded at appropriate
intervals into closed tractor-trailer type trucks and will be hauled to the
treatment/disposal site. It will be assumed that the disposal site will be
sufficiently close to the plant to allow transportation by truck. At the
disposal site, the wastes will be removed from the trucks and again placed in
temporary storage (e.g., silos). From this temporary storage the wastes will
be transferred to a waste treatment facility where water will be added in the
proper stoichiometric amounts such that hydration reactions and subsequent
heat release can occur under controlled conditions. If stabilizing additives
are required for the waste, they will also be added during this step.
The primary purpose of the treatment step is to prepare the wastes so
they can be safely disposed in a hydrated and thermally stable form. It is
assumed that after treatment the wastes will still be in a solid form suit-
able for landfill disposal. Pond disposal is assumed to be unnecessary and,
in fact, undesirable.
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It is further assumed that the disposal site will be devoted solely to
FBC wastes. Codisposal with other types of wastes will not be considered in
this program, although codisposal with certain other wastes may present dis-
tinct advantages, much as the mixing and codisposal of ash from conventional
coal-fired boilers with sludge from flue gas desulfurization equipment
increases the stability of these wastes. Codisposal is a potentially fruit-
ful area of future FBC waste investigations.
After treatment, the FBC wastes will be transported to the landfill for
final emplacement. A primary requisite for a satisfactory disposal site is
that the water table will at all times be below the base of the waste. Gen-
erally, at least five feet of unsaturated substrate should underlie the
wastes to aid in attenuation of contaminants and to reduce the leaching of
the wastes. The release of contaminants from the wastes is generally much
greater if the wastes are below the water table and remain saturated than if
they are in the unsaturated zone where they are leached only periodically by
infiltrating precipitation. The scenario disposal site assumed here has at
least five feet between the base of the landfill and the highest level of the
water table. Such an assumption is also congruent with evolving regulations
for waste management in EPA's Office of Solid Waste.
If an FBC waste disposal site is operated as a traditional landfill,
then its geometry can reasonably be postulated. For a trench method, there
will be tabular bodies, 10 or so feet thick, 20 or so feet wide, and perhaps
a few hundred feet long, spaced on, say, 50 foot centers. For an area method
there will be a large number of small cells, say 10 x 20 x 20 feet, separated
by 2 to 3 foot earth walls making up a large tabular body 10 feet thick and a
few hundred feet wide and long. Two or more such bodies might be superposed.
While actual landfill sites are fit into the existing topography, it is rea-
sonable to proceed with this general concept of site geometry.
For such a hypothetical disposal site, a typical section would consist
of the following layers or components:
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final cover material consisting of two or more feet of soil for
the site vegetation;
upper liner (optional), which is a moisture barrier about the waste
body; it may be natural material (such as clay) or artificial
(flexible membrane of some sort);
waste body;
bottom liner (optional), which is a natural or artificial barrier
to downward moisture (leachate) movement, and may incorporate a
fluid collection system;
unsaturated disposal media, undisturbed site material lying
below the landfill, but above any regional ground-water system;
and
saturated zone of the ground-water system.
With respect to disposal environment, a uniformly sloping surface of low
slope angle is hypothesized. A homogeneous and isotropic substrate medium
(such as a well-sorted non-stratified sand) is assumed, and a water table
aquifer is presumed to be present. The slope of the water table is assumed
to be the same as the slope of the land surface. The ground-water contamina-
tion plume that would likely be generated under these circumstances is shown
in Figure 1.
Although these idealized disposal conditions would seldom be realized in
actual disposal sites, the scenario provides a means of developing a methodo-
logy for addressing disposal problems at individual sites. The methodology
can then be modified as necessary to fit the more complex "real" conditions at
the individual sites.
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Cover Material
Advancing Front of
Contaminated Ground Water
(Contamination Plume)
Assumption: Homogenous. Isotropic Substrate
Figure 1. Scenario Landfill Disposal Site
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ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY CONTEXT
Recent national legislation and pursuant regulations concerning solid
waste disposal will have a large impact on future waste disposal practices.2
Of particular significance are the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of
1976 (PL 94-580) and regulations that are being developed by EPA in response
to the act. The regulations, which are presently being developed or have only
recently been promulgated, provide for a means of making a distinction between
hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. Hazardous wastes are controlled from the
point of origin to the point of final disposal by means of a manifest system
and by requirement of isolated, leak-proof disposal sites. Less stringent
control is imposed on nonhazardous wastes in that no manifest system is re-
quired, and leakage of leachate from the disposal site is permitted as long
as no underground drinking water source beyond the solid waste boundary is
contaminated. The FBC waste program that is the subject of this report ad-
dresses both the eventuality that FBC waste is classed as hazardous and that
it is classed as nonhazardous.
Inasmuch as the bulk of FBC wastes will likely be classed as nonhazardous,2
the emphasis of this program is on the generation of leachate and the subse-
quent interaction of the leachate with the substrate at disposal sites. How-
ever, studies of the effect of FBC wastes on landfill liner materials that
could be used to prevent leakage are also included in the program to account
for those future FBC wastes that are classed as hazardous.,
OVERVIEW OF PROGRAM CONTENT
In order to achieve the two-fold objective of characterizing FBC wastes
and their interaction with the natural environment and developing a methodol-
ogy for ensuring environmental protection on a case-by-case basis, the fol-
lowing specific elements have been established for the program:
development and maintenance of a comprehensive literature
file,
-------
identification and acquisition of representative FBC solid
residues,
identification and acquisition of representative ''disposal
media" (geologic materials from likely landfill environments),
characterization of several physical properties of the FBC
residues and disposal media,
laboratory studies of leachate generation from FBC solid
residues by means of batch equilibration tests,
laboratory studies of leachate attenuation by disposal media,
laboratory studies of interactions between landfill liners
and FBC solid residues,
construction of simulated landfill cells that are in natural
field conditions but that are hydrologically isolated from the
environment,
collection and chemical analysis of leachate samples from the
field cells at two points located so as to enable analysis of
leachate from waste material both before and after exposure to
the disposal medium,
development of methods for "scaling up" from laboratory batch
equilibration tests to leachate generation and attenuation
phenomena desired in field cells; and
application of the "scaling up" methods to formulation of a
conceptual model for case-by-case application.
A number of program tasks have been established to accomplish these elements.
An information services task provides the means of acquiring relevant
-------
publications and unpublished materials from previous studies. A task for
waste acquisition is included to identify possible sources of representative
FBC wastes and to acquire sufficient quantities of the waste for laboratory
and field studies. This task is also charged with the responsibility of
defining FBC operational parameters that existed when the waste acquired was
produced.
Characterization of FBC Wastes and Representative Disposal Media
A laboratory studies task was established to conduct lab investigations
of the physical and chemical properties of both the representative FBC wastes
selected and the candidate disposal media that are also selected as represen-
tative materials. A major part of the lab studies effort is in the batch equil-
bration tests that are used to simulate the generation of leachates from waste
samples. These "shake" tests are also used to study the attenuation of leach-
ate contaminants by various candidate disposal media. Other laboratory stu-
dies are the whole-sample chemical characterization of wastes, examination of
crystalline phases present, and studies of the effects of FBC waste leachate
on several candidate landfill liner materials. All laboratory studies are
being conducted at Radian Corporation laboratories in Austin, Texas.
The field studies task includes installation and operation of several
large cylindrical field cells to simulate the behavior of actual landfill cells
under quasi-natural conditions. The identification and acquisition of suitable
representative disposal media also fall under the purview of the field studies
task. Laboratory control columns to investigate the leaching of disposal media
in the absence of FBC waste are also included in this task. These control
columns are smaller in length and diameter than the field cells. All of the
field cells are located at an EPA field laboratory at Crown, West Virginia
(near Morgantown), but the control columns are in laboratory facilities in
Austin.
A task was also set up in the program for chemical analysis of all leach-
ates produced in the laboratory and field cells. Most analyses are done by
ICPES (Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Emission Spectroscopy), although some
10
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analyses are performed by MS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy), specific ion
electrode, and ion chromatography. A separate task for data handling and
analysis was established to enable the use of digital computers and the SAS
(Statistical Analysis System) capability to process and display the analytical
results of the chemical analysis task. A quality assurance task was set up to
ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of all chemical and physical determi-
nations made in all tasks of the program.
During the first year of the program, studies have been completed for
PFBC wastes from the Exxon Miniplant, Linden, New Jersey. The chemistry data
from laboratory and field studies using these wastes are presented in Appen-
dix I.
Development of Methodology for Providing Environmental Protection on a
Case-by-Case Basis
The variability of the environmental conditions at future disposal sites,
coupled with the variability of the characteristics of future wastes, preclude
the possibility of anticipating all environmental problems at all locations.
A major goal of this investigation is therefore to develop a methodology or
conceptual model for dealing with the environmental problems of FBC wastes on
a case-by-case basis. When this methodology is developed, it is envisioned
that selected site-specific and waste-specific parameters can be determined
and used as input to the method to predict the probable hydrologic impacts of
alternate waste disposal practices. In this way, a "best choice" of waste
disposal method can be made.
A major objective of this program is an attempt to establish, by means
of an empirical but rigorous correlation, a relationship between the results
of laboratory shake tests and the leaching behavior of FBC wastes in the
field. If this relationship can be established, then the leachate generation
potential of future FBC wastes can be predicted on the basis of relatively
inexpensive, easy-to-perform laboratory batch equilibrium tests. Such a
leachate generation predictive tool will be incorporated as an essential part
of the methodology for dealing with site-specific environmental problems.
11
-------
It is expected that the results of this program and the results of other
solid waste and ground-water contamination studies will be used to formulate
the conceptual model that can be used to predict the hydrologic effects of
individual solid waste disposal sites on a case-by-case basis. The concep-
tual model will likely be formulated, at least initially, to be applied to
the "idealized" set of disposal practices and hydrogeologic conditions set
forth in Figure 1.
Initial progress has been made toward achieving the empirical but reli-
able and rigorous correlation that is being sought between laboratory studies
and field cell results. However, much work remains to be done before the
correlation is demonstrated. As a result, the bulk of the efforts in devel-
oping the remainder of the conceptual model for case-by-case application
remains to be done, although most of the applicable studies being conducted
for other types of wastes have been identified and the appropriate reports
and publications secured.
REPORT ORGANIZATION
Following this Introductory section, Section 2 presents more details on
the specific methods used to accomplish the program elements. Section 3 con-
tains the results of studies performed thus far on the physical characteris-
tics of FBC wastes and disposal media. Section 4 presents the results of the
laboratory and field studies with an emphasis on comparison of leachates and
their interaction with the disposal media. Current progress in development
of the correlation of the results of laboratory and field results is also
presented in Section A.
Section 5 contains a comparison of the analytical results of raw and
attenuated leachates from both laboratory and field efforts with several
water quality standards, regulations, and criteria. The purpose of this
section is to provide a framework for establishing the relative acceptability
of FBC solid residues from an environmental quality standpoint. Section 6
presents a synopsis of work remaining to be accomplished during the remainder
of the program.
12
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SECTION 2
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
As noted in Section 1, several technical tasks have been established to
accomplish the objectives of this program. These tasks are as follows:
Information Services,
FBC Waste Identification and Acquisition,
Field Studies,
Laboratory Studies,
Chemical Analysis,
Data Management and Interpretation, and
Conceptual Model Development.
The overall procedures used in each of these tasks are described in this sec-
tion. Where required, specific procedural details are given in Appendix II.
INFORMATION SERVICES
The primary purpose of the information services task is to create an ab-
stract file of FBC literature, retrieve relevant material, and maintain a
separate FBC hard copy file. The initial literature search was done in Sep-
tember, 1978, and information is added to the file regularly. The on-line
data bases that were searched are shown in Table 1. Literature published
prior to 1969 was not searched inasmuch as FBC technology was virtually non-
existent at that time.
In scanning the print-outs, abstracts which indicated major emphasis on
coal gasification were deleted, as were abstracts which discussed FBC as a
future energy technology. About 1,500 of the 4,000 abstracts obtained were
used to create the initial file. Additions to the abstract file are made as
13
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TABLE 1. ON-LINE LITERATURE FILES SEARCHED
FOR FBC CITATIONS
APTIC (Air Pollution Technical Information Center), 1966-September, 1978.
Biological Abstracts, 1969-
Chemical Abstract, 1971-
ENERGYLINE, 1971-
Energy Data Base (DOE), 1976-
Engineering Index, 1970-
ENVIROLINE, 1971-
Environmental Periodicals Bibliography, 1974-
GEOARCHIVE, 1974-
GEOREF, 1967-
GRANTS, current
Meteorology/Geophysics, 1970-
National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 1964-
Nuclear Science Abstacts (OCR/AEC), 1967-1976
POLLUTION, 1970-
Selected Water Resources Abstracts, 1968-
SSIE, 1974-
14
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new documents are purchased or abstracts or titles of current relevant liter-
ature are identified. Since October 1978, about 175 new titles have been
added. About four titles are added monthly.
Two methods are used to update the files. New documents entering the
file are given subject descriptors. Abstracts of new document titles which
have FBC descriptors are culled, photocopied, and given new descriptors ap-
plicable to the specialized FBC file.
The second method is a current awareness service provided by the library
through Lockheed Retrieval Service's DIALOG.ฎ Abstracts added to the Engineer-
ing Index and Chemical Abstracts data bases discussing FBC and its environ-
mental consequences are sent to the library on a regular basis. A separate
search on DOE's Energy Data Base is made about every other month. The NTIS
data base had been used for current awareness, but was dropped due to retriev-
al of irrelevant information.
All the abstracts obtained are circulated to individuals in the FBC pro-
gram team for their perusal. Documents can also be ordered at the specific
request of individual team members.
FBC SOLID RESIDUE IDENTIFICATION AND ACQUISITION
The first objective of this task is to identify current sources of FBC
solid residues that are as representative as possible of wastes that will
be generated when FBC becomes a viable and widely used energy conversion
technology. The second objective is to acquire adequate samples of the resi-
dues for the laboratory and field portions of the program.
It is presently anticipated that three different FBC wastes will be test-
ed; a pressurized FBC (PFBC) waste has been acquired and two atmospheric-
pressure FBC (AFBC) wastes are to be obtained. Approximately ten tons of
each FBC waste type are necessary to conduct the experimental work. The
wastes used in the program are collected and transported to Crown, West
Virginia and Austin, Texas.
15
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Waste Requirements and Specifications
Waste is required for field cells, field permeameters, and the laboratory
studies. The volumes of wastes needed are dictated by the field experiments,
inasmuch as the laboratory studies require only small quantities. Each field
cell has a four-foot inside diameter and contains a 1^ foot lift of waste.
The field permeameters are the same diameter, but the solid waste layer is 2^
feet thick. The PFBC waste cells are in place and operating, and the labora-
tory studies have been completed on this waste. The AFBC wastes have not yet
been obtained.
Every effort is being made to assure that the wastes tested in this pro-
gram are representative of wastes anticipated from commercial FBC Facilities.
The test units generating the waste are to be operating at steady state (meet-
ing present environmental specifications for SOa, NO , and particulates) and
s\
operating at a reasonable combustion efficiency. It is assumed that all the
solid waste streams from an FBC facility are disposed of together, and that
no other material is combined for co-disposal.
Figure 2 shows schematically three different AFBC processing configura-
tions. Either solids recycle or two-stage operation with a carbon burnup cell
(CBC) is anticipated to be required on a commercial installation because of
the insufficient gas/solids contacting that occurs in a single stage FBC with
reasonable operating parameters.
/
Originally, two AFBC wastes were to be tested that were generated with
two different processing modes: recycle and carbon burnup cell (CBC). It
appears now that AFBC-with-CBC waste will not be available within a reasonable
time frame for this program. This circumstance precludes a comparison between
AFBC-with-recycle and AFBC-with-CBC, but two different AFBC-with-recycle mode
wastes appear to be available. Valuable information can be obtained from test-
ing these two wastes, as they have significant processing and feedstock dif-
ferences, and the overall program results do not depend on a single AFBC-with-
CBC waste.
16
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SINGLE-STAGE OPERATION
CYCLONE
COMBUSTOR
SOLIDS
AIR3-
TWO-STAGE OPERATION
COMBUSTOR
SOLIDS
CYCLONE
AIR ?-
AIR ?-
CBC
COMBUSTOR
-^SOLIDS
RECYCLE OPERATION
COMBUSTOR
SOLIDS
CYCLONE
SOLIDS
AIR ?-
70-Ktt-t
Figure 2. FBC Operating Configurations
17
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Wastes Received
Wastes from two sources have been secured and stored at the Crown, West
Virginia field test site. These include PFBC waste from the Exxon Miniplant
and "straight-run" material from the EPRI/B&W 6'x6' AFBC. The PFBC wastes are
in operating field cells with a contingency in storage. The 6'x6' waste was
secured at low cost for contingency only and has been placed in storage.
A simplified schematic diagram of the Exxon Miniplant is shown in Figure
3. After combustion, solid material leaves the bed as overflow and as elutriant.
The bed overflow is one waste stream from the unit. The elutriant goes through
the first cyclone, which is reported to have an overall efficiency of 95 per-
cent, and the catch is recycled back into the bed. The material caught in
the second and third cyclones is collected as waste.
Material from Exxon runs numbered 79, 80, and 81 was used in the labora-
tory protocol and in the six field cells presently in operation. The feed-
stocks for these runs were:
Illinois #6 coal from the Monterey Mine, and
Pfizer 1337 Dolomite from Ohio.
The solids feed size for the coal was 8x50 mesh, and the sorbent was 8x25 mesh.
The operating conditions for the Miniplant while the wastes were being gene-
rated are given in Table 2.
Additional PFBC waste material has been obtained from Exxon as contin-
gency. Table 3 lists the contingency AFBC and PFBC solid wastes presently on
hand. The operating conditions for Exxon runs numbered 102 through 105 have
not been obtained, but will be available from Exxon if wastes are needed.
The AFBC waste is straight run material from the 6'x'6, and is therefore not
totally representative of anticipated future wastes and will not be used un-
less other planned waste sources cannot deliver.
18
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3rd STAGE
vo
COMBUSTOR
SOUDS REMOVAL
COAL ซ
SORBENT FEED
AIR J-
CYCLONES
2nd STAGE
1st STAGE
EXHAUST
SOLIDS REMOVAL
SOLIDS REMOVAL
70-ieis-i
Figure 3. Schematic of Exxon Miniplant PFBC
-------
TABLE 2. AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR EXXON PFBC MINIPLANT
RUNS NUMBERED 79, 80, AND 81
Bed Depth
Coal Feed Rate
Air Feed Rate
Ca/S Molar Ratio
Temperature
Pressure
Superficial Velocity
Excess Air
S Removal
Stack Gas Composition:
S02
N0x
C02
02
2-4 meters
130 kg/hr
21.4 m3/min
1.4
925ฐC (1700ฐF)
925 kpa (135 psi)
1.8 m/sec
18-27 percent
85-95 percent
150-290 ppm
56-120 ppm
12.5-14.5 percent
3.5-5 percent
20
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TABLE 3. CONTINGENCY FBC WASTE IN STORAGE AT CROWN, WEST VIRGINIA
Source Stream
Exxon Miniplant 2nd Cyclone
2nd Cyclone
2nd Cyclone
3rd Cyclone
3rd Cyclone
3rd Cyclone
Bed Overflow
Final Bed Material
Regenerator Cyclone Ash
Regenerator Cyclone Ash
Run #
102
103
104
103
104
102 & 105
104
115
102
103
Volume
(Drums)
4
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6'x6' AFBC
Spent Bed Material
Cyclone Catch
10
36
21
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AFBC Waste Availability
Because no commercial AFBC units are presently operating, it will be nec-
essary to obtain the wastes for this program from existing AFBC test units.
The operating AFBC test units can be categorized as government or privately
sponsored. The test units that are sponsored by the Department of Energy and
that have an inside diameter of over one foot are at the Morgantown Energy
Technology Center; Grand Forks Energy Technology Center; MIT; Rivesville,
West Virginia; and Alexandria, Virginia. The Georgetown University and Great
Lakes Naval Station boilers are presently coming on-line. EPA has a test unit
at Research Triangle Park and has contributed to an FBC unit at MIT. Privately
funded units are operated by Babcock & Wilcox, Combustion Engineering, Foster
Wheeler, Fluidyne, ERGO, Combustion Power, and Johnson Boilers.
AFBC-With-CBC Waste Availability
The only facility in the country that can produce AFBC-with-CBC waste
directly is the DOE-sponsofed 30 megawatt (MWe) boiler located at Rivesville,
West Virginia. Unfortunately, the future operation of the Rivesville boiler
is uncertain, and consequently this boiler cannot be relied upon for waste
acquisition for this program.
One other option for obtaining AFBC-with-CBC wastes would be to simulate
the operation by obtaining the waste from a single-stage combustor and firing
the elutriated material under CBC conditions as a separate step. Two impor-
tant parameters for simulating CBC combustion are an operating temperature of
about 2000ฐF and 20 to 30 percent excess air. This option was pursued to the
point of obtaining "straight-run" material from the EPRI/B&W 6'x6' and receiv-
ing competitive bids for the simulated CBC operation, but it is not cost-
effective to pursue this option further at this time. As noted, the straight-
run wastes acquired are being stored for contingency use.
Government and private AFBC operators were contacted to assess the pos-
sibility of their simulating a CBC. The government installations all had de-
fined test plans that did not include such operation, and considerable time
and money would be required to retrofit the test units to allow 2000ฐF opera-
22
-------
tion. Fixed-price bids were solicited and received to process the straight
run material as required. The costs from the two bids were judged as too
expensive for this program. Thus, AFBC-with-CBC wastes do not appear to
be available for testing.
AFBC-With-Recycle Waste Availability--
Two sources of representative AFBC-with-recycle waste are to be operating
within three months. The EPRI/B&W 6'x6' is presently being modified to allow
a higher recycle rate and to include a baghouse for final particulate collec-
tion. Waste acquisition from the 6'x6* has been discussed with EFRI and B&W,
and arrangements for acquiring this waste are presently being finalized.
i
A second source of AFBC-with-recycle waste is the Georgetown University
AFBC boiler. Both DOE and Georgetown University officials have been contacted
regarding the waste acquisition, and verbal approval has been obtained. The
Georgetown University boiler has operated for short periods firing coal and
is presently in the start-up phase.
LABORATORY STUDIES
Laboratory studies are being carried out to determine the following physi-
cal and chemical characteristics of pertinent components:
physical and chemical properties of FBC wastes and disposal media,
leachability of FBC wastes,
attenuation/mobilization capacity of six disposal media, and
compatability of candidate landfill liner materials with
FBC wastes.
The leaching potential of FBC solid residues and the attenuation capacity
of various disposal media are evaluated from the results of batch equilibration
tests. These tests comprise extractions of the FBC wastes and disposal media
23
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with the appropriate solutions at a constant agitation rate. Major and minor
chemical components in these extraction leachates are monitored to define
trends in the chemical behavior during leachate generation and attenuation.
This behavior has been monitored through a stepwise protocol designed to sim-
ulate primary and secondary effects in leaching and attenuation.
During the first year, physical characterization of the PFBC solid resi-
dues and the six disposal media was performed to identify pertinent struc-
tural properties and physical characteristics that will be utilized in the
interpretation of leaching data. The principal methods used in the physical
characterization investigation are X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micro-
scopy, specific gravity analysis, and surface area analysis. The results of
the physical characterization of the PFBC wastes and the six disposal media
are presented in Section 3 of this report. The laboratory studies of PFBC
waste leachates and their interaction with the disposal media are reported
in Sections 4 and 5.
Chemical analysis of whole samples at each FBC waste and disposal medium
included in the program will also be performed. It is expected that the sam-
ples will be acid-digested and analyzed for the chemical parameters included
in the list described below for leachate analysis. These analyses will be
performed when all FBC wastes and disposal media have been acquired.
Determination of Leachability of Wastes
In development of the procedures for the waste leachability studies, the
literature was searched for tests already developed and in current use?'1*'5'6
The results of the literature search and preliminary shake tests conducted on
FBC wastes for this program were used to develop the procedures for the batch
equilibration ("shake") tests and to determine the most significant variables.
Variables that were considered in the development of the batch equilibration
tests are (1) time of agitation and leaching, (2) solid-to-liquid ratio, (3)
nature of leaching liquid phase (e.g., pH), and (4) method of agitation.
Based upon the results from the studies for this program and results from
other leaching tests found in the literature, the following parameters were
formulated and have been utilized thus far:
24
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(1) the extracting liquid phase is deionized water;
(2) the extraction times are 1 day, 2 days, and 7 days;
(3) the solld-to-liquid mass ratio is 1:10 (25g:250 mฃ H20)
in order to minimize common ion and solution nonideality
effects for species of interest;
(4) all wastes and disposal media are ground to obtain uniform
particle size to insure homogeneity of wastes and reproduc-
ibility;
(5) continuous solid and liquid agitation is maintained on a
rotator at constant specified parameters to insure maximum
contact with minimum particle abrasion. The Rugged Rotator,
Model RD-250 (manufactured by Kraft Apparatus, Inc.) was
selected because it permits good eluant-solid contact with-
out such vigorous agitation as to cause abrasion of the
solids (Figure 4).
The laboratory protocol consists of six related steps (Figure 5), three
steps to characterize the behavior of one waste and three steps to characterize
a disposal medium. The 2nd and 3rd steps for the waste and the 5th and 6th
steps for the medium are repeated until minimal changes in leaching or
attenuation are observed. Step 1 determines initial leaching (both rate
and extent). Secondary leaching is determined in Steps 2 and 3 Step 2
with liquid replacement and Step 3 with solids replacement. The following
sections describe each of these in more detail.
Step 1 Initial Leaching
FBC waste is leached with deionized water to measure primary or initial
leaching. The solid and liquid phases are equilibrated for one day, two
25
-------
Figure 4. Rugged Rotator, RD-250 with Leachate Bottles
in Position for Agitation
26
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STEP1
WASTE
A
*.
STEP 2
WASTE
STEP 2
LEACHATE
(rtpaat ซ mcatsary)
STEP 4
DISPOSAL
MEDIUM
(lor
STEP1
LEACHATE
A
patillon) : ซ-;
STEPS
DISPOSAL
MEDIUM
STEPS
LEACHATE
(rtpaat as nacaitary)
FRESH
WASTE
H2O
STEP1
WASTE
STEP1
LEACHATE
FRESH
DISPOSAL
MEDIUM
STEP1
LEACHATE
STEP 4
DISPOSAL
MEDIUM
STEP 4
LEACHATE
FRESH
WASTE
STEP1
LEACHATE
A
4
STEP 3
WASTE
\ (for
i rtpatltlo
STEP 3
LEACHATE
(repeal ai naeaaaary)
FRESH
DISPOSAL
MEDIUM
STEP 4
LEACHATE
A
A
'
STEP 6
DISPOSAL
MEDIUM
STEP 6
LEACHATE
Figure 5
(rapait as necessary)
Multi-Step Laboratory Leaching Protocol
27
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days and seven days to define the rate and extent of leaching. Only seven-
day leachates or leached solids are carried forward to succeeding steps. No
pH control is used. Multiples of this step are run in order to measure re-
peatability and to provide sufficient leachates or leached solids for subse-
quent steps.
After the required equilibration period, the solid/liquid phases are
separated. The leachates are analyzed or carried forward to Step 3 or Step
4. The solids are carried forward to Step 2 or discarded.
Step 2 - Secondary Leaching with Eluant Replacement
Solids initially leached for seven days in Step 1 are subejcted to addi-
tional leaching by fresh eluant (deionized water). This step in the protocol
is designed to correspond with leaching behavior in field conditions when re-
placement volumes of liquid pass through solids residues after initial leach-
ing. Step 2 leachates are equilibrated for seven days.
After the equilibration period, the solid/liquid phases are separated,
and the leachates are analyzed. The solids are carried forward for repe-
tition of the step. The process is repeated as necessary until no signifi-
cant additional leaching is occurring when fresh eluant is placed on previ-
ously leached waste. After the equilibration period of the final repetition
of Step 2, the residual solids are analyzed as well as the leachate.
Step 2 is repeated at least six times and as many as nine times. Data
generated from each waste in Step 1 leachate analyses are used to identify
key species. Calcium and sulfate concentrations are monitored as determina-
tive factors in the progression of repetitions with the PFBC waste.
Step 3 - Secondary Leaching with Waste Replacement
Leachate that has been initially equilibrated for seven days in Step 1
is placed in contact with fresh unleached waste. This step is designed to
measure the extent to which leachate will continue to take up key species as
28
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it percolates and encounters fresh waste under field conditions. This step
also allows determination of whether or not a given species is in a condition
of saturation with regard to secondary leaching. Step 3 leachates are equili-
brated for both one and seven days. Seven-day leachates are used for repeti-
tion of the step.
After the required equilibration period, the solid/liquid phases are
separated. The leachates are analyzed or carried forward for repetition of
the step. The solids are discarded.
To repeat Step 3, sufficient samples must be set up initially to provide
the necessary eluant for the desired number of repetitions. At the end of
each repetition, the leachate from two samples is analyzed, and the remainder
of the leachates are composited to provide eluant for the next repetition
with fresh unleached solids. Figure 6 illustrates the steps necessary to
provide six repetitions of the step.
Step 3, in which the number of repetitions must be chosen prior to the
initial setting up of the step, is carried out in six repetitions. This num-
ber of repetitions has been selected on the basis of time and equipment avail-
ability. The use of two rotator devices for each set of repetitions allows
six repetitions of protocol. In general, two or three repetitions are neces-
sary for trend definition in secondary leaching.
Determination of Attenuation Capacity of Disposal Media
The attenuation capacity of disposal medium is determined by Steps 4,
5, and 6 of the multi-step laboratory leaching protocol (Figure 4). Step 4
determines primary attenuation and Steps 5 and 6 determine secondary attenua-
tion. The following three sections describe each of these steps in detail.
29
-------
D
DDDDDDDD
1st Repetition
Leachates
Analyzed
Leachates
Composited
DDDDDDDDDD
Leachates
Analyzed
Leachates
Composited
2nd Repetition
DDDDDDDD
Leachates
Analyzed
Leachates
Composited
3rd Repetition
DDDD
Leachates Leachates
Analyzed Composited
DDDD
Leachates Leachates
Analyzed Composited
D
Leachates
Analyzed
4th Repetition
5th Repetition
6th Repetition
Figure 6. Scheme for Successive Leaching with Solid Replacement
30
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Step 4 - Initial Attenuation by a Disposal Medium
Leachate that has been initially equilibrated for seven days in Step 1
is placed in contact with an attenuation (disposal) medium for one, two, and
seven days. This step is designed to measure the attenuating capacity of a
given medium and to allow comparisons among the group of six different media.
Analysis of the leachate at the three time intervals permits the determination
of both the rate and extent of attenuation.
After the required equilibration period, the solid and liquid phases are
separated. The leachates are analyzed or carried forward to Step 6. The
solids are carried forward to Step 5 or discarded.
Step 5 - Secondary Attenuation from Burdened Disposal Media in Contact with
Leachate
Solids from Step 4, previously in contact with Step 1 leachate for seven
days, are placed in contact with additional leachate from Step 1. This step
is designed to measure the capacity of the disposal media to bring about ad*-
ditional attenuation when in contact with fresh leachate.
After the equilibration period, the solid and liquid phases are separated
and the leachates are analyzed.1 The solids are carried forward for repetition
of the step. This process is repeated as necessary until no significant at-
tenuation is occurring when Step 1 leachate is placed on a previously burdened
disposal medium.
No significant attenuation is occurring when the level of concentration
for a given species in the Step 5 leachate approaches the concentration found
in the eluant, Step 1 leachate. After the final repetition of Step 5, the
residual solids are analyzed as well as the leachate.
Step 5 is repeated at least six times and as many as nine times, depending
on evaluation of trends in key species for each individual disposal medium.
31
-------
Step 6 - Secondary Attenuation with Replacement of Attenuating Medium
Leachates that have been initially equilibrated for seven days in Step 4
and that contain residual concentrations of key species following initial at-
tenuation are placed in contact with fresh unleached disposal media. This
step is designed to determine incremental (secondary) attenuation which may
occur.
After the required equilibration period, the solid and liquid phases are
separated. The leachates are analyzed or carried forward for repetition of
the step. The solids are discarded.
To repeat Step 6, sufficient samples must be set up initially to provide
the necessary eluant for the desired number of repetitions. At the end of
each repetition, the leachate from two samples is analyzed, and the remainder
of the leachates are composited to provide eluant for the next repetition
with fresh unleached solids. Figure 6 illustrates the steps necessary to
provide the repetitions of the step. The first repetition is actually
Step 4.
Step 6 is repeated five times due to equipment and time availability.
In general, trends in secondary attenuation are defined by two or three repe-
titions. Five repetitions allows an extra margin of data for evaluation.
Sample and Apparatus Preparation
Before the laboratory studies are initiated, the materials and apparatus
used in the studies are prepared. These initial preparations set the condi-
tions under which the studies are conducted. These preparations include:
preparation of solids,
preparation of apparatus, and
preparation of leaching containers.
32
-------
After each step in the protocol in completed, samples are prepared for
chemical analysis. These preparations include separation of the leachate
from the solids and sample preservation. Detailed descriptions of sample
and apparatus preparations are given in Appendix II.
Special Studies
Special studies are performed on the wastes and disposal media as a part
of the preliminary leaching studies or as needed to initiate the field studies.
These studies include an optional extra protocol step and determination of
apparent bulk density.
Secondary "Leaching" from a Burdened Disposal Medium by Contact with Fresh
Water
Once an attenuating disposal medium has incorporated species from leach-
ate, there must be concern over its tendency to give up the same species to
fresh water at a later time. This tendency is determined by conducting equil-
ibrations for both one day and seven days with "burdened" media from Protocol
Step 4 in contact with fresh water. This step is equivalent to Protocol Step
5 but with the use of water instead of Step 1 leachate as the eluant. Chemi-
cal analysis of the resulting leachate gives a measure of the tendency of the
medium to release a species into the fresh eluant. The procedure is repeated
by successive replacement of fresh water to determine when a steady state has
been reached in regard to continued species release. This optional additional
protocol step, when performed, is referred to as "Step 7." Step 7 studies
of PFBC wastes have been performed, and results will be presented in future
reports for this program.
Apparent Bulk Density
This study is required to relate the mixing ratios for the wastes. The
bulk density measurements have also been used in data interpretation for the
field studies. A measured volume of a representative dried sample is weighed
to determine the bulk density (g/mฃ).
33
-------
Physical Characterization of Wastes
Physical characterization of the wastes is performed to provide informa-
tion concerning possible controlling physical parameters in the chemical leach-
ing process. Utilizing data from the physical analyses may provide crucial
input to aid in interpretation of final chemical data. In addition, an under-
standing of physical characteristics can be of value in designing disposal
practices of waste for maximum protection to the environment. The various
physical tests are described below with their anticipated utilization.
X-Ray-Diffraction Analysis
It is expected that operating conditions of an FBC unit will have an im-
pact on the nature of waste streams. Preliminary studies of fines collected
from the primary cyclone of an FBC unit indicate that the bed temperature has
a definite effect on the crystallinity of the sample. Differences in crystal-
linity result in changes in leachability, so interpretation of leachability
differences will be aided by X-ray diffraction data. Polycrystalline powder
patterns are being obtained for the individual and mixed FBC waste components.
Details of the methods used are given in Appendix II.
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Microprobe Analysis
Scanning electron micrographs of representative portions of FBC wastes
are obtained to determine particle morphology, particle size range, and the
degree of homogeneity with respect to particle size. Details of the methods
used in performing the scanning electron microscope studies are given in
Appendix II. Once subsequent leaching data on the various wastes are avail-
able, observations will be made about the relation between particle size (and
morphology) and leaching tendency. In turn, if correlations exist between
FBC unit operating parameters and particle morphology, then optimum conditions
related to control of leaching tendency will be known and may be balanced
against other factors affecting optimum operating conditions. Electron micro-
probe analysis of individual particle types provides information regarding
distribution of key elements between particles as well as within particles
(surface versus bulk localization versus bulk distribution).
34
-------
Particle Size, Specific Surface Area, and Specific Gravity Analyses
FBC wastes generated in various waste streams have distinctively different
particle size distributions. The heterogeneity in the particle size of the
FBC wastes may be extremely important if surface-controlled reactions dominate
the chemical interaction between the leachate and the waste. The particle
size analysis is performed on each waste ground to the same extent as the
samples used in the sequential batch leaching protocol. This particle size
information should aid in interpretation of the surface reactions in the
laboratory studies. The particle size distribution curves show the cumu-
lative mass percents for equivalent spherical diameter in microns. The data
for average particle size analysis and particle size distribution are further
illustrated by scanning electron photomicrographs depicting the variation in
particle morphologies.
These data are augmented by specific surface area analysis of the
wastes. The specific surface area is an important physical parameter since
some of the waste properties are influenced by the amount of exposed surface
area. A relationship may exist between the specific surface area and both
leaching rate and extent for some of the key species being monitored in the
leaching experiments. The specific surface areas are measured as the
surface area per unit weight of the material, given in square meters per gram.
The specific gravity of the waste is also being determined. The specific
gravity is an essential parameter for determining the bulk density of the
waste. This parameter is also important in analysis of waste disposal from
a volumetric viewpoint. This measurement is given in mass per unit volume,
or grams per cubic centimeter.
The average particle size analysis, specific surface area analysis, and
specific gravity analysis of the FBC wastes have been performed by Mircomeri-
tics Instrument Corporation. The wastes have been analyzed on a SediGraph
Particle Size Analyzer to determine the average particle size. The particle
size distribution has been determined by automatic sedimentation using low-
energy X-rays to measure concentration at decreasing sedimentation depths
with increasing time. The specific surface area has been determined by a
35
-------
modified, single-point Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (B.E.T.) method using nitro-
gen as the adsorbate on a Specific Surface Area Analyzer. The specific gravity
has been determined using an iterative technique of volume comparison and
helium for the gas on an Auto-Pycnometer.
Physical Characterization of Disposal Media
Physical characterization studies for the various disposal media are de-
signed to aid interpretation and understanding of their attenuating capacity.
Most of the same physical properties determined for FBC wastes are equally
important in evaluating the attenuating behavior of the six media. As a
result, many of the same instrumental methods of analysis specified in the
preceding section are being used. The specification of the principles and
operations used for X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, surface
area analysis, particle size distribution, and specific gravity are given in
Appendix II.
Liner Comparability Studies
For wastes classified as hazardous under provisions of the Resource Con-
servation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), regulations proposed by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will require containment of leachate
rather than attenuation in the substrate. Therefore, the liner compatability
studies are designed to measure the chemical integrity (compatibility) of can-
didate liners in continuous and intimate contact with FBC leachate. The long-
term integrity is investigated to the maximum extent possible, subject to
time constraints of the program. Susceptability of liner materials to chemi-
cal attack by leachates will be the key consideration to programs of leachate
containment since any satisfactory liner material is assumed to be essentially
impermeable to leachates unless degraded in some manner. The liner materials
being studied are:
36
-------
neoprene,
polyvlnyl chloride (PVC),
chlorinated polyethylene (CPE),
hypalon (HYP),
butyl rubber,
EPDM rubber, and
sodium bentonite.
These liner materials have been extensively studied for other types of
wastes (industrial, utility, and others), and their relative merits for ap-
plication have been analyzed in terms of cost, engineering, and availability.
Therefore, the focus of attention will be to ascertain if any liners are
chemically degraded when in contact with FBC waste leachate.
Studies with Synthetic Polymeric Liners
The five organic-based liners listed above are placed in contact with
equilibrium leachate from PFBC waste. Experimental design is such as to
guarantee continuous and intimate contact. Liner integrity is studied by
monitoring the following three parameters:
tensile strength of the liner (ASTM, D412),
scanning electron microscope observation of the liner
surface, and
total organic carbon (TOC) in the leachate contacting
the liner.
Tensile strength and SEM observation are determined for each liner material
prior to contact with leachate. Sufficient strips of each liner are placed
in contact with leachate to allow three per month (for 18 months) to be re-
moved for measurement of tensile strength (in triplicate) and for SEM obser-
vation. Samples are labeled for SEM observation such that the same approximate
37
-------
area is studied both before and after leaching. Every month, an aliquot of
the leachate is removed along with the three liner strips and measured in
duplicate for total organic carbon (TOC). The combination of three tests
listed above should allow an answer to be given in regard to the occurrence
of liner degradation over an 18-month time period. These studies have been
initiated but not completed during the first year of the program.
Studies with a Bentonitic Clay Material
A sodium-exchanged Wyoming bentonite with high cation exchange capacity
and maximum swelling properties is being placed in continuous and intimate
contact with PFBC leachate and the following parameters of clay lattice de-
gradation monitored:
physical observation by SEM,
crystalline lattice changes by X-ray powder diffraction,
and
monitoring of aluminum levels in the leachate.
Each month aliquots of both the clay mineral and the leachate are taken and
the above parameters determined. SEM and X-ray diffraction allow direct ob-
servation of changes in the clay material structure, while an increase of
aluminum concentration in the leachate is indicative of chemical attack by
the leachate on the clay lattice. Leaching of the clay by a deionized water
control followed by analysis for aluminum allows correction for any aluminum
contained in an ion-exchange position on the surface rather than lattice aluminum.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control in the Laboratory Studies Task
In the laboratory studies of PFBC waste and its interaction with dif-
ferent disposal media, experiments have been designed to investigate chemical
and physical behavior under controlled experimental conditions. This design
warrants consistency in operational procedures and in controllable parameters
affecting the behavior.
38
-------
The leaching and attenuation protocols have been designed to achieve opti-
mum reproducibility. Preliminary studies and results from prior investigations
have implemented the present design in which special consideration has been
given to liquid-to-solid mass ratios, agitation rates and devices, and equili-
bration periods to provide maximum reproducibility.
Each protocol step is performed in duplicate; some protocol steps are
executed in multiple replicates to generate sufficient liquid for successive
protocol steps. When multiple replicates are available, both individual and
composited liquid samples are analyzed to determine variation in eluants pro-
duced in different containers.
In preparation for both leaching and attenuation studies, the same pro-
cedures for solids preparation and apparatus preparation are executed to main-
tain reproducibility. All solids are representatively sampled according to
ASTM methods, dried at constant low temperature, and ground to approximately
the same particle size. Solid-liquid interactions are carried out with iden-
tical agitation devices at a constant rotation velocity for a set amount of
tine.
Other standard laboratory procedures are also followed to minimize ex-
perimental errors. Leachate containers are prewashed in dilute nitric acid
and rinsed several times with deionized water to deter container contamination.
Each solid and liquid is handled carefully in the same operational manner each
time a sample is divided, preserved, or carried forward to successive protocol
steps. Care in labeling and prompt analyses follow each phase of leaching
and attenuation.
FIELD STUDIES
A major goal of this study is to attempt to simulate an FBC waste land-
fill as closely as possible by using large diameter, disturbed-media field
cells. The field studies provide the basis for a logical bridge between
39
-------
results of laboratory batch equilibration tests and waste behavior in a full-
scale, operating disposal facility. The primary experimental tool is a set
of large-diameter columns containing a combination of FBC wastes and disposal
media. The test matrix for the field cells is shown in Table 4. These field
cells are constructed and operated to simulate "quasi-field" conditions. The
major phenomena modeled in the field that are not modeled in the laboratory
are:
unsaturated flow,
intermittent input from rainfall, and
seasonal temperature fluctuation.
The results of the field cell test phase are a series of observations (through-
put volumes, chemical analyses of samples) over time that reflect the effects
of a natural climatic pattern on a representative waste disposal system. The
results of the field studies conducted during the first year are reported with
the laboratory results in Sections 4 and 5 of this report.
Study Sites
The field studies are conducted primarily in Crown, West Virginia, but
the initial phases of the field studies were conducted at Radian facilities
in Austin, Texas.
Radian Facility--
Radian's facility was used for construction and trial operation of a
prototype field cell (described below). This provided an economical and ef-
ficient means of ensuring smooth construction and operation procedures at
Crown. Small laboratory control (media only) columns have also been con-
structed and operated in Radian's Austin facility.
Crown Field Site
The site selected for the construction and operation of the field cells
is the former EPA Mine Drainage Control Field site at Crown (unincorporated),
40
-------
TABLE 4. TEST MATRIX FOR FIELD CELLS AT CROWN, WEST VIRGINIA
Disposal
Medium
Limestone
Sandstone
Shale
Alluvium
Inter bur den
ฃ Glacial Till
TOTALS
B&W1
Control AFBC
Cell Recycle
1
1 1
1 2
1
,, L__
2 5
Georgetown2
AFBC
Recycle
1
1
1
_1
4
Exxon3
PFBC
1
1
2
1
_1
6
Total Cells
2
2
4
5
2
_2
17
AFBC Recycle: Babcock and Wilcox Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustor (AFBC), Alliance, Ohio,
operated in a recycle mode.
Georgetown AFBC Recycle: Pope, Evans, and Robbins/Foster Wheeler Institutional Boiler AFBC,
Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
3Exxon PFBC: Exxon Miniplant, Linden, New Jersey.
-------
West Virginia, approximately nine miles southwest of Morgantown in Monongalia
County. The site is in a small valley at roughly 1,000 feet in elevation.
The surrounding hills rise to 1,200 to 1,300 feet elevation. The field cells
are constructed in an open, gently sloping field. The nearest obstructions
are two one-story buildings approximately 50 feet away.
The climate of the Crown site is "humid continental", with severe winters,
moderately hot summers, and precipitation evenly distributed throughout the
year. A climatological summary for a nearby National Weather Service Coopera-
tive station at Mannington, West Virginia is presented in Table 5. In addi-
tion to these data for Mannington, pan evaporation data are available for the
Clarksburg, West Virginia weather station, and are presented in Table 6. Rain-
fall data are being collected at the Crown site during this program and are
presented in a later section.
Selection and Acquisition of Disposal Media
Disposal media were selected to meet two criteria. First, the materials
should be selected from the class of likely disposal site substrates. Second,
the materials should represent as broad a range of hydraulic and geochemical
conditions as practicable. The six media selected are:
shale, with minor sandstone;
sandstone, with minor shale;
alluvium;
glacial till;
limestone; and
coal seam interburden.
Natural materials were chosen, rather than synthetic substrates. For example,
the limestone is run-of-the-quarry, rather than, say, technical grade CaCOs.
The shale, till, sandstone, and alluvium are all ubiquitous surface or
near-surface materials. They form a crude continuum of fine grained (less
42
-------
TABLE 5. CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR MANNINGTON, WEST VIRGINIA7
L4T1TUOE N19 1)
LONGITUDE MIO 21
CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY
MEANS AMD IXTIEMES MM PiRIOO 1951-1973
H*NN(N6TOM I M, HV
ELEVATION 973
MONTH
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JULY
AUG
SIFT
OCT
MOV
DIC
YSAR
TEMPERATURE ( 'F )
MEANS
51
ii
40.7
43.
53.1
66.1
76.2
13.4
5.9
4.6
79.3
61.5
54.1
43.1
63. 1
DAILY
MINIMUM
1*.3
20.5
2T.7
3T.O
43.4
34.3
3ซ.T
5T.3
50.2
31.3
2ป.ป
22.*
31.4
MONTHLY
29.3
32.2
40.1
51.9
60.1
6*. 9
72.1
71.0
64.1
53.4
42.1
33.4
EXTREMES
RECORD
HIGHEST
7ซ
74
5
91
95
9T
99
1OO*
102
92
4
77
|
39
72
73
70
62
52
64
51
51
51
61
11
51. l| 102 |ป
I
21
29
15
10
16
29
1
10
1
1
3
7
Ot-
CE 3
-26
-1*
-12
11
20*
30
36
37
21
13*
-2
-22
K
63
6(
60
64
66
72
63
65
62
63
5t
62
i
29
21
I
1
10
11
4
29
21
29
30
11
"l , )AN
3|-26 |63|29
MEAN!
OF
MAX.
90* AND
ABOVE
0
0
0
0
1
5
5
1
0
0
0
~i
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1UMBER
BAYS
MM.
feB
27
24
22
11
1
0
0
0
1
9
19
24
Of
ll
3
2
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
22| 20|140| 6
PRECIPITATION TOTALS (INCHES)
,
2.97
2.19
3.72
3.70
4.15
4.04
4.60
4.19
3.19
2.39
2. (9
3.33
GREATEST
MONTHLY
5.56
3.10
7.07
6.12
9.73
9.62
l.ป2
10.07
7.9|
ป.ป2
5.17
6.33
1
52
56
63
73
61
56
51
54
71
54
51
72
GREATEST
DAILY
1.99
1.70
1.93
1.55
3.42
ซ.10
3-IT
Z.*6
2.60
3.50
1.45
1.47
ae
51
51
67
64
56
56
52
it
71
54
61
72
I
1
6
20
27
25
4
14
12
15
24
9
SNOW. SLEET
Z
10.1
6.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
2.6
.3
MAXIMUM
MONTHLY
21.3
K.5
6.3
i.o
3.7
9.5
25.5
1
66
60
It
61
37
11
62
GREATEST
DEPTH
11.0
12.0
4.0
3.0
5.0
15.0
1
66
60
71
37
67
62
I
30
3
12
21
10
11
MEAN NUMBER
OF DAYS
w
B
e
1
9
9
9
7
7
6
6
7
,
AUG JUN DEC OK
42.4*| 10.07] 5*| 4.10|56|25| 36. 2| Z5.5| 6Z| lf.0|62|ll| 92
.ป or MORE
2
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
2
2
m
S
ง
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
2I| *
ALSO ON EAJtUER DATES
-------
TABLE 6. AVERAGE MONTHLY PAN EVAPORATION FROM
CLARKSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA WEATHER
STATION (U.S. WEATHER BUREAU 1930-
1962)
Evaporation
Month* (inches)
April 3.48
May 4.58
June 5.21
July
August
September
October
SEASON TOTAL
5.56
4.49
3.14
1.90
28.36
*Pan evaporation from November through March is inconsequential.
44
-------
permeable) to coarse grained (more permeable) materials, representing both
consolidated and unconsolidated strata. The limestone and interburden provide
alkaline and acidic geochemical end members (extremes), respectively, and also
simulate disposal in a limestone quarry or a coal mine. These six media rep-
resent a relevant and credible set of candidate disposal site substrates.
Within the guidelines established above, media were acquired from the
nearest available sources to Crown, West Virginia. Formations quarried and
locations are listed in Table 7.
The shale, sandstone, and interburden were all obtained from the Christo-
pher No. 3 Mine, Monongalia County, West Virginia, which is operated by the
King Knob Coal Company, Clarksburg, West Virginia. Formations above the
Waynesburg coal had been blasted and were being removed by scoop loader and
truck. Material from the blasted section was merely loaded out and removed
to stockpiles at the field site. Where the shale parting in the Waynesburg
was thick enough (greater than one foot), it was being separated from the coal
in the pit. The interburden sample was taken from a stockpile of this ma-
terial and contains a significant amount of coal fragments.
The limestone is crushed (AASHO #9) limestone purchased from the Greer
Limestone Company, Greer, Monongalia County, West Virginia. By coincidence
this material is also the bed material feedstock for the FBC boiler at Rives-
ville, West Virginia.
The nearest region that has undergone extensive glaciation is central
Ohio. To obtain glacial till, an excavation contractor was located in Union
County, north of Columbus, Ohio. An excavation project was under way in a
deep Wisconsin age ground moraine. The material was inspected and deemed
suitable. Sufficient material was removed from the 2 to 8 foot depth zone
(avoiding the root zone) and transported to the field site. This particular
till, reflective of the limestone bedrock in the area, is a high-lime till.
Extensive alluvial deposits do not occur in the upper Monongahela River
Basin. The nearest source is the Ohio River Valley along the Ohio and West
45
-------
TABLE 7. SOURCES OF DISPOSAL MEDIA
Medium
Formation
(age)
Quarry Location
Shale
Cassville Shale
Member of Dunkard
Group (Permian)
39ฐ36'N, 80ฐ03'W
Sandstone
Waynesburg Ss of
Dunkard Group
(Permian)
39ฐ36'N, 80ฐ03'W
Alluvium
Ohio River Valley
floodplain deposit
(Quaternary/Recent)
39ฐ31'N, 81ฐ04'W
Glacial Till
Ground moraine from
Wisconsin glaciation
(Quaternary)
40ฐ12'N, 83ฐ21'W
Limestone
Greenbrier Ls
(Mississippian)
39ฐ34'N, 79851'W
Interburden
Shale parting in
Waynesburg (Upper
Pennsylvanian
coal)
39ฐ36'N, 80ฐ03'W
46
-------
Virginia border. No current excavation projects were located, so stockpiled
overburden from a conveniently located sand and gravel operation was procured.
Field Cell Design and Construction
Cell Design
The waste/medium geometry of the field cells is a layer of waste over a
layer of disposal media (Figure 7). Above the waste is another layer of dis-
posal media. With the exception of the sand layer below the waste, a modifi-
cation necessary for proper sampling, these cells provide a reasonable simula-
tion of an FBC landfill site. The container is an 8-foot section of reinforced
concrete pipe, 48 inches in diameter, which is the largest readily available
size. The field cells are as large as practicable in order to minimize edge
effects and to reduce the impact of inadvertent segregation of material during
placement. They are of sufficient scale that field simulation conditions are
satisfied with reasonable construction and waste requirements. The diameter
chosen, 48 inches, provides a significant increase over common laboratory scale.
A large laboratory column might be 8 inches in diameter; the field cells have
a cross sectional area 36 times as large.
Installed in each field cell is a leachate sampling system. Immediately
below the waste body is an array of porous cup samplers (upper sampling array
of Figure 7) to sample leachate before it enters the underlying media. Below
the disposal medium is a second set of porous cups (lower sampling array of
Figure 7) to sample leachate after it has interacted with the media. In the
center of each array is a ceramic block soil moisture sensor; it is used to
detect the presence or absence of significant quantities of water. Addi-
tionally, a perforated pipe gutter is emplaced immediately above the waste
body. Should infiltrating water perch atop the waste, it can be sampled
by pumping out this gutter.
Cell Construction
Field cells are erected in a ring of six around a seventh, larger, cen-
tral cylinder, which serves as an equipment shelter and provides access for
sampling, as shown in Figure 8. The equipment shell is furnished with six
47
-------
Cross Section through
Sampling Array
Not to scale 4 ซ. Dlan,eter
Gutter
Disposal
Medium -1 ft.
o - Porous Cup Samplers
8" centers along 2
diameters, connected
by manifold to vacuum
flask
Q - Moisture Sensing Device
One
Foot
Porous
3 FBC Waste 1 Vz ft.
Sand-Vzft.
Filter Cloth
Disposal
Medium 3 ft.
1 Sandf
i
ซ
s
Lower
Sampling
" Array
1 ft. Freeboard
Land Surface
Baffle
Baffles
Upper
Sampling
Array
V- Baffles
Baffle
Impermeable
Membrane
Figure 7. Field Cell Geometry
48
-------
CONNECTOR
PIPES
FEET
FIELD CELL
EQUIPMENT
f~ SHELL
CROSS-SECTION
SCHEMATIC
DRUM
CONNECTOR
PIPES
02-4415-1
Figure 8. Field Cell Arrangement
49
-------
drums connected by manifold to a vacuum pump. Each drum services a large
porous ceramic cup (filter candle) set in the base of each field cell as a
drain. There are also racks of vacuum flasks (two in series for each sample
point) to collect leachate samples. Figure 9 shows the interior of an equip-
ment shelter.
The three rings of six field cells are set on end in a trench (Figure 10),
which is then backfilled (Figure 11). Each cell is then filled, as shown on
Figure 8. A single completed field cell is shown in Figure 12. Further de-
tails of construction, filling, and operations and sampling are provided in
Appendix II.
Only one waste, from the Exxon PFBC Miniplant, was available for the cur-
rent construction season. Field cells containing these wastes were completed
and placed in operation, as were the two control (media only) cells. At the
close of the construction effort to date (July 1979), the cell contents were
as shown on Table 8. The cells with no waste shown were completed through
emplacement of the upper sand layer and covered. These cells await emplace-
ment of AFBC wastes.
Laboratory Control Coj.umns
In lieu of constructing a complete set of control (media only) cells in
the field, a combination of field and laboratory controls are used. Two full-
size field cells are in place at Crown (see Table 8). A full set of columns
with all six media are in place in Radian's Austin facility (Figure 13).
These columns are six-inch diameter plexiglas cylinders, 6 feet long, con-
taining a six inch lift of inert silica sand at the base and a roughly five-
foot lift of disposal media. The columns are mounted verticially in wall
racks, and sample collection flasks placed under each. Table 9 shows the
contents of the six columns, along with the depth of media after irrigation.
Media were merely poured dry into the columns, not packed, which is analogous
to the filling procedures at Crown. A single porous ceramic cup at the base
serves as both a bottom drain and sample collection device. The laboratory
columns are not fitted with baffles, as are the field cells. Should channel-
50
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Figure 9. Interior of Equipment Shelter, Showing Drums For Botton
Drains and Flasks for Sample Collection
Figure 10. Shells for Field Cells Being Lowered Into
Trench
-------
Figure 11. View of Completed Field Cell Installation,
Covers are Still in Place
Temporary
Figure 12. Completed Field Cell
52
-------
TABLE 8. FILLING SCHEDULE - CROWN CELLS
Field Cell Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Medium
Shale
Shale
Glacial Till
Limestone
Alluvium
Sandstone
Shale
Sandstone
Alluvium
Inter bur den
Glacial Till
Alluvium
Interburden
Alluvium
Alluvium
Limestone
Shale
None (Spare
Cell)
Waste
Exxon PFBC
Exxon PFBC
Exxon PFBC
Exxon PFBC
Exxon PFBC
Exxon PFBC
None (Control)
NF1
NF
NF
NF
None (Control)
NF
NF
NF
NF
NF
None (Spare Cell)
Not yet filled; awaiting waste availability.
53
-------
NOTE: One-foot ruler on center column
Indicates scale.
Figure 13. Laboratory Control Column
-------
ing along the walls occur, it can be observed through the clear plexiglas.
The media could then be repacked, as required.
TABLE 9. LABORATORY CONTROL COLUMNS
Column
A
B
C
D
E
F
Medium
Sandstone
Shale
Alluvium
Interburden
Limestone
Till
Depth (inches)
56
62
58
58
61
63
The laboratory columns are operated in parallel with the Crown cells,
but delayed by 54 days. Records of daily rainfall depths at Crown are con-
verted to equivalent volumes and each column is irrigated with that volume
of deionized water. The porous ceramic cup at the base is kept under a con-
stant 0.3 atmosphere vacuum to quantitatively remove all leachate generated
and to ensure unsaturated flow. Because of the smaller volumes involved (182
ml per mm of rainfall), each 500 ml aliquot of leachate collected is split
and submitted for analysis.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Field Studies
The experimental design of the field studies task includes several qual-
ity assurance and quality control elements. The test matrix for the field
cells was presented as Table 5. This matrix includes two sets of duplicate
cells, as shown in Table 10. Results of leachate analyses from these two
sets of cells will be compared with one another to evaluate cell-to-cell
variation.
55
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TABLE 10. REPLICATE CELLS FOR QA/QC
Field
Cells
1, 2
14,* 15*
Waste
Exxon PFBC
B&W AFBC
Medium
Shale
Alluvium
Corresponding
Control
(Field, Laboratory)
7, B
12, C
*Not completed.
The experimental design also provides for a combination of field and
laboratory controls. As noted, a complete set of control (media only) columns
are being operated in Radian's Austin facility with a deionized water input
equivalent to the Crown rainfall. Two full-size control cells are in place
at Crown. Analytical results will be used to determine contaminant contri-
butions from the media themselves, when leached by rainfall or by FBC leach-
ate. The results from the field control cells will also be compared with
those of their corresponding laboratory columns as a measure of the equiva-
lence of the control data.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Chemical analyses have been performed for leachate samples from field
and laboratory studies. The specific sample sources, the species and para-
meters designated for analysis, and the analytical methods selected for the
study are described in this section. The chemical analytical results of
laboratory and field studies are given in Sections 4 and 5 of this report.
Sample Sources
The samples to be characterized during the program include the leachate
generated from solid wastes and media-attenuated leachates from both field
and laboratory tests. The respective solid wastes and media (both before
and after being subjected to the various lab and field leaching tests) are
also being analyzed. To date, the effort has been directed toward analysis
56
-------
of leachates while awaiting additional FBC wastes to be included in the stu-
dies. The specific leachates analyzed are described in the following sub-
sections.
Leachates from Laboratory Batch Equilibration Tests
Leachates from the six laboratory protocol steps are analyzed for several
chemical parameters which are described below. To date, approximately 360
leachate samples representing contact with PFBC waste and six media have been
characterized in laboratory studies.
Leachates from Field Cells
Leachate samples from six field cells containing PFBC waste and disposal
media and two control cells containing disposal media only have been charac-
terized for 16 sampling events during the first 72 days of operation. Sam-
ples are collected at the upper and lower points of the field cells to define
water quality of the raw leachate from the waste and of leachate after ex-
posure to by the disposal media. Samples collected from the media control
cells define background concentrations of contaminants contributed by the
media. Analyses have been performed thus far for 224 field cell leachate
samples.
Leachates from Laboratory Columns
Leachate samples from laboratory columns containing each of the six dis-
posal media will be characterized for sample events according to the same
schedule adopted for the field cells but with a 54-day lag.
Parameters of Analysis
During the program development efforts, an analytical screening was con-
ducted to define parameters of interest for routine chemical analysis. Seven-
day PFBC leachates from Protocol Step 1 were analyzed for a broad range of
parameters. Table 11 presents the analytical results for six replicate PFBC
leachates. The mean of observations for each parameter is also presented. The
57
-------
TABLE 11. PRELIMINARY -ANALYTICAL SCREENING RESULTS
(STEP 1, SEVEN-DAY PFBC LEACUATC)
union ซ*xwjt ram
Paraaatar*
Ac
Ba
Cd
Cr
Pb
H|
Sc
r
HO,-H
Ag
Cl
Cu
rซ
MB
PH
SO*
TDB
Zn
Al
B*
B
Co
U
Ho
H
V
CM
TOC
Ca
Hi
Xa
K
8r
11
81
Conductivity**
1701A
0.001
0.16
<0.005
0.029
0.0020
<0.0005
0.012
0.82
<0.5
-------
mean concentration of each parameter was compared with the primary and secon-
dary drinking water regulations and with the Discharge Multimedia Environ-
mental Goals for both health and ecology.*ป9ป10 Species present at levels
greater than 0.1 of any regulation or criterion were selected for routine
inclusion in the program. The species selected are shown in Table 12. Total
organic carbon (TOC) was added to monitor the organic content of the leachate.
Additional FBC wastes far this program will be screened in a similar man-
ner. Analyses will be performed for the parameters shown in Table 12. In
addition, initial leachates will be screened for the species shown in Table
13. If insignificant concentrations of certain elements are found in the
waste leachate, the elements will be deleted from the list for routine analy-
sis.
Analytical Methods
The analytical methodologies have been selected based upon their accuracy,
precision, detection limits, availability, and flexibility in monitoring ad-
ditional species at minimum additional expenses.
Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Emission Spectroscopy
(ICPES)
Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES) was chosen
as the primary technique for elemental analysis. The method was selected for
its accuracy, precision, and cost-effectiveness. ICPES provides rapid turn-
around time associated with simultaneous (multi-element) analysis capability.
Initial tests have been performed with an Applied Research Laboratories Model
137. Appendix II presents data for the precision of the instrument used.
Elemental Analyses by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) is used for analysis of elements
requiring lower detection limits than provided by ICPES or for elements with-
out analysis channels on the ICPES. Those elements include mercury, lithium,
and selenium. Leachates of new wastes require AAS screening for arsenic and
lead. Analyses are performed in accordance with EPA methodology documented
59
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TABLE 12. LIST OF CHEMICAL PARAMETERS INCLUDED IN
ROUTINE LEACHATE ANALYSES
Aluminum Fluoride Silver
Barium Iron Sulfate
Boron Lithium Vanadium
Cadmium Mercury Zinc
Calcium Nickel pH
Chromium Potassium Total Dissolved Solids
Cobalt Selenium Total Organic Carbon
TABLE 13. ADDITIONAL PARAMETERS TO BE SCREENED IN
LEACHATES FROM FUTURE WASTES
Arsenic
Beryllium
Copper
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Silicon
Strontium
Titanium
60
-------
in publications of the USEPA-ESML facility in Cincinnati, Ohio.11 Table 14
lists the specific methodology employed.
TABLE 14. AAS METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS OF LEACHATE QUALITY
Graphite
Flame Furnace
Li Pb
Cold
Vapor
Hg
Hydride
Generation
Se
As
The atomic absorption analyses are performed with the following instru-
ments:
Perkin Elmer 403AA,
. Perkin Elmer 503AA,
Instrumentation Laboratories 351AA,
Perkin Elmer HGA-2000 Graphite Furnace, and
Instrumentation Laboratories IL555 Graphite Furnace.
Calibration standards are prepared fresh and analyzed each day to ensure pro-
per calibration and instrument operation.
Other Hethods of Analysis
Leachate samples are analyzed for additional parameters including fluoride,
pH, sulfate, specific conductance, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total
organic carbon (TOC).
Fluoride is measured by specific ion electrode using the method of stan-
dard additions. A citric acid buffer is added to release complexed fluoride
and to provide constant ionic strength and pH. The change in potential ob-
served upon addition of a known amount of fluoride is proportional to the
original fluoride concentration.
A Corning Model 130 pH meter is used to electrometrically determine the
pH of each leachate sample. The meter is calibrated at a pH of 7.0 and either
4.0 or 10.0, depending upon the pH of the samples to be analyzed.
61
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Sulfate is determined by ion chromatography with a Dionex Model 15. Ion
chromatography combines three separate techniques ion exchange, liquid
chromatography, and conductimetric detection to partition the ions for
subsequent detection. Ion chromatography will not only quantify sulfate,
but will also allow monitoring of chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and possibly
other anions which are susceptible to fluctuation during field cell studies.
Specific conductance is measured electrometrically with a Lab Line Model
11000 conductance meter over a range of 0.01 to 1,000,000 micromhos per cen-
timeter. A temperature compensator automatically corrects conductivity values
to 25ฐC. The instrument measures the capacity of a liquid to conduct an elec-
tric current which is related to the total concentration of ionized substances
in the solution.
For determination of TDS, an aliquot of filtered sample is placed in a
tared beaker and evaporated to dryness at 105ฐC. The beaker is reweighed to
determine dissolved mass per volume of leachate solution.
Leachate samples are analyzed for TOG with a Dorhmann Model 521D organic
carbon analyzer utilizing a flame ionization detector to provide linear re-
sponse up to 10 yg/mA carbon concentration.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Chemical Analysis
The aspects of quality control which are employed include:
calibration of instruments,
analysis of spiked synthetic and leachate samples,
analysis of standard samples of known concentration to
validate measurements, and
replicate measurement in the laboratory.
62
-------
Specific quality control methods used are described in Appendix II.
DATA MANAGEMENT AND INTERPRETATION
The purpose of this section is to discuss the data base management and
data analysis for the project. For the field cells, laboratory columns, and
laboratory batch equilibration tests, data are received for inclusion in the
i
data base in several forms. For the batch equilibration tests, data are re-
ceived separately for:
ICPES elemental analyses,
AAS elemental analyses, and
other chemical analyses.
For the field cells, data are received separately for:
ICPES elemental analyses,
AAS elemental analyses,
other chemical analyses,
flow-through volume, and
rainfall.
For the laboratory columns, the same three classes of chemical analyses
are performed, and the flow-through volume is measured. The laboratory col-
umns are subjected to the same amount of "rainfall" in depth as are the field
cells but at a later date (by 54 days).
Each time a set of data is received (e.g., a set of ICPES analyses for
batch equilibration tests), it is stored on the computer with the necessary
identifying information so that it can later be combined with the other types
of information for the same batch equilibration tests. Thus, it is not nec-
essary to wait until the data for a batch equilibration test (or field cell
or laboratory column) are complete to edit or begin to analyze the data which
are available.
63
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In the following subsections, discussions of the software system being
used for data base management and statistical analysis, the field cell data
base, and the laboratory batch equilibration test data base are presented.
The data management system is described in further detail in Appendix II.
SAS System
The data management and statistical analysis are being performed by using
the SAS software system,12 which is being accessed through a time-sharing
computer service. SAS is very flexible and provides a wide variety of cap-
abilities, and its use greatly facilitates the efficient provision of soft-
ware needs for the project. The SAS system has capabilities for data manage-
ment, data display (printing tables and line-printer plots), and a variety of
statistical analyses. Additionally, SAS can be used to program any additional
method which can be formulated in matrix terms.
Field Cell and Laboratory Column Data Base
The chemistry data are received in sets separately from three sources
ICPES elemental analyses, AAS elemental analyses, and all other chemical
analyses. Each time a set of data is received, it is stored along with the
codes for the field cell or laboratory column, sampling point (upper or lower
collection point), and the date (month, day, and year) the sample was collected.
Thus, data for, say, the upper collection point for field cells for a given
data from the ICPES, from the AAS, and from other chemical analyses can readily
be merged.
The rainfall data, which apply to all field cells, are stored in a sep-
arate file on the computer. The rainfall is stored as depth in millimeters
on each day, but this can easily be transformed to volume of rainfall into
each field cell or to cumulative rainfall in any desired units. The rainfall
data can be merged with the chemistry data by date if this is desired.
The same approach is being used for the "rain" to which the laboratory
columns are being artificially exposed.
64
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Similarly, the volumes of leachate in the upper collection point, the
lower collection point, and the barrel are collected each time a leachate
sample for chemical analysis is collected from a field cell. The control
field cells (7 and 12) and the laboratory columns have no waste and, hence, no
upper collection point. The barrel volume is the total volume which flows
through the cell excluding that removed at the collection points. These
volumes are also stored by date of collection and field cell or laboratory
column code. Hence, the volume data can be merged with the chemistry or rain-
fall data.
Laboratory Batch Equilibration Test Data Base
As with the field cell and laboratory column data, chemical analyses are
received in sets separately from three sources, ICPES elemental analyses, AAS
elemental analyses, and all other chemical analyses. The chemistry data are
stored along with the necessary codes so that different chemical analyses for
the same shake test can be merged. This information includes a code for
leachate versus disposal medium sample, laboratory protocol step number (Pro-
tocol Steps 2, 3, 5, and 6 involve successive leachings and this index allows
those leachings to be put in sequence), leaching time in days (1, 2, or 7),
waste type code, disposal medium code, and a code indicating which of two or
more replicate performances of a particular shake test the sample is from.
CONCEPTUAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT
As noted in Section 1, one of the two major objectives of this program
is to develop a methodology or conceptual model that may be employed at each
proposed future FBC waste disposal site. The purpose of this methodology is
to ensure that environmental protection is attained at each site by taking
into account the various site-specific factors that will vary greatly from
site to site. It is envisioned that this conceptual model will consist of a
rigorous protocol of steps or procedures that will require the input of data
concerning the characteristics of the site (e.g., slope, lithology of the sub-
strate above and below the water table, depth to the water table, baseline
ground-water quality), the characteristics of the FBC waste (e.g., whole
65
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sample chemistry, leachability, porosity, permeability), and the proposed
landfill design and operation parameters (e.g., area, depth or thickness, size
of individual cells, wetting procedures, compaction). The output of the
model may take one or more of several forms, such as the ground-water quality
that may be expected at various distances from the proposed site as a
function of time under different scenario disposal procedures that would be
feasible at the site.
The conceptual model is being formulated by using the laboratory/field
relationships established in this program, existing simulation models for
ground-water flow, previous investigations of ground-water contaminant
attenuation (using chromatographic theory, in part), and ongoing research
efforts in flow/attenuation simulation model development for other waste
types. Where necessary, original work will be accomplished in simulation
model development to support the model formulation.
An ideal way of predicting the hydrologic effects of a particular proposed
FBC waste disposal operation would be to collect certain key site-specific
and waste-specific data which could then be input to a simulation model.
Such models are performed, for example, for pollutant loading of streams,
lakes, estuaries, and the ocean.
If a parallel model existed for pollutant loading of ground-water systems
by FBC solid wastes, then the effects of several alternative waste disposal
operations for a particular FBC plant could be predicted and the ones that
are most environmentally acceptable could be selected for actual use. However,
such a simulation model that is practicable and widely applicable does not
yet exist. In the absence of this model, an attempt will be made in this
task to accomplish the following:
utilize the rigorous correlation between the results of laboratory
and field studies that is being attempted in this program;
66
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conduct studies for formulation of a coupled flow/
attenuation model that could be used, in combination
with laboratory studies, to predict the water-quality
impacts of disposal of FBC solid wastes;
make use of previous and ongoing research efforts for
development of flow/attenuation models for other
types of wastes; and
utilize other types of methodologies that have been
developed for pre-disposal data acquisition, disposal
site preparation, operational and post-operational
monitoring, and shutdown of waste disposal sites.
Development of the conceptual model was initiated during the first year, but
the bulk of the work remains to be accomplished.
67
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SECTION 3
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FBC WASTES
AND DISPOSAL MEDIA
Several types of analysis of the physical properties of FBC wastes and
of the disposal media are being performed as part of this program. During
future interpretive efforts of the study, these results will be used to sup-
port the interpretation of the chemical behavior of the wastes and disposal
media.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FBC WASTES
Physical characterization studies of the FBC wastes have included powder
X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, specific surface area determina-
tion, specific gravity measurement, and analysis by scanning electron micro-
scope and electron microprobe analysis. During the first year, X-ray diffrac-
tion analysis has been conducted on FBC wastes from the small test unit at
IERL-RTP and on PFBC wastes from the Exxon Miniplant. Other tests of physical
characteristics have been performed only on the PFBC wastes.
Preliminary X-ray Analysis of IERL-RTP Wastes
Preliminary polycrystalline X-ray powder diffraction studies were car-
ried out on waste samples from the IERL-RTP FBC unit. For that phase of in-
vestigation, X-ray data from the primary cyclone and bed draw samples obtained
at two different temperatures from the FBC unit (1550ฐ and 1930ฐF) were
analyzed. These data indicate that additional heating had very little ef-
fect on the bed draw samples from the RTF unit, whereas there was a pro-
nounced effect on the crystallinity of the fly ash sample collected from the
primary cyclone. In the fly ash samples, the calcium sulfate and calcium
68
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oxide phases are apparently unaffected by changing bed temperature from 1550ฐF
to 1930ฐF. However, the CaCOa, FesOu, Ot-Si02, a-Fe203, Ca(OH)2 peaks identi-
fied in the 1550ฐF sample were either completely absent in the 1930ฐF sample
or were much lower in intensity, indicating less crystallinity.
X-ray Analysis of Exxon Miniplant PFBC Waste
X-ray powder diffraction of components found in the Exxon Miniplant PFBC
waste has been completed. The materials from two runs of Cyclone #2 (runs
79 and 80) are composed of major quantities of anhydrite (CaSOi,) and a-quartz
(d-SiO ). These samples also contain some a-hematite (a-FejOa) and magnetite
(FesOi*). Dolomite [CaMg(C03)2] and 3-calcium silicate (fl-CaSiOa) are also
present, and possibly CaSC%*3MgSOiป; unequivocable identification of CaSOi,*
3MgSC% is difficult in these particular samples due to the complexity of the
pattern.
The major components in runs 80 and 81 of Cyclone #3 are a-quartz, CaSOi,
(anhydrite), and 3-CaSiOs (3-calcium silicate). CaSOiปl3MgSOiป, a-Fe203, and
FesOi* are also present. Dolomite [CaMg(C03)2], is also identifiable.
The mixed waste containing two parts bed draw, one part Cyclone #2, and
0.1 part Cyclone #3 is composed primarily of CaSOi, and a-quartz. a-FeaOa,
FesOin and dolomite are present too. Trace amounts of ft-CaSiOa, and possibly
CaSOiป*3MgSOiป are identifiable.
Particle Size, Specific Surface Area, and Specific Gravity Determinations
of PFBC Wastes
Analysis of the average particle size for mixed PFBC waste has been per-
formed on samples that have been ground to the same extent as the samples
used for the sequential batch leaching protocol. This particle size infor-
mation should aid in interpretation of surface reactions in the laboratory
studies. In order to determine the particle size, it is necessary to wet
sieve the PFBC waste through a 104 micron sieve prior to analysis on a Sedi-
graph particle size analyzer. Therefore, the results of this test reflect
69
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only the particle size distribution of particles smaller than 104 microns.
In a representative PFBC sample, 57.2 percent of the particles used in the
laboratory protocol are larger than 104 microns. Of the remaining 42.8 per-
cent, the average particle size has been determined to be 14.5 ym. For the
PFBC waste (average particle size - 14.5 ym), the specific surface area is
0.9 m2/g. The specific gravity has been determined to be 2.936 g/cc for the
PFBC waste and the specific surface area is 0.9 m2/g. Future studies will
include grain size determination of the size fraction greater than 104 microns,
Scanning Electron Microscopic and Electron Microprobe Analysis
Scanning electron photo-micrographs have been taken of the PFBC waste at
several magnifications. The micrographs will be utilized more fully at the
end of this investigation.
The electron microprobe analysis has defined the elemental composition
of two near-surface layers as follows: magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur,
potassium, calcium, and iron. Concentrations of a given element at different
layer depths have been obtained for the original PFBC waste before leaching.
This phase of investigation has been designed for later comparison with elec-
tron microprobe analysis of leached waste at different layer depths to deter-
mine surface-specific elements. Preliminary studies indicate qualitatively
that all elements present appear to have similar concentrations in the sur-
face layers except iron. More iron appears to be present on the interior
layers rather than on the exterior layers. This difference may be indicative
of the ease of removal of surface iron supportable by leaching data.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DISPOSAL MEDIA
The physical characteristics determined for the disposal media are gen-
erally the same as were analyzed for the waste materials.
X-ray Analysis of the Disposal Media
X-ray powder diffraction has been carried out on the six disposal media
to determine the mienrals present. This information aids in interpretation
70
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of the interactions between PFBC waste leachates with the media. The com-
pounds enumerated in the interpretation of these data have been identified
from diffraction patterns produced from ground specimens of whole samples
from a representative portion of a medium segregated by the standard method
of coning and quartering. This analysis provides an overall view of the cry-
stalline compounds present in each medium. However, because these soil-like
materials are natural composites, X-ray pattern complexity precludes unques-
tionable identification of all mineral fractions.
The readily identifiable crystalline components of the Greer limestone
and glacial till are a-quartz (a-Si02>, calcite (CaCOa), and dolomite
[CaMg(C03)2] From the whole sample analysis, several mineral components in
the Greer limestone sample and the glacial till sample can be tentatively
identified. Barium muscovite, phlogopite, and trioctahedral illite may pos-
sibly be present in trace amounts, based on observed patterns that are com-
patible with the interplanar d-spacings; however, further analysis is neces-
sary to confirm the presence of these minerals.
The alluvium sample contains a-quartz as a major component and has
d-spacings that are compatible with muscovite and albite.
Polycrystalline X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the shale, sand-
stone, and interburden samples produce similar complex diffraction patterns.
The same components appear to be present in slightly different quantities in
the three rock types. The major crystalline component in the shale, sand-
stone, and interburden is a-quartz. Diffraction peaks are also present that
may possibly be compatible with chlorite, diopside, enstatite, augite, ver-
miculite, nontronite, phlogopite, muscovite, kaolinite, illite, montmorillo-
nite; however, further analyses of the clay fraction from these whole samples
is necessary to better specify individual clay mineral components. It is un-
likely that all of these minerals are present.
71
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Particle Size, Specific Surface Area, and Specific Gravity Determinations
of the Disposal Media
Alluvium, interburden, shale, till, sandstone, and limestone samples
were analyzed for average particle size after the samples were ground to the
same extent as was done for the sequential batch leaching protocol. The in-
terburden and alluvium samples contained particles too large for size analysis
by the Sedigraph Particle Size Analyzer. This indicates that a large frac-
tion of these two samples was composed of particles larger than 104 Urn. The
results of the average particle size analysis for the other media are given
with other physical parameters in Table 15. The medium having the smallest
average particle size, thus providing the largest surface area for reaction,
is glacial till. The interburden, alluvium, and shale samples display larger
surface areas for interaction than the sandstone and limestone samples. Future
studies will include grain size determination of the size fraction greater
than 104 microns.
The specific gravity measurements on the disposal media are also shown
in Table 15. The shale, sandstone, glacial till, alluvium, and limestone
have very similar densities. The mine interburden is somewhat less dense.
Cation Exchange Capacities of the Disposal Media
The cation exchange capacities of the disposal media are shown in Table
15. The sample exhibiting the greatest ability to exchange sodium ions is
mine interburden. The other five media have approximately equal cation ex-
change capacities.
LINER COMPATABILITY STUDIES
Although no data have been collected from the liner studies, initial
preparations have been made so that this phase of investigation can be ini-
tiated .
72
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TABLE 15. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DISPOSAL MEDIA
OJ
Sample
Identification
Shale
Sandstone
Alluvium
Glacial Till
Limestone
Mine Interburden
Average
Particle
Size1
(ym)
7.4
8.2
ND5
3.2
3.6
ND5
Specific
Surface
Area2
(m2/g)
15.6
8.2
10.4
23.8
5.5
17.1
Specific
Gravity3
(g/cc)
2.716
2.749
2.762
2.766
2.812
2.253
Cation
Exchange
Capacity"
(me/100 g)
36.1
31.4
37.0
35.6
30.0
50.5
1The average particle size is given in terms of the average estimated spherical diameter of the par-
ticles. These determinations were performed by Micromeritics Instrument Corporation on a Sedigraph
Particle Size Analyzer which uses low energy X-rays to measure concentration at decreasing sedimenta-
tion depths with increasing time. Only the fraction less than 104 micronsfis included. Future studies
will include the remainder of the sample.
2The specific surface area has been determined by the Micromeritics Instrument Corporation using a
modified B.E.T. method and nitrogen as the adsorbate.
3The specific gravity has been determined by the Micromeritics Instrument Corporation on an autopycno-
meter using an interactive technique of volume comparison and helium for the gas.
''The cation exchange capacity has been determined using a method of sodium saturation. These results
are reported in milliequivalents per 100 g.
5Alluvium and mine interburden particles were too large for particle size analysis on the Sedigraph
Particle Size Analyzer.
-------
SECTION 4
LEACHATE GENERATION AND ATTENUATION RESULTS
This section presents the preliminary results of studies of the genera-
tion of FBC waste leachate as well as the results of the contaminant attenua-
tion* characteristics of the disposal media when exposed to the FBC leachate.
Results are given for both the laboratory and the field parts of the investi-
gation. Also presented is a preliminary analysis of the possible correlation
of laboratory and field leachate generation and attenuation results. All
investigations thus far have been conducted with PFBC wastes only; AFBC
wastes are projected for analysis during future program efforts.
The results presented in this section will be utilized to achieve parts
of both of the major objectives of this program. Determination of the chemi-
cal characteristics of the waste leachates before and after exposure to the
disposal media is an essential component of the overall aim of characterizing
representative FBC residues and their interaction with natural media. The
attempt to establish an empirical but reliable correlation of laboratory and
field results is a key part of the development of an overall methodology for
providing environmental protection from the impacts of FBC residues on a case-
by-case basis.
The chemical analytical data for the laboratory and field studies are
presented in Appendix I. Most of the summary data plots of this section were
derived by use of the SAS data management system.
*The term "attenuation" implies that contaminants are removed from leachate
upon exposure to the disposal medium. In point of fact, as discussed below,
the concentration of some constituent* may increase in the leachate after
exposure to the disposal medium (contaminant mobilization). Nevertheless,
for the sake of simplicity, the term "attenuation" is used here to describe
both true attenuation and mobilization.
74
-------
The first part of this section describes results of the laboratory stud-
ies of leachate generation from PFBC wastes and of leachate interaction ("at-
tenuation") with the six candidate disposal media. The second part describes
the physical performance (water balance) of the field cells and the results
of field studies of leachate generation and attenuation. The next part of
the section contains a comparison of the attenuation behavior of the different
disposal media. The final part of this section is a discussion of the interim
results in the context of scaling up from laboratory studies to the leachate
production behavior of FBC wastes at landfill sites.
Of the 20 chemical parameters selected for analysis in this program,
three have been selected for presentation in this section. The parameters
chosen are as follows:
Calcium (Ca),
Boron (B), and
Sulfate (S0iป).
These parameters were selected as representative of the chemical behavior ob-
served in studies conducted thus far. Calcium and sulfate represent major
chemical components of the waste. Boron is included due to its predictable
leaching behavior in coal ash materials. The remaining chemical parameters
are included in the comparison of the results of this study with water quality
standards and criteria in Section 5.
RESULTS OF LABORATORY STUDIES
Laboratory studies include analyses of leachates produced from PFBC
wastes (leachate generation stage) and of PFBC leachates after exposure to
the disposal media (leachate attenuation stage).
75
-------
Leachate Generation
As noted In Section 2, leachates from a landfill disposal site are formed
when infiltrating moisture contacts solid waste and is transported into the
surrounding disposal media. In this experimental program, simulated leachates
are generated, and the compositions of these leachates are quantified.
Laboratory-generated leachates are obtained by batch equilibrations of COj-
saturated deionized water with the PFBC solid waste (Protocol Steps 1 and 2),
and batch equilibrations of previously generated leachate with additional
fresh solid waste (Steps 1 and 3).
Data from the laboratory protocol are presented in this section as data
plots depicting leachate component concentrations, usually in milligrams per
liter (mg/ฃ), as a function of the volume of moisture that contacts the solid
waste mass. The leachate volume independent variable (abscissa value) is nor-
malized by dividing the volumes by the mass of the waste leached, resulting in
a volume-to-mass ratio in milliliters per gram (mฃ/g) for the abscissa values.
As noted in Section 2, Protocol Step 1 equilibrates 250 mA of water with
25 grams of waste, thus providing a leachate with a value of 10 milliliters
of water per grain of waste on the abscissa of the figures. Step 2 starts
with the solids leached once in Step 1 and equilibrates these solids with
250 mฃ of fresh water, thus yielding a leachate that corresponds to 20 ml
of water that have contacted the waste per gram of waste. This procedure
is repeated using the same solids and additional fresh water to get the se-
quential leachate concentrations for each repetition of Step 2.
Protocol Step 3 is the repetitive equilibration of the Step 1 leachate
with 25 grams of fresh solids, such that the first repetition has resulted
in the contact of 250 m& water with 50 grains of waste. The value on the
abscissa is thus 5 mA/g. The second repetition results in an abscissa value
of 3.33 mA/g. In the data plots for Steps 1 and 3, the abscissa value in-
creases to the right, with the result that the Step 1 value is plotted at the
right side of the plot, and successive repetition values progress from right
to left on the plot.
76
-------
The remainder of this section is a discussion, for the selected chemical
parameters, of the laboratory results of the leachate generation part of the
investigation. It is important to note that the scales of the ordinates (con-
centrations) vary for different chemical parameters.
Calcium
The calcium concentrations generated in Protocol Steps 1 and 2 (Figure
14) indicate that calcium is a major species in the laboratory-generated PFBC
leachates. In Steps 1 and 2, the general trend is one of decreasing calcium
concentrations with increasing volume-to-mass ratios. The concentrations of
calcium for Protocol Steps 1 and 2 ranged from 500 mg/& up to 1,700 mg/ฃ.
After generally decreasing, the calcium concentrations level off and appear
to be gently increasing after a volume-to-mass ratio of 80 m&/g is reached.
The calcium concentrations in leachates from laboratory Protocol Steps 1
and 3 ranged from 1,700 mg/fc up to 1,800 mg/fc, with the concentration increas-
ing initially then decreasing with increasing mass-to-volume ratios as seen in
Figure 15.
Boron
The laboratory-generated leachates of PFBC waste are characterized by a
gradual decrease in boron concentration approaching instrumental detection
limits after a volume-to-mass ratio of 60 m&/g for Protocol Steps 1 and 2
(Figure 16). The concentration of boron in these leachates ranged from 1.0
mg/& up to 18 mg . With the exception of one apparently spurious data point,
the concentrations form a smooth decreasing curve which levels out at a volume-
to-mass ratio of 60 mฃ/g.
For leachates generated by laboratory Protocol Steps 1 and 3, the boron
concentrations decrease smoothly from 27.5 rag/A at 3.3 mSVg to 12.5 mg/Jl at
a volume-to-mass ratio of 10 m&/g (Figure 17). This is almost a linear de-
crease in boron concentration with increasing volume-to-mass ratios.
77
-------
CALCIUM CONtCMTIUTTON ซ. VOLUME PER MASS - PROTOCOL BUM 1, f
LCซCNO: A>1 OBs> t Oiป. CTC.
C 1*00 *
A
L
C
I
u mo
M
C
0
N 1000
C
E
N
T
R TtO
A
T
I
0
M MO
N
C
0 ป
ป
10
lป
to
ซ0 BO
PCR MM
Figure 14. Laboratory Leachate Generation Data
Protocol Steps 1 and 2 for Calcium
c lion
A
L
C
I
U 1ปป0
c
0
N 1000
c
c
N
T
R TtO
A
T
I
n
N Sซ0
CALCIUM CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PER MASS - PซOTOCOL ITCP* I. I
LttCHDt A ซ 1 081f B 2 DBS' ETC.
A
A
MTti Thซ data point at thซ far right ia tram frotocol Stap 1.
Othar data points ara fro* rapatitlena of Protocol Stap
3. Saeeaaaiva rapatitlona ara ahom aa daeraaatnt
voluaa-to-auaa ratio and ara tharafora plottad froai
right to laft.
0.0 l.S 1.0 ซ.B t.O
VOLUMC KR MBS (HL/B)
T.8
10.B
Figure 15. Laboratory Leachate Generation Data
Steps 1 and 3 for Calcium
78
-------
BORON CONCENTRtTlON VS. VOLUME PER RASS - PROTOCOL STEPS li 2
LEMNO! * > 1 OSS. B t 08$. ETC.
SO
D
R
0
N IH
t
0
N
C 18
C
N
T
K
ป 12
T
I
0
N
C
M
6
/
L
0
ซ *
10 20 SO 10 90 M 70 ID
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/*)
Figure 16. Laboratory Leachate Generation Data
Protocol Steps 1 and 2 for Boron
BORON CONCENTRATION Vs. VOLUME PER MASS - PROTOCOL STEPS It 3
LEGEND; A ป 1 OPS. B ซ 2 OBS> ETC.
SO
B
0
R
n
N 2ซ
C
0
N
C 1ป
E
N
T
R
A 12
T
I
n
N
M
e
/
L
ป
0.0 1.5 3.0 ป.! 6.0 T.S 1.0 10.5
MOTE: The date point at thซ far right ! from protocol Step 1.
Other pointa ar* from rapatltiona of Protocol Stap
3. Succaaalva repetition* ara ahown aa dacrซaatnซ.
voluM-to-ซaaa ratio and arซ chซrซforซ plotted tram
rljht to laft.
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/6)
Figure 17. Laboratory Leachate Generation Data
Protocol Steps 1 and 3 for Boron
79
-------
Sulfate--
The sulfate concentrations for leachates generated In Steps 1 and 2 in-
crease from 1,225 mg/fc at a volume-to-tnass ratio of 10 mfc/g to a maximum of
1,450 mg/fc when the volume-to-mass increases to 55 mil/g (see Figure 18).
After that point, the sulfate concentrations decrease rapidly to 1,050 mg/ฃ
as the volume-to-mass ratio increases to 80 mA/g. These data exhibit no well-
defined trend.
The sulfate concentrations for leachates generated in Protocol Steps 1
and 3 decrease with increasing volume-to-mass ratio, as shown in Figure 19.
The concentration ranges from 1,230 mg/Jl to 1,310 mg/Jl, with concentration
leveling off at higher volume-to-mass ratios.
Leachate Attenuation
Each of the six disposal media acquired for the program has been subject-
ed to PFBC leachate in laboratory and field studies. This section presents
attenuation data for the laboratory (batch equilibration) experiments.
As described in Section 2, each disposal medium is mixed for seven days
with the Step 1, seven-day PFBC leachate in laboratory Protocol Step 4. The
resulting "burdened" medium is contacted in repetitive steps with fresh Step 1
leachate (Protocol Step 5). Attenuation for each chemical parameter is de-
fined by the following equation:
where
fractional attenuation (laboratory),
80
-------
3 1500
U
L
F
4
T 1200
C
c
0
N tOO
C
E
N
T
R iOO
A
T
I
0
N 300
M
S
J0ป CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PCD MASS - PROTOCOL STEPS 1. t
LCUNOt ซ 1 DBS, 8 ซ J 06S. ETC*
10
30 40 SO
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/SI
to
TO
Figure 18. Laboratory Leachate Generation Data
Protocol Steps 1 and 2 for Sulfate
S 1SOO
U
L
F
A
T ItOO
C
c
0
N ซ00
C
E
N
T
R
A
T
I
0
N 300
M
6
too
S0ป CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PER MASS - PROTOCOL STEPS 1. 3
LCtCNO: A>1 OBSi 6 J OBSi tTC.
The data point at the far right 1ซ from Protocol Step 1.
Other dซtซ points ปrซ froa repetition* of Protocol Step
1. Succปซซlvซ repetition* are ปhown ae deereaetng
voluae-to-mai* ratio and are therefore plotted froa
tight to left.
0.0 1.5 J.O 1.5 (,.0
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/S)
'.0
10 .
Figure 19. Laboratory Leachate Generation Data
Protocol Steps 1 and 3 for Sulfate
81
-------
C = concentration of a parameter in Step 1 PFBC leachate,
a
and
C = concentration of a parameter in leachate after mixing
b
with medium.
Negative A. values indicate contribution rather than attenuation of the param-
eter by the disposal medium. A definition of attenuation is possible for
each of several repetitive contacts of the leachate with a medium. New batch
extractions of the waste are required each seven days to ensure that the medi-
um is contacted with fresh leachate. Reanalysis of the various batches of
Step 1 leachate defines the component concentrations in the leachate prior to
contact with media.
Laboratory studies consist of exposing a disposal medium with leachate
equivalent to ten times the mass of the medium for each step. A total of
five to seven repetitions has been performed for each medium to provide a
volume-to-mass ratio of 10 to 70 mฃ/g.
Calcium
As seen in Figure 20 showing leachate-shale interaction in the laboratory
studies, calcium, though not completely attenuated initially, shows a linear
increase in attenuation to complete attenuation after seven tests. Leachate-
sandstone interaction in the laboratory studies indicates that calcium initial-
ly experiences moderate to poor attenuation; at higher volume-to-mass ratios,
attenuation increases almost linearly to strong or complete, as shown in
Figure 21. Leachate-alluvium laboratory results indicate that the calcium at-
tenuation does not consistently increase or decrease in repetitive tests. At
higher volume-to-mass ratios, the calcium attenuation drops off (Figure 22).
The leachate-glacial till interaction shown in Figure 23 shows moderate at-
tenuation of calcium which generally decreased with increasing volume-to-mass
ratio. In interaction between leachate and limestone, the moderate attenua-
tion fluctuates up and down as shown in Figure 24. The leachate-interburden
interaction shown in Figure 25 shows increasing attenuation of calcium from
initial moderate attenuation to complete attenuation at higher volume-to-mass
ratios.
82
-------
*
1 ซ
r
*
ป o
c
*
T
T
1
C
*
L
C
I
u ป
Lie FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL STEPS * s
ATT*ED*SHALE
LECENOl ซ! 085, } 061 tTC.
A A
10
so *e sป to
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/SI
TO
Figure 20. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Shale
U -I
M
LAB FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION . PROTOCOL STEPS ป. 5
ATTHEDtSANOSTONE
LfStNOl A > I DBS, B t Oflป. ETC.
A A
10 10 ป0 ( t*
VOLUME PER MSI IML/BI
TO
SO
Figure 21 . Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Sandstone
83
-------
F
ft
> 0
c
t
T
T
L
C
1
U -t
LAB FRACTION*!. ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL STEM ซ. 3
TTMto.ALLUVIUM
LMENO: * I 061. 8 t 081. tTC.
NOTE I
10 20 30 00 50
VOLUMC PER MAIS (ML/C)
t MS HAD NISSINC VALUES OR HERE OUT OF NANCE
(0
TO
Figure 22. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Alluvium
LAB FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL STEM ป. S
ATTNED'CLACIAL TILL
LCIENOI A t OBJ. t 081f tTC.
F
R
A 0
C
A
T
T
1
e
A
L
C
I
II -2
S
10 20 SB *0 SI) It
VOLUDE PER MASS (*./ซ>
> on* H*O MISSINS VALUES OR HERE OUT OF DANCE
Figure 23 . Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Glacial Till
84
-------
lซ -RACTtONlL ATTENUATION ป PROTOCOL SUP* ป 8
ATTMCOillNCSTONC
LCMNOI ป ซ 1 OS*. ป Mli ETC.
U -t
N
NOTE I
-I +
1* 10 M M M
VOLUHC PER MAM (*./>
OB* HAD NIltlNt VALUE* OR HERE OUT OF RAME
M T(
Figure 24. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Limestone
T
*
4
C
-t
LM FMCTIONM. ATTENUATION - PMOTOCOt ปTCf* ปt 5
ATTHCOซINTCKIUlU)CN
LrMNOS All OM> I M*. CTC.
A A
10 to
-.*........-.........,.......ป.
ao ปo sป to
votmic KR HAH IM./CI
Tl 00
Figure 25. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Calcium by Interburden
85
-------
Boron
As seen in Figure 26, boron in PFBC leachate is strongly attenuated by
the shale medium. Boron is also strongly attenuated from the PFBC leachate
by the sandstone medium (see Figure 27). The leachate-alluvium interaction
is one of high attenuation as shown in Figure 28. The boron concentration in
leachate exposed to glacial till is attenuated, but generally decreases with
increasing volume-to-mass ratio, as shown in Figure 29. When exposed to the
limestone medium, boron is initially well retained, but attenuation decreases
with further contact of leachate with the medium (see Figure 30). Laboratory
results indicate consistently high attenuation of boron with the interburden
medium as seen in Figure 31.
Sulfate
The shale-leachate interaction showed initial partial sulfate attenuation,
with a sharp decrease in attenuation by shale in subsequent tests as seen in
Figure 32. Laboratory results indicate that sandstone-leachate contact re-
sults in moderate to poor attenuation of sulfate (see Figure 33). The attenua-
tion of sulfate in alluvium-leachate interaction follows a generally constant
attenuation trend with increasing volume-to-mass ratios, as shown in Figure 34.
The sulfate attenuation in glacial till-leachate exposure decreases almost
linearly with increasing mass-to-volume ratio (see Figure 35). When exposed
to the limestone medium the sulfate concentration in the leachate exhibits
rapid decrease in attenuation after the initial contact, as shown in Figure
36. Poor attenuation of sulfate by the interburden medium is observed in
the laboratory studies as shown in Figure 37.
RESULTS OF FIELD STUDIES
Of the full test matrix of 17 cells shown on Table 4, eight field cells
(Numbers 1 through 7 and 12) have been completed and placed in operation.
These cells are shown on Table 16. Data are available for the first 90 days
of observation (4 August 1979 through 1 November 1979) and are discussed in
this section.
86
-------
r
R 0
A
T
T -I
B
0
II
0
N -I
J
LAB FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL STEP* ป. 5
ATT*eOซSHALE
LESCND) ซ>1 OKJ. 8 ซ J OB$< CTC.
A A A A A A
10 10 SO ป0 SO tO
VOLUMC ปCR MSS (ML/t)
70 BO
Figure 26. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Boron by Shale
r
N 0
*
c
A
T
T -1
B
0
R
0
N -I
LปB FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL STEP* ซ 9
ATTntO.SANOJTONE
LCtCNOi All OBs- B * I OBJ. ETC.
A A A A A A
10 20
*o so to
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/61
TO 60
Figure 27. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Boron by Sandstone
87
-------
IAS FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION . PROTOCOL STEM < S
ATTMEOiAUUVlUN
LCGENOI * . | OBJ. B t DBS' ETC.
NOTt!
f
R 0
A
C
A
T
T -1
B
0
R
0
N -1
3
*10* * 20 SO It 90 40
VOLUME PER MASS IML/61
2 OR* HAD MISSING VALUES OR MERE OUT OF RANGE
TO SO
Figure 28. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Boron by Alluvium
U, FMCT..ML JTTEMjj.T.ON^^OTOeOt .TCP. ป, .
LCUNOt * 1 0ซt. ซ I Oiซ. ETC.
1 * *
F
R
1
e
A
T
T -I
8
0
*
0
N -t
1* 10 If *( M
miMC PCM MM (M./CI
NOTCt t OM MAO NIMUM VALUti OH Kftt OUT OF RAN4C
Tt (
Figure 29. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Boron by Glacial Till
88
-------
LAI FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL STEPS ซ S
ATTMCDM.1NESTONE
LCMNOI A \ M|> B t 0*1 > ETC.
*
1 ซ ป
t
ซ 0
a
e
T
T -I
0
II
e
N -t
1*
to
NOTE I
10 M 90
VOLUME PER NAM INL/S)
( OS* HAD NIlllNf VALUES 0* HERE OUT OF RANM
H Tt
Figure 30. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps A and
5 for Attenuation of Boron by Limestone
r
R D
t
C
A
T
T -1
R
0
II
A
K -t
-1
LAB FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION PROTOCOL STEP* * *
ATTMEOlNTERBURDEN
LE6CNO: til OBsi B * 2 DBS' ETC.
A A
jo to 30 *o se ซ
VOLUME PER MASS IML/ซ)
TO
SO
Figure 31. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Boron by Interburden
89
-------
*
1 ป
p
*
A 0
c
A
T
T
-1
*
U
L
F
A
T -t
C
LM FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL *TCPป ซ. 5
ATTMCD>SHAL(
LEKNDl *>1 OBs- e t 0ปt. ETC.
20 30 ซ0 <0
v VOLUME PER MAI* IML/II
TO 10
Figure 32. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Shale
T
*
I 0
c
A
T
T
-1
X
U
L
t
A
T ป
t
LAB FRACTIONAL ATTCNUAT10N > PROTOCOL STCPS ซ< 8
ATTMCDeSANOSTONC
A . i OBJ. e a oeซ> ETC.
..ซ.....'-ซ.--.....ซ...-....-ซ......-..*....-....ป.
10 20 50 10 ซ0 *0
VOLUME PER MAM I Ml/11
TO
Figure 33. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Sandstone
90
-------
F
II
A 0
c
A
T
T '1
T.
LAซ FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION PROTOCOL ปTtPป ป ป
ATTNEOlAlLUVlUM
LEUNOl All 0ซf B ซ I Oil. ETC.
10 20 SO 10 SO
VOLUME PCD MASS f ML/61
TO
Figure 34. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Alluvium
0
C
A
T
T
ป
a
u
L
F
A
T -8
C
LAB FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION - PROTOCOL STEPS < 5
ATTNEOซซLACIAL TILL
LESCNOl A>1 DBS' Bit OSS' ETC.
10 10 30 ป0 SO ป
VOLUME PER MASS IML/1I
70 SO
Figure 35- Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Glacial Till
91
-------
A
T
T
1
S
u
L
r
A
T ซ
e
LA( FRACTIONAL ATTCNUATION - PROTOCOL ปUM ซ. I
ATTMDBLINCSTONC
LCCENOI ซซi oปปt ซ a oast ere.
10 Jo so *o so to
VOLUME PER MASS (Mk/CI
Tป **
Figure 36. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Limestone
* o
c
A
T
T
I
a
u
L
F
A
T -t
r.
s
LAB FRACTIONAL ATTCNUATIOM - PROTOCOL ซTCfปS ซ. 9
ATTKO'INTCMBUROCN
LHCNDl ซ ป 1 0งS> B t OiS' ETC.
10 20 90 *ป 50 *
VOLUME PCR HASS (HL/tl
TO 10
Figure 37. Laboratory Fractional Attenuation Data, Protocol Steps 4 and
5 for Attenuation of Sulfate by Interburden
92
-------
TABLE 16. CONTENTS OF COMPLETED (OPERATING) FIELD
CELLS
Cell
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
12
Medium
Shale
Shale
Till
Limestone
Alluvium
Sandstone
Shale
Alluvium
Mass of Medium
x 106g
1.7
1.7
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.8
3.3
3.0
Mass of Waste
Waste x 10 g
PFBC 0.8
PFBC 0.8
PFBC 0.8
PFBC 0.8
PFBC 0.8
PFBC 0.8
None
(Control)
None
(Control)
Average mass/cell ป 2.6 x 106g
93
-------
The available chemical data represent only a small initial part of the
field cell sampling program. An average of 308 liters of moisture, equiva-
lent to 264 mm of rain, have been removed from each field cell. This volume
of water is much smaller (<1 mJl/g) than the solid-to-liquid ratio observed in
the laboratory. The 264 mm of throughput represents roughly one quarter of
the expected annual precipitation input.
While the relatively dense early sampling schedule is intended to define
the expected rapid changes in leachate composition, early observations are
relevant only in the light of long-term observations. Patterns of change evi-
dent over short time frames may not be reflective of long-term behavior. The
full range of possible relationships have not been explored at this time.
Direct comparisons of laboratory and field data plots are therefore not valid
at this point in the program.
Data for the laboratory control (media only) columns are not yet avail-
able. The initiation of operation of these columns was delayed to allow
transcription of Crown rainfall records. Therefore, the only control data
available are for the shale and alluvium control cells at Crown. Knowledge
of the levels of constituents leached from the media by rainfall alone will
be necessary for unambiguous interpretation of field cell data.
Field Cell Water Balance Analysis
The field cells have been exposed to a water input of 671 liters (575 mm
depth), 296ฃ (254 mm) of initial irrigation applied as shown in Table 9 and
375JI (321 mm) of natural rainfall. The rainfall depths for each month are
shown in Table 17, as is the total initial irrigation. Also shown are the
corresponding monthly mean precipitation depths for Manningtown, West Virginia,
from Table 5. A plot of cumulative volumes per cell of irrigation and rain-
fall at Crown is shown in Figure 38. Measureable precipitation occurred on
36 days. However, the line-printer format of Figure 38 only displays the
three irrigation events and the 15 largest precipitation events.
94
-------
TABLE 17. INITIAL IRRIGATION AND RAINFALL FOR FIELD CELLS
AT CROWN, WEST VIRGINIA
Equivalent Mean Precipitation
Depth of Rainfall Volume per at Mannington, West Virginia
Month (mm) Cell Q-iters) (nun)
Initial
Irrigation 254 297
August 123 144 112
September 124 145 81
October 74 86 66
TOTALS 575 672 259
95
-------
RAlMrALL (LIltRSI wS. TT'E
LEGEND: A s 1 OGSt H = 2 OBS. rTC.
* AAAAAAAAAAAAAA
t AA
* AA
C < AAAA
.J (.CO ป AA
/ AAAA
U ป A
L t . AAAAAA
t A
T SO'i +
( * AAAAAAD
v / AAAAAAAA
t t AAAAAAAA
* Aซ
i) '4Or. * AAAAA
A < AAAA
I * AAAAAAA
,1 t A
F *
A 300 * AAAAAA
L *
L *
* A
( *
L JOfl ป
I # AA
T *
E *
H *
S 10(1 ป
I *
*
t
t
ii *
...._ + ... + --- + --_ + --- + ... +---*.-- + ---ป-..+-.. + ..-4--. + --.*--. + --. + -..ป. --+...ป...ป...ป._.^.-,
.ป 1 f 9 13 17 2] ?* Z9 32 37 <ป1 <ปB <ซ9 5S 57 ซi ฃ5 ซ9 75 77 gl
(OAVSl
Figure 38. Rainfall Mass Curve, Cumulative Volume of
Precipitation Per Cell
96
-------
The total throughput (output) of the field cells is composed of the
volumes withdrawn by the two sample arrays plus the volume removed by the
bottom drain. The average volume removed is 308 liters per cell, which is
equivalent to a water depth of 264 mm. Variation among cells is significant,
ranging from a low of 226 liters to a maximum output of 378 liters. The pat-
tern of cumulative average volume throughput over time is shown in Figure 39.
Figure 40 is a double mass curve of rainfall per cell (abscissa) versus aver-
age throughput per cell (ordinate). It shows the relationship between cumula-
tive input and output. The relationship is expected to be linear, and the
data points of Figure 40 should approximate a straight line. The slope of the
line will be one if there are no unmeasured losses from the cell. The inter-
cept with the abscissa is a measure of storage within the sytem, as discussed
below. Deviations from a straight-line relationship reveal non-linearities
within the system, such as delayed drainage. That is, if there were no effect
of delayed drainage, the double mass curve of Figure 40 would approach a
straight line throughout its length. Large rainfall events not instantaneous-
ly reflected in throughput displace data points to the right, or below a line
of best fit. As an example, consider the large rainfall event of days 6-8 on
Figure 38. The outflow of these days (Figure 39) is not as large. Therefore,
the corresponding data points of Figure 40 (300-360 liters along the abscissa)
are displaced to the right.
Since media and wastes were emplaced dry, or nearly so, a portion of the
irrigation input does not contribute to outflow, but instead satisfies the
initial soil moisture storage requirements of the contents of each cell. The
difference between total input and total output should be a measure of storage
within the system. This relationship is somewhat obscured by the slow drain-
age of moisture through the cells, as may be seen by considering Figure 40.
Sufficient data are not available to estimate reliably the field moisture
capacity of each individual field cell. However, an average for all cells
may be estimated in the following manner. An average of 363 liters (671 liters
minus 308 liters) remained in storage in each cell at the end of the observa-
tion period. Since only 2 mm of rain had occurred during the preceeding 19
days, substantially all free water should have drained from the cells. There-
fore, 363 liters is a reasonable trial estimate of the average field moisture
97
-------
AV/L|.AGF VOLU'T (HTFKS) VS. TJvF
/V = 1 OBSi
= 2 OBs, ETC.
t.
ft
T
I
V
E
0
L
J
'
-------
. CUM. vPL. VS. Ct)M. RF. POTn IN LITERS
Lft>ENU: ft = I WSt B = 2 OBS. ETC.
A *
J *
c '
'4 *
A lOn +
& *
r- :
c *
I ?5fl +
j t
T PO" ป
I *
V *
F ' A
* ft
" ป5P *
0 * A
S :
ซ f A
e ion ป
ซ ft
( * A
i * ซ
T *n + A
t ' *
ป * A rt
s * /
I * A
n +
_ + _______ *-- ----- + ------- ป ------- ^ ------- * ------- + ------- ป ------- ป.....ป....+ ------- ป.- ----- ซ-
n<< t*,o zno r^o ipn ^-.o 100 150 soo 550 600 tso TOO
CUMULATIVE RAINFALL
-------
capacity of the cells. The field moisture capacity of each cell should fall
in the neighborhood of this value. Once the cumulative throughput volume has
been determined for several time frames closed by a rainless period, the
field moisture capacity will be determined for each individual cell.
The preceeding considerations may be specious, inasmuch as losses from
the system have not been explicitly considered. The field cells may not be
as efficient rainfall receptors as is the rain gage. For example, the cell
walls may deflect a portion of wind-driven rain, such that not all of the rain-
fall enters the cells. A series of small receptacles will be placed in the
cells to measure cell rainfall catch to compare with the gage catch. This can-
not be undertaken until spring, however, since the current dominant precipita-
tion form at Crown is snow. Evaporation from the cell surface and leakage
through the bottom liner are both possible, but are believed to be minor.
Their effects will be quantified by consideration of the long term double-mass
curve of rainfall versus cumulative throughput volume.
Leachate Generation
Field-generated leachates are obtained from a porous cup sampling array
located directly under the FBC solid waste layer in the field cells (upper
sampling point of Figure 7). Data for leachate generation from the field
cells may be considered in a manner similar to the laboratory data; i.e., as
leachate concentrations as a function of the moisture volume throughput per
gram of waste (mfc/g). Two important differences exist, however. First, the
volume-to-mass scale for the field data is more than two orders of magnitude
smaller than on the laboratory data scale. This is because the field cells
receive all their moisture from natural rainfall, and the mass of FBC solid
waste in the cells is fixed to provide a 1% foot deep waste layer. The field
cells will have to operate for more than five years to reach a moisture
throughput equivalent to the Protocol Step 1 (10 mi/g). The second important
difference is that five of the six field cells each contain a different dis-
posal medium, and a one-foot layer of the disposal medium covers the waste in
each cell. The infiltrating precipitation therefore contacts this media be-
fore the waste, such that the concentration determined for the field leachate
generation are influenced by the attenuating media, as well as the FBC waste.
100
-------
The remainder of this section is a discussion for the selected chemical
parameters of the field results for the leachate generation part of the in-
vestigation.
Calcium
The field experimental data for calcium are shown as plots of concentra-
tion versus volume-to-mass ratios in Figure 41.
The calcium concentrations for all the field cells have a maximum of 400-
500 mg/& between 0.12 and 0.2 mฃ/g throughput. The calcium concentration from
cell No. 1 (containing shale) appears to increase rapidly between volume-to-
mass ratios of 0.02 mfc/g to 0.18 mfc/g, at which point the concentration be-
gins dropping (Figure 4la). The range of calcium concentrations for cell No.
2 (also containing shale) generally behaves like cell No. 1, except that there
is more scatter in the experimental data (Figure 41b). The range of calcium
concentrations for cell No. 2 is from 325 mg/X, to 500 mg/Jl. The initial trend
in the calcium concentrations is similar to cell No. 1 behavior in that the
concentrations increase with increasing volume-to-mass ratios up to 0.21 mฃ/g.
Field cell No. 6 containing sandstone as the disposal medium, cell No. 5
containing alluvium, and cell No. 4 containing limestone show almost a linear
increase in calcium concentration with increasing volume-to-mass ratio up to
0.15 mA/g (Figures 41c, d, f). After that point, the calcium concentration
gradually decreases. In cell No. 3 containing glacial till, the increase in
calcium concentration is more gradual, and the decrease in concentrations is
barely beginning at the last data point thus far plotted (Ftgure 41e),
The values for calcium concentrations are much lower for field leachates
than for laboratory leachates. The behavior for all field cells was generally
similar and included maxima followed by a decrease in concentration. A sum-
mary of calcium concentrations and trends for field generated leachates is
given in Table 18.
101
-------
c
* roe
L
C
T TOO
U
H
600
C
0
N SCO
C
r
>, too
T
R
A 300
T
I
n zoo
N
x 100
6
fICLO OLCIUO CONCENTRATION VS.VOLUME PC* *ปปป
UPPER S**PLINC POINT
CCLL'Ol
LEECNOt ป a I 085, I t OBti CTC>
fl.OO 0.01 0.1(1 O.IS O.?0 O.Z5 O.SO
VOLUME PCH H*SS (ML/GI
o.ss
Figure 41a. Field Cell No. 1 (Shale).
c
* tee
L
C
I TOR
U
N
too
C
0
N 900
C
c
N ป00
T
R
300
T
I
0 200
N
M tOO
L 0
F1CLO CALCIUM CONCtNTKATION VS.VOLUMC Ptt MซS
UPPtH S*NPLINซ POINT
CtLL'OI
LCOCNOI A>1 QBS, * t OBt, CTC>
A A A
AA A
A A
A
A A A
A
0.00 O.OS *.1ฐ 0.1S 0.20 O.tt 0.10
VOLUMC PC* MASS IML/CI
o.u
Figure 41b. Field Cell No. 2 (Shale).
Figure 41 . Field Leachate Generation Data for Calcium.
102
-------
c
t too
L
c
I TOO
U
V
too
c
0
N 900
C
I
N 000
T
R
t 100
T
I
0 200
N
100
I 0
MCLO CปLCJU" CONCENTRATION VS.VOLUMC PtR MASS
UPPER SAMPLING POINT
CCU'Ot
: ซ ซ i DBS. B * j OBS. ric.
A A t A
ป ป t
0.00 O.OS
o.is o.jo o.aa
VOkUMC PW MASS (Hk/ซ)
o.so o.ป9
Figure 41c. Field Cell No. 6 (Sandstone).
c
A eoป
L
c
I TOO
U
H
too
c
0
N SOt
e
E
N 100
T
R
ป see
T
I
a too
N
N tOO
c
/
L 0
FICLO CALCIUM CONCENTRATION VS.VOLUHC PC*
UPPtR SAMPLING POINT
CCLLซ05
LCSCNOI A 1 OBSi S ซ J 06*> ETC*
A A A
A A
A A
A ซ
0.00 O.OS 0.1ฐ 0.19 O.ป0 O.tS O.JO
VOLUMt PCX MASS (ML/SI
0.59
Figure 41d. Field Cell No. 5 (Alluvium).
Figure 41. Field Leachate Generation Data for Calcium (Continued),
103
-------
c
600
L
C
T 700
U
ซ
too
c
0
H son
c
c
N 000
T
R
ซ ion
T
I
0 POO
N
M 100
6
I
L 0
r. LO Clt-Clu" CONCENTRATION VS.VOLUME PER MASS
UPPER SAMPLING POINT
CELLซOJ
LEGEND: ซ ซ i oes, s * 2 oeit ETCI
O.Od O.r>3
0.15 O.?0 0.29
VOLUME PER MASS (XL/SI
0.3(1 O.SS
Figure Ale, Field Cell No. 3 (Glacial Till)
c
A ซ00
L
C
I TOO
U
M
(00
C
0
N 900
C
c
N 400
T
K
A 3CO
T
I
o too
N
N 100
L 0
FIELD CALCIUM CONCENTRATION VS.VOLUME PER MASS
UPPER SAHPLINS POINT
CELL>0ซ
LEGEND) A ป J 085, 8 > 2 OBti CTCl
A A A
A A
'OS 0.10 0.1S 0.20 0.2B 0.10 0,1*
VOLUME PER MASS
-------
TABLE 18. FIELD LEACHATE GENERATION COMPARISON FOR CALCIUM
Concentration Range
Generating Protocol (mg/X,)
Concentration
Trend*
Comments
Shale (Field Cell #1)
Shale (Field Cell #2)
Sandstone (Field Cell
#6)
Alluvium (Field Cell
#5)
Glacial Till (Field
Cell #3)
Limestone (Field Cell
#4)
200-500
300-500
250-600
100-450
275-425
150-500
Increase Concentration peaks at 0.15 mฃ/g, the
begins gradually decreasing; values are
considerably lower than lab.
Increase Although these data are more scattered
than for cell #1, the trend is the same.
Increase Concentration peaks at 0.15 mฃ/g, then
gently decreases; this behavior is con-
sistent with cells #1 and #2.
Increase Behavior is consistent with above com-
ments.
Increase Consistent with above comments.
Increase Consistent with above comments.
*With increasing volume-to-mass ratio.
-------
Boron
The field results for boron are shown in Figure 42.
For field cell No. 1 (shale) leachates, the boron concentration generally
decreases from 25 rag/A to 5 mg/ฃ at 0.24 mJl/g (Figure 42a). The boron appears
to continue to slowly leach from the solids as the volume-to-mass ratio in-
creases. Field cell No. 2 leachates show the same general behavior (Figure
42b), but the data are somewhat more scattered. Field cell No. 6 (sandstone),
No. 3 (till), and No. 4 (limestone) exhibit behavior very similar to field
cell No. 1 (Figures 42c, e, f). This gradual decrease in boron concentration
along with two small concentration peaks at volume-to-mass ratios of 0.1 mJl/g
and 0.18 mฃ/g, appears very consistent. Cell No. 5 leachates (Figure 42d
exhibit less consistent behavior with a reduced concentration range (3 mg/fc).
These data are also more scattered.
The behavior of boron in field leachates is probably the most consistent
data exhibited insofar as predicted behavior is concerned. The decreasing
trends are very consistent. This behavior may be indicative of a very soluble
surface species that desorbs rather than a bulk species that is being dissolved,
A summary of boron concentrations and trends for laboratory and field generated
leachates is given in Table 19.
Sulfate
The field data for sulfate are shown in Figure 43.
Initially the sulfate concentration at 0.01 mfc/g volume-to-mass ratio is
approximately 26,000 mg/S, for field cell No. 1 (Figure 43a). As the volume-
to-mass ratio increases to 0.03 mjl/g, the concentration decreases to 14,000
mg/ฃ and then levels off at about 5,000 mg/Jl from a volume-to-mass ratio of
0.12 mฃ/g to 0.24 mฃ/g. Sulfate concentrations in leachates appears to drop
slightly after this point. The trend in sulfate concentration for field cells
No, 2 (shale) and No. 4 (limestone) are very similar to cell No. 1 behavior
(Figures 43b and 43f).
For cell No. 6 (sandstone, Figure 43c), the sulfate concentrations are
initially high 20,000 mg/& at 0.02 mฃ/g). The concentration decreases to
about 5,500 mg/fc where it remains relatively constant from 0.03 mA/g to 0.24
mJl/g volume-to-mass ratio.
106
-------
MCIO lindON CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PER MASS
UPPtft SAHPLINS POINT
CtUL'Ol
UCCNOt A ซ 1 DBS. B t OBS. CTC.
T
I 10
0
N
I.
0
t 90
0
n
o
C
0
h 20
C
r
'>s .
A A
A A A
A A
0^00 O.CS O.lO 0.15 0.20 O.IS ป.SO O.SS
VOLUMC PCR MASS INk/BI
Figure 42a. Field Cell No. 1 (Shale)
MILO ปMON CONCENTRATION VS. VOlUMC PC* MIS
UPPtR SAHPLINt POINT
CCLLปOt
LCBCNDI ซ 1 OBSi I ป t OBIi CTC.
to
0
*
0
N tS
c
o
N tO
e
[
N
T IS
II
A
T
I It
0
N
N 5
ซ
/
L
A
* ป
* *
A A
A A
A A
A
0
0.00 0.05 O.lO 0.15 O.ป0 B.*ซ t.M t.SS
VOLUME PCR MASS (M./O
Figure 42b. Field Cell No. 2 (Shale)
Figure 42. Field Leachate Generation Data for Boron
107
-------
R 30
0
U 2*1
c
0
N 20
C
t
j
T 11
T
t 10
o
ซ 5
G
FIELD BORON CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PER MASS
UPPER SAMPLING POINT
CELL*Ot
LEGEND! A x 1 OBJ. B t OBSi ETC.
A A A A A
A A
0.00 O.OB O.,0 0.15 0.20 0.29
VOLUME PER MASS (KL/SI
0.30 0.35
Figure 42c. Field Cell No. 6 (Sandstone).
? 30
0
I 25
C
0
M 20
C
r
ri
T 15
R
A
T
I 10
e
N
FIELD BORON CONCENTRATION vs. VOLUME PER MASS
UPPER SAMPLING POINT
CELL'05
LEGENO; A ซ 1 08V B 2 DBS. ETC.
A /l A A A A A
A A A A
0.00 0.0!! O.lO 0.1? 0.20 0.25
VOLUME PER MASS IซL/S)
0.30 0.3S
Figure 42d. Field Cell No. 5 (Alluvium).
Figure 42. Field Leachate Generation Data for Boron (Continued),
108
-------
R 30
0
K
ft
M *S
e
o
N 20
c
c
M
T 15
II
A
T
I 10
6
N
5
FIELD AIMftN CONCtMTfUTIOM VS. VOLUME PfR MASS
UPPER SAttPLINS POINT
CELLซ0ป
LC6CNO: A ซ l OB^i H > } OBSi CTC.
* ป
* A
0.00 0.0* 0.1" S.1S O.ปt O.M
VOLUME Ptซ MASS (XL/SI
O.JO 0.35
Figure 42e. Field Cell No. 3 (Glacial Till)
e so
o
ซ
0
N ป
C
0
N tO
t
t
N
r IB
ซ
t
T
t 10
0
N
5
t
I
L
ritLD BORON CONCCNTRIT10N VS. VOLUME PCD MASS
UPPER SปMPLINS POINT
LttENOl * , i OBJ. 8 ซ t OBS> ETC.
* A
A A A
0.00 0.0! O.iO 0.15 O.aO O.t5 0.30
VOLUM PER MASS (((./ซ I
0.ป5
Figure 42ฃ. Field Cell No. 4 (Limestone).
Figure 42. Field Leachate Generation Data for Boron (Continued)
109
-------
TABLE If. FIELD LEACHATE GENERATION COMPARISON FOR BORON
Generating Protocol
Concentration Range
(mg/H)
Concentration
Trend*
Comments
Shale (Field Cell #1)
5-25
Decrease A rapid decrease in B concentration fol-
lowed by a constant low level after 0.12
mfc/g is observed. Trend similar to lab .
Shale (Field Cell #2)
Sandstone (Field Cell
#6)
Alluvium (Field Cell
#5)
g Glacial Till (Field
Cell #3)
Limestone (Field Cell
#4)
2.5-20
2-18
3-8
8-25
5-25
Decrease Same as above.
Decrease Concentration decreases initially then
levels off at 0.12 mA/g.
Decrease Much smaller range of concentration than
other field cells; these data are slightly
more scattered; almost a linear decrease.
Decease Same as above.
Decrease After a rapid decrease in concentration,
values level off after approximately 0.12
mฃ/g.
*With increasing volume-to-mass ratio.
-------
FlflO SUlFATE CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PER NtsS
UPPER SAMPLING POINT
CCLtซ01
LECCNO! ป ซ I COS, B ซ j oBSi ETC.
S 17000
u
L
F
*
T 13*0(1
C
c
0
k 10201
C
L
N
T
R tetio
A
T
I
0
N 510(1
M
C
1
L ซ
(A) 26.200
*
A
A
A
k ป
^_
A
A A
A A
A
A
0.00 0.13 0.10 0,15 0.20 0.2% O.SO
VOLUME PER MASS (ปL/ซI
Figure 43a. Field Cell No. 1 (Shale),
FIELD IULFATE CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PER ซASS
UPPER SAMPLING POINT
LrGENOt A ซ 1 OBJ 4 8 ซ 2 OBJ. ETC*
s iTOOn ซ
c *
L
F
t
T lS*Ori
c
c
0
N 1020(1
c
E
N
T
*
T
I
0
N MOO
H
L 0
A
A
A
A A A A
A * A
A A A A
0.00 O.OS
O.iO O.lS 0.20
VOLUME PER MASS
0.2) 0.30 O.S1
Figure 43b. Field Cell No. 2 (Shale).
Figure 43. Field Leachate Generation Data for Sulfate.
Ill
-------
S 17000
U
L
F
A
T 1S400
E
C
0
N lOtoo
c
N
T
* MOO
A
T
I
0
N SXOO
M
6
FIELD SIH.FATE CONCENTRATION vs. VOLUHC PER MASS
UPPCR SAMPLING POINT
CELLlOt
LtecNo: Aii oes, e * t DBS, ETC.
!(A) 19.700
A A
A A A
A A A A
e.oo o.ns
o.io o.is o.ao
VOLUMC PER MASS (KL/SI
O.SO O.IS
Figure 43c. Field Cell No. 6 (Sandstone).
FIELD SULFtTE CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PER MASS
UPPER SAMPLING POINT
CELL'OS
LC6CNO! A>1 OBSi 8 ซ t OB*> ETC*
S ITOOO
U
L
F
A
T is*on
I
c
0
N I0t0ซ
C
E
H
t
H tlOO
A
T
I
0
t, 3*00
K
G
L 0
A
A
A A A
A A A A A A
A A A
A
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.2ป
VOLUML PCM MASS I ML/61
o.ao o.js
Figure 43d. Field Cell No. 5 (Alluvium).
Figure AS. Field Leachate Generation Data for Sulfate (Continued).
112
-------
SULflTE CONCENTRATION VS. VOLUME PCM MASS
UPPER SAMPLIN* POINT
CELLป03
LEGEND: A ป 1 DBS. B ซ z DBS- ETC.
s iTOflt
u
t
F
t
T IJ60C
t
i
0
N 1020(1
C
I
N
N taoo
A
T
I
0
N Ittf
M
C
L 0
. (A) 32.500
(A) 26,600
A
ft
A
A A
A
A
A A
A
A
A
A
0.00 C.05 0.10 O.lS O.tO 1.25
VOLUME PER MASS !ปL/S>
0.30 O.Sป
Figure 43e. Field Cell No. 3 (Glacial Till).
S 17000
U
L
F
T 1J408
C
C
0
N 10200
C
C
N
I
ซ 4*00
A
T
I
0
L C
MELD SULFlTt CONCCNTRaTION VS. VOLUME PER MASS
UPPE* SAMPLING POINT
CCLLปOซ
LCCENOt A ซ 1 DBS, B ป I OBSt ETC*
A t A A
A A
A A
A
.00 0.09 t.10 0.15 0.30 0.29 0.90 O.Sป
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/6)
Figure 43f. Field Cell No. 4 (Limestone).
Figure 43. Field Leachate Generation Data for Sulfate (Continued)
113
-------
The sulfate concentrations in field cell No. 3 (till) leachates are
almost twice as high as the concentrations observed for columns No. 1 and
No. 2 (Figure 43e). In field cell No. 5 (alluvium), the sulfate concentra-
tions in the leachates are much lower than for the other cells (Figure 43d).
General decreasing sulfate trends are consistent in laboratory and field
leachates. Also, the field leachate sulfate concentrations are a factor of
four to ten times higher than the laboratory values. A summary of sulfate
concentrations and trends for field generated leachates is given in Table
20.
Leachate Attenuation
Five of the six disposal media acquired for this program have been sub-
jected to PFBC leachate in the operating field cells (Table 16). This sec-
tion discusses the results of leachate and media interaction observed in the
field.
Leachate infiltrates through a 3-foot bed of disposal media emplaced be-
low the waste layer. The net effect of all the physico-chemical reactions
(attenuation) is evaluated by sampling the leachate as it exists the disposal
media (lower sampling array of Figure 7).
For each sample event, an estimate of fractional attenuation in the
field cells is made according to the following equation:
cu
where
fractional attenuation (field)
C - concentration at upper sampling point (waste leachate)
114
-------
TABLE 20. FIELD LEACHATE GENERATION COMPARISON FOR SULFATE
Generating Protocol
Concentration Range
Concentration
Trend*
Comments
Shale (Field Cell #1)
Shale (Field Cell #2)
Sandstone (Field Cell
#6)
Alluvium (Field Cell
#5)
Glacial Till (Field
#3)
Limestone (Field Cell
#4)
3,000-27,000
4,000-17,000
2,500-20,000
2,000-12,000
4,000-35,000
2,500-17,500
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
Constant
There is an initial decrease before the
concentration levels off; values are
much higher than lab values.
Same trend as above; values are much
higher than lab values.
Same trend as above; values are much
higher than lab values.
Same trend as above; absolute values
are lower.
Same trend as above; absolute values are
higher than for cells #1 and #2.
Same trend as above; absolute values are
higher than for cells #1 and #2.
*With increasing volume-to-mass ratio.
-------
C = concentration at lower sampling point (media leachate)
Li
For example, consider the results for boron from cell No. 1, sample num-
ber 6 (12 August 1979). Table 21 presents the observed concentrations and
the calculated fractional attenuation.
TABLE 21. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF FIELD FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
Concentration at upper sampling point 12.16 mg/fc
Concentration at lower sampling point 0.15 mg/ฃ
Fractional Attenuation = 12>1f " !?'15 = 0.99
I/. ID
If a given constituent is attenuated by the media, then fractional at-
tenuation will be a decimal between 0 and 1. Negative fractional attenuations
signify contributions of the constituents to the leachate by the medium.
Two elements of cell operation introduce noise into the pattern of frac-
tional attenuation. The first is the lag between the time a given parcel of
water exits the waste mass and the time it exits the underlying medium. This
lag is not constant, but varies with the rainfall input. The second element
is that the mass flow of contaminants is not congruent with the mass flow of
water. Aside from the semi-permanent reactions lumped under the term "at-
tenuation," the incomplete mixing associated with unsaturated media flow pro-
vides temporary storage of salts in the interstitial water in the media. The
constituents so stored are not attenuated, but are merely delayed.
The following sections present the interaction of PFI5C leachate with- the
five disposal media. For each of the parameters considered under leachate
generation (Ca, B, and SOt,) fractional attenuation by each medium is shown.
Calcium
The attenuation of calcium by the various disposal media is presented
in Figures 44a through 44f. The shale (cells 1 and 2) and limestone (cell
4) media contribute calcium to the leachate as does sandstone (cell 6)
116
-------
CALCIOK FUNCTIONAL ATTENUATION
CtLL'Ol
: ซ x i DBS, B ป j DBS. ETC.
A A
A A A A
-J ซ
n.oo
0.09 O.lO 0.19
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/SI
0.ซ9
Figure 44a. Field Cell No. 1 (Shale).
FIELD CALCIUM FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CCLLซOI
: A 1 DBS. B ซ J OBSi
A A A A
t At
A
A A A
0.00
0.09 0.10 0.19
VOLUME PE* MASS IML/0)
Figure 44b. Field Cell No. 2 (Shale).
Figure 44. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Calcium.
117
-------
UflO CALCIUM FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELL=06
LEGEND: A>1 OBSt fl ซ 2 OBSi ETC.
A A D A A A
A A A
ft.0(1
0.05
0.10 0.19
VOLUME PER MASS INL/G)
0.20
Figure 44c. Field Cell No. 6 (Sandstone)
FIELD CALCIUM FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CCLL'OS
A ซ 1 OBJ, ป g OBS, ETC.
A A A A A
A A A A
n.oo
A A
0.05
0.10 0.1S
VOLUME PER MASS tlL/61
O.ป0
o.zs
Figure 44d. Field Cell No. 5 (Alluvium).
Figure 44. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Calcium (Continued),
118
-------
ป 0
c
K
T
T
t
C
*
L
C
I
U -f
F1CLO CtLClUO FRACTIONAL A1TCNUAT10N
CCLLซOS
IEOtNO! ซ ซ 1 DBS, B.I oBS. ETC.
* A
n.Oo
C.05 0.10 0.15
VOLUME PCX MASS (ML/SI
Figure 44e. Field Cell No. 3 (Glacial Till).
fltlO CALCIUM FKACTIOMt ATTCNUATIQN
CtULซ0ซt
A ซ i oซs. a ซ a OM. ETC.
A A
A A A
A A A
n.Oo
e.os
0.20
O.S5
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/CI
Figure 44f. Field Cell No. 4 (Limestone).
Figure 44. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Calcium (Continued)
119
-------
for the early portion of the record and till (cell 3) for the later portion
of the record. Alluvium (cell 5) attenuates calcium as does till for the
early portion of the record. Later portions of the record show calcium to
be unaltered (no attenuation) by the sandstone medium.
Boron
The attenuation of boron by the various disposal media is presented in
Figures 45a through 45f. All media attenuate boron, at least in the early
part of the record.
Sulfate
The attenuation of sulfate by the various disposal media is presented in
Figures 46a through 46f. Shale, alluvium, and till all attenuate sulfate,
whereas sulfate is unaltered (no attenuation) by both sandstone and limestone.
Observed Field Cell Concentrations
Heretofore, all the data presented have been plotted against a normalized
abscissa, i.e., volume of leachate per unit mass of waste or media. It is
instructive to consider all observations along a common time axis, represented
here by cumulative throughput volume. Thus, concentrations at the upper and
lower sample points, as well as available control data may be readily com-
pared. Two examples, one for attenuation and one for mobilization, are dis-
cussed here. Field cell No. 1, which contains PFBC waste and shale, provides
data indicative of boron attenuation, as seen in Figure 47. Waste leachate
from the upper sample point (designated U) has a higher boron content than the
leachate contacted with shale collected at the lower point (designated L). Also
presented is the concentration of boron in the control field cell (designated
C) containing only shale. The control cell clearly identifies minimal boron
leaching from shale. Leaching of boron from the waste and attenuation by the
shale medium in field tests are consistent with trends observed in the labora-
tory.
As an alternate example, the record for calcium for the same field cell
(Figure 48) indicates contamination of the waste leachate by shale. Waste
leachate from the upper sample point has a lower calcium concentration than
the leachate contacted with shale collected at the lower sample point.
120
-------
F
R 0
t
C
T
T -1
n.OO
I lft-0 "JOflON FHAC-|IWlปL ซTปE'IIJปtION
CCLLSOl
i>r,tllD: f f I IBs, B = ? OBS,
A A A A A
0.10 0.1!
VOLUME PCK MASS (ML/CI
0.25
Figure 45a. Field Cell No. 1 (Shale).
FIELD BOKON F8ปCTIOHปL ซTlฃNUซT10'l
CEILซ0ซ
LtGtNO! A ซ 1 DBS, B ซ } DBS. ETC.
F
R I)
1
T
T -1
A ป 8ป k A
n.on
0.05 0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Figure 45fe. Field Cell No. 2 (Shale).
Figure 45. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Boron.
121
-------
FICLD BORON FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELL'Ot
1 0ปS, S . J OBJ, ETC.
F
ft 0
t
T
T -I
0
t
0
N -2
A * A A ซ
A A A A
-3 ป
r.oo
0.05 0.10 0.15
VOLUME PER MAM IML/CI
o.aซ
o.ts
Figure A5c, Field Cell No. 6 (Sandstone).
FHLD BORON FRACTIONAL ATTCNUATIOM
CtLL'OS
A 1 0ปป, Bit 081. ETC.
0
R
0
N -t
AAAAA AAA
A AAA
A A
n.Oo
0.05 0.10 0.15
VOLUME PER MAM (ML/ซ)
(.N
Figure 45d. Field Cell No. 5 (Alluvium).
Figure 45. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Boron (Continued).
122
-------
F
ซ o
A
e
A
T
T -1
e
o
R
0
N -2
II.00
FlfLO BORON FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CCLLซOJ
LCBCMD1 A>1 QBl, R . : QBS, Ct'.
0.05 0.10 0.15
VOLUME PCR MASS (XL/SI
--.*.
0.ซ5
Figure A5e. Field Cell No. 3 (Glacial Till).
FICCD BORON FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELLซ0ป
LCUNOt A 1 OB$. Bit OBS. CTC.
A
C
A
T
T -J
C
R
C
N -2
A A*
ซ A
A A A
A A A A
A A
A
n.Oo
0.05
0.10 0.13
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/ft)
0.20
.....
0.15
Figure 45f. Field Cell No. 4 (Limestone).
Figure 45. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Boron (Continued)
123
-------
FIELD SULF*TE FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELL'Ol
ซ ซ i osj't e * t oปs. c'c.
t o
c
T
T
t
s
u
L
f
A
T -t
C
A A
A A A A
(1.08
A A A
A ซ A
0.0!
0.10 0.19
VOLUME PER MASS IML/*I
0.20
fl.*8
Figure A6a. Field Cell No. 1 (Shale).
FIELD SULFATC FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELL'tS
LE6ENOI ซ ซ 1 OBs. t . t Ms. ETC.
T -J
F.
t Aซ A A ซ A
A A
ซ A A
O.OS 0.10 0.15
VOLUME PER HAM (ML/C)
O.tซ
Figure 46b. Field Cell No. 2 (Shale).
Figure 46. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Sulfate
124
-------
o
e
T
T
-i
s
u
L
r
A
T -*
r
FlnO SULFATr FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CElL=04
LCSCNO: A ซ i DBS. a ซ j oes. etc.
II A
A A A A A A
A AA
n.oo
0.05
0.10 0.15
VOLUMC Ptt MASS (KL/B)
0.25
Figure 46c. Field Cell No. 6 (Sandstone).
S'HFATt FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELLซ09
LC6CUD: A i t DBS* 8 * t OBS. ETC.
p
R
e o
c
A
T
T
U
U
F
1
T -*
r
AAAAA AAA
n.oo
A A A
A
A
0.05 0.10 0.15
VOLUME PCX MASS IML/O
o.w
Figure 46d. Field Cell No. 5 (Alluvium)
Figure 46. Field Fractional Attenuation Data for Sulfate (Continued).
125
-------
T
.1
5
U
u
F
A
T -2
C
0.00
FIELD SULFATE FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELL'OS
LESENOl A < 1 DBS. ป t Ota. ETC.
A ซ ซ A 1
A A 1
0.05
0.10 0.15
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/SI
0.20
O.tl
Figure 46e. Field Cell No. 3 (Glacial Till).
FIELD SULFATE FRACTIONAL ATTENUATION
CELL'01
LEGEND: * ซ i DBS. B , j oปs. ETC.
-i
s
u
L
F
A
r -t
T
A A A
A A A a A A A
A A A
A
0.00
0.0) 0,10 0.15
VOLUME PER MASS (ML/SI
o.so
...ซ.
o.ts
Figure 46f. Field Cell No. 4 (Limestone).
Figure 46. Field Fractioaal Attenuation Data for Sulfate (Continued),
126
-------
CELL NO. 1
BORON CONCENTRATION VS. AVERAGE FLOW-THROUGH VOLUME
24
21-
18-
|
1 Ml
|
u 12-
o
1
to 0 9-
1
6-
3-
0-
U
U
U * CONCENTRATION AT UPPER SAMPLE POINT
L > CONCENTRATION AT LOWER SAMPLE POINT
C - CONCENTRATION IN CONTROL CELL
U
U
U
U U
U.
U U u
U
U u
L i
L LLLLLLCซ-
CLLLLLCCCCCC c C
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 280 280 300 320
AVERAGE FLOW THROUGH VOLUME (LITERS/CELL)
Figure 47. Field Cell Concentrations of Boron (PFBC
Waste with Shale Medium).
-------
800-
CELL NO. 1
CALCIUM CONCENTRATION VS. AVERAGE FLOW-THROUGH VOLUME
700-
L L L
C L
C C ฃ
C C
Z 800-
o
I
U
ง
U
500-
oo
u
U
400-
300
200-
U U U
U
" U
U
U = CONCENTRATION AT UPPER SAMPLE POINT
L = CONCENTRATION AT LOWER SAMPLE POINT
C = CONCENTRATION IN CONTROL CELL
1
20
1
40
1
60
1
80
1
100
1
120
1
140
1
180
1
180
1
200
1
220
1
240
1
260
1
2M>
1
300
320
AVERAGE FLOW-THROUGH VOLUME (LITERS/CELL)
Figure 48. Field Cell Concentrations of Calcium
(PFBC Waste with Shale Medium).
-------
Consideration of Replicate Cells
Field cells No. 1 and 2 both contain shale. These replicate cells were
fabricated and filled in the same manner. Their operation will provide a
measure of cell-to-cell variation in results. For the data gathered to date,
the record of the two cells is similar. Data from cell No. 2 have more scat-
ter than cell No. 1, but the chemical parameters behave similarly. Boron and
sulfate are attenuated. Calcium is contributed by the shale.
General Patterns Observed
The three parameters discussed, B, Ca, and SO^, were selected for illus-
trative purposes. Calcium and sulfate are major species of FBC wastes; boron
demonstrates consistent behavior that provides a clear example of trends
discussed. These constituents all behave as do a majority of the 20 para-
meters measured on field cell leachates. In general, concentrations at the
upper sampling point decrease over time. Less commonly, concentrations in-
crease or are roughly constant. At the lower sampling point, trends in con-
centration are much less consistent. However, the most common occurrences
are a relatively constant or gradually increasing concentration over time.
The plot of boron concentrations in field cell No. 1 (Figure 47) is a good
example of the most common pattern of observations at both the upper and lower
sample points.
Another general feature of the analytical record is the tendency for the
first one or two samples collected to display concentrations significantly
higher (or lower) than succeeding samples. It may well be that these samples
were drawn before any equilibrium was established, following the initial
irrigation.
ATTENUATING MEDIA COMPARISON
A comparison of attenuation media in laboratory studies can be performed
at present, but field comparisons must be approached cautiously due to the
short operation period for data reported to date. The available chemical data
129
-------
represent a very limited sample of the field cell operating program. The
wastes have been exposured to the equivalent of only one-quarter of the ex-
pected annual precipitation input to date.
The relatively dense early sampling schedule is intended to define the
expected rapid initial changes in leachate composition. However, early ob-
servations are ultimately meaningful only in the light of long-term observa-
tions. Patterns of change evident over short time frames may not be reflec-
tive of long-term behavior. The full range of possible relationships has
simply not been explored at this point in time.
The field and laboratory attenuation data presented in preceding sections
may be summarized by grouping similar behavior patterns. Tables 22 and 23
summarize qualitatively the observations to date.
Calcium
Calcium is attenuated by all media in equilibrated lab studies. Field
results indicate that all media except alluvium contribute calcium to the
leachate. Alluvium attenuation has decreased since testing was begun.
Boron
All media in lab and field studies attenuate boron. In general, field
attenuation is not as complete as in the laboratory.
Sulfate
Sulfate is attenuated by all media initially in laboratory studies. How-
ever, attenuation decreases with repetitive contact of leachate with the media
Alluvium and limestone contribute sulfate in the later record. No major con-
tribution of sulfate is observed in field studies. Shale, sandstone, alluvium
and till attenuate sulfate, while limestone has no major effect on altering
sulfate concentration in the leachate. Limestone in the later record shows
minor contribution of sulfate.
130
-------
TABLE 22. COMPARISON OF MEDIA ATTENUATION BY CONSTITUENT
field hMlte
COBCtltoeM Attenuation Ho Effect Contribution
Ca Shale
Sanditoo*
-------
TABLE 23. COMPARISON OF CONSTITUENTS ATTENUATED OR RELEASED BY MEDIUM
to
to
rial* Baamlta
Mtdloaj Attaanatad Ho Effact ' Contribution Attanuatad
Mala Ca Ca Ca
B B
SaadatoM Ca data Ca (aaxly) Ca
B B
M* to* (aarly)
AllOTliBi Ca Ca
B B
0* 80s (aarly)
Claclal Till Ca (aarly) Ca (lata) Ca
B B
^tMM Cat Cat
B
SซV, S4S (aarly)
Laboratory laaulta
No Effect Coatrlbutlon
SO* (lata)
80ป (lata)
S
-------
CORRELATION OF LAB AND FIELD RESULTS
The correlation of leaching and attenuation data from laboratory and field
studies is an important step in this program. The approach that will be used
to relate the outputs of the laboratory and field studies is first described
below, and the results of using this approach on data acquired to date as then
presented.
Method of Correlation
ซ. '
The expected relationships between shake tests and field cells are shown
in Figures 49 to 52. In discussing correlations with the use of these figures,
it is assumed that the same waste and disposal medium is being studied in both
shake tests and field cells. In addition, a single chemical species "K" is
discussed in terms of its behavior in laboratory studies and field studies.
Figure 49 and 50 represent expected concentration behavior in laboratory
shake tests. Figure 49 depicts the trend of mass of species "K" leached per
gram of waste when it is successively leached. Cumulative mass leached is
plotted along the ordinate. Volume along the abscissa is normalized by divid-
ing by the waste mass (mJl/g).
Figure 50 represents behavior expected for leachate species undergoing
attenuation as carried out in laboratory shake tests. The volume axis repre-
sents successive contact of leachate with a medium. Volumes are additive as
described for exposure of the medium to successive additions of leachate to
the waste. The portion of the curve in Figure 50 horizontal to the abscissa
represents medium saturation where no further attenuation occurs.
Figure 51 and 52 represent simple projected behavior in field cells.
Figure 51 represents the cumulative mass of species "K" at the first sample
point where leachate has passed through the waste, prior to entry into the
attenuating disposal medium. The abscissa represents the cumulative volume
of leachate that has passed through the field cell at the point in time when
leachate is collected for analysis.
133
-------
8
-O 0>
01 4J
,C 0)
o to
^ C3
i-i
en oo
o o)
ai p.
a
to :
us
14-1 :
o
14-1
co o
co
QJ 01
> 4J
1-1 01
4-i a)
n) 3
Log
Volume of Water added to Waste (ml/g waste)
Figure 49. Cumulative Mass of Species "K" Leached in Laboratory
Shake Tests as a Function of Volume Added to a Waste
"O
to s~*
u 6
ซo a
3 -rl
C t3
0) CD
o> oo
H
U ^
4) 01
C5 P. ft
O cn _
14-4 &4
o s
U) 14-1
CO O
IB
4-1 1H
tfl T3
Log
Volume of Leachate added to Medium (ml/g medium)
Fiugre 50. Cumulative Mass Differential (Attenuated/Contributed)
of a Species "K" in Laboratory Shake Tests as a Func-
tion of Volume of Leachate Added to a Disposal Medium
134
-------
M
in 60
0)
H M
U 4->
H CO
u n)
12
Figure 51.
LOG
Rainfall Volume Penetrating Waste (ml/g Waste)
Mass of a Species "K" in Leachate at Upper Sample Point of
Field Cell Test as a Function of Rainfall Volume.
d
(U X-N
u 3
td 3
3 >rl
C *d
(U 0
>i e
' n)
M
TO 60
CU
H M
U 0)
w o
co
m oo
ป ^
Figure 52.
LOG
Rainfall Volume Penetrating Medium (ml/g Medium)
Cumulative Mass Differential (Attenuated/Contributed) of a
Species "K" as a Function of Rainfall Volume
135
-------
Figure 52 represents expected behavior for attenuation as determined by
reduction in loading of species in the leachate as it passes from the FBC
waste through the disposal medium. The drop in attenuation, indicated by
horizontal portion of the curve, represents saturation of the disposal medium
from the standpoint of its attenuating ability.
Correlation of Laboratory and Field Results for Leachate Generation
Figure 53 presents leaching results observed thus far in field and labora-
tory studies. It presents data equivalent to Figures 49 and 51. Data from
field cell No. 1 (shale) are presented for seven parameters on the left hand
portion of the figure in the low volume-to-mass region of the abscissa. Data
for the laboratory studies are presented in the higher volume-to-mass region.
The lab results, although displaced in volume approximately two orders of
magnitude from the field results, appear to be in good agreement thus far
with field results of cumulative mass leached for six of the seven species.
However, the results for magnesium do not appear to follow this trend. Con-
tinued monitoring of the field cell waste leachate will validate this correla-
tion by extending this region of field results nearer the lab data. It ap-
pears at this time that correlation of laboratory with field results may be
possible. Future program efforts will be directed toward establishing this
correlation on a sound statistical basis. Future efforts will also include
other disposal media and other chemical parameters in the attempts to estab-
lish a statistically sound correlation.
Correlation of Laboratory and Field Results for Leachate Attenuation
Attenuation results are presented in Figure 54 for four species (boron,
sulfate, total dissolved solids, and magnesium) observed in field cell No. 1
containing shale medium. The cumulative attenuated mass in grams per gram of
medium for field and lab data are again separated by approximately two orders
of magnitude. A good correlation of field and laboratory results is observed
for sulfate. Lab results may slightly overestimate the boron and TDS attenua-
tion. However, it is premature to predict the final field cell results this
early in the study. The field results for magnesium are without trend and are
slightly higher than anticipated from extrapolation of lab results. Future
136
-------
ซ-1<
10-2-
S 10-3-
w 10~7 -
iH
3
U
10~8 -
10~9 -
^n-10.
/ฃ 7
4ป /
4* /
& / TDS
& / ซ S04
_/ x Ca
y OB
^ ^ Sr
- + Mg
J* FIELD ,zn
'
oo
un
i
CM
10-2 10-1 1.0 10 100
Cumulative Volume per Gram of Waste (md/g)
Figure 53. Comparison of Field and Laboratory Leaching Data
137
-------
1.0
oo
"so
s
o
M
0)
PH
10-1 -
10-2-
10-3-
g io-5-^
JJ
n)
10
ID
cO
H
3
10-6-
io
-7-
10-8 -
10-9-
10-10'
LAB .
FIELD
./flO
+
FIELD
LAB
IDS
o so4
a B
* Mg
i i i
10-2 10-1 1.0 10 100
Cumulative Volume Per Gram of Medium (
Cป4
o
Figure 54. Comparison of Field and Laboratory Attenuating Data for Shale
138
-------
program efforts will establish which parameters can be reliably correlated and
will also include other disposal media in the correlation studies.
Field Results Indicating Contaminant Mobilization in the Disposal Media
For three species (calcium, strontium, and zinc), the concentration level
after interaction with the shale medium in the field is higher than before
interaction. This indicates leaching of these species from the shale itself.
The degree of leaching (contamination) from the shale medium is presented in
Figure 55. While cumulative mass of calcium and strontium contributed by the
shale medium appear to be volume dependent, results for zinc are not as con-
sistent and may be indicative of either analysis problems near the detection
limit or unknown release mechanisms due to the chemistry of the cell conditions,
Calcium, strontium, and zinc are attenuated in the lab studies. Field
studies to date are in disagreement with this observation. Future monitoring
of the field cells may indicate either an initial conditioning of the medium
prior to attenuation of these species or that lab studies cannot be correlated
for these parameters. In either case, the use of the attenuation plot for
field results (Figure 54) will be of importance in comparing species attenua-
tion by the six media.
139
-------
oo
"So
H
a
*
t-l
M
0)
PL.
tJ
0)
4J
3
rl
CO
CO
(U
10
4
io-5-
10~6"
10
-7-
10-8-
10-9-
10
-10.
WX1
x Ca
A Sr
Zn
i i
10-2 10~1 10ฐ 10
Cumulative Volume Per Gram of Medium (mฃ/g)
CO
IA
I
CM
O
Figure 55. Contamination of Leachate by Shale Medium
140
-------
SECTION 5
COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL RESULTS
WITH WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
The purpose of this section is to evaluate the characteristics of FBC
residues and their interaction with natural disposal media by providing a
context for the quality of the residue leachate. This context is provided
by comparing the leachate quality with water quality criteria, regulations,
and standards for several inorganic chemical parameters. As noted in Section
1, the determination of FBC residue and leachate characteristics before and
after the interaction of the leachate with natural disposal media is one of
the two major objectives of this investigation.
The chemical analytical data resulting from the laboratory and field
studies of this program are presented in Appendix I. These data include
analyses of samples of leachate generated from PFBC wastes and analyses of
PFBC leachate that have been exposed to the six disposal media. The data
reported in the Appendix are preliminary and have not yet been fully edited
for erroneous entries or data excursions.
The first step in drawing a comparison between the quality of leachate
and the appropriate water quality standards and criteria is to tabulate the
summary chemical data from laboratory and field studies with the correspond-
ing values set forth in the standards and criteria. Table 24 presents a
summary of the analytical data from the laboratory studies along with four
sets of water quality criteria.8'9ป*ฐปI3 Data are presented in this table
for Protocol Steps 1 and 4 in order to allow the comparison to be drawn for
leachate generated by contact of fresh water with PFBC waste and for leachate
that has been exposed to fresh disposal media. Future reports will present
similar findings for all protocol steps. Columns 2 through 4 of the table
141
-------
10
TABLE 24. COMPARISON OF PRELIMINARY LABORATORY CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL RESULTS WITH WATER
QUALITY CRITERIA AND REGULATIONS
Parameter
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Boroa
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Suit ate
Titanium
Oraniua
Vanadium
Zinc
pH (pp. unite)
IOC
IDS
Conductivity
(umboe)
Primary or
Secondary
Drinking Water
Regulations
H*
0.05 (P)
1.0 (P)
H
0.01 (P)
ซ
250 (S)
0.05 (P)
H
1 (S)
2.0 ซ 60-F (P)
0.1 (S)
0.05 (P)
N
H
0.05 (S)
0.002 (P)
H
N
H
0.01 (P)
II
0.05 (P)
N
X
250 (S)
H
V
I
5 (S)
6.5-8.5 (S)
X
500 (S)
I
DMZC
Values
(Health/
Ecology)
80/1.0
0.25/0.05
5.0/2.5
47/25
0.05/0.001
240/16
H
0.25/0.25
0.75/0.25
5.0/0.05
N
N
0.25/0.05
0.375/N
90/87
0.25/0.10
0.01/0.25
75/7
0.225/0.010
30/23
0.05/0.025
H
0.25/0.005
II
46/11
II
90/0.82
60/0.500
2.5/0.15
25/0. 100
II
II
I
Quality
Criteria
for
Water
N
0.05b
1.0b
0.75C
0.01b
N
250"
0.05b
0.10*
N
1.0b
11
0.3b
1.0*
0.05b
N
N
0.05b
0.002b
0.00005*
0.0001f
H
N
0.01k
11
0.05b
11
N
250b'd
N
II
1
5.0b
5-'".
6.5-9* .
6.5-8.5
1)
250"
I
Leachate
Generation
(Protocol
Step Ho. 1)
0.614
<0.08
0.171
13.3
<0.005
1700
4.46
0.0597
<0.15
<0.005
0.785
0.224
<0.07
N.D.8
1.91
0.003
N.D.
N.D.
'0.0124
<40
<0.12
0.669
<0.005
15.0
2.93
1225
<0.002
H.D.
<0.01
0.171
11.8
1.1
3210
9530
Leachate Attenuation
Shale
0.152
<0.08
0.221
0.396
0.189
505
10.0
0.0337
<0.15
0.168
0.415
0.418
<0.07
<0.01
0.080
0.193
<0.001
N.D.
0.171
3.5
<0.0625
1.080
<0.005
13.5
2.03
723
0.167
<0.3
0.153
0.221
10.9
3.3
1295
2410
Sandstone
0.469
<0.08
0.095
0.136
<0.005
996
9.45
0.054
0.434
0.0278
0.403
0.239
<0.07
<0.01
0.060
0.0053
<0.001
N.D.
0.103
187
<0.0625
0.816
0.029
11.9
2.79
938
0.018
<0.3
0.037
0.077
12.0
2.55
1888
3590
Alluvium
1.021
N.D.
0.233
0.431
<0.005
545
H.D.
0.102
1.53
0.103
0.265
0.177
N.D.
0.01
0.0025
0.182
<0.001
N.D.
0.186
494
<0.005
1.18
0.0914
<5
1.58
740
0.046
M.D.
0.114
0.015
11.1
3.ป.
1055
1530
(Protocol Step
Glacial Till
0.857
N.D.
0.157
0.768
<0.005
560
N.D.
0.084
1.27
0.107
0.625
0.059
N.D.
<0.01
0.0035
0.011
<0.001
H.D.
0.186
429
<0.005
2.50
0.078
<5
1.09
940
0.040
N.D.
0.102
0.014
9.32
H.D.
1660
1580
No. 4)
Limestone
1.727
N.D.
0.190
0.639
0.024
549
N.D.
0.124
2.84
0.165
0.635
0.099
N.D.
0.02
0.0086
0.022
<0.001
N.D.
0.275
848
<0.005
1.13
0.175
6.62
2.83
720
0.072
N.D.
0.216
0.033
11.9
2.65
1673
2630
Interburden
0.299
<0.08
0.116
0.460
<0.005
1000
9.6
0.049
0.124
0.010
0.708
0.055
<0.07
<0.01
0.027
0.0016
<0.001
N.D.
0.055
107
<0.0625
1.09
0.0093
9.45
2.85
1175
0.012
<0.03
0.017
0.094
11.6
4.45
2038
3470
*N - No values given.
b,.
Criterion for domestic vater supplies (health).
'criterion for long-term Irrigation on sensitlvs crops.
Values la body of Cable arซ la mg/1. except ซ note*.
d250 m|/l Is the criterion for chlorldet and aulfates (total) in
domestic rater supplies (welfare).
*Crlt*rlon for freshwater aquatic life.
Criterion for
**.D. - lot
Tins aaaatlc life.
-------
present water quality criteria and standards from four sources. Column 5
presents the results from Protocol Step 1 (the initial leachate generation
step). These values are derived by averaging the results of eight separate
analyses. Only the seven-day (not the one-day and two-day) leachate results
are given. Columns 6 through 11 present the results from Protocol Step 4
(the initial attenuation step) for each of the six disposal media. For pur-
poses of the comparisons discussed in this section, the ICPES data in Column
5 (leachate generation) for arsenic, lead, mercury and selenium were re-
placed by the corresponding values from Table 11, which were determined by
more sensitive atomic absorption techniques.
Tables 25 and 26 contain the necessary data for comparison of the re-
sults of field studies with the water quality criteria and standards. Col-
umns 2 through 4 of both tables contain the same water quality criteria and
standards as those in table 24. Columns 5 through 10 of Table 25 present the
leachate generation data for each of the field cells containing PFBC waste.
These data are for leachates collected at the upper sampling point just below
the lift of waste. The concentration shown is the volume-weighted average of
the leachate samples collected. Columns 5 through 10 of Table 26 contain
leachate attenuation data for each field cell. These data are for leachate
collected from the lower sampling point below the lift of disposal media. As
In the data for the upper sampling point, the value shown is the volume-
weighted average concentration. Columns 11 and 12 of Table 26 contain the
data for the two field control cells, which contain shale and alluvium but
no PFBC waste. The pH and electrical conductivity values in both Table 25
and Table 26 are presented as a range of values observed.
The data presented in Tables 24, 25, and 26 have been examined, and con-
clusions have been drawn concerning the concentrations of various leachate
parameters in comparison to the corresponding water quality criteria and
standards. For each criterion or standard, a discharge severity (DS) has
been calculated. The DS is the ratio of the observed concentration to the
reference (criterion, standard) concentration. Each parameter is assigned to
a category of significance, based on DS. These categories are:
143
-------
TABLE 25. COMPARISON OF PRELIMINARY FIELD CELL CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL RESULTS WITH WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS: UPPER SAMPLE POINT (LEACHATE GENERATION)
Parameter
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selnlun
Silicon
SllTer
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfata
Titanium
Oranium
Vanadium
Zinc
PH (pE
unit.)
TOC
TDS
Conductivity
(Whew)
Primary or
Secondary
Drinking Wetcr
Regulations
if
0.05 (P)
1.0 (P)
N
0.01 (P)
H
250 (S)
0.05 (P)
N
1 (S)
2.0 ซ 60T (P)
O.J (S)
0.05 (P)
I
II
0.05 (S)
0.002 (P)
N
M
II
0.01 (P)
0.05 (P)
I
250 (S)
H
I
3 (S)
6.5-1.5 (S)
1
500 (S)
H
HOG
Values
(Health/
Ecology)
80/1.0
0.25/0.05
5.0/2.5
47/25
0.05/0.001
240/16
II
0.25/0.25
0.75/0.25
5.0/0.05
H
H
0.25/0.05
0.375/1
90/87
0.25/0.10
0.01/0.25
75/7
0.225/0.010
30/2]
0.09/0.025
0.25/0.005
*<,/ป
90/0.82
60/0.500
2.5/0.13
25/0.100
1
I
I
I
quality
Criteria
for
Hater
y
0.05b
1.0*
0.75C
0.01b
H
250J
0.05b
0.10*
II
1.0b
II
0.3"
1.0"
0.05b
H
II
0.05b
0.002b
0.00005*
0.0001*
H
N
N
0.01b
I
0.05b
I
II
250b'd
H
5.0b
ซb.
..5-9*
6.5-ป.5*
II
250"
H
Leachate Generation
Shale
Field Cell fl
0.0168
N.D.
0.107
11.1
O.OOS28
377
181
0.0939
0.175
0.00538
0.27
0.0296
N.D.
3.91
149
2.14
S.D.
0.509
0.104
826
N.D.
39.1
0.0153
400
0.956
7490
0.0166
I.D.
0.47
0.044
7.47-8.28
15.1
13.400
9500-38.000
Shale
Field Cell H
0.151
M.D.
0.0978
7.86
<0.005
434
107
0.0749
0.218
0.00621
0.283
0.0258
N.D.
2.61
132
3.1
N.D.
0.339
0.123
491
N.D.
37.8
0.0199
163
1.38
5460
0.0171
N.D.
0.419
0.101
7.40-8.13
11.6
9920
7300-22,000
Sandstone
Field Cell 16
0.219
N.D.
0.0966
7.32
0.00503
435
N.D.
0.102
0.176
0.00546
0.299
0.132
N.D.
3.22
200
0.71
N.D.
0.406
0.12
489
N.D.
45
0.016
237
1.05
6560
0.0178
N.D.
0.564
0.0406
7.32-9.64
14.9
10,800
5400-40,000
(Upper Sample Potr
Field Cell *5
0.142
N.D.
0.096
4.9
0.00502
323
N.D.
0.043
0.183
0.00574
0.256
0.0144
N.D.
3.7
17.1
0.92
H.D.
0.348
0.0731
660
N.D.
79
0.0161
161
1.34
5460
0.00706
N.D.
0.109
0.00787
7.40-12.1
13.3
10,200
5500-30,000
t)
Field Cell H
0.0179
N.D.
0.096
11.4
0.00564
355
176
0.0964
0.185
0.00543
0.245
0.00334
N.D.
3.92
229
2.43
N.D.
0.551
0.112
928
N.D.
27.9
0.0185
261
0.539
8690
0.0156
N.D.
0.66
0.083
7.36-S.ii
13.2
15.300
7100-47,000
Field Cell ป4
0.154
S.D.
0.116
11.6
0.00512
353
157
0.115
0.168
0.00626
0.303
0.272
H.D.
3.7
175
0.59
N.D.
0.642
0.101
622
N.D.
43.6
0.0137
568
0.971
7980
0.0138
N.D.
0.496
0.0477
7.30-8.19
22.3
14,400
4700-28,400
*ป - to nuluaa (In*.
Criterion for dewetle ซater euppllea (health).
cCrltซrloa for loot-term Irrigation on aonaitivc crop*.
Value* In body of cable are la ai/l, except aa noted.
250 mg/1 ! the criterion for chloride* and eulfatee (total) In
doveatlc vater supplies (welfare).
'criterion for freshwater equatlc life.
'criterion for Barlne aquatic life.
H.D. - lot Determined.
-------
TABLE 26 . COMPARISON OF PRELIMINARY FIELD CELL CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL RESULTS WITH WATER QUALITY
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS: LOWER SAMPLE POINT (LEACHATE ATTENUATION) AND CONTROL CELLS
Parameter
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magneaium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Hlckel
Potaaalum
Selealua
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfata
Titanium
Uranium
Vanadium
Zinc
pH (pH
units)
IDC
TDS
Conductivity
(umho.)
Primary or
Secondary
Drinking Water
Regulations
H*
0.05 (P)
1.0 (P)
H
0.01 (P)
1
250 (S)
0.05 (P)
H
1 (S)
2.0 g 60*F (P)
0.3 (S)
0.05 (P)
H
N
0.05 (S)
0.002 (P)
N
I
I
0.01 (P)
H
0.05 (P)
H
H
250 (S)
H
H
H
(S)
.5-8.5 (S)
H
oo (s>
N
DHEC
Values
(Health/
Ecology)
80/1.0
0.25/0.05
5.0/2.5
47/25
0.05/0.001
240/16
H
0.25/0.25
0.75/0.25
5.0/0.05
H
H
0.25/0.05
0.375/1
90/87
0.25/0.10
0.01/0.25
75/7
0.225/0.010
30/2}
0.05/0.025
H
0.25/0.005
H
46/H
H
90/0.82
60/0.500
2.5/0.15
25/0.100
H
II
H
H
Quality
Crlteri
for
Hater
H
0.05b
i.ob
0.75C
0.01b
H
250d
0.05b
0.10
N
1.0b
H
0.3b
0.05b
H
N
0.05k
0.002b
0.00005
0.0001*
H
H
H
0.01b
H
0.05b
R
250b'd
N
H
N
5.0b
5-9b
6.5-9*
6.5-8.5
H
250d
N
Shale
Field Cell fl
0.166
H.D.
0.0818
0.684
<.005
659
123
0.0735
0.267
0.00896
0.179
0.0307
H.D.
0.0932
141
1.14
N.D.
0.157
0.138
279
H.D.
28.9
O.C225
105
1.84
3300
0.0236
H.D.
0.475
0.0482
7.10-7.56
12.6
6080
4850-6750
Shale
Field Cell 12
0.160
H.D.
0.0728
2.03
'.005
508
136
0.0701
0.232
0.0104
0.201
0.0274
H.D.
0.431
147
1.02
N.D.
0.129
0.128
331
H.D.
25.4
0.0157
151
1.75
4040
0.018
H.D.
0.449
0.046
7.14-7.80
8.02
7290
6000-8400
Leachate Attenui
Sandstone
Field Cell 16
0.231
N.D.
0.0531
1.88
<-005
474
N.D.
0.124
0.44
0.00703
0.387
0.0668
R.D.
1.24
275
22.1
N.D.
0.159
0.453
251
H.D.
23.9
0.0313
152
2.11
5050
0.0236
N.D.
0.691
0.259
6.98-7.78
5.66
8410
6500-11,500
tion (Lower Sample
Alluvium
Field Cell <5
0.113
N.D.
0.13
0.615
<.005
134
39.6
0.0214
0.153
0.00586
0.233
0.0729
H.D.
0.0801
21.9
2.72
N.D.
0.0522
0.0777
104
H.D.
24.2
0.00841
20.3
0.589
705
0.00342
H.D.
0.123
0.0569
5.52-7.90
7.45
1340
246-5250
Point)
Glacial Till
Field Cell 13
0.142
N.D.
0.178
0.554
<.005
474
137
0.0623
0.161
0.00506
0.349
0.0254
H.D.
0.103
121
0.94
N.D.
0.0786
0.103
171
H.D.
52.8
0.0127
25.2
0.769
1660
0.0142
N.D.
0.45
0.0495
7.21-7.6'/
17
Limestone
Field Cell <4
0.163
N.D.
0.0731
6.84
<.005
452
126
0.0797
0.2
0.00679
1.83
0.0318
H.D.
2.99
182
0.752
N.D.
0.93
0.263
410
H.D.
36.7
0.0161
798
9.38
7600
0.0169
H.D.
0.48
0.0785
7.43-7.96
17.5
3300 14,100
1520-4500
6800-22,300
Control
Shale
Field Cell 17
0.185
N.D.
0.074
0.128
<.005
721
N.D.
0.0629
0.256
0.00646
0.143
0.0308
N.D.
0.0391
115
0.426
H.D.
0.165
0.134
215
N.D.
21.2
0.0252
<5
1.8
1870
0.0247
N.D.
0.397
0.0706
6.94-7.58
9.73
3780
2790-3800
Field Cells
Alluvium
Field Cell (12
0.0862
N.D.
0.138
0.0723
0.00511
49.1
N.D.
0.00631
<0.15
0.00502
0.122
0.0501
N.D.
0.0448
6.36
0.9
N.D.
<0.04
0.035
47.1
H.D.
20.3
0.00505
<5
0.23
95.1
0.00248
N.D.
0.034
0.0596
6.39-7.84
8.47
256
195-934
N - Ho vallMป given.
Criterion for domestic vater supplies (health).
'Criterion for long-tern irrigation on sensitive crops.
Values In body of table are in ซg/l. eicept as noted.
250 Bg/1 is the criterion for chlorides and sulfate (total) In
domestic water supplies (welfare).
Criterion for freshwater aquatic life.
Criterion for Mrine aquatic life.
fN.D. - Not Determined.
-------
Category 1: DS <1. The analytical results are less than the
criterion. The leachate poses no health or en-
vironmental threat, based on the given parameter.
Category 2: !<_ DS _<10. The analytical results are greater
than the criterion, but less than 10 times the
criterion.
Category 3: DS >10. The analytical results are greater than
10 times the criterion. The concentration of
the given parameter in the leachate is signifi-
cantly in excess of the relevant criterion.
These three categories provide a ready means of assessing the relative
importance of the various leachate constituents. The boundary between cate-
gories 2 and 3 is set at DS = 10. The selection of the factor 10 is a matter
of convenience. It serves to separate those constituents which are somewhat
elevated from those which are substantially above their respective water
quality criteria.
The remainder of this section is a discussion of the comparison between
the observed concentrations and the various groups of water quality criteria.
Category 3 parameters are discussed in detail, and more information is given
on the specific part of the study in which the associated leachates are gen-
erated. It must be reiterated that the data base upon which this analysis
is made is preliminary and is likely to change substantially during refine-
ment and regeneration before the conclusion of the program.
COMPARISON WITH NATIONAL INTERIM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DRINKING WATER
REGULATIONS
The Safe Drinking Water Act seeks to protect drinking water supplies by
establishing national primary and secondary standards as maximum contaminant
levels (mcl). The primary mcls9 are established to protect human health;
the secondary mcls10 serve to ensure the aesthetic quality of water supplies.
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The analytical results of Tables 24, 25 and 26 were compared to the mcls
for inorganic constituents established in both the National Interim Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR) and the National Secondary Drinking Water
Regulations (NSDWR). A discharge severity was calculated, and the results
are summarized in Table 27.
Table 27 indicates that, on the basis of laboratory studies, cadmium is
the species of greatest probable concern for PFBC waste leachates. On the
basis of field studies, the species of interest are manganese, sulfate and
total dissolved solids.
The cadmium concentration in step 1 leachate is at or below the detec-
tion limit of 0.005 mg/ฃ, but after interaction with the disposal media in
step 4, the cadmium concentrations were 0.19 mg/ฃ for shale and 0.2 mg/fc for
limestone. In comparison with the primary drinking water maximum contaminant
level (mcl) of 0.010 mg/fc, the step 4 leachate with shale has a discharge se-
verity of 19; with limestone, the DS is 2. Step 4 leachate for the other
four media remained at or below 0.005 mg/JL Leachates from the field cells
all have volume-weighted concentrations of less than the Cd mcl.
Although manganese concentrations in laboratory studies exceeded the
0.05 mg/& maximum contaminant limit set by the secondary drinking water regu-
lations for two of the disposal media (shale and alluvium) the concentrations
were less than a factor of ten greater than the limit. The volume-weighted
average manganese concentrations in leachates from the upper sample points of
the field cells range from 0.6 to 3.1 mg/fc. All of these values exceed the
0.05 mg/ฃ limit by more than a factor of 10. Volume-weighted average leach-
ate concentrations of manganese from the lower sampling points range from
0.75 to 22.1 mg/&, all of which are more than 10 times the limit. Volume-
weighted average manganese concentrations in leachate from the control field
cells are 0.43 and 0.9 for the shale and alluvium cells, respectively.
Sulfate concentrations in leachates generated in laboratory studies gen-
erally exceed the 250 mg/fc maximum contaminant limit set in the secondary
drinking water regulations, but the excess is not as high as a factor of 10.
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TABLE 27. SUMMARY OF DISCHARGE SEVERITY FOR
PARAMETERS IN DRINKING WATER REGU-
LATIONS
Category 1 Parameters
(DS <1)
Laboratory Leachate Field Cell Leachate**
Generation Attenuation Generation Attenuation
As, Ba, Cd, Cl, Ba, Cl, Cu, F, Hg, Ba, Cd, Cl, Cu, Ba, Cd, Cu, F, Fe,
Cu, F, Fe, Pb, Zn F, Ag, Zn Ag, Zn
Mri. TT10)
Laboratory Leachate Field Cell Leachate
Generation Attenuation Generation Attenuation
Cd Mn, S0.ป, TDS Mn, S0iป, TDS
*Tabular postion determined by detection limit.
**As, Pb, Hg, Se not determined for field cell leachates.
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Leachate samples from the upper sample point of the field cells all have sul-
fate concentrations greater than 10 times the 250 mg/ฃ mcl. Although the
concentrations are less for leachates from the lower sample point, they are
still higher than 10 times the mcl for the shale, sandstone and limestone
cells. In the control cells, the sulfate concentrations exceed the mcl, but
not by a factor as high as 10.
The total dissolved solids content of Step 1 leachate is over 3,200 mg/fc,
and the concentration of IDS after leachate exposure to the disposal media
ranges from 1,055 to 2,040 mg/ฃ. All of these values exceed the secondary
drinking water maximum contaminant limit of 500 mg/ฃ, but not by as much as a
factor of 10. In the field cells, the volume-weighted average IDS content of
upper sample point leachates is very high, ranging from 9,820 to 15,300 mg/JL
All of these values are much higher than 10 times the 500 mg/S, mcl. Lower
sample point volume-weighted average leachate IDS are lower (ranging from
1 340 to 14,100 mg/X,) but are still in excess of 10 times the limit for shale,
sandstone and limestone. The' control cell leachate volume-weighted average
TDS content is lower (250 mg/fc for the alluvium cell and 3,780 mg/i, for the
shale cell).
COMPARISON WITH MULTIMEDIA ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS
Multimedia Environmental Goals (MEG's) are levels of contaminants or de-
gradents (in ambient air, water, or land or in emissions or effluents con-
veyed to ambient media) that are judged to be (1) appropriate for preventing
certain negative effects in the surrounding populations or ecosystems, or
(2) representative of the control limits achievable through technology.
To date a total of 650 chemical substances and physical agents (e.g.,
noise, heat), nearly all of which are expected to be associated with fossil
fuel processes, have been selected as part of a "Master List" for which MEG's
are to be established. The MEG's have already been established for 216 sub-
stances on the Master List. The MEG values(s) for a given substance may be
based on several or all of the 12 criteria shown in Table 28. These criteria
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TABLE 28. MEG VALUE BASES FOR EMISSION AND AMBIENT LEVEL GOALS
Goal
Category
MEG Value Basis
Ul
o
Emission Level Goals
(Air, Water, Land)
Ambient Level Goals
(Air, Water, Land)
Existing Standards
Developing Technology
Discharge Severity
Ambient Level Goal
Elimination of Discharge
Current or Proposed Am-
bient Standards on Cri-
teria
Toxicity Based Ambient
Severity (AS)
Zero Threshold
Pollutants (AS)
NSPS, BAT, BPT
Engineering Estimates
Health Effects
Ecological Effects
Health Effects
Ecological Effects
Natural Background Level
Health Effects
Ecological Effects
Health Effects
Ecological Effects
Health Effects
NSPS: New Source Performance Standard
BAT: Best Available Technology
BPT: Best Practable Technology
-------
cover emission level and ambient level goals. Depending on the data avail-
able, up to 12 MEG values may be generated for a given substance for each
medium (air, water and land). One of the MEG criteria which is most currently
used in environmental assessment work is the discharge MEG (DMEG). DMEG is
the approximate concentration for contaminants in source emissions which may
not evoke significant harmful or irreversible responses in exposed humans or
ecology, when those exposures are limited to short durations (less than 8
hours per day).
Most of the MEG's are derived through models which translate toxicologi-
cal data, recommended concentration levels, and federal standards or criteria
into emission or ambient level goals. For most of the categories listed in
Table 28, more than one model is available for obtaining the ambient MEG
values (AMEG). Where different AMEG values can be obtained by using dif-
ferent models, one with the lowest value is chosen as the MEG value. Models
used to calculate MEG values can be found in the Multimedia Environmental
8
Goals*
The data in Tables 24 to 26 were compared with available DMEG values
(lower of health or ecology limit) and a discharge severity calculated. Re-
sults of this comparison are presented in Table 29.
Table 29 indicates that, on the basis of laboratory studies, the ele-
ments of greatest probable concern are calcium, cadmium, cobalt, nickel,
potassium and silver. On the basis of the field studies, the elements of
interest are calcium, manganese, nickel and potassium. Each species is dis-
cussed below.
The calcium concentration in step 1 leachate was 1,700 mg/fc. In compari-
son with the DMEG value for ecology (16 mg/ฃ), this leachate has a discharge
severity of 106. Values for the attenuation phase of the laboratory studies
are somewhat lower, ranging from 500-1,000 mg/Jl, but still more than 10 times
the DMEG value. The volume-weighted average calcium concentration in leach-
ates from all sample points in the field cells exceeds the DMEG value. At
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TABLE 29. SUMMARY OF DISCHARGE SEVERITY FOR
DMEG VALUES
Category 1 Parameters
(DS <1)
Laboratory Leachate
Generation
Al, As, Ba, B,
Cr, Co, Cu,
Pb, Li, Mg,
Mn, Hg, Mo.t
K, Se, Ag, Sr,
Ti, V
Attenuation
Ba, B, Cr, Li,
Mg, Hg, Sr, Ti,
Utt
Field Cell Leachate**
Generation
Al, Ba, Bx, Cr,
Co, Cu, Mo, Sr,
Ti, Zn
Attenuation
Al, Ba, Bx, Cr,
Cu, Mo, Sr, Ti
Category 2 Parameters
(K DS <10)
Laboratory Leachate
Generation
Cd,* Ni,* Zn
Attenuation
Field Cell Leachate
Generation
Al, As,* Cu, Pb,* Cd,* Li, Mg,
Mn, Se,* V, Zn Ag, V
Attenuation
Cd,* Co, Li, Mg,
Ag, V, Zn
Category 3 Parameters
(DS >10)
Laboratory Leachate
Field Cell Leachate
Generation
Ca
Attenuation
Ca, Cd, Co, Ni,
K, Ag
Generation
Ca, Mn, Ni, K
Attenuation
Ca, Mn, Ni, K
*Tabular position determined by detection limit.
**As, Pb, Hg, Se, U not determined for field cell leachates
tMo not determined for laboratory attenuation.
ttU not determined for laboratory generation.
152
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all points except the lower sample point in the alluvium cell and the allu-
vium control, the concentration is greater than 10 times the DMEG value.
Cadmium concentrations in Step 1 leachate were below the detection limit
of 0.005 mg/&, but after interaction with the disposal media in Step 4, the
concentrations rose to 0.19 mg/Jl for shale and 0.02 mg/Jl for limestone. Both
of these values are more than 10 times the DMEG value for ecology (0.001
mg/ฃ). In leachates from the upper sampling point of the field cells, the
DMEG limit was exceeded but not by as much as a factor of 10. Cadmium con-
centrations in leachates from the lower sample point all fell at or below the
instrument detection limit. Volume-weighted average concentrations of cad-
mium in leachates from the control field cells were at or near the analytical
detection limit.
Cobalt was found to be below the detection limit in the leachate genera-
tion phase of laboratory studies, but it exceeded the DMEG ecology limit of
0.25 mg/fc after exposure to all the disposal media except shale and inter-
burden. For the limestone media, the maximum cobalt concentration was 2.8
jng/g,, which is more than 10 times the limit. Maximum concentrations after
exposure to other disposal media were less than 10 times the limit, In field
cell leachates cobalt concentrations generally did not exceed the 0.25 mg/fi,
limit, and none of them exceeded the limit by as much as a factor of 10. The
control field cells had leachate concentrations below the 0.25 mg/fc limit.
The concentration of nickel in the Step 1 leachate was below the 0.0124
mg/fc detection limit, but concentrations after exposure to the disposal media
were more than 10 times the. DMEG value for ecology (0.01 mg/fc) for all dis-
posal media except interburden. The field studies also disclosed a potential
problem of excessive concentrations of nickel; all leachates from both the
upper and lower sample points had volume-weighted average nickel concentra-
tions in excess of 10 times the DMEG value for ecology with the exception of
alluvium. However, the nickel value for the shale control field cell also
exceeded the DMEG value by more than a factor of ten. For the field control
cells, the volume-weighted average leachate concentrations for nickel exceed
153
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the DMEG value by a factor of 3 in the alluvium cell and a factor of 13 in
the shale cell.
The DMEG value (ecology) for silver is 0.005 mg/ฃ. Silver concentrations
in laboratory generated leachates are at or below the analytical detection
limit of 0.005 mg/i, but rise after contact with all media except shale. The
maximum observed concentration is 0.175 in the limestone-contacted leachate.
Leachate contacted with alluvium and glacial till also exceed the DMEG value
by more than a factor of 10. Field cell observations are all less than 10
times the DMEG value.
All of the field leachate volume-weighted average concentrations of man-
ganese exceed the DMEG value (ecology) of 0.10 mg/ฃ. For leachate generation
(upper sample point), the observations range from 0.6 mg/ฃ, in the limestone
cell to 3.1 mg/ฃ in shale cell No. 2. Manganese concentration in the shale
and glacial till cells are more than 10 times the DMEG. For the lower sample
point, the range is 0.75 mg/ฃ (limestone) to 22.1 (sandstone). Leachate from
shale, sandstone and alluvium all display a discharge severity greater than
10. Leachates from the control cells exceed the criterion, but not by as
much as a factor of 10.
Potassium concentrations in Step 1 leachates apparently are below the
23 mg/i DMEG limit for ecology. The concentrations for Step 4 leachates
range up to about 850 mg/ฃ, and five of the six disposal media exceed the
limit by more than a factor of 10. In the field cells, volume-weighted aver-
age potassium concentrations in leachates from the upper sample point range
from 490 to 930 mg/2, for all disposal media. These values are all well over
10 times the DMEG limit for ecology. The volume-weighted average concentra-
tions in leachates from the lower sample point are lower (ranging from 104 to
410 mg/ฃ) but are still generally greater than 10 times the ecology limit.
Leachate from the control cells also exceed the ecology limit but not by as
much as a factor of 10.
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COMPARISON WITH QUALITY CRITERIA FOR WATER (QCW)
Quality Criteria for Water13 addresses the effects of those basic water
constituents and pollutants that are considered most significant in the aqua-
tic environment. Criteria levels are recommended for a water quality that
will provide for the protection and propogation of fish and other aquatic life
and for recreation in and on the water. Criteria are also presented for do-
mestic water supply. Water quality criteria do not have direct regulatory
use, but they form the basis for judgment in several EPA programs that are
associated with water quality considerations.
Recommended criteria for many of the parameters for this program are the
same as the maximum contaminant levels specified in the Drinking Water Regula-
tions presented previously. Only contaminants for which the criteria differ
from the regulations, mercury and boron, are discussed below.
Quality Criteria for Water recommends a maximum permissible mercury
concentration of 0.00005 rng/X. for protection of freshwater aquatic life. The
most sensitive method for mercury determination is the atomic absorption cold
vapor technique. However, the detection limit is 0.0005 mg/Jl, a factor of 10
above the criterion. Therefore, no valid comparisons can be made between the
criterion for freshwater aquatic life and concentrations in the FBC leach-
ates.
For long term irrigation of sensitive crops, the QCW criterion for boron
is 0.75 mg/ฃ. Boron was found to be of particular concern in the leachate
generation phase (Step 1) of laboratory studies because the concentration is
over 13.0 mg/&, which is more than 10 times the recommended limit of 0.75
jag/ฃ for irrigation water supplies. After exposure to the disposal media in
Step 4, however, the boron concentrations generally fell near or below the
0.75 mg/A value. In the leachate generation sample point (upper sample point)
of the field cells, the volume-weighted average boron concentration reached
11.1 mgM in one field cell and 11.5 mg/S, in another. At the leachate atten-
uation sample point (lower sample point), the volume weighted average boron
155
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concentrations were less but still reached a maximum of 6.84 mg/J, in the
limestone field cell. Leachates from the control field cells had boron con-
centrations well within the 0.75 mg/5, limit.
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SECTION 6
FUTURE PROGRAM EFFORTS
This section summarizes the activities that remain to be accomplished in
the program, as set forth in Section 2. The discussion presents the general
nature of the future work efforts, taking into account the most recent program
approach.
INFORMATION SERVICES
The library will be providing the services indicated in Section 2 of
this report. The current awareness services available through Lockheed
Retrieval Service may be expanded, and additional searches on particular
topics may also be made (e.g., field cells, shake tests, etc.).
WASTE ACQUISITION
Two AFBC wastes are to be obtained in the first quarter of 1980 for
laboratory and field testing in this program. These wastes are from the
EPRI/B&W 6' x 6' AFBC test unit and the Georgetown University 100,000 Ib
steam/hr institutional AFBC. Both of these boilers are to operate with an
elutriated solids recycle for increased combustion efficiency, increased
sulfur capture, and reduced nitrogen oxides.
As of 1 January 1980, the EPRI/B&W 6' x 6' is being modified. Two of
the modifications are important in making the waste from this unit represen-
tative of wastes anticipated from major sources in the future. These modifi-
cations are the addition of a baghouse for final particulate collection and
increasing the recycle capacity of the solids caught in the cyclone. The in-
bed tube bundle is also being changed during this modification. The
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modifications are scheduled to be completed, and hot, non-recycle operation
should start in late January with recycle operation scheduled for mid-February.
The timing of the Georgetown University AFBC boiler waste availability
is more difficult to judge, although acceptable operation for this program
appears to be approaching. The boiler has fired coal intermittently for six
months, but the solids recycle has been hampered by the operation of the
solids eductors. A material balance to determine the combustion efficiency
has yet to be performed. Progress is being monitored, and the waste will be
obtained as soon as possible.
FUTURE LABORATORY STUDIES
To date, the laboratory studies task has included the investigation of
the leachability of the mixed PFBC waste and the attenuation capacities of the
six disposal media for leachate contaminants from the PFBC waste. These
studies have been complemented by various physical characterizations of the
waste and the media. Future efforts in this investigation will include:
determination of pertinent chemical and physical character-
istics of additional FBC wastes,
further study of attenuation capacity of the six disposal
media, and
compatability testing of liners for interaction with PFBC
leachate.
Waste Characterization
The full batch equilibration protocol (leachate generation and attenua-
tion) described in Section 3 will be carried out with two AFBC wastes. The
FBC wastes will be physically characterized by x-ray diffraction analysis,
scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, specific gravity
analysis, and surface area analysis.
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Disposal Media Characterization
All of the proposed physical studies of disposal media are complete, with
the exception of the determination of the anion exchange capacities of the
media. Because the laboratory leaching results indicate that alkaline condi-
tions prevail at equilibrium, the normally predominant cation exchange capaci-
ties may be overshadowed by the chemical interaction between soluble anions
and the disposal media.
Further investigation of the attenuation capacity of each disposal medium
will be carried out with leachates from two AFBC wastes to determine primary
and secondary attenuation effects through the batch equilibration protocol.
Liner Compatability Studies
Liner compatability studies will be performed as outlined in Section 2.
The chemical integrity and physical surface changes of six synthetic liners
and a clay (bentonite) liner will be studied to determine long-term behavior.
The tensile strength of the synthetic liners will be monitored periodically
along with the total organic carbon content of the leachate and the physical
surface changes. The clay will be subjected to x-ray analysis and SEM inves-
tigation periodically.
FIELD STUDIES
The remaining work to be accomplished for the field studies task includes
completion of the test matrix, continued operation and sampling of the field
cells, conduct of the large permeameter experiment, and post-operational sam-
pling of the wastes and disposal media in the field cells.
Completion of Test Matrix
The major future effort in the field studies task is completion of the
remaining nine field cells at the Crown facility. All are filled through the
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upper sand layer (see Figure 7) and covered, awaiting availability of suit-
able FBC wastes. Present plans call for four of the cells to be filled with
Georgetown AFBC recycle wastes and five cells to be filled with EPRI/B&W
6' x 6' AFBC recycle wastes as shown in Table 4. It is anticipated that
samples of both of these wastes will be shipped to Crown in early 1980. All
nine remaining cells will be completed in the same manner as the first eight
were. The addition of a third sample point between the upper disposal medium
and waste is under consideration. After the cells are completed, an initial
irrigation will be applied, the cells placed in operation, and the sample
schedule will be initiated.
Large Permeameter Experiment
The long-term behavior of FBC wastes in a landfill environment is largely
unknown. There exists a reasonable probability that the hydraulic properties
of FBC wastes will change over time. The curing process is expected to pro-
duce a relatively indurated mass which will then be subjected to chemical and
mechanical weathering. The waste mass may fracture or "fissure" or develop
solution openings. The extent of induration and development of secondary
permeability may well depend on disposal product handling and time since
emplacement.
Two large permeameter cells are to be emplaced at the Crown field site
in order to experimentally measure the permeability of the waste mass. The
permeability of the fresh waste mass will be measured initially, and the cells
will then be left exposed to the local climate for the duration of the field
studies. At the close of the field studies, the permeability of the waste
mass will again be measured and the waste exhumed for a visual examination.
Permeability will be measured by the field crust test method.* The two perme-
ameter s will be replicates, except that one waste will be emplaced without
first slaking the lime.
*The crust test method for in-situ measurement of saturated and unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity.14
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In many ways, the large permeameters will be analogues of the field cells
previously described. The shells will be 48-inch inside-diameter sections of
reinforced concrete pipe, but only 4 feet high. In order to maintain unsatu-
rated conditions, they will be set on a "pad" of concrete blocks (ungrouted)
and the lower end will be lined with filter fabric. A 30-inch lift of waste,
bounded above and below by a 6-inch lift of silica sand, will be emplaced in
each. A 6-inch freeboard will prevent surface runoff. In order to fully
expose the wastes to seasonal temperature variations, and thus accelerate
weathering, the permeameters will be installed above ground. The shells for
the experiment are already in place.
jjolid Phase Sampling
At the close of the field studies, the field cells are to be abandoned in
place or exhumed, and thus may prudently be subjected to destructive sam-
pling. Full length, 4-inch diameter cores will be collected from three field
cells at the conclusion of the field studies. The method of choice is to use
a drop hammer to advance a Shelby or other thin wall soil tube sampler, and
recover sequential tube samples through the full length of the cell. Based on
sampling history, the three cells most likely to yield interesting and useful
results will be selected.
The cores will be analyzed both chemically and physically to determine
the location and state of solid-phase contamination and the physical condition
of the waste body. The chemical and physical analyses will be a repeat of the
pre-experiment solid phase tests, as shown below:
x-ray diffraction analysis,
scanning electron microscopy,
surface area analysis,
ion exchange capacity, and
whole-sample chemical analysis
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FUTURE CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Although approximately 13,000 analyses have been performed to date, this
effort represents only a fraction of the total program analyses. Additional
efforts include:
whole-sample chemical analysis of all FBC wastes and attenuation media
chemical analysis of leachate solids,
chemical analysis for special studies, and
chemical analysis of field and laboratory protocol
leachates.
The evaluation of the FFBC leachate in laboratory and field studies can be
enhanced by further testing to define accuracy for low concentration levels.
The method of verifying the leaching data will consist of analysis of solids
both before and after leaching to provide a mass balance for components. This
approach will verify the credibility of the leaching and attenuation results.
Chemical Analysis of FBC Wastes and Attenuation Media
Chemical analysis of raw wastes and media will provide information to
document the composition of materials tested. This documentation will provide
a reference for comparison with future wastes. Analyses planned for solids
include:
ultimate and proximate analysesthese analyses define heat
content (Btu/lb), carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine,
oxygen, sulfur, and ash content of solid samples.
spark source mass spectrometry analysisSSMS analysis
will provide a survey of concentrations of approximately
70 elements.
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quantitative chemical analysisthe concentration of
parameters included in leachate monitoring will be
quantified for solids.
Chemical Analysis of Leached Solids
Additional solids to be tested include leached material from laboratory
and field studies. Wastes from Step 2 (repetitive contact with deionized
water) will be analyzed to define the amount of materials leached. Also,
media from Step 5 (repetitive contact with fresh leachate) will be analyzed
to define the change (increase or decrease) of parameters indicative of media
attenuation or media contribution. Core samples from three field cells after
the monitoring period is terminated will be collected and analyzed.
Chemical Analysis for Species Studies
Special studies will be conducted to provide additional validation and
comparative information. These studies include:
Additional Laboratory Protocol Studies. An additional
step to the laboratory protocol consists of contact of
burdened media with deionized water to show leachability
of parameters from burdened media if exposed to direct
rainfall in the future.
ป Analysis of Leachates from Liner Compatability Studies.
Polymeric liners may degrade with time when exposed to
FBC leachate. Total organic carbon (TOC) content of
the leachate will be monitored during the study to
identify liner decomposition. Also, to test decomposi-
tion of the sodium bentonite liner material, aluminum
content of the leachate will be monitored.
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Analysis of Top Cover Media Leachates in Field Cells.
Future field cells may have an additional sampling array
positioned beneath the upper media to define the composi-
tion of moisture as it enters the waste. Samples from
this array would be analyzed in the same manner and for
the same parameters as other field leachates.
Chemical Analysis of Leachates
Leachates from both laboratory and field experiments will continue to be
analyzed. No major changes in parameters are anticiapted for future leaching
studies. The parameter list has been selected with flexibility to ensure im-
portant species are not overlooked. No major changes are indicated on the
basis of PFBC waste and disposl media leachate analyses conducted to date.
However, as noted in Section 2, screening of the initial FBC laboratory leach-
ate may prove to be insufficient to define all parameters of interest in early
field cell leachate. Therefore, the initial field cell leachates will also
be analyzed for certain parameters that likely will not be carried through all
analyses. Some of the paramters in the initial analyses that are not detected
will be deleted from further analysis requirements.
DATA MANAGEMENT AND INTERPRETATION
No major changes in the procedures for analyzing the chemical data are
foreseen for the duration of the program. The chemical analytical and other
data from laboratory and field studies will be input to the data management
system as before. The SAS data management system will continue to be used to
perform the necessary statistical and other data processing analyses and to
generate the required data graphics. Efforts will be continued to establish
an empirical but statistically validated correlation between the results of
laboratory and field studies. This correlation, as noted, is expected to be
fundamental to the development of the conceptual model for application on a
case-by-case basis to individual future FBC waste disposal sites.
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CONCEPTUAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Most of the work for the development of the conceptual model for case-by-
case application remains to be accomplished. The efforts for this task have
been held largely in abeyance pending the successful establishment of a
correlation between laboratory and field studies. Work thus far has been
limited to compilation of the results of previous similar efforts from the
published literature and other sources. Most of the efforts for this task
will be performed during the second year of the program.
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REFERENCES
1. Stone R. and K.L. Kahle. "Environmental Assessment of Solid Residues
from Fluidized Bed Fuel Processing: Final Report." Report No. EPA-
600/7-78-107, report prepared for EPA by Ralph Stone and Company, Inc.,
(June 1978) (NTIS Accession No. PB 282-940).
2. Henschel, B. "Assessment of Fluidized-Bed Combustion Residues." American
Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Energy Division. In Press.
3. Lowenback, W.A. "Compilation and Evaluation of Leaching Test Methods."
Technical Report, Mitre Corproation MTR-7758, February 1978.
4. Ham, R.K., M.A. Anderson, R. Stegmann, and R. Stanforth. "Background
Study on the Development of a Standard Leaching Test." Final Report on
EPA Grant R-804773-01, submitted to EPA, August 1978.
5. Ham, R.K., M.A. Anderson, R. Stegmann, and R. Stanforth. "Comparison
of Three Waste Leaching Tests." Final Report on the extension of EPA
Grant R-804773-01, submitted to EPA, October 1978.
6. Sun, C.C., C.H. Peterson, R.A. Newby, W.G. Vaux, and D.L. Keairns.
"Dispoal of Solid Residues from Fluidized Bed Combustion: Engineering
and Laboratory Studies, EPA Document 600/7-78-049, March 1978.
7. Climate of Mannington, West Virginia. NOAA National Climatic Center,
Asheville, North Carolina. December 1975. 4 pages.
8. Cleland, J.G. and G.L. Kingsbury. "Multimedia Environmental Goals for
Environmental Assessment: Volumes I and II." Reports No. EPA-600/7-77-
136a and 136b, report prepared for EPA by the Research Triangle Institute
(November 1977) (NTIS Accession Nos. PB 276-919 and PB 276-920).
9. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards, Code of Federal Regu-
lations, Title 40, Part 141.
10. National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, Code of Federal Regula-
tions, Title 40, Part 143.
11. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory. "Methods for Chemical
Analysis for Water and Wastes." EPA-600/4-79-020, Cincinnati, Ohio,
March 1979.
166
-------
12. Barr, Anthony J. "SAS Users Guide, 1979 Edition." Raleigh, North Caro-
lina, SAS Institute, Inc., 1979.
13. Quality Criteria for Water, Environmental Protection Agency, July 1976.
14. Small Scale Waste Management Project, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
"Management of Small Waste Flows." EPA-600/2-78-173, Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. September 1978.
167
-------
APPENDIX I
LABORATORY AND FIELD CHEMICAL ANALYTICAL DATA LIST
A significant volume of analytical data has been generated in this pro-
gram, both from the execution of the laboratory protocol and the operation and
sampling of the field cells. This appendix presents a listing of the analyti-
cal data obtained and entered into the data management system as of 6 December
1979. A data management system has been implemented to handle this large
volume of data, and it was used to compile this appendix. These data are all
for the PFBC waste, and are therefore less than one-third of that expected by
the end of the program. All data presented are in mg/A except for the pH,
TOC, TDS, and conductivity values.
The laboratory batch equlibration data are presented first. The majority
of the batch laboratory tests were conducted (or equilibrated) for seven days,
but one- and two-day tests were also conducted to provide insight into kinetic
effects that are to be used in relating laboratory and field results. The
results from the seven-day tests are presented first, followed by two-day and
then one-day equilibration results. The component concentrations and other
analytical parameters are listed by protocol step number. The protocol steps
are explained in Section 3 of the report. For each set of one-, two-, and
seven-day results, the leachate generation values are presented first (Proto-
col Steps 1, 2, and 3), followed by the leachate attenuation observed with
each of the six disposal media (Protocol Steps A to 7). Table A-l presents
a detailed guide to the laboratory data. It should be noted that for both
the laboratory and field data, a negative value means the measured concen-
tration was below the detection limit, and the numerical entry is the detec-
tion limit.
A complete listing of the analytical data from the field cells is pre-
sented following the laboratory data. These data are arranged by chemical
168
-------
parameters, and are listed chronologically for each field cell. Two sample
points are in each cell, an upper point below the PFBC waste and a lower
point below the disposal medium. The values from the two different sample
points are distinguished by either a U or an L in the SAMPT column. Sample
collections from both the upper and lower sample points are made on the same
day.
169
-------
TABLE A-l. PRESENTATION ORGANIZATION FOR LABORATORY
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Seven-Day Batch Equilibration:
Leachate Concentrations (Protocol Steps 1, 2, and 3)
Attenuation by Shale (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Sandstone (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Alluvium (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Glacial Till (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Limestone (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Interburden (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Two-Day Batch Equilibrium:
Leachate Concentrations (Protocol Steps 1, 2, and 3)
Attenuation by Shale (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Sandstone (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Alluvium (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Glacial Till (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Limestone (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
Attenuation by Interburden (Protocol Steps 4 to 7)
One-Day Batch Equilibrium:
Leachate Concentrations (Protocol Step 1)
Attenuation by Shale (Protocol Step 4)
Attenuation by Sandstone (Protocol Step 4)
Attenuation by Alluvium (Protocol Step 4)
Attenuation by Glacial Till (Protocol Step 4)
Attenuation by Limestone (Protocol Step 4)
Attenuation by Interburden (Protocol Step 4)
170
-------
LABORATORY DATA LISTING
171
-------
i PREI IMPART DA:* T;M LL.-L.UNG AND
COMPRFllEtlSlVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
LEAC.IIIUG FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SHALE
0.113(2)
0.0024(3)
0.073(4)
0.0462(5)
0.0443(6)
0.0474(7)
13.3 (0) A. 54(1)
17. 3(?)
6.46(3)
2.97(4)
2.03(5)
1.57(6)
1.54(7)
0.0025 (0) O.flo2sd)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0,0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
0.493(1) 0.174" (1)
0.369(2)
0.04(1) 0.04 (1)
0.04(2)
0.321(1) 0.221 (1)
0.261(2)
22.6(1) 0.399 (1)
27.5(2)
0.0025(1) 0.195 (1)
0.0025(2)
STEP 5
0.673(1)
0.733(2)
2-05(3)
2.23(4)
H.6(5)
4*61(6)
.(1)
.(2)
0.364(3)
0.55(4)
0.265(5)
0.4(6)
0.206(1)
0.199(2)
0.135(3)
0.0632(4)
0.0245(5)
0.0194(6)
0.469(1)
0.658(2)
0.726(3)
0.618(4)
1.09(5)
0.664(6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
STEP fe
1.82 (1)
0.04 (1)
0.0242 (1)
0*002 (1)
0.0025 (1)
* NuซnrR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATt CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAOlE 1 PREt IMINARt DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILr.ftClllMG FROM PFRC WAsTC AND ATTCMUATION BY SHALE
TIME 7 DAYS )
j
u>
CHEMTCAL PARAMETER
TN LFACHATE
STEP 1
CAlCTUM 1700 101
CHROMIUM 0.0622 I0ป
CL 1.46 (0)
COBA| T 0.075 ป0)
CONO 9530 (0)
-
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 2
1?70(1)
1630(2)
ซ94)(3)
629(1)
559(3)
512(6)
593(7)
0.127(1)
O.fl5a(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(51
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
1.27(1)
1.95(2)
0*5(3)
0.5(1)
.(5)^
2*5(6)
.(7)
0.0?5(1)
0.075(2)
0.075(3)
0.075(1)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
0.075(7)
6000(1)
1600(2)
1150(3)
3350(1)
2570(5)
2700(6)
2110(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
1790(1) 50$ (1)
1660(2)
0.2(1) 0.0355 (1)
0.318(2)
15(1) 10 (1)
22.5(2)
0.075(1) 0.075 (1)
0.075(2)
9000(1) 2110 (1)
9500(2)
STEP 5
836(11
970(2)
979(3)
559(1)
6*. 5(3)
53.1(6)
0.0396(1)
0.0*91(2)
0.0291(3)
0.0298(1)
0.0121(5)
0.0025(6)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
(1)
.(5)
.(6)
0.967(1)
1.19(2)
0*65(3)
O.*ป75(1)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
1030(1 )
5130(2)
5150(3)
5950(1)
6ป30(5)
6330(6)
STEP 6
376 ID
0*215 (1)
. U)
0*075 (1)
. U)
IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARr REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABl.L 1 PKfl IMINAHY QATft ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION DY SHALE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS '
CHFMTCAL I'ARAMFTfR
IN LFACHATE
COPPFR
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP *
0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1) 0.0412(1) 0.172 (1)
0.0025(2) 0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
0.785 10) 2.3?(1) 2.22(1) 0.415 (1)
1.24(2) 0.775(2)
0.44(3)
0.49(4)
.(5)
0.1(05(6)
,(7>
0.224 (0) O.?67(l) 0.198(1) 0.418 (1)
0.181(2) 0.154(2)
O.]l*( 3)
0.05?(4)
0.0925(5)
0.0714(6)
0.125(7)
0.035 (0) 0.035(1) 0.035(1) 0.035 (1)
0.035(2) 0.035(2)
0.035(3)
0.035(4)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
0,035(7)
. (0) .(1) .(1) 0.005 (1)
.(?) .12)
.(3)
, (4)
.(5)
:!5!
STEP 5
o.obieii)
0.0734(2)
0.0393(3)
0.0285(4)
0.0103(5)
.00*77(6)
0*28(1)
0.355(2)
0.28(3)
0.285(4)
0.375(5)
0.4(6)
0.153(1)
0.0319(2)
0.0*ป73(3)
0.102(4)
0.0303(5)
0.&51 (6)
.(!>
.(2)
0.035(3)
0.0837(4)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
0.005(1)
0.005(2)
0.02(3)
0*03(4)
.(5)
.(6)
STEP 6
0.0025 (1)
. m
0*335 111
0*035 (1)
. (11
NIHRER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVFL V/ปLUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF RF.PORTEO AS LrACHATr CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILF.ACHUiG FROM PFOC WASTE *NO ATTENUATION BT SHALE LEACHIN6 TI*E 7 DAYS '
CHFHTCAL PARAHFlER
IN LFACHATE
STEP 1
MAGNFSIUH 1.91 (0)
MAN6ANESF .00103 (0|
MERCURY (01
NICKFL 0.0113 (01
PH 11.6 (0|
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STCP 9
3.03(1)
0.690(2)
0. (10(1(3)
0.106(1)
0.305(5)
0.226(6>
0.319(7)
500F-6U)
500ฃ-6(2)
SOOE-6(3)
500E-6(1)
500F-6(5)
500E-f(6)
500E-6(7)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
.m
O.Oi(l)
0.01(2)
0.0592(3)
0.01(1)
0.066(5)
0.01(6)
0.0l(7ป
!?.?(!)
11.9(2)
ll.C(3)
ll.S(1)
11.3(5)
11. 2(6)
nm
SfEP 3 STFP ซ
1.08(1) 0.0797 (1)
0.125(2)
50006(1 ) 0.191 (1|
SOOC-6(2>
.(1) 500E-6 (i)
.(2)
0.01(1) 0.186 (1)
0.01(2)
12.3(1) 10.9 (1)
12.2(2)
STCP 5
.00395(1)
.00105(2)
0.0126(3)
0.016811)
0.211(5)
0.0i7(6)
0.0123(1)
.00953(2)
.00717(3)
.00521(1)
.00^03(5)
0.0211(6)
500E-6U)
500C-6(2)
50QE-6(3)
500f--6(1)
.(5)
(6)
0.166(1)
0.181(2)
0.101(3)
O.H6(i|)
0>01(5)
0.0236(6)
11.9(1)
12.1(2)
12.1(3)
12.1(1)
12.2(5)
12.3(6)
STEP 6
0.161 (1)
SOOF.-6 (1)
. (11
0.01 (1)
. (1)
NUMHER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVCL VAซ-"ฃ INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF ปHE STEP
* LEVELS ARr RFPORTFO AS LfACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRElIMINftRY DATA ON {.CACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFQC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SHALE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS ป
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LrACHATE
POTAsSIUf
SEi ENlLm
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
-
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2
20 (0) 2f)(l>
20(2)
20(3)
20(4)
20(5)
20(6)
20(7)
0.06 (0) 0.06(1)
0.06ซ?)
0.06(3)
0.06(4)
0.06(5)
0.06(6)
0.06(7)
0.669 (0) 0.77?(1)
0.716(2)
1.15(3)
1.04(4)
1.67(5)
2.33(6)
3.38(7)
0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
16.7 (0) 36.3(1)
17.4(2)
25.6(3)
2.5(1)
2.5(5)
2.5(6)
2.5(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
20(1) 40. 5 (1)
20(2)
0.06(1) 0.0312 (1)
0.06(2)
0.519(1) l.OB (1)
0.422(2)
0.0025(1) 0.0025 (1)
0.0025(2)
44.7(1) 17.2 (1)
71.1(2)
STEP 5
106(1)
183(2)
265(3)
217(4)
20(5)
20(6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0*12(3)
0.0312(4)
0.06(5)
0*06(6)
0.51(1)
0.118(2)
0.791(3)
0.706(4)
1*31(5)
1.2(6)
0.054(1)
0.0701(2)
0.0103(3)
0.027(1)
O.OHXS)
.00189(6)
2.5(1)
2.5(2)
2.5(3)
2.5(1)
5*22(5)
2.5(6)
STEP 6
20 ID
0.06 ID
2.46 (1)
0.0025 (1)
24.9 (1)
+ NUHRER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF HซE STEP
* LEVEL*; ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PREI IMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACHIMG FROM pFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SHALE LEACHING TIME 7 0ซYS I
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
STEP 1
SOU 1230 (0)
STRONTIUM 2.93 (0)
TDS 3210 (0)
TITANIUM IOOE-5 (0)
TOC 1.1 ( 0 )
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP ?
l?90(l>
1360(2)
1360(3)
1110(1'
1210(5)
1?90(M
1080(7)
1.90(1)
1.6^(2)
1(3)
0.611(1)
0.ซ79(5)
0.356(6)
0.370(7)
2190(1)
2280(2)
27&0(3)
2500(1)
227o(S>
2110(6)
2290(7)
100E-5U)
100F-5(2)
100E-5(3)
100E-5(D
100F-5JS)
100E~5(6)
100E-5(7)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
STEP 3 STEP 1
1210(1) 723 (1)
1310(2)
1.62(1) 2.03 (1)
1.33(2)
3630(1) 1300 (1)
3380(2)
lOOE-Sll) 0.169 (1)
100E-S(2)
.(1) 3.3 (i)
.(2)
STEP 5
910(1)
1020(2)
1080(3)
1100(1)
1ฐ60(5|
1150(6)
2.77(1)
2*68(2)
1.1(3)
1.35(4)
0.0851(5)
0*07(6)
2260(1)
2900(2)
2860(3)
3030(1)
3llO(5)
3110(6)
0.0389(1)
0.013(21
0.025(3)
0.0253(1) \
.00201(5)
100E-5I6)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
*(S)
.(6)
STEP 6
. (1)
1.26 (1)
. (1)
IOOE-5 (1)
. (1)
t NUMFlER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF ปHE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PREIIMINARV DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPRFHENSIVF LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFBC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BT SHALE LCACHIN6 TIME 7 DAYS >
| CHEMICAL PARAMFTER LEVEL OF PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
STEP 1 STEP 2 < STEI
URANIUM 0.15 (0) 0.15(1) 0
0.15(2) 0
0.15(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
VANADIUM 0.005 (0) 0.005(1) 0.
0.005(2) 0.
0.1*05(3)
0.005(1)
0.005(5)
M 0.005(6)
00 2INC 0.171 (0) O.OA9ซ(1ป 0.
0.232(2) 0.
0.113(3)
0.0129(1)
0.0109(5)
0.0210(6)
100E-5(7)
BY PROTOCOL STEP
P 3 STEP 1
.15(1) o.iS (1)
.15(2)
005(1) 0.16 (1)
005(2)
206(1) 0.222 (1)
112(2)
STEP 5
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
ซ(3|
.(6)
o.oaid)
0.09*6(2)
0.0521(3)
0.0372(1)
O.OQS(S)
0.005(6)
.00067(1)
0.0101(2)
0.0123(3)
.00952(1)
.00316(5)
10QE-S(6)
STEP ft
0.15 (1)
0*005 (1)
0.181 (1)
NUMBER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRELIMINARY DMA ON CACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THt
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFPC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY INTERBURDFN LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS ป
CHFMtCAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
STEP I
ALUMINUM 0.614 ( 0>
ARSENIC 0.04 (0)
RARllIM 0.171 (01
BORON 13.3 (0)
CAOMTUM 0.0025 (0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER OY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP ?
0.662(1)
0.464(2)
0.855(3)
0.957(1)
1.23(5|
1.3*(6)
2.23(7)
0.04(1)
0.01(2)
0.01(3)
O.Oli(l)
0.04(5)
O.OH(6)
0.04(7)
0.111(1)
O.H3(2)
O.OR24(3>
0.073(1)
0.0482(5)
0.0413(6)
0.047ซ(7)
8.54(1)
17.3(2)
6.16(3)
2.97(4)
2.03(5)
1.57(6)
1.54(7)
0.002M1)
0.002M?)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(51
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
0.493(1) 0.299 (1)
0.369(2)
0.04(1| 0.04 (1)
0.04(2)
0.321(1) 0.116 (1)
0.261(2)
22.6(1) 0.462 (1)
27.5(2)
0.0025(11 0.0025 m
0.0025(2)
STEP 5
0.522(1)
1*63(2)
1.61(31
1*13(4)
1*26(5)
0.633(6)
*(!>
.12)
0.111(3)
0.509(4)
0.311(5)
0.366(6)
0.181(1)
0*14(2)
0.0757(3)
0*11(4)
0.032(5)
0.0974(6)
2*04(1)
1*94(2)
1*42(3)
1*85(4)
0*79(5)
0.204(6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
STEP 6
1*68 U>
1.89 (2)
1.31 (3)
6*8 (4)
. (5)
0.04 (1)
. ซ2)
. <3)
. (1)
. ซ5)
0>105 (1)
0.0976 <2)
0*122 <3>
0.146 (1)
. 15)
0.398 (1)
0*183 (2)
0.728 (3)
0*722
-------
TAOlE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FRO* THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILEACHIN6 FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTfNuATION BY INTERBuRDEN LEACHIN& TIME T DAYS '
00
CHEHTCAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
CALCTUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COBAiT
COND
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
#
STEP 1 STEP 9
1700 10) 1?70(1)
1630(2)
89ซ(3)
629(1)
S5ป|ซiป
512(6)
593(7)
0.0622 (0) 0.127(1)
O.o5ft(2)
0.002513)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0ft25ซ6>
0.0025(7)
1.16 (0) 1.27(1)
1.95(2)
0*5(3)
0.5(1)
.(5)
2.5(6)
.17)
0.075 (0) 0.075(1)
0.075(2)
0.075(3)
0.075(1)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
0.075(7)
9530 (0) 6000(1)
1600(2)
1150(3)
3350(1)
2570(5)
2700(6)
2110(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
1790(1) 1000 (1)
1660(2)
0.2(1) 0.051 (1)
0.318(2)
15(1) 9.6 (1)
22.5(2)
0.075(1) 0.236 (1)
0.075(2)
9000(1) 3170 (1)
9500(2)
STEP 5
925(1)
59(2)
510(3)
579(1)
17.6(5)
18(6)
0.032(1)
0.121(2)
0.0626(3)
0.0219(4)
0.0203(5)
0.0115(6)
.(1)
.12)
.(3)
.11)
ป(5)
(6)
0.769(1)
2*81(2)
1*18(3)
0.533(1)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
1610(1)
Sl30(2)
6200(3)
6100(1)
6780(5)
6^00(6)
STi-P &
766 ID
201 (2)
179 (3)
337 (1)
. C5)
0.1U (11
0.351 (2)
0.112 (31
0.27 ID
. ซ5)
1.52 11)
0.5* (2)
O.MS (3)
1.17 B (5)
2.22 (1)
8.13 (2)
3.33 (3)
7.08 (1)
. (5)
2210 (1)
2320 (2)
2580 (3)
2790 (1)
3010 (5)
.
frtlNRCR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVELS ARr REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY INTERBuROEN LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS *
| CHEMICAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
IN LTACHATf
STEP 1 STFP ?
COPPrR 0.0025 (01 0.0025(1)
0.002*>(?)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
F 0.785 (0) 2.32(1)
1.2H(2)
O.H(3ป
0.19(1)
.(5)
0.405(6)
M .(7)
2 IRON 0.221 (0) O.?67(l>
0.181(2)
0.115(3)
0.052(1)
0.0925(5)
0.0714(6)
0.125(7)
LEAD 0.035 (0) 0.035(11
0.035(2)
0.035(3)
0.035(4)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
0.035(7)
LITHIUM . (0) .(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
.17)
STEP 3 STEP 1
0.0412(1) 0.0133 (1)
0.0025(2)
2.22(1) 0.707 (1)
0.775(2)
0.198(1) 0.0518 (1)
0.151(2)
0.035(1) 0.035 (1)
0.035(2)
.(1) 0.005 (1)
(2)
STEP 5
0.015(1)
0.161(2)
0.0882(3)
0.0291(1)
0.0117(5)
0.0185(6)
0*18(1)
0.155(2)
0.36(3)
0.365(1)
0.355(5)
0.11(6)
0.012(1)
0.0031(2)
0.0119(3)
0.0137(1)
.00/79(5)
0.0787(6)
.(1)
.(2)
0.035(3)
0.0311(1)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
0.005(1)
0.005(2)
0*03(3)
0.03(1)
.(5)
(6)
STEP 6
0*128 U)
0.521 (2)
0*771 13)
1.15 (D
. <5)
(1)
(2)
13)
(1)
(S)
0*126 (1)
0.9 (2)
*.72 <3)
5.18 (D
. (S)
0*035 (1)
. (2)
. ซ3)
. I*)
. <5)
0.0175 (1)
0*065 (2)
0.06 (3)
0.07 (1)
. 15)
MIIMRER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION 0F THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF RfPORTFD AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAOLC 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON L.f-ACHING AMD ATTENUATION FROM THE
COHpRniENslVF LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFUCHING FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY INTERRuRDEN LEACHIN6 TIKE 7 DAYS >
CHEMICAL F'ARAMFTFR
IN LFACHATE
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
00
N3
MAfiNrSIUM
MANGANESF
MERCURY
NICKEL
PH
-
STEP 1 STEP 2
1.91 (0) 3.03(1)
0.690(2)
0.886(3)
0.106(1)
0.305(5)
0.226(6)
0.319(7)
.00103 (0) 500E-6U)
500E~6(2)
SOOF-6(3)
300E-6(4)
500E-6(5)
500t-6(6)
500E-6(7)
. (0) .(1)
. (?)
.(3)
. (4)
.(5)
.(6)
.(7>
0.0143 (0) 0.01(1)
0.0] (2)
0.0r>9?<3)
0.0l(4)
0.066(5)
0.01(6)
0.01(7)
11.8 (0) 1?.2(1)
11.9(2)
11*8(3)
11*5(1)
11.3(3)
11.2(6'
11(7)
STEP 3
1.08(1)
0.425(2)
500E-6(1)
500c-6(2)
.(1)
(2)
0.01(1)
0.01(2)
12.3(1)
12.2(2)
STEP 4 STEP 5
0.027 (1) .00165(1)
800C-6(2)
.00588(3)
.00714(4)
0.0113(5)
0.0214(6)
.00237 (1) 0.0069(1)
0.0213(2)
0.0126(3)
.00167(1)
.00198(5)
.00*53(6)
SOOE-6 (D 500E-6(1)
500E-6C2)
SOOE-6(3)
500E-6(4)
.(S)
.(6)
0.0698 (1) 0.166(1)
0.324(2)
0.172(3)
0.11(4)
0*01(5)
0.01(6)
11.6 (1) ll.9(l)
12(2)
12.1(3)
12.1(4)
12.1(5)
12.4(6)
STEP 6
0.108 (1)
1.29 (2)
6.41 (3)
6,14 (4)
.
-------
TABLE i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LCACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY INTERBUROEN LEACHIN& TIME 7 DAYS >
i CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LrACHATF
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVFR
SODIUM
STEP I STEP 2
20 (01 20(1)
20(2)
20(3)
20(1)
20(5)
20(6)
20(7)
0.06 (0) 0.06(1)
0.0f.(2)
0.06(3)
0.06(1)
0.06(5)
0.0f(6)
0.06(7)
0.669 (0| 0.772(1)
0.7*6(2)
1.15(3)
1.01(1)
1.67(5)
2.33(6)
3.38(7)
0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
O.on25(4>
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
16.7 (0) 36.3(1)
07.11(2)
25.6(3)
2.5(4)
?.S(5)
2*5(6)
2.5(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
20(1) I3f (1)
20(2)
0.06(1) 0.0312 (1)
0.06(2)
0.519(1) 1.09 (1)
0.122(2)
0.0025(1) 0.013 (1)
0.0025(2)
44. 7(1) 13.2 (1)
71.1(2)
STEป* 5
376(1)
866(2)
15*1(3)
231C1)
20(5)
20(6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0512(3)
0.0312(4)
0.06(5)
0*06(6)
0.444(1)
0.761(2)
1.19(3)
0.636(11)
1.19(5)
1*61(6)
0.013(1)
0.172(2)
0.0921(3)
0.0303(1)
0.021(5)
0.0186(6)
2.5(1)
1*91(2)
3*88(3)
2.5(1)
1*18(5)
5*25(6)
STEP 6
617 (1)
208Q (2)
652 (3)
1550 (1)
. ซ5)
0.0312 (1)
0.0025 (2)
0.0025 (3)
0.0025 (1)
. <5)
3.21 (1)
&.S1 (2)
28.3 (3)
27.7 (1)
. (5)
0.135 (1)
0.192 12)
0*129 (3)
0*351 (1)
. 15)
U.I (1)
11.8 <2)
4.11 (3)
10.1 (4)
. ซS)
4 NUMRfR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION Of THE STEP
ซ LEVELS Apr REPORTFD AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LAnORATORY PROTOCOL
{LEACHING FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY INTERBURDFN LEACHING TIME 7
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATF
son
STRONTIUM
T0ซ5
TITANIUM
tor
-
LEVEL OF PARAMETER DY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
1230 (0) 1?90(1) 1240(1) llatf (1)
1*60(2) 1310(2)
13&0(3I
i44o(4)
1?40(3*
1290(6)
1080(7)
2.93 (0) 1.9ซ(1) H. 62(1| 2.85 (1)
1.69(2) U.33(2)
1(3)
0.614(4)
0.ซป79(S)
0.356(6)
0.378(7)
3210 (0| 2490(1) 3630(1) 2040 (1)
2280(2) 3380(2)
2750(3>
250(1(4)
2?70(5)
2140(6)
2290(7)
100E-5 (0) 100C-5O) 100C-5(1) 0.0132 (!)
100E-5(2l lOOE-5(2)
100F-513)
100E-5(4ป
100F-5(5)
100E-5(6)
100E-5(7)
1.1 (0) .(1) .(1) 4.45 (1)
.(2) .<2J
.(3)
.(4)
.<5)
.(6)
.(7)
STEP 5
I0e0(i)
H10(2)
H50(3)
1160(4)
H10(5|
1210(6)
2.83(1)
2.02(2)
1.11(3)
1.38(4)
O.OB67(5)
0.097(6)
2650(1)
2760(2)
2960(3)
3060
0*593 (2)
1.88 (3)
1.3ป <4)
. (5)
2250 (1)
2350 (2)
2feun (3)
2790 (4)
356o (5>
0.0512 (1)
0.172 (2)
0.059H (3)
0.131 14)
. (5)
11)
(2)
(3)
14)
(5)
+ NUMBER IM PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
ซ LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PREI IHINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACHING FROM PFBC WASTE AND *TTENUซTTON BY INTERRuRDEN LEACHING TTfF 7 DAYS >
| CHEMTCAL PARAMfrER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
IN LrACHATE
STEP 1 STEP 2
URANIUM 0.15 (0) 0.15(1)
O.l5(?)
0.15(3)
. (1)
.(5)
.(6)
.(71
VANADIUM O.flOS (0) 0.005(1)
0.005(2)
0.005(3)
0.005(1)
0.005(5)
0.005(6)
0.005(7)
oo" 2INC 0.171 (0) 0.069p(l>
(-n 0.?3?(2)
0.113(3)
0.0129(1)
0.0109(5)
0.0?1P(6)
100f-5(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
0.15(1) 0.15 (1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1) 0.0219 (I)
0.005(2)
0.206(1) 0.0913 (1)
0.112(2)
STEP 5
.(1)
. (2)
.(3)
ซ(1)
.(S)
.(6)
0.0672(1)
0.221(2)
0.111(3)
0.0132(1)
O.OOS(S)
0.005(6)
.oo6m( i )
0.0326(2)
0.0185(3)
.00611(11)
0.0311(5)
0.578(6)
STEP ฃ
0.15 (11
. (2)
. m
. ID
. (5)
0*173 (1)
0*613 (2)
0*303 (3)
0*575 (11
. (5)
0.107 (1)
0.79A (2)
3.77 (3)
l.ll (1)
. (S)
* NIIMRER IM PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARr RFPORTtO AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION Fnof THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACHING FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIME 7 OAVS ป
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATE
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP ?
O.r>14 (0) O.f>6?|l)
O.t6(|(2)
0.ซ55(3)
0.957(iป)
l.2j(ซ5 1
1.3e(6)
2.23(7)
O.OM (0) O.OM(l)
0.0iป(2)
0.0n<3)
O.OM (n>
O.OMS)
O.Oli (6)
0.0i|(7)
0.171 (0) O.llK(l)
O.H3(?)
O.Uft2q(3)
0.073(4)
0.0462(5)
0.0*43(6)
13.3 (0) a.5iป(l)
17.3(2)
6.46(3)
2.97(4)
2.03(5)
1.57(6)
0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0n2*>(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
0.493(1) 0.46^ (1)
0.369(2)
0.04(1) 0.04 (1)
0.04(2)
0.321(1) 0.0954 (1)
0.281(2)
22.6(1) 0.139 (1)
27.5(2)
0.0025(1) 0.0025 (1)
0.0025(2)
STEP 5
0.762.1,
1.11(2)
2.74(3)
2*46(4)
1.95(5)
0.797(6)
.(1)
(2)
0.451(3)
0.532(4)
0.407(5)
0.372(6)
0.234(1)
0.154(2)
0.109(3)
0.0772(4)
0.0458(5)
0.103(6)
0.827(1)
0.615(2)
0.977(3)
1*06(4)
0.997(5)
0.1(6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
STtP 6
0.303 (1)
0.04
0.00? (1)
0.0025 (1)
* NUMRCR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LCACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i HHCLIMINARY nATA QN LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILCACHING FROM PFRC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS >
oo
vj
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
CAl ClUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COHALT
COND
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 1 STEP 9
1700 (01 1?70(1)
1630(2)
B9H(3>
629(4)
559(5)
512(6)
593(7)
0.0622 (0| 0.127(1)
O.o5fi(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
4.46 (0| 1.27(1)
1.95(2)
0.5(3)
o.sm
.(5)
2.5(6)
.(7)
0.075 (0) 0.075(1)
0.075(2)
0.075(3)
0.075(4)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
0.075(7)
9530 (0) 6000(1)
4600(2)
4150(3)
3350(4)
2570(5)
2700(6)
2110(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
1790(1) 99* (1)
1660(2)
0.2(1) 0.054 (1)
0.310(2)
15(1) 9.45 (1)
22.5(2)
0.075(1) 0.546 (1)
0.075(2)
9000(1) 3590 (1)
9500(2)
STEP 5
962(1)
974(2)
541(3)
520(4)
55.5(5)
32.4(6)
0.0419(1)
0.0647(2)
0.067(3)
0.0465(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0147(6)
(11
.121
.(3)
.(4)
.15)
.(6)
1*01(1)
1*96(2)
1*54(3)
1*14(4)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
4540(1)
5*00(2)
7ซป00(3)
7000(4)
6<>00(S)
6430(6)
STtP 6
580 (1)
0*135 (1)
. (1)
0.075 (1)
. 11)
* NUMPER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVEL* ARF RFPORTFD AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PRELIMINARY DATA oป (.CACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACHlNfi FROM pFBC WAซ?TE AND ATTENUATION flY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIHF 7 DซYS ป
| CHFMICAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
IN LFACHATF
STEP 1 STEP ?
COPPFR 0.0025 (0) O.J0025ID
0.002f>(2)
0.0025(3)
0.002M4)
0.002*5(5)
0.0025(6'
F 0.785 10) 2.3?(l)
1.24(?)
0.44(3)
0.49(4)
. (5)
H"*
oo (' '
0ฐ IRON 0.?24 (0) O.?67(l)
0.161(2)
O.jl5(3>
0.052(4)
0.0925(5)
0.0714(6)
0.125(7)
LEAD 0.035 (0) 0.035(1)
0.035(2)
0.035(3'
0.035(4)
0.035(5)
0.035(61
0.035(7)
LITHIUM . (0) .(1)
.(2)
.(3)
, (4)
.(5)
.(6)
*m
STEP 3 STEP 4
0.0412(1, 0.0316 (1)
0.0025(2)
2.22(1) 0.402 (1)
0.775(2)
0.196(1, 0.239 (1)
0.154(2)
0.035(1, 0.035 (1)
0.035(2)
.(11 0.005 (1)
(2)
STEP 5
0.0^82(1)
0.111(2)
0.0666(3)
0.0664(4)
.00692(5)
0.0195(6)
0.345(1,
0.375(2)
0*34(3)
0*42(4)
0*37(5)
0.365(6)
0.214(1,
0.051(2)
0.0673(3)
0.103(4)
0.0206(5)
0.266(6)
d)
*(2)
0.0364(3)
0.102(4)
0.0646(5)
0.035(6)
0.005(1)
0*03(2)
0*05(3)
0*05(4)
.(5)
.(6)
STtP 6
O.U025 (1)
. d)
0*203 (1)
0.035 11)
d)
+ MUMPER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LFVELS Anr RFPOHTFD AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE: i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS ป
oo
VO
CHFMICAl PARAMFTER
TN LFACHATE
STEP 1
MAfiNFSIUM 1.91 (0)
MANGANE3F .00103 (0)
MERCURY . lOt
NlCKFL 0.0113 10)
pll 11. A 10)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 2
3.03(1)
0.698(2)
o.AaaO)
0.106(1)
0.305(5)
0.226(6)
0.319(7)
500E-6U)
500E-6(2)
500t-6(3)
500E-6(1)
500E-6(5)
500E-6(6)
500E-6(7)
.(!>
.(2>
.(3)
.(1)
.(SI
.(6)
.(7)
0.01(1)
0.01(2)
0.0592(3)
0.0i(ซป)
0.066(5)
0.01(6)
0.0i(7)
1J>.2(1)
11.9(2)
ll.R(3)
11.5(1)
11.3(5)
11.2(6)
11(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
1.06(1) 0.0599* (1)
0.125(2)
500E-6UJ 0.0057 (1)
500E-6(2)
.(1) 500E-6 (1)
(2)
0.01(1) 0.111 (1)
0.01(2)
1?.3(1) 11.9 ID
12.2(2)
STEP 5
.00176(11
920E-6(2)
0.0106(3)
0.0231(1)
0.0^31(5)
0.201(6)
0.0121(1)
0.0155(2)
0.0121(3)
.00881(1)
500E-6(5)
.00112(6)
500E-6(1)
500E-6(2)
SOoE-6(3)
SOOE-6(1)
.(5)
.(6)
0.105(1)
0.262(2)
0.176(3)
0*19(1)
0*01(5)
0.01(6)
12(1)
12.1(2)
12.2(3)
12.2(1)
12.2(5)
12.3(6)
STEP 6
0.0655 (1>
500E-6 (1)
. (1)
0.01 111
. (1)
* NUMBER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PKEl IHINARY [1ATA ON LEACHING ANO ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFBC NAsTE ANn ATTENUATION BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TTMF 7 DAYS
CMFMTCAt PARAMfTER
TN LrACHATt
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
Sit VrR
SODIUM
STEP 1 STEP ?
20 (0) 20(1)
20(2)
20(3)
20(41
20(5)
20(6)
20(7)
0.06 (0) 0.06(1)
O.OM2)
0.06(3)
O.OM4)
0.06(51
0.06(6)
0.06(7)
0.669 (01 0.77?(1)
0.746(2)
1.45(3)
1.0ซM4)
1.67(5)
2.33(6)
3.31M7)
0.0025 (0) O.OP2M1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
16.7 (0) 36.3(1)
47.4(2)
25.6(3)
2.5(4)
2.5(5)
2.5(6)
2.5(7)
STEP 3
20(1)
20(2)
0.06(1)
0.06(2)
0.519(1)
0.422(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
44.7(1)
71.1(2)
STEP 4 STEP 5
211 (1) 431(11
66B(?)
475(3)
37m 4)
20(5)
20(6)
0.0312 (1) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0312(31
0.0312(4)
0.06(5)
0*06(6)
0.616 (1) 0.45911)
0.539(2)
0*93(3)
0.666
-------
TABLE i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROH THE
COMpRfHENsIVr LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LFACHING FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS >
CHrHICAL PARAMETER
IN LrACHATF
SOI
STRONTIUM
TDS
TITANIUM
TOC
-
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2
1230 (01 1290(1)
1*60(2)
1360(3)
141P(1)
1210(5)
1290(6)
1060(7)
2.93 (0) l.9ซ(l)
1.69(2)
1(3)
0. 614(4)
0.479(3)
0.356(6)
0.376(7)
3?10 (0) 2490(1)
2?8D(2)
2750(3)
2500(4)
2270(5)
2110(6)
2290(7)
tOOf-5 (0) lOOE-S(l)
100F-5(2)
lOOE-5(3)
100C-R(4)
100E-5(5)
100F-5(6ป
100E-5(7)
1.1 (0) .(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(4ป
.(5)
.(6)
.(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
1210(1) 93ซf (1)
1310(2)
4.62(1) 2.79 (1)
4.33(2)
3630(1) 1890 (1)
3380(2)
100E-5U) 0.0195 (1)
lOOC-5(2)
.(1) 2.55 (D
.(2)
STEP 5
1010(1)
1090(2)
1080(3)
1180(4)
1160(5)
122016)
2.64(1)
2*16(2)
1*02(3)
1*04(4)
0.0533(5)
0.0176(6)
2870(1)
3040(2)
3*60(3)
3HO(4)
3160(5)
3360(6)
O.OH3(1)
0.0607(2)
0.0156(3)
0.036(4)
.00376(5)
100E-3(6)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
(1)
.(5)
.(6)
STEP 6
. (l>
2.11 (D
. (D
100E-3 (1)
. (11
4 NIIMnCR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARr REPORTED AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON UACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
FROM PFBC WASTE ANO ATTENUATTON BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIMF 7 DAYS ป
CHEMICAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
IN LFACHATE
STEP I STEP ?
URANIUM 0.15 (0) 0.15(1)
0.19(2)
0.15(31
.(1>
.151
.(6)
.m
VANADIUM 0.005 (0) O.nOS(i)
0.0051?)
0.005(9)
0.005(1)
0.005(5)
0.005(6)
,_, 0.005(7)
ฃ ZINC 0.171 (0) 0.0fl98(l>
N> 0.?3?(?)
O.llS(S)
0.0129(1)
0.0109(5)
0.0218(6)
vooe-sm
STEP 3 STEP *
0.15(1) O.iS* 11)
0.15(2)
0.005(1) 0.0113 (1)
0.005(2)
0.206(1) 0.0766 (1|
0.112(2)
STEP 5
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0778(1)
0.151(2)
0.117(3)
0.0802(1)
0.005(5)
0.005(6)
.00835(1)
0.0219(2)
0.0l8*(3)
0.0128(1)
100E-5(S)
100C>5(6)
STEP 6
0.15 (1)
0.005 (1)
0*11? (1)
NMinER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARr RfPOPfcO AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPH
-------
i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPRftlCNSlVF LABORATORY PROTOCOL
FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GREERLI*ESTONE LEACHING TIME: 7 DAYS >
VO
OJ
CMEMTCAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATf
STEP 1
ALUMINUM O.fcl4 (0)
ARSENIC 0.00 (0)
BARIUM 0.171 (0)
BORON 13.3 (0)
CADMIUM 0.0025 (0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 2
0 . 66? 1 1 )
0.464(2)
0.855(3)
0.957(4)
1.23(9)
1.3M6)
2.23(7)
0.014(1)
0.04(2)
0.0ซ(3)
0.04(4)
0.04(5)
0.04(6)
0.04(7)
0.114(1)
0.113(2)
0.0624(3)
0.073(4)
0.0482(5)
0.0443(6)
0.0474(7)
8.54(1)
17.3(2)
6.46(3)
2. 97(41
2.03(5)
1.57(6)
1.54(7)
0.0025(1)
0.002S(?)
0.0025(31
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6 )
0.0025(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
0.493(1) 0.349 (1)
0.369(2)
0.04(1) 0.04 (1)
0.04(2)
0.321(1) O.OB3 (1)
0.281(2)
22.6(1) 3.97 (1)
27.5(2)
0.0025(1) 0.0025 (1)
0.0025(2)
STEP 5
0.784(3)
0.222(4)
0.383(5)
0.309(6)
0.555(3)
0.529(4)
0.463(5)
0.525(6)
0.052(3)
0.0759(4)
0.0725(5)
0.0829(6)
0.578(3)
0.002(4)
0.002(5)
0.002(6)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
STtP &
0.341 (1)
0.04 (11
0.045 (1)
0.002 (1)
0.0025 (1)
+ NUMHER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION Of THE STEP
ซ LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPRFHENsIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING TROM pFRC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GREERLIMESTONE LEACHING TIMf 7 HAYS >
so
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LrACHATf
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COBALT
COwO
-
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP ?
1700 (01 1270(1)
1OO(2>
ซ9*(3>
629(4)
599(9)
5l?(6)
593(7)
0.0622 (0) 0.127(1)
O.fl5fl(2)
0.0023(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
4.46 (0) 1.27(1)
1.95(2)
0.5(3)
0.5(4)
.(9>
2.5(6)
.(7)
0.075 (0) 0.075(1)
0.075(2)
0.075(3)
0.075(4)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
0.075(7)
9530 (Ol 6000(1)
4600(2)
4150(3)
3350(4)
2570(5)
2700(6)
2110(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
1790U) l7Bff (1)
1660(2)
0.2(1) 0.0256 (1)
0.318(2)
15(1) . (1)
22.5(2)
0.075(1) 0.075 (1)
0.075(2)
9000(1) . (1)
9500(2)
STEP 5
39(3)
1ซ. 3(4)
8*91(5)
9*45(6)
0.0025(3)
0.0126(4)
0.0233(5)
0.0l\
-------
TMUE i PREIIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LfACMlMG FROM PFRC WASTE *ND AjTFNUATlON RY GREtRLI*ESTONE LEACHING T1HF 7 DAYS ป
CHrMTCAL PARAMETER
IN LrACHATE
STCP 1
COPPrR 0.0023 (0)
F 0.785 (0)
IRON 0.22<ป (0)
LEAD 0.035 (0)
LITHIUM . (0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER DY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP ?
0.0025(11
0.0025(2)
0.0n25(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(9)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
2.32(1)
1.2ซi(2)
O.lilO)
0.19(1)
.(5)
0.405(6)
.(7)
O.Jป67(1>
0.181(2)
0.115(3)
0.052(1)
0.0925(5)
0.07ll(6)
0.125(7)
O.n35(l)
0.035(2)
0.035(3)
0.035(1)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
0.035(7)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.11)
.(5)
.(6)
.(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
0.0112(11 0.0025 (1)
0.0025(2)
2.22(1) . (1)
0.775(2)
0.196(1) 0.209 |i)
0.151(2)
0.035(1) 0.035 (1)
0.035(2)
.(1) (1)
.(2)
STEP 5
0.0108(3)
0.0131(1)
0.0129(5)
0.0198(6)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
(6)
0.002(3)
0.128(1)
0.0236(5)
0.0656(6)
0.0636(3)
0.181(1)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
STEP 6
0.0025 (11
. (1)
0.127 (1)
0*035 ID
. 11)
+ NUXHER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i CRCI IHINARY DATA ON LEACHING AMD ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACIIING FROM PFPC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY 6REEIปLlMEsTONE LEACHING TlHf 7 DATS
CHEMICAL PARAHFTER
IN LFACHATF
MAGNFSIUM
MAfciGANESr
MERCURY
NICKCL
PH
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
1.91 (0) 3.03(1) 1.08(1) 0.235 (1)
0.69B(?) 0.425(2)
0. 886(3)
O.l0f.(t )
0.305(5)
0.226(6)
0.319(7)
.00103 (0) 500E-6I1) 500E-6(1) 500E-6 (1)
500f-6(2) 500E'6(2)
500f6(3)
500E-6CH
500E-6(5)
500E-6(6)
500E-6(7)
. 10) .(1) *(!> . (1)
.(2) .(2)
.(3)
.0)
.(5)
. (6)
*<7)
0.0143 (0) 0.01(1) 0.01(1) 0.01 (1)
0.01(2) 0.01(2)
0.059p(3)
O.Ol (1)
0.066(5)
0.0i(6)
0.01(7)
11. B (0) !?.?(!) 12.3(1) . (1)
11.9(2) 12.2(2)
11*8(3)
11*5(1)
11*3(5)
11*2(6)
11(7)
STEf 5
0*36(3)
1.09CM
0.865(5)
0.835(6)
,00357(3)
.00l<ปl(
500E-6 (1)
. ID
0.01 (1)
(1)
IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARr RrpORTEO AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPN
-------
TABLE i PREIIMINAWY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FRO* THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILEACHING FROM PFBC HASTE AND ATTENUATION UY GREERLIMESTONE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS I
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATF
STEP 1
POTASSIUM 20 (0)
SELENIUM 0.06 (0)
SlLlrON 0.669 (0)
SILVER 0.0025 10)
SOnlllM 16.7 (0)
LEVEL PF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 2
20(1>
20(2)
20(3)
20(1)
20(5)
20(6)
20(7)
0.06(1)
0.06(2)
0.06(3>
0.06(1)
0.06(5)
0.06(6)
0.06(7)
0.772(1)
0.716(2)
1.15(3)
1.01(1)
1.67(5)
2.33(6)
3.30(7)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
36.3(1)
17. H (?)
25.6(3)
2*5(1)
2*5(5)
2.5(6)
2.5(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
20(1) 2tf (1)
20(2)
0.06(1) 0.06 (1)
0.06(2)
0.519(1) 1.23 (1)
0.122(2)
0.0025(1) 0.0025 (1)
0*0025(2)
11.7(1) 10.3 (1)
71.1(2)
STEP 5
20(3)
20(1)
20(5)
20(6)
0*06(3)
0*06(1)
0*06(5)
0*06(6)
1*05(3)
1*37(1)
1*26(5)
1*11(6)
0.0125(3)
0.0176(1)
0.0123(5)
0.0319(6)
2.5(3)
11.3(1)
1*.1(5)
6*16(6)
STEP 6
20 (1)
0.06 (1)
1.33 (1)
0.0025 11)
37. 2 CD
+ NUMBER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVCL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TARLt 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILEACHING FROM ppnc HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GREERLlMfSTONE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS >
oo
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
son
STRONTIUM
TO*
TITANIUM
TOC
LEVEL OF PARAMETER OY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP ? STEP 3 STEP 4
1230 (0) 1790(1) 12<*0(1> < (1)
1360(2) 1310(2)
1360(3)
1ซป40(4ป
1240(5)
12*0(6)
1080(7)
2.93 (0) 1.9p|l) 4. 62(1) 5.64 (1)
1.69(2) 4.33(2)
1(3)
0.61)1(4)
O.H70(S)
0.356(6)
0.370(7)
3210 (0) 2490(1) 3630(1) . (1)
2?8P(2) 3380(2)
2750(3)
2500(4)
2270(5)
21*0(6)
2?90(7)
100E-5 (0) 100E-5(1) 100E-5(1| 100E-S (1)
100r-5(2) 100C'5(2)
100E-5I3)
IOOF-S(4)
lOOE-5(5)
100E~5(6)
10oE-5(7)
1.1 (01 .(!> .(1) (1>
.(2) .(2)
.(3)
.(4)
.(5)
.(6)
.(7)
STEP 5
.(3|
.(4)
.(f>)
(6)
0.158(3)
0.108(11}
0.0825(5)
0.0873(6)
.13)
.(4)
.(5)
.(6)
.00975(3)
0.0119(4)
100E.-5(5)
.00276(6)
.131
.(4)
.(5)
.(6)
STtp 6
. (1)
6.06 (1)
. (1)
100E-5 (1)
. (1)
+ NUXnfR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARr RFPORTFD AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE: i PRCI IMINARY OATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM
COMPRfurNsIVt LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFBC WASTE AND MTFNUATTON BY 6REERLI"ESTON|: LEACHING TIMf 7 DAYS >
vO
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LrACHATE
URANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2
0.15 (0) O.lS(t)
0.15(2)
0.15(3)
.'(*>
.(6)
.(7)
0.005 (0) 0.005(1)
0.005(2)
0.005(3)
0.005(1)
0.005(5)
o.ros(6)
0.005(7)
0.17] (0) O.OA9fld)
0.232(2)
O.Jl3(3)
0. 0129(0)
0.0109(5)
0ซ0?1(U6)
100E-5(7ป
STEP 3 STEP 1
0.15(1) 0*15 (1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1) 0.005 (1)
0.005(2)
0.206(1) 0.212 (1)
0.112(2)
STEP 5
.(3)
.(S)
.(6)
0.005(3)
0.005(0)
0.005(5)
0.005(6)
.00061(3)
100E-5CH
lOOE-S(S)
10QE-5(6)
STEP &
0.15 (1)
0*005 ID
0.24 (D
IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TARl_r 1 PRFl IMINAUY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFOC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GLACIAL TILL LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS >
j CHEMiCAL PARAMETER LEVEL PF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
IN LFACHATF
STEP 1 STEP ?
ALUMINUM O.gll (0) 0.662(1)
0.464(21
O.p55(3)
0.957(4)
1.23(5)
1.3fl(6 )
2.23(7)
ARSENIC 0.04 (0) 0.0411)
0.04(2)
0.04(3>
0.04(4)
0.04(5)
0.04(6)
KJ 0.04(7)
0 BARIUM 0.171 (0) O.J14U)
0 0.113(2)
0.0924(3)
0.073(1)
0.04B?(5)
0.0413(6)
0.0474(7)
BORON 13.3 (0) 8.54(1)
17.3(21
6.16(3)
2.97(4)
2.03(5)
1.57(6)
1.54(7)
CAnMTUM 0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
0.493(1) 0.057 (1)
0.369(2)
0.04(1) . (1)
0.04(2)
0.321(1) 0.157 (1)
0.281(2)
22.6(1) 0.766 (1)
27.5(2)
0.0025(1) 0.0025 (1)
0.0025(2)
STEP 5 STEP 6
0.181(1)
0.527(2)
1*31(3)
0.627(4)
.(5)
.(6)
. (1 )
(2)
<3)
(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.245(1)
0.256(2)
0.144(3)
0.228(4)
.(5)
.(6)
1.43(1)
2.21(2)
1.97(3)
2.8(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
.(5)
.(6)
+ NIIUPFR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVEL.S ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
LEACHING FROM PFBC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GLACIAL TILL LEACHING TINE 7 DAYS
ro
o
CHrMTCAL PARAI-TTER
IW LFACMATE
CAi CtUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COBAi T
CONO
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2
1700 10) 1970(1)
1630(2)
fl9iป(3)
629(4)
559151
512(61
593(7)
0.0622 (Ot 0.127(1)
0.05(1(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
4.46 (0) 1.27(1)
1.95(2)
0.5(3)
0.5(4)
.(5)
2.5(6)
.(7)
0.075 (0) 0.075(1)
0.075(2)
O.o7f(3)
0.075(4)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
0.075(7)
9530 10) 6000<1>
4600(2)
4150(3)
3350(4)
2570(5)
2700(6)
2110(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
1790(1) 560 (1)
1660(2)
0.2(1) 0.0636 (i)
0.318(2)
15(1) . (1)
22.5(2)
0.075(1) 1.27 (1)
0.075(2)
9000(1) 1580 (1)
9500(2)
STEP 5 STtP 6
667(1)
21(2)
823(3)
957(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0^55(1)
0.0679(?)
0.131(3)
0.0729(1)
.(5)
. <6)
.(1)
.(2)
(3)
t(4)
(5)
.(6)
0.527(1)
0.7051?)
2*25(3)
O.B5K4)
.(5)
.(6)
2570(1)
3880(2)
4*80(3)
1(700(4)
5*40(5)
5700(6)
IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF *HE STEP
* LPWELS ARr RrPORtrD AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
1 PRE|IMINARV DAlA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FpOM THE
COHPREHFNSltff LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM prnc WASTE AND ATTENUATION Bt GLACIAL TILL LEACHING TIKF 7 DAYS '
CHEMICAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
IN LFACHATF
STEP 1 STEP 2
COpPFR 0.0025 (01 0.002M1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(61
0.0025(7)
F 0.785 (0) 2.3?(l)
1.21121
0.11(3)
0.19(1)
.(5)
0.405(6)
S .(7)
Ni IRON 0.221 (0) O.?67tl)
0.181(2)
O.HS(3>
0.05?(ซป
0.0925(5)
0.07lซ(6)
0.125(7)
LEAD 0.035 (0) O.fl35(l)
0.03ซ(2)
0.035(3)
0.035(1)
0.035(5)
0.03ซ(6ป
0.035(7)
LITHIUM . (0| .(1)
.(2)
.(3)
. (ป)
.(5)
.(6ป
.(7)
STEP 3 STEP ป
0.0112(1) 0.107 (1)
0.0025(2)
2.22(1) 0.625 (1)
0.775(2)
0.198(1) 0.0592 (1)
0.154(2)
0.035(1) . (1)
0.035(2)
.(1) O.OOS (1)
.(2)
STEP 5 STtP 6
0.0601(1)
0.0662(2)
0ซ15(3ป
0.0699(1)
.(5)
.(6)
0.575(1)
0.03(2)
0.1(3)
0>31(M)
0.575(5)
0.5(6)
0.0693(1)
0.0109J?)
0.12613)
0.109(1)
.(5)
.16)
.(1)
12)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
0.005(1)
0.0125(2)
0*03(3)
0.0175(1)
.(5)
.161
ป MUMPER Ifl PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS APr RrPORTFO AS LEACHATC CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PHFLlMlNARY DATA ON LEACHING ANp ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LAnORATOHY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFBC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GLACIAL TILL LEACHIN& TIME 7 DAYS >
N>
O
U)
CMfMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
MAfiNFSIUM
MANGANESF
MERCURY
NICKEL
PM
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 1 STEP 9
1.91 (0) 3.0311)
0.690(21
0.1)8(1(3)
O.l0f(4)
0.30M5)
0.226(6)
0.319C7)
.00103 (0) 50QE-6I1)
500E-6(2>
SOOE'6131
900E-6I1)
SOOE-615)
500E*6|6)
500E-6(T)
(01 .(1)
.12)
.(3)
.(ซ>
.(?ซ)
.16)
.(7)
0.0143 (01 0.01(1}
0.0l(?)
0.0*i9?(3>
0.01(1)
0.066(5)
0.0l(6)
0.01(7)
11. B (0) !?.?(!)
11.9(2)
11.0(3)
11.5(ซป)
11*3(5)
ll.?(6)
11(7)
STEP 3 STEP ป
1.08(1) .00352 (1)
0.425(2)
SOOE-6(1) 0.0111 (1)
SOOE-6(2)
.(1) 500E-6 (1)
.12)
0.01(1) 0.186 (1)
0.01(2)
12.3(1) 9.31 (1)
12.2(2)
STEP 5 STtp 6
.00581(11
.00359(2)
.00593(3)
.00&42CU
.(5)
.(6)
.00564(1)
.00708(2)
0.0187(3)
.00082(4)
.(5)
.(6)
SOOE-6(1)
SOOt 6(2)
50QE-6(3)
SOOi--6(4)
.(5)
(6)
0.124(1)
0.152(2)
0.291(3)
0.156(4)
.(5)
.(6)
ll.7(l)
12(2)
12(3)
12.1(4)
12.1(5)
12.3(6)
+ MUMPER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
ซ LEVELS ARF RrPORTEO AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PHEI IMINARY DATA on LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPRFHFNSlVF LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LFACHIM6 FROM PFOC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GLACIAL TILL LEACHING TIMF 7 DAYS ป
CHEMICAL PARAHFTER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
TN LFACHATE
STEP 1 STEP ? STEP 3 STFP 1
POTASSIUM 20 (0) 2o(l) 20(1) 129 (1)
20(2) 20(2)
20(3)
20(1)
20(5)
20(6)
20(7)
SElENlUM 0.06 (0) 0.06(1) 0.06(1) 0.0025 (1)
O.OM?) 0.06(2)
0.06(3)
0.06(1)
0.06(5)
0.06(6)
N> 0.06(7)
C SILICON 0.669 (0) 0.772(1) 0.519(1) 2.5 (1)
*~ 0.7lfc(2) 0.122(2)
1.15(3)
1.01(1)
1.67(5)
2.33(6)
3.38(7)
SILVER 0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1) 0.0025(1) 0.078 (1)
0.002S(?> 0.0025(2)
O.OP2S(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
SOn I DM 16.7 (0) 36*3(1) 11.7(1) 2.5 (1)
17. M?) 71.1(2)
25.6(3)
2.5(1)
2.5(5)
?*M7)
STEP 5 STi-P 6
272(1)
315(2)
723(3)
397(1)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.002513)
0.0025(1)
.(5)
. (6)
0*65(1)
0.531(2)
0.699(3)
0ซ17(1 )
.(5)
.(6)
0.0301(1)
0.0393(2)
0.139(3)
0.016(1)
.(5)
.(6)
2.5(1)
2.5(2)
1*27(3)
2.5(1)
.(5)
.(6)
+ NUmnER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEWEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF IHE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PREI IHINARY DATA OH LEACHING AMD ATTENUATION FROM THF
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFBC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GLACIAL TILL LEACH1N& TIME 7 DAYS ป
CHEMICAL PARAMtTER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
IN LFACHATE
STEP 1 STEP 2
SOU 1730 (0) 1990(1)
1360(2)
1360(3)
1110(1)
1290(6)
1060(7)
STROuUUM 2.93 (0) 1.9ft(l)
1.69(2)
1(3)
0.611(1'
O.iป79(5)
0.356(6)
0 TDS 3210 (0) 2190(1)
>-" 2?00(2)
2750(3)
2500(1)
2270(3)
2HO(6)
TITANIUM lOOF-5 <0| lOOE'SU)
100E-5(2)
lOOE-5(3ป
100E~5(D
100E"P(5)
100E~5(6)
100E~5(7)
TOC 1.1 (0) .(1)
.(2)
.(3)
< (1 )
.(5)
.(6)
.(7)
STEP 3 STEP 1
1210(1) 910 (1)
1310(2)
1.62(1) 1.09 (1)
1.33(2)
3630(1) 1660 (1)
3380(2)
100C-5U) 0.01 (1)
lOOE-5(2)
.(1) ID
.(2)
STEP 5 STLP 6
BflO(l)
960(2)
1010(3)
1070(1)
1190(6)
2*19(1)
2*59(2)
2*13(3)
2*59(1)
.(5)
.(6)
1950(1)
2590(2)
2570(3)
2880(1)
3290(5)
3160(6)
0.02l2(l)
0.033(2)
0.0656(3)
0.0378(1)
.(5)
.(6)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.(6)
* NUซnrR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF ปHE STEP
* LEVELS ARF RrpORTFD AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
1 PREI IMINAHY DATA OH LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM RFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION By BLACIAL TILL LEACHlNซ TIfปE 7 DAYS >
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LTACHATF
URANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
LEVEL OF PARAMETER
STEP 1 STEP 2 STE
0.15 (0) 0.1M1) 0
0.15(2) 0
O.IM s)
.(4)
.(5)
.(6)
.(7)
0.005 (0) 0.005(1) 0.
0.005(2) 0.
0.005(3)
o.oosm
0.005(5)
0.005(6)
0.005(7)
o.i7i (0) o.on9ad) o.
0.232(2) 0.
0.113(3)
0.0129(4)
0.0109(5)
0.0216(6)
100E-5(7)
BY PROTOCOL STEP
P 3 STEP 4
.15(1) . (1)
.15(2)
005(1) 0.102 (1)
005(2)
206(1) 0.0136 (1)
112(2)
STEP 5 STtP (,
(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0414(1)
0.0556(2)
0.17213)
0.0649(4)
.(5)
. (6)
100E-S(1)
.00875(2)
0.0231(3)
.00336 I'M
.(5)
.(6)
* NUMRER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION 0F THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAflLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROH PFRC HASTE AND ^TTFNUATlON BY ALLUVIUM LEACHING TIME 7 RAYS I
CHEMICAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
IN LFACHATE
STEP 1 STEP ?
ALllMfNUM O.f.14 (0) O.f,6?(l)
O.<|64(?)
O.ft5>j(3)
0.957(4)
1.23(5)
1.38(6)
2.25(7)
ARSENIC O.OH (0) 0.04(1)
0.04(21
0.0n(3)
O.Oq (4)
0.0i4(5)
0.04(6)
^ 0.04(7)
O BARIUM 0.171 (0) O.ll4(l)
"^ 0,ll3(2)
0.0fl24(3)
0.073(4 )
O.Q46?(5)
0.0443(6)
BORON 13.3 (0) 8.54(1)
17. 3(2)
6.4f (3)
2.97(4 )
2.03(5)
1.57(6)
CAnMIUM 0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1)
O.on25(?)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
0.493(1) 1.02 (1)
0.369(2)
0.04(1) . (1)
0.04(2)
0.321(1) 0.233 (1)
0.281(2)
22.6(1) 0.431 (1)
27.5(2)
0.0025(1) 0.0025 (1)
0.0025(2)
STEP 5 STEP fc
0.943(1)
4.94(2)
*. 113)
0.995(4)
. (5)
.(6)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.14)
.(5)
. 16)
0.229(1)
0.126(2)
0.142(3)
0.162(4)
.(5)
.(6)
1.37(1)
0.949(?)
1*38(3)
2*27(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0025(1)
0.165(2)
0.0448(3)
0.0025(4)
.(5)
.(6)
4 NUMRCR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS.tARr REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PHEIIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY ALLUVIUM LEACHIN6 TIME 7 DAYS ป
to
O
oo
CHFMTCAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
CORAl T
COtjO
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2
1700 (0) 1270(1)
1630(2)
ft94 (3)
629(4)
559(5)
512(6)
593(7)
0.0622 (0) 0.127(1)
0.058(2*
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
6.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
4.46 (0) 1.27(1)
1.95(2)
0.5(3)
0.5(1)
.(5)
2.5(6)
0.075 (0) 0.07M1)
0.075(2)
0.075(3)
0.075(1)
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
0.075(7)
9530 (0) 6000(1)
4feOp(2)
4150(3)
3350(4)
2570(5)
2700(6)
2110(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
1790(1) 545 (1)
1660(2)
0.2(1) 0.102 (1)
0.318(2)
15(1) . (1)
22.5(2)
0.075(1) 1.59 (1)
0.075(2)
9000(1) 1530 (1)
9SOO(2i
STEP 5 STtP 6
858(1)
"ป38(2)
718(3)
|090(4 )
.(5)
.(6)
0.101(1)
0.376(2)
0.25ซI(S|
0.0949(4)
.(5)
.(6)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(1)
.(5)
.16)
1*52(1)
8.52(2)
5.4 J 3)
1 32 ( 4 )
.(5)
.(6)
5lOO(l)
6500(2)
6900(3)
6700(4)
7350(5)
7130(6)
NUMnLR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY ALLUVIUM LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS
| CHEMTCAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
IN LFACMATE
STEP 1 STEP ?
COPPFR 0.0025 (01 0.002M1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.002*(o IRON 0.224 (0) O.?67(l>
g 0.181(2)
0.115(3)
0.05?(4)
0.0925(5)
0.0710(6)
0.125(7)
LEAD 0.035 (0) 0.035(1)
0.035(2)
0.035(3)
0.035(4)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
0.03M7)
LITHTUM t (0) .11)
.(2)
.(3)
.CO
.45)
.((>>
.(7)
STEP 3 STEP "ป
0>0112(1) 0.103 (1)
0.0025(2)
2.22(1) 0.265 (1)
0.775(2)
0.198(1) 0.177 (1)
0.151(2)
0.035(1) . (1)
0.035(2)
.(1) 0.0175 (1)
(2)
STEP 5 STEP 6
0.0943(1)
0.ซป9H(2ป
0.313(3)
0.0"ป7Cป)
.(5)
.(6)
0*34(1)
0.4(2)
0*39(3)
0.345(4)
0*37(5)
.(6)
0.136(1)
0.355(2)
0.237(3)
0*41(4)
(5)
.(6)
.(1)
.(2)
.(3)
.(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0325(1)
0.055(2)
0.045(3)
0*06(4)
.(5)
.(6)
+ MUMPER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF Tป|E STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TARLf. 1 PREI IMINARY [)ATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATOHY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFBC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY ALLUVIUM LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS ป
CHEMICAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STtp
IN LrACHATF
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
MAGNFSIUM 1.91 (0) 3.03(1) 1.08(1) 0.0025 (1)
O.f,9e(?> 0.425(2)
0.1*8(1(3)
O.l0{, 12.2(2)
ll.P(S)
11.5(4)
11.3(5)
11.2(6)
11(7)
STEP 5 STtP 6
.00221(1)
.00253(2)
.00174(3)
.00*55(4)
.(5)
.16)
0.0173(1)
0.0636(2)
0.0417(3)
0.0277(4)
.(5)
.(6)
500t-6(l)
500E-6(2)
500t-6(3)
SOQE-6(4)
.(5)
(6)
0.189(1)
0.74(2)
0.498(3)
0.175(4)
.15)
.(6)
12.1(1)
12.2(2)
12.2(3)
12.214)
12.2(5)
12.4(6)
+ NOMnER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VซLUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
ป LEVELS ARr REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS sซ PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE L*BORATOKY PROTOCOL
(LEACHUlG FROM pFRC WASTt AND ATTENUATION Dt ALLUVIUM LEACHING TIME 7 OAYS I
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATF
LEVEL PF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
POTASSIUM
SE| ENIUM
SILICON
SlLVFR
son I MM
.
STEP 1 STEP ?
20 (0) 20(1)
20(2)
20(3)
20(4)
20(5)
20(6>
20(7)
0.06 (0) 0.06(1)
0.06(2)
0.06(3)
0.06(4)
0.06(5)
0.06(6)
0.06(7)
0.669 (0) 0.77?(1)
0.746(2)
1.45(3)
1.0q(4)
1.67(5)
2.33(6)
3.38(7)
0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
16.7 (0) 36.3(1)
47.4(2)
25.6(3)
?.5(
STEP 3
20(1)
20(2)
0.06(1|
0.06(2)
0.519(1)
0.422(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
44.7(1)
71.1(2)
STEP 4 STEP 5 STti> fe
49* (1) 551(1)
2210(2)
1490(3)
5<|5(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.0025 (1) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2|
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
.(5)
.(6)
1.17 (1) 0.588(1)
1.98(2)
1.28(3)
0,619(4)
.(5)
. .(61
0.0914 (1) 0.0905(1)
0.514(2)
0*33(3)
0.0017(4)
.(5)
.(6)
2.5 tit 2.5(1 )
1*. 8(2)
9*34(3)
2.5m
.(5)
.(6)
* NIJMRER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PRCIIMINAPY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
coMpRniF-Hsivr LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LFACHING PROM PFPC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY ALLUVIU* LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS I
to
CIIFM1CAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACMATF
SOI
STRONTIUM
TOS
TlTAfjIIIM
TOC
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP i STEP ? STEP 3 STEP i
1230 (0) 1?90(1> 1210(1) 710 (1)
1360(2) 1310(2)
1360(3)
1110(1)
1?10(5)
1290(61
1080(7)
2.93 10) 1.9p(t) 1.62(1) 1.58 (l)
1.69(2) 1.33(2)
1(3)
0.611(1)
O.l79(ซ5)
0.356(6)
3210 10) 2190(1) 3630(1) 1060 (1)
2?&0(2) 3380(2)
2750(3)
2->00(1)
2270(5)
2110(6)
2?90(7)
100E-5 (0) 100r-ซ(l) 100E-5(1) 0.0158 (1)
100t-5(2) 100E-S(2)
100E-5(3)
100f-S(1)
100E-5(5)
100E-5(6)
100E-5(7)
1.1 (0) .(!> (!) 3.8 (l)
.(2) .(2)
.(3)
. (1>
. (5)
.(6)
.(7)
STEP 5 STtP 6
9f.5(l)
1090(2)
1110(3)
lOaO(H)
H20(5)
1090(6)
2.21(1)
0.751(2)
1.26(3)
2.1(1)
.(5)
.(6)
2500(1)
3210(2)
3360(3)
SUO(1)
3550(5)
3510(6)
0*05(1)
0.166(2)
0*13(3)
0.0516 (H>
(5)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5)
(6)
+ NUMRfR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF 'fit STEP
* LEVELS ARF RrpORTfO AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PP"
-------
1AQLC 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM TllE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LF.ACHING FROM PFOC HASTE AND ATTENUATION RY ALLUVIUM LEACHING TIMf 7 OAYS >
ho
i
U>
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LrACMATE
URANIUM
.
vANAnum
ZINC
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP ?
0.15 (0) 0.15(1)
0.15(2)
0.15(3)
.(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.005 (0) 0.005(1)
0.005(2)
0.005(3)
0.005(4)
0.005(5)
0.005(6)
0.005(7)
0.171 (0) O.OA9e(l)
0.?3?(2>
0.113(3)
0.0129(4)
0.0109(5)
0.0?1(U6)
100E-S(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
0.15(1) (1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1) 0.114 (1|
0.005(2)
0.206(1) 0.0154 (1)
0.112(2)
STEP 5 STEP 6
.(1)
12)
.(3)
.(4)
(5)
.(6)
0.115(1)
0.636(2)
0.406(3)
0.102(4)
.(5)
. (6)
0,0166(1)
O.Q956(2|
0.0631(3)
0.0156(4)
(5)
(6)
* NUMnER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEl/tLs ART RFPORTfD AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PRTLIMINAPY DATA ON (.CACHING AMD ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LFACHIMG FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY LIMESTONE LEACHING TlHf 7 DAYS
CHFMfCAL PARAhFTER
IN LFACHATE
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARltIM
BORON
CAOMTUM
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP i STEP ?
O.fcl4 (0) O.f,6?(l)
0.464(2)
0.ซ5S(3)
0.957(4)
1.23(5)
1.3P(6)
2.23(7)
0.04 (0) 0.04(1)
0.04(2)
0.04(3)
0.04(4)
0.04(5)
0.04 (6)
0.04(7)
0.171 (0) 0.114(1)
0.113(2)
O.OA24I3I
0.0?3(4 )
0.0402(5)
0.0443(6)
0.0474(7'
13.3 (0) 8.54(1)
17.3(2)
6.4^(3)
2.97(4)
2.03(5)
1.57(6)
1.54(7)
0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
STFP 3 STEP "ป
0.493(1) 1.73 (1)
0.369(2)
0.04(1) . (1)
0.04<2)
0.321(1) 0.19 (1)
0.201(2)
22.6(1) 0.639 (1)
27.5(2)
0.0025(1) 0.024 (1)
0.0025(2)
STEP 5
2*81(1)
1*37(2)
4.52(3)
1*41(4)
.(5)
.(6)
.(1)
.12)
.(3)
*(>)
.(5)
.16)
0.127(1)
0.174(2)
0.0963(3)
0.12(4)
.(5)
.(6)
1*97(1)
4*01(2)
1*56(3)
3*76(4)
.15)
.(6)
0.056(1)
0.0025(?)
0.143(3)
0.01*25(4)
.(5)
.(6)
STtp fe
2.57 Ul
. <2)
. (3)
. <ซ)
. ป5)
. (1)
(2)
. (3)
. (*ป)
. (5)
0.173 (1)
. <2>
. (3)
. (ซป)
. (5)
0.41 (1)
. (2)
. (3)
. (**>
. (5)
0.0925 (1)
. <2)
. (3)
. ซป>
. (5)
* MUMPER III PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVEL"! ART RCPORTEO AS LEACIIATF CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAt\t.E 1 PKFlIMINARY UATA On LEACHING ANp ATTENUATION FHOH IMF
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
CLFACMIMG FROM pFRC WASTE AND *TTf"NUATION BY LIMESTONE LEACHING TIME 7 flAYS >
CHrMlCAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
CORAI.T
CONO
LEVEL PF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 1 STEP 2
1700 (0) 1?70(1>
1630(2)
629(4)
559(5)
ft | 9 f ฃ t
j A C \ r* 1
593(7)
0.0622 (0) 0.127(K
o.nSflt?)
0.002f (3)
0.0n25(4)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.002?(7)
4.46 (0) 1.27(1)
1.95(2)
0.5(3)
0.5(4)
.(5)
?*5(6)
.(7)
0.075 (0) 0.075(1)
0.07? (2)
0.075(3)
0.07*(4 )
0.075(5)
0.075(6)
0.075(7)
9530 (0) 6nOp(l)
460p|2)
4l50(3)
3350(4 )
2^7pj 5 )
2700(6)
2HP(7)
STEP 3 STEP 4
1790(1) 549 (1)
1660(2)
0.2(1) 0.124 (1)
0.316(2)
15(1) . (1)
22.5(2)
0.075(1) 2.*1* (1)
0.075(2)
9000(1) 2630 (1)
950C(2)
STCl1 3
ป58,1)
1*50(21
1090(4)
.(5)
.(6)
0.218(1)
0.119(2)
0.451(3)
0.135(4)
.(5)
. (6)
d)
.(2)
(3)
.(4)
.(5)
. ( fr )
4ปB6( 1 |
2*22(2)
7*96(3)
2.41(4)
.(5)
.(6)
6400(1)
7230(2)
7280(3)
6900(4)
7650(5)
7800(6)
STEP fe
200 (1)
. (2)
I (41
. ซ5>
0*182 (1)
. *2)
. (3)
. (*)
. (5)
. (1)
(2)
. (3)
* I1*)
. (5)
"ป.29 (1)
(2)
. (3)
(*"
. (5)
1540 (1)
1470 (2)
1650 (3)
1510 (4)
1490 (5)
+ NIIMHER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVFL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
ARr RFPORTFD AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TARLI i MRTLIMINARI DATA ntj LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM Tut
COMPftriirNslVF LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LFftCHTMG FROM PFOC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY LIMESTONE LEACHING TIMฃ 7 DAYS '
to
CHFKTCAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
COPPFrt
IRON
LEftO
LITHIUM
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP ป
0.0025 <0> 0.0025(1) 0.0112(1) 0.165 (1)
0.0r>25(?) 0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
O.OP25(4)
0.0tป2?(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
0.7B5 (0) 2.32(1) 2.22(1) 0.635 (1)
1.21(2) 0.775(2)
0 ,1i ( 3 )
0.^9(4 )
. (5)
O.i|05(6>
.(7)
0.221 (0) 0.267(1) 0.198(1) 0.0987 (1)
0.181(2) 0.154(2)
0.115(3)
0.052(1)
0.0925(5)
0.0711(6)
0.125(7)
0.035 10) 0.035(1) 0.035(1) . (1)
0.035(2) 0.035(2)
0.03?(3)
0.035(4)
0.035(5)
0.035(6)
0.035(7)
. (0) .11) .(1) 0.0275 (1)
.(2) .(2)
.(3)
. (4 )
.(5)
.(6)
.(7)
STEP 5
0.262(1)
0.127(2)
O.'ISBO)
0.137(1)
.(5)
. (6)
0.6(1)
0*66(2)
0.56(3)
0.53(4)
0.71(5)
0.565(6)
0.173(1)
0.0736(2)
0.261(3)
0.0918(1)
.(5)
. (6)
.11)
.(2)
.(3)
.(4)
.(5)
.16)
0.075(1)
0.04(2)
0.085(3)
0.065(4)
.(5)
.(6)
STEP b
0.246 (1)
. (2)
. ซ3>
. Cซ)
. <5)
. ID
. ซ2>
. (3)
. <** )
. C5)
0.137 ID
. (2)
. (3)
. m
. (5)
. U)
. <2>
. (3)
. (<*)
. <5)
o.oa u>
. (2)
. <3)
. <1>
. <5)
+ MUMPER IM PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF fHE STEP
* LEVEL* ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATt CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAOIE i PKUIMINM^Y DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM Tut
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEftCMlNG FROM PFRC WASTE ANn ATTENUATION BY LIMESTONE LEACHING TIMr 7 DAYS >
CIIFMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACllATE
srrp i
MAGNESIUM 1.9) (0)
MAMGANESr .00103 (0)
MERCURY . (01
NICKFL 0.0113 (0)
PM 11.8 (0)
-
LEVEL OF PARAMETER OY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP ? STEP 3 STEP "ป
3.03(1) 1.08(1) .00856 (1)
0.696(2) O.iป25(2)
O.ซ8p(5)
O.IOM4)
0.305(5)
0.22fi(6)
0.319(7'
500E-6(1) 500E-6(1ป 0.0215 nt
500C-M2) 500E-6(2)
500E-6(3)
500E-fiCซ)
500E-6C5)
500E-6(6>
500f-6(7ป
.(D ซ(1) 500E-6 Uป
.(2) .12)
.(3)
.(Ml
.(5ป
.(61
.(7)
O.Ol(l) 0.01(1) 0.275 (i)
0.0i(2) 0.01(2)
O.OS9?(3)
0.0i(i|ป
O.n6f(5)
O.OKf )
0.0j(7)
!?.?(!) 12.3(1) 11.9 (i)
11.9(2) 12.2(2)
11.8(3)
n.sm
11.3(5)
11>?(6)
11(7)
STEป' 5
0.0067(1 )
.00611(2)
.00389(3)
0.0082(4)
.(5)
.(*)
0.0^62(1 )
0.0181(2)
0.0562(31
0. 0195(1)
.(5)
.(6)
50Qt-6(l)
SOQE-6(2)
500t-6<3)
500E-6C4)
.(5)
.(61
0.161(1)
0.268(2)
0.668(3)
0.258(M)
.(5)
. (f)
l2.1(lป
12.2(2)
12.2(3)
12.3(1)
12.2(5)
12.4(6)
STEP 6
0.0138 (1)
. J2>
. (3)
. m
. (3)
O.OJ23 (1)
. (2)
. (3)
. ()
. (5)
500E-6 (U
. (2)
. (3)
. CM
. (5)
0*358 (1)
. (21
. (3)
. (M)
. (5)
11. 1 (1)
9.19 (?l
8.1* (3)
8.16 m>
8.2b (5)
iHJMPER 1H PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PHU IMINART DATA ON LEACHING ANO ATTENUATION FROM tut
coMpREHFNsivr LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FnOK pFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY LIMESTONE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS '
ISJ
I
oo
CMFMFCAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACMATE
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
sii ICON
SlLVFR
SODIUM
LEVFL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP *
20 (oi 2o(i> 20(i) eta ut
20(?) 20(2)
20(3)
20(M)
20(S)
20(6)
20(7)
0.06 (0) 0.06(1) 0.06(1) 0.0025 (l)
0.06(2) 0.06(2)
0.06(3)
0.06CO
0.06(5)
0.06(f.)
0.06(7)
0.669 (0) 0.772(1) 0.519(1) 1.13 (1)
0.746(2) 0.422(2)
1 ,M5(S)
1.0m"*)
1.67(5)
2.33(6)
3.3fl(7)
0.0025 (0) 0.0025(1) 0.0025(1) 0.175 (1)
0.00251?) 0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(5)
0.0025(6)
0.0025(7)
16.7 (0) 36.3(1) MM. 7(1) 6.62 (1)
M7.M(2) 71.1(2)
25.6(3)
2. SCO
2.5(5)
2.5(6)
STfH 5
1^70(1)
^71(2)
2ฐBO(3)
flll (M )
.(5)
. (6)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.0025(3)
0,0025(H)
.(5)
.(6)
1*19(1)
0.631(2)
1.76(3)
0 .6m ( M )
.(5)
.(6)
0.29iป(i)
0.13M (?)
O.H83(3)
0*15(1)
.(5)
.(6)
9.06(1)
2.5(2)
1^.6(3)
Mซ02(M )
.(5)
.(6)
STLP &
1150
,
.
.
O.OQ25
^
3.09
0.256
.
0.51
*
(1)
( 2)
(3)
(t )
(5)
11)
(2)
( 3)
m
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(M)
(5)
(1)
(2 I
(3)
(M)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(3)
CM)
(5)
+ NUMBER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF UlE STEP
* LEwrLm ARF RFPORTFD AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
1 PRELIMINARY OปTA ON LtACHING ANp ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY LIMESTONE LEACHING TIMr 7 DAYS
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
STEP 1
SOI 1?30 (0)
STRONTIUM 2.93 (0)
TdS 3210 (0)
TITANIUM 100F-5 <0|
TOC 1.1 (01
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STCP 2
l?9()(l)
I.l6o
161 (5)
2.57 ID
. <2)
. 13)
. m
. (5)
1120 <1)
1260 12)
1110 (3)
1350 (1)
1320 (5)
0.0925 (1)
. 12)
. (3)
. ซ1)
. (5)
(11
(2)
(3)
(1)
(5)
+ MUMPER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVELS ARF RFPORTFD AS LEACHATC CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAUtt 1 t'RCl IWINftRY r>ATft ON LtftCHlNG AMO ATTENUATION FROM THE
co"ipnnปnisivr LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ปLfACHING TROll pFRC WASTE AMD ATTFNuATtON Dt LIMESTONE LEACHING TIME 7 DAYS '
CHEMICAL PARAMETER LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
TN LFACHATF
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4
URANIUM 0.15 (0) 0-15(1) 0.15(1) . (1)
0.15(2) 0.15(2)
0.15(3)
. ((2) O.}12(?)
0 0.113(3)
0.0129(4)
0.0109(5)
STEP 5
.(1)
.(21
.13)
.14)
.15)
.(6)
0.371(1)
0.174(2)
0.595(3)
0.166(M )
.15)
.(6)
0.0555(1 )
0.0261(2)
0.0912(3)
0.0261(4)
.(5)
SUP 6
. (1)
. (2)
. (3)
. (4 )
. (5)
0.32 tl)
. (2)
. (3)
. (4 )
. (51
0.0516 (1)
. (2)
(3)
. (41
. (5)
100F-5J7)
-------
ON LtACMlNG ANo ATTENUATION FROf ปHf
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
FROM PFnC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SHALE LEACHIN& TIME 2 DAYS ป
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATF
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
ALUMINUM
AR.sEuIC
BARIUM
80ROH
CAnMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COBALT
COND
copprw
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MAmGANcSr
MERCURY
NICKEL
PH
POTASSIUK
SELEtJlUM
SILICON
sit vrR
SODIUM
SOI
STRONTIUM
TtK
TITANIUM
TOc
URANIUM
VANAnlUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.76B
0.01
O.P83
12.3
0.0025
1120
0.0025
8.62
0.075
21700
0.0025
0.966
0.264
0.035
.
0.865
500E-6
.
0.01
12.2
20
0.06
0.65
0.0025
3.73
1570
1.62
3*50
100E-5
3.7
0.15
0.005
0.323
STCP 2
10)
(0)
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0|
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
STEP 3 STFP ซ STEP 5 STEP fc
ป ID
ID
. (D
(D
(D
(1)
. ID
(D
. (D
1030 (i)
. (D
0.2 (D
ID
(D
(D
(D
. (D
(D
. (D
12 ID
(1)
(D
(D
(D
. (D
965 |i)
(1)
2200 (1)
. ID
. ID
. (D
. (D
(D
+ NUMRCR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF T||E STEP
* LfvCL<: ARF RrPORTEO As LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
to
TAHLE i PREIIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFBC WASTE ซNO ATTENUATION BY INTERBUROEN LEACHING TIME ? DAYS >
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACMATE
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COnAl T
COND
COPPFR
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKFL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SOnlUM
SOU
STRONTIUM
TOS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.768
0.04
0.283
12.3
0.0025
1120
0.0025
a. 62
0.075
2M700
0.0025
0.968
0.26H
0.035
,
0.665
500E-6
.
0.01
12.2
20
0.06
0.65
0.0025
3.73
1570
l.flP
3650
100E-5
3.7
0.15
0.005
0.323
STEP ?
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(01
(01
10)
10)
(0)
( 0 I
(0)
10)
10)
10)
10)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
STEP 3 STEP ป STEP 5 STtP fa
. (D
. Ill
(1)
(D
ID
111
. ID
111
ID
1530 ui
. Ill
0.52 (D
ID
. Ill
ID
. ID
. ID
. ID
. ID
12 (11
(D
(D
. ID
ID
ID
1250 (1)
ID
2630 (1)
ID
. (D
(D
(D
. ID
* NUMflER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACMATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
u>
CHEMICAL
IN LFACHATE
TAQl E 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
LEACHING FROM pFBC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIMf ? DAYS
ป"" *" ปปป.ป ป ปป .ป ปป^ปปปซป.ป* ซปปปป_
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
ALUMINUM
ARsEfHC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CAI CtUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COqAi T
COND
COPPFR
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNfSIU"
MANGANESE
MERCdRY
NICKEL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
Sll ICON
SILVFR
SODIUM
SOU
STROnTlUM
TD<5
TITANIUM
TOC
URANIUM
VANAnlUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.768
0.04
0.263
12.3
0.0025
1120
0.0025
8.62
0.075
21700
. 0.0025
0.96B
0.261
0.035
.
0.065
500E-6
.
0.01
12.2
20
0.06
0.65
0.0025
3.73
1570
1.B2
3650
100E-5
3.7
0.15
0.005
0.323
STEP ?
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
STEP 3 STEP 1 STEP 5 STEP (,
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
U>
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
5510 |1)
(1)
0.73 (1)
(1)
11)
. (1).
(1)
(1)
. ( 1 )
(1)
12.2 (1)
(1)
(1)
. (11
. (1)
(1)
1190 (1)
. (1)
2B80 (1)
. (1)
(1)
. (1)
(1)
. (1)
IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF Tป|E STEP
LEVELS ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PRFI IMINARY DATA ON LEACHING ANo ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILEACHING FROM pFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GREERLI*EsTONE LEACHING TIMF 2 HAYS I
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATE
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
.
ALllMfNUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
CORAi T
COND
COPPFR
f
K, IRON
K5 LEAD
*" LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANF.SF
MERCURY
NlrKfL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVFR
SODIUM
S0lป
STRONTIUM
TOS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
STEP I
0.766
O.OM
0.283
12. a
0.0025
1120
0.0025
8.62
0.075
2H700
0.0025
0.966
0.264
0.035
0.665
500E-6
o.oi
12.2
20
0.06
0.65
0.0025
3.73
1570
1.62
3650
100E-5
3.7
0.15
0.005
0.323
STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP ป STEP 5 STEP 6
(0)
(0)
101
<0)
10)
10)
(01
(01
(0)
(0)
(01
(0|
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
<0|
(01
(0)
(01
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
(01
(0)
(01
(01
(0)
4 NIIMRER IN PARFNTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
ARF RFPORTEO AS LfACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
1 I'KH IMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AMI) ATTENUATION FROM
COMpRfHfNSIVr LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILCACMIMG FROM PFBC WASTE ANO ATTENUATION BY GLACIAL TILL LEACHING TIME ? DAYS >
CHrMlCAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATF
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CAnMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
CORAl T
COwD
COPPFR
r
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAKNF.SIUM
MANGANf.Sr
MERCURY
NICKFL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVFH
SOnlUM
SOU
STRONTIUM
TOS
TlTANlimt
TOr
URANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.768
0.01
0.2B3
12.3
0.0025
1120
0.0025
8.62
0.075
?'I700
0.0025
0.968
0.264
0.035
.
0.865
500F.-6
.
0.01
12.2
20
0.06
0.65
0.0025
3.73
1570
1.82
3650
100E-5
3.7
0.15
0.005
0.323
STEP 2
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0 )
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(Ol
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
10)
10)
(0 |
(0)
(0|
(0)
10)
10)
10)
10,
STEP 3 STEP ป STEP 3 STEP 6
ID
ID
ID
. ID
ID
ID
. ID
ID
ID
3680 (D
ID
0.645 (1)
ID
. ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
. (D
11.9 ID
ID
ID
ID
. ID
* (D
1100 (i|
ID
2220 (D
ID
ID
ID
ID
ID
NUMfUR Iป PARENTHESES AFTER LEVfL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVfLS APT Rf[>ORTFO AS LFACHATF CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
to
N3
TABLE i PKEI IMINAUT DATA ON LI-ACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFRC WASTE ANn ATTENUATION BY ALLUVIUM LEACHIN& TIME 2 DAYS >
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATF
LEVEL or PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CAI CIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
CORAtT
COND
COPPFR
f
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKEL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SIl VFR
sonluM
SOU
STRONTIUM
TDS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANIUM
VANAnlU*
ZINC
STEP I
0.766
0.04
0.283
12.3
0.0025
1120
0.0025
8.62
0.075
24700
0.0025
0.968
0.26H
0.035
.
0.665
500E-6
.
0.01
12*2
20
0.06
0.65
0.0025
3.73
1570
1.62
3650
100E-5
3.7
0.15
0.005
0.323
STEP 2
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
(01
(0)
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
STEP 3 STEP 1 STEP 5 STEP fc
. (1)
. (1)
(1)
* (1)
. (1)
. (1)
. (11
(11
. (1)
4880 (1)
(1)
0.495 <1)
t (1)
. (1)
. (1)
(1)
(11
ซ (1)
(1)
12.1 (1)
(1)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
. (1)
965 (1)
. (1)
2350 (U
. (1)
. (1)
(11
(1)
(1)
* NIIMRER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEX/EL* ARF REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
NJ
TABLE 1 PRฃ| IMINARV OMfc ON LUCHlNG AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACHING FROM pFRC HASTE AND ATTFNUAT10N BY LIMESTONE LEACHIN& TIME 2 DAYS
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATE
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
CL
COBAL T
CONO
COPPER
F
IRON
LEAD
LlTHfUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESF
MERCURY
NltKEL
PH
POTAsSIUf
SELENIUM
SIl ICON
SILVER
SODIUM
SOU
STRONTIUM
TO*
TITANIUM
TOr
URANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.768
0.01
0.283
12.3
0.0025
1120
0.0025
0.62
0.075
21700
0.0025
0.966
0.264
0.035
,
0.865
500E-6
.
0.01
12.2
20
0.06
0.65
0.0025
3.73
1570
1.02
3650
100E-5
3.7
0.15
0.005
0.323
STEP 2
(01
10)
(0)
(0)
(01
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(UI
(0)
(0)
(0)
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
STEP 3 STEP ป STEP 5 STLP fc
(11
(1)
(1 >
(1)
. (1)
(1)
. (1)
. (1)
. (1)
5550 11)
. (1)
0.035 (1)
(1)
. (1)
(1)
11)
(D
(11
(1)
12.2 |l)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
(11
(1)
975 (1)
(1)
2H90 (1)
(1)
. (1)
(11
(1)
. ID
4 MtmnCR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
. LEWELS ARF REPORTFO AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAOLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA Ofl LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THF
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACHING FROM pFOC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SHALE LEACHING TIME 1 DAYS >
CHEMTCAL PARAMETER
TN LEACHATE
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
OARlllM
BORON
CAOMTUM
CALCIUM
^o CHROMIUM
NJ
00 CL
CORALT
CONO
COPPER
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
STEP 1
0.949
0.04
0.163
8.08
0.0025
1460
0.0025
4.92
0.075
10900
0.0025
1.09
0.344
0.035
.
2.58
500E-6
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP ?
o.*e?(i)
0.302(2)
O.OiHJ)
0.919(1)
0.11(21
5.8?(1)
0.0025(1 )
0.0025(2)
1930(1)
1160(2)
o.on2
1.03(1)
.(2)
O.o7ซi( i )
0.075(2)
8250(1)
3940(2)
0.0025(1 )
0.0025(2)
0.43(1)
0.57(2)
O.?3ft(t )
0.183(2)
0.035(1)
0.035(2)
.(1)
.(2)
2.36(1)
1.15(2)
500E-6U)
SOOE-f (2)
.(1)
STEP 3
0.646(1)
0.04(1)
0.161(1)
22.2(1)
0.0025(1)
1360(1)
0.0025(1)
51(1)
0.075(1)
11000(1)
0.0025(1)
1.21(1)
0.213(1)
0.035(1)
(1)
0.631(1)
500E-6U)
(1)
STEP 4
0.288
0.04
0.0859
0.0996
0.0025
1350
0.169
6.75
0.075
5200
0.0025
0.37
0.324
0.035
ป
0.0927
.00344
STEP 5 STEP 6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1) .
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
+ NUMnfR IN PARFNTHEsES AFTER LEVFL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF
* LEVELS ART REPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
STEP
-------
TARLE i PREI IHINAPY DATA ON LLACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFRC HASTE AND ATTENUATION BV SHALE LEACHlN^ TIME 1 DAYS >
CHEMICAL PARAMCTER
IN LFACMATF
NICKFL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SlLVrR
SODIUM
SOI
STRONTIUM
TOS
TITANIUM
TOr
URANIUM
VANAnlllM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.01
12
20
0.06
1.22
0.0025
2.5
1590
1.39
3800
100E-5
1.58
0.15
0.005
O.M96
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0|
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEVEL or PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 8
.(2)
O.Oi(l)
0.01(2)
12.2(1)
20(1)
20(2)
O.Of (1 )
0.06(2)
O.ซ2?(l)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
?ซS(1)
16.6(2)
1260(1 )
1380(2)
1.36(1)
0.01(2)
3700(1)
2330(2)
100F-S(1)
100F-5(2)
.(1)
.(2)
0.15(1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1)
0.005(2)
O.?9p(l)
0.0l7fi(?)
STEP 3
0.01(1)
12.3(1)
20(1)
0.06(1)
0.602(1)
0.0025(1)
11.6(1)
1150(1)
1.6(1)
3110(1)
100E-5U)
.(1)
0.15(1)
0.005(1)
0.175(1)
STEP 1
0.0669
12
20
0.06
1.16
0.0025
20
955
3.3
1780
100E-5
0.15
0.005
0.171
STEP 5 STEP 6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
4 NIIMnrR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF RFPORTFD AS LEftCMATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LC-ACtllNG AND ATTENUATION FHOK TUf
COMPRFIIfNSlVr LAflORATOHY PROTOCOL
(LFACHIM6 FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION Or INTERHllRDEN LEACHING TIMC 1 DAYS >
CHFMICAL PARAfFTER
TN LFACIIATF
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CA| CIUM
CHROMIUM
S3
ฃ CL
CORAi T
CONO
COPPFR
F
IRON
LtAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESF
MERCURY
STEP 1
0.949
0.04
0.183
8. OB
0.0025
1460
0.0025
4.92
0.075
10900
0.0025
1.09
0.311
0.035
2. SB
500E-6
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEVEL PF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP ?
0.^8?, 1J
O.s02(2)
0.04(1)
o!?l9(lป
0.11(2)
5.8?(1)
14. K2)
0.0025(1 )
0.002f,|?)
1930(1)
1160(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0217(2)
1.03(1)
O.n7s!l)
0.075(2)
6250(1)
0.0fl2*(l)
0.0025(2)
0.13(1)
0.57(2)
O.?3|>| 1 )
0.183(2)
O.o3ซ>( 1)
0.035(2)
.(1)
11 C J O t
ซ +* \ * I
500F-M1I
500E-6(2)
.(!'
STEP 3
0.616(1)
0.04(1)
0.161(1)
22.2(1)
0.0025(1 )
1360(1)
0.0025(1)
51(1)
0.075(1)
11000(1)
0.0025(1)
1.21(1)
0.213(1)
0.035(1)
(1)
0.631(1)
500E-6U)
.(11
STEP 1
0.346
0.04
0.0782
1.3
O.Q025
1830
0.0025
2.7
0.075
5100
0.0025
O.B1
0.168
0.035
.
0.0643
500E-6
STEP 5 STtP ฃ
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
IM PARFNTHESES AFTER LEVtL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LFVFLS ARF REPORTED AS LFACMATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE i PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILEACHING FROM PFOC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY INTERfHJROEN LEACHING TIME 1 DAYS ป
CHEMTCAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATE
NlCKFL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
SOU
STRONTIUM
TDS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANIUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.01
12
20
0.06
1.22
0.0025
2.5
1590
1.39
3800
100E-5
1.58
0.15
n.nos
0.496
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
<0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
<0l
(0)
10)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 9
O.Ol'(l)
0.0i(2)
!??(!)
lt.P(2)
20(1)
20(2)
0.06(1)
0.0f(2)
O.n27(l>
0.964(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
7*5(1 )
16*6(2)
1260(1)
1360(2)
1.36(1)
3700(1)
2330(2)
100E-5I1)
100E"5(2)
.11)
O.lR(l)
0.15(2)
O.OOfi(l)
0.005(2)
O.?50(l)
0.047fl(2)
STEP 3
0.01(1)
12.3(1)
20(1)
0.06(1)
0.602(1)
0.0025(1)
11.6(1)
1450(1)
1*6(1)
31*ป0(1)
100E-5(1)
d)
0.15(1)
0.005(1)
0.475(1)
STEP ซป STEP 5 STEP 6
0.01 (1)
12 (1)
20 (1)
0.06 (1)
1.37 (1)
0.0025 (1)
5.31 (1)
1270 (1)
ซ.2 (11
2660 (1)
100E-5 (1)
. U>
0.15 (1)
0.005 (1)
0.266 (1)
* NUMfUR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VAl-UE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF Tj|E STEP
* LEVELS ARr RfPORTfD AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPH
-------
}if fislvc LflBOR*TC)f CL
CORAi T
COwO
COPPFR
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAfiHFSIUv
MAwGANFSF
MERCllHY
+ NUHHER
* LEVELS
STEP 1
0.949
n.04
0.183
a. OP
0.0025
1460
0.0025
4.92
0.075
10900
0.0025
1.09
0.344
0.035
.
2.58
500E-6
IN PARENTHESES
(01
(0)
(0)
(0,
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
AFTER
LEVEL PF PARAMETER DY PROTOCOL STFp
STEP 2
0.562,1,
0.014(1)
0.0iป (?)
O.?l9(l)
I'.Brnl
o.on2Mi!
0.0025(2)
1930(1)
1160(2)
0.002^(1)
0.02l7(?)
1.03(1)
.(2)
0.075(1 )
0.075(2)
8?50(1)
0.0025(1)
0.002f>(2)
0.43(1)
0.57(2)
O.?3e(l)
0.03M1)
0.035(2)
.(1)
.(2)
lil5(?)
500t-f.(l>
500f-6(2)
.(1)
LEVEL VALUE
STEP 3
0.646(1)
0.04(1)
0.161(1)
22.2(1)
0.0025(1)
1360(1)
0.0025(1)
51(1)
0.075(1)
11000(1)
0.0025(1)
1.21(1)
0.213(1)
0.035(1)
(1)
0.631(1)
SOOE-6(1)
.(1)
INDICATES THE
STEP 4
0.34*
0.04
0.0677
2.74
0.0025
1870
0.0143
5.25
0.075
6450
0.0025
0.495
0.207
0.035
0.0608
500E-6
STEP 5 STEP ft
(It
(1)
(11
(1)
(1)
(1)
11)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(U
PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
ARF RrPORTEO AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAOLE i PKFI IMINARV DATA ON (.LACMING AND ATTENUATION FROM IHE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LFACilluG FROM pFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY SANDSTONE LEACHING TIML 1 DAYS >
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATE
NlfKFL
PH
POTASSIUM
sEi ENIIIM
sit ICON
SlLVFR
fO
U) SODIUM
CO
SOU
STRONTIUP
TDS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANTUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.01
12
20
0.06
1.22
0.0025
2.5
1590
1.39
3800
100E-5
1.58
0.15
0.005
0.496
10)
(0)
(0)
CO)
CO)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0 |
(0)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER OY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 9
0.01(1)
0.01(2)
12.2(1)
11.0(2)
20(1)
20(2)
O.Oft(l)
O.OM2)
O.*27(l)
0.964(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
Sป*M1)
16*6(2)
1260(1)
MBO(2)
1.36(1)
0.61(2)
3700(1)
2330(2)
100E-SI1)
100r-5(2)
.(1)
.(2)
0.15(1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1)
0.005(2)
0.2&M1)
0.0470(2)
STEP 3
0.01(1)
12.3(1)
20(1)
0.06(1)
0.602(1)
0.0025(1)
11.6(1)
1450(1)
4.6(1)
3110(1)
100E-S(1)
.11)
0.15(1)
0.005(1)
0.475(1)
STEP 1
0.01
12.1
20
0.06
1.27
0.0025
11.7
1190
1.1
2760
100E-5
.
0.15
0.005
0.245
STEP 5 STEP 6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
111
* NUKnCR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVct VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARF RFPORTED AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAW t 1 t'RLl IMINAHf rjATA ON I. (.ACHING AMo ATTEM.ปAT ION FROM TttE
COMPRMlFNSlVf LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(0)
(0)
( 0 )
( 0 )
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
AFTER
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP ?
0.^82,1)
0.30?(2)
0.04(1)
0.04(2)
O.?l9(l )
0.11(2)
5.82(1)
14.6(2)
0.0025(1 )
0.0025(2'
1930(1 )
1160(2)
0.002M1)
0.0217(2)
1.03(1)
0.075(1)
0.075(2)
8250(1)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.13d)
0.57(2)
O.?3eil)
0,183(2)
0.035(1)
0.035(2)
. ( 1 >
.(2)
2.36(1)
1.15(2)
500E-S(1>
500F-6
-------
Ui
TAIH.E 1 PRELIMINARY DATA ON LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COwRCHFNSlVr LABORATORY PROTOCOL
ILFACHIMG FROM PFRC WASTt AND ATTFNUATlOM f!Y GREERLIMESTONE LtACHIN^ TIMF 1 DAYS >
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
IN LFACHATE
NICKFL
PH
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SI| ICON
SILVER
soninH
S04
STROwTTUr
TOS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANIUM
VANAOIIIM
2INC
-
STEP 1
0.01
12
20
0.06
1.22
0.0025
2.5
1590
1.39
3600
100E-5
l.Sfl
0.15
0.005
0.496
(01
( 0 )
( 0 )
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP ?
.(2)
0.01(1)
0.01(2)
19.2(1)
11.0(2)
20(1)
20(2)
0.06(1)
0.06(2)
0.027(1)
0.964(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
??(!>
16. f (2)
1260(1)
1360(2)
1.3fi(l)
0.61(2)
3700(1)
2330(2)
lOOE-S(l)
lOOE-5(2)
.(11
.(2)
0.15(1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1)
O.OOM?)
0.?SR(1)
0.047M2)
STEP 3
0.01(1)
12.3(1)
20(1)
0.06(1)
0.602(1)
0.0025(1)
11.6(1)
1450(1)
4.6(1)
3140(1)
100E-5(1)
(1)
0.15(1)
0.005(1)
0.475(1)
STEP 4 STEP 5 STtP 6
0.01 (1)
. (1)
20 (1)
0.06 (1)
1.H4 (1)
0.0025 (1)
27.4 d)
. (D
5.57 (1)
. (1)
100E-3 (1)
( 1>
0.15 (1)
0.005 (1)
0.248 (1)
4 NIIMHER 1H PARENTtlLstS AFTER LEVfL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEI/EL* ART RFPORTFD AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TA(ut I ป'ซr.LlMINAHt oMA ON LLACHUjG ANO ATTENUATION FROM iHt
COMPRFHENSIVC LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LFflCHTMG FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BT GLACIAL TILL LEACHING TIME 1 DAYS '
CHEMICAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACHATE
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
RARlIlM
BORON
CADMIUM
CA| CIUH
CHROMIUM
S3
(jj CL
CORAi T
CONO
COPPFR
F
IRON
LEAD
LlTMtUM
HARNFSIUM
MAN6ANESF
MERCURY
STEP 1
0.9M9
0.01
0.183
8.08
0.0025
1H60
0.0025
1.92
0.075
10900
0.0025
1.09
0.3f 4
0.035
.
2.58
500E-6
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(C)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEYEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP ?
0.5B?(1,
0.04(1)
0.04(2)
O.?l9( 1 )
0.11(2)
5.8?(1 )
mซM?)
o.on2s(i )
0.0025(2)
1930(1)
1160(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0?l7 ( 2 )
1.03(1)
0.075(1)
0.075(2)
8250(1)
39lป0(2l
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.13(1 )
0.57(2)
O.?3fl(l)
0.183(2)
0.035(1)
0.035(2)
.(1)
.(2)
2.36(1)
1.15(2)
500E-6C1)
500F-6(2)
.(1)
STEP 3
0.646(1)
0.04(1)
0.161(1)
22.2(11
0.0025(1)
1360(1)
0.0025(1)
51(1)
0.075(1)
11000(1)
0.0025(1)
1.21(1)
0.213(1)
0.035(1)
(1>
0.631(1)
500C-6(1)
.(1)
STEP H STEP > STEP 6
. (1)
. (1)
. (11
. (1)
(1)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
H090 (1)
. (1)
0.785 (1)
. (1)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
. (1)
in PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LFwEL* ARF REPORTFO A55 LfACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLE 1 PREI IMINARV DATA OH LEACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM Tป|t
COMPREHFNSlVF LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(IFftCMING FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY GLACIAL TItL LEACHING TIMC 1 DAYS ป
CMrMlCAL PARAMFTER
IN LFACMATt
MlcKrL
Pll
POTASSIUM
SE| ENIUM
SILICON
SILVCH
snniiiH
so*
STRONTIUM
TDS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANTUM
VANADIUM
/INC
STEP 1
0.01
12
20
0.06
1.22
0.0025
2.5
1590
1.39
3600
100E-3
1.58
0.15
0.005
0.*96
(01
(01
(0)
(0)
(0|
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEp
STEP 2
.(2)
o.oio)
0.01(2)
12.2(1)
11.8(2)
20(1)
2(1(2)
0.06(1)
0.06(2)
O.M27U)
0.96*(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
2.5(1)
16.6(2)
1260(1)
13*0(2)
1.36(1)
0.&K2)
3700(1ป
2330(2)
lOOE-S(l)
100F-S(2)
.(1)
.(2)
0.15(1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1)
0.005(2)
O.?5e(l)
0.0*70(2)
STEP 3
0.01(1)
12.3(1)
20(1)
0.06(1)
0.602(1)
0.0025(1)
11.6(1)
1*50(1)
*. 6(1 )
3140(1)
100E-5(1)
(1)
0.15(1)
0.005(1)
O.*75(l)
STEP 1 STEP 5 STEP 6
(1)
12 (1)
* (1)
(1)
(1)
* (1)
(1)
1160 (1)
(1)
2130 (1)
. (1)
(1)
. (1)
. (1)
. (1)
+ NUMRER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVtL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVELS ARr RFPORTFO AS LEACHATF. CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAflLE 1 PRELIMINARY DATA OM LLACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THf
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM pFflC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY ALLUVIUM LEACHING TIME 1 OAYS )
CHFMTCAL PARAMETER
IN IrACM/lTF
ALUMINUM
ARSEfjIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CHROMIUM
N3
oo CL
COnALT
coraD
COPPFR
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNFSIll-'
MAnGANESr
MCRCllRY
STEP 1
0.949
0.04
0.183
8.08
0.0025
1460
0.0025
4.92
0.075
10900
0.0025
1.09
0.344
0.035
.
2.58
500E-6
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP S
O.S8?(1)
0.302(2)
0.04(1)
0.04(2)
0.2l9(l )
O.ll(P)
5.82(1)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
1930(1)
1160(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0?17(2)
1.03(1)
0.075(1)
0.075(2)
8?SO<1)
39*0(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.13(1)
0.57(2)
O.p3s(l )
0.1^3(2)
0.035(1)
0.035(2)
.(1)
.(2)
2.36(1)
1.15(2)
500C-M1)
500F-6(2>
.(1)
STEP 3
0.646(1)
0.04(1)
0.161(1)
22.2(1)
0.0025(1)
1360(1)
0.0025(1)
51(1)
0.075(1)
11000(1)
0.0025(1)
1.21(1)
0.213(1)
0.035(1)
(1)
0.631(1)
500E-6(1)
d)
STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6
i 111
. (1)
. (1)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
. (1)
5200 (1)
(1)
0.53 (1)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
NUMnFR IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVEL'S ARr RrPORTFO AS LFACHATC CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TABLf 1 PKELIMINARY DATA ON LtACHING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY PROTOCOL
(LEACHING FROM PFBC WASTE AND ATTENUATION RV ALLUVIUM LEACHING TIMF 1 DAYS ป
CHEMTCAL PAPAMETER
IN LFACHATE
NICKFL
PM
POTASSIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
to SODIUM
u>
"ฐ sot
STRONTIUM
TDS
TITANIUM
TOC
URftNTUM
VANADIUM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.01
12
20
0.06
1.22
0.0025
2.5
1590
1.39
3AOO
100E-5
1.58
0.15
0.005
0.196
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 2
.(2)
0.01(1)
12.2(1)
11.8(2)
20(1)
20(2)
0.06(1)
0.06(2)
O.ซ27(l)
0.96n(?)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
2*5(1)
16*6(2)
1260(1)
13*0(2)
1.36(1)
0.61(2)
3700(1)
2330(2)
100E-5(1)
100E-f>(2)
.(1)
.(2)
0.15(1)
0.15(2)
0.005(1)
0.005(2)
0.?5|M1I
0.0*7(1(2)
STEP 3
0.01(1)
12.3(1)
20(1)
0.06(1)
0.602(1)
0.0025(1)
11.6(1)
1150(1)
1.6(1)
3110(1)
100E-S(1)
(1)
0.15(1)
0.005(1)
0.175(1)
STEP 1 STEP 5 STEP 6
(1)
12.1 (1)
. (1)
. (1)
(1)
. (1)
. (1)
1050 (1)
. (1)
2710 (i)
. (1)
. (1)
. (1)
(1)
ซ (1)
* NDMnER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVEL* ARr RFPORTFO AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TAHLt 1 PRELIMINARY t)ATA Ofj LEACHING ANn ATTENUATION FROM THE
coHpRfurNsive LABORATORY PROTOCOL
LFACMING FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY LlMtSTONE LEACHING TIMF 1 OAYS '
CHFMfCAL PARAHFTER
IN LFACHATF
ALUMINUM
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BORON
CADMIUM
CA|CIUM
CHROMIUM
to
0 CL
COBALT
COMD
COPPER
F
IRON
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNFSIUM
MANGANESF
MERCURY
STEP 1
0.949
0.04
0.183
8.08
0.0025
1460
0.0023
4.92
0.075
10900
0.0025
1.09
0.344
0.035
.
2.58
500E-6
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(01
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
LEVEL OF PARAMETER BY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP ?
0.58?(1)
0.302(2)
0.04(1)
O.?l9(l)
0.11(2)
5.8?(l)
14*6(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
1930(1)
1160(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0217(2)
1.03(1)
.(2)
0.075(1)
0.075(2)
8250(1)
3^40(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
0.43(1)
0.57(2)
O.?36(l)
0.035(1)
0.035(2)
.(1)
.(2)
2.3M1)
1.15(2)
500E-6U)
500F-M2)
.(1)
STEP 3
0.646(1)
0.04(1)
0.161(1)
22.2(1)
0.0025(1)
1360(1)
0.0025(1)
51(1)
0.075(1)
11000(1)
0.0025(1)
1.21(1)
0.213(1)
0.035(1)
(1)
0.631(1)
500E-6(1)
III
STEP 4 STEP 5 STtP 6
. (1)
. (1)
(1)
. (1)
. U)
(1)
(1)
. (1)
. (1)
5760 (1)
(1)
0.63 (1)
(1)
(1)
. (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
+ NUMPER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
* LEVEL* ARF RPPORTFO AS LEACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
TMU.C i HREUHINARY DATA OH UACMING AND ATTENUATION FROM THE
COMPREHENSIVE L*BORAiORY PROTOCOL
iLFflCIIIWfi FROM PFRC WASTE AND ATTENUATION BY LIMESTONE LEACHIN6 TIME 1 DAYS ป
CHFMTCAL PARAMETER
IN LFACMATE
NICKFL
PH
POTASSIUM
SEI ENIIIM
SILICON
SItVFR
N) SODIUM
ฃ
SOI
STRONTIUK
TDS
TITANIUM
TOC
URANIUM
VANAnlOM
ZINC
STEP 1
0.01
12
20
0.06
1.22
0.0025
2.5
1590
1.39
3600
lflOE-5
1.58
0.15
0.005
0.196
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
10)
LEVEL OF PARAMFTLR DY PROTOCOL STEP
STEP 2
.(2)
0.01(1)
P. Ol(?)
19*2(1)
11*6(2)
2C<1)
20(2)
0.06(1)
0.06(2)
O.ป27(l)
0.961(2)
0.0025(1)
0.0025(2)
2*511 )
16*6(2)
1260(1)
1380(2)
1.36(1)
0.81(2)
37<>0(1)
2330(P)
100E-5U)
100F-S(2>
.(1)
.(2)
0.15(1)
0.15(2)
0. 005(1)
0.005(2)
0.25P(1)
STEP 3
0.01(1)
12.3(1)
20(1)
0.06(1)
0.602(1)
0.0025(1)
11.6(1)
1150(1)
1.6(1)
3110(1)
100E-S(1)
(1)
0.15(1)
0.005(1)
0.175(1)
STEP ซป STEP 5 STEP 6
(1)
12.2 (1)
(1)
* (1)
. (1)
(1)
* (1)
975 (1)
(1)
2720 (1)
(1)
(1)
. (1)
. (1)
* (1)
NIJMOER IN PARENTHESES AFTER LEVEL VALUE INDICATES THE PARTICULAR REPETITION OF THE STEP
LEVELS ARF RFPORTFD AS LFACHATE CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM
-------
FIELD DATA LISTING
242
-------
10
PARAMCTCRซAL
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY TEAR CELL 1 CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL 1 CELL 5 CELL 6 C*LL T C*LL I2
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U i
L i
1
1
6
6
7
7
a
11
11
12
12
1*
1%
16
16
1ป
19
21
2*1
28
20
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 1*1
0 11
*9
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
7ป
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.213
0.093%
0.396
0.206
0.06
0.161
0.0ซ31
0.0831
o.loa
0.0012
0.279
0.06911
0.07%8
0.105
0ซ06
0.0771
0.112
0.0632
-0.06
0.269
0.23
0.23*
0.253
0.112
0.371
0.1*19
0.181
0.0915
0.0036
0.116
0.122
0.13
0.272
0.107
0.0890
0.139
0.0622
0.163
0.121
0.132
0.139
0,097
0.06
0.0925
0.0703
0.139
0.129
0.06
0.06
0.261
0.195
0.239
0.388
O.H8
0.37
0.192
0.109
0.109
o.ioa
.
.
0.326
0.0726
0.203
6)
0.0755
*
.
.
0.0812
0.06
0.131
0.06
0.133
0.0721
0.0099
-0.06
0.131
0.081
0.06
0.06
0.319
0.361
0.302
0.376
0.103
0.317
0.177
0.125
0.0917
0.06
.
t
0.121
0.13
0.115
0.131
-0.06
0.0811
0.126
0.0907
.0.06
.0.06
0.1
0.0955
.0.06
0.0792
.0.06
0.0913
0.0783
0.102
.0.06
-0.06
0.338
0.371
0.329
0.122
0.366
0.311
0.112
0.132
.0.06
0.0719
0.381
-0.06
0.0623
.0.06
0.0708
.0.06
.
.0.06
.0.06
.0.06
0.0869
.0.06
0.0659
.0.06
0.097
0.0961
0.0771
-0.06
.0.06
0.06
0.361
0.299
0.369
0.297
0.33
0.197
0.0923
0.09
0.0797
0.0812
.
.
0,711
0.271
0.13
0.191
-0.06
0.213
.
0.123
0.0601
0.231
0.0755
0.206
0.0611
0.209
0.113
0.189
0.0783
0.163
0.06
0.133
0.38
0.392
0.386
0.11S
0.319
0.389
0.191
0.191
0*13
0.15
0.085
0.125
.
0.121
.
0.06
*
0.123
.
0.203
0.126
0.089
-0.06
8)
0*0668
0.333
0.183
.
0.398
0.100
.
0.111
0.06
.
-0.06
.
-0.06
-0.06
t
0.06
-0.06
0.0828
-0.06
0.06
-0.06
f>
0.121
0.176
*
t
-0.06
.
-0.06
-------
PARAMETERsBA
sซMPi_r PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i
CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL "ป CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 C^LL 12
U 1
L (
U I
L 1
II (
L 1
U I
L (
U (
L (
U (
L (
U (
L <
U <
L (
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
^
U
L
U
L
11
l_
u :
L I
5 it
j 4
} 6
9 6
} 7
J 7
J 8
i a
ป 11
i 11
J 12
J 12
J 14
ป 1ซป
J 16
) 16
19
19
24
24
26
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
10 It
LO 11
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.201
0.127
0.0435
0.0708
0.0*28
0.0278
0.0177
0.0517
0.005H
0.0928
-0.001
0.0207
.00867
0.0161
-O.OOl
0,0432
0.0267
0.0161
.0052H
0.242
0.139
0.166
0.15
0.23
0.221
0.139
0.116
0.123
0.0971
0.181
0.175
0.0566
0.0383
0.0604
0.0162
0.0672
0.0105
O.OS49
-0.001
0.0506
0.001
0.0599
0.0102
0.051
0.0193
0.04
-0.001
-0.001
-0.001
0.179
0.141
0.179
0.205
0.234
0.231
0.145
0.101
0.12
0.103
0.109
0.55
0.03H1
0.0212
.
.
.
.00777
0.395
-0.001
0.175
0.039
0.168
-0.001
0.09H1
.00662
0.063
0.0162
0.0634
0.23
0.288
0.211
0.284
0.202
0.276
0.134
0.132
0.119
0.125
.
0.208
0.0842
0.0666
-0.001
0.0449
0.0107
0.122
-0.001
0.0605
-0.001
0.0401
-0.001
.00676
-0.001
0.0i|01
-0.001
0.0366
-O.OOl
0.0389
-0.001
0.217
0.216
0.222
0.239
0.212
0.152
0.134
0.0979
0.125
0.0911
0.203
0.455
0.0Mb
0.0588
0.103
0.0336
0.0318
0.0214
0.04B5
0.0203
0.0454
0.026
0.0249
0.0224
0.114
0.013
O.ll
0.0282
0.0977
0.243
0.271
0.238
0.256
0.187
0.194
0.158
0.166
0.149
0.157
0.059
0.0278
0.0575
-0.001
0.0186
-0.001
.
-O.OOl
0.0376
-0.001
0.0509
-0.001
0.0ซ,2
-0.001
0.0457
-0.00!
0.0457
-O.OOl
0.03iป3
-0.001
0.246
0.218
0.23
0.2
0.183
0.128
0.149
0.0951
0.143
0.0783
.
0.0874
-o.ooi
-o.ooi
-0.001
-0.001
*
-0.001
t
-0.001
t
-0.001
t
.00252
0*0379
0.154
0.234
0.149
0*0763
t
0.0918
0.0515
ฐ.03"ป5
0.069
O.OH15
0.0458
0.0495
0.0788
0.0865
0.102
0.111
0.236
0.228
0.164
t
0.145
-------
PARAMETERaB
to
4>
L/i
SAMPLE PT NONTH DAY
u i
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
1
U
L
U
L
U
L
II
L
U
L
U
.L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
1
6
6
7
7
0
6
11
11
12
12
11
1*
16
16
19
19
21
21
28
2ซ
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
2ป
U 10 IH
L 10 11
YEAR
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
CELL 1
16.8
0.759
29.8
0.909
22.1
0.273
0.113
15
0.17
12.2
O.U7
12.3
0.155
1ป. 5
0.383
8.93
O.S<|6
6.35
0.152
7.15
0,771
7.68
0.773
7.13
1*11
6.13
0.619
9.8
1.2
CELL 2
19.9
2.87
13.1
2.36
H.5
1.71
9.67
1.1
8.36
1.58
8.51
1.66
10.1
1.92
11.1
1.52
6.13
1.8
2.29
i.is
5.08
2.27
5.68
2.16
7.31
2.32
7.02
1.31
9.37
2.17
CELL 3
21.6
1.18
17.8
t
20.6
16.3
0.283
13.9
-0.001
13.8
0.327
11.7
0.206
11
0,127
10.8
0.166
9.11
0.736
9.81
0.879
11. 1
1.05
9.11
0.171
8.52
0.857
CELL 1
20.9
6.11
21.3
11.2
20.3
7.21
19.1
6.62
11.7
8.71
11
9.83
11.6
7.26
12.3
5.85
7.6
5.11
8.3
5.2
6.52
7.86
7.35
7.05
6.6
5.28
1.97
1.31
9.29
3.97
.
.
CELL 5
9.19
0.11
8.27
0.0779
5.05
0.0383
0.122
1,75
-0.001
3.61
-0.001
3.61
0.212
1.88
0.388
6.79
0.195
1.91
0.531
1.29
1.65
1.62
1.16
1.51
0.83
1.19
0.719
1.71
0.785
CELL 6
18
1.73
11.1
2.63
11.3
2.01
0
1.63
8.6
1.55
6.23
1.95
6.68
1.88
7.77
1.75
1.97
1.56
1.81
1.5
1.32
2.31
1.88
2.33
1.85
1.73
3*96
1.11
1.39
2.27
CELL 7
0.0938
t
.0.001
-0.001
-0.001
.
-0.001
.
-0.001
0.161
0.103
0.0989
0.139
0.18
.
0.136
.
0.182
0.0633
0.1
CELL 12
0.01S6
-0.001
-o.ooi
-o.ooi
.
-0.001
.
-0.001
0.111
.
0.101
0.0963
*
0.106
0.132
0.129
0.0363
0.012
ป
t
-------
PARAMETERsCO
SAMPLE Pf MONTH OAV rEAR CELL 1
CCtL 2 CELL 3 CELL * CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
U
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
. L
U
L
U
L
11
L
U
L
U
t
a
6
8
a
8
8
a
8
a
a
8
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
4
U
6
6
7
7
a
a
11
11
12
12
14
11
16
16
19
19
2H
24
26.
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
2*
29
ปป
It
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.0182
-0.005
.0066iป
-0.005
0.0064
-0.005
.
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.008
0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
0.026
-0.005
0.0183
0.011
ป
.00825
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.00673
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.
.
-0.005
.0.005
0.0055
.0.005
.00658
-0.005
-0,003
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
0.005
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
f
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.00547
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.
.
.00538
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0,005
-0.005
ป
-0.005
t
.0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
t
t
-0.005
-0.005
ป
-0.005
-0.005
.
0.00536
t
0.00745
-0.005
"0.005
t
0.00557
t
-0.005
-0.005
.
-0.005
t
t
"0.005
-0.005
-------
PARANETERaCA
SAMPLF PT "ONTH DAY YEAR CELL 1 CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL ซl CELL 5 CELL 6 C&LL 7
12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
II
L
U
.L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
a i
1
6
6
7
7
a
a
11
11
12
12
H
1*
16
16
19
19
21
21
28
2a
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 1*
0 11
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
280
262
211
798
219
731
702
362
70S
337
695
352
711
360
677
106
635
133
601
161
661
139
657
163
651
120
651
106
ssa
351
656
328
672
388
591
106
527
113
511
163
519
129
505
390
188
135
179
351
159
196
526
171
516
162
506
135
199
161
153
281
186
331
9
289
317
209
312
228
313
371
312
111
339
122
350
168
125
672
100
616
101
588
113
517
319
506
323
532
216
393
163
159
198
159
283
116
320
119
306
137
306
139
376
137
120
121
196
191
12ป
IBS
12ซ
180
101
155
386
127
310
127
113
37.1
200
32.6
*
37.7
201
27.2
232
29. S
251
60.1
219
59.5
261
75.1
332
95.1
132
359
122
366
110
181
116
178
385
168
336
166
357
170
261
178
162
360
167
137
156
130
171
380
172
138
180
ISO
165
556
921
533
510
521
198
502
175
165
128
398
9
627
f
639
631
9
669
681
%
6ซ8
661
665
659
787
795
822
777
7B7
52.6
26.6
19.2
27
t
133
9
53.2
9
21.1
9
33.9
9
23
i
23.1
t
27.5
101
17.1
10.1
9
-------
K3
->
00
PARAMETERsCR
SAMPLf PT MONTH DAY TEAR CELL 1 CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL 1 CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L
4
-------
fo
4^
vo
PARAMETERsCL
SAMPLE PT MONTH OAT YEAR CELL 1 CELt 2 CELL 3 CELL * CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 CC(_L 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
, L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
* 19
4 79
6 79 25
6 79 11
7 79 16
7 79 10
8 79
8 79
11 79 20
11 79 IS
12 79 10
12 79 14
11 79 16
1* 79 11
16 79
16 79 12
19 79 17
19 79 12
24 79
24 79
28 79
28 79
2 79
2 79
9 79
9 79
20 79
20 79
29 79
29 79
0 11 79
0 11 79
32
16
2 17
7 16
0 12
3 16
17
9 9
0 11
0 9
2 13
9 |2
7 13
0 13
ป 9
5 13
3 49
0
9 39
0
4 30
5
3
9 24
9 12
5 1*
6 4
5 16
2 6
18
B 14
ป 16
1 19
3
31
1 29
. 26
5 19
33
1 21
2 36
6 15
8 26
6 14
2 30
9 15
2 32
1 9
I 34
t
6 127
0
5 . .
0
9
6 .
2 18
s
7 21
6 .
2 37
1
0 36
9
6 39
*
ป
-------
tSJ
Ul
O
PARAMETERsCO
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY TEAR CELL 1
CELl 2 CELL 3 CELL 4 CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
*
4
6
6
T
7
a
e
11
11
12
12
11
11
16
16
1ป
19
21
21
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
9 29
9 29
10 11
10 1*
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.218
0.283
-0.15
0.182
-0.13
0.434
0.236
0.237
0.151
0.284
0.6SซI
-0.15
-0.15
-0,15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.18
0.2i9
0.187
0.246
0.27
0.248
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
OtlS
0.161
0.207
0.297
0.554
0.311
0.314
0.221
0.197
0.394
0.338
0.395
0.389
0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.15
0.249
0.192
0.242
0.253
0.26
0.196
0.169
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.176
-0.15
0.299
0.206
.
.
.
0.229
-0.15
0.318
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.15
-0.15
0.251
0.249
0.28
0.224
0.228
-0.15
-0.15
0.15
-0.15
0.15
.
.
-0.15
0.223
-0.15
0.269
-0.15
0.223
0.169
0,224
-0,15
0.22
0.254
0.267
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.197
0.188
0.216
0.277
0.186
0.188
-0.15
0.15
-0.15
-0.15
t
0.237
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.16
-0.15
-0.15
0.171
0.15
0.248
0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.291
0.175
0.256
0.177
0.261
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
0.181
1.07
0.167
0-67
-0.15
0.644
t
0.509
0.167
0.645
0.231
0.61
-0.15
0.104
-0.15
0.325
-0.15
0.102
-0.15
0.289
P. ?69
0.386
0.236
0.435
0.241
0.361
-0.15
0.205
-0.15
0.154
*
0.156
0.367
0.334
t
0.219
*
0.362
t
0.475
t
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
.
0.38
.
0.442
0.397
-0.15
t
0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
.
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
-0.15
*
-0.15
t
-0.15
-------
PARAMETERsCNDT
SAMptt PT MONTH DAT
u
L
u
L
U
L
u
L
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
H
4
6
6
7
7
a
8
11
11
12
12
I*
1H
16
16
19
19
24
2ป
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
U 9 29
L 9 29
U 10 14
L 10 11
YEAR
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
CELL 1
38000
20000
5250
18000
4900
4030
18000
5050
13500
3000
13300
3200
5100
14300
5850
13300
5930
13500
6830
llOOO
6300
11300
6300
9730
6000
9300
675Q
5700
6100
CELL 2
22000
6700
13200
aซปoo
60000
7200
7250
11000
7500
9600
6900
12600
7520
7180
11000
7000
10500
7100
7400
7900
7750
7600
10000
7900
11000
7300
7800
7600
7300
6000
CELL 3
47000
37200
ป
27500
*
t
23900
1600
11200
1520
15600
2100
19600
2420
15000
2500
15000
3300
10500
4200
10000
4150
13000
3600
14QOO
3900
13000
3900
7100
4500
CELL *
28400
22300
23000
21800
14000
13500
14500
13500
10000
llOOO
11500
12000
12000
12000
13600
17800
12500
13300
12500
12300
lOOOO
12300
12000
10000
12000
8400
lOOOO
4700
6800
CELL 5
30000
18000
325
11500
290
12300
246
11000
265
9500
365
10300
590
10500
815
11500
1280
11000
4200
11000
5250
10500
2150
11000
2380
9000
2340
5500
5250
CELL 6
40000
11300
llOOO
9500
8000
8800
*
8300
9HOO
8000
10000
8300
8900
8000
9500
7500
10000
7500
8500
7500
llOOO
7900
9200
7500
9700
7250
llOOO
7000
9200
7500
5100
6300
C^LL 7 CtLL 12
2790
2950
3380
3350
3100
t
3100
f
3150
3150
t
3300
t
3400
3530
3400
3500
3700
t
3600
3550
262
272
934
459
220
290
205
t
245
205
603
335
355
ป
323
195
-------
NJ
Ol
PARAMFTERrCU
SAMPLE PT MON7H DAY YEAR CELL 1
CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL ป CELL 3 CELL 6 C^LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
1
U
L
U
> L
U
L ซ
U ซ
L ซ
U ซ
t ซ
U ซ
L ซ
U ]
L ]
4
1
6
6
7
7
8
8
11
11
12
12
1H
14
16
16
1ป
1ป
2"ป
2<*
28
28
2
t 2
) 9
t 9
t 20
t 20
ป 29
t 29
10 14
10 14
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.0181
-0.003
.00&16
0.0178
-0.005
0.0154
.00862
-0.003
0.02m
-0.003
0.0269
-0.003
0.003
.00851
-0.005
-0.005
-0.003
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.OOSia
-0.005
-0.005
-0.003
-0.005
.00773
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
. 00744
0.0098
0.0444
.00604
0.0147
.00604
0.0119
0.0133
0.0186
.00833
0.0197
-0.003
-0.003
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
-0.003
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
0.0101
-0.005
-O.OOS
-O.OOS
.
0.019
-0.005
0.0395
.00774
.00545
-0.005
.00619
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
0.005
-0.005
-0.003
-O.OOS
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
0.0058
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
-0,005
.00512
-0.005
-0.005
t
.
0.0105
.00678
0.0114
0.0175
-0.005
.00619
-O.OOS
.00589
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.00722
-0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
-0.003
-O.OOS
-0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
-O.OOS
-0.003
-O.OOS
-O.OOS
-0.005
-O.OOS
-O.OOS
-0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
i
.
0.014?
-O.OOS
0.0147
.O.OOS
0.0128
.0.005
-0.005
0.007
-O.OOS
.00553
-O.OOS
-O.OOS
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
- O.OOS
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.003
.0.003
. O.OOS
.0.005
0.0122
-0.005
.00866
t
O.OH6
0.0207
-0.005
.00906
-0.005
0.0105
.00648
-0.005
,00965
-0.005
.00811
-0.005
-0.003
-0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
-0.005
-0.005
-O.OOS
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
0.005
O.OOS
t
-0.005
t
0.0087
.00737
-0.005
.00648
0*0117
*
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
.0.005
.00766
.00984
.00681
-O.OOS
.0.005
-0.003
-0.005
t
-0.005
t
-0.005
-0,005
0.00582
f
-0.005
-0.003
-0.005
f
0.005
ff
-0.005
t
-0.005
-0.005
t
0.005
t
-------
NJ
tn
PARAMETCRsF
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY
U 81
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
, L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 9
L 9
*ป
6
6
7
7
6
8
11
11
12
12
11
11
16
16
19
19
21
21
26
26
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
U 10 11
L 10 1*>
YEAR
i9
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
7ป
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
7'
79
79
79
CELL 1
0.3
0.5
0.17
0.31
0.13
0.13
0.32
0.19
0.25
0.2
0.26
0.21
0.3
0.29
0.23
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.15
0.27
o.ia
0.15
0*17
0.3
0.16
0.2
0.16
0.21
0.23
CELL 2
0.36
0.23
0.35
0.16
0.29
0.16
0.26
0.21
0.19
0.3B
0.17
0.29
0.22
0.23
0.21
0.27
0.22
0.23
0.12
0.2
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.22
0.25
0.2
0.2
0.17
0.29
0.21
CELL 3
0.64
0.53
t
0.16
.
.
0.26
0.11
0.2
0.37
0.25
0.33
0.26
0.11
0.19
0.11
0.19
0.35
0.11
0.1
0.13
0.39
0.19
0.36
0.21
0.3
0.36
0.27
0.25
0.15
CELL 1
0.46
2.36
0.31
2.61
0.33
1.61
ซ
0.33
1.63
0.31
1.99
0.29
1.62
0.35
1.57
0.2
1.57
0.31
1.71
0.33
1.49
0.25
1.61
0.28
1.55
0.23
1.68
0.21
1.63
0.29
1.35
CELL 5
0.63
0.26
0.52
. 0.06
0.31
O.H
*
0.41
0.06
0.3
0.05
0.2
0.05
0.26
0.16
0.29
0.7
0.22
0.16
0.21
0.32
0.2
0.31
0.16
0.17
0.22
0.2
0.21
0.2
0.21
0.21
CELL 6
0.89
0.39
0.23
0.35
0.22
0.37
t
0.37
0.19
0.31
0.26
0.27
0.19
0.37
0.25
0.13
0.31
0.45
0.31
0.45
0.3
0.39
0.2
0.11
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.39
0.21
0.15
0.23
0.1
C*LL 7
*
0.22
0.2
0.15
0.13
0.16
0.17
.
0.19
0.2
0.2
0.17
0.13
0.11
*
0.17
0.11
*
0.06
ซ
0.23
CELL 12
t
t
*
-0.05
.
0.15
f
t
0.14
0.13
t
0.14
ป
0.15
O.I
.
0.11
.
0.14
0.11
0.13
0.14
*
0.12
0.13
-------
PARAMtTEReFE
SAMPI.F PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i
CELL 2 CELL 3 CTLL 4 CELL 5 CELL 6
7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
LI
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
e
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
8
a
a
a
e
e
a
a
a
a
a
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
4
4
6
6
7
7
a
a
11
u
12
12
14
14
16
16
19
19
24
24
26
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
14
11
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.07?9
0.0194
0.0264
0.0409
0.0307
0.0746
0.0fl7
0,0283
0,0319
0.0287
0.0374
0.0297
0.01B1
0.0376
0.0232
0.0366
0.0268
0.0348
0.0214
0.0213
0.0221
0.0257
0.0245
0.0371
0.0263
0.0391
0.03J9
0.0291
0.0204
0.0224
0.0346
0,0358
0.0413
0.013
0.0472
0.165
0.0685
0.0327
0.0303
0*0244
0.024
0.0268
0.0358
0.0257
0.0?54
0.0282
0.0308
0.0199
0.0217
0.0161
0,0275
0.0152
0.0233
0.0293
0.0224
0.0417
0.03
0.025
0.0209
.
0.0673
.00439
0.0634
.
0.0666
0.0256
0,0204
0.024
.00429
0.0326
0,0228
0.0391
0.0232
0.0369
0.0226
0.0369
0.0243
0,0155
0.02
0.0233
0.0338
0.0245
0.046
0.04
0.0347
0.0297
0.0163
0.0279
0.0382
0.0291
0.0421
0.0374
0.13
.00646
0,0338
0.404
0.0299
0.625
0.0271
1.24
0.0221
o.ri
0.0214
0.124
0.021
0.12
0.0286
0.2
0.0233
0.211
0.0180
0.31
0.0254
0.118
0.0324
0.0736
0.0224
0,0134
-0.004
0.0102
0.128
-0.004
0.134
t
0.126
.00981
0.13
.00745
0.141
0.0123
0.134
0.0102
0.126
0.0131
0.0952
0.0152
0.0525
0.0164
0.0344
0.0125
0.0203
0.0149
0.0179
0.0186
0.0362
0*0271
0.0207
t
0.0366
0.202
0.0362
0.12
0.0169
0.106
0,0614
0.0161
0.0567
0.0334
0.0606
0.0565
0,0489
0.0445
0.0528
0.235
0.0543
0.0452
0.0557
0.0559
0.0422
0.0374
0.0437
0.0401
0.0425
0.246
0.0429
0.629
0.0329
.
0.0267
0.0575
0.0551
0.0283
0.024
O.OH&M
0*0261
0.0235
0.0282
0.0329
0.026
0.032
0.0251
0*0233
0.0245
0.0863
0.093B
0.15
0.128
0.121
<
0.105
9
0.106
0.102
0.0847
*
O.OM99
0,017
0.0134
0.00661
-O.OOH
-------
PARAMETERsLI
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i
CELL 2 CELL 3 CFLL 4 CELL 5 CELL 6 C&LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
,L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
4
4
6
6
7
7
a
8
11
11
12
12
14
11
16
16
19
19
24
2*
26
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 I*
0 1*
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
7ป
79
79
79
6.36
0.64
5.7ซป
0.63
5.2
0.04
0.01
5.H8
0.05
4.73
0.03
3.76
0.01
3.82
0.01
4.1
0.01
3.04
0.01
9.0
0.01
3.6
0.01
3.32
0.01
3.19
0.03
2.8
0*03
5.48
0.38
5.1
0.44
3.18
0.39
3.27
0.31
2.87
0.31
2.73
0.4
2.78
0.3
3.1
0.26
2.6
0.34
2.64
0.24
2.02
0.37
2.02
0.44
2.36
0.37
2.38
0.234
1.63
0.735
5.71
0.69
5.6
t
3.87
ป
t
3.81
0.31
H.37
0.07
4.13
0.04
4.08
0.01
4.04
0.02
3.86
0.01
3.76
0.02
3.5
0.05
3.36
0.08
3.71
0.061
3.3
0.208
f
4.81
3.63
4.8
4.65
4.56
2.71
4.44
2.71
4.91
2.89
3.95
3.24
3.34
2.64
3.6
2.42
3.38
2.14
3.42
2.4
3.76
3.16
3.6
3.4
3.16
2.44
2.75
2.37
2.21
2.21
*
4.78
0.47
3.7
0.1
3.76
0.04
0.04
4.49
0.05
4.3
0.04
3.42
0.01
3.78
0.01
3.96
0.01
4.06
0.01
3.48
0.37
3.1
0.34
3.6
0.06
3.69
0.087
3.11
0.069
4.37
1.84
4.37
1.9
3.09
1.29
1.13
3.42
1.11
3.09
1.35
2.9
1.07
3.08
1.02
3.12
0.96
3.04
0.9
3
0.98
2*85
1.07
3.08
0.96
3.11
0.93
2.75
1*96
0.23
0.2
0.02
0.02
0.03
.
0.03
.
0.01
-o.oi
.
0.01
.
0.01
.
0.01
.
0.01
0.01
-0.02
-0.02
0.76
-0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.04
.
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
.
0.01
*
0.01
.
0.026
f
0.026
t
-------
PARAMETERaHG
Pr MONTH DAT TEAR CELL i CELL 2 CELL 3 CFLL " CELL 5 CELL 6 CELL ? CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
e
e
a
e
a
a
a
a
e
a
a
e
a
e
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
1
1
6
6
7
7
a
e
11
11
12
12
I1*
11
lf>
16
19
1?
21
21
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
11
11
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
567
21.9
268
177
146
167
f
161
119
162
73.5
170
116
115
233
138
167
111
167
138
15.8
21.2
13.7
21. 8
25.7
22.6
293
220
223
223
218
386
111
201
115
185
116
171
130
169
95
175
109
liป0
133
135
196
139
113
136
15. H
21.9
11.2
21.7
21.8
21.7
280
217
225
218
716
13.8
6S8
t
391
.
.
281
13.6
133
75.5
199
110
251
121
204
125
216
135
10.3
26.2
11. 1
25.3
31.6
23.1
412
217
346
218
ป
389
109
298
303
!!ป
22ซ
20.6
229
192
206
76
163
97.6
136
129
115
177
150
196
116
35
23.1
23.*
25.9
31.1
25.1
3<ป3
259
228
230
2.97
0.837
1.56
6.51
0.391
6.15
ป
H
2.59
3.11
2.65
5.78
2,06
11.9
1,93
11.6
II.1*
15.3
22.1
20.9
3.19
16.6
2.7
19.5
6,73
6.2
32.9
68.8
67
62.1
t
162
500
82.8
391
52.2
390
367
107
377
78.1
361
91.7
213
117
210
221
211
211
231
lS.8
39.7
28.3
10.9
35.6
10.3
535
ซป02
390
325
113
123
t
125
126
132
*
13**
t
113
112
*
113
*
112
17.6
17.9
t
18.5
*
187
t
193
t
8.15
5.31
3.96
5.25
27.6
11
1.1
6.71
1.26
t
<*.25
0.173
2
9.58
8.31
-------
NJ
Ul
PARAMCTCRcMN
SAMPLE PT MONTH OAT YEAR CELL 1
CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL 4 CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 C^LL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
. L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
1
1
6
6
7
7
8
a
11
11
12
12
11
14
16
16
19
1ป
24
21
26
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 14
0 14
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.769
13
0.931*
?.53
0.419
2.26
2.2
o.aซta
1.96
0.%99
1*63
1*23
1.8
4.2
1.8
1.65
1.56
2.21
1.32
0.9Q3
0.633
1.92
0.498
3.61
0.508
4.38
0.483
3.42
0.196
0.307
2.95
0.639
2.24
0.686
2.31
0.923
2.21
O.B72
1.99
0.991
1.7
2.19
1.66
4.33
1.52
1.63
1.12
1.57
0.935
0.501
0.353
1.65
0.276
6.3
0.306
10
0.612
5.1
0.146
0.368
2.73
0.923
0.55
f
0.558
2.71
0.233
i.e
1.12
0.872
2.22
0.929
1.68
1
2.74
0.995
0.499
0.462
0.575
0,773
3.23
1.04
3.84
0.703
4.33
O.H84
.
.
0.111
0.923
0.153
0.435
0.0258
1.14
O.OJ99
0.908
0.296
0.84
0.277
0.334
0.625
0.548
1.01
0.667
0.676
1.1
0.777
1.32
0.671
0.654
0.945
0.445
1.05
0.927
0.919
0.812
0.661
0.&6
.
.
.00402
1.97
0.0263
0.953
.0.001
0.849
0.942
-0.001
0.645
.00201
0.912
0.001
1.57
-0.001
1.65
0.0225
2.03
0.361
2.49
0.921
3.98
1.13
5.77
2.11
3.65
3.35
3.76
2.71
4.15
*
0.689
54.3
0.0219
27.6
.00415
28.9
26.6
0.104
26.6
0.181
20.9
0.419
21.8
0.599
22
0.675
21.8
1.11
20.1
0.807
16
0.618
17.4
1.22
16
1.38
15
0.928
9.67
1.65
0.556
0.635
0.616
0.607
0.414
0.373
0,421
0.463
0.35
.
0.291
*
0.303
V
0.331
0.31
0.169
1.14
0.64
0.575
0.616
0.716
0.744
.
0.682
0.759
t
0.661
0.916
1.09
1.05
t
t
1,01
0.626
-------
PARAMFTERrMO
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL 1 CELL 5 CELL 6
7 CELL 12
N3
t_n
00
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
11
L
LI
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
- L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
8
8
8
8
a
6
6
a
8
a
e
8
8
8
8
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
1
1
6
6
7
7
8
8
11
11
12
12
11
1H
16
16
19
19
2H
21
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
1H
1H
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
7'
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
1.91
0.109
1.36
0.313
1.02
0.275
0.131
0.618
0.285
0.5J5
O.H23
0.366
-O.OH
0.611
0.0532
0.3H
0.0165
0.239
-0.01
0.327
0.16H
0.33
0.186
0.425
0.172
0.316
0.0831
0.235
0.0521
1.11
0.312
0.717
0.388
0.5H3
0.182
0.393
0.119
0.16
0.313
0.101
0.212
0.302
-O.OH
0.402
-0.01
0.21
0.0738
0.101
-O.OH
0.309
0.129
0.315
0.205
0.367
0.1H9
0.309
0.0599
0.19H
0.0431
ป
2.13
0.181
1.67
1.36
*
0,795
-O.OH
0.602
-O.OH
0.575
-O.OH
0.701
-0.01
0.18
0.0518
0,119
-O.OH
0.381
0.216
0.169
0.169
0.51
0.123
O.HH
0.077
O.H17
-O.OH
.
.
1.73
1.42
1.H6
1.H2
0,919
1,05
0.90H
1.08
0.596
1.11
O.H9S
0.888
0.361
0.72
0.1*31
0.805
0.325
O.flH
0.245
0.796
0.427
0.657
0.442
0.781
0.373
O.B*
0.26
0.7H9
0.201
0.552
2.32
0.0763
1.51
-o.oi
0.8B2
O.OH
-O.OH
0.618
-O.OH
O.H6H
.O.OH
0.288
-O.OH
0.31
-O.OH
0.297
-O.OH
0.178
-O.OH
0.313
0.163
0.32
0.101
0.319
-O.OH
0.169
-O.OH
0.1HH
-O.OH
t
1.33
0.168
0.798
0.225
O.H32
0.208
0.111
0.338
0.2H7
0.305
0.272
0.199
o.iii
0.282
0,0995
0.26
0.153
0.2<ซ5
0.112
0.395
0.202
0.3H8
0.232
0.3H9
0.202
0.299
0.0882
0.22
0.0716
t
Ot0757
t
0.219
0.208
0.118
0.209
0.295
0.0671
O.OSi+3
0.0615
0.0632
0.296
0.325
0.296
0.0909
t
0.113
-O.OH
-O.OH
-O.OH
-O.OH
-0.04
-0.01
-o.oi
-0.01
-O.OH
-0.01
-0.01
-O.OH
f
-O.OH
-O.OH
t
-------
PARAMETERsNI
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAT TCAR CELL i CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL H CELL s CELL 6
7 C^LL 12
NJ
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L 9
U 9
L 9
U 1
L 1
4
4
6
6
7
7
6
8
11
11
12
12
11
11
16
16
19
19
2*
21
20
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 11
0 11
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.124
0.361
n.oa
0.19
0.0624
0.184
0.129
0,091H
0.152
0.100
0.201
0.0636
0.102
0.144
0.122
0.133
0.130
0.147
0.117
0.0995
0.106
0.0077
0.106
0.11
0.110
0.132
0.126
0.126
0.136
0.0842
0.175
0.121
0.190
0,112
o.i4i
0.0836
0.113
0.12
0.135
0.137
0.165
0.0819
0.0082
0.138
0.116
0.187
0.116
0.101
0.123
0.101
0.108
0.0933
0.111
0.121
0.103
0.172
0.129
0.141
0.127
0.167
0.12
0.186
t
0.103
t
0.115
0.0976
0.113
0.0696
0.0586
0.0621
0.11*
0.115
0.116
0.0923
0.119
0.109
0.0905
0.111
O.OaOl
0.101
0.0951
0.0951
O.i
-------
PARAHETERsPH
SAMPLE PT MONTH OAT
U 84
L 84
U 86
L 66
U 87
L 87
U 88
L 88
U 8 11
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
. L
U
1
U
L
U
L
U
L
11
12
12
14
14
16
16
19
19
24
24
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
U 10 14
L 10 14
TEAR
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
CELL 1
8.22
.
8.48
7.56
8.1
7.51
.
7.47
7.55
7.34
7.79
7.42
7.69
7.46
.
7.34
8
7.21
7.61
7.52
7.69
7.55
7.84
7.53
7.63
7.5
7.87
7.38
7.38
7.1
7.27
7.16
CELL 2
7.79
7.8
7.92
7.61
1.27
7.7
7.65
7.69
7.29
7.81
7.14
7.91
7.54
7.45
7.43
7.35
7.76
7.65
7.64
7.78
7.52
7.69
7.6
7.35
8.13
7. 16
7.47
7.16
7.4
7.14
CELL 3
8.52
7.77
7.73
ป
t
7.16
7.58
7.17
7.67
7.6
7.87
7.86
7.7
7.73
7.61
7.68
7.53
7.73
7.62
7.74
7.68
7.46
7.46
8.19
7.67
7.48
7.27
7.36
7.21
CELL 4
8.04
7.83
8.19
7.96
8.17
7.8
7.83
7.66
7.63
7.67
7.62
7.79
7.77
7.7
7.56
7.66
7.14
7.55
7.41
7.9
7.73
7.86
7.51
7.65
7.47
7.72
7.26
7.13
7.3
7.15
CELL 5
12.1
11.1
7.06
11
6.14
*
8.95
6.99
8.83
6.48
9.19
7.47
9.79
7.18
7.59
6.93
7.4
6.72
7.75
7.83
7.9
7.52
7.07
8.04
7.32
7.41
6.56
7.53
5.52
CELL 6
9.64
7.55
9.21
7.3
7.8
7.26
7.57
7.89
7.71
7.78
7.36
7.79
7.62
7.69
7.38
7.63
7.44
7.69
7.5
7.68
7.78
7.6
7.35
7.66
7.39
7.6
7.31
7.44
6.98
7.32
7.05
C^LL 7 f
7.52
t
7.58
7.4
t
7.27
t
7.52
7.15
7.146
t
7.15
7.4
7.13
7.15
7.5
7.25
7.23
.
6.94
7.04
:^LL 12
7.17
6.7
t
7.34
7.84
ff
7.76
6.85
7.68
6.6
6.61
ซ
6.56
6.82
t
6.89
6.4
6.39
-------
PARAMETCRsK
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i
CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL ซป CELL 5 CELL 6 c^LL 7
12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
ซป
it
6
6
7
7
8
a
11
11
12
12
11
1H
16
16
19
19
2H
2*
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 It
0 1ซ
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
-no
180
-no
-10
-HO
H6.J
UH
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
173
-HO
ine
-HO
58.3
-HO
111
1750
ซปS9
1680
*H7
lT70
HB3
1420
338
1190
*39
-to
.40
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
.HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
.HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
1060
725
1110
7H5
1H10
70*
1310
H80
825
662
-HO
219
-HO
.HO
9
t
f
HO
159
-HO
16H
HO
1H2
-HO
199
-HO
202
-HO
199
1710
227
1680
215
1930
189
1700
1H2
1H60
109
t
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
23HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
1760
1250
1560
1200
1610
935
11HO
710
911
600
*
-HO
69.6
-HO
. 67.1
-HO
55.5
116
-HO
53.8
-HO
H6.5
-HO
5H.6
-HO
58.8
-HO
57.9
-HO
51.2
1750
372
1700
3H8
1720
113
1530
91.8
1190
55.9
t
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
-HO
1360
665
1290
680
13HO
589
HBO
HH2
972
626
ป
207
15H
t
159
19H
*
1H5
80.9
210
209
206
207
289
3lO
309
ป
197
205
n.7
t
-HO
H7.8
6H.7
129
87.5
f
-HO
-HO
.HO
.HO
ป
-*fO
H9.5
-HO
t
-HO
-------
PARAMETERrSE
SAWPLF PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL 1 CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL ป CELL 3 CELL 6 C^LL 7 C^LL 12
u a iป 79 -o.oo;
L a < 79
u a t 79 -o.oo;
L 8 6 79 -0.00!
U 8 7 79 -0.00!
L fl 7 79 -0.00!
U 8 8 79 ,
L 8 B 79 -0.00!
U 8 U 79 -0.00!
L 8 11 79 -0.00!
u a 12 79 -o.ooe
L 8 12 79 -0.00!
U 8 I1* 79 -0.00!
L B IH 79 -0.00!
U 8 16 79 -0.00!
L 8 16 79 -0.00!
U 8 19 79 -0.00!
L 8 19 79 -0.00!
U B 2H 79 -0.00!
L B 21 79 -0.00!
U 8 28 79
> L 8 28 79
U 9 2 79
L 2 79
U 9 79
L 9 79
U 20 79
L 20 79
U 29 79
L 29 79
U 10 I* 79
L 10 1H 79
i -0.00!
-0.00!
> -0.00!
5 -0.00!
S -0.00!
1 -0.00!
-0.00!
i -0.00!
i -0.00!
i -0.00!
> -0.00!
S -0.00!
> -0,00!
S -0.00!
S -0.00!
> -0.00!
> -0.00!
I -0.00!
5 -0.00!
) -0.00!
> -0.00!
>
> -0.00!
>
> -0.00!
5
>
> i
> -0.00!
i -0.00!
) -0.00!
i -0.00!
> -0.00!
5 -0.00!
S -0.00!
5 -C.OO!
i -0.00!
i -0.00!
S -0.00-
5 -0.00'
i -0.00!
-0.00!
i -0.00!
-0.00!
> -0.00!
-0.00!
-0.00!
i -0.00!
i -0.00!
> -0.00!
S -0.00!
i -0.00!
i -0.00!
i -0.00!
S .0.00!
i -0.00!
i -0.00!
S -0.00!
S -0.00!
> -0.00!
> i
> -0.00!
> .-0.00!
5 .0.00!
S -0.00!
i
i -0.00!
S -0.00!
S -0.00!
5 -0.00!
& -0.00!
S .0.00!
S -0.00!
S -0.00!
S .0.00!
S -0.00!
i -0.00!
S -0.00!
S -0.00!
> -0.00!
-0.00!
> -0.00!
i -0.00!
> -0.00!
5 -0.00!
> -0.00!
S -0.00!
5 -0.00!
5 -0.00!
i -0.00!
> -0.00!
5 -0.00!
5 -0.00!
S -0.00!
5 -0.00!
i -0.00!
5 -0.00!
5 -0.00!
i
> -0.00!
1
S -0.00!
5
5 -0.00!
i
5 -0.00!
>
5 -0.00!
5
S -0.00!
i
5 -0.00!
5
i -0.00!
J
5 -0.00!
5
5 -0.00!
> -0.005
> '0.005
> -0.005
> -0.005
> -0.005
5 -0.005
t
i -0.005
5 -0.003
i
5 -0.005
i
5 -0.005
-------
OJ
PARAMETCRcSI
SAMPLE PT MONTH OAT TEAR CELL 1 CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL 4 CELL 9 CELL 6 C*LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
. L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
4
4
6
6
1
1
8
8
11
11
12
12
1*
14
16
16
19
19
24
24
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 14
0 14
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79.
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
32.7
48.3
34.8
16
44.5
21.8
26
27.6
20.8
20.3
14
30.9
20
53.3
28.7
23.4
32
34. 9
32.4
22.7
29.3
28.5
25
36.3
31.6
80
70.6
49
39.5
32.3
24.3
35.1
9.86
37.7
20.3
33.8
24.8
26.3
18.1
27.8
14.2
51
18.3
61.4
30.4
20.3
28.2
20
33.1
12
21.4
17.9
22.1
34.9
27.9
80.2
71.9
*2.7
29.4
19.1
63
29
t
31.1
t
17.3
48.3
10.7
32.9
18.3
33.2
28.4
38.2
18.1
15.8
26.2
4%.6
12.9
34. a
13.2
38.2
21.1
46.3
49.9
87.6
40.8
69.7
43.
24.
*9.
17.
65.
30.
83.
33.
92.
30.
33.
18.
94.
24.'
60. <
36.'
34. ซ
43. <
29.3
ป4.'
ปl.l
36.2
34. <
27.5
33. (
39.!
96. J
79,1
43. t
62.1
7 7.09
7 60.1
1 101
2\ 13.2
3 86.4
2 12.4
3
7 13.9
B 81.9
6 16
ป 69
I 16.1
r 76.9
9 19.2
ป 93.7
ป 17.8
& 87.9
1 19.3
L 82.2
r 22.7
L 66.7
1 24.9
I 38.6
> 23
1 56.9
t 24.8
I 101
> 51.6
. 77.8
40.9
39.3
19
40.8
9.41
94.8
13.6
18.9
48.1
17.8
33.1
9.37
91,7
13.4
67.5
16.5
32.8
21.9
39.2
26.7
29.4
26.1
29.2
21.7
36.3
26.8
69.1
63
48.7
27.3
29.2
t
9.49
13.9
16.5
16.6
t
10.2
11.9
19
18.7
19.2
19.5
t
16.6
*
19.2
t
49.8
.
31.4
20.3
10.4
10.2
11.9
ซ
14.9
13.9
*
11.6
13.3
*
14.6
16.6
16.4
19.9
36.1
30.6
.
.
-------
PARAMFTERsAG
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAT TCAR CELL j CELL 2 CELL s CELL 4 CELL 5 CELL 6 CELL 7 CELL 12
N3
ON
U I
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
v L
U
L
U
L
U
l_
U
L
U 1
L 1
ป 4
4
6
6
7
7
a
e
11
11
12
12
14
1H
16
16
19
19
24
24
20
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
10 11
LO 14
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
7ป
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.0212
0.0121
0.0093
0.0436
-0.005
0.0303
t
0.0195
0.0172
0.0307
0.0246
0.0*169
0.005
-0.005
0.0199
0.005
0.0m
-0.005
0.0104
-0.005
0.02*6
0.0359
O.OJ2
0.0355
0.0*26
0.0486
.00709
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
t
0.0112
0.0152
0.0299
0.0377
0.0211
0.0i96
0.0171
0.0114
0.0292
0.0285
0.0?26
0.0224
.007S7
-0.005
.00829
-0.005
0.011
. 00743
.00597
-0.005
0.0396
0.0289
0.0469
0.0301
0.0604
0.034
0.0126
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
i
0.02
0.0177
0.0267
.
0.0141
.
.
i
0.0167
.00867
0.0245
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
0.0252
.00533
0.0201
0.0148
0.01B6
0.005
0.0373
0.0342
0.0424
0.0426
0.0332
0.0222
.00549
-0.005
0.005
-0.005
.
.
.00731
0.0169
-0.005
0.019
.00587
O.Olll
0.0375
0.0136
.00659
0.0116
0.0184
0.0152
.0.005
-0.005
.0.003
-0.005
.0.003
.0.003
-0.005
.0.005
0.0383
0.0203
0.0377
0.0453
0.0293
0.0371
-0.005
-0.003
.0.005
-0.005
.
0.0143
0.0166
.0.005
.0.005
o.on
.00686
t
.0.005
0.0123
.0.005
0.0196
.0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.0.005
-0.005
.00956
.0.005
.00998
-0.003
0.0383
0.0236
0.0402
0.0336
0.0447
.00661
-0.005
.0.003
-0.005
-0.005
.
0.0143
0.0279
0.0166
0.0353
0.0118
0.0268
0.0255
0.015
0.0323
0.0163
0.0339
.0.005
0.0326
-0.005
0.0266
0.015
0.0421
-0.005
0.0182
0.0396
0.0464
0.04
0.0633
0.0465
0.0564
-0.005
0.0108
-0.005
-0.005
f
t
0.0116
t
0.036
f
0*0225
0.0141
0.02*4H
0.0332
t
0,0125
.00597
.00597
t
0.0203
0.0572
0.066
t
0*0619
.0.003
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
0.0055
0.00532
-0.005
t
0.00596
*
-0.005
-0.003
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
-0.005
t
-0.005
-0.005
.
.
-------
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL i CELL s CELL 6 C^LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L t
ซป
11
11
12
12
1*
11
16
16
19
19
21
28
12
96
10
10
83
98.
90
11
12.
17.
.
12.
92.
18.
is.
16.
Si.
19.
50.
36.
51.
U.I
26J
17S
19B
193
0 269
3 11
0 62
0 31
2 35
7 30
. 35
2 27
3 26
B 30
6 2*1
0 30
31.
15.
29.
ie.
19.
17.
11.
18.
30.
51.
30.
53.
18.
' 52.
1 21S
> 219
136
I 182
t
.
0 1160
0 12.5
9 2950
5
1 1600
9
2
7
ป 1230
I 6.73
ป 515
ป -5
5
6.69
5
5.96
5
5.76
27.1
6.53
37.1
11.5
56.3
13.1
66.3
13.7
337
55. 8
261
65.6
.
.
2190
3020
1670
1930
609
ISlO
91.3
1690
797
1190
172
968
25.2
-5
25.3
5
39.1
.5
16.7
5
67.1
116
53.6
81.2
60.1
111
221
521
181
11ป
1760
.5
1270
-5
163
5
-3
116
.5
366
-5
15.3
.5
18
-5
19
6.16
19.3
7.79
50
27.5
19.6
21.7
50.6
13.5
212
68.2
166
68.1
f
1830
621
310
321
206
218
200
206
196
172
219
19
19.3
1ซ.6
I'.T
16.3
15.1
11.2
12.5
39.1
37.2
35.9
36.6
3ป.1
35,9
169
116
151
156
t
t
5
t
-5
-3
3
9
5
.5
5
-5
.5
.3
.9
*
.9
-5
.
.5
.5
5
-5
.5
.5
ซ
-5
6)
.5
-5
5
.
5
.5
.
.5
-5
*
-5
-------
PARAMETER=S04
ON
0>
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L 1
U (
L (
U 1
L 1
U 1
L 1
U ซ
L <
U <
iป
4
6
6
7
7
e
a
11
11
12
12
14
1*
16
J 16
J 19
J 1*
J 24
J 24
J 28
J 20
1 2
ป 2
> 9
L 99
U 9 20
L 9 20
U 9 2ป
L 9 29
U 10 14
L 10 14
TEAR
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
CELL 1
26200
13900
5190
9870
2^30
2*50
10&00
?5eo
auo
2830
7990
30ao
3030
9ป70
3370
7090
3160
3920
3700
5^30
3380
6170
3560
57ซ>0
3290
4980
3660
3060
3*10
CELL 2
16900
3990
7960
5360
6000
4320
1150
5520
3860
5280
3990
6370
3960
t
3650
6030
4090
6540
3B50
4000
4110
4010
4060
5320
4060
5860
3700
4150
3860
4000
3290
CELL 3
32500
26600
15600
*
14000
336
7i70
442
6700
965
11300
1370
9700
1550
9610
1780
5880
2320
5500
2210
7230
2070
8240
1840
6810
2040
3750
2550
CFLL 4
16800
12800
13200
11800
8160
7680
ซ
8960
7940
6500
70HO
6380
6600
6860
6480
4940
6650
6840
6330
6790
65lO
5460
6040
6290
6080
5450
6080
4340
5160
2330
3750
CELL 5
11500
89
9690
90
6040
115
6380
63
6120
84
4930
202
5390
2lO
5390
340
5390
481
5390
1970
5060
2290
5300
920
5520
1030
4600
1000
2800
3160
CELL 6
19700
8980
5370
6060
4470
5600
5140
(ซ880
5370
4590
5480
H790
5100
6230
4850
5570
4390
5700
4340
6330
4460
4990
4360
5730
4320
7090
4160
5360
4280
3130
4150
CELL 7 CELL 12
*
1350
t
1600
1660
1690
1730
1770
1770
1800
t
1810
1600
1820
1890
2000
t
2150
1
22
-------
PARAMCTCRaSR
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i
CELL 2 CELL 3 CELL * CELL 5 CELL 6 c*LL 7 C^LL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
sL
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
4
4
6
6
7
7
6
e
11
11
12
12
I*
It
16
16
19
19
24
21
28
26
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 1ซ
0 It
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
1.03
3.92
0.98
2.03
0.035
1.76
1.79
0.8*2
1.63
0.863
1.51
1.01
1.93
1.21
1.83
0.811
1.8
0.982
1.76
0.855
2.01
1
1.92
0.998
1.96
0.943
1.81
0.98
1.75
1.11
2.19
1.11
1.94
1.37
1.81
1.21
1.68
1.38
1.59
1.13
1.62
1.6
1.78
1.69
1.73
1.16
1.69
0.957
1.68
1.27
1.89
1.15
1.87
1.38
1.88
1.31
1.8
1.2
1.62
0.611
3.4
0.635
0.509
0.473
2.15
0.465
0.759
0.562
0.625
0.54
0.615
0.512
0.591
0.565
0.588
0.538
0.706
0.557
0.721
0.598
0.685
0.516
0.583
0.527
0.556
1.7
12.5
1.08
8.79
0.821
9.66
0.911
9.82
0.868
9.23
0.899
7.89
0.951
9.03
0.98
9.38
0.872
9.61
0.801
9.46
0.898
9.81
0.94
8.84
0.773
9.77
0.743
9.37
0.891
7.92
f
1.7
2.48
1.27
. 0.392
1.69
0.248
t
0.248
1.35
0.244
1.46
0.246
1.66
0.349
1.3
0.368
1.17
0.381
1.17
0.421
1.36
1.66
1.42
i.ie
1.38
0.641
1.29
0.628
1.21
0.561
t
1.1
3.05
1.55
2.14
1.07
2.12
2.12
1.04
1.99
1.23
1.89
1.23
2.02
1.21
2.04
0.92
2.02
0.939
2.02
0.861
2.18
1.02
2.2
0.98
2.17
0.77
2.01
0.908
1.8
2.12
1.41
1.14
1.52
1.53
1.19
1.63
1.66
1.67
t
1.68
1.97
1.99
2.09
1.95
1.96
t
0.694
.
0.175
0.132
0.154
0.408
0.224
0.134
0.173
t
0.152
.
0.154
f
0.176
0.347
0.204
.
0.172
-------
PARAMETERsTDS
00
SAMPLE Pi MONTH DAY
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
n
n
6
6
7
7
6
8
11
11
12
12
14
14
16
16
19
19
U 6 24
L 8 24
U 8 28
L 8 26
(J 92
L 2
U 9
L 9
U 20
L 20
U 29
L 9 29
U 10 14
L 10 14
YEAR
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
CELL 1
i(i(6oo
,
24800
59<(0
18400
5330
.
5120
16600
5300
14lQO
5800
13800
5860
,
5700
15700
6260
12600
5920
10600
6750
10200
6040
10900
6320
10500
5960
9210
6490
5860
62i(0
CELi 2
29100
6790
14100
6760
11000
7?90
,
7060
lOiOO
7250
9680
7490
11700
7330
.
6760
10700
7330
imoo
6980
7040
7<ป30
7250
7310
9350
7150
10400
6660
7460
7010
7840
6330
CELL 3
61300
,
43700
t
25700
.
,
t
24600
1640
13100
1560
15300
2500
20000
2720
17200
2810
16300
3290
12400
4350
9860
4160
13000
3960
14200
3550
12300
3950
6920
5i20
CELL 4
26200
21700
23700
ฃ0500
14800
15000
t
.
15800
lS<ซ00
11300
13600
11600
12900
12700
12900
12600
13100
12HOO
12300
12200
12300
10200
11500
11400
11400
9760
11300
8080
lOlOO
5030
7130
CELL 5
22500
t
18700
258
11400
233
t
*
11700
225
11100
291
9530
4H7
9890
471
99>(0
636
10400
1080
10200
3610
9560
4060
9600
1670
9870
1820
8970
1930
5450
54x0
CELL 6
28000
13300
9460
10100
7860
9340
t
8740
8470
8780
7850
8980
6090
8170
6840
7930
10100
7900
10200
7770
10800
7a10
9050
7730
9620
7110
11800
6990
9400
7400
5610
7080
CELL 7 CELL 12
,
3200
,
3560
.
3630
t
3480
t
3300
,
3630
,
3800
,
3640
.
3620
t
3480
,
3670
,
3630
,
3820
t
3870
,
4430
,
4170
9
,
.
262
t
219
,
,
t
736
,
272
,
201
,
172
,
118
,
143
,
137
t
480
.
209
.
241
.
217
,
196
-------
PARAHETERrTl
SAMPLE PT HONTM DAY YEAR CELL i CELI 2 CELL 3 CELL ป CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
4
4
6
6
7
7
a
8
11
11
12
12
1*
1*
16
16
19
19
2ป
24
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 It
0 I*
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.0263
.009?6
0.0125
0.0284
0.0103
0.0268
O.OB9iป
0.0167
0.0258
0.0149
0.0316
,00637
0.014
0.0155
0.0159
0.0134
0.0134
0.0122
0.0114
0.0222
0.0241
O.OiS
0.023
0.0167
0.0195
0.0309
O.Q318
0.0203
0.0211
0.0149
0.0245
0.0159
0.0272
0.0186
0.0217
0.157
0.0593
0.0221
0.0198
0.0208
0.0231
0.01
.00937
OtOn3
.00965
0.0107
0.0123
,00753
.00912
0.0181
0.0213
0.0161
0.0?04
0.0152
0.017
0.0304
0.0206
0.0171
o.oisa
0.0273
.00777
0.0277
0.0213
0.0182
.00756
0.0168
.00756
0.0112
.00262
0.0i47
0.0081
0.0141
0.011
0.0128
0.0113
0.0157
0.0246
o.otsi
0.0219
0.0162
0.015
0.0248
0.0243
0.0117
0.0152
0.0177
0.0226
0.0133
0.0218
0.0124
0.0267
.00982
0.0196
O.OH9
0.0176
0.0166
O.OlB
.0023*
.00732
.00393
0.0093
0.0125
0.0105
0.0136
0.0111
0.0223
0.0178
0.0183
0.021
0.0152
0.0177
0.0212
0.0243
0.0104
0.0104
.
0.0126
-0.002
.00585
-0.002
.00899
.00541
.00277
.00845
.00312
0.0119
-0.002
-0.002
-0.002
-0.002
.0.002
.00259
-0.002
.00711
-0.002
0.0155
0.0114
O.OliH
0.0108
.00923
-0.002
0,0113
-0.002
.00515
-0.002
0.0222
0.0257
0.0145
0.0276
0.0133
0.0558
0.0237
0.0138
0.0267
0.0165
0.0247
.00594
0.0158
.00965
0.0164
0,016
0.0186
0.0159
0.0189
0.0247
0.0254
0.0219
0.0236
0.0199
0.0198
0.0328
0.0281
0.0191
0.0186
t
0.018A
0.0257
0.0245
0.019
0.0215
9
0.0263
0.0127
0*0132
ff
0.0156
0.0149
0ป0276
t
0.0287
0.0277
0*0336
0.0328
-0,002
-0.002
0.0091
0.00267
OtOomi
0.003*ซ6
t
-0,002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
-0.002
-0.002
-0.002
-------
NJ
^1
O
PARAMtTERxTQC
SAKPLE PT MONTH DAY
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
. L
U
L
U
L
U
H
4
6
6
7
7
6
a
11
11
12
12
I*
14
16
16
19
19
2*
24
28
26
2
2
9
9
20
L 9 20
U 9 29
L 9 29
U 10 11
L 10 14
YtAR CELL 1 CELL 2 CtLL 3 CtLL 4 CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 Ct|_L 12
19
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
7?
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
fl
31
17
15
19
14
10
12
13
9.5
14
13
15
15
14
15
14
9.5
10
16
14
26
9.8
7.8
6.8
S.I
32
21
23
8.3
*
11
15
10
12
7
.
6.4
12
9.8
8.7
13
10
5.1
6.1
7.1
6.1
IS
8.2
t
21
9.6
4.8
13
8.2
32
t
27
t
18
23
7.6
19
8.1
14
15
16
9.2
IB
12
16
3.3
14
4.8
12
14
17
24
25
14
15
7.2
9.3
55
37
32
20 .
1ซ
22
t
21
20
1*
17
18
12
38
20
23
23
13
18
14
14
17
7.7
18
10
20
16
8.9
13
8.6
5.7
24
31
9
17
4.6
*
is
7.9
9.9
7.9
7.3
4.2
14
5.9
20
6.4
12
7.4
7.8
10
11
7.6
11
6.5
22
16
9.1
7.6
3.8
3.2
23
8.2
14
4.5
11
6
.
.
12
7.2
11
2.6
14
3.7
4.8
15
5.9
16
6.3
11
6
12
S.6
12
5.1
22
9.5
14
2.8
6.S
2.1
39
7.5
8.5
t
8.7
5.5
t
6
.
6.4
9
8.7
6
6
9
7.4
6.7
t
13
4
9.4
t
6.6
*---
3 5
** j
t
H*5
^ ป*
6 9
ฐ *
5.2
** *
3.6
** *
s a
** . **
7.5
* w
9.3
7.6
* **
7.3
B.4
** *
17
12
9
-------
NJ
PARAMETERxV
SAMPLE PT MONTH DAY YEAR CELL i CEH 2 CELL 3 CELL 4 CELL 5 CELL 6 C^LL 7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
tj
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L 1
4
4
6
6
7
7
8
8
11
11
12
12
14
14
16
16
19
19
21
24
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
29
29
0 14
0 14
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.739
0.389
0.441
0.334
0.274
0.326
0.3
0.236
0.3J9
0.168
0.345
0.261
0.321
0.533
0.3m
0.39
0.334
0.393
0.309
0.31
0.422
0.283
o.4
0.457
0.4J1
0.942
0.757
0.777
0.766
0.378
0.567
0.277
0.377
0.285
0.331
0.278
0.313
0.971
0.318
0.213
0.332
0.246
0.313
0.302
0.303
0.453
0.324
0.264
0.311
0.314
0.391
0.25
0.39
0.406
0.393
0.923
0.7S4
0.775
0.743
t
0.96
0.303
0.88
0.593
0.468
0.0909
0.267
0.148
0.454
0.241
0.582
0.274
0.476
0.295
0.499
0.312
0.234
0.451
0.252
0.44
0.527
0.417
1.21
0.759
1.04
0.741
0.377
0.593
0.469
0.477
0.216
0.384
0.378
0.393
0.326
0.356
0.167
0.301
0.213
0.304
0.294
0.332
0.411
0.35
0.454
0.337
0.56
0.408
0.42
0.45
0.557
0.451
1.05
0.863
0.776
0.766
t
0.035
0.0276
0.020
. -0.01
0.0236
-0.01
0.022
0.0342
.0.01
0.0375
-0.01
0.022
0.0295
0.0365
0.027
0.0562
0.0339
0.0773
0.0416
0.111
0.316
0.087
0.359
0.175
0.138
0.263
0.295
0.3
0.263
t
0.638
0.699
0.18
0.594
0.118
0.592
0.559
0.214
0.586
0.165
0.57
0.208
0.564
0.282
0.555
0.508
0.566
0.497
0.551
0.674
0.609
0.482
0.632
0.569
0.626
1.42
1.18
1.13
1.01
t
0.214
0.25
0.253
0.243
t
0.261
9
0.279
0.259
t
0.26
0.264
t
0.263
0.348
0.358
9
0.372
.
0.69
.
0.7
*
0.139
0.0168
-0.01
0.0153
0.0646
0.0286
0.0159
0.015
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
t
0.0478
t
0.051
9
0.0261
-------
PARAMETERsZff
SAMPLE
MONTH OAT YfAR CELL 1 cELl 2 cELL 3 CELL 1 CELL 5 CELL 6
7 CELL 12
u
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
, L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U
L
U 1
L
4
4
6
6
7
7
8
8
11
11
12
12
H
H
16
16
I*
1ป
2*
21
28
28
2
2
9
9
20
20
2*
29
LO 14
10 11
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
0.313
0.5
0.0568
0.068
0.005
0.0661
0.0iป3
0.0304
0.0132
0.0263
O.OH7
0.0205
0.0251
0.0868
0.0235
0.0125
0.0281
0.043
0.0236
0,0612
0.0519
0.032
0.0575
0.0631
0.0685
0.0619
0.061
0.0148
0.0381
O.OsOl
0.13
0.032
0.0693
0.0253
0.0571
0.055
0.01(55
0.0536
0.0482
0.0565
0.0516
0.1
0,0321
0.161
0.0378
0.122
0.0368
0.0531
0.0366
0.059
0.0606
0.0011
0 1 051* 2
0.17
0.057
0.229
0.0555
0.112
0.0345
0.45
0.331
0.269
0.0893
.
0.0464
0.0801
0.0229
0.0285
0.0472
0.0282
0.098
0.0226
0.0554
0.021
0.0833
0.028
0.0312
0.0569
0.0297
0.0566
0.0617
0.0636
0.0706
O.OH38
0.0502
0.03S
.
0.0473
0.156
0.0276
0.0758
-0.002
0.0716
0.0587
0.0652
0.0115
0.0571
-0.002
0.0427
.00267
0.0387
0.01H
0.0476
0.0491
0.0486
0.0679
0.0589
0.0952
0.0601
0.083
0.0736
0.0963
0.115
0.0603
0.127
0.0468
0.0708
t
0.002
0.355
-0.002
.0.0351
-0.002
0.0238
0.0401
-0.002
0.0341
-0.002
0.0235
-0.002
0.0241
-0.002
0.0275
-0.002
0.01H
-0,002
0.0467
0.0148
0.0962
0.0166
0.0976
0.0189
0.0857
0.0119
0.0865
0.0169
0.0723
0.131
0.825
-0.002
0.326
-0.002
0.341
0.277
-0.002
0.293
-0.002
0.228
-0.002
0.233
.00157
0.21
0.0533
0.239
0.0113
0.209
0.0722
0.183
0.0126
0.197
0.0567
0.181
0.0782
0.155
0.0105
0.0972
0.117
0,0339
0*0162
0.01
ป
0.078
0.045
0.025
0.0322
0.0105
O.lll
t
0.0732
0ซ0955
0*0948
0.092
0.075
0.26
0.0403
0.045
0.0637
*
0.0678
t
0.045
0.0257
0.0271
0.0328
9
0.0301
0.0722
0.0713
t
0.0615
ป
0.0428
-------
APPENDIX II
PROCEDURAL DETAILS FOR METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
METHODS USED FOR X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSES
X-ray diffraction has been applied to identify qualitatively the various
crystalline components present in the FBC waste and disposal media. A powder
sample composed of an aggregate of a large number of tiny crystallites is pre-
pared so that the sample is oriented in random order. X-ray radiation emitted
from a copper K source is directed upon the randomly oriented flat sample.
A complete diffraction scan from 10ฐ to 90ฐ is recorded for each specimen.
As the specimen is irradiated by the incident x-radiation, each set of crys-
tal planes in the various crystallites reflects the diffracted beam which is
then detected by a scintillation counter and recorded on a chart paper as a
series of X-ray intensity peaks.
The patterns are taken using a Siemens X-ray powder diffractometer for
this investigation. The scan is recorded at a rate of 1ฐ per minute. Inter-
planar d-spacings are calculated from the X-ray intensity peaks using Bragg's
Law.
In general, only species present in major proportions (at least 5 to 10
percent) can be identified by X-ray diffraction. The limits of detectability
are strongly dependent on the intrinsic intensity of the diffraction pattern
of a given species and the amount and type of other crystalline species pre-
sent.
The powder diffraction technique employed for the current study yields
qualitative rather than quantitative information, but some semiquantitative
information is available. For a given crystalline species, the intensity of
its pattern will increase with an increasing amount of the species in the
273
-------
sample. However, if two species are present, the one with the more intense
pattern is not necessarily present in the higher proportion.
The indexed d-spacings for various components in the PFBC wastes have
been identified by two methods. For discrete powder patterns, a hand search
of the Hanawalt Index Powder Diffraction File has been performed. A comput-
erized data handling system has also been used to identify and evaluate can-
didate crystalline species which might produce minor diffraction intensities.
The system used is the Powder Diffraction Search Match (PDSM) component of the
NIH/EPA Chemical Information System. The crystalline phases found in the
wastes will be used in the final analysis of the leaching phenomena to deter-
mine which phases control the leachate concentration of key species.
METHODS USED IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ANALYSES
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) used in this investigation allows
magnifications of the microstructure up to 50,000 times. In the SEM, electron
lenses demagnify the source image and produce a focused spot (or probe) on the
sample. This spot scans the area under examination in the same manner as a
television camera, and the reflected electrons are picked up by a suitable
detector. After the signal is amplified, it can be displayed on a cathode-
ray tube or projected onto Polaroid film for a permanent record of the sur-
face microstructure.
Small pieces of the waste are mounted on carbon discs so that representa-
tive surfaces are available for examination. An adhesive-containing graphite
is used to secure the samples to the base. The mounted samples are placed in
a vacuum chamber and coated with gold.
For this investigation, an Etec Omniscan scanning electron microscope is
used with a Princeton Gamma Tech Model 1000 energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence
spectrometer. Standard conditions for electron microprobe analysis are used
as follows:
voltage: 20 kV,
274
-------
working distance: 25 mm,
tilt: 30 degrees, and
horizontal distance from center of column to detector:
20 ran.
Scanning electron micrographs have been produced under two different in-
strumental conditions yielding micrographs first showing low magnification
(1000 X) of general surface microstructure, and then at higher magnification
(5000 X) to illustrate detailed surface analysis of a specific area.
Electron microprobe analyses at two depths are also being performed on
the wastes in representative sample areas. This analysis provides data from
which surface specific elements can be identified.
DETAILS OF SAMPLE AND APPARATUS PREPARATION
As noted in the text, several steps are required before and after samples
are generated in the multi-step laboratory leachate protocol.
Preparation of Solids
Depending on the types of solids to be used in the leaching studies, it
is necessary to perform some type of initial preparation such as drying, grind-
ing, and bulk mixing in order to obtain a representative sample which can be
reproduced from batch to batch. The wastes and media are initially dried at
a low temperature (~50ฐC). This temperature was selected in order to avoid
loss of waters of hydration which in turn might alter the leachability of the
material. The attenuation media are coned and quartered, and any large chunks
or clods are broken down to approximately 4 mesh before drying. After drying,
the media are ground to approximately 100 mesh. No attempt is made to size
the particles since the intention is to gain a representative sample, not to
increase the surface area of the material.
275
-------
Preparation of Apparatus
The mixing apparatus has a head with an adjustable angle of incline and
a variable speed control. For the purpose of this study, the incline of the
head is adjusted to an angle of approximately 70ฐ to the horizontal. This
results in an end-over-end action of the leachate/waste within the container.
The speed of rotation is set at approximately 6 rpm.
Preparation of Leachate Containers
The containers selected for the leaching protocol are 250 ml polypropylene
centrifuge containers manufactured to fit the centrifuge used for the leachate-
solid phase separation. The containers are cleaned with dilute (1:5) nitric
acid and rinsed with deionized water to remove any contaminants prior to use.
Sufficient containers are provided to minimize reuse.
Separation of Leachate from Solids After Leaching
The solid/liquid phases of the samples are separated by centrifugation in
a high-speed centrifuge (IEBC-20A) at 2,500 rpm for a period of twenty minutes.
The leachate is then carefully decanted off the solids and the appropriate
phase is either carried forward to another shake test or prepared for chemical
analysis.
Sample Preservation
Following solid/liquid phase separation, one or both of the phases may
require preparation or preservation for chemical analysis. The liquid phase
(leachate) is divided into four aliquots and each aliquot is preserved by an
appropriate technique for the analyses to be performed. Figure II-l indicates
the sample divisions and preservation techniques used.
The solid phase is prepared for analysis by drying overnight at 50ฐC fol-
lowed by grinding with a mortar and pestle. No additional preservation is
necessary.
276
-------
50 mJZ-
pH <2
Ultrex
HNOa
Elemental
Analysis
LEACHATE SAMPLE
50 roฃ
pH <2
H3PO,,
TOC
50 mi
No Preservation
pH, IDS,
Conductivity
50
No Preservation
Anions
SO,, , F~
Figure II-l. Preservation Protocol for Leaching Samples
-------
Each leachate or solid prepared for analysis is labeled with a special
code of at least seven characters which indicates the sample type (waste,
leachate, or attenuation media), step in protocol, leaching time, number of
repeats of step, identification of waste, identification of attenuation medium,
and duplicate samples. This code is explained in Appendix II under Details
of Data Analysis Procedures.
DETAILS OF FIELD CELL CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
The field cells are erected in a ring around a seventh, larger central
cylinder, which serves as an equipment shelter.
Construction
Initially, a prototype cell was constructed and operated at Radian's
Austin facility. This was done to ensure smooth construction and operation
procedures. While this exercise revealed no major system flaws, it did aid
significantly in optimizing both construction and operation of the functional
cells, thus saving field time.
The 17 functional cells (plus one spare cell) were emplaced at the Crown
field site. The three rings of six field cells, each with its central equip-
ment shell, are set on end in a trench. Connector pipes are installed, and
local soil is backfilled around the cells to within one foot of the top. The
bottom of each cell is sealed with an impermeable liner, and succeeding layers
of disposal media and waste are emplaced by hand. Porous ceramic cup samplers
and soil moisture sensors are emplaced in the sand layers.
Filling Procedures
Disposal media were brought from onsite stockpiles in bulk and shoveled
into each cell from the surface. Media were emplaced in level lifts, but
not compacted. In the case of the coarse textured media (shale and sandstone),
particles larger than approximately 4 inches were discarded. FBC wastes,
which were received as separate streams (beddraw and cyclone catch), were
278
-------
mixed in a rotating drum cement mixer in the same ratio as the original pro-
duction. Bulk densities of the individual waste streams were determined on
site, and the actual mixing was done by volume. Small amounts of deionized
water were added until the mixed waste was just sensibly moist.
Beyond that compaction provided by dropping material from the land sur-
face, neither the disposal media nore the FBC wastes were compacted during the
filling process. It is deemed more important to provide unrestricted down-
ward flow of leachate than to attempt restoration of in-situ permeability.
There is an implied trade-off between modeling actual water flow rates and
providing sufficient flow to observe leachate behavior over time.
Special Techniques
Two aspects of cell design and construction are worthy of special men-
tion as useful in any large soil column experiments. These are a system of
internal baffles and the soil moisture sampling arrays.
Circumferential baffles are cemented to the walls to prevent infiltrat-
ing rainfall or percolating leachate from channeling along the cell walls.
Loss of mass flow through the column contents due to short circuiting along
the walls is a common problem. A series of small baffles on the wall should
solve this channeling problem. The baffles are assembled from 4-inch-wide
strips of 30 mil chlorinated polyethylene pond liner, folded in half, length-
wise. One half of the strip is cemented to the wall of the cylinder, the
other half is laid out to form a horizontal baffle. Six baffles are emplaced
in each cell, at the positions shown on Figure 8. Preliminary observations
indicate that significant short circuiting is not occurring, as discussed in
subsequent sections. A limitation to the technique is that the cylinder must
be large enough to allow access for installation. It is also a labor-inten-
sive procedure requiring nearly a man-day per cell for installing the baffles
and hand painting the exposed concrete with coal tar epoxy. If the baffles
had not been installed, the supplier would have coated the pipe much more
efficiently as part of the manufacturing process.
279
-------
The porous cup sample array is devised to give an integrated sample on
the whole cross section of the cell. It will also produce water at a tolerable
rate to minimize sample time. Eight porous ceramic cups are fitted with
nylon fittings cemented in place with epoxy adhesive. They are then con-
nected with a manifold "harness" of Tygonฎ tubing and nylon "T" connectors
to a vacuum flask in the equipment shell as shown on Figure II-2.
The final "T" connection is made inside the central equipment shell.
Thus, if a portion of the apparatus should fail, leachate may still be col-
lected with the remaining portion. Also, a number of large porous ceramic
cups, originally intended for botton drains, were available. These were em-
placed near the center of the upper array as spare sample collection devices.
Operation and Sampling
Cells 1 to 7 and cell 12 were placed in operation on 1 August 1979. An
initial irrigation of 254 mm of deionized water was applied to bring cell
contents to field moisture capacity and initiate sampling. The schedule for
the initial irrigation is shown on Table II-l. The first leachate samples were
collected on 4 August 1979. Since then, the cells have been exposed to nat-
ural precipitation only. The only other departure from real-world conditions
is that runoff, which would be maximized in an actual disposal site, is pre-
vented. This allows infiltration into the cell to correspond with rainfall,
a measurable phenomena. It also provides a worst plausible case of rainfall
ponding on a landfill site.
TABLE II-l. INITIAL IRRIGATION SCHEDULES
Date
8/1/79
8/2/79
8/4/79
Depth
(mm)
152
51
51
Volume
(liters)
177.9
59.3
59.3
280
-------
FIELD CELL WALL
ONE FOOT
TO CENTRAL
EQUIPMENT SHELL
COLLECTION
FLASK
LEGEND:
O POROUS CERAMIC CUP
T NYLON TEE FITTING
3/16" TYGON TUBING
02-W16-1
Figure II-2. Detail of Porous Cup,Sampler Array
281
-------
After the first week of sampling, all Crown onsite activities were tur-
ned over to two experienced local researchers who are responsible for sample
collection, preservation and shipping, field measurements and observations,
and equipment maintenance.
Schedule
Sample collection frequency has an increasing period, beginning with
the first appearance of leachate, inasmuch as the phenomena of interest are
expected to change less rapidly with time. Expected sample days are roughly
equally spaced along a logarithmic time scale (Table II-2). The table also
shows "actual" sample days and dates of collection for the first 17 events.
The latter part of the schedule may be modified in the light of early analy-
tical results. The target for each cell will be a total of 24 sample events
for the Crown cells "producing" by August 1979, and 20 sample events for those
cells constructed later.
The departure of actual sample days from the scheduled or expected day
is a result of the variability of the rainfall input. After the operating
cells were brought to field capacity, no additional irrigation was applied.
Leachate moves down through the cells in response to rainfall. In the ab-
sence of significant rainfall, very little sample can be extracted. The
variability in the sample schedule is thus a direct result of the variability
in the appearance of leachate.
For the first portion of the sampling period, the leachate collection
systems were maintained under a constant vacuum. Thus, the leachate collected
represented a time-proportional composite sample of all flow since the pre-
ceeding collection. A time-proportional sample is composited by withdrawing
water at a small, constant rate. Samples 1 to 12 were collected in this man-
ner. As the interval between sampling event increases, it becomes less de-
sirable to attempt continuous sampling. Vacuum flasks are filled to capacity
within a few days and begin to overflow. Subsequent leachate sample with-
drawals are incompletely mixed with the static flask contents; excess sample
flows to waste in one of the bottom drain drums. Installing larger vacuum
flasks merely postpones the onset of this difficulty. Continuous sample with-
282
-------
TABLE II-2. SAMPLE SCHEDULE FOR FIELD CELLS 1 TO 7 AND 12
Sample
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Scheduled
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
13
16
20
25
32
40
50
63
79
100
126
158
200
251
316
398
501
Actual
Day
0
2
3
4
7
8
10
12
15
20
24
29
36
47
56
71
89
Date
4 August 1979
6 August 1979
7 August 1979
8 August 1979
11 August 1979
12 August 1979
14 August 1979
16 August 1979
19 August 1979
24 August 1979
28 August 1979
2 September 1979
9 September 1979
20 September 1979
29 September 1979
14 October 1979
1 November 1979
283
-------
drawals from the upper sampling array biases cell operation by removing a
significant fraction of the infiltrating leachate before it interacts with
the underlying disposal media. More importantly, flow through the field
cells varies with time, both in quantity and quality. A time-proportional
composite sample of a varying flow system is not representative, and, hence,
not desirable.
Accordingly, the sample collection scheme was modified for sample 13 and
subsequent samples. On an assigned "sample day," the operator turns on the
sampling system. He then awaits a precipitation event, returns the day fol-
lowing such an event, collects a sample, and turns off the system. This pro-
cedure provides a sample representative of conditions at the time, rather
than an imperfect composite of previous conditions.
Sampling Procedure
The sampling procedure is composed of the following steps:
Each drum is pumped out; the quantity of throughput and
the pH and electrical conductivity of the contents of
each drum are measured and recorded.
The racks containing the vacuum flasks are removed for
breakdown; the volume in each vacuum flask is recorded;
and the contents of the two flasks servicing a single
sample point are composited.
The pH and electrical conductivity of each sample are
measured, and the sample is split and preserved according
to a written protocol, as shown on Figure II-3.
Vacuum is reapplied to the drums, the vacuum flask racks
are reassembled, but not connected to vacuum, and the
site secured.
284
-------
LEACHATE SAMPLE
50 mi
I 200 mi
pH <2
H3PO.ป
No Preservation
to
oo
Ln
Elemental
Analysis
pH, TDS, Anions,
Conductivity
Figure II-3. Preservation Protocol for Field Cell Leachate Samples
-------
At monthly intervals, the chart and batteries for the re-
cording rain gage are changed.
Samples are packed in ice chests and shipped to Radian's
Austin laboratories for analysis.
ICPES ACCURACY AND PRECISION DETERMINATION
Most of the chemical analytical work for this program has been performed
with an inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES) tech-
nique. Initial tests have been performed with an Applied Research Laboratories
Model 137. Table H-3 presents the results of analysis of both spiked and un-
spiked deionized water and a seven-day waste leachate sample. Thirty analyses
were performed on each of the four samples. The precision, as defined by com-
parison of the standard deviations and means of spiked samples, is exceptional-
ly good. The recovery of spiked elements indicates the accuracy of the method
is exceptionally good, also. In this instance, spikes of boron, calcium,
potassium, and strontium for the leachate sample were too small relative to
the total concentration to allow confident recovery evaluation.
The analysis of samples consists of measuring the emitted light at a
specific wavelength inherent for each element with a photomultiplier tube.
The voltage from each tube is then compared to a standard calibration curve
correlating emission at four concentration levels to determine the concen-
tration of an element present in the sample. Calibration standards are pro-
duced each day to insure proper calibration and instrument operation.
*
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
The elements of quality control for chemical analysis include the fol-
lowing:
calibration of instruments,
286
-------
TABLE II-3. ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC AND LAB STUDY LEACHATE SAMPLES*
Element
Sample"
DI Water
Spike'*
Sample
Spike
f Sample"
Spike
Recovery (Z)
Leachate
L1701" Spike
Sample LI 70 1
Spike
f Sample
Spike
Recovery (T.
>
to
00
Ag
Al
R
Ba
Ca
Cil
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
K
MB
Mn
Nl
SI
Kr
Tt
V
Zn
< 0.005
c 0.060
< 0.004
0.004 i 0.001
0.010 ฑ 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.15
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 40.
0.002 1 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.020
< 0.020
< O.OUl
< 0.001
< 0.010
< 0.002
< 0.005
0.50
1.00
0.50
5.0
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
5.0
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.50
0.52
0.95
0.48
4.80
0.47
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.49
i 0.01
1 0.05
f 0.02
i 0.05
t 0.01
t 0.01
t 0.02
t 0.02
t 0.03
104
95
96
96
94
100
96
92
98
< 40
0.49
0.46
0.48
0.26
0.49
0.26
0.24
0.47
t 0.003
l 0.03
t 0.01
t 0.008
t 0.02
s 0.005
t 0.01
t 0.01
98
92
96
104
98
104
96
94
0.040ฑ 0.03 -
0.84
7.50
0.35
1470
< 0
1.4
0.07
0.01
0.045
700
0.022
0.002
0.15
0.60
2.85
0.056
0.11
0.007
t 0.04
1 0.13
t 0.01
l 17
.005
1 0.08
i 0.02
t 0.005
t 0.010
l 10
ป 0.002
t 0.001
t 0.05
t 0.10
t 0.10
i 0.010
* 0.008
i 0.003
0.50
1.00
0.50
5.0
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
5.0
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.50
0.0421
1.40 l
8.30 t
0.80 t
1470 *
0.52 l
1.97 1
0.53 1
0.49 i
0.490 t
760 1
0.464 t
0.49 t
0.68 i
1.08 ฑ
3.05 ฑ
0.290 l
0.34 i
0.48 1
0.004
0.11
0.40
0.02
19
0.01
0.11
0.04
0.05
0.005
43
0.009
0.03
0.015
0.04
0.04
0.008
0.009
0.01
112
80""
90
_. _ ***
104
114
92
96
89
___ ***
88
98
106
96
80'
94
92
95
All concentration! in ug/ol
"Hun ฑ standard deviation for 30 detcnlutioni.
***Spikซซ Mir* too amall In coapariaon with aaaple
Concentration to accurately define recovery.
-------
analysis of spiked synthetic and leachate samples,
analysis of standard samples of known concentration to
validate measurements, and
replicate measurement in the laboratory.
Calibration of Instruments
The standards used for the ICPES and ion chromatography (1C) instruments
are obtained commercially and are diluted by the instrument operator to the
desired concentration. Calibration of the instruments is performed on each
day on which analyses are made. Multipoint calibrations are used. A de-
ionized water blank and standards at three non-zero concentrations are used
to cover the range of concentration of interest. The ICPES automatically
performs a regression analyses to determine the calibration curve. Calibra-
tion (linear regression) for the 1C instrument is performed manually. Table
II-4 and Figure II-4 present calibration examples.
Spiked Samples
The use of spikes (or addition of known amounts of component) was ini-
tially employed to define the acceptability of the ICPES methodology. Table
II-3 presents the spiking results and recovery of spiked components in the
analysis for both deionized water and a laboratory leachate sample. The ini-
tial samples and spiked samples were analyzed 30 times to provide statisti-
cal information.
Standard Samples
Analysis of known standard samples has been performed to check for sta-
bility of the ICPES instrument. Table II-5 presents the concentration of a
standard solution that was analyzed after each ten samples. Lower-level
standards are analyzed to define accuracy in the sub-ppm concentrations.
Replicate Analysis
Replicate measurements are performed for ten percent of the ICPES and
1C samples. This is accomplished by splitting the sample into two fractions
288
-------
TABLE II-4. COMPUTER PRINTOUT FOR ICPES CALIBRATION
Aซ CH
!_CU I HIGH I
* ~* . 3ฃ 332 .4 - .
CTr> cowc.
< A AAAA
2 0.2000
t, ~t AArtA
4 AA AAAA
1 * 4
5(0)
^WO* 7>AT
T klT
12-36
IS. 60
4* OO
322 . 42
- 42
s.c.
A ^ AC
C . 2?
A OT
1 2 . ฐ7
P ' 1 >
.32229E-1 ,
C.-.LC CONC.
0.0001
0.1992
2.0009
19.9983
B(2)
324692E-5
CONC ERROR
0.0001
-O.OOOB
0.0009
-0.0017
B(3>
0
% ERROR
-o.se
0.05
-0.01
CURVE
1
4
1
1
ftMS ERROR -
A.U
I At.)
B(2)
.72523S4E-4
B<3>
A AAAA
S. r'.
A * O
2.0000 2A.23
20.0000 88.02
A _ AO
C.A.LC CONC. CONC ERROR
0.0121 0.0121
0.1937 -0.0063
2.0004 0.0004
20.0000 -0.0000
Z ERROR CURVE
1
-3.14 1
0.02 1
-0.00 1
S CH f S
i_nu T HIGH I SCO)
O O/ซ ซ T-7O . T**ปO* ซr
.3592095E-1
B(2)
.5421019E-6 0
B(3)
^TiMr1 _ TklT
0.0000 ? ฐ *
0.5000 2 *1?
""- , 1 ^~O 1 W"T ^ TT
^ 1 t.
C.MC rc;C;ne; -
7 1^79.rtO
A t :/
E-D.
A AO
A A4
A 1 !
'..ฃ1
Ci-.LC CONC. CONC ERROR
-0.0093 -0.0093
0.5065 0.0065
5.1553 -0.0025
50.2028 0.0406
S ERROR CURVE
1
1.29 1
-0-05 1
0.03 1
.i:9ii92E-l .2537044E-7
t\ f A/*, A A
rt -i f, A A
5.2. C.1LC CCNC.
0.07 -0.0005
0.12 0.-020
0.75 1.9914
17.=2 20.043?
CONC ERROR
-0.0005
0.0020
-O.?0ฃ6
0.0439
:: ERROR
1 .00
-0.43
o.;2
CURVE
1
*
1
1
289
-------
500
400
300
ui
X
LJJ
C.
200
100
____ Chloride
Nitrate
Sulfate
10
20 30 40
CONCENTRATION (ppm)
SO
Figure II-4. 1C Calibration Curve
290
-------
TABLE II-5. COMPOSITION OF QUALITY-CONTROL SAMPLE FOR
ICPES, 1C, AND AA
Element Concentration
Se 1
Hg 2
Li 1
Al 2
B 5
Ba 2
Ca 2
Cd 2
Co 2
Cu 2
Fe 2
K 20
Mg 2
Mn 2
Mo 2
V 2
Zn 2
Na 6
Ni 2
Si 2
Sr 2
Ti 2
291
-------
with analysis of each fraction. Each ICPES analysis consists of three inter-
grations to provide a mean and standard deviation.
Each 1C analysis for sulfate is a single determination with repeat analy-
sis of ten percent of the samples. Total dissolved solids are analyzed with
duplicate analysis of ten percent of the samples.
DETAILS OF DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
The purpose of this section is to discuss the data base management and
data analysis for the project. For the field cells, laboratory columns, and
laboratory batch equilibration tests, data are received for inclusion in the
data base in several forms. For the batch equilibration tests, data are re-
ceived separately for:
ICPES elemental analyses,
AAS elemental analyses, and
other chemical analyses.
For the field cells, data are received separately for:
ICPES elemental analyses,
AAS elemental analyses,
other chemical analyses,
flow-through volume, and
rainfall.
For the laboratory columns, the same three classes of chemical analyses
are performed, and the flow-through volume is measured. The laboratory col-
umns are subjected to the same amount of "rainfall" in depth as are the field
cells but at a later date (by 54 days).
Each time a set of data is received (e.g., a set of ICPES analyses for
batch equilibration tests), it is stored on the computer with the necessary
identifying information so that it can later be combined with the other types
292
-------
of information for the same batch equilibration tests. Thus, it is not nec-
essary to wait until the data for a batch equilibration test (or field cell
or laboratory column) are complete to edit or begin to analyze the data which
are available.
Several partial data sets are presented here to illustrate the form of
different parts of the data base. While this section is not intended to be
a complete listing of raw data or a comprehensive data summary, data presen-
tations along with interpretative discussions are presented.
In the following subsections, discussions of the software system being
used for data base management and statistical analysis, the field cell data
base, and the laboratory batch equilibration test data base are presented.
SAS System
The data management and statistical analysis are being performed by us-
ing the SAS software system ^ which is being accessed through a time-share
computer service. An IBM 370, model 168 computer and direct access disk
storage are employed. SAS is very flexible and provides a wide variety of
capabilities, so that its use greatly facilitates the efficient provision
for the project's software needs. Data base management capabilities include
the following:
setting up data files on the disk,
accessing existing data files,
subdividing data sets so that a selected part of the
data can be analyzed,
adding new observations to an existing data set,
293
-------
merging different data sets on the basis of one or
more common variables (e.g., creating a new field
cell data set with all AAS and ICPES elemental analy-
ses combined by date, field cell number, and sample
point), and
transforming existing data to form new variables.
Data display capabilities include the following:
printing data sets and formatted tables,
producing scatter plots, and
producing histograms and other types of plots.
The SAS system also includes a variety of statistical analysis capabili-
ties, such as correlation and regression analysis, general linear model pro-
cedures, discriminant analysis, factor analysis, and variance component analy-
sis. Additionally, the SAS system can be used to program any additional
method which can be formulated in matrix terminology.
Field Cell and Laboratory Column Data Base
Table II-6 presents an example of the non-elemental data for field cells.
In the column title "sample," the code is given which allows the different
types of information for the same field cell, date, and sampling point to
be identified. The first code given, for example, is 03-U-09-29-79.
The first two characters, 03, give the field cell number. The character
"U" is the collection point (upper). The lower collection point is designated
"L". The characters "FB" and VFL" indicate determinations made at the site,
rather than in the laboratory, for leachate in the barrel and at the lower
collection point, respectively. Conductivity and pH, but not chemical para-
meter concentrations, are being measured in the field. The final size number
indicate the date on which the sample was collected in the field.
294
-------
TABLE II-6. EXAMPLE OF NON-ELEMENTAL ANALYSES FOR FIELD CELLS
/ซ)
ft
Ssnplซ
03- 4-i.t'-:ซ-7i
{5-^L<* SVM
05-W.-ft-lซ4-11
ปa-t-iO-H-7t
03-r^"/c-/4"7T
j>H
7.VS
7 a T
-j 0
/'
/. 2
7.?fr
7.5 1
7 ซ
/. 8
6.1
'
Ccadaetaace
r^ip'/oB'
!$,ooo.
J>.*)ซ>.
^ A ao
7//OO.
V5oO.
4000 .
J?OO.
IDS
-------
It is possible to store missing values temporarily, as for chlorides in
Table II-6, and later fill in the values when the analyses have been completed.
The field cell number uniquely identifies the disposal medium and waste type
(Table 8).
Table II-7 presents an example of field cell AAS analyses. The order in
which the samples are listed on the coding forms does not matter, since the
data can be sorted once they are entered in the computer. The same identify-
ing code accompanies these data. Thus, the first line in Table II-6 and the
twentieth line in Table II-7 correspond, since they both pertain to the upper
collection point for field cell 3 for the collection data 9-29-79,
The ICPES data are received on floppy disks from the instrument, rather
than in tabular form, as with the non-elemental and AAS analyses. The in-
formation on the floppy disks is transferred by mini-computer to tape, from
which it is stored on the data base.
Table II-8 presents an example page from a computer printout of ICPES
field cell data. The column headings are defined as follows:
OBS - observation number. This is a computer-assigned index
associated with a particular leachate sample and has signi-
ficance only regarding data base manipulation. Note that
.each observation requires three lines in the printout.
COLNO - field cell number.
MONTH, DAY, YEAR - date the sample was collected in the field.
IDNO - an analysis identification number assigned in the
laboratory.
ALMTH, ALDAY, ALYR - date the analysis was performed in the
laboratory.
296
-------
TABLE II-7. EXAMPLE OF AA ANALYSES FOR FIELD CELLS
(LITHIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN
Field Cell AACX
Sample
Ol-L-092079
Ol-L-092979
02-L-092079
02-L-092979
02-U-092979
03-L-092079
03-L-082979
05-L-092079
05-L-092979
06-L-092079
07-L-092079
07-L-092979
12-L-092079
12-L-092979
Ol-U-092079
Ol-U-092979
02-U-092079
03-U-092079
03-U-092979
04-L-092079
04-L-092079
04-U-092079
04-U-092979
05-U-092079
05-U-092979
06-U-092079
06-U-092979
Li
.030
.030
.234
.235
1.63
.061
.208
.087
.069
.930
.02*
.02
.026
.026
3.19
2.80
2.38
3.71
3.50
2.57
2.21
2.75
2.21
3.69
3.11
3.11
2.75
*Value less than the detection limit. These are stored on the data base
as the detection limit with a minus sign.
297
-------
TABLE I1-8. PARTIAL COMPUTER PRINTOUT OF ICPES FIELD DATA
STATISTICAL
A N
LYSIS SYSTEM
NJ
VO
OO
c
0
0 L
n N
s o
65 03
et 04
87 Olป
68 04
69 94
90 0<ซ
91 04
9? OH
9S 04
94 04
95 04
9ft 04
97 04
9 to 04
99 04
100 04
O
q
s
8ซ, 0
66 0
87 0
6A 0
69 0
9f> 0
91 0
99 0
9* 0
94 0
9S 0
5A 0
97 0
9ft 0
99 0
100 0
H
0 Y I
N n c o
T A A N
H r R o
9 V) 79 21
6 4 79 7
6 6 79 20
8 7 79 34
e e 79 ts
6 11 79 57
6 12 79 72
8 14 79 9
8 16 79 24
6 i9 79 39
6 94 79 54
8 ?B 79 12
9 2 79 26
9 9 79 41
9 ?0 79 9
9 29 79 24
F
E K
.02970 1460
.03820 -40
.04210 -40
.15000 -40
.03360 -4Q
.02990 .40
.02710 -40
.02910 -40
.02140 -40
.02100 -40
.02860 -40
.02330 1250
.01660 1260
.025*0 935
.03940 710
.02240 600
A A
L L
N D
T A
H Y
10 25
6 16
8 16
8 16
8 16
8 16
8 16
6 29
8 29
8 29
6 29
9 26
9 26
9 26
10 25
10 25
A
L
Y
R
79 -0.
79 0.
79 C.
79 0.
79 0.
79 0.
79 0.
79 -0.
79 -0.
79 -0.
79 -0.
79 0.
79 0.
79 0.
79 -0.
79 -0.
H
G
.0 346
.0 409
.0 303
.0 226
.0 229
.0 206
.0 163
.0 136
.0 145
.0 150
.0 146
.0 23
.0 25
.0 25
.0 259
.0 230
.000 4.
.000 0.
.000 0.
.nno i.
.000 0.
.000 0.
.000 0.
.000 0.
.000 0.
.000 1.
.000 1.
.100 n.
.900 0.
.400 0.
.000 0.
.000 0.
A
6
00500
01690
01900
OHIO
01360
01160
01520
0050Q
00500
00500
00500
02050
04550
03710
00500
00500
H
N
3300
9230
4350
14(10
9060
8400
3340
5480
8670
1000
3200
6540
4450
9270
6120
6800
A
L
0.0947
0.1300
0.1310
0.0641
0.0907
-0.0600
0.0955
0.0792
0.0943
0.1020
-0.0600
0.3740
0.4220
0.3140
0.1320
0.0749
M
0
0.41*0
.4200
.4200
.0500
.0800
.1100
0.8R80
0.7200
0.8050
0.6400
0.7960
0.8570
0.7610
0.8400
0.7490
0.5920
B
6.5200
6.4400
11.2000
7.2400
6.6200
6.7400
9.8300
7.2600
5.0500
5.1400
5.2000
7,8600
7.0500
5.2800
4.3100
3.9700
N
A
981.00
3020,00
1930.00
1510.00
1690.00
1490,00
968.00
.5,00
.5.00
-5.00
.5.00
116.00
84,20
111.00
524.00
1(19.00
B C
A A
0.11900 319
O.OB420 532
-0.00100 393
0,01070 459
-O.OOlOO 459
-0.00100 446
0.00100 419
. O.OOlOO 437
.0.00100 1439
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.O.OOlOO 437,0
.0.00100 424
0.21600 49U
0.23900 465
0.15POO 480
0.09790 455
0.09110 427
N S
I I
0.1170 40.8
0.4430 24.7
0.3220 17.2
0.2530 30.2
0.2460 33.7
0.2550 30.6
0.2310 18. 1
0,2080 24.9
0,2240 36.4
0.2500 43.8
0.2370 "ป4.7
0.2310 36.3
0.2400 27.9
0.2210 39.5
0.2'ป70 79.3
0.2280 62.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
12
8
9
9
9
7
9
9
7
C C
0 o
-0.00500 -0.150
-0.00500 0.223
-0.00500 0.269
-0.00500 0.223
-0.00500 0.224
-0.00500 0.220
0,00500 0,267
-0.00500 -0,150
-0.00500 -0.150
.0.00500 -O.iSO
.0,00500 -0.150
.0.00500 0.168
.0.00500 0.277
.0.00500 0.186
-0,00500 -0.150
-0.00500 -0.150
S T
R 1
.527 0.01170 1
.500 0.02280 0
.790 0.02180 0
.660 0.02670 0
.620 O.Ol9eO 0
.230 O.Oi7eO 0
,890 O.OiBOO 0
.030 0.00732 0
.380 0.00930 0
.610 0.01050 0
.460 O.OH10 0
.610 O.Ol7eO 0
.640 O.OglOO 0
.770 0.0l770 0
.370 0.02430 0
.920 0.01040 0
C
K
0.0855"
0.11800
0.09910
0.07000
0.0725"
0.0697"
0.0623"
0.0566"
0.0665"
0.0663"
0.0643"
0.0800U
0.09250
0.0916"
0.0704"
0.0653"
\l
.0400 0.
.5930 0.
<4770 0,
.3Riปn o.
.3930 0ซ
.3560 0.
.3010 0.
.3040 0.
.3320 0.
.3500 0.
3370 0.
.4060 0.
4500 0.
,4510 0.
C
u
.0.00500
0.00678
0.01750
0.00619
0.00589
.0.00500
0.00722
.0.00500
-0.00500
-0.00500
.0.00500
.0.00500
.0.00500
-0.00500
-0.00500
.0.00500
S
A
M
Z P
N T
05020 U
15600 L
07580 L
07160 U
06520 L
05710 L
04270 L
03870 U
04760 L
04860 L
05890 L
060MO L
07360 L
11500 L
.6630 0*12700 L
7660 0.
07060 L
'.lenitive v.lues indicate concentrations less than the detection limit.
The magnitude of the value is the detection limit.
-------
AG, AL, etc. - concentrations in (mg/!l) of the indicated ele-
ments.
' SAMPT - sample collection point; U indicates upper, and L
indicates lower.
Thus, the observation 85, consisting of the second line in each of the
two groups of printout in Table II-8, pertains to the upper collection point
for field cell 3 for the data 9-29-79. Thus, these data correspond to line
one in Table II-6 and line 20 in Table II-7.
Negative values are used to indicate concentrations less than the detec-
tion limit. The magnitude of the number equals the detection limit. For
some purposes, such as calculations of the fractional attenuation:
CU-ฐL
CU
where C and C are the concentrations of a particular element at the upper
U L
and lower collection points, respectively, the negative values are inappro-
priate. In these cases, the negatives have been replaced by half the detec-
tion limit.
Field cells 7 and 12 are control cells (with no waste) and have only one
collection point, indicated by SAMPT = L.
The volumes of leachate in the upper collection point, the lower collec-
tion point, and the barrel are also keypunched and entered into the data base.
The barrel volume is the total volume which flows through the cell excluding
that removed at the collection points. Table 11-9 presents an example first
page in the printout of the volume data. The control cells 7 and 12, having
only one sample collection point, have a missing value for the volume in the
upper collection point. Missing values are shown by a period.
29S
-------
TABLE II-9. EXAMPLE OF VOLUME DATA (LITERS)
Otis
MONTH
DAY
YtAp
COLNO
LOWtR
UARPtL
1
2
3
')
5
b
7
ป
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1ft
17
10
I'J
20
21
22
23
24
?5
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
3'f
35
36
37
3ซ
h
B
6
ti
0
c
0
a
8
a
ซ
0
6
0
li
P
0
a
n
c
n
6
l<
&
B
&
tl
b
I?
0
u
H
B
a
u
6
n
8
4
4
1
4
1
4
t
4
&
6
6
6
6
6'
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
U
8
8
8
8
8
B
Jl
tl
11
11
11
11
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
79
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
12
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
12
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
12
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
12
01
02
03
04
05
06
0.1A2
0.5?5
0.530
0.525
0.520
0.520
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.348
0.230
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.000
0.070
0.000
0.030
0.000
0.005
0.530
0.391
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.015
0.527
0.065
0.525
o.oto
0.520
0.415
0.150
0.530
0.530
0.03ft
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.530
0.520
0.050
0.500
0.530
0.525
0.530
0.530
0.210
0.220
0.032
0.160
0.130
0.210
0.195
0.115
0,530
O.b30
0.188
0.530
0.3t6
0.530
0.0
o.o
0.0
21.9
0.0
11.8
13.5
7.5
17.0
18.4
0.0
28.3
2.5
12. fl
16.0
9.5
17.1
0.0
5.0
P. 5
7.0
7.8
12.5
9.8
2.0
1.6
o.o
3.?
2.1
2.3
1.5
2.5
9.6
3.7
0.4
9.3
9.0
7.4
300
-------
The rainfall data (in millimeters) are received on coding forms, from
which they are keypunched and entered into the data base. The rainfall data,
which apply to all field cells, are currently being stored in a separate file
on the computer. It is possible to merge the rainfall data with the other
field cell data by date. When this is done, the rainfall for a given date
is merged with the other information for each of the eight field cells for
the same date.
Table 11-10 presents an example first page in a computer printout of the
rainfall data. The rainfall is stored as depth in millimeters on each day,
but this can easily be transformed to volume of rainfall into each field
cell and to cumulative rainfall in any desired units. The large "rainfall"
from 8-1-79 through 8-4-79 was actually initial irrigation intended to bring
the field cells to their field capacities.
The data base for the laboratory columns will have the same form as does
the field cell data base. The laboratory columns are subjected to the same
"rainfall" in depth that the field cells experience, except the "rainfall"
is added 54 days later. As for the field cells, the dates stored with the
laboratory columns are the dates of sample collection.
Laboratory Batch Equilibration Test Data Base
Table 11-11 presents an example of non-elemental data for the laboratory
batch equilibration ("shake") tests. As with the field cells, the identify-
ing code in the column titled "Sample" allows corresponding data from dif-
ferent sources to be identified. The first code listed, L571109A, has the
following meaning:
L - leachate sample (as opposed to disposal medium
sample),
5 - protocol step number,
7 - leaching time in days,
301
-------
TABLE 11-10. EXAMPLE OF RAINFALL DATA
OOS MONTH DAY YfAR P
1
2
?
'4
5
t>
1
0
q
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
an
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
su
39
40
41
8
8
8
8
H
0
a
a
a
8
a
a
8
a
H
0
a
a
e
a
p
a
a
e.
a
8
a
a
0
a
8
9
9
p
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
?2
23
P4
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
2
3
4
5
-------
TABLE 11-11. EXAMPLE OF NON-ELEMENTAL ANALYSES FOR
LABORATORY SHAKE TESTS
Sample
pH
II.S5
Conduetaace
ฃ180.
IDS
ci
O.60
TOC
pjvn
4150.
2140,
0*50
. /a
JI30-
0,36
Z. 3 74/04 AI I2.i
/S-7.5/09A
ฃ000.
30bO,
75.08
....2050,-.
7300.
3M5C'
0.36
llbO,
JULlSj
_LUP_'....
0,35
0.57
0.5*7
303
-------
1 - step number (protocol steps 2, 3, 5, and 6 involve
successive leachings and this index allows those
leachings to be put in sequence),
1 - code for waste type,
09 - code for disposal medium, and
A - first of two or more replicate performances of a
particular shake test. In Table II-9, the replicate
pairs are listed together.
All laboratory analyses completed so far are for waste type 1, which
is Exxon PFBC waste. Table 11-12 presents the codes for the disposal media.
The data handling for the AAS and ICPES elemental analyses is exactly
as discussed above for the field cells. The AAS data are received in tabular
form, keypunched, and entered into the data base. The ICPES data are received
on floppy disks, transferred to tape, and then entered into the data base.
ICPES and AAS analyses are made for the same elements for the laboratory data
as for the field cell data. The same laboratory protocol identifying codes
(e.g., L571109A, discussed above) are used for all three kinds of chemical
analysis, so that the different analyses for the same shake test can be iden-
tified. This procedure is analogous to that used for the field cells, which
is discussed in detail in the preceding subsection.
304
-------
TABLE 11-11. CODES FOR DISPOSAL MEDIA FOR
LABORATORY SHAKE TESTS
Code Attenuating Medium
08 Shale
09 Interburden
10 Sandstone
11 Greer Limestone
12 Glacial Till
13 Alluvium
14 Limestone
305
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read fnuructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-80-095
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Generation and Attenuation of Leachate from
Fluidized-bed Combustion Solid Wastes: First Year
Progress Report
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S)T w Grimshaw,D.N. Garner,W.F. Holland,
A. G. Lamkin,W. M. Little ,R. M. Mann, and
H.J.Williamson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE825
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3103
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Annual; 8/78-11/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES jERL-RTP project officer is David A. Kirchgessner, Mail Drop
61, 919/541-2825. H
16 ABSTRACT The report giV6s results of SL study of the environmental effects of impro-
perly disposing of fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) residues. It includes: an analysis
of representative FBC residues and their interaction with natural environmental
media; and development of a method of ensuring environmental protection from the
impacts of FBC wastes on a case-by-case basis. Residues from pressurized FBC
and their interaction with six representative disposal media were studied. It gives
detailed results of laboratory and field studies of leachate generation and attenuation
for Ca, B, and SO4. More cursory examination of these parameters and 17 others
was conducted by comparing volume-weighted averages of leachate concentrations
with primary and secondary drinking water standards, Multimedia Environmental
Goals (MEGs), and Quality Criteria for Water (QCW). With respect to drinking
water standards, the parameters of greatest concern are Cd, Mn, SO4, and total
dissolved solids. For the MEGs, Ca, Cd, Co, Ni, K, Ag, and Mn are all of concern.
Only Bo is considered of special concern with respect to QCW. The six disposal
media were sandstone, shale, alluvium, glacial till, limestone, and interburden.
The investigations included a multistep laboratory protocol for leachate generation
from FBC wastes and subsequent attenuation of the leachate by the disposal media.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI 1 ield/Group
Pollution
Combustion
Fluidized Bed Processing
Waste Disposal
Leaching
Water Quality
Boron
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
2 IB
13H
07D,07A
07B
B. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
320
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2Z20-1 (9-73)
306
------- |