vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-79-185
Laboratory August 1979
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
Environmental
Assessment: Source Test
and Evaluation Report -
Wellman-Galusha
(Glen Gery) Low-Btu
Gasification
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
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EPA-600/7-79-185
August 1979
Environmental Assessment:
Source Test and Evaluation Report -
Wellman-Galusha (Glen Gery) Low-Btu
Gasification
by
W.C. Thomas, K.N. Trede, and G.C. Page
Radian Corporation
P.O. Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
Contract No. 68-02-2147
Exhibit A
Program Element No. INE825
EPA Project Officer: William J. Rhodes
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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ABSTRACT
This report presents the results of a Source Test and
Evaluation Program conducted at a commercial coal gasification
facility. The' facility uses a Wellman-Galusha gasifier to pro-
duce low-Btu fuel gas from anthracite coal. The major objective
of the test program was to perform an environmental assessment
on the facility's waste streams and fugitive emissions. Addi-
tional objectives were to characterize the product gas cyclone's
particulate removal efficiency and to characterize the flue gas
resulting from the combustion of the low-Btu product gas.
Results from the chemical analyses of the plant's waste streams
indicated that all waste streams contain organic and/or inorganic
components which may have potentially harmful health and/or
ecological effects. In the pokehole and coal hopper gaseous
emissions, CO, NH3 and possibly Fe(CO)s were found to be of
major concern. Unidentified organics were of potential concern
in the ash sluice water. The gasifier ash and cyclone dust
contained a number of trace elements and possibly organics that
may be potentially harmful. Analyses performed on the leachate
from these two solid waste streams indicated the leachate may
have- potentially harmful health and/or ecological effects; how-
ever, at a substantially lower level of concern when compared
to the results of the ash and dust themselves.
Overall, the indicated potential health and ecological
effects of the Wellman-Galusha facility's waste streams were
found to be significantly lower than those for waste streams
produced by gasifying bituminous coal. This was due principally
to the much lower levels of organics in the Wellman-Galusha
facility's waste streams. The results of bioassay screening
tests also indicated lower potential effects of the facility's
waste streams.
As part of the test program, on-line instrumentation to
monitor gaseous species (HzS, COS, CSz, S02, NHa, and Ci - C6
hydrocarbons) was developed. The results from the on-line
instrumentation were validated by alternate sampling and analysis
techniques.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ii>
Figures -. vii
Tables ix
Acknowledgements xii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PROGRAM SUMMARY 1
1.1.1 Plant Description 3
1.1.2 Test Program Description 5
1.2 SOURCE TEST EVALUATION SUMMARY 6
1.2.1 Environmental Assessment 7
1.2.2 Cyclone Efficiency 16
1.2.3 Test Burner Flue Gas
Characterization 16
2.0 PLANT DESCRIPTION 19
2.1 Physical Plant Configuration 19
2.1.1 Coal Preparation 21
2.1.2 Coal Gasification 21
2.1.3 Gas Purification 22
2.1.4 Product Utilization 22
2.1.5 Emission Stream Summary 23
2.2 PLANT OPERATION DURING SAMPLING
PERIOD 23
2.3 PROCESS FLOW RATE AND MASS BALANCE
DETERMINATIONS 24
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2.3.1 Flow Rate Measurements 25
2.3.2 Mass Balances 28
3.0 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 32
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING POINTS 32
3.1.1 Coal Feedstock (1) 32
3.1.2 Coal Hopper Gases (2) 32
3.1.3 Gasifier Jacket Makeup Water (3) . . 32
3.1.4 Gasifier Jacket Water (4) 34
3.1.5 Gasifier Inlet Air (5) 34
3.1.6 Ash C6) 34
3.1.7 Ash Quench Water (7) 34
3.1.8 Pokehole Gases (8) 34
3.1.9 Cyclone Inlet (9) 35
3.1.10 Product Gas CIO) 35
3.1.11 Cycylone Dust (.11) 35
3.1.12 Test Burner Combustion Gases (12). . 35
3.2 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 35
3.2.1 Entrained Particulates 35
3.2.2 Gases 41
3.2.3 Liquids 46
3.2.4 Solids 48
4.0 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 50
4.1 INORGANIC SPECIES ANALYSIS 50
4.1.1 Gas Phase Analytical Procedures. . . 50
4.1.2 Liquid Phase Analysis 53
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4.1.3 Solid Phase Analysis 67
4.1.4 Analyses for Trace Elements .... 68
4.2 ORGANIC ANALYSIS 68
4.2.1 Light Hydrocarbons 70
4.2.2 Organic Extraction Procedures. ... 70
4.2.3 Preparation and Analytical Methods
for Organic Extracts 71
4.3 BIOASSAY ANALYSIS 76
4.3.1 Ames Test 76
4.3.2 Cytotoxicity Tests 77
4.3.3 Rodent Acute Toxicity Test 78
4.3.4 Soil Microcosm Test 78
4.4 PROCESS GAS CHROMATOGRAPH ANALYSIS .... 79
5.0 TEST RESULTS 81
5.1 METHODS OF EVALUATING WASTE STREAM
CHARACTERISTICS 81
5.1.1 SAM/1A Evaluation 81
5.1.2 Bioassay Test Analysis 84
5.2 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TEST RESULTS. ... 84
5.2.1 Total Plant 86
5.2.2 Gaseous Waste Streams 86
5.2.3 Liquid Waste Streams 91
5.2.4 Solid Waste Streams 97
5.2.5 Additional Chemical Test Results . . 118
5.3 CYCLONE PARTICULATE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY, . . 135
5.4 LOW-BTU GAS COMBUSTION TESTS 135
y
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6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 139
REFERENCES 144
APPENDIX - DATA LISTING 145
wi.
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FIGURES
Number Page
1-1
1-2
2-1
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
^r ^
4-6
4-7
5-1
5-2
SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE GLEN-GERY WELLMAN-
GALUSHA LOW-BTU GASIFICATION FACILITY
TOTAL STREAM, WEIGHTED DISCHARGE SEVERITIES AND
BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS FOR THE GLEN-GERY WELLMAN-
GALUSHA WASTE STREAMS
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR GLEN-GERY GASIFICATION FACILITY. .
SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR THE GLEN-GERY GASIFIER . . .
HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PARTICULATE SAMPLING TRAIN . .
GRAB SAMPLE COLLECTION AND PREPARATION SYSTEM . . .
SOURCE ASSESSMENT SAMPLING SCHEMATIC
ANALYTICAL FLOW SCHEME FOR COAL . .
ANALYTICAL FLOW SCHEME FOR ASH SLUICE WATER ....
ANALYTICAL FLOW SCHEME FOR DRY ASH
ANALYTICAL FLOW SCHEME FOR CYCLONE DUST
ANALYTICAL FLOW SCHEME FOR PRODUCT GAS ....
ANALYTICAL FLOW SCHEME FOR COAL HOPPER GAS ....
ANALYTICAL FLOW SCHEME FOR COMBUSTION GAS
SELECTION OF WORST CASE COMPOUNDS FOR SAM/1A
EVALUATION OF UNIDENTIFIED ORGANICS
ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH RESULTS - CARBONYL
SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE PRODUCT GAS, PPM. . .
4
9
20
33
39
40
44
47
52
*j **
53
^A
55
.5 O
57
58
85
*««* W
124
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FIGURES (Continued)
5-3 ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH RESULTS - HYDROGEN
SULFIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCT GAS, PPM ... 125
5-4 ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH RESULTS - CARBON
DISULFIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCT GAS, PPM . . 126
5-5 ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH RESULTS - SULFIDE
DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCT GAS, PPM ... 127
5-6 ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH RESULTS - AMMONIA
CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCT GAS, PPM 128
5-7 ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH RESULTS - PERCENTAGE
OF METHANE CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCT GAS .... 129
5-8 ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH. RESULTS - PERCENTAGE
OF CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCT
GAS 130
5-9 ON-LINE GAS CHROMATOGRAPH RESULTS - PERCENTAGE
OF CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCT
GAS 131
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TABLES
Number Page
1-1 MULTIMEDIA WASTE STREAMS AT THE GLEN-GERY
WELLMAN-GALUSHA GASIFICATION FACILITY . .
1-2 PROCESS STREAM FLOW RATES FOR THE GLEN-GERY
GASIFICATION FACILITY 8
1-3 GASEOUS WASTE STREAM RESULTS SUMMARY 10
1-4 SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS
FOR ASH SLUICE WATER 11
1-5 SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS
FOR DRY GASIFIER ASH AND LEACHATE 13
1-6 SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS
FOR CYCLONE DUST AND LEACHATE 15
1-7 RESULTS OF LOW-BTU GAS COMBUSTION TESTS 18
2-1 MASS FLOW RATES FOR THE GLEN-GERY WELLMAN-
GALUSHA GASIFIER 26
2-2 AVERAGE COMPOSITIONS OF MAJOR PROCESS STREAMS
AT THE GLEN-GERY GASIFICATION FACILITY 29
2-3 MATERIAL BALANCES FOR THE GLEN-GERY GASIFICATION
FACILITY 30
3-1 SAMPLING SCHEDULE - WELLMAN-GALUSHA SOURCE TEST
EVALUATION PROGRAM 37
3-2 GAS SAMPLING METHODS USED IN GLEN-GERY TEST
PROGRAM 43
4-1 SUMMARY OF ANALYSES PERFORMED FOR THE GLEN-
GERY TEST PROGRAM 51
4-2 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS . . 64
4-3 SAMPLES ANALYZED FOR TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION . . 69
^x
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TABLES (Continued)
4-4
4-5
4-6
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10
5-11
.5-12
SUMMARY OF EXTRACTION PROCEDURES USED IN THE
GLEN-GERY TEST PROGRAM
LIST OF SELECTED ORGANIC SPECIES FOR SELECTED
ION CURRENT PROFILES SEARCH
OPERATING SPECIFICATION FOR ON-LINE PROCESS
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS AT THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY . . .
AVERAGE COMPOSITIONS OF MAJOR PROCESS STREAMS
AT THE GLEN-GERY GASIFICATION FACILITY
SUMMARY OF SAM/1A AND BIOASSAY RESULTS FOR
GASEOUS WASTE STREAMS FROM THE GLEN-GERY
FACILITY
SUMMARY OF SAM/ LA AND BIOASSAY RESULTS FOR THE
LIQUID WASTE STREAM FROM THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY. .
SUMMARY OF SAM/1A AND BIOASSAY RESULTS FOR SOLID
WASTE STREAM AND THEIR LEACHATES FROM THE GLEN-
GERY FACILITY
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE SEVERITY
VALUES FOR POKEHOLE GAS
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL TEST RESULTS FOR POKEHOLE
GAS
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND POTENTIAL DEGREE OF
HAZARD FOR COAL HOPPER GAS
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL TEST RESULTS FOR COAL
HOPPER GAS
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE SEVERITY
VALUES FOR ASH SLUICE WATER
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS
FOR ASH SLUICE WATER
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE SEVERITY
VALUES FOR DRY ASH
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS
FOR DRY ASH
72
75
80
87
88
89
90
92
94
95
96
98
101
102
105
X
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TABLES (Continued)
5-13 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE SEVERITY
VALUES FOR ASH LEACHATE 106
5-14 SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS FOR
ASH LEACHATE 109
5-15 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE SEVERITY
VALUES FOR CYCLONE DUST Ill
5-16 SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS
FOR CYCLONE DUST 114
5-17 SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE SEVERITY
VALUES FOR CYCLONE DUST LEACHATE 115
5-18 SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS
FOR CYCLONE DUST LEACHATE 119
5-19 SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR LIQUID
STREAMS FROM THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY 121
5-20 PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE ANALYSIS FOR SOLID SAMPLES
FROM THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY 122
5-21 AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS . . 123
5-22 SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR CYCLONE DUST 133
5-23 PARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE PRODUCT
LOW-BTU GAS 134
5-24 SUMMARY OF CONTINUOUS MONITORING TEST DATA FOR
PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS 136
5-25 CYCLONE EFFICIENCY TEST RESULTS 136
5-26 TEST BURNER FLUE GAS COMPOSITION 138
6-1 SUMMARY OF THE CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE STREAMS
FROM THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY 140
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their thanks to C, L.
McCarthy, R. V. Collins, A. W. Nichols, W. D. Balfour, M. R.
Fuchs, and J. A. Corbett for their contributions to this report
and to R. A. Magee and M. P. Kilpatrick for their excellent
review comments.
Guidance and review by W. J. Rhodes and T. K. Janes
of EPA/IERL-RTP also aided significantly in the successful
completion of this source test and evaluation program.
x^'
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SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
Radian Corporation of Austin, Texas, under contract to
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is performing a com-
prehensive environmental assessment of low-Btu gasification tech-
nology. A major portion of this assessment involves Source Test
and Evaluation (STE) programs at operating low-Btu gasification
facilities. The ultimate objective of each STE program is to
gather the data necessary for evaluating: (1) environmental and
health effects of multimedia waste streams trom low-Btu gasifi-
cation facilities, and (2) equipment required for controlling
problem waste streams.
1.1 PROGRAM SUMMARY
The Wellman-Galusha gasification system is one of only
two types of coal gasifiers currently in commercial use in the
U.S. At the York, PA. plant of the Glen-Gery Brick Co., a
Wellman-Galusha gasification system is used to convert anthracite
coal into a low-Btu gas which is then used as a fuel for a brick
kiln. To obtain environmental assessment data on this type of
gasification facility, Radian conducted a source test and
evaluation program at the York plant. The results, conclusions,
and recommendations derived from that test program are present-
ed in this report.
In the Wellman-Galusha gasifier, coal is reacted with
steam and oxygen (air) in a single-stage, fixed bed, atmospheric
pressure vessel. At the Wellman-Galusha facility tested, the
raw, low-Btu gas from the gasifier is treated in a hot cyclone
to remove large particulates before combusting the gas in a
brick kiln.
The Glen-Gery facility was selected for the STE program
for several reasons, including:
It is a commercially operating gasifier typical
of those currently in use in the U.S.
It affords an opportunity to make a significant
contribution to the low-Btu gasification technology
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data base for systems using anthracite. Systems
using anthracite also produce a raw product gas
that is essentially tar and oil free. This fea-
ture simplifies the task of obtaining represen-
tative process and waste stream samples for
environmental characterizatipn.
It is part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's)
Gasifiers in Industry Program, and as a result includes
special instrumentation that facilitates the col-
lection of both process and environmental data.
The specific objectives of the STE program conducted at the Glen-
Gery Wellman-Galusha facility were to:
perform an environmental assessment of the waste
streams from the gasification system,
characterize the particulate removal performance
of the product gas cyclone, and
characterize the flue gas resulting from the com-
bustion of the low-Btu product gas.
Overall results from the chemical analyses indicate that
all waste streams may contain potentially harmful components.
However, the potential effects indicated for these streams are
much lower than those found for waste streams produced by gasify-
ing bituminous coal (Ref. 1). This is due principally to the
low concentrations of organics in the Glen-Gery plant waste
streams. The results of biological screening tests confirm that
the potential effects of the plant's waste streams are low.
In order to characterize the particulate removal efficiency
of the cyclone the particulate concentrations in the product gas
stream were measured before and after the cyclone. Although
problems were encountered in performing the tests (see Section
1.2.2.) the particulate removal efficiency was calculated to
be (65 ± 20)7,.
A significant problem was also encountered in character-
izing the .low-Btu gas combustion products. Since flue gases from
the brick kiln also contained natural gas combustion products, a
small test burner constructed of bricks was used for sampling the
low-Btu gas combustion products. Unfortunately, air leakage
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through cracks in the brick structure of the test burner caused
extremely high levels of excess air in the flue gas. The effect
of this on the destruction of organics present in the low-Btu fuel
gas or the formation of NOX could not be ascertained.
1.1.1 Plant Description
The Wellman-Galusha facility tested by Radian produces a
low-Btu gas which is used, along with natural gas, as fuel for
a brick kiln. Two Wellman-Galusha gasifiers are installed at the
test site. During the sampling effort, however, only the gasifier
which was recently installed as part of the DOE's Gasifiers in
Industry Program was being operated. A block flow diagram of the
Glen-Gery gasification facility is given in Figure 1-1. Also
shown are the major waste streams from the facility.
Three process operations are used at the Glen-Gery
gasification facility: coal preparation, gasification, and gas
purification. The specific functions performed in each process
operation are summarized below:
Coal Preparation - consists of delivery and storage
of presized anthracite coal, along with conveying
and storing this coal in the gasifier feed hopper.
Gasification - consists of producing raw, low-Btu
gas from anthracite coal using fixed-bed, single
stage, atmospheric pressure Wellman-Galusha gasi-
fiers. The coal feed enters the top of the gasifier
through four coal pipes. A lock hopper arrangement
in the coal hopper is used to refill the coal pipes.
The coal is reacted with steam and oxygen (air)
to produce the low-Btu gas. Ash is removed from
the gasifier through a rotating grate and collects
in a hopper beneath the grate. Periodically water
is added to the ash hopper to aid in removing the
ash. Pokeholes located on top of the gasifier are
opened periodically to permit the insertion of rods
used to measure the position and depth of the ash
and fire zones.
Gas Purification - consists of a refractory brick-
lined cyclone for removal of particulate matter from
the hot, low-Btu gas. The removed particulates
collect in the bottom of the cyclone and are period-
ically discharged through a slide valve.
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70-1483-2
* Streams sampled during the Source Test and Evaluation Program
Figure 1-1. Schematic Flow Diagram of the Glen-Gery Wellman-
Galusha Low-Btu Gasification Facility
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1.1.2 Test Program Description
In order to meet the objectives of this STE program
samples of twelve process and waste streams were obtained, as
well as flow rate data and data for a number of operating para-
meters . This information was used to:
calculate a mass balance for the facility,
characterize the facility's waste streams (including
the low-Btu gas combustion products), and
characterize the collection efficiency of the pro-
duct gas cyclone.
Mass Balance^ Determinations
During a 96-hour period of the test program, flow rate
measurements were determined for the following:
coal feedstock,
inlet air,
water vapor in the inlet air,
gasifier ash,
coal hopper gases,
pokehole gases,
cyclone dust, and
product low-Btu gas.
A mass balance around the facility was calculated from these
determinations.
Waste Stream Characterizations
The waste streams from the Glen-Gery gasification
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facility are listed in Table 1-1. The streams sampled by
Radian are indicated with an asterisk. Criteria for selection
of streams for sampling included accessibility, plant operation
and potential for pollution. For example, flue gases from the
brick kiln were not sampled because natural gas combustion pro-
ducts were also present. Instead, the low-Btu gas combustion
products were sampled using a test burner.
TABLE 1-1. MULTIMEDIA WASTE STREAMS AT THE GLEN-GERY
WELLMAN-GALUSHA GASIFICATION FACILITY
Gaseous Emissions
-Coal hopper gases*
Pokehole gases*
Brick kiln flue gases
Cooling tower emissions
Liquid Effluents
-Ash sluice waste*
Solid Wastes
~~^~" Gasifier ash*
Cyclone dust*
Indicates the waste streams sampled during the test program.
Cyclone Particulate Removal Efficiency Study
Determining the particulate removal efficiency of the
hot cyclone was one objective of the STE program. In order to
achieve this objective, particulate concentrations were measured
in the product gas stream before and after the cyclone. From
these data, the particulate removal efficiency of the cyclone
was determined.
1.2 SOURCE TEST EVALUATION SUMMARY
The results and conclusions from the source test and
evaluation program at the Glen-Gery gasification facility are
summarized for the following areas:
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environmental assessment,
- mass balance
- steam characterization
cyclone efficiency tests, and
test burner flue gas characterization .
1.2.1 Environmental Assessment
A complete assessment of the environmental aspects of
a process requires knowledge about both the compositions and
flow rates of multimedia waste streams.
Flow Rates
The flow rates of the major inlet and outlet streams
from the Glen-Gery facility were monitored over a 96-hour period.
The gasification facility operated at full capacity during this
time except for a 7-hour upset caused by a mechanical failure.
Table 1-2 presents average flows with associated confidence in-
tervals for each major stream. The confidence intervals were
calculated from multiple measurements of the flow rate, if pos-
sible. Otherwise they are estimated from knowledge of the
measurement technique reliability, variability of gasifier
operation and the experience of the sampling crew.
A total mass balance based on these flow rates is pre-
sented in Table 1-2. Closure of the balance within the combined
confidence intervals of the individual stream flow rates indicates
that there are no significant uncertainties in the flow data.
This conclusion is supported by material balances for C, H, N, 0,
and S which are presented in Section 2.3. However, a mass
balance for ash materials, also presented in Section 2.3, indicates
that the gasifier ash flow rate is low and should be in the range
of 140 kg/hr (300 Ib/hr).
The energy conversion efficiency of the process, calcu-
lated from the coal heating value and flow rate and product gas
composition and flow rate, is (101 ± 16)%. The expected range of
85 to 90% for this type of process is included in the confidence
interval of this result.
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TABLE 1-2. PROCESS STREAM FLOW RATES FOR THE GLEN-GERV
GASIFICATION FACILITY Z
Flow Rate Confidence
Input Streams kg/hr (Ib/hr) Interval ± 2rr
Coal Feed 790 (1700) ± 107
Inlet Air 3570 (7870) ± 7°57
Water Vapor 700 (1500) + 157
with Inlet Air
Total Input 5060 ± 300 (11,100 ± 660)
Output Streams
Gasifier Ash 74 (160) ± 60%
Cyclone Dust 0.7 (1.5) ± 30%
Coal Hopper Gas 8 ( 18) + 507°
Pokehole Gas 6 ( 13) ± 1007°
Product Gas 4800 (.10,600)
Total Output 4900 ± 530 CIO,800 ± 1170)
Waste Stream Characterization
Figure 1-2 summarizes the SAM/1A evaluation and bio-
assay test results for the multimedia waste streams sampled. All
of the waste streams were found to contain constituents in poten-
tially harmful concentrations. While greater than one, the total
discharge severities (TDS) shown are generally significantly less
than those calculated for similar waste streams from a gasifica-
tion facility using bituminous coal (Ref. 1). The low potential
for harmful effects associated with Glen-Gery waste streams is
also supported by the results of the bioassay screening tests,
The following text contains a summary of the multimedi
waste stream characteristics and control strategy recommendation
Unidentified organic materials in the process effluents are in- S *
eluded in the calculations of discharge severity (DS) by assum-
ing the worst case. These worst case results indicate specific
potentially harmful organic compounds or classes for which spe-
cific analysis should be made in any future work.
Gaseous Waste Streams - The gaseous waste streams sampi ^
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HEALTH
n
ECOLOGICAL
~ 1E4-I
POKE COAL ASH GASIFIER GASIFER CYCLONE CYCLONE RAW
HOLE HOPPER SLUICE ASH ASH OUST OUST PRODUCT
GAS VENT WATER LEACHATE LEACHATEGAS
POKE COAL ASH GASIFIER
HOLE HOPPER SLUICE ASH
GAS VENT WATER
CYCLONE
DUST
VI
s
H-i
M-
L/ND-
ASH GASIFER GASIFIER CYCLONE CYCLONE
SLUICE ASH* ASH DUST* DUST
WATER LEACHATE LEACHATE
*ASH MORE TOXIC THAN CYCLONE DUST IN THE SOIL MICROCOSM TEST
H: High Effects
M: Moderate Effects
L/ND: Low or Nondetecteble Effects
Figure 1-2. Total Stream, Weighted Discharge Severities and
Bioassay Test Results for the Glen-Gery Wellman-
Galusha Waste Streams.
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at the Glen-Gery facility were the pokehole gas and the coal
hopper gas. Bioassay tests were not performed on either of
these streams.
The SAM/1A evaluation of the chemical analyses for
these streams is summarized in Table 1-3. The pokehole gas
rate was too low to provide an adequate quantity of sample for
analysis. Therefore, its composition was assumed to be the
volatile (b.p. <100°C) fraction of the raw product gas. For
both streams CO is the major contributor to the total stream
discharge severity (TDS) .
TABLE 1-3. GASEOUS WASTE STREAM RESULTS SUMMARY
Discharge Severity
Range
Compounds Found from Chemical Analysis
Health Ecological
Pokehole Gas
103-10"
102-103
10-102
1-10
Coal Hopper Gas
CO
As, C02, H2S
CHi», NH3, HCN
Li, Nj, S02
CO
NH3
HCN
10 3-10"
10 2- 10 3
10-102
1-10
CO
Fe(CO)5
H2S
CHi,, C02
CO
The low flow rate of the pokehole gas reduces its po-
tential hazardous effects. The flow rate, and therefore, the
potential effects, could be further reduced with better seals
better maintenance of the seals on the pokeholes. If further
control of this stream is necessary, injection of an inert gas
into the pokehole during the poking operation could be employed
Also, good ventilation of the pokehole area would help reduce
worker exposure.
Although the SAM/1A evaluation of the coal hopper gas
indicates a potential hazard, the low flow rate of this stream
greatly reduces its potential effects. Collecting and venting
10
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the gas to the gasifier inlet air or dispersing the gas in the
ambient air are the recommended control techniques. Since the
coal hopper rarely requires manual attention, workers can be
kept out of the area to prevent exposure to the potentially haz-
ardous gases.
Liquid Waste Streams - The ash sluice water was the
only liquid waste stream sampled from the Glen-Gery facility.
Trace element, water quality, and organic analyses as well as
bioassay tests for health effects were performed on this sample
Less than 0.179 of the organic extractables were iden-
tified by GC/MS. Of the compounds identified, only phthalate
esters were found in concentrations which gave DS values greater
than one. The mass of unidentified extractable organics was
assumed to consist entirely of compounds having the highest DS
values and the TDS was calculated using this worst case assump-
tion. The SAM/1A analysis and the bioassay test results for the
ash sluice water are summarized in Table 1-4.
TABLE 1-4.
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST
RESULTS FOR ASH SLUICE WATER
Discharge Severity
Range
lO'-lO5
lO'-lO"
102-103
Compounds Found From
Health
Fused Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons4
-
Chemical Analysis
Ecological
-
Alkenes, Cyclic
Bioassay
Health
Ames
WI-38
(ECso)
Test Results
Negative
>600 pi/ml
of culture
10-10Z
1-10
Ba, Cr, Fe,
La, Li
Alkenes, Dienes,
Nitrophenols4
Fe, Ti
Phthalate eaten,
Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu,
HO), Li, Hi, V
Rodent Acute >10 g/kg rat
Toxicity
CLOso)
a These categories of organic compounds contain the compounds which provide
the largest discharge severity for the unidentified organics based on TCO
+ GRAY in the sluice water (~50,000 ug/&). The worst case compounds
corresponding to the categories are listed below.
Category
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, Dienes
Nitrophenols
Compound
7,12 Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Dicyclopentadiene
Dinitrophenols
11
-------
The SAM/1A evaluation indicates that the ash sluice
water could have potential harmful effects. Also, TSS, BOD, P0i»~3
and CN~ exceed the most stringent water effluent standards'(see
Table 5-19 for the basis of the most stringent standards). Al-
though bioassay tests indicate a low potential for harmful health
effects, it is recommended that bioassay tests be conducted to
determine the potential ecological effects of the ash sluice
water. Qualitative organic analysis for the worst case cate-
gories is also recommended to characterize the unidentified
organics.
i
The potential harmful effects of the ash sluice water
could be essentially eliminated by separating it from the ash
slurry and reusing it the next time ash is removed. Recycling
would of course increase the concentration of dissolved compo-
nents in the sluice water. However, because the dissolved spe-
cies come from the ash, their concentrations would not increase
to the point of solids precipitation. Thus, there would be no
need for a blowdown stream. A disadvantage of recycling the
sluice water is that the water that remains with the ash will
also contain increased concentrations of dissolved components .
Whether this poses a greater harmful effect than discharging
the "once through" ash sluice water would need to be determined
on an individual case basis.
Solid Waste Streams - Two solid waste streams were
sampled at the Glen-Gery facility: gasifier ash and cyclone
dust. Leaching tests were performed on both solid samples. The
solid samples and their leachates were analyzed for organics and
trace elements as well as biological activity. The leachates
were also analyzed for water quality parameters.
A) Gasifier Ash - The GC/MS analysis of the gasifier
ash showed that the major extractable component was elemental
sulfur. Approximately 1% of the extractable mass was identified
as phthalate esters. Only a small amount of extractable material
was unidentified by GC/MS. This quantity was assumed to be com-
posed of compounds with the lowest discharge multimedia environ-
mental goal (DMEG) values. The results of the SAM/1A analysis
of the gasifier ash are summarized in Table 1-5. The identified
inorganics dominate the TDS results.
Also summarized in Table 1-5 are the results of the
bioassay screening tests for the gasifier ash. The health based
bioassay tests indicate a low potential for harmful effects.
12
-------
TABLE 1-5,
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST
RESULTS FOR DRY GASIFIER ASH AND LEACHATE
Discharge Severity
Range
Cosjpounds found [torn Chemictl Analysis
Health Ecological
Bioasaay Teat Resulta
Dry GMlf ler Aab
10'-10*
lO'-W*
10-10a
1-10
Ba. Cr, Fe. Li,
Mn. Hi
Fused Polycycllc
Hydrocarbons*,
Be, Co, Cu, Pb,
Se, Th, V, Zr
Al. As, Bt, Cd.
Ca. HI. M(. SI.
Ag, Sr. tt. t
Cu, Fe, Ml
Alkenes, Cyclic.
Alkenes and Dlenes,
Aromatic Amines and
Dlamlnes, Ring Sub-
stituted Aconaclca,
Mltrophenola",
Phthalate esters,
Al, Ba. Cd, Cr, Pb,
11. Mn, Tl, V
Health
A*es Negative
RAM (ECsO >1000 pg/»l of culture
Rodent Acute >10 g/kg rat
Toxlclty (LDs.)
Ecological
Soil Microcoia *
Aah Leachate
10J-10"
lO'-lO1
10-101
1-10
Fused Polycycllc
Hydrocarbon**
Alkenes, Cyclic
Alkenes, Olenes.
Aronatlc Amines,
Diaalnes, and
Nltrophenols*
Phthalate Eaters,
Zn
Cd, Ag
Health
Anes
WI-38 (ECsi)
Rodent Acute
Toxlclty (U)j.)
Negative
>600 Vl/ml
of culture
>iq g/kg rat
The soil microcosm test results cannot be Interpreted In terms of a high, medium, or low potential
for hazard but comparatively, the gaslfler ash uas clearly mote toxic than the cyclone dust.
* These categories of organic compounds contain the compounds which provide the largest discharge
severity for the unidentified organlca baaed on TCO + CRAY In the ash (~40 yg/g) and In the ash leachate
(MO,000 Wg/O • The worst case compounds corresponding to the categories are Hated below:
Category
Fused Polycycllc Hydrocarbons
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes. Dlenes
Nltrophenols
Compound
7,12 DiBethylbenz(a)anthrace
Dlcyclopentadlens
Dlnltrophenols
-------
The only ecological bioassay test conducted on the gas-
ifier ash was the soil microcosm test. While the results from
this test cannot be interpreted in terms of low, medium, or
high potential effects, the test did show that the gasifier ash
was clearly more toxic than the cyclone dust.
The extractable material from the ash leachate was al«
analyzed by GC/MS. Like the ash sluice water analysis, very
little of the material extracted was chromatographable on the
GC/MS system. Phthalate esters were identified." The amount of
extractables indicated by the TCO and GRAY screening analysis
was assumed to be the worst case compounds. The inorganic ele-
ments in the leachate contribute little to the potential effect
compared to the worst case organics (See Table 1-5). A.lso, tr»
element concentrations in the leachate were within the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) standards and bioassay test
on both the ash and ash leachate indicate a low potential for
harmful health effects. However, specific analysis of the ash
and ash leachate to determine the organics unidentified by GC/Mg
is recommended to obtain a more accurate indication of the total
discharge severity. Also, bioassay tests should be conducted to
determine the potential ecological effects of the ash and ash
leachate.
B) Cyclone Dust - Approximately 207= of the material
extracted from the cyclone dust was identified by GC/MS analy-
sis. The majority of the material identified was elemental sul«
fur. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and phthalate esters
were identified at low concentrations. The SAM/1A evaluation of
the analysis results is summarized in Table 1-6. As was the ca«
for the gasifier ash, worst case organic DS is calculated for
the amount of extractable material indicated by TCO and GRAY
screening but not detected by GC/MS. The TDS is dominated by
the inorganic elements identified in the cyclone dust.
The results of the bioassay tests for the cyclone dust
are also presented in Table 1-6. The health based bioassay test
indicate a low potential for harmful effects. The ecological S
bioassay test result cannot be interpreted as a high, medium,
low potential for hazard. However, the test did show the
dust was clearly less toxic than the gasifier ash.
14
-------
TABLE 1-6.
SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST
RESULTS FOR CYCLONE DUST AMD LEACHATE
Discharge Severity
Range
Compounds Found from Chemical Analysis
Health Ecological
Bioassay Test Results
Cyclone Dust
10'-10*
10-10*
1-10
Cyclone Dust Leachate
102-10*
10 -102
1 -10
Mn
Fused Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons8, As, Ba,
Cr, Fe, Pb, Li, Ni
Se
Be. Cd. Ag, Th, V. Zn
Health
Ames
Negative
>1,000 pg/ml of culture
Al, Sb, Ca, Co, Cu, F
Ca, Hf, Mg. Hg. Si,
Sr. Tl, Tl. Y, Zr
Alkenes, Cyclic
Alkenes, Dienes,
Amines, Dlamines,
Ring Substituted
Aromatics, Nitro-
phenols8, Cd, Fe,
Pb, Mn, Ni, Zn
Phthalate Esters, Al,
Sb, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li,
Mg, Hg, Se, Ti, V
RAM(ECso)
Rodent Acute >10 g/kg rat
Toxicity (LDSO)
Ecological
Soil Microcosm *
Ames
Negative
Fused Polycyclic Hydro- Mn. Zn
carbons8
Mn Alkenes, Cyclic.Alkenes WI-38 (BCjj0) 500 ]ll/mi of culture
Dienes, nitrophenols,*
Pb
Pb, Li Al, Cd, Co,
Cu, Fe, Li
The soil microcosm test results cannot be Interpreted in terms of a high, medium or low potential
Cor hazard..
These categories of organic compounds contain the worst case compounds which provide the largest DS
value for the unidentified organics in cyclone dust and cyclone dust leachate C=5000
The worst case compounds and their corresponding categories are listed below:
Category Compound
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, and Dienes
Aromatic Amines and Diaminea
Ring Substituted Aromatics
Nltrophenols
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Dicyclopentadiene
Amlnonaph thalenes
Dibromobenzene
Dlnltrophenols
-------
The organic extractable material from the cyclone dust
leachate was only subj ected to GRAY and TCO determinations. The
amount of extractables indicated by these analyses (unidentifled
organics) was evaluated using the same worst case procedures as
for the ash leachate sample. The SAM/1A evaluation of the chem-
ical test results and the bioassay test results for the cyclone
dust leachate are also summarized in Table 1-6. The bioassay
tests indicate a low potential for harmful health effects.
However, the fluoride concentration in the cyclone dust
leachate exceeds the most stringent effluent water standards
(see Table 5-19 for the basis of the most stringent standards)
And, the lead concentration determined by SSMS exceeds the RCRA.
guidelines, which may limit the ability to landfill the cyclone
dust. In that case, incineration (or use as a fuel) is a pos-
sible disposal method particularly since the cyclone dust has
a heating value of 25.3 MJ/kg CIO,900 Btu/lb). Combustion gas-
es from this incineration should be analyzed for volatile ele-
ments. Quantitative lead analysis is recommended to determine
if RCRA standards are actually exceeded.
1.2.2 Cyclone Efficiency
An attempt was made to determine the cyclone particu-
late removal efficiency by simultaneous measurement of particu-
late loadings in the gas entering and exiting the cyclone. Thl
cyclone inlet sampling location did not allow collection of a
representative particulate sample. There was only one and one-
half duct diameters of horizontal duct from the gasifier exit
to the cyclone inlet. Physical constraints allowed traversing
in only the horizontal direction so the vertical stratification
of particulates expected in this configuration could not be de-
tected. Therefore, the inlet loadings measured are likely to
be low. In addition, very high results for three of the five
outlet particulate loading measurements indicated possible re-
entrainment of collected material. The two remaining sets of
data indicated a removal efficiency of (65 ± 20)%. This should
be considered as only a rough estimate since the inlet data are
highly unreliable.
1.2.3 Test Burner Flue Gas Characterization
Since flue gases from the kiln included natural gas
combustion products, a small test burner of brick construction
was used to evaluate the combustion characteristics of only the
16
-------
product low-Btu gas. The flue gas from this burner was sampled
and the resulting composition data are presented in Table 1-7.
For comparison, the composition of the product low-Btu gas is
also presented.
From the oxygen content of the flue gas, it is evident
that the combustion was conducted with a large quantity of ex-
cess air. Using the available flow rate and composition data,
the excess air was estimated from oxygen and nitrogen material
balances to be approximately 400%. The effect of this high
excess air on the production of NO and the efficiency of com-
bustion of organics is uncertain.
The flow rates presented in Table 1-7 are based on (1)
an in-line orifice meter for the product gas to the test burner
and (.2) velocity transverses of the combustor exhaust stack for
the flue gas. Material balances for carbon across the burner
do not close within the limits of the accuracy of the data and
suggest that the product gas flow rate is low by as much as 50%.
However, similarly calculated balances for hydrogen close within
the confidence limits of the data.
17
-------
TABLE 1-7. RESULTS OF LOW-BTU GAS COMBUSTION TESTS3
Component
Flowrate (25°C) ,
C02 (vol Z)
Oz (vol Z)
Nz (vol Z)
CO (vol Z)
H2 (vol Z)
H20 (vol Z)
Ci (vppm)
Cz (vppm)
C3 (vppm)
HzS0 (vppm)
COS (vppm)
£
SOz (vppm)
CSzc (vppm)
Total Sd (vppm)
NOX (vppm)
CN~ (vppm)
SCN~ (vppm)
NH3 (vppm)
Fe(CO)5 (vppb)
Ni(COK (vppb)
Total Organics (
Average
Low-Btu Gas
Concentration
latm, dry) 64.3 mVhr (2270 acfh)
5.5
0.9
51.6
25.5
16.3
5.92
1910 (1500-4500) f
<1
3
630 (600-700) f
93 ( 70-100 )f
21 (4-30) f
<1 ( 10) f
730e
NA
36e
10e
180e (100-200) f
4
10
g/m3 <§ 25°C) 6980
Average
Flue Gas
Concentration
295m3 /hr (10,400 scfh)
9.5
10.3
79.7
ND
ND
5.72
0.4
ND
ND
ND
ND
491
ND
199
267
<3
2
<5
17
3
1910
a Approximately 400% excess air was calculated during the test.
b Based on average of product gas analyses for entire sampling period.
c Averages of gas chromatographic analyses.
d Averages of impinger collection and chemical analyses.
f Ranges for on-line gas chromatography results.
ND: Not detected.
18
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SECTION 2.0
PLANT DESCRIPTION
The York, Pennsylvania plant of the Glen-Gery Brick
Company uses both low-Btu gas and natural gas as fuels in
their brick making process. The low-Btu gas is produced on-
site by gasifying anthracite coal in fixed-bed, atmospheric
pressure, Wellman-Galusha gasifiers. Although the York plant
has operated a single Wellman-Galusha gasifier for a number of
years, a second unit was recently installed as part of the DOE's
Gasifiers in Industry Program. This unit, which includes spe-
cial instrumentation to facilitate process data gathering, was
the subject of Radian's environmental test program.
The Glen-Gery gasification facility and its multimedia
discharge streams are described briefly in Section 2.1. A dis-
cussion of the plant operating mode during Radian's testing is
presented in Section 2.2. Stream flow rate data obtained and
the results of material and energy balance calculations are pre-
sented in Section 2.3.
2.1 PHYSICAL PLANT CONFIGURATION
The coal gasification system at Glen-Gery's York plant
includes the following process operations:
coal preparation,
coal gasification,
gas purification, and
product gas utilization
A simplified flow diagram of the gasification system
is presented in Figure 2-1. A brief description of the system
and its multimedia discharge streams is presented in the follov;-
inp, cubsectionc.
19
-------
BUCKET
ELEVATOR
to
O
JACKET WATER
TO COOLING TOWER
JACKET HATER
FROM COOLING TOWER
POKEHOLE
GAS
SATURATED
AIR
COAL PIPES
RAW PRODUCT GAS
PRODUCT LOH-BTU GAS
GASIFIER
HATER
COOLED
JACKET
CYCLONE
GASIFIER
INLET AIR
\
COMBUSTION
GAS
TEST BURNER
KILN
FLUE
GAS
BRICK KILN
DRY
ASH
CYCLONE
OUST
C*"
NATURAL
GAS
SERVICE
MATER
ASH
SLURRY
70-1482-2
Figure 2-1. Flow Diagram for Glen-Gery Gasification Facility
-------
2.1.1 Coal Preparation
Presized anthracite coal is received by truck and
stored outside the brick warehouse in an uncovered coal receiv-
ing area. Coal is periodically moved from this area to an
"active" storage pile inside the warehouse near the gasifier.
At approximately 4-hour intervals, a small front-end-loader is
used to feed a bucket elevator which transports the coal to a
hopper atop the gasifier. A weigh belt located at the bucket
elevator discharge measures the amount of coal delivered to the
hopper.
The primary emission from the coal preparation opera-
tion is coal dust originating at all coal transfer points. How-
ever, due to the physical characteristics of anthracite coal,
this emission is slight. In addition, water which accumulates
in the bucket elevator pit helps to suppress these emissions.
2.1.2 Coal Gasification
The gasification system tested at the Glen-Gery York
plant is a single-stage, fixed-bed, atmospheric pressure Wellman-
Galusha gasifier. It is normally kept full of coal at all times,
with four coal pipes and the lower portion of the dual compart-
ment coal hopper providing surge capacity. About once every
four hours, slide valves at the top of the coal pipes are closed,
isolating the gasifier from the coal hopper. A slide valve
located in the partition in the coal hopper is then opened and
the lower portion of the hopper is replenished with coal.
The gasifier is both water jacketed and lined with
refractory brick (bottom portion). Air, saturated with water
vapor by its passage over the top of the water jacket, is intro-
duced at the bottom of the gasifier through a grate which also
supports the ash and coal beds. Ash is removed through this
grate and accumulates in a hopper at the bottom of the gasifier.
Ash is normally dumped from this hopper twice a day. During ash
removal, water is added to the ash hopper to help seal the gas-
ifier from the atmosphere and to slurry the ash to aid in its
removal.
Raw low-Btu gas exits the top of the gasifier at ap-
proximately 400°C C750°F). Pokeholes, also located on the top
of the gasifier, permit the insertion of rods used to monitor
the position and depth of the "fire" and ash zones.
21
-------
The emission streams associated with the coal gasifi-
cation operation include:
raw product gas which leaks past the coal hopper
slide valve or which escapes with each coal feed
cycle,
ash slurry, and
raw product gas escaping from the pokeholes during
the poking operations and/or leaks from the poke-
holes due to ineffective seals,
The coal hopper gases and pokehole gases are fugitive emissions
which are discharged directly into the atmosphere. The gasifier-
ash slurry is trucked away for disposal, although a portion of
the water removed with the ash collects in a sump below the
gasifier.
2.1.3 Gas Purification
The gas purification operation consists of a refractorv
brick-lined cyclone used to remove particulates from the hot ^
raw low-Btu gas. Collected particulates and fugitive dust emis-
sions, created when the cyclone dust is dumped, are the only re&
ular discharges from this operation. The cyclone dust is dis-
posed of with the gasifier ash.
2.1.4 Product Utilization
The low-Btu gas produced at the Glen-Gery York plant
is used as fuel for a brick kiln. The major discharge stream
from the kiln is the flue gas which results from the combustion
of both the low-Btu gas and natural gas. The environmental as-
pects of low-Btu gas combustion could not be effectively evalu-
ated by sampling the kiln flue gas. This was due to the pre-
sence of the natural gas combustion products. For this reason,
a test burner was used to provide a sample of low-Btu gas com-'
bustion products.
22
-------
2.1.5 Emission Stream Summary
As discussed above, emissions from the Glen-Gery York
plant gasification facility include:
Gaseous Emissions
Coal hopper gases.
Fugitive emissions from pokeholes and other sources
Flue gases from the brick kiln.
Solid and Liquid Effluents
Gasifier ash and associated sluice water.
Cyclone dust (.dry) .
Coal particulates from handling and conveying
operations.
2.2 PLANT OPERATION DURING SAMPLING PERIOD
The Wellman-Galusha gasification system sampled at
the Glen-Gery plant operates at full capacity (approximate coal
feed rate of 900 kg/hr or 2000 Ib/hr) 24 hours per day. This
was true during Radian's sampling effort, except for a 7-hour
period when a mechanical failure caused a temporary system shut-
down.
Under normal operating procedures the coal feeding
and gasifier ash and cyclone dust removal intervals are as
indicated below:
coal feeding (coal-up) - every 4 hours
gasifier ash removal - every 12 hours
cyclone dust removal - nominally once per week.
23
-------
During Radian's testing efforts, modifications were
made to the above intervals to enable various parts of the test
program to be achieved. The coal-up operation was stopped for
two consecutive intervals in order to enclose the coal hopper
and collect samples of the coal hopper gases. The gasifier ash
was removed only once per day in order to improve the accuracy
of the ash flow rate determinations. In order to obtain cyclone
dust flow rate data, the dust was removed at the start of the
sampling effort and four days later at the end of the 96-hour
material balance period. These modifications were discussed
with and approved by the Glen-Gery plant manager prior to their
implementation. It was also the opinion of the Glen-Gery manager
that these changes would not affect the operation and/or perfor-
mance of the gasification facility.
As part of the DOE's test program for the Glen-Gery
gasification facility, special instrumentation was installed to
facilitate process data gathering. The process data were con-
tinuously monitored and electronically transmitted to and stored
in a computerized data acquisition system located on-site.
Process control instrumentation for the gasifier
included an automatic adjustment for the inlet air flow rate and
for the gasifier jacket cooling water recirculation rate. Set
points for both of these automatic controllers were set manuallv
In addition, manual methods were used to control the ash removal
rate, depth of the ash bed, and location of the fire zone. Total
labor requirements for operating the gasification system average^
around 4 man-hours per 8 hour shift. 5 a
2.3 PROCESS FLOW RATE AND MASS BALANCE DETEBMINATIONS
During the on-site testing, process data were obtained
in order to determine flow rates for:
coal feedstock,
inlet air,
water vapor in inlet air (after passage over the
water jacket),
gasifier ash (.dry),
coal hopper gases,
24
-------
pokehole gases,
cyclone dust, and
product low-Btu gas.
Most of the process data were collected over a 96-hour
period during which the gasifier operated continuously except
for a 7-hour upset due to a mechanical failure. The measured
flow rate and analytical results from samples collected during
this period have been used to calculate mass balances for total
mass, ash, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur.
2.3.1 Flow Rate Measurements
The average flow rates measured during the sampling per-
iod are summarized in Table 2-1. The 95% confidence intervals
stated for these flow-rates are based on calculated standard de-
viations for the raw data, historical experience with the mea-
surement techniques, and estimates from the experience of the
field crew.
Coal is delivered to a surge hopper, located above the
gasifier, via a weigh belt. The instantaneous coal flow rate data
from the weigh belt were received by and stored in the on-site
data acquisition system. The flow rate data were also trans-
mitted to an integrating totalizer. Based on data from these
two sources, the average coal feed rate during the test period
was calculated to be 790 kg/hr (.1700 Ib/hr) .
The inlet air rate to the gasifier was monitored con-
tinuously as part of DOE's tests. The flow rate measuring de-
vice was an anubar located in the 46 cm (J.8 in) diameter air
duct attached to the suction side of the inlet air blower. The
indicated average air flow rate was 3570 kg/hr (7870 Ib/hr).
The water vapor content of the gasifier air as it
enters the bottom of the gasifier was not measured directly.
However, the air temperature was measured. Assuming the air is
saturated by its passage over the gasifier water jacket, stan-
dard air/water psychometric charts were used to calculate the
water vapor flow rate. Thus, based on the inlet air flow rate
identified above (.3570 kg/hr or 7870 Ib/hr) and a measured inlet
air temperature of 64°C U-488F), the water vapor or steam enter-
ing the gasifier was calculated at 700 kg/hr (1500 Ib/hr).
25
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TABLE 2-1. MASS FLOW RATES FOR THE GLEN-GERY
WELLMAN-GALUSHA GASIFIER
Stream
Coal
Inlet Air
Water Vapor
Flow rate
kg/hr(lb/hr)
790 (1700)
3570 (.7870)
700 (1500)
Interval
(±20)
± 10%
±7.5%
± 15%
in Inlet Air
Gasifier Ash
Cyclone Dust
Coal Hopper Gas
Pokehole Gas
Product Gas
74 ( 160)
0.7 (. 1.5)
8 ( 18)
6 ( 13)
4800 CIO,600)
± 60%
± 30%
± 50%
±100%
± 11%
26
-------
Gasifier ash flow rate data had to be obtained in an
indirect manner and, in light of the procedures used, were sub-
ject to large inaccuracies. Normal procedures for removing gas-
ifier ash entailed 1) adding water to the ash hopper to slurry
the ash, 2) discharging the ash slurry into the bed of a truck,
and 3) dumping the ash slurry in an on-site disposal area. To
obtain an approximate weight of dry ash removed, the normal ash
disposal procedure was modified slightly. Instead of being
dumped immediately, the ash slurry was allowed to dewater for
about 1 hour in the truck bed. The volume of dewatered ash was
measured and a core sample was taken. The core sample was dried
and weighed in order to calculate the weight of dry ash per vol-
ume of dewatered ash. Using that value, the weight of dry ash
in the truck bed was calculated. The results of those calcula-
tions indicated an average dry ash flow rate of 74 kg/hr (160
Ib/hr) .
Raw product gas that leaks past the coal hopper slide
valves is discharged directly to the atmosphere from the coal
hopper. To obtain the flow rate of this stream, the top of the
hopper was sealed with a sheet of polyethylene. A small sample
port was installed in the enclosure and a hot wire anemometer
was used to measure the gas velocity through the sample port.
From these measurements, the average coal hopper gas flow rate
was calculated to be about 8 kg/hr (.18 Ib/hr) .
The flow rate of pokehole gases was also measured
using a hot wire anemometer. Each pokehole was enclosed by a
metal container equipped with a sample port. Velocity measure-
ments were taken both with and without a poking rod inserted.
Observations of plant operator practices indicated that the
poking rod was left in the pokehole approximately 3 minutes, and
that this occurred about once every 4 hours. Using this infor-
mation, the weighted average flow rate of pokehole gases was cal-
culated as 6 kg/hr (.13 Ib/hr) .
The cyclone dust flow rate was calculated by weighing
the amount of dust collected over the 96-hour material balance
period. This was accomplished by emptying the cyclone at the
beginning of the test period and then again 96 hours later.
Tared, large metal containers were used to catch and weigh the
cyclone dust. The average cyclone dust flow rate was calculated
at 0.7 kg/hr (1.5 Ib/hr).
27
-------
Velocity traverses of the low-Btu product gas line
were made several times during the sampling period. Numerous
samples for fixed gas analysis were also taken. The results
these measurements indicated an average product gas flow rate «
4680 m3/hr (.165,000 SCFH) at 21 °C (JOT) and 1 atmosphere pres-
sure. The average gas molecular weight was 24.3 indicating a
product gas flow rate of 4800 kg/hr CIO,600 Ib/hr).
2.3.2 Mass Balances
Samples of the inlet and outlet streams from the pro-
cess were collected over the same 96-hour period. These samp]Z
were either analyzed individually and the results averaged (the
case for gas samples) or composited to form one physically aver
aged sample prior to analysis. The average compositions are
presented in Table 2-2. The 95% confidence intervals presented
for the results are based on calculated standard deviations of
results over the time period, historical accuracy and precision
for the analytical technique, and estimates of sample variabiii*.
based on experience with similar samples. lty
From the compositional results and mass flow rate det-
minations, material balances for total mass, ash, carbon, nitro r"
gen, oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur were calculated according to
the general expression:
(j)
t v v .^MMriF fv* rv
, ^ k
where,
_JLn M. X.(j) = the summation of the mass flows of the
•i component j' in the incoming streams (kg/hr)
out
M, X,(j) = the summation of the mass flows of the
component j in the outgoing streams (kg/hr)
M. M^ = the mass flow of the tth or feth stream (.kg/hr)
x- Cj), X,(j) = the weight fraction of the component j
% in the ith or feth stream.
The results of these calculations using the flow rates in Tabl
2-1 and the compositions in Table 2-2 are presented in Table
2-3. The error limits for the total summations are derived
analytical and flow rate confidence intervals through the
balance calculations according to the following equations :
28
-------
TABLE 2-2.
AVERAGE COMPOSITIONS OF MAJOR PROCESS STREAMS
AT THE GLEN-GERY GASIFICATION FACILITY
Inlet Gaslfier
Component Coal Air* Ash
Ash-wtZ 11.7 (±10%) 65.8 (tlOZ)
Carbon-wtZ 81.2 (ilOZ) 33.0 (±10Z)
CO2-volZ 0.02 (±1002)
CO -volZ
Cllt-volZ
Nitrogen-wtZ 0.82 (± 8Z) 0.18 (i 8Z)
N2 -volZ 79 (± 2Z)
Oxygen-wtZ 2.6 (ilOZ) 0.30 (±10Z)
02 -volZ 21 (± 10Z)
UjO-wtZ 0.94 (±10Z) 0.25 (±10Z)
11,0-volZ 23 (± 15Z)
Hydrogen-wtZ 2.14 (±10Z) ' 0.27 (ilOZ)
11 2 -volZ
Sulfur-vrtZ 0.62 (±10Z) 0.20 (tlOZ)
H2S-vppm
COS-vppm
SO ^-vppm
CS 2-vppm
Cyclone Coal Hopper
Dust Gas*
24.7 (±10Z)
70.1 (±10Z)
4.6 (± 6Z)
23.6 (±11Z)
0.22 (±12Z)
0.62 (± 8Z)
54.1 (± 4Z)
0.95 (±10Z)
3.0 (±70Z)
0.71 (ilOZ)
5.9 (±100Z)
1.4 (±10%)
14.5 (± 15Z)
290 (± 22Z)
60 (l 19Z)
5 (i250Z)
< 0.5
Product
Gas*
5.5
25.5
(± 5%)
(i 7Z)
0.23 (±17Z)
51.6
0.90
5.9
16.3
690
93
21
0.8
(± 1Z)
(±20Z)
(±10Z)
(t 4Z)
(±22Z)
(119%)
(±250Z)
(± 80Z)
*A11 gas compositions on & dry gas basis except moisture content
NOTE: The numbers in parentheses represent the 95Z confidence Interval for the data.
-------
TABLE 2-3. MATERIAL BALANCES FOR THE GLEN-
GERY GASIFICATION FACILITY
Total Haas Ash Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Sulfur
(kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr)
Coal
Inlet Air
Water Vapor
In Inlet Air
Total In
CO
o
Casifier Ash
Cyclone Dust
Coal "Hopper Gas
Pokehole Gas*
Product Gas
Total Out
790 92 640 6.5 27 18 4.9
3570 - - 2740 790
700 - 620 78
5060 ± 300 92 ± 13 640 ± 90 2750 ± 210 1440 ± 140 96 ± 12 4.9 ± 0.7
74 49 24 0.13 0.4 0.2 0.15
0.7 0.4 0.5 0.004 0.01 0.01 0.10
8-1.1 5 2.3 0.11 0.004
6-1.0 4 1.7 0.11 0.006
4800 - 700 2690 1330 86 5.1
4900 ± 530 50 ± 30 730 ± 80 2700 ± 430 1330 ± no 86 ± 9 5.4 ± 1.1
*Pokehole gas assumed to be same composition as product gas
-Assumed to have negligible contribution to the mass balance
-------
n
S2 (Q)
where,
S(Q) = the variance in Q
Q = the material balance value which is a function
of the qi. ' s
qi - the ith independent flow rate or composition used
to calculate Q.
The 957o confidence interval is then given by 2 S(.Q).
If the confidence limits for total in and total out
overlap, the material balance closes within the limits of the
known or estimated variances in the data. This is the case for
all of the balances calculated except ash. The ash balance is
dependent on the coal and gasifier ash flow rates. Since the
carbon and sulfur balances, which are primarily dependent on the
coal flow rate, close within the expected limits, the most likely
data in error is the gasifier ash flow rate. Forced closure of
the ash balance estimates that the actual gasifier ash flow rate
could be as high as 160 kg/hr (.350 Ib/hr) .
31
-------
SECTION 3.0
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
Twelve process and waste streams were sampled during
the Wellman-Galusha test program. Presented in this section are
a description of each sampling point and the sampling methods
employed.
3.1 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING POINTS
The sampling points for the Glen-Gery test program are
numerically denoted in Figure 3-1. Detailed discussions of the
sampling locations are provided in the following text.
3.1.1 Coal Feedstock (1)
At approximately 4-hour intervals, a coal bucket eleva-
tor and a coal weigh belt are used to "coal-up", i.e., refill
the coal hopper. During Radian's test program, coal feed samples
were collected as the coal fell from the weigh belt into the
hopper. Samples were taken at 2-3 minute intervals throughout
the 10-15 minute period required to "coal-up".
3.1.2 Coal Hopper Gases (2)
Fugitive gases are continually discharged to the atmo-
sphere from the coal hopper. This occurs because: 1) low-Btu
product gases which accumulate in the lower portion of the coal
feed hopper are displaced during each coal feeding cycle, and 2)
low-Btu gas leaks past the coal hopper slide valves. To obtain
samples of these gases, and to estimate their flow rate, the hop-
per was enclosed with a polyethylene sheet. Gas samples were
taken through a sample port which was installed in the plastic
enclosure.
3.1.3 Gasifier Jacket Makeup Water (3)
Plant service water is added to the gasifier water
jacket to replace water lost through evaporation. Samples of
gasifier jacket makeup water were collected from a sample port
installed in a makeup water line.
32
-------
BUCKET
ELEVATOR
CO
U>
JACKET HATER
TO COOLING TOWER
JACKET HATER
FROM COOLING TOWER
POKEHOLE
GAS
SATURATED
AIR
COAL PIPES
RAW PRODUCT GAS
PRODUCT LOH-BTU GAS
GASIFIER
WATER
COOLED
JACKET
CYCLONE
GASIFIER
INLET AIR
CYCLONE
DUST
c"
SERVICE
HATER
ASH
SLURW
COMBUSTION
GAS
TEST BURNER
KILN
FLUE
GAS
i
NATURAL
GAS
70-H82-Z
Figure 3-J.., Sampling Locations for th« Glen-Gery Ca.iftar
-------
3.1.4 Gasifier Jacket Water (4)
A forced draft cooling tower is used to cool the re-
circulated gasifier jacket water. Samples of this stream were
collected during Radian's tests from a sample port installed in
the line leading to the cooling tower.
3.1.5 Gasifier Inlet Air (5)
Reactant air for the gasifier is supplied by a turbo-
blower. The air intake for the blower is located beneath the
"catwalk" floor for the coal hopper. Inlet air samples were col-
lected directly above the air intake.
3,1.6 Ash (6)
Gasifier ash accumulates in an ash hopper at the bottom
of the gasifier. In order to collect dry ash samples, i.e., be-
fore the ash is quenched prior to ash removal, the ash discharge
gate was partially opened and a sample corer was inserted into the
ash hopper.
3.1.7 Ash Quench Water (7)
Ash is removed from the gasifier ash hopper as an
aqueous slurry and trucked to an on-site disposal area. A sample
of the ash quench/sluice water was collected as it drained from
the ash truck.
3.1.8 Pokehole Gases (8)
The flow rates of emissions from six different poke-
holes were measured during the test program. This was accom-
plished by placing a large metal container, equipped with a
sample port, over the pokehole. Flow measurements were made
using a hot wire anemometer. The composition of this stream was
assumed to be similar to that of the product gas.
-------
3.1.9 Cyclone Inlet (9)
Hot, raw low-Btu gas exits the top of the gasifier
through a 1 m (3 ft) horizontal run of refractory brick-lined
duct (61 cm or 24 in I.D.) before entering the hot gas cyclone
A 10 cm (4 in) sample port equipped with a gate valve was in- *
stalled (in the horizontal plane) in the brick-lined duct. The
gas stream was accessed with a sample probe through a packing
gland attached to the gate valve.
3.1.10 Product Gas (10)
Samples of low-Btu product gas were collected from a.
vertical run of duct (51 cm or 20 in I.D.) downstream of the hot-
gas cyclone. A sample port similar to that used for the cyclone
inlet was used to gain access to the gas stream. Approximately
10 duct diameters of straight duct were upstream of the sample
port location.
3.1.11 Cyclone Dust (11)
Dust collected by the hot gas cyclone is periodically
emptied into a front-end-loader for disposal with the gasifier
ash. Samples were obtained as the collected particulates fell
from the cyclone discharge chute.
3.1.12 Test Burner Combustion Gases (12)
A test burner was used to generate the combustion
products of low-Btu gas produced from anthracite coal. The com-
bustion gas samples were collected from the burner flue through"
an 8 cm (3 in) sample port (SASS train run and impinger samples}
and through a 0.64 cm (0.25 in) sample port (gas chromatograph
samples). Samples of the low-Btu fuel gas were also collected
The sampling location for these samples was a 0.64 cm (0.25 in)
sample port installed in the inlet line to the test burner gas
pump.
3.2 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
Samples from eleven of the twelve streams just dis-
cussed were obtained for physical", chemical, and/or biological
35
-------
analyses as part of the Wellman-Galusha test program (flow rate
measurements only were made on the pokehole gases). The fol-
lowing sections describe the sampling methods used to obtain these
samples. For convenience of presentation, the sampling methods
are broken down into the type of aample being collected:
entrained particulates in gas streams,
gases,
liquids, and
solids.
Table 3-1 presents the sampling schedule for the Glen-Gery test
program. The 96-hour material balance period extended from the
morning of March 30 through the morning of April 2.
3.2.1 Entrained Particulates
Three gas streams were sampled for entrained particu-
lates :
gasifier inlet air,
raw product gas (cyclone inlet), and
clean product gas (cyclone exit).
For the gasifier inlet air stream, a high volume (hi-vol) sampler
was used to obtain particulate loading data. For the cyclone in-
let and outlet streams both instack filters (for particulate
loadings) and cascade impactors (for particle size distribution)
were used. The high volume source assessment sampling system
(SASS train) also was used to obtain particulate samples. How-
ever, this method will be discussed in the section on gas stream
sampling.
High Volume Sampler
A high volume sampler (hi-vol) was used to obtain par-
ticulate loading information on the gasifier inlet air stream.
36
-------
TABLE 3-1 SAMPLING SCHEDULE - WELLMAN-GALUSHA
SOURCE TEST EVALUATION PROGRAM
Saavla «.U.«ad
Cyelaaa duac
Produce Uv-fleu taa
Gaaaa - jnb saayla
- FUad caaaa
- Ci -C> hvdroeargooa
- CS" an* SOT
- SHl
- Carbonrla
- Toeal sulfur
- Traea alamu
SUS train
Pamela SiUa«
Coobuacor Fl^ua Gaaaa
Gaaaa - crab aaapla
- Flxad taiaa
- Ct -^ hydroear^ooa
* Sulfur feaela*
or* ud sea'
to,
Carbeayla
Total fulfur
-10, (ucural |aa)
90, How-«tu faa)
SAS5 crala
Coal Hopper C«*aa
Gaaaa - «rab Mopla
- FUad taaaa
- Ci -Ci hydrocarbooa
- Sulfur iraciaa'1
Gaaaa * impiaf*' aaaplaa
- ai" AM set"
- SBi
- Carboarla
Parclculacaa
Ia|a^ Air tw Cfa^ifr
Pareleulacaa
Oriaoiea
iarvlca «atar
^ackac waetr
Aria ^7djo«]rboaa
Uv«r Laval
Uoear Laval
?oka Kola Caaaa (» holal)
victoue »d-ci«aad
VLcb rod^paa
C-relooa !';i^f«n^7
lolae oartlculacaa
Ouclac ;aruculacaa
Savla CollaaeUa Data
(HuaMr it Saa^laa Cullaccad]
3/27 3/25 3/29 3/30 3/31 t/l 4/2 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/7 i/.
2 2 2 2223
14423333
1432433
2 2 ]
.
13 3 3
I
3
1 2
2 1
S 3
5
1
1
3
4 2
3
L
: 3 7
i
i
L
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 L 1
1 111
I I 1 I
1
1
1
1
3 2
323 43
laaaa: CO. Hi. 'li. 3i, CO,, CH.
Jiico),. r.ccai,
Sulfur naciaai IsS. COS. C3i. iOi
37
-------
The hi-vol sampler (see Figure 3-2) consisted of a 20 cm x 25 cm
(8 in x 10 in) glass-fiber filter followed by a vacuum cleaner
type motor for pulling the gas sample through the filter. The
filter was rated at 99.9% efficiency for removing 0.3ym OOP
particles. A pitot tube was used to monitor the volume of gas
sampled. The hi-vol samples were obtained over nominally an 8-
hour period. As described in Section 3.1.5, the hi-vol was sta-
tioned on the coal hopper floor "catwalk" directly above the
gasifier air intake.
Instack Filter
Instack alundum thimble-type filters were used to ob-
tain particulate loadings for the raw product gas (cyclone in-
let) and clean product gas (cyclone exit) streams. Figure 3-3
illustrates the sampling train used for these particulate loading
determinations. It consisted of a stainless steel probe fitted
with an alundum thimble holder, sample transfer lines, four
impingers, and pumping and metering equipment. A preweighed
alundum thimble was placed in the thimble holder to collect the
particulate matter. The first two impingers contained 250 ml of
acidic HaOa while the third impinger was dry. The fourth impinger
contained a preweighed amount of silica gel.
Prior to sampling, the following stream properties were
determined:
• velocity profile (EPA Method 1 and 2, Ref. 2, 3),
average gas molecular weight (gas chromatography),
gas moisture content (EPA Method 4, Ref. 4),
gas temperature (thermocouple), and
absolute pressure.
Sampling nozzle size and isokinetic sampling rates were calcu-
lated from these data. The sampling probe was first inserted
into the gas stream and the alundum thimble was allowed to warm
up to the gas stream temperature to prevent water vapor from con-
densing in the thimble.- Particulate samples were then collected
isokinetically at six traverse points over a total sampling period
ranging from 30 to 60 minutes. After sampling, the thimble holder
was removed from the gas stream and a piece of aluminum foil was
38
-------
20 cm x 25 cm Hi Vol Filter
Swagelok
Bulkhead
Fitting
SS Tui
XAD-2
Canister
for collecting
gaseous species II
v
To pumping and
metering equipment
Figure 3-2. High Volume Sampler
39
-------
Alundum
Filter Holder
Goose Neck or
Straight Stem
Nozzle
Packing
Gland
Impinger Impinger
A
Stainless
Steel Pipe
Fine Adjustment
By Pass Valve lce Bath
Coarse
Adjustment Valve
Vacuum
Air Tight
Vacuum Pump
Dry Test
Meter
Figure 3-3. Schematic Diagram of Particulate Sampling Train
40
-------
placed over the nozzle to eliminate the possibility of combustion
taking place in the thimble.
Cascade Impactor
A Brink model B cascade impactor was used for the par-
ticle size distribution determinations for both the raw and clean
product gas streams. The Brink impactor used by Radian consisted
of five collecting stages preceded by a cyclone for coarse par-
ticulate removal and followed by a final filter. The impactor
was fitted on a stainless steel probe connected to four impi
and pumping and metering equipment. The first two impingers
contained 250 ml of acidic H202, the third was dry, and the
contained silica gel.
The sampling probe was inserted into the gas stream and
allowed to warm up to the gas temperature to prevent condensatio
of water vapor in the impactor. Sampling nozzle size and
sampling rate were determined in a manner identical to that used
for the particulate loading determinations. However, because th
collection mechanism of the Brink impactor is based on a constant
gas flow rate into the impactor, samples were taken only at the
three traverse points which had gas velocities with +1070 of the
average gas velocity. Sampling times ranged from 15 to 90
minutes. A piece of aluminum foil was placed over the probe
nozzle after its removal from the gas stream to eliminate the
possibility of combustion taking place in the impactor.
3.2.2 Gases
Five gas streams were sampled as part of the Glen-Gerv
test program: '
gasifier inlet air,
coal hopper gases,
clean product gas (cyclone exit),
clean product gas (test burner inlet), and
test burner flue gas.
41
-------
As shown in Table 3-2, four sampling methods were used:
• XAD-2 Cartridge (Hi-vol),
• Grab,
Impinger, and
SASS Train.
These sampling methods are described in the following sections.
XAD-2 Cartridge (Hi-vol)
The gasifier inlet air was sampled for organics by
pulling a slipstream from the hi-vol sampler through XAD-2
resin. The resin was contained in a stainless steel cartridge
connected to a sample tap installed downstream of the hi-vol
filter (see Figure 3-2). Samples were taken over approximately
an eight-hour period.
Grab Sampling
Grab samples for fixed gases,. sulfur species, and
light hydrocarbons analyses were obtained by the sampling system
shown in Figure 3-4. This system consisted of a heated teflon
sampling tube and a teflon membrane filter followed by an osmotic
gas dryer, a teflon lined pump, a rotometer, and a sample con-
tainer. Access to the clean product gas stream was through a 10
cm (4 in.) sample port installed in the gas line. Access to the
coal hopper gases was through a 3.8 cm (1.5 in.) sample port in-
stalled in the polyethylene sheet covering the hopper (see
Section 3.1.2). The test burner flue gas was sampled through a
0.64 cm (0.25 in.) sample port in the burner flue.
The temperature of the gas sample was kept above the
water dew point until the gas had been dried in order to avoid
losses due to condensation. The teflon membrane filter provided
an inert method to protect the osmotic dryer from particulates
in the gas stream. All portions of the sampling system which
came in contact with the gas stream were constructed of stainless
steel, glass or teflon. An exception to this was the proprietary
inert membrane in the dryer.
42
-------
TABLE 3-2.
GAS SAMPLING METHODS
TEST PROGRAM
USED IN GLEN-GERY
Stream
Gasifier Inlet Air
Coal Hopper Gases
Clean Product Gas
(Cyclone Exit)
Clean Product Gas
(Test Combustor
Inlet)
Test Combustor
Flue Gas
Sampling Method
XAD-2 cartridge
(Hi-vol)
Grab
Impingers
Grab
Impingers
SASS train
Impingers
Impingers
Grab
SASS train
Analytical
Parameters
Organics
Fixed gases,
fur species, and
light hydrocarbons
NH3, CN~, SCN~
and Me(CO)x
Fixed gases, sul^
fur species, and
light hydrocarbons
NH3, CN~, SCIT,
Me(CO)x, total
sulfur, and trace
elements
Particulates,
organics, and
trace elements
NH3, CN~, SCN",
and total sulfur
NH3, CN~, SCN
Me(CO)x, and
total sulfur
Fixed gases,
fur species, and
light hydrocarbons
Particulates,
organics, and
trace elements
43
-------
Gas In
AlunduB Filter Holder
Used at the Cyclone (OPTIONAL)
Stainless Steel Probe
Teflon Filter
Humid Air
Stainless Steel
Water Trap Used at
the Separator Vent
(OPTIONAL)
Dry Air Vacuum Sample
Pu«p
Teflon Bag (Total
Hydrocarbons)
Teflon Bag (NOX)
RotonE
Con t re
ter
Per >a Pure Drier
_1J \=
1 !
. II
tt
>11
0
sr/Flov
er
^_ Glass Comb
(Sulfur Species)
Scotchpak Bag
(Fixed Cases)
Teflon-Lined
Figure 3-4. Grab Sample Collection and Preparation System
-------
The sampling train was well purged prior to fillina
the sample container. All containers were purged a minimum of
five sample volumes prior to sample collection. Teflon bags w
stainless steel valves were used for hydrocarbon samples, polv
ethylene bags with stainless steel valves for fixed gases , and
glass bombs for sulfur species.
Impinger Train Sampling
Impinger sampling trains were used to collect vapor-
phase components from the coal hopper gases , clean product gas
and test burner flue gas. The collection principle of the "
impinger train is the dissolution and/or reaction of vapor-pha
components with an impinger solution. The solutions used by
Radian for the Glen-Gery test program were:
Component Being
Collected Impinger Solution # of Impingers
NH3 570 HzSO^ 2
CN", SCN~ 107, NaOH 2
Me(CO)v KI/I2 in 37. HC1 2
X
Total Sulfur 670 H20 2
270 Zn (C2H302)2 2
KOH/C2H5OH 1
Trace Elements 2070 HN03 2
dry 1
2070 KOH 2
Standard 500 ml Greenberg-Smith impingers were used for samplin
the clean product gas and test burner flue gas, while miniature
impingers were used for the coal hopper gases. These two syste
are discussed in the following sections. T3QS
Impingers (Greenberg-Smith) - With the exception of tx
impinger solutions,the impinger sampling train used for the
clean product gas (both at the cyclone exit and the test burnei-
inlet) and test burner flue gas was identical to that used for
the particulate loading determinations (see Figure 3-3). Acces
to the clean product gas at the cyclone exit was through a 10 c
(4 in.) sample port, while at the test burner inlet a 0.64 cm
45
-------
(0.25 in.) sample port was used. The burner flue gas was
sampled through an 8 cm (3 in.) sample port in the burner flue.
Most samples were taken isokinetically at standard
traverse points over a 30-minute period. However, some of the
metal carbonyl sampling periods were extended to 2% hours and
the sample for trace elements was taken over approximately a 9-
hour period.
Impingers (Miniature) - Miniature impingers were used
to sample the coal hopper gases. The sampling train consisted
of a small cyclone and glass fiber filter (for removal of parti-
culates) suspended inside the covered coal hopper. The particu-
late collection unit was connected by plastic tubing to three 100
ml impingers arranged in series. The first two were filled with
approximately 25 ml of impinger solution, but the third was dry.
A small vacuum pump_and rotometer followed the third impinger.
Samples for NH3, CN , and SCN were collected over about a 100
minute time period, while sampling for metal carbonyls continued
for over 2% hours.
SASS Train
The high volume source assessment sampling system (SASS
train) was used to obtain samples of the clean low-Btu product
gas at the cyclone exit and of the test burner flue gas. The
SASS train collects particulates, organics and trace elements.
A detailed description of the SASS train and its operating
parameters is given in the EPA Level 1 procedures manual (Ref. 5).
Figure 3-5 is a schematic of the SASS train. The sampling period
for the clean product gas (accessed through a 10 cm or 4 in.
sample port) was about 2% hours, while sampling of the test
burner flue gas (accessed through an 8 cm or 3 in. sample port)
continued for 5 hours and 45 minutes.
3.2.3 Liquids
Grab samples of three liquid streams were taken as part
of the Glen-Gery test program. These were:
gasifier cooling jacket makeup water (service
water),
46
-------
Filter
Gas Cooler
Dry Can Hoter Orifice Meter
CentralIzcd Temperature
and Pressure Readout
Control Module
lap/Cooler
Trace Element
Collector
Implnger
T.C.
10 cfm Vacuua Puap
Figure 3-5. SOURCE ASSESSMENT SAMPLING SCHEMATIC
-------
recirculating gasifier cooling jacket water,
and
ash sluice water.
Tap sampling techniques were used for obtaining the two gasifier
cooling jacket samples. The sample taps were well flushed prior
to sample acquisition. The samples were collected in 1 liter
polyethylene containers which were first flushed several times
with the sample material.
The ash sluice water was sampled as it drained from
the ash transport truck. Samples for analysis of inorganics
were caught in 1 liter polyethylene containers while samples for
analysis of organics were collected in \ liter glass bottles
fitted with teflon caps. These sample containers were also well
flushed with sample prior to sample acquisition.
3.2.4 Solids
Grab samples of three solid streams were taken during
the Glen-Gery test program. These were:
coal feedstock,
gasifier ash (dry), and
cyclone dust.
The sampling methods used for each of these streams are described
in the following sections.
Coal Feedstock
Grab samples of the coal feedstock were taken as the
coal fell from the coal weigh belt into the coal hopper. The
sampling equipment consisted of an 8 cm x 18 cm x 25 cm (3 in.
x 7 in. x 10 in.) polyethylene cup attached to a 1.2 m (4 ft)
metal pole. Samples were taken by passing the cup through the
falling coal approximately every 2-3 minutes during the 10-15
minutes required to coal-up. This procedure provided a compo-
site sample representative of the coal added to the hopper.
48
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"Coal-up's" normally occurred six times per day.
ever, due to time considerations, coal samples were taken' on Iv
during the 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. "coal-up's". Approximately
20 liters of sample were obtained from each "coal-up". A small
portion of this (% liter) was removed and stored for organic
analysis in a glass bottle fitted with a teflon cap. The re-
maining sample was first reduced to about 2 liters by coning A
quartering, and then stored in airtight polyethylene containers
Gasifier Ash
Before ash is removed from the gasifier, water is »dH
to the ash hopper to aid in ash removal and to help maintain a
seal between the gasifier and the atmosphere.
In order to obtain a dry ash sample, sampling took
place prior to the introduction of the ash sluice water. A 7 c
cm (3 in.) corer was driven into the ash hopper through'the
partially opened ash removal gate. This procedure resulted in
obtaining approximately 5 kg (11 Ib) of dry ash. A small por-
tion of this sample was stored in a glass bottle fitted with a
teflon cap for organic analysis. The remaining sample was re*
duced by coning and quartering and stored in airtight polyethvi
containers for inorganic analysis. After the dry ash samples nt
were obtained, the ash removal procedure proceeded normally wit-v.
the ash slurry being trucked to an on-site disposal area. ^n.
Cyclone Dust
Cyclone dust is normally removed from the cyclone we»i»i
and trucked to an on-site disposal area. However, to facilitat^
the material balance portion of Radian's test program, the cvcl
dust was removed at the beginning and end of the 96-hour materi011*
balance period. To obtain cyclone dust samples, the dust was •*•
collected in large metal containers. From the containers, graK
samples were taken and stored in airtight 1 liter polyethylene
containers for inorganic analysis and in % liter glass bottles
fitted with teflon caps for organic analysis.
49
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SECTION 4.0
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Both chemical (inorganic and organic) and biological
analyses were performed on the samples obtained at the Glen-
Gery test site. In addition, process gas chromatographs were
used to continuously monitor the product low-Btu gas for selec-
ted inorganic and organic species. Table 4-1 summarizes the
analyses performed on each stream sampled, while Figures 4-1
through 4-7 show the analytical scheme used for each sample.
The following sections contain detailed descriptions
of the analytical procedures used. The inorganic and organic
analyses are described in Section 4.1 and 4.2, respectively,
while the bioassay tests are described in Section 4.3. The con-
tinuous monitoring of the product gas is discussed in Section
4.4.
4.1 INORGANIC SPECIES ANALYSIS
The inorganic analyses for the Glen-Gery test program
included analyzing:
gas phase species,
liquids,
solids, and
trace elements (solid, liquid, and gaseous samples).
Table 4-1 shows the specific analyses performed for each stream
sampled. The inorganic analyses were performed both on-site in
Radian's mobile laboratory and off-site at Radian's laboratories
in Austin, Texas.
4.1.1 Gas Phase Analytical Procedures
Gas streams sampled at -the Glen-Gery facility included
product low-Btu gas, coal hopper vent gas and the test burner
50
-------
TABLE 4-1.
SUMMARY OF ANALYSES PERFORMED FOR
THE GLEN-GERY TEST PROGRAM
Analysis
Coal
Ash Inlet Air Product Coal
Sluice Dry Cyclone to Gaalflar Jacket Service Low-Btu Hopper
Weter Aih Duet (Part tcul«t«»> Water Water Ga* Qe»
<*••»
Trace Eleaents
SSHS
!//
•//
An»ly«ta
Sulfur Specl«»c
HCN
HSCH
SB,
Fe(CO)j
Total Sulfur
C! - C,
Liquid Analysis
x
X
X
X
a
70S
TSS
Anloosd
HH.*
COD
SOD
TOC
Solid Analysis
7toxinate/Ultlwce
HHV
Size Distribution
Specific Gravity
Particle Morphology
Giot* a and 6
Gravenetric
level 1
gtoassay
x
X X
x//
x//
x •*•
X
X/+
*?roxiiute analysis: ml5tuT«, abb, volatllcs, and fixed carbon
Ultimate analyula: C, Hj, .1^, S, 0;
bflxed gases: H}, CO, COj, Ol», H,
C5ulfur species: HjS, COS, CS,, S02
dAnlon«: PO,"', Cl", K~, s", NO,", CN~, SCN*. SP,"
"Analysis performed
^Analysis peiforaed on orgenle extract
Annlysl* l>prforacd on leer.l-.ate
ored contlnuoukly by on-line process (as chroutographs
51
-------
Coal
Rodent
Acute
Toxicity
Figure 4-1. Analytical Flow Scheme for Coal
52
-------
Ash
Sluice
Water
Extract
with CH2C12
Concentrate
Rodent
Acute
Toxicity
Figure 4-2. Analytical Flow Scheme for Ash Sluice Water
53
-------
Dry
Ash
race Elements,
& Volatll
Extract with
CH2CT2
Leach at
PH5
snT^
-K:
Grav
TOC
L-K:
GC/MS
Na+ ^^>
Figtire 4-3. Analytical Flow Scheme for Dry Ash
54
-------
Ul
Cyclone
Dust '
^
nts~TN
n§sV
Leach
atpllS
Uachate
is—trace Elements7~s.
FVSSMS & Volatiles-''
Figure 4-4. Analytical Flow Scheme for Cyclone Dust
-------
FlI.llKl.
CTv
Figure 4-5. Analytical Flow Scheme for Product Gas
-------
Coal .
Hopper—m
Gas r]
Gas Grab
Samples
Impinger
Sample
Particulates
*•
An inadequate quantity of sample was obtained for analysis
Figure 4-6. Analytical Flow Scheme for Coal Hopper Gas
57
-------
Cn
oo
An inadequate quantity of sample was obtained for analysis
Figure 4-7. Analytical Flow Scheme for Combustion Gas
-------
flue gas. Gas grab samples were collected from the streams u *
flexible, aluminized gas sampling bags. The gas grab samples
from all three streams were analyzed for:
• fixed gases (C02, H2, 02 , N2, CHi,, CO), and
• sulfur species (H2S, COS, S02, CS2, CH3SH).
Impinger samples were also collected from all thre
streams and analyzed for:
• HCN,
• HSCN,
• NH3,
• NiGCO),, and
• FeCCO)5-
In addition, impinger samples for total sulfur ana
lyses were collected from the product low-Btu gas and bomb si
pies were collected from the test burner flue gas for NO
analyses. x
Fixed Gases
The fixed gas analyses were conducted using a Fish
Model 1200 Gas Partitioner equipped with dual columns and du i
thermal conductivity detectors connected in series. A sampl
from each stream was introduced through a 1 ml sample loop ^
The loop and sample transport tubing were always flushed witv,
>5 residence volumes of gas before injection. The analyses
were carried out under the following instrument operating co
tions: **•*
Column 1: 6.5' x 1/8" aluminum Columpak PQ
Column 2: 11' x 3/16" aluminum 13x molecular siev
®»
60-80 mesh
59
-------
Carrier Gas: 8.570 H2 in He
Carrier Flow: 33 cm3/min
Oven Temp: 50°C
Injector Temp: Ambient
Bridge Current: 275 mA
Elution Order: C02, H2 , 02 , N2 , CHi,, CO
Each component was quantified by measuring the peak
height and comparing it to a calibration curve. Calibration
curves were prepared on-site before testing began. A certified
standard mixture containing the six species of interest was
analyzed three times on the partitioner and the average peak
heights were plotted against the known concentrations. Addi-
tional points were generated by analyzing known dilutions of
the standard. Nitrogen was used to dilute the standard mix-
ture. The performance of the instrument was checked periodi-
cally by analyzing the calibration standard and comparing the
result to the standard curves. The partitioner was extremely
stable throughout the test period.
Sulfur Species
Grab samples from each of the gas streams were dried
and filtered and the sulfur species (H2S, COS, S02, CS2, CH3SH)
were analyzed on a Tracer Model 560 Gas Chromatograph equipped
with a flame photometric detector (FPD). Aliquots were trans-
ferred from a gas sampling bomb into a 0.25 milliliter teflon
sample loop and injected directly onto the column. Instrument
conditions used for these analyses are listed as follows:
Column: 10' x 1/8" teflon, 1% TCEP (1,2, 3-Tris
C2-cyanoethoxy propane)) and 0.5% H3PO,»
on Carbopak B, 60/80 mesh
Carrier Gas: N2
Carrier Flow: 20 cm3/rain.
Injector Temp: 150°C
Detector Temp: 1908C
60
-------
Oven Program: 40°C for 5 min.
20°C/min. to 90°C
90°C for 10 min.
The detector output was recorded and integrated on a Hewlett-
Packard Model 3380A Integrator/Plotter.
Calibration was accomplished using a nitrogen stream
containing known amounts of the species"of interest. The call
bration standard was generated in a permeation oven. The same"
injection technique was used for calibration as for sample ana-
lysis. Standards were run each day prior to any sample analys"
and multiple standard injections were made until stable, re-
producible analyses were obtained. The teflon sample loop was
flushed with N2 prior to any sample injection.
The glass gas sampling bomb was silanized prior to
use in order to minimize the sorption of sulfur species onto th
walls of the bomb. In addition, >15 residence volumes were
flushed through the sampling bomb before collection of any sanml
Cyanide
A two-impinger train containing 10 percent sodium
hydroxide was used to collect hydrogen cyanide. Preservation
required the immediate on-site removal of sulfide by its pre-
cipitation as lead sulfide and subsequent filtration. Solu-
tions were then cooled to 4°C for storage prior to off-site
analysis. The samples were analyzed for cyanide by Standard
Methods 413B and 413D (Ref. 6). These methods involved acidi-
fying and refluxing the preserved sample in order to liberate"
hydrogen cyanide. The cyanide gas was collected in an NaOH
solution and its concentration determined colorimetrically us-
ing pyridine-barbituric acid.
Thiocyanate
The sodium hydroxide impinger train used for collect
ing cyanide was also used for analyzing thiocyanate. Thio-
cyanate was measured on-site by a colorimetric procedure (Ref
7) in which cupric copper and pyridine react with the thiocyanat-
61
-------
to form a green precipitate. The precipitate is extracted with
chloroform and measured spectrophotometrically.
Ammonia
Ammonia was collected in 5 percent sulfuric acid using
a two-impinger train. Following sampling, the absorbing solutions
were cooled to 4°C (.39°F) for storage prior to on-site analysis.
The samples were analyzed using Standard Methods 418A and 418D
(Ref. 6). These methods involve buffering the sample at pH 9.5
and distilling the ammonia into an indicating boric acid solu-
tion. The ammonia in the distillate was then titrated with
standard sulfuric acid to the lavender end point of the indicator.
Metal Carbonyls (Fe. Ni)
Since no special preservation was required for the iron
and nickel carbonyl impinger solutions, those analyses were per-
formed off-site. Ascorbic acid was first used to reduce the
iodine present in the la/KI acid impinger solutions. The samples
were then analyzed for Fe and Ni using atomic absorption. Detec-
tion limits were fixed by analyzing the amount of iron or nickel
in a reagent blank.
Nitrogen Oxides
EPA reference Method 7 was used to determine the
nitrogen oxides concentration in the test burner flue gas. This
method involves collecting a gas grab sample in an evacuated
glass bomb containing a dilute sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide
solution. Nitrogen oxides, excluding nitrous oxide, are absorbed
in the solution and subsequently quantified using the phenol-
disulfonic acid (PCS) procedure.
Total Sulfur
Gas samples for total sulfur determination were bubbled
through a five-impinger train to assure complete collection of
sulfur species. The first two impingers contained 6 percent
hydrogen peroxide, the next two contained 2 N zinc acetate and
the last one contained 0.1 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide. The
62
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peroxide and potassium hydroxide impingers were analyzed off-
site for sulfate by ion chroma tography (the potass ium hydroxide
impingers were treated with peroxide to oxide CS2 and COS to
SO.,") . The zinc acetate impingers were analyzed on-site for
sulfide by the iodine titration method. The sulfur content of
each impinger was summed to give total sulfur for the gas stream
4.1.2 Liquid Phase Analysis
Three samples from the Glen-Gery test program were
analyzed for water quality parameters. These samples were ash
sluice water, ash leachate, and cyclone dust leachate.
Both the ash and cyclone dust leachate samples were
prepared using a modification of the Toxicant Extraction Proce-
dure (TEP) . This involved weighing a representative amount of"
the solid and crushing it to an approximate diameter of 9 . 5 ^^
The solid was then added to approximately eight times its weight
of deionized water. The solution was adjusted to pH 5 and the
sample was agitated for a period of 24 hours . The modification
to the TEP occurred at this point. The TEP stipulates filtering
the solution and adjusting the filtrate volume to 20 times the
initial weight of the solid sample by addition of deionized
water. Instead, the filtrate volume was adjusted to only 10
times the initial sample weight and the remaining solid was re-
extracted using the same procedure. The water quality analyses
were then performed on the combined extracts (leachates) .
Both the TEP and the modified TEP use pH adjustments
and result in an extract volume adjusted to 20 times the initial
weight of the solid sample. Therefore, both should give com-
parable results, i.e., same species being leached. However, th
modified procedure is equivalent to a 48-hour agitation period
instead of the 24-hour period called for by the TEP. For this
reason, the modified TEP could be expected to give possibly
higher results, i.e., higher concentrations of leached component-
than if the unmodified TEP had been used. acs
Since the sample extractions were performed, the SUB
gested solids extraction procedures have been modified. As set
forth by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) , th
current extraction procedure (EP) differs from the TEP in that
there is an upper limit to the amount of acid addition allowed
for pH adjustments. However, the amount of acid added for p
adjustments to both the ash and cyclone dust was well within
63
-------
limit allowed by the current RCRA extraction procedure (EP).
Therefore, the results obtained using the modified TEP should
also be comparable to (but possibly higher than) the results
that would have been obtained if the current RCRA procedures
had been used.
The three liquid samples from the Glen-Gery test pro-
gram were analyzed for water quality parameters according to
the methods shown in Table 4-2. The following text describes
each analytical procedure.
TABLE 4-2. ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Parameter
Method and Reference
Anions:
Chloride
Cyanide
Fluoride
Nitrate
Phosphate
Sulfide
Sulfate
Thiocyanate
Ammonia
BOD
COD
TOC
Residue
Titration; Standard Methods (Ref. 6),
page 304-306
Distillation, colorimetry; Standard Methods
(Ref. 6), page 367-369, 370-372
Specific ion electrode; Standard Methods
(Ref. 6), page 391-393
Colorimetry; Standard Methods (Ref. 6),
page 429-431
Colorimetry; Standard Methods (Ref. 6),
page 476, 481-482
Titration; Standard Methods (Ref. 6), page
505
Ion chromatography (Ref. 8)
Colorimetry (Ref. 7)
Distillation, colorimetry; Standard Methods
.(Ref. 6), page 410-412, 417-418
Bloassay; Standard Methods (Ref. 6), page
543-549
Oxidation, titration; Standard Methods
(Ref. 6), page 550-554
Combustion-infrared method; Standard
Methods (Ref. 6), page 523-534
Gravimetric method; Standard Methods
(Ref. 6), page 89-98
64
-------
Anions
Chloride - Chloride was determined according to pro-
cedures outlined in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Waste Water. (Ref . 6) The chloride concentration was measured
by titration using a standard silver nitrate solution. The end-
point is detected by using a potassium chromate indicator.
Cyanide - Cyanide was analyzed by the distillation-
colorimetry method in which cyanide is distilled from the sample
and collected in a sodium hydroxide solution. Colorimetric
development occurs with a pyridine-barbituric acid which forms
an intense blue color with free cyanide. The resulting absor-
bance is measured at 578 nm and compared to a set of standard
cyanide solutions.
Fluoride - Fluoride was determined by standard addi-
tion techniques using a specific ion electrode. Citrate buffer
is added to release fluoride complexed by uranium, thorium,
aluminum and iron and to cancel out variances in pH and ionic
strength. The observed potential change is directly related to
fluoride concentration.
Nitrate - Nitrate was determined by a colorimetric
method in which nitrate reacts with chromotropic acid to form a
yellow reaction product which is measured spectrophotometrically
at 410 nm and compared to a set of standards. y
Phosphate - Phosphates are digested to the ortho-
phosphate form by boiling with sulfuric acid and ammonium per-
sulfate. The pH is adjusted up to the phenolphthalein end point
with sodium hydroxide and the orthophosphate is determined us ins?
a colorimetric method. Orthophosphate reacts with ammonium
molybdate and potassium antimony tartarate in an acidic medium.
to form a heteropoly acid, phosphomolybdic acid, which is re-
duced by ascorbic acid to the highly colored molybdenum blue.
The absorbance of the sample is measured at 880 nm and compared
to a set of standards.
Sulfide - Sulfides were precipitated as zinc e
by adding zinc acetate under alkaline conditions . The precipi»
tate is removed by filtration. The zinc sulfide and the filter
are transferred to a flask and an excess of a standard iodine
solution is added. The excess iodine is then back titrated with
sodium thiosulfate to a starch _ end point to determine the amount
sulfide.
_
of iodine consumed by the sulfide.
65
-------
Sulfite and Sulfate (as Sulfate) - The filtrate from
the sulfide analysis was used to determine the sulfite and
sulfate content of the sample. Sulfite was oxidized to sulfate
by the addition of hydrogen peroxide and the sulfate was deter-
mined by ion chromatography utilizing a Dionex Model 14 instru-
ment. An exchange resin separates the anions and the sulfate is
monitored with a conductivity cell. Retention time and conduc-
tivity response are compared with a set of standard solutions to
quantify the sulfate.
Thiocyanate - Thiocyanate was determined by a colori-
metric procedure in which sulfide is removed by lead sulfide
precipitation and the filtrate extracted at pH 3-3.5 with chloro-
form to remove extractable hydrocarbons. Following this pre-
treatment the aqueous phase thiocyanate is reacted with cupric
copper and pyridine to form dithiocyanateopyride. This light
green precipitate is extracted into chloroform and measured
spectrophotometrically at 407 nm. Concentration is determined
by comparison of absorbance with a set of thiocyanate extracted
standards.
Ammonia
Ammonia was determined by a distillation-titration
method in which the sample is buffered at pH 9.5 and the ammonia
distilled into an indicating boric acid solution. The ammonia
in the distillate is titrated with a dilute sulfuric acid stan-
dard to the lavender end point of the indicator.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD is a measure of the change in the amount of dis-
solved oxygen in a sample when incubated in the dark at 20°C for
five days. This change in dissolved oxygen is related to the
amount of organic matter which is assimilated and oxidized by
microorganisms. An initial dissolved oxygen concentration was
determined and after five days a final concentration was deter-
mined .
66
-------
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical oxygen demand was determined by refluxing the
sample with potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid for two hours
After cooling, the excess dichromate was titrated with ferrous
ammonium sulfate. The amount of potassium dichromate consumed is
proportional to the amount of oxidizable matter in the sample.
Total Organic Carbon (.TOG)
Samples were analyzed for TOG with a Dorman Model 52/D
TOG analyzer using a flame ionization detector to provide linear
response up to 200 yg/ml carbon concentration.
Residue CSolids)
Total residue Csolids) was determined by evaporating
an aliquot of sample to a constant weight at 103-105°C. For
determination of total dissolved solids and total suspended
solids, the sample was filtered through a fine glass fiber fil-
ter. The filtrate was evaporated for dissolved solids, while
the filter catch was weighed to determine suspended solids.
4.1.3 Solid Phase Analysis
Solid samples collected during the Glen-Gery test pro-
gram included coal feedstock, dry ash, and cyclone dust. In
addition, solids analyses were performed on samples of the par-
ticulates entrained in the gasifier inlet air and in the pro-
duct low-Btu gas.
Physical analyses, size distribution, specific gravit
and particle morphology were performed by Radian Corporation. y
For many of the samples, a size distribution could not be deter-
mined because of the large particle sizes. Hazen Research, Inc~
was contracted to perform gross a and 8 analyses on selected
samples. Proximate and ultimate analyses of coal, dry ash and
cyclone dust samples were done by Commercial Testing and Engi-
neering Co. using standard procedures.
67
-------
4.1.4 Analyses for Trace Elements
Trace element analyses were performed on all of the
streams sampled except the coal hopper gas (see Table 4-3).
Liquid samples (including impinger solutions) were analyzed
without modification. Solid samples were first ashed in a
quartz-lined Parr combustion bomb, and then dissolved in dilute
aqueous nitric acid. The resultant liquid samples were then
analyzed without modification.
Analyses for the volatile trace elements - mercury,
antimony, and arsenic - were performed at Radian using atomic
absorption spectrophotometry. Analyses for the remaining ele-
ments were by spark source mass spectrometry, performed by Com-
mercial Testing" and Engineering Laboratories, Golden, Colorado.
Blank samples were also run on the Parr bomb itself and on clean
XAD-2 resin samples.
4.2 ORGANIC ANALYSIS
The organic analyses for the Glen-Gery test program
involved light hydrocarbons and extractable organics analyses.
Gas grab samples of the product low-Btu gas, coal hopper gas
and test burner flue gas were analyzed by on-site gas chromato-
graphs for light hydrocarbons. Samples of the following streams
were extracted, prepared and analyzed for extractable organics.
Product gas.
Test burner flue gas.
Ash.
Cyclone dust.
Gasifier inlet air particulates.
Ash leachate.
Ash sluice water.
Cyclone dust leachate.
63
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TABLE 4-3. SAMPLES ANALYZED FOR TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION
Coal Feed
Ash Sluice Water
Dry Ash
Ash Leachate
Cyclone Dust
Cyclone Dust Leachate
Particulates in Gasifier Inlet Air
Jacket Water
Service Water
Product Low-Btu Gas
Particulates in Product Low-Btu Gas
Test Burner Flue Gas
69
-------
4.2.1 Light Hydrocarbons
Grab samples from each of the three gas streams sampled
were collected in flexible teflon bags and analyzed for light
hydrocarbon content (Ci through C6). The analyses were made
using a Hewlett-Packard Model 5630 gas chromatograph equipped with
a flame ionization detector (FID). Five milliliter aliquots of
the gas samples were injected directly onto the column using a
gas-tight syringe. Instrument operating conditions for this ana-
lysis are given below.
Column: 6' x 1/8" stainless steel, Poropak Q
100/120, mesh
Carrier Gas: N2
Carrier Flow: 40 cm3/min
Injector Temp: 150°C
Detector Temp: 200°C
Oven Program: 40°C for 8 min.
8°/min to 220°C
220°C for 4 min.
The detector output was recorded on a Hewlett-Packard Model
3380A Integrator/Plotter. Component concentrations were deter-
mined from peak areas as calculated by the integrator.
The integrator was calibrated by analyzing a standard
mixture of methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, n-pentane, and
n-hexane in nitrogen. This calibration was performed daily be-
fore the first sample was run.
4,2.2 Organic Extraction Procedures
In this section, the procedures used to obtain ex-
tractable organic samples from process and waste streams are
presented. Samples of the following streams were collected for
analysis:
70
-------
• Gaseous streams (product gas, test burner flue
and gasifier inlet air),
Solid waste streams (ash and cyclone dust) , and
Liquid streams (ash and cyclone dust leachates
and ash sluice water).
Three different extraction procedures were used on
the samples, as shown in Table 4-4. Some samples were extract-
with diethylether at pH 12 for 36 hours and then at pH 1 for 52
hours. Other samples were extracted with methylene chloride f
36 hours in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. The gasifier wet °r
ash was extracted with diethylether for 36 hours and then with
methylene chloride for 36 hours. The extraction procedures us«^
for each sample are shown in Table 4-4. Generally, when more
than one sample of a stream was extracted, all the extracts we
combined for analysis. The extract of the product gas particu
lates was analyzed individually. u~"
4.2.3 Preparation and Analytical Methods for Organic Evt-r
All extracts were dried 24 hours over Na2SCK and th
filtered through clean glass filters. The solutions were theti
concentrated to approximately 5 ml or to the point of precipit
appearance using a Kuderna-Danish concentration apparatus.
The samples were concentrated and the following ana-
lytical procedures were used:
Gravimetric analysis,
Total chromatographable organics (TCO) analvsi
j 9 •*•
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis .
These techniques are discussed in the following sections.
71
-------
TABLE 4-4. SUMMARY OF EXTRACTION PROCEDURES USED
IN THE GLEN-GERY TEST PROGRAM
Sample
Extraction
Procedure
Remarks
Product Gas (SASS Train):
probe and organic module rinses
condensate
XAD-2 resin
particulates
Combustion Gas (SASS Train):
probe and organic module rinses
condensate
XAD-2 resin
Inlet Air (Hi-Vol Slipstream):
XAD-2 resin
Wet Ash
Dry Ash
Cyclone Dust
Ash Leachate
Cyclone Dust Leachate
Ash Quench Water
None
(C2H5)20*
CH2C12**
CH2C12**
None
(C2Hs)20*
CH2C12**
CH2C12**
(C2H5)20***
CH2C12**
CH2C12**
CH2C12**
(C2HS)20*
(C2H5}20*
(C2H5)20*
Combine rinses and
extracts (except parti-
culates) into one sample
for analysis.
Combine rinses and
extracts into one sample
for analysis.
Combine extracts into one
sample for analysis.
*Extraction with diethylether at pH 12 for 36 hours and then at pH 1 for
36 hours.
**
***
Extraction with methylene chloride for 36 hours in a Soxhlet extraction
apparatus.
Extraction with diethylether for 36 hours.
72
-------
Gravimetric Analysis
Gravimetric analyses CGRAV) were performed by trans-
ferring 1-4 ml of the concentrated extracts to a tared alumin
weighing pan. The solvent was allowed to evaporate until a *0
stant weight was achieved. The sample was weighed at 4-hour
intervals using a Mettler H51 analytical balance. The sample
was protected from dust and other contamination by placing it
a glass petri dish and storing it in a dessicator.
Total Chroma tographable Organics Analyses
Total chromatographable organics (TCO) are defined
those compounds which have gas chromatographic retention times
between n-heptane and n-hexadecane . TCO analyses were carried
out on a Tracor Model 560 gas chromatograph equipped with a
ionization detector. Integrations and baseline corrections
carried out on a Spectra Physics SP4000 Central Processor equl
ped with disc memory. Five to twenty yJi samples were injected
by syringe and analyzed. The analyses were performed under th
following instrument conditions: ne
Column: 6' x 2 mm i.d. glass, 10% OV-101 on
100-120 mesh Supelcoport
Carrier Gas: N2
Carrier Flow: 30 cm3/min
Oven Program: 30 °C for 4 min
16°C/min to 250°C
250 °C until after elution time of r
standard, then an additional 5 min7
Injector Temp: 250 °C
Detector Temp: 250 °C
Calibrations were performed daily using a methylene chloride
solution containing 342-389 yg/ml of the normal alkanes from p
through Ci?. 6
73
-------
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis
The concentrated extracts were analyzed by a Hewlett-
Packard 5985 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (.GC/MS) System.
A portion of each extract was injected onto a six-foot SP-2250
packed glass column. After an initial hold at 50° C for four
minutes, the column was temperature programmed to 260 °C at 8°C/
minute. The organic species which eluted from the gas chroma -
tograph were transferred to the ion source of the mass spectro-
meter by means of a glass jet separator. The mass spectrometer
was scanned continuously from m/e 50 to m/e 450 with a cycle time
of three seconds. Electron impact (70 eV) ionization was em-
ployed exclusively for the analyses. The mass spectral infor-
jnation was._stored on a magnetic disc for future Interpretation
and reference.
Identification of selected organic species was per-
formed by a technique known as selected ion current profiles
CSICP) search. This technique is based on the appearance of key
ions within a narrow retention time window and is used to search
for certain compounds, especially polynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbons. In addition, interpretation of mass spectra was per-
formed by comparison of the unknown mass spectrum against the
mass spectrum of a previously analyzed standard. Table 4-5 lists
the organic species selected for the SIC? search.
Semi-quantitative analysis of the identified compounds
was achieved by measuring the area under the SIC? for each com-
pound. For a given compound, the area under the most abundant
ion was calculated using the data system. The computed area was
then compared against the arear found from the most abundant ion
of the internal standard, di o -anthracene. The concentration of
the species was then calculated using the following equation:
C = the concentration of the component,
Ac = the integrated area of the characteristic
ion from the selected ion current profile,
R = the response factor for this component rela-
tive to deuteroanthracene,
Aa = the integrated area of the characteristic ion
for di o -anthracene, and
74
-------
TABLE 4-5.
LIST OF SELECTED ORGANIC SPECIES FOR SELECTED
ION CURRENT PROFILES SEARCH
MEG Category
Compound
2A. Saturated Alkyl Halides
2B. Unsaturated Alkyl Halides
4. Halogenated Ethers
7B. Ketones
80. Esters
11. Azo Compounds: Hydrazine Derivatives
12. Nitrosaminea
16A. Ring Substituted Halogenated Aromatics
17. Aromatic Nitro Compounds
21. Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
22. Fused Non-Alternant Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons
Hexachloroethane
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Bis (2-Chloroethyl) Ether
Bis (2-Chloroethoxy) Methane
Bis (2-Chloroisopropyl) Ether
4-Bromophenyl Phenyl Ether
4-Chlorophenyl Phenyl Ether
Isophorone
Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate
Diethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Di-N-Octyl Phthalate
1, 2-Diphenyl Hydrazine
N-Nitroso Dimethylamine
N-Nitroso Diphenylamine
N-Nitroso Di-N-Propyl Amina
Benzidine (4. 4 Diamino Diphenyl)
2-Chloronaphthalene
1, 2-Dichlorobenzene
1, 3 and 1, 4-Dichlorobenzene
3, 3-Dichlorobenzidine
Hexachlorobenzene
1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
2, 4-Dinitrotoluene
2, 6-Dinitrotoluene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo (G, H, I) Perylene
Benzo (A) Pyrene
Chrya and Benz (A) Anthracene
Dibenzo (A, H) Anthracene
Indeno (1, 2, 3-C, D) Pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene and Anthracene
Pyrene
Benz (B & K) Fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
75
-------
Ca = the concentration of deuteroanthracene in
the extract.
Radian has previously determined response factors for
many compounds relative to di0-anthracene. Where the response
factor was not known, a value of 1.0 was employed.
In addition to the organic compounds listed in Table
4-5, the concentrations of S8 and low molecular weight phenols
in the organic extracts were determined.
4.3 BIOASSAY ANALYSIS
Selected samples obtained during the Glen-Gery test
program were subjected to various bioassay screening tests.
The analyses consisted of three health effect tests and one
ecological test. The test and the company or institute that
performed them are listed below.
• Health Effect Tests (Arthur D. Little)
- Ames
- Cytotoxicity (WI-38, RAM)
Rodent acute toxicity
• Ecological Effects Test CBattelle)
Terrestrial Csoil microcosm)
The procedures for each of the above tests are described in the
EPA Level 1 Environmental Assessment Manual (Ref. 5). The
following text presents a brief description of the methodologies
used to perform the tests.
4.3.1 Ames Test
The Ames test is used to measure the potential muta-
genicity (carcinogenicity) of a material. This test was per-
formed on the following samples:
76
-------
Coal feed,
Particulates in product gas, >3y
Particulates in product gas, <3u
Coal ash,
Ash leachate,
Ash sluice water,
Cyclone dust,
Cyclone dust leachate,
Particulates in test burner flue gas,
Product gas organic extract, and
Test burner flue gas organic extract.
The Ames test performed on the above samples used Salmonella
typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TAlO(T—'
These strains were all histidine auxotrophs. Strains TA98 and
TA100 are not specified in the Level 1 procedure, however, in
some cases they are more sensitive to mutagenic agents. The
Ames test has been proven to be 80 to 90% accurate in detectin
carcinogens as mutagens, and it has about the same accuracy in
identifying materials that are not carcinogenic. Therefore
neither a positive or negative response proves conclusively*
that a material is hazardous or nonhazardous to man.
4.3.2 Cytotoxicity Tests
Cytotoxicity tests are used to estimate the acute
cellular toxicity of a sample from an in-vitro cell mortality
test using a human lung culture (WI-38) and rabbit aveolar
macrophases (RAM). These tests were performed on the
samples:
• Coal feed CRAM),
• Gas if ier ash (RAM) ,
• Ash leachate (WI-38),
77
-------
Ash sluice water (WI-38),
Cyclone dust (RAM), and
• Cyclone dust leachate (WI-38).
The protocol defined in the Level 1 Environmental Assessment
Manual (Ref. 5) was used. The results of the cytotoxicity test
are presented as cell count ECso's.
4.3-3 Rodent Acute Toxicity Test
The rodent acute toxicity test is used to measure the
acute toxicity of a material in a whole animal by administering
known levels of the sample to a small population of rats. Sam-
ples analyzed by this test were:
Coal feed,
Gasifier ash,
Ash leachate,
Ash sluice water, and
Cyclone dust.
Young adult albino Sprague-Dawley rats (weighing approximately
250 g at the time of treatment) were used. The sample was ad-
ministered to the test rats (.5 male and 5 female) in a single
dose of 10 g of sample per kg of animal weight. The rats were
observed frequently, and were weighed daily. Necropsies were
performed on the animals that survived 14 days.
4.3.4 Soil Microcosm Test
The soil microcosm test is used to measure or rank the
toxicity of a material to the microorganisms found in soil. The
samples that were tested were:
Gasifier ash, and
Cyclone dust.
78
-------
Measurements on COz efflux and calcium export were made. The
results of these analyses were used to rank the samples accord!
to their soil microcosm toxicity. Dissolved organic carbon
measurements were not made on these samples.
4.4 PROCESS GAS CHROMATOGRAPH ANALYSES
On-line process gas chromatographs (GC's) were used
continuously monitor the product low-Btu gas for eleven select H°
compounds. The instruments used were Applied Automation Model
102 Chromatographs equipped with various detectors . The three
detectors used and the species detected by each are listed bel
Detector Unit Species Detected
Flame lonization Detector (JFID) CHi, , C2Ek, C2Hv, C2H6 C w
C3H8, and C*-+ hydrocarbons '
Flame Photometric Detector (.FPD) COS, H2S, CS2, S02
Filament /Thermal Conductivity NH3
Detector (TCD)
The operating specifications for the process GC's are summariz
in Table 4-6. Outputs from the three detectors were recorded
strip charts and also stored in DOE's on-site data acquisitio °n
system.
Samples for the process GC's were obtained through
9.5 mm (3/8 in) diameter stainless steel line extending 5 cm
(.2 in) into the 51 cm (,20 in) product gas line. Particulates
were removed from the gas sample by an insulated Balston
From the filter, the gas sample was transported through a 6 4
(.1/4 in) stainless steel sample line to a sample gas condition?11
system. The sample line was maintained at approximately 200 «n °
(392°F) by heat tracing. The sample conditioning system was
maintained at 138 to 148 °C (280 to 300 °F) . After flowing th-r
a perma pure drier to remove moisture, the product gas s
were directed to the appropriate gas chromatograph unit.
79
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TABLE 4-6.
OPERATING SPECIFICATION FOR ON-LINE PROCESS GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHS AT THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY
Chromatograph
Detector Unit
Compound
Detected
Temp.
Cycle Time,
(Minutes)
Column
FPD
COS, H2S, CS2, S02 285
4.0
FID
CH,,, C2H6,
C3H8, C3HS,
285
7.5
oo
o
TCD
NH3
285
8.25
.30 m (1 ft) of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) Teflon w/40%
Carbowax on Chromosorb P (80/100 Mesh) and
3.7 m (12 ft) of 3.2 mm (1/9 in) Teflon
with 1% TCEP on Porasil B (80/100 Mesh)
.60 m (2 ft) of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) SS with
Porapak T (80/100 Mesh),
4.3 m (14 ft) of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) SS with
Porasil A (80/100 Mesh), and
.30 m (1 ft) of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) SS with
Chromosorb G (80/100 Mesh)
1.5 m (5 ft) of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) SS with 1%
Polyethylene Imine on Porapak T (80/100 Mesh)
and 4.6 m (15 ft) of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) SS with
1% Polyethylene Imine on Porapak T (80/100 Mesh)
FPD » Flame Photometric Detector
FID = Flame lonization Detector
TCD - Thermal Conductivity Detector
-------
SECTION 5.0
TEST RESULTS
The source test and evaluation (STE) program for the
Wellman-Galusha gasification facility at the Glen-Gery Brick
Co. was designed to meet three major objectives:
perform an environmental assessment of the waste
streams,
characterize the performance of the product gas
cyclone, and
characterize the flue gas resulting from the com-
bustion of the low-Btu product gas.
The test results of the STE program are presented in this sec-
tion. Two methods were used to assess the environmental charac-
teristics of the facility's waste streams: SAM/1A evaluation
of the chemical test results and bioassay analyses. These two
evaluation methods are discussed in Section 5.1. Section 5.2
contains the chemical and biological test results for each
waste stream and the evaluation of that data. The results of
the cyclone characterization and the low-Btu gas combustion
tests are presented in Sections 5.3 and 5.4, respectively.
5.1 METHODS OF EVALUATING WASTE STREAM CHARACTERISTICS
Two methods were used to evaluate the characteristics
of the waste streams from the Glen-Gery gasification facility:
SAM/1A evaluation, and
bioassay screening tests.
5.1.1 SAM/1A Evaluation
The Energy Assessment and Control Division of the EPA's
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory at Research Triangle
Park (EACD/IERL-RTP) has developed a standardized methodology for
interpreting the results obtained from environmental assessment
81
-------
test programs. This methodology uses Source Analysis Models
(SAM's) (Ref. 9).
The simplest member of the Source Analysis Models
SAM/1A, was used for this STE program. SAM/1A provides a rapid
screening technique for evaluating the pollution potential of
gaseous, liquid, and solid waste streams. In performing a SAM/1A
evaluation, two types of evaluation indices are calculated:
Discharge Severity (DS) and Weighted Discharge Severity (WDS)
DS is calculated by dividing the detected concentra-
tion of a compound, or class of compounds, by its Discharge Mi"~i •
media Environmental Goal (DMEG) value (for both health and e^it:i"
logical effects) as reported in the Multimedia Environmental n" •>
(MEG's) (.Ref. 10). A DS value greater than one indicates a DO
tential hazard, while a value less than one indicates little
no potential hazard. A total stream discharge severity (TDS}°?
calculated by summing the OS's for all constituents found in
sample.
The Weighted Discharge Severity is calculated by
multiplying the TDS by stream flow rate. Because WDS's in-
corporate stream flow rate data, they are useful indices for
ranking the waste streams from a facility in terms of their
potential hazard.
There are several assumptions implicit in the use
the SAM/1A evaluation technique. The major assumptions inc
The substances currently in the MEG's are the onl
ones that must be addressed at this time. The
January 1979 updated MEG list was used for organ!
compounds. **lc
Transport of the components in the waste stream
the external environment occurs without chemical tO
physical transformation of those components. or
Actual dispersion of a pollutant from a source t-
receptor will be equal to, or greater than, the *
safety factors normally applied to acute toxi
data to convert these data to estimated safe
exposure levels.
82
-------
The DMEG values developed for each substance are
adequate for estimating acute toxicity.
No synergistic effects occur among the waste
stream components.
These assumptions, along with the accuracy of the test data and
assumptions used in developing DMEG values (Ref. 10), must be
considered when interpreting test results using the SAM/1A
methodology. It should be noted that, based on updated infor-
mation from Research Triangle Institute, the ecological DMEG
values should be two orders of magnitude higher than the values
reported in the November 1977 Multimedia Environmental Goals for
Environmental Assessment publication. The higher values were
used in the SAM/1A evaluation.
Results of both inorganic and organic analyses were
evaluated using SAM/1A. The inorganic data were obtained from
trace element, water quality and gaseous species analyses. The
total concentration of organic extractables in each sample was
obtained from gravimetric (GRAV) and total chromatographable or-
ganics (TCO) determinations. Specific organic compounds were
identified and quantified using gas chromatography/mass spectro-
metry (GC/MS). However, the GC/MS analyses did not identify all
of the organics that were indicated to be present by the GRAV
and TCO determinations. For the identified organics, DS values
were developed using the procedures defined previously. To es-
timate the potential hazard of the unidentified organics, a
worst case approach was used.
The intent of the worst case evaluation was to calcu-
late a hypothetical DS for the unidentified organics. This
was accomplished by screening the organic MEG categories in
order to select the most hazardous compound in each category.
Then a hypothetical DS was calculated for each category by
assuming that the unidentified organics consisted entirely of
the most hazardous compound in that category. Finally, the
resulting hypothetical OS's were compared and the largest value
used as the worst case hypothetical DS. This value was in turn
combined with the OS's for the identified compounds to give the
total stream discharge severity (TDS).
The procedures used to select the most hazardous com-
pound in each MEG category incorporated several assumptions, as
indicated on the following page:
83
-------
compounds that would have been, but were not,
identified by GC/MS analysis need not be
considered,
• the compound in each MEG category with the lowest
DMEG value represents the worst case compound foi
that MEG category, r
• based on results from previous gasification test
programs, chlorinated organics are not likely to
be present in the waste streams, and
• organics with a boiling point less than 100°C are
not included in the unidentified organics.
Figure 5-1 illustrates the process used to select the worst c
compound in each MEG category. ase
5.1.2 Bioassay Test Analysis
The results reported for the bioassay tests were de
rived from the reports submitted by subcontractors performing"
the tests. The bioassay tests were performed in accordance •»•»
Level 1 environmental assessment procedures (Ref. 5). Compart
sons were made between the bioassay test results and the SAM/i I
evaluation of the chemical analytical results. ^f 1A
5.2 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TEST RESULTS
The chemical and biological test results from the STTT
program at the Glen-Gery gasification facility are presented *
the following sections: in
total plant,
gaseous waste streams,
liquid waste streams,
solid waste streams, and
additional chemical test results.
84
-------
CD
Ul
TES
Would the
*.Co»pound have
been Identified
by GC/HST
NO
IB the DMRG
Value Less
->• than the —
Total
Unidentified
Organlcs?
Concentration?
NO
YES
YES
I8 the Compound
-»• a Chlorinated -
Organic?
NO
Is the Boiling
»• Point Greater
than 100*C7
Figure 5-1.
SELECTION OF WORST CASE COMPOUNDS FOR SAM/1A
EVALUATION OF UNIDENTIFIED ORGANICS
-------
5.2.1 Total Plant
The total plant test results are presented as a material
balance around the entire plant and a summary of the bioassay
test results and SAM/1A evaluation of waste streams. The material
balance around the facility (see Table 5-1) was calculated by
monitoring the flow rates and composition of the major inlet and
outlet process streams over a 96-hour period, as described in
Section 2.2. The gasification facility operated at full capacit
during this time period except for a 7-hour emergency shutdown
caused by a mechanical failure.
There were three types of waste streams at the Gleti-
Gery facility: gaseous, liquid and solid. Tables 5-2, 5-3 ald
5-4 summarize the SAM/1A evaluation and bioassay test results
for the waste streams sampled. The contribution of inorganic
identified organic compounds, and unidentified organic compound
to the total waste stream discharge severity (TDS) and weighted
discharge severity (WDS) are presented.
All of the waste streams sampled contained constitue
in potentially hazardous concentrations. This is indicated bv
the TDS's which ranged from 47 to 12,000. While greater than
the DS's shown in Tables 5-2 through 5-4 are generally signifi°ne>
cantly less than those calculated for similar waste streams fr
a gasification facility using bituminous coal (Ref. 1). The 1
hazard potential for the Glen-Gery waste streams is also sup- °W
ported by the results of the bioassay screening tests.
5.2.2 Gaseous Waste Streams
The gaseous waste streams that were sampled at the
Gery facility were the pokehole gas and coal hopper gas. Fi
gases, sulfur species, light hydrocarbons, and trace element
analyses were performed for SAM/1A evaluation. Bioassay tests
were not performed on the gaseous waste streams. The followin
text discusses the results of the chemical analyses and the
SAM/LA evaluation of those test results.
Pokehole Gas -
The small flow rate of the pokehole gas prevented col
lection of an adequate quantity of" sample for chemical analysi
86
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TABLE 5-1. AVERAGE COMPOSITIONS OF MAJOR PROCESS STREAMS AT THE GLEN-GERY
GASIFICATION FACILITY
Component
Ash - wt. %
Carbon - wt. %
C02- vol. %
CO - vol. %
CH,,- vol. %
Nitrogen - wt. %
N2- vol. %
Oxygen - wt . %
02- vol. %
H20 - wt. %
H20 - vol. %
Hydrogen - wt . %
H2- vol. %
Sulfur - wt. %
H2S - vppm
COS - vppm
SOa- vppm
CS2- vppm
Coal
11.7 (±10%)
81.2 (±10%)
0.82 (±8%)
2.6 (±10%)
0.94 (±10%)
2.14 (±10%)
0.62 (±10%)
Inlet
Air*
0.02 (±100%)
79 (±2%)
21 (±10%)
23 (±15%)
Gasifier
Ash
65.8 (±10%)
33.0 (±10%)
0.18 (±8%)
0.30 (±10%)
0.25 (±10%)
0.27 (±10%)
0.20 (±10%)
Cyclone
Dust
24.7 (±10%)
70.1 (±10%)
0.62 (±8%)
0.95 (±10%)
0.71 (±10%)
1.4 (±10%)
1.5 (±10%)
Coal Hopper
Gas*
4.6 (±6%)
23.6 (±11%)
0.22 (±12%)
54.1 (±4%)
3.0 (±70%)
5.9 (±100%)
14.5 (±15%)
290 (±22%)
60 (±19%)
5 (±250%)
<0.5
Product
Gas*
5.5 (±5%)
25.5 (±7%)
0.23 (±17%)
51.6 (±1%)
0.90 (±20%)
5.9 (±10%)
16.3 (±4%)
690 (±22%)
93 (±19%)
21 (±250%)
0,8 (±80%)
CO
* All gas compositions on a dry gas basis except moisture content.
Note: The numbers in parenthesis represent the 95% confidence interval for the data.
-------
TABLE 5-2.
oo
CO
SUMMARY OF SAM/1A AND BIOASSAY RESULTS FOR GASEOUS WASTE STREAMS FROM
THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY
Pokehole Gas
Inorganics and
Identified Organics
Unidentified Organics
TOTAL
Coal Hopper Gas
Inorganics and
Identified Organics
Unidentified Organics
TOTAL
Discharge
Health
7.1 x 103
NC
7.1 x 103
6.9 x 103
NC
6.9 x 103
Severity3
Ecological
2.7 x 103
NC
2.7 x 103
2.2 x 103
NC
2.2 x 103
Weighted
Health
1.2 x 10
1.2 x 10
1.5 x 10
1.5 x 10
Discharge Severity
Ecological
1 4.5
1 4.5
1 4.8
1 4.8
Bioassay Tests
Health*- Ecological0
NC ' NC
NC NC
Discharge Severity (DS) is defined as the ratio of a pollutant's concentration in a stream to its
Discharge Multimedia Environmental Goal (DMEG) value.
Weighted Discharge Severity is determined by multiplying the DS value by the waste stream flow rate
(gases: Nm3/sec, liquids: Si/sec, solids: g/sec).
CHealth tests included: Ames, Cytotoxicity (WI-38, RAM), Rodent Acute Toxicity.
Ecological tests included: Soil microcosm.
NC - Test not conducted.
-------
TABLE 5-3.
SUMMARY OF SAM/1A AND BIOASSAY RESULTS FOR THE LIQUID WASTE STREAM FROM
THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY
Discharge Severity
Weighted Discharge Severity Bioassay Tests
Health
Ecological
Health
Ecological
Health1-
Ecological
oo
vo
Ash Sluice Water
Inorganics and
Identified Organics
Unidentified Organics
TOTAL
1.5 x 101 8.7 x 101
1.2 x 10'
1.2 x 10"
4.7 x 102'
5.6 x 102
ND
ND
Low
NC
3DIscharge Severity (DS) is defined as the ratio of a pollutant's concentration in a stream to its
Discharge Multimedia Environmental Goal (DMEG) value.
Weighted Discharge Severity is determined by multiplying the DS value by the waste stream flow rate
(gases: Nm3/sec, liquids: Si/sec, liquids: £/sec, solids: g/sec).
Health tests included: Ames, Cytotoxicity (WI-38, RAM), Rodent Acute Toxicity
Ecological tests included: Soil microcosm.
NC - Test not conducted.
ND - Flows not determined for potential fugitive emissions or effluents.
The representative worst case compound used for the ash sluice water are:
Health
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
(7, 12 Dimethyl benz(a)anthracene)
Ecological
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, Dienes
(Dicyclopentadiene), and Nitrophenols
-------
TABLE 5-4.
SUMMARY OF SAM/1A AND BIOASSAY RESULTS
FOR SOLID WASTE STREAMS AND THEIR
LEACHATES FROM THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY
Discharge Severity
Health
Ecological
Weighted Discharge Severity Bioasaay T&SI-.
Health Ecological Health^ Ecological"*
Ash
Inorganics and
Identified Organics
1.7 x 103 1.1 x 102
7.2 x 10" 4.8 x 103
Unidentified Organics
TOTAL
Ash Leachate
Inorganics and
Identified Organics
Unidentified Organica
TOTAL
Cyclone Dust
Inorganics and
Identified Organics
Unidentified Organics
TOTAL
Cyclone Dust Leachate
Inorganics
Unidentified Organics*
TOTAL
4.9 x 10'*
1.7 x 10J
6.3 x 10"1
9.3 x 103*
9.3 x 103
3.0 x 103
8.0 x 102*
3.8 x 103
4.7 x 10l
1.4 x 103
1.4 x 103
1.9* 2.1 x 103* 8.1 x 10l*
1.1 x 102 7.4 x 10* 4.8 x 103
1.1 x 102
3.6 x 102*
4.7 x 102 ND ND
2.2 x 102 1.1 x 103 8.2 x 101
3.1 x 10l* 3.0 x 102* 1.2 x 101*
2.5 x 102 1.4 x 103 9.4 x 101
2.3 x 102
5.0 x 101*
2.8 x 102 ND ND
Low
Low
NC
Low
Low
aDischarge Severity CDS) is defined as the ratio of a pollutant's concentration in a stream to
its Discharge Multimedia Environmental Coal (DMEG) value.
Weighted Discharge Severity is determined by multiplying the DS value by the waste stream flow
(gases: NmVsec, liquids: i/sec, solids: g/sec).
Health tests included: Ames, Cytotoxicity (WI-38, RAM), Rodent Acute Toxicity
Ecological tests included: Soil microcosm.
aThe soil microcosm test results cannot be interpreted in terms of a high, medium or low
potential for hazard.
NC - Test not conducted.
ND ~ Flows not determined for potential fugitive emissions or effluents.
The representative worst case compounds are:
Health Ecological
Fused Polycyelic Hydro- Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, Dienes
carbons (7, 12-Dimethyl (Dicyclopentadiene) Aromatic Amines
benz(a)anthracene) and Diamines (lenzidine, Amino nap-
thalenes), Ring. Substituted Aromatics
(Dibromobenzene), Nitrophenols
(Dinitrophenols)
90
-------
Instead, the composition of the pokehole gas was assumed to con-
sist of the noncondensable (b.p. <100°C) components of the pro-
duct gas. This is a reasonable assumption, since the pokehole
gas cools to approximately 100°C as it escapes directly from the
gasifier.
The estimated concentration of organic and inorganic
compounds and their corresponding DS values are listed in Table
5-5. As indicated, the health based and ecological based TDS's
in the pokehole gas are approximately 7,000 and 3,000, respec-
tively. The major compounds contributing to the health based
and ecological based TDS's are CO and ammonia. No organic com-
pounds were major contributors. The major contributors to the
total stream discharge severity are summarized in Table 5-6.
Coal Hopper Gas -
The coal hopper gas was analyzed for light hydro-
carbons, fixed gases, sulfur species, iron and nickel carbonyls,
NH3, and cyanides. However, nickel carbonyl, NH3, and cyanides
were not found in detectable concentrations. Bioassay analyses
were not performed on the coal hopper gas.
Table 5-7 summarizes the SAM/1A evaluation of organic
and inorganic test results. The health based and ecological
based TDS's are 6900 and 2200, respectively. The major contri-
butors to the health based TDS are CO and Fe(CO)5. CO is the
only contributor to the ecological based TDS. Table 5-8 sum-
marizes the major contributors to the TDS.
5.2.3 Liquid Waste Streams
The ash sluice water was the only liquid waste stream
sampled from the Glen-Gery facility. Trace elements, water
quality and extractable organics were analyzed and bioassay tests
were performed on the ash sluice water.
Gravimetric and TCO measurements of the ash sluice
water indicate a total extractable content of 46,540 pg/8,.
GC/MS analysis identified 40 yg/Ji of the total extractables as
phthalate esters. The remaining 46,500 yg/£ of extractables
phthalate esters. Tl
were not identified.
91
-------
TABLE 5-5. SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE
SEVERITY VALUES FOR POKEHOLE GAS
MEG
1.
1.
1.
38.
47.
47.
50.
49.
36.
32.
51.
37.
58.
82.
34.
42.
42.
84.
31.
57.
68.
74.
78.
84.
56.
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
Category (Pg/m1 £ 25*C) Health Ecological
Methane 1.3 x 10* 4.1* N
Ethane 3.8 x 102 6.2 x 10~5a N
Propane 7.8 x 10* 8.6 x 10"" a N
Aluminum
Ammonia 1.3 x 10* 7.1" 3.7 x 10*1
Ammonium
Antimony
Arsenic 5.2 x 101 2.6 x 10|£ N
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromide
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide 9.6 x 10? 1.1 x 10la N
Carbon Monoxide 2.8 x 10* 7.0 x 10lf 2.3 x 10*
Cerium
Cesium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Fluoride
Gadolinium
MEG
39.
44.
80.
64.
59.
72.
72.
84.
46.
27.
33.
71.
83.
69.
84.
76.
76.
66.
47.
47.
47.
S3.
48.
Estimated
Concentration
Category (pg/«3 9 25°C)
Gallium 1.1 x 10'
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Holmlum
Iodide
Iridlm
Iron 8.2 x 10 '
Iron Carbonyl
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium 5.2 x 10*
Lutetlum
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
NeodymJ um
Nickel 2.2 x 10 '
Nickel Carbonyl 2.9 x 101
Niobium
Nitrogen
Hydrogen Cyanide 3.6 x 10"
Nitrate
Nitrite
Thlocyanate 2.0 x 10*
Oamlum
Palladium
Phosphorus
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
Health Ecological
2.0 x 10~3« N
1.2 x 10"' N
2.3a N
1.4* N
6.7 x 10"' * N
• 3.3" l.l1
N N
-------
TABLE 5-5. CONTINUED
KEG
48.
77.
29.
84.
75.
30.
73.
84.
60.
54.
43.
79.
28.
35.
53.
53.
53.
N:
Hie
"TLV
"TLM
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEC Cone)
Category (Pg/m* t 25*C) Health Ecological
Phosphate
Platinum
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium 1.8 x 10 ' 9.0 x 10~2a N
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Carbon Dlaulflde 2.6 x 10' 4.0 x 10~2a N
Carbonyl Sulflde 2.3 x 10* 5.3 x 10~'B N
Hydrogen Sulflde 9.6 x 10» 6.4 x 10la
UIEG value was not available.
DMBG value for this compound Is based on:
, lowest
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
MEG Category ("g/m1 t 25'C) Health Ecological
53. Sulfate
53. Sulflde
53. Elemental Sulfur
53. Sulfur Dioxide 6.9 x 10* 5.3 N
67. Tantalum
55. Tellurium
Terbium
41. Thallium
85. Thorium
Thulium
45. Tin
62. Titanium 7.7 x 102 1.3 x 10~'a N
70. Tungsten
85. Uranium
65. Vanadium
Ytterbium
61. Yttrium
81. Zinc
63. Zirconium
TOTAL INORGANICS AND 3.8 x 10° 7.1 x 10* 2.7 x 103
IDENTIFIED ORGAN I CS
most stringent criteria
carclnogenlcl ty (ordering I)
e"-c5,
recommendation
'regulations for protection against radiation
lowest concentration reported to produce effects In vegetation.
All elements not reported: <0.53 Mg/m' 9 25°C
-------
TABLE 5-6. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL TEST RESULTS FOR POKEHOLE GAS
Discharge Severity ' Compounds Found from Chemical Analysis
Health Ecological
10 3-lOlt CO CO
102-103 - NH3
10-102 As, C02, H2S
1-10 CHi», NH3, HCN, HCN
Li, Ni, S02
-------
TABLE 5-7.
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE
SEVERITY VALUES FOR COAL HOPPER GAS
Estimated
Concentration.
Discharge"Severity
(Estimated Conc/GMEG Cone)
MEG
• i. —
1.
42.
42.
72.
53.
53.
53.
53.
Category
Methane
Carbon:
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Iron Carbonyl
Sulfur:
Carbonyl Sulfide
Carbon Bisulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Sulfur Dioxide
TOTAL INORGANICS AND
(Ug/m3
1
8
2
1
1
1
4
1
3
.4
.5
.7
.3
.5
.6
.1
.3
.6
<§
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
25°C)
106
107
108
105
10s
103
105
10*
108
Health
4.
9.
6.
1.
3.
2.
2.
9.
6.
3a
43a
7 x
8 x
5 x
7 x
7 x
9 x
9 x
103f
102
10" 1 8
10'2a
10la
10'1
103
Ecological
N
N
2.2 x 103
N
N
N
N
N
2.2 x 103
IDENTIFIED ORGANICS:
jj. DMEG value was not available.
The DMEG value for this compound is
based on:
'TLC.
NIOSH recommendation
bTLM» lowest
cmost stringent criteria
dcarcinogenicity (ordering //)
^regulations for protection against
radiation
lowest concentration reported to
produce effects in vegetation.
95
-------
TABLE 5-8. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL TEST RESULTS FOR COAL
HOPPER GAS
Discharge Severity
Range
103-10"
102-103
10-102
1-10
Compounds Found
Health
CO
Fe(CO)5
H2S
CHi», C02
from Chemical Analysis
Ecological
CO
-
-
-
-------
The organic and inorganic test results, and the SAM/LA
evaluation of those results are presented in Table 5-9. As
shown for the inorganics and identified organics, the health and
ecological based TDS's are 15 and 90, respectively. The major
contributors are trace elements. Ba, Cr, Fe, La, and Li are the
major contributors to the health based TDS. The major contribu-
tors to the ecological based TDS are Fe and Ti.
For unidentified organic extractables, the worst case
health and ecological TDS's are 12,000 and 470, respectively.
Table 5-10 lists the worst case compounds used and their respec-
tive MEG categories. Table 5-10 also summarizes the major con-
tributors to the TDS and the bioassay test results. The health
based bioassay tests indicate a low potential for hazard. Eco-
logical based bioassay tests were not performed on the ash sluice
water.
5.2.4 Solid Waste Streams
Two solid waste streams were sampled at the Glen-Gery
facility: gasifier ash and cyclone dust. In addition, leaching
tests were performed on both solid samples. The solid samples
and their leachates were analyzed for organic extractables and
trace elements as well as biological activity. The leachates
were also analyzed for water quality parameters. The results of
these analyses and the SAM/LA evaluation of the results are
presented in the following sections.
Gasifier Ash -
Gravimetric and TCO measurements of the extractables
from the gasifier ash indicate a total extractables concentra-
tion of 116 yg/g. GC/MS analysis identified 77 ug/g as elemen-
tal sulfur and 0.71 yg/g as phthalate esters. The remaining 38
Vg/g were not identified.
The results of the SAM/1A evaluation of the inorganic
and organic test results are summarized in Table 5-11. As indi-
cated in this table, the health based TDS for the inorganics and
identified extractables is 1700, while the ecological based TDS
97
-------
TABLE 5-9.
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE
SEVERITY VALUES FOR ASH SLUICE WATER
00
Estimated
Concentration
NEC. Category (Wg/t)
1A.
IB.
2A.
3A.
5A.
6A.
7B.
8A.
BB.
8C.
8D.
BU.
9A.
9B.
IDA.
JOB.
1UC.
11A.
11B.
12A.
12B.
Octane
Dicyclopentadiene
Methyl Iodide
Isopropyl Ether
Benzyl Alcohol,
Isobutyl Alcohol.
Primary Puntanols
Ethylene Clycol
Camphor
Saturated Long
Chain Acids
Acetic Acid
3-l'ropiolactone
6-llcxan£lactan
Butyl and Amyl
Acetate
Phthalate Esters
Tutraaethyl-
auccl non It rile
Acryloiiitrile
Bunzonltrlle.
Naphthonltrile
1, 2 Dlanlnoethane,
1-Aminopropane
Morphollne
Aalnotoluene.
BenzidJne,
l-Ai>lnonaplithalene,
2-Amlnonaphthalene
p-Dimethylamlno-
azobunzuno
N. N'-Disethyl-
hydrazlne
N-NUrosodlethyl-
awine
N-Huthyl-N-
NJtrosoanllfne
Sunxeuulhlol
(46,500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46,500)
(46.500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46.500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
40
(46,500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46. 500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
Health Ecology
(4.7)
(4.7 x 10*)
(3.6)
(4.7)
(4.7)b
(4.7)b
(4.2)
(2.9)
(4.6 x 10')b
(9.7) (4.6)
(3.1)
(4.6 x 10')
5.3 x lO""0 2.7 x 10IC
(1.0)
(4.6 x 10')b
(6.0)
(4.6 x 10')
(4.6)
(2.8 x 10') .
(4.7 x 10*)b
(1.6)d
(9.3 x 10')a
i A
(2.6 x 10')"
(2.4)
(6.2)
MEG
14B.
15A.
15B.
16A.
17A.
ISA.
18B.
18C.
20A.
21B.
21C.
210.
220.
23A.
23B.
23C.
38.
47.
47.
50.
49.
36.
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
Category (Mg/t) Health Ecology
Dimethyl Sulf oxide
Biphenyl
Benzene, Toluene,
Ethylbencene,
Styrene,
Propylbenzene . . .
4, 4' Dlphenyl
Biphenyl
Xylenes, Dialkyl
Benzenes, Tetra-
hydronaphthalene
Dibronobenzene
4-Nitroblphenyl
Nltro toluene
Cresols. Alkyl
Phenols
Uyd roxybenzenes
Haphthol
Nltrophenols
Dlnltrophenols
7. 12-Dlmethyl-
benz (a ) anthracene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Dlbenz(a,l)pyrene
lndeno(l,2,3-cd)
pyrena
Pyrldlne, Alkyl
Pyridlnea
Dihydroacrldlne
Acrldlne
Dibenzo(c.g)carbazole
Aluminum
Amnonla
Aavoalini
AnClBony
Arsenic
larlu.
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46,500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46.500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
(46,500)
500
3,000
4
40
10.000
(3.9)
(3.1)a
(4.6 x 10' )b
(1.6)
(4.6 x 10' )b
(4.7 x 10*)
(2.3)d
(4.7)b
(9.3 x 10J)<= (9.3 x ID1)'
(9.3 x 10s) (9.3 x 10')
(9.3 x 101) (9.3 x 10')
(9.3 x 10')c
(4.7 x 102)c
(1.2 x 10")d
(1.0)
(7.2 x 10')d
i 1 9)
t
(4.7)b
(1.9 x 10')
(9.3 x 10')
(3.1 x 10')d
6.2 x 10"'" 5.0 x 10"lc
N N
5.3 « lO""* 2.0 x 10"2'
1.6 * I0"'c 8.0 x 10"lc
2.0s 4.0C
-------
TABLE 5-9. CONTINUED
VO
MEG
32.
51.
37.
58.
82.
34.
42.
42.
84.
31.
57.
68.
74.
78.
84.
56.
19.
44.
80.
64.
59.
72.
72.
Estimated
Concentration
Category (ug/t)
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromide
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Cerium
Cesium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Fluoride
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Cold
Hafnium
Holmlum
Iodide
Irtdliim
Iron
Iron Carbonyl
1
1
10
3
10,000
100
3
17,000
500
40
100
3
1
1
600
2
40
1
2
1
5,000
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
Health
3.3 x 10~2a
2.1 x 10~5a
N
6.0 x 10"2C
4.2 x 10"2
i.8 x 10"*
2.5 x 10"'
1.3 x 10"2
2.0C
5.3 x 10~2a
2.0 x 10~2c
1.3 x 10"s
N
N
1.6 x 10"2
N
5.4 x J0"*8
1.2 x 10"*«
N
N
3.33
Ecology
1.8 X 10~2c
4.0 x 10"s=
N
3.0C
6.25 x 10~'
N
N
N
2.0C
1.6 x 10"'c
2.0C
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2.0 x 10'
MEG
84.
46.
27.
33.
71.
83.
69.
84.
76.
76.
66.
47.
47.
47.
53.
48.
48.
77.
29.
84.
75.
30.
73.
84.
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DHKO Cone)
Category (ug/O Health Ecology
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Lutetlum
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymlum
Nickel
Nickel Carbonyl
Niobium
Nitrogen
Hydrogen Cyanide
Nitrate
Nitrite
Thlocyanate
Osmium
Palladium
Phosphorus
Phosphate
Platinum
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
50
20
400
1
5,000
10
400
10
30
30
60
17,000
2,000
1,700
6,000
10
200
10
5.0 2.0 x 10 '
8.0 x 10"2c 4.0 x 10"'c
1.2» l.lc
N N
5.6 x 10"2a 5.8 x 10~2e
4.0 x 10"2c 1.0 x 10~lc
5.3 x 10"3a 5.7 x 10"2e
N N
1.3 x 10"'f 3.0C
9.1 x 10"s N
1.2 x 10"'c 2.4C
N N
N N
N N
N N
1.3 x 10~5 N
1.1 x 10~* N
1.3 x UT5 N
-------
TABLE 5-9. CONTINUED
Estimated Discharge Severity <
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
KEG Category (Mg/l) Health Ecology
1 — '
O
O
60.
54.
43.
79.
28.
35.
53.
53.
53.
53.
53.
53.
67.
Scandium 7 8.8 x 10~'g N
Selenium 20 4.0 x 10"'c 8.0 x 10~'c
Silicon 10,000 6.7 x 10"' N
Silver 2 8.0 x 10~s<: 4.0 x 10"'c
Sodium 1,000 1.2 x 10" 3 N
Strontium 3.0OO 6.5 x 10"28 N
Sulfur
Carbon Dlaulflde
Carbonyl Sulflde
Hydrogen Sulfide
Sulfate 95,000 N N
Sulflde 3,000 N N
Elemental Sulfur 3,000 N N
Tantalum
MEG
55.
41.
85.
45.
62.
70.
85.
65.
61.
81.
63.
Category
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
TOTAL INORGANICS AND
Estimated
Concentration
(ug/l)
1
40
1
4
10,000
10
10
500
2
40
70
200
2.1 x 105
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
6
1
6
1
2
2
2
2
1
Health
.4
.1
.7
.7
.0
.7
.8
.7
.5
N
x
N
N
x
X
X
X
N
X
X
X
X
10"'
10" '»
10"' a
io-*h
10" '«
10~J
10" !c
10" '
10'
Ecology
N
N
N
N
1.2 x 10le
N
2.0 x 10"2c
3.3e
N
N
7.0 x 10" lc
N
8.7 x 10'
IDENTIFIED ORGAN I CS
UNIDENTIFIED ORGAN I CS
(4.6 x 10")
(1
.2
X
10")
(4.7 x 102)
(WORST CASE)
( ) Indicate that the worst case analysis, described In Section 5.1.1, for unidentified organlca was used.
N: UHEC value was not available.
The DMKft value for this compound is based on:
"TLV
bTUI, lowest
cmost stringent criteria
carclnogeniclty (ordering f)
'UU.
fNIOSII recommendation
regulations for protection against radiation
lowest concentration reported to produce effects in vegetation.
All element* not reported! <0.001 fg/ml.
-------
TABLE 5-10. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS FOR ASH SLUICE WATER
Discharge Severity
Range
10--105
103-101*
102-103
10-102
1-10
Compounds Found From
Health
Fused Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons3
-
-
Ba, Cr, Fe,
La, Li
Chemical Analysis
Ecological
_
Alkenes , Cyclic
Alkenes, Dienes,
Nitrophenolsa
Fe, Ti
Phthalate Esters,
Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu,
HCN, Li, Ni, V
Bioassay Test
Health
Ames
WI-38
(EC50)
Rodent Acute
Toxicity (LDso)
Ecological
Soil Microcosm
Results
Negative
>600 M^/ml
of culture
>10 g/kg rat
NA
NA - test was not applied.
aThese categories of organic compounds are the worst case compounds which provide the largest
discharge severity for the 46,500 pg/& of identified organics extractables. The worst
case compounds corresponding to the categories are listed below.
Category
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, Dienes
Nitrophenols
Compound
7, 12 DimethyIbenz(a)anthracene
Dicyclopentadiene
Dinitrophenols
-------
TABLE 5-11,
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE
SEVERITY VALUES FOP DRY ASH
MEG
IB
80
IOC
16A
ISA
18B
18C
20A
21B
38
4 7
47
50
49
36
32
51
37
58
82
34
Estimated
Concentration
Category (Mg/g)
Dlcyclopentadiene
. Phthalate Esters
1-Amlnonaphthalene,
2-Amlnonaphthalene
. Dlbromobenzene
. Cresols, Alkyl
Phenols
. Hydroxybonzenes
. Naphthol
. Nltrophenols
Dlnltrophenols
. 7, 12-Dlmethyl-
benz(a)anthracene
. Aluminum
. Ammonia
. AMnonium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
. Beryllium
. Bismuth
Bo ron
Bromide
. Cadmium
. Calcium
(38)
0.71
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
1,000
0.5
3
1,000
1
18
13
6
0.4
1,000
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEC Cone)
Health
4.7 x 10~la
(3.8 x 10l)c
(3.8 x 10')c
(3.8 x 101)
(3.8 x 10')C
(4.9 x 10')d
6.2B
3.3 x 10~2a
6.0C
1.0 x 102<=
1.7 x 10'a
1.5*
1.4 x 10~'a
N
4.0d
2.1
Ecological
(1.9)
2.4C
(1.9)b
(1.9)
(1.9)c
5.0C
1.2 x 10~2«
3.0 x 10~'c
2.0C
9.1 x 10~'c
N
2.6 x 10"'<=
N
2.0C
3.1 x 10"'
42. Carbon Dioxide
MEG
84.
56.
39.
44.
80.
64.
59.
72.
72.
84.
46.
27.
33.
71.
83.
69.
84.
76.
76.
66.
42. Carbon Monoxide
84.
31.
57.
60.
74.
70.
Cerium
Cesium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
180
10
100
190
23
200
1.6 x 10~'
4.0 x 10"'
3.8 x 10"2
3.8 x 102c
1.5 x 10'«
2.0 « 10'c
N
N
N
3.0C
4.6 x 10"'c
2.0 x 10"
47.
53.
47.
Estimated
Concentration
Category (Mg/g)
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Fluoride
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Cold
Hafnium
Holmlum
Iodide
Irldlun
Iron
Iron Carbonyl
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Lutetlum
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymlum
Nickel
Nickel Carbonyl
Niobium
Nitrogen
Hydrogen Cyanide
Thlocyanate
Nitrate
Nitrite
Oamium
Palladium
3
1
1
^59
2
22
1
2
2
0.3
1.000
160
12
240
0.3
1,000
69
0.28
15
34
62
35
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
Health Ecological
6.5 x 10~' N
N N
M N
7.9 x 10"' N
N N
1.5 x 10"'d N
5.9 x 10"2 N
1.3 N
N N
M N
3.3 x 102 2.0 x 10'
4.7 x 10"2 N
2.4 x 10lc 1.2C
3.4 x 10Ja 3.2=
N N
5.6a 5.9 x lO"2*
1.4 x 102C 3.4C
1.4 x 10"3C 5.6 x 10~JC
1.0 x 10"la 1.1 x I0~2e
N N
1.4 x 102a 3.1 x 101C
5.4 x 10~2 N
-------
TABLE 5-11, CONTINUED
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
MEG
48.
48.
77.
29.
84.
75.
30.
73.
84.
60.
54.
43.
79.
28.
35.
53.
53.
53.
Category
Phosphorus
Phosphate
Platinum
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium ,
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Carbon Disulflde
Carbonyl Sulflde
Hydrogen Sulflde
(Mg/g) Health Ecological
1,000 N N
1,000 N N
16 1.1 x 10~2 N
0.1 N N
150 4.2 x 10~* N
11 6.9 x 10"' N
9 5.6 x 10"'8 N
2 2.0 x 10IC 4.0 x 10"'c
1.000 3.3 N
1 2.0C 1.0 x 10"'c
1.000 6.2 x 10"' N
490 5.3« N
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DHEC Cone)
MEG Category (Mg/g)
53. Sulfate
53. Sulflde
53. Elemental Sulfur
53. Sulfur Dioxide
67. Tantalum
55. Tellurium
Terbium
41. Thallium
85. Thorium
Thulium
45. Tin
62. Titanium
70. Tungsten
85. Uranium
65. Vanadium
Ytterbium
61. Yttrium
81. Zinc
63. Zirconium
TOTAL INORGANICS AND
IDENTIFIED ORGANICS
UNIDENTIFIED ORGANICS
(WORST CASE)
77
0.2
0.6
0.3
29
0.2
2
1.000
2
32
200
2
56
18
350
13,000
(38)
Health
N
6.7 x 10"2a
N
1.0 x 10"la
2.2 x 10'
N
N
5.6a
6.7 x 10"2a
2.7 x 10"lh
4.0 x 10la
N
1.9
3.6 x 10"lc
2.3 x 10'
1.7 x 10'
(4.9 x 10')
Ecological
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
6.2e
N
3.2 x 10"' c
6.7e
N
N
9.0 x 10'lc
N
1.1 x 102
(1.9)
_.„„„„„„
( ) indicate that the worst case analysis, described in Section 5.1.1, for unidentified organlcs was used.
N: OMKC value was not available.
The DMEG value for this compound la baaed on:
f,
"TI.V
h-HM, lowest
cnost stringent criteria
carclnogenlclty (ordering I)
N10SII recommendation
•tDsi
'regulations for protection against radiation
lowest concentration reported to produce effects in vegetation.
All elements not reported: <0.1 Mg/g.
-------
is approximately 100. The major contributors to both TDS's are
trace elements. For the health based TDS, they are Ba, Cr, Fe
Li, Mn, and Ni. For the ecological based TDS, they are Cu' F«'
and Ni. '
The worst case health and ecological based OS's for
the unidentified extractables are nominally 50 and 2, respec-
tively. The specific compounds (and their MEG categories) used
in the worst case analysis are indicated in Table 5-12.
Tables 5-12 summarizes the major contributors to the
TDS. Also summarized in this table are the results of the bio-
assay screening tests for the gasifier ash. The health based
bioassay tests (Ames, RAM and Rodent Acute Toxicity) indicate a
low hazard potential. The only ecological bioassay test con-
ducted on the gasifier ash was the soil microcosm test. While
the results from this test cannot be interpreted in terms of
medium or high hazard potential, the test did indicate that
gasifier ash was clearly more toxic than the cyclone dust.
Ash Leachate -
TCO and gravimetric measurements of the ash leachate
indicate a total extractables content of 36,200 ug/J?,. GC/MS
analysis identified 100 yg/£ to be phthalate esters. The re-
maining 36,100 yg/£ were unidentified.
The results of the SAM/1A evaluation of the organic
and inorganic test results are summarized in Table 5-13. AS
shown in this table, the health based TDS for inorganics and
identified organics is much less than one. The ecological bas rf
TDS is approximately 100, with phthalate esters and zinc as the
major contributors.
The worst case health and ecological based TDS value
for the unidentified organics are 9,300 and 360, respectively
The specific compounds (and their MEG categories) used in the
worst case analysis are listed in Table 5-14.
Table 5-14 summarizes the major contributors to the
TDS. Also, the results of the ash leachate bioassay tests are
marized. The health based bioassay tests indicate a low pote
•tial for hazard. Ecological tests were not performed on the
ash leachate.
104
-------
TABLE 5-12. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS FOR DRY ASH
o
Ul
Discharge Severity
Range
103 -10"
10-102
1-10
Compounds Found from Chemical Analysis
Health Ecological
Ba, Cr, Fe, Li,
Mn, Ni
Fused Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons3,
Be, Co, Cu, Pb,
Se, Th, V, Zr
Al, As, Bi, Cd,
Ca, Hf, Mg, Si,
Ag, Sr, Ti, Y
Cu, Fe, Ni
Alkenes, Cyclic
Alkenes and Dienes,
Aromatic Amines and
Diamines, Ring Sub-
stituted Aromatics,
Nitrophenolsa,
Phthalate esters,
Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb,
Li, Mn, Ti, V
Bioassay Test Results
Health
Ames
RAM (EC50)
Rodent Acute
Toxicity (LDso)
Ecological
Soil Microcosm
Negative
>1000
of culture
>10 g/kg rat
The soil microcosm test results cannot be interpreted in terms of a high, medium, or low potential
for hazard but the gaoificr aoh wao clearly more toxic than the cyclone dust.
These categories of organic compounds are the worst case compounds which provide the largest
discharge severity for the 38 yg/g of unidentified organics in the ash.
The worst case compounds corresponding to the categories are listed below:
Category Compound
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes and Dienes Dicyclopentadiene
Aromatic Amines and Diamines Aminonaphthalenes
Ring Substituted Aromatics Dibromobenzene
-------
TABLE 5-13.
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE
SEVERITY VALUES FOR ASH LEACHATE
Estimated
Concentration
MEG Category (MK/O
1A.
IB.
2A.
3A.
5A.
6A.
7B.
8A.
8B.
8C.
8D.
8D.
9A.
9B.
10 A.
10B.
IOC.
11A.
11B.
12A.
Octane
Olcyclopentadlene
Methyl Iodide
I sop ropy 1 Ether
Benzyl Alcohol,
Isobutyl Alcohol,
Primary Pentanols
Ethylene Clycol
Camphor
Saturated Long
Chain Acids
Acetic Acid
B-Propiolactone
6-llexanelactan
Butyl and Amy I
Acetate
Phthalate Eaters
Acrylonltrlle
Benzonltrlle,
Naphthonttrlle
1, 2 Dlanlnoethane,
l-A»lnopropane
Horphollne
Ami no toluene
Benzldlne,
1 -A»l nonaph tliolene ,
2-Anlnonaphttialene
p-Di«ethylazo-
amlnobenzene
N, H'-Dl-ethyl-
hydrazlne
M-Nltrosodlethyl-
aalne
(36.100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
94
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
(36.100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
(36.100)
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/pHEC Cone)
Health Ecological
(3.6)
(3.6 x 10* )
(2.8) (2.8)
(3.6)
(3.6)b
(3.6)b
(3.3)
(2.3)
(3.6 x 10' )b
(7.5) (3.6)
(2.4)
(3.6 x 10')
1.2 x 10~'« 6.3 x 10lc
(3.6 x 10' )b
(4.6)
(3.6 x 10')
(3.6)
(2.1 x 10')
(3.6 x 102)b
(1.2)d
(7.2 x 10')a
(2.0 x 10')d
Esti natcd Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DHEC Cone)
MEG Category <|ig/£) Health Ecological
12B.
13A.
14B.
ISA.
15B.
16A.
17A.
ISA.
18B.
18C.
20A.
21B.
2 ID.
23A.
23B.
23C.
N-Hethyl-N-
Nltrosoanlllne
Benzene thlol
Dlaethyl Sulfoxlde
Blphenyl
Benzene, Toluene,
Ethylbenzene,
Styrene,
Propylbenzene ...
4, 4' Dlphenyl
Blphenyl
Xylenes, Dlalkyl
Benzenes, Tetra-
hydronaphthalene
Dlbrouobenzene
4-Mltroblphenyl
Nltrotoluene
Cresols, Alkyl
Phenols
Hydroxybenzenes
Naphthol
Nltrophenols
Dlnltrophenols
7, 12-Dlmethyl-
benz (a) anthracene
Dlbenz(a,l)pyrene
Pyrldlne, Alkyl
Pyrldlnes
Dlhydroacrldlne
Acridlne
Dlbenzo (c , g) carbazole
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
(36.100)
(36.100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
(36,100)
(36.100)
(1.9)
(4.8)
(3.0)
(2.4)
(3.6 x 10' )b
(1.2)
(3.6 x 10')b
(3.6 x 102)
(3.6 x 10')b
(7.2 x 10')c (7.2 x 10')c
(7.2 x 10') (7.2 x 101)
(7.2 x 10J) (7.2 x 101)
(7.2 x 10J)C
(3.6 x lO^c
(9.3 x 10')d
(5.6 x lfl')d
(3.6)b
(1.4 x 10')
(7.2 x 101)
(2.4 x 10' )d
-------
TABLE 5-13. CONTINUED
MEG
38.
47.
47.
50.
49.
36.
32.
51.
37.
58.
82.
34.
42.
42.
84.
31.
57.
68.
74.
78.
84.
56.
39.
44.
80.
64.
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEC Cone)
Category (ug/t) Health Ecological
Alimlnini 6
Anon la
ABMOnllM
Ant loony
Arsenic 4
Barluai 100
Beryllluai 1
Bismuth
Boron 20
Broalde 2
Cadmium I
Calcium 4,000
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Cerluai 1
Cesluai
Chloride 5,700
Chroalua 2
Cobalt 1
Copper 8
Dysproslun
Erblim
Europliw
Fluoride 60
Gadollnlm
Gallliui 1
Ceratanliui 1
Cold 1
Hafnium
7.5 x 10~s« 6.0 x 10"'c
1.6 x 10~lc 8.0 x 10~lc
2.0 x 10~2c 4.0 x 10"lc
3.3 x 10~*« 1.8 x MT'c
4.3 x 10""" 8.0 x 10~*c
N N
2.0 x 10~2c 1.0C
1.7 x 10"* 2.5 x 10"1
1.8 x 10~« N
4.4 x 10"' N
8.0 x 10">c 8.0 x 10"'c
1.3 x 10~'« 4.0 x 10~'c
1.6 x 10"Jc 1.6 x 10~lc
1.6 x 10"' N
1.35 x 10"*8 N
1.19 x 10~»" H
N N
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
MEG
59.
72.
72.
84.
46.
27.
33.
71.
83.
69.
84.
76.
76.
66.
47.
53.
47.
47.
48.
48.
77.
29.
84.
Category (Mg/t)
HolBltn
Iodide 1
IrldluB
Iron 10
Iron Carbonyl
Lanthanuai 2
Lead 8
LlthluB . 30
Lutetluai
Hagnesliw 890
Manganese 5
Mercury
HolybdenuM 20
Neodyaduai
Nickel
Nickel Carbonyl
NlobluB 1
Nitrogen
Hydrogen Cyahlde
Thlocyanate
Nitrate 50
Nitrite 30
Osalim
Palladium
Phosphorus
Phosphate 100
Platlnuai
PotaosluB 6,000
Praseodymlua
Rhenlua
Health Ecological
N N
6.7 x 10"' 4.0 x 10'2
2.0 x 10"' 8.0 x 10"3
3.2 x 10~2c 1.6 x 10~lc
9.1 x 10"2a 7.9 x 10"2C
9.9 x 10"'8 1.0 x 10~2e
2.0 x 10~2c 5.0 x 10~2C
2.7 x 10"*" 2.9 x 10"'e
3.0 x 10"' N
N N
N N
N N
N N
-------
TABLE 5-13. CONTINUED
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/bHEG Cone)
MEG Category (Mg/l) Health Ecological
t— •
O
oo
75.
30.
73.
84.
60.
54.
43.
79.
28.
35.
53.
53.
53.
53.
53.
53.
Rhodium
Rubidium 2 1.1 x 10~' N
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium 1 1.2 x 10~'B N
Selenium 1 2.0 x 10~2c 4.0 x 10"lc
Silicon 200 1.3 x 10"J
Silver 5 2.0 x 10"2c 1.0C
Sodium 1,000 1.2 x 10"' N
Strontium 60 1.3 x 10~JB N
Sulfur
Carbon Dlsulflde
Carbonyl Sulflde
Hydrogen Sulflde
Sulfate 2,200 N N
Sulflde
Elemental Sulfur 300 N N
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
MEG Category
53.
67.
55.
41.
85.
45.
62.
70.
85.
65.
61.
81.
63.
Sulfur Dioxide
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
TOTAL INORGANICS AND
IDENTIFIED ORGANICS
UNIDENTIFIED ORGAN 1CS
(WORST CASE)
(Wg/D
1
10
7
1
1
4,000
30
19,000
(36,100)
1
1
4
6
1
4
6
(9
Health
N
.1 x 10~*a
.2 x lO'11"
.0 x lO'110
.7 x 10'5
.6 x 10~'c
.0 x 10""
.8 x 10"'
.3 x 10')
Ecological
N
1.2 x
1.4 x
6.7 x
N
4.0 x
N
1.1 x
(3.6 x
10" 2e
10"2c
10~Je
10lc
102
102)
( ) Indicate that the worst case analysis, described In Section 5.1.1, for unidentified organlcs was used.
N: DUET: value was not available.
The DNEG value for this compound Is based on:
"TLV
bTIX, lowest
cmost stringent criteria
carclnogenlclty (ordering I)
NIOSH recommendation
regulation* for protection fg»ia»t radiation
IOWMC concentration reported to produce effecta In vegetation.
All tlememtt not reported! <0.00l
-------
TABLE 5-14. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS FOR ASH LEACHATE
Discharge Severity
Range
Compounds Found from Chemical Analysis
Health Ecological
10 3-10>t
102-103
Fused Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons8
Alkenes, Cyclic
Alkenes, Dienes,
Aromatic Amines,
Diamines, and
o
v£>
Bioassay Test Results
Health
Ames
WI-38 (EC50)
Rodent Acute
Toxicity (LDso)
Negative
>600 y£/ml
of culture
>10 g/kg rat
10-102
1-10
Phthalate Esters,
Zn
Cd, Ag
Ecological
Soil Microcosm
NA
NA - test was not applied.
Q
These categories of organic compounds are the worst case compounds which provide the largest
discharge severity for the 36,100 Mg/£ of unidentified organics. The worst case compounds
corresponding to the categories are listed below:
Category
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Alkenes, Cyclic Amines, and Dienes
Aromatic Amines and Diamines
Nitrophenols
Compound
7, 12 DimethyIbenz(a)anthracene
Dicyclopentadiene
Aminonaphthalenes and Benzidine
Dinitrophenols
-------
Cyclone Dust -
Gravimetric and TCO measurements of the cyclone dust
indicate a total extractables concentration of 785 yg/g. GC/MS
analysis identified 160 ug/g as elemental sulfur, 2 ug/g as
phthalate esters, and 1 yg/g as naphthalene, phenanthrene, and
fluorene. The remaining 622 ug/g were not identified.
The results of the SAM/1A evaluation of the inorganic
and organic test results are summarized in Table 5-15. As shown
in this table, the health based TDS for inorganics and identi-
fied extractables is 3,000 and the ecological based TDS is ap-
proximately 200. As was true for the gasifier ash, the major
contributors to the TDS's are trace elements. For the health
based TDS, the major trace elements are Mn, Ba, Cr, Fe, Pb, Li
Ni, and Se. For the ecological based TDS, the major contribu-'
tors are Cd, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn. A large number of other"
trace elements also had TDS's greater than one.
The worst case health and ecological based TDS's for
the unidentified extractables are 800 and 31, respectively. TV
specific compounds and their MEG categories used in the worst
case analysis are shown in Table 5-16.
Table 5-16 summarizes the major contributors to the
TDS. In addition, the results of the bioassay tests are pre-
sented in this table. The health based bioassay tests indicat
a low potential hazard for cyclone dust. The ecological bio-
assay test results cannot be interpreted as a high, medium or
low potential for hazard, however, the test did indicate the
cyclone dust was clearly less toxic than the gasifier ash.
Cyclone Dust Leachate -
Inorganic and organic (gravimetric and TCO determi-
nation) analyses of the cyclone dust leachate were performed'
Water quality analyses and SSMS analysis for trace elements
were also conducted.
The test results and the SAM/1A evaluation of the
results are listed in Table 5-17. As shown in this table the
health based TDS for inorganics is almost 50, and the ecoioei
-------
TABLE 5-15.
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE
SEVERITY VALUES FOR CYCLONE DUST
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEG Cone)
MEG
IB.
8A.
80.
8D.
10A.
10B.
IOC.
11B.
12A.
ISA.
15B.
16A.
17A.
18A.
18B.
18C.
20A.
20A.
Category
Dlcyclopentadlene
Acetic Acid
Butyl and A«yl
Acetate
Phthalate Eater
1, 2-Diaminoethane,
1-Amlnopropane
Etliylmethylamlne
Diethylamine
Amlnotoluene
1-Amlnonaphtlialene
2-Amlnonaphthalene
Monometliylhydrazlne
N, Nltrosodlethyl-
amine
Toluene, Ethyl-
benzene, Styrene,
Propylbenzene,
Isopropylbenzene
Xylencs, Dlalkyl-
benzene, Tetra—
hydronaphthalene
DfbroBobenzene
Nltrotoluenea
Cresola, Alkyl
Phenols
Hyd roxybenzenes
Naphthols
Nltrophenol
2-A.lno-4.6-
Dlnltrophenol
(Wg/g) Health Ecological
(620) (3.1 x 10')
(620) (3.1)b
(620) (3.1)
2.4 1.6 x 10~2a 8.0°
(620) (3.1)
(620) (3.1)
(620) (1.9)d
(620) (3.1 x 10' )b
(620) (1.4)»
(620) (1.7)d
(620) (3.1)b
(620) (3.1)b
(620) (3.1 x 10')
(620) (3.1)b
(620) (6.2 x 102)c (6.2)e
(620) (6.2 x 10')«= (6.2)c
(620) (6.2 x 102) (6.2)
(620) (6.2 x 102)c
(620) (3.1 x 101)
MEG
20B.
21A.
21A.
21B.
21D.
22A.
23B.
23C.
38.
47.
47.
SO.
49.
36.
32.
51.
37.
58.
82.
34.
42.
42.
84.
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMttC Cone)
Category (Mg/g)
4,6-Dlnitro-
0-Cresol
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
7.12-Dlmethyl-
benz(a) anthracene
Dlbenz (a , 1) pyrene
Fluorene
Dlhydroacrldlne,
Acrldlne
Dlbenzo(c,g)carbazole
Aluminum
Ammonia
Ammonium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromide
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Cerium
(620)
0.4
0.1
(620)
(620)
0.1
(620)
(620)
1,000
53
85
1.000
0.8
3
5
11
2
1,000
99
Health
2.7 x \0'"c
2.1 x 10"'d
(8.0 x 10z)d
(4.8)d
N
(1.3)B
(2.1)d
6.2°
3.5a
1.7 x 102C
1.0 c 102C
1.3 x 10la
2.5 x 10~'g
5.4 x 10"2a
N
2.0 x 10ld
2.1
9.0 x 10~2
Ecological
(6.2)
2.0 x 10"2c
N
N
(6.2)
5.0C
1.3C
8.5C
2.0C
7.3 x 10"2c
N
1.0 x 10~3c
N
1.0 x 101C
3.1 x 10"'
1
N
-------
TABLE 5-15
CONTINUED
t-o
MEG
31.
57.
68.
74.
78.
84.
56.
39.
44.
80.
64.
59.
72.
72.
84.
46.
27.
33.
71.
Category
Ceslim
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erblun
Europiim
Fluoride
Gadolinium
Gal HUB
Cernanlua
Gold
Hafnium
Holmlua
Iodide
Iridlum
Iron
Iron Carbonyl
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Lutetlum
Magnesium
Manganese
Estimated
Concentration
(Mg/g)
IS
100
58
10
68
2
0.9
1
240
1
220
11
0.1
3
1
24
1,000
130
230
160
0.3
1.000
570
Discharge Severity
(Eat luted Conc/DMEG Cone)
Health
6.0 x 10"'
3.8 x 10"2
1.2 * 10lc
6.7"
6.8C
4.3 x 10"'
N
N
3.2
N
1.5°
6.5 x 10"'
N
2.0
N
N
3.3 x 102
3.8 x 10"2
4.6 x 102c
2.3 x 10za
N
5.6"
1.1 x 10JC
Ecological
N
N
1.2C
2.0 x 10~lc
6.8C
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
2.0 x 10'
N
2.3 x 101C
2.1C
N
5.9e
2.9 x 101C
MEG
83.
69.
84.
76.
76.
66.
47.
53.
47.
47.
48.
48.
77.
29.
84.
75.
30.
73.
84.
60.
54.
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Cone /Wl EG Cone)
Category d'g/g)
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymlum
Nickel
Nickel Carbonyl
Niobium
Nitrogen
Hydrogen Cyanide
Thlocyanate
Nitrate
Nitrite
Osmium
Palladium
Phosphorus
Phosphate
Platinum
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
280
57
110
47
52
l.OOO
1,000
35
0.1
15
11
7
16
Health Ecological
1.4C 5.6C
3.8 jc 10~la 4.1 x 10~2e
N N
1.0 x 102a 2.4 x 101C
8.0 x 10"' N
i
N N
N N
2,3 x 10"2 N
N N
4.2 x 10~' N
6.9 x 10~! , N
4.4 x 10"'8 N
1.6 x 102c 3.2C
-------
TABLE 5-15. CONTINUED
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/PMEC Cone)
HEC Category (Hg/g) Health Ecological
*'• Silicon 1,000 3.3 N
«• Silver 5 1.0 x 101C 5.0 x 10"'c
28. Sodium 1,000 6.2 x 10~' N
3S- Strontium 270 2.9 x 10~28 M
Sulfur
S3. Carbon Bisulfide
S3. Carbonyl Sulflde
53. Hydrogen Sulflde
S3. Sulfate
S3. Sulflde
S3. Elemental Sulfur 15,200
53. Sulfur Dioxide
6'- Tantalum
55. Tellurium 0.9 3.0 x 10~la N
( ) indicates that worst case analysis, discussed In Section 5.1.1, for
The DMBG value for this compound la based on:
"TI.V
b
TIM. lowest
c
carclnogentclty (ordering I)
NIOSII recommendation
HEC Category
Terbium
41. Thallium
53. Thocyanate
85. Thorium
Thulium
45. Tin
62. Titanium
70. Tungsten
85. Uranium
65. Vanadium
Ytterbium
61. Yttrium
81. Zinc
63. Zirconium
TOTAL INORGANICS AND
IDENTIFIED ORGAN I CS
UNIDENTIFIED ORCANICS
(WORST CASE)
unidentified organlcs was used.
Estimated
Concentration
(ug/g)
0.6
22
97
0.2
39
1.000
5
45
150
2
42
1,000
110
3.0 x 10*
(620)
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEC Cone)
Health Ecological
N N
7.3a N
7.5 x 10' N
N N
N N
5.6a 6.2a
1.7 x 10"la N
3.8 x 10"'h 4.5 x 10"'c
3.0 x 10la 5.0e
N N
1.4 N
2.0 x 10lc 5.0 x 10lc
7.3 N
3.0 x 101 2.2 x 102
(8.0 x 102) (3.1 x 10')
regulations for protection against radiation
lowest concentration reported to produce effects In vegetation.
All elements not reported: <0.1 Mg/g.
-------
TABLE 5-16. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS FOR CYCLONE DUST
Discharge Severity
Range
Compounds Found from Chemical Analysis
Health Ecological
Bioassay Tests Results
102-103
10-10'
Mn
Fused Polycyclic
Hydrocarbonsa, As, Ba,
Cr, Fe, Pb, Li, Ni,
Se
Be, Cd, Ag, Th, V, Zn
1-10
Al, Sb, Ca, Co, Cu, F,
Ga, Hf, Mg, Hg, Si,
Sr, Tl, Ti, Y, Zr
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes,
Dienes, Aromatic Amines,
Diamines, Ring Substi-
tuted Aromatics, Nitro-
phenolsa, Cd, Fe, Pb,
Mn, Ni, Zn
Phthalate Esters, Al,
Sb, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li,
Mg, Hg, Se, Ti, V
Health
Ames
RAM(EC5o)
Rodent Acute
Toxicity (LD50)
Ecological
Soil Microcosm
Negative
>1,000
of culture
>10 g/kg rat
The soil microcosm test results cannot be interpreted in terms of a high, medium or low potential
for hazard but the cyclone dust was clearly less toxic than the gasifier ash.
£1
These categories of organic compounds contain the worst case compounds which provide the largest
discharge severity for the 622 yg/g of unidentified organics in cyclone dust.
The worst case compounds and their corresponding categories are listed below:
Category Compound
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, and Dienes Dicyclopentadiene
Aromatic Amines and Diamines Aminonaphthalenes
Ring Substituted Aromatics Dibromobenzene
Nitrophenols Dinitrophenols
-------
TABLE 5-17.
SUMMARY OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCHARGE
SEVERITY VALUES FOR CYCLONE DUST LEACHATE
Ul
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/DMEC Cone)
MEG Category
IB.
8A.
8D.
9A.
10A.
IOC.
118.
12A.
15A.
15B.
16A.
17A.
18A.
18B.
1BC.
2UA.
Dicyclopentadlene
Saturated Long
Chain Acids
Acetic acid
Butyl and Ajiyl
Acetate
Acrylonitrlle
1, 2 Olaainoetliane.
l-Aainopropane
Aalnotoluene.
Benzldine,
l-Aainooaplitnalene,
2-ABlnoaaphthalene
M. N -Dlaethyl-
hydrazine
N-Nltrosodlethyl-
anlike
Biphenyl
Benzeiie, Toluene
Ethylbenzene,
Styrene.
Propylbenzene ...
4, 4' Uiphenyl
Blphenyl
Xyleues. Dlalkyl
Benzenes, Tetra
hyd ronaph tha lene
Ulbroaobenzeoe
4-Nltroblphenyl
Nitro toluene
Cresols, Alkyl
Phenols
Hydroxybenzenes
Naphthol
Nltrophenola
Diiilttoyliunula
(pg/t) Health Ecology
( S.400) (5.0 x 10')
1.
( 5.400) (5.0)"
( 5.400) (5.0)
t
( 5.400) (5.0)"
( 5.400) (5.0)
( 5.400) (3.0)
( 5.400) (5.0 x 10')b
( 5.400) (1.0 x 10' )*
( 5.400) (3.0)
( 5.400)
( 5.400) (5.0)
( 5.400) (5.0)
( 5.400) (5.0 x 10')
W
( 5.400) (5. 0)b
( 5.400) (1.1 x 10')c (1.0 x 10')c
( 5.400) (1.1 x 10') (1.0 x 10')
( 5.400) (1.1 x 10') (1.0 x 10')
( 5.400) (1.1 x 10')c
( 5,400) <5.0 x 10' )c
Estimated
Concentration
H£C Category (pg/O
21B.
2 ID.
23B.
23C.
38.
47.
47.
50.
49.
36.
32.
51.
37.
58.
82.
34.
42.
42.
84.
31.
57.
68.
74.
78.
84.
7, 12-Dlaethyl-
benz (a)anthracene
Dlbenz(a , Opyrene
Dlbydroacrldlne
Acridlne
Dlbenzo(c , g) carbazole
AluainuB
AsMonia
AsBoniusi
Antlsxuiy
Arsenic
Baritui
Beryl HUM
Blsauth
Boron
Bromide
Cadmium
Calclua
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Cerlun
Cesluai
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosluai
Erbliw
Europlua
( 5.400)
( 5.400)
( 5.400)
( 5.400)
( 5.400)
2,000
30
700
3
700
5
10.000
10
2
10.000
4
300
90
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/DMEC Cone)
Health Ecology
(1.4 X 10')a
(8.0)
(2.0)
(3.0)d
2.5 x 10"-1"
4.0 x 10~3«
1.4 x 10"lc
1.0 x 10"'«
1.5 x 10~2*
1.0 x 10"'<=
4.2 x 10"2
1.8 x 10"5
1.7 x 10"'
7.7 x 10"3
1.6 x 10~2<=
4.0 x 10"'<»
1.8 x 10"2c
(1.0 x 10')
2.0C
1.5 x 10"' c.
2.8 x 10"'c
5.5 x 10~'c
2.8 x 10"2C
5.0C
6.2 x 10"'
N
N
N
1.6 x 10~2C
1.2C
1.8C
-------
TABLE 5-17
CONTINUED
MM; i
rjb.
39.
44.
HO.
64.
53.
59.
72.
72.
«4.
46.
27.
33.
71.
83.
69.
84.
76.
76.
66.
47.
51.
47.
«;.
Estimated Discharge Severity
Concentration (Estimated Conc/nMKC Cone)
Category (Mg/&) Health Ecological
Fluoride 10. (HK) 2.6 x 10"' N
Ciidollnlun
C.illlum
Germanium
Cold
Hafnium
llolmlum
Hydrogen Sulfide
Iodide 100 N N
IridliiK
Iron 1.000 6.7 x 10"' 4.0
Iron Carboiiyl
Lanthanum 8 8.0 x 10" ' 3.2 x 10"2
Load 700 2.8C 1.4 x 10IC
Lithium 500 1.5" l.3c
Lnlct Inn
Magnesium 7,000 7.8 x 10"?a 8.0 x 10"2e
Manganese 10,000 4.0 x 101C 1.0 x 10ZC
Mercury 0.5 5.0 x 10"'c 2.0 x 10"lc
Molybdenum 70 9.3 x 10""a 1.0 x 10~?e
Neodymlum 5 N N
Nickel
Nickel Carbonyl
Niobium 2 6.1 x 10"' N
N1 1 rojjen
Hydrogen ('yjnlJe
Tlilocyaiiale
Nitrate
Nitrite
OSHllM
I'allaJlim
MEG
48.
48.
77.
29.
84.
75.
30.
73.
34.
60.
54.
43.
79.
28.
35.
53.
53.
53.
53.
53.
51.
53.
67.
55.
41.
51.
85.
Estimated Dlficli.-irge SevcrUy
Concentration (bstlwatcd Cone/ "M''-*' Cone)
Category (MK/'j Heal Hi Kr«loglcal
ritospliorus
Phoapliate 300 N N
T lac lnu«
Potassium 10,000 N N
Praseodymium 2 2.6 x 11)"' N
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium ,
Ruthenium
Saniarlun
Scandlun 2 2.5 x 10~68 N
Selenium
Silicon 2,000 1.3 x 10"' N
Silver 2 8.0 x lo"lc 4.0 x I0"'c
Sodium 4,000 5.0 x 10"' N
Strontium
Sulfur
Carbon bisulfide
Carbnnyl Sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfldc
Scil late
Sulfide
ll,u,,-.U.ll Sul Fur I.IKHI N M
Sulfur Dioxide
Tantalum
Tfllurlum
Terbium
Thallium 1 6.7 x 10"*" N
Thlocyanate
Thorium
Tliiilliim
-------
TABLE 5-17
CONTINUED
MR;
45.
67.
70.
85.
65.
Category
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
U ran in*
Vanadium
Yt tot l.l.i.
Estimated
Concentration
(Mg/t)
200
10
2
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conc/UMEC Cone)
Health Ecologlc.il
2.2 x 10 '• 2.4 x 10 le
1.7 x 10"'" 2.0 x 10"zc
8.0 x 10~*a 1.3 x 10"/e
MEG Category
61. Yttrlun
81. Zinc
63. Zirconium
TOTAL INORGANICS
UNIDENTIFIED
ORGAN ICS
Estimated
Concentration
G'g/«)
4
10,000
4
89,000
(5,400)
Discharge Severity
(Estimated Conr./ |>MKi; Uonc)
Health Ecological
2.7 x 10""1 N
4.0 x 10~lc 1.0 x lo'c
4.7 x 101 2.3 x 102
(1.4 x 10 ) (5.0 x 10 )
N: l»li;C value was not available.
The WIKG value for tills compound is based on:
'TI.M. lowest
"nofit Btrlngant criteria
carcinogenic Ity (ordering I)
NIOSII rcconncnd.it Ion
regulations for protection against radiation
lowest concentration reported to produce effects in vegetation.
All cli'Moiits not reported: -0.002 |ip,/»l.
-------
The worst case health and ecological based TDS's for ft,.
unidentified extractables are 1400 and 50, respectively. The
specific compounds and their MEG categories used in the wo-re^
analysis are shown in Table 5-13. worst case
Table 5-18 summarizes the major contributors to the
TDS. In addition, the bioassay test results of the cyclone
leachate are presented in this table. The health based
^
tests show a low potential for hazard. Ecological based bioa
tests were not performed on the cyclone dust leachate. ssay
5.2.5 Additional Chemical Test Results
This section presents additional analytical results
that were not presented in the previous sections. Included a
data for both process and waste streams sampled. The major t
of data presented in this section are: ypes
Water Quality Parameters ,
Proximate/Ultimate Analyses,
Gas Analyses,
Solid Analyses, and
Continuous Monitoring .
In addition to the information presented in this sec
tion, the Appendix contains complete test data for:
Trace Element Analyses,
Gas Analyses,
Organic Analyses,
Bioassay Analyses,
Gross a and B Analyses, and
Continuous Monitoring.
118
-------
TABLE 5-18. SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL AND BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS FOR CYCLONE DUST LEACHATE
Discharge Severity Compounds Found from Chemical Analysis
Range
102-103
10-102
1-10
Health
Fused Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons*
Mn
Pb, Li
Ecological
Mn, Zn
Alkines, Cyclic
Alkenes, Dienes,
Nitrophenols,3 Pb
Al, Cd, Co, Cu,
Fe, Li
Bioassay Test
Ames
WI-38 (ECso)
Rodent Acute
Toxicity
Soil Microcosm
Results
Negative
500 yl/ml
of culture
NA
1
NA
NA - test was not applied
aThe 5,400 yg/£ of unidentified organics was assumed to contain the worst case compounds which
provide the largest discharge severity. The worst case compounds and their corresponding cate-
gories are listed below:
Category Compound
Fused Polycyclic Hydrocarbons 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
Alkenes, Cyclic Alkenes, and Dienes Dicyclopentadiene
Nitrophenols Dinitrophenols
-------
Water Quality Parameters -
Table 5-19 summarizes the results of the water qualitv
analyses performed on the ash sluice water, ash leachate and
cyclone dust leachate samples. The anion concentrations listed
in this table were used in the SAM/1A evaluation discussed ear-
lier. The results of the water quality analyses are also com-~
pared to the most stringent state effluent water regulations as
of October 1977. These comparisons identified that the follow-
ing parameters exceeded the most stringent regulations:
• CN", P04~3, BOD, and TSS in the ash sluice
water, and
• F~, COD, and TSS in the cyclone dust leachate.
Proximate and Ultimate Analyses -
Table 5-20 lists the proximate and ultimate analyses
of the coal feedstock, the gasifier ash and the cyclone dust.
Product Gas Analysis -
The concentrations of gaseous components in the product-
gas were determined by gas chromatography analysis of grab
samples, analysis using on-line gas chromatographs and by
impinger analysis. The results of these analyses are shown in
Table 5-21. The results obtained from analyzing grab and impin-
ger samples compared very well with the ranges of the on-line GC
results. These comparisons are shown in Figures 5-2 through
Solid Analyses: Particle Morphology, Size Distrihnf-f
and Specific Gravity - "£'
Particle morphology, size distribution, and specific
gravity analyses were performed on the coal feed, dry ash, cy-
clone dust and product low-Btu gas particulates. The following
text gives a semi-quantitative discussion of the analyses per-
formed on each stream.
120
-------
TABLE 5-19.
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR LIQUID
STREAMS FROM THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY
Water Quality
Parameter
CM"
SCN~
Cl~
f~
SO,' + SO,," as S0»"
Sulflde
NO3~ as N
N02~ as N
POH~3 as P
WU+ as N
Ca+2
N!*
BOD
TOC
COD
TDS
TSS
Ash Sluice
Water, Mg/ml
0.06
<2
17
0.6
95
3
17
1.7
<3
•
40 (ppm)
140
20
400
550
Ash Leachate,
Mg/"l
5.7
2.2
0.05
0.03
0.5
4.0
0.89
*
Cyclone Dust
Leachate, Mg/ml
6.7
4.4
63
0.5
<0.05
Host Stringent State
Effluent Regulations
as of Oct. 77( Mg/ml
0.02
None
250
1
600
None
20.0
1.0C
2.5dor 4.0e
None
None
None
States Having Most
Stringent Regulations
as of Oct. 7?a, b
IL, KY
MM .
KY, OH
NM
OK
OK
IL, OK
, OH, OK
. OK
30C CO, IL. NM
1800
2040
40.
None
125
3500 .
15 or 37
NM
CO, IL
Mil t taker, Donald K. , Pullman-Re llogg, Personal Communication, 21 August 1979.
Based on a survey of 22 states having a potential for furture coal conversion facilities.
for phosphorus containing compounds.
April to October, regulation for nitrogen containing compounds.
l' November to March, re
Dcoxygcnatlng wastes.
l' November to March, regulation for nitrogen containing compounds.
-------
TABLE 5-20. PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE ANALYSIS FOR SOLID SAMPLF
-------
TABLE 5-21. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS'
Component
C02
H2
02
N2
CHi»
CO
NH3
CN~
sctf
Ci
C2
C3
Fe(CO)5
Ni(COX
H2S
cos
S02
CS2
Total Sulfur
Heating Value
(dry, § 70°F)
Volume % No.
5.5 (5.0-7.5)C
16.3
0.9
51.6
0.2
25.5 C25-26)C
180 ppmv (100-200)°
32 ppmv
8 ppmv
19J.O (1500-4500)° ppmv
<1 ppmv
3 ppmv
0.004 ppmv
0.01 ppmv
690 0600-7001° ppmv
93 (.7 0-100) C ppmv
21 (4-30) ° ppmv
<1 (<10l ppmv
730 ppmv
5.1 MJ/m3,
137 Btu/SCF
of Samples Taken
24
24
24
24
24
24
6
4
4
20
20
20
3
3
22
26
19
20
7
24
basis; average moisture content was 5.9%
Sampling dates 3/28 to 4/3.
cHanges for on-line gas chromatograph results
123
-------
N>
1/3
O
u
&
fX
H40.0
128.0
112.0
98.0
W.O
10.0
»-°
D2.0
W.O
• - Grab Sample Results
System
Upset
9 a
4/01/78
• 2 8 8
H/02/78
- K S 8
U/03/78
» S! 2 8
M/QI4/78
• 2 2 8
U/05/78
• S 2 8
H/06/78
• 2! 2 8
H/07/78
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation
Figure 5-2. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Carbonyl Sulfide
Concentrations in the Product Gas, ppm.
-------
ro
Ln
MH.O
IOW.O
IU.O
IIH.O
c/3 O7.0
«M
* S70.0
ft *•.<>
P<
TM.O
n.o
System
Upset
• - Grab Sample Results
p^rvnT^^
T
228
228
2 2 8
2 2 8
M/01/78 H/Q2/78 M/03/78 M/0«l/78
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation
M/OS/78
•4/06/78
4/07/78
Figure 5-3. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Hydrogen Sulfide
Concentration in the Product Gas, ppm.
-------
cr>
MO.O
W.O
H.O
TM.O
co »•«
CJ
l"
21.0
m.o
l-o
U
• - Grab Sample Results
s
— System, —. 1 •• ^ * "Y ' KT ^ ^H ' ^TT^^YV ) ^yV""
Upset T i . --, — . — , — , , - , — , r-
a* a' 1 » • a a a ' » • a a a ' » • a a a ' - • a a a '»"aaa ' » » a a a '
/01/78 M/02/78 M/03/78 U/CW/78 4/05/78 M/06/78 U/07/78
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation.
Figure 5-4. On-Line Gas Chroma tograph Results - Carbon Disulfide
Concentration in the ProductGas, ppm.
-------
p.
IUO.O
173.0
IM.O
11.0
77-0
ss.o
JI-°
»..
1.0
-11.0
• - Grab Sample Results
2 a I
M/Ql/78
» • a 2 a
U/02/78
M/03/78
M/OH/78
• w a
4/05/78
» N I* O I 7 B N I*
V* M N •* •*
14/06/78 M/07/78
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation.
Figure 5-5.
On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Sulfide Dioxide
Concentration in the Product Gas, ppm.
-------
no
a
(X
p.
200.0
160.0
160.0
1UO.O
120.0
1CO.O
ao.o
60.0
W.O
20.0
Analyzer not working
properly
• - Impinger Sampling Results
14/01/78
O
-------
X
g
10.0
9.0
a.o
7.0
s.o
s.o
o ii.o
M
& «•'
2.0
1.0
• - Grab Sample Results
System
____/v_
-------
30.0
31.0
3M.O
31. Q
O
U It.Q
S I5'°
U 12.0
M
(U on
*w s.u
O-i
6.0
3.0
\
v y
*• **
) ^ ^[
System
Upset
r— — A
• • •
• - Grab Sample Results
— • • 1 • • ^ *~ ' 1 1 1 1 1
U> Q IjMl^fO |j>U)t^U)O | j> 06 (^ U> Q | J 00 W U> Q 1 ^ (tt N U> O 1 j* QO t\» W O
4/01/78 M/02/78 4/OV78 4/04/78 4/05/78 4/06/78 4/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure 5-8. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Percentage of
Carbon Monoxide Concentration in the Product Gas.
-------
o
0
10.0
»-0
1.0
1.0
S.O
01
o ,.0
2 »
J.o
1.0
J
System
Upset
• - Grab Sample Results
• N w o I .* •> w u» o I .7 •> ra u> o I j? •> ex* u» o
M/03/78 M/OM/78 M/05/78 M/06/78 M/07/78
s S
M/Q1/"78
s 5 8
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation.
Figure 5-9. On-Line Gas Chrotnatograph Results - Percentage
of Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Product Gas.
-------
Coal Feed - Most of the coal particles .were elongated
squares with a few tending to be spherical. They were rouehlv
25 to 40 mm (1 to 1% in.) by 25 to 40 mm (1 to 1% in.) by 15 mm
(% in.). Most of the surfaces were relatively smooth with ends
that appeared to have been pulled or snapped apart, as in a
crushing procedure. All particles were a uniform black color
The material was homogeneous and appeared to have few holes or
pock marks. Particle size distribution was not determined for
the coal feed due to the large particle sizes. The specific
gravity was approximately 1.60.
Dry Ash - Most of the dry ash particles were elliptical
and about 14 mm to 25 mm (% to 1 in.). However, the exact siz
varied from greater than 75 mm (3 in.) in length to very small
dust particles. The material was easily crushed or broken aoart-
and the surface of all particles was craggy with many pock mart
The particles were multicolored and appeared to be agglomerated
A series of honeycomb holes was clearly evident throughout th
larger particles. The particle size distribution was not deter
mined due to the large size of most particles. The specific
gravity was 1.64.
Cyclone Dust - The shape of the cyclone dust particle
varied from spherical to prismatic. In general, the particles
were elongated with relatively smooth surfaces. Few honeycomb
holes or pock marks were evident. The material was homogeneoi
and the particles were pure black. The size distribution of t-h
cyclone dust is shown in Table 5-22. The cyclone dust had a
specific gravity of 1.63.
Product Gas Particulates - The product gas particu-
lates, collected with the SASS train, were similar to the cy-
clone dust. The material was black with relatively smooth wall
but the average particulate was smaller and more spherical tha
the cyclone dust. The size distribution of the product gas oar
ticulates was determined using a Brink Model B Cascade Impactor
The results of the impactor sampling are presented in Table 5-23
Continuous Monitoring -
Eleven components in the product low-Btu gas were
tinuously monitored. However, five components, ethane, eth
propane, propylene, and C* and higher hydrocarbons were not
tected at a significant concentration. The remaining six com-
pounds monitored were COS, H2S, CS2, S02, C1U , and NH3. Table
132
-------
TABLE 5-22. SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR CYCLONE DUST
Size Range (yml % in This Range
>1000 1.00
<1000, >710 0.25
<710, >595 0.32
<595, >425 0.91
<425, >250 5.65
<250, >177 8.98
<149, >125 6.87
<125, >74 8.65
>75 26.84
<75 40.77
133
-------
TABLE 5-23. PARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
Co
Estimated Particle Diameter (ym)
Cyclone
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Stage 6
Cyclone
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Stage 6
Particulates
Collected (g)
349.39
0.86
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.07
350.45
76.06
2.54
0.27
0.15
0.12
0.06
1.39
80.59
% of Particu-
lates Collected
99.70
0.24
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
100.00
94.38
3.15
0.34
0.19
0.15
0.07
1.72
100.00
Aerodynamic
Impaction
>6.80
3.95
2.38
1.61
1.02
0.67
<0.67
>15.0
7.91
4.76
3.22
2.05
1.35
<1.35
Aerodynamic
3.78
2.22
1.45
0.88
<0.54
0.54
7.73
4.59
3.06
1.89
1.19
Stokes
3.77
2.21
1.44
0.86
<0.52
0.52
7.73
4.59
3.05
1.88
1.18
-------
5-24 indicates the approximate range of concentrations that were
detected -for each component. Figures 5-2 through 5-7 illustrate
the variability of the continuous monitoring data over the seven
day monitoring period. The results of analyzing grab samples
of the product low-Btu gas are indicated by the darkened circles
on those figures. As shown, the grab sample analyses and the
continuous gas chromatograph analyses compared very well.
In addition to Radian's continuous monitoring system,
additional continuous monitoring systems were in use as part of
the DOE's testing program. Those data are presented in the
Appendix. Table A-33 summarizes all of the continuous monitoring
test data contained in the Appendix.
5.3 CYCLONE PARTICTJLATE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY
An attempt was made to determine the cyclone particulate
removal efficiency by simultaneously measuring the particulate
loadings in the gas entering and exiting the cyclone. The results
Of these tests are given in Table 5-25.
The sampling locations at the cyclone inlet did not
allow collection of a representative particulate sample. There
was only one and one-half duct diameters between the gasifier
exit and cyclone inlet. Physical constraints allowed traversing
in only the horizontal direction. Therefore, the vertical strati-
fication of particulate matter would not be detected and the in-
let particulate loadings are likely to be low. In addition, very
high results for three of the five outlet particulate loadings
indicated possible reentrainment of collected material.
Neglecting these three high loading values, a cyclone
^articulate collection efficiency of (65 + 20)% was calculated.
This should be considered as only a rough"estimate since the in-
let particulate loading data are highly unreliable.
5.4
LOW-BTU GAS COMBUSTION TESTS
Samples of the combustion products from burning low-
gas were obtained from a small test burner ("Constructed of
k3) installed at the Glen-Gery facility. The product low-
Btu gas fl°w rate (taken as a slipstream from the main product
135
-------
TABLE 5-24. SUMMARY OF CONTINUOUS MONITORING TEST DATA
FOR PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
Compound
Detected Concentration Range
Carbonyl Sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Sulfur Dioxide
Methane
Annnonia
70-100 ppmv
600-700 ppnrv
10 ppmv
4-30 ppmv
0.15-0.45 %
100-200 ppmv
TABLE 5-25. CYCLONE EFFICIENCY TEST RESULTS
Entrained Particulates ,^g/m3
Run #
1
2
3
4
5
Date
3/29
3/29
3/29
3/30
3/30
Cyclone Inlet
0.36
0.22
0.15
0.20
0.16
Cyclone Outlet
1.30*
0.078
0.046
1.81*
1.98*
Removal
Efficiency
*
64. 5Z
69. 3Z
*
*
Indicates a higher outlet particulate loading than inlet loading which nay
be due to reentrainment.of collected particulate matter.
136
-------
gas line) to the test burner was reported by Acur-ex to be 64.3
m3/hr @ 25°C (2270 SCFH). The test burner flue gas flow rate
was measured at 295 m3/hr @ 25°C (10,400 SCFH). The measured
flue gas composition for the test burner is presented in Table
5-26.
The flue gas oxygen content of 10.87= indicates that
the burner was operating at a very high level of excess air. At
107o excess air, the flue gas oxygen content would be approximately
170. Rough material balances for oxygen and nitrogen estimate
that the test burner had about 40070 excess air. This may have,
at least partly, been the result of air leaking into the combus-
tion chamber through cracks in the brick walls. The products of
combustion most directly effected by operating with excess air
are hydrocarbons and NO . The effect on both is extremely dif-
ficult to predict since very complex relationships between re-
action kinetics, combustion temperature, and residence time
are involved. In general, increases in excess air result in
increased production of NO .
Using the flow rates cited above and the gas composi-
tions given in Table 5-21 for the product gas and Table 5-26 for
the test burner flue gas, material balances for carbon, hydro-
gen, nitrogen and oxygen were calculated according to the pro-
cedures described in Section 2.3. As mentioned above, the
oxygen and nitrogen balances were used to estimate the combus-
tion air flow rate of -250 m3/hr (N2 balance) and 275 m3/hr (02
balance). A carbon mass balance resulted in a calculated inlet
carbon rate of 10+ 1 kg/hr and an outlet carbon mass rate of
14+ 2 kg/hr. The'failure of the carbon balance to close within
the estimated confidence limits of the data and the relatively
close agreement between the combustion air flow rates based on
oxygen and nitrogen indicate that the flow rate of the low-Btu
product gas may be as much as 607o low. However, the hydrogen
balance closes within the confidence limits of the data with
8.7+ 1.2 kg/hr into the test burner and 10+ 1.4 kg/hr exiting in
the'flue gas, indicating that the flow rates and analyses are
accurate within estimated limits.
137
-------
TABLE 5-26. TEST BURNER FLUE GAS COMPOSITION *
Component
C02 (vol%)
02 (vol%)
N2 (vol%)
Ci (vppm)
C2 (vppm)
Cs (vppm)
H2S (vppm)
COS (vppm)
S02 (vppm)
CS2 (vppm)
Total S (vppm)
NOX (vppm)
CN (vppm)
SCN~ (vppm)
NHa (vppm)
Fe(CO)5 (vppb)
Ni(CO)
-------
.SECTION 6.0
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .
Conclusions and recommendations from the source test
and evaluation of the Glen-Gery gasification facility are
presented in this section.
A summary of the waste stream characterization is pre-
sented in Table 6-1. As shown in this table, all seven waste
streams have a potential for hazardous effects according to the
SAM/1A evaluation. However, the discharge severity (DS) values
are low compared to the DS values for waste streams from a
bituminous coal gasifier (Ref. 1) . In addition, the bioassay
tests indicated a low potential for hazardous effects for the
solid and liquid Glen-Gery waste streams. And, the hazardous
effects of the gaseous waste streams are reduced because of
their low flow rates.
Table 6-1 also gives priorities, based on the SAM/1A
evaluation, for future chemical analyses for each waste stream.
In addition, it is recommended that specific compounds be
identified for the waste streams in which the worst case
unidentified organics are the major contributors to the total
stream discharge severity (TDS). Specific discussions of the
conclusions and recommendations for each waste stream are pre-
sented in the following text.
Pokehole Gas -
The pokehole gas contains inorganic gases and a few
trace elements at potentially hazardous concentrations (greater
than their DMEG values). However, the low flow rate of this dis-
charge stream reduces its hazardous effects. In addition, better
seals on the pokeholes and better maintenance of the seals may
ereatly reduce the amount of escaping gas. If further control of
chis stream is necessary, an inert gas could be injected into the
tjokehole during the poking operation. Good ventilation of the
ookehole area would also help reduce worker exposure.
139
-------
TABLE 6-1.
SUMMARY OF THE CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE STREAMS
FROM THE GLEN-GERY FACILITY.
Health Ecological
•aeed laaed
Uaate Strean leaulta taaulta
Pokehole Caa:
Tool Strcaa . 7.1 x 10* 2.7 * 10*
Dlacharge Severity •"
•toaaaey Teata NC HC
'
Coal Hopper Caei
Total Streaa *.» * 10* 2.2 • 10*
Dlacharge Severity*
• loanay Tcete NC HC
Aah Sluice Uatert
Total Straea 1.2 > 10* 1.6 * 10*
Die
-------
TABLE 6-1. CONTINUED
Health Ecological Frlorlty fot Quantitative Cheat
Uaate Stream
Aab Leachatal
Total Stream
Dlacharge Severity
Rloeaaay Teeta
Cyclone Duett
Total Stream
Dlacharga Severity
(loaaeay Teeta
Cyclone Duet Leechatei
Total Stream
Dlacharge Severity
Rloaeeay Teata
laaed geeed High
Reeulta Raeulte (TDS. 10* +)
Fuaed Foly-
9.3 I 10' 4.7 > 10* c«bina"ys« and ECu were above
maximum doaage
adalnlatered
'
• potentially haiardoua
according to SAM/1A
eveluatlon
• bloaaaay teata Indicate
low potential for
hazard
• F~ exceede aoat atrln-
gent water effluent
atandarda
• Fb axceeda RCRA atan-
darda
Recoamendat lone
• further analyse* for
unidentified organlca
and bloaaeey teata for
ecological effecte
• landfill may not be
acceptable
• Incineration
• quantitative analysis
for Fb to determine If
Ita concentration
actually exceed* RCRA
guldellncf
*Total atreaai dlacharge aavarlty for a itraan la the eat luted concentration* of coaponenCa (or claaaea of coapounda) In the atraaa divided by their
reepectlve CtfEC valuea.
The dlecharg* aeverlty valuo for the pokehola gaa vara calculated ualng the product gaa analyaaa.
cMealth teeta Include Aa»e. Cytotoxlclty (WI-M. RAH) and Rodent Acute Toxlclty.
aoll ailcrocoaai teat reaulta cannot be Interpreted In tenaa of high, ewdluai or low potential for haiard. However, the gaalfler aah waa clearly
•ore tonic than the cyclone duet.
*Theae categorlae of organic conpounda contain the worat caae conpounde which provide the largaat potential dlacharge aeverlty for the unidentified
orgaalce of each waata atraaa). The categorlaa end their eorreapondlng worac caee conpounda are Hated be lout
Category Compound
Fuaed Folycycllc Nydrocerbona 7, 12-DlBethylbeni(a)anthracene
Alkenaa. Cyclic Alkenaa and Dlenaa Dlcyclopantadlene
Aroewtlc Aadnea and Dlamlnea Aalnonaphtbalenee
Ring Subatltuted Aroeutlca Dlbroewbenieoe
•Itrophanola Dlnltrophenol*
K: teat not conducted.
-------
Ash and Ash Leachate -
According to the SAM/1A evaluation for the gasifier
ash and ash leachate, trace elements, unidentified organics, and
identified organics were found in potentially hazardous concen-
trations. The major contributors to the ash IDS are trace
elements, including Ba, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, and Ni. The major
contributors for the ash leachate are the unidentified organics
However, bioassay tests on both samples indicate a low
potential for hazardous health effects. And, trace element con-
centrations found in the ash leachate do not exceed the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) standards. In light of the
bioassay test results and the fact that RCRA standards are not
exceeded, land filling could be an acceptable disposal practice
However, additional test work is recommended in order to
define the unidentified organics found in the ash and leachate
samples. Also, ecological based bioassay tests should be con-
ducted.
Cyclone Dust and Cyclone Dust Leachate -
Unidentified organics, trace elements and identified
organics were found in potentially hazardous concentrations in
the cyclone dust. The major contributors according to the SAM/
1A evaluation are the worst case categories of unidentified
organics, As, Ba, Cr, Fe, Pb, Li, Mn, Ni, and Se. However,
bioassay tests indicate a low potential for hazardous health
effects. The small flow rate of this stream also reduces its
hazardous effects.
Bioassay tests on the cyclone dust leachate indicate a
low potential for hazardous health effects. However, unidenti-
fied organics (the cyclone dust leachate was not subjected to
GC/MS for organics identification) and trace elements were found
to be in potentially hazardous concentrations according to the
SAM/1A analysis. In addition, the fluoride concentration exceed
the most stringent state water effluent standard, and the Pb co
centration determined by SSMS exceeds the RCRA guideline. A mor
quantitative Pb analysis is recommended to determine if RCRA
standards are actually exceeded and, therefore, if the cyclone
dust could be landfilled. Due to the high carbon content of the
cyclone dust and the high Pb concentration of the leachate,
incineration of the cyclone dust is the recommended disposal
technique. Combustion gases from the incinerator should be ana-
lyzed for volatile elements.
142
-------
Coal Hopper Gas -
The major potential hazard in the coal hopper gas was
found to be CO. However, a number of other inorganic gases as
well as CHi* were measured in potentially hazardous concentra-
tions. As was true for the pokehole gas, the low flow rate of
the coal hopper gas greatly reduces its hazardous effects.
Collecting and venting the gas to the gasifier inlet air or dis-
persing the gas in the ambient air are the recommended control
techniques. Since the coal hopper rarely requires manual atten-
tion, workers could be kept out of the area to prevent exposure
to the potentially hazardous gases.
Ash Sluice Water -
Unidentified organics, identified organics, and trace
elements were found in potentially hazardous concentrations in
the ash sluice water according to the SAM/1A evaluation. The
major contributors were unidentified organics for which the
worst case compounds were used to compute the DS.
TSS, BOD, PO^"3 and CN~ were found in concentrations
that exceed the most stringent state effluent water standards,
as shown in Table 5-19. However, bioassay tests indicate a low
potential for hazard. Detailed organic analyses are recommended
to determine the actual organic compounds present in the ash
sluice water. Bioassay tests should also be conducted to deter-
mine the potential ecological effects of the ash sluice water.
The potential harmful effects of the ash sluice water
could be essentially eliminated by separating it from the ash
slurry and reusing it the next time ash is removed. Recycling
would, of course, increase the concentration of dissolved compo-
nents in the sluice water. However, because the dissolved
species come from the ash, their concentrations would not
increase to the point of solids precipitation. Thus, there
would be no need for a blowdown stream. A disadvantage of
recycling the sluice water is that the water that remains with
the ash will also contain increased concentrations of dissolved
components. Whether this poses a greater harmful effect than
discharging the "once through" ash sluice water would need to
determined on an individual basis.
143
-------
REFERENCES
1. Page, Gordon C., Environmental Assessment: Source Test and
Evaluation Report-- Chapman Low-Btu GasificatioiTEPA-600/
7-78-2UZ (NTIS - PB 28^940), EPA Contract No. 68-02-2147.
Austin, TX, Radian Corp., October 1978.
2. Environmental Protection Agency, "Sample and Velocity
Traverses for Stationary Sources," 40 CFR 60, Appendix A,
Reference Method 1, Environ. Rptr., Fed. Regulat. 121;
1551-1561.
3. Environmental Protection Agency, "Determination of Stack
Gas Velocity and Volumetric Flow Rate (Type S Pitot Tube),"
40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference Method 2, Environ. Rptr..
Fed. Regulat. 121: 1548-1551.
4. Environmental Protection Agency, "Determination of Moisture
Content in Stack Gases," 40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Reference
Method 4, Environ. Rptr.. Fed. Regulat. 121; 1564-1569.
5. Hamersma, J. W., S. L. Reynolds and R. F. Maddalone,
IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1 Environmental Assess-
ment:—EPA-600/2-76-160a, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1412.—TEW
Systems Group, Redondo Beach, CA, June 1976.
6. American Public Health Assn., American Water Works Assn.,
and Water Pollution Control Federation, Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 14th ed.
Washington, DC, American Public Health Assn., 1976.
7. Luthy, Richard G., Manual of Methods: Preservation and
Analysis of Coal Gasification Wastevaters!FE-2495-8, ERDA
Contract No. EX-7b-S-01-2496.Pittsburgh, PA, Carnegie-
Mellon Univ., Environmental Studies Inst., July 1977.
8. Dionex Corporation, Analytical Ion Chromatography. Models
10 and 14 Operation and Maintenance Manual.Palo Alto, CA,
January 1976.
9. Schalit, L. M., and K. J. Wolfe, SAM/1A: A Rapid Screening
Method for Environmental Assessment of Fossil Energy Process
Effluent's"! EPA-bOO/7-78-015 QNTIS - PB 277088), EPA Con-
tract No. 68-02-2160. Mountain View, CA, Accurex Corp./
Aerotherm Div., February 1978.
10. Cleland, J. G., and G. L. Kingsbury, Multimedia Environ-
mental Assessment. Volumes I and II. EFA-bOO/7-77-13ba,b,
(NTIS - PB 276919, PB 276920), EPA Contract No. 68-02-2612.
Research Triangle Park, NC, RTI, November 1977.
144
-------
APPENDIX - DATA LISTING
TABLE A-l.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN
THE COAL FEEDSTOCK
• -
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
r>y
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Concentration
(yg/g)
>1000
0.8
5
230
0.3
0.3
4
3
0.3
>1000
11
1
18
22
3
25
0.5
0.2
0.2
= 45
0.3
8
0.5
Concentration
(yg/g)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
0.3
Std
2
>1000
7
8
45
0.1
>1000
11
0.42*
3
4
5
5
660
>1000
2
8
Concentration
(yg/g)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
2
1
2
>1000
0.3
>1000
39
>1000
<0.2
0.1
<0.3
3
<0.1
1
>1000
0.5
2
18
0.6
7
16
28
Concentrations determined by SSMS except where indicated.
*Detennined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Std - used as the standard
element concentrations not reported <0.1 yg/g
145
-------
TABLE A-2. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN THE
PRODUCT GAS -
Partieulatea (j;g/g)
>3u <3u
Al
Sb
AS
33
Be
3i
3
Br
Cd
Ca
Ca
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
C-a
Ga
Au
Hf
Ho
la
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
MS
Mn
Hg
>30
200
>900
600
0.4
40
0.6
5
20
>900
40
4
>900
90
30
200
2
<0.9
1.9
=•200
2
>900
0.9
<0.2
0.9
0.9
Std
0.9
>900
50
>900
70
0.3
>900
300
HD
>4000
2000
2000
>9000
2
700
300
90
300
>9000
300
9
>9000
600
60
500
6.0
= 900
9
4000
20
Std
4
>9000
200
>9000
50
>9000
400
ND
Cases.
(.US/ of 3 25°C)
Mo
2 Nd
<50 N'i
Mb
Os
?d
P
Pt
10 K
* Pr
Re
Rh
* Rb
6 Ru
Sm
10 So
Sa
31
Ag
Na
Sr
10 S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Tb,
Ta
Sa
Ti
W
a
50 V
Yb
Y
3 Zn
Zr
?articulacea (^g/g) Gases
>3w
90
30
Int
30
>300
>300
6
<0.1
30
9
4
30
20
40
>90
200
>200
<0.9
20
0.7
90
9
<0.1
200
>900
9
6
30
0.9
20
>900
40
<3u Cug/n' 3 25*Cj
600
40
200 20
50
3000 10
>9000 *
40
70 7
30
40
500 20
:ooo
300
>9000
600
>9000 *
<30
3
<20
<30
3000
3000 300
90
<90
300 0.8
90
>9000 40
600
Caocncraclona dec«mla«d by SSKS
S»mfl» wm« thermally ashed t 350*C for on* hour in a laboratory furnace
in a quartz crucible prior to analysis.
Eleaeat concentration* not reported: Partieulaee* >3u,<0.093 pg/g
<2u,<4.3 UC/S
Gaa, 9000 uj/n1 in the sanple and
the blank
Int - interference in analyai*
Std - uaed as ecaodazd
HD - element aot detectable using SSMS.
146
-------
TABLE A- 3.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN THE PARTICULATES
FROM THE GASIFIER INLET AIR (SAMPLE DAY 4-4-78)
Concentration
(yg/m3)
Al
Sb .12
As -57
Ba >.66
Be
Bi >]-
B
Br -063
Cd -050
Ca
Ce -2
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu -4
oy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga >-99
Ge -024
Au
Hf
Concentration
(Hg/m3)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La .16
Pb >.98
Li .073
Lu
Mg
Mn >.92
Hg ND
Mo .42
Nd .12
Ni .54
Nb .02
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr .082
Re
Rh
Rb .075
Concentration
(Ug/m3)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
.055
.079
.42
.26
.40
.38
.1
.6
>.89
Sample was digested in HNOa and HC1 prior to analysis.
Concentrations determined by SSMS except where indicated.
jjD - element not detectable using SSMS.
AJ.1 element concentrations reported <.014 ug/m3.
*Heterogeneous.
147
-------
TABLE A-4. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN THE PARTICULATES
FROM THE GASIFIER INLET AIR (SAMPLE DAY 4-3-78)
Concentration
(yg/m3)
Al
Sb .0088
As .09
Ba >.066
Be
Bi .0072
B
Br .0083
Cd
Ca
Ce .018
Cs
Cl
Cr >.0540
Co .035
Cu .071
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga >.Q99
Ge .007
Au
Hf
Concentration
(yg/m3)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La .012
Pb >.098
Li .0024
Lu
Mg
Mn >.092
Hg ND
Mo .0110
Nd
Ni .028
Nb .062
.046
.012
.065
.012
Sample was digested in HNOa and HC1 prior to analysis.
Concentrations determined by SSMS except where indicated,
ND - not detectable using SS11S.
All element concentrations not reported <.0012 yg/m3.
148
-------
TABLE A-5.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN THE PARTICULATES
FROM THE GASIFIER INLET AIR (SAMPLE DAY 4-1-78)
-
Concentration
(Ug/m3)
Al
Sb -18
As 2-76
Ba
Be
Bi 'U4
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce 1>8
Cs >3-96
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu 1-74
oy
Er
Eu «03
F
Gd
Ga 3.36
Ge -024
Au
Hf
Concentration
(Ug/m3)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La 2.4
Pb 4.14
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn > 5.52
Hg ND
Mo 5.1
Nd .258
Ni 1.74
Nb .024
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr .12
Re
Rh
Kb .1*8
Concentration
(yg/m3)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
.216
.312
.192
3.3
> 3.72
3.48
.78
2.52
.54
=^^^mm=M=m=x*f^a=f=
Sample was digisted in HN03 and HC1 prior to analysis.
Concentrations determined by SSMS except where indicated.
yQ - not detectable using SSMS.
All element concentrations reported <.024 yg/m3.
149
-------
TABLE A-6.
TEACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION -IN
THE ASH SLUICE WATER
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
>0.5
0.004
0.04
£10
<0.001
0.001
0.01
0.003
£10
0.1
0.003
17
0.5
0.04
0.1
0.003
0.001
0.001
= 0.6
0.002
0.04
0.001
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
0.002
Std
<0.001
5
0.05
0.02
0.4
0.001
5
0.01
ND
0.4
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.4
>6
0.01
0.2
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
0.01
0.007
0.02
£10
0.002
>1
3
>3
0.001
0.04
<0.001
0.004
£10
0.01
0.01
0.5
0.002
0.04
0.07
0.2
Determined by SSMS except where indicated.
ND - not detectable using SSMS.
All element concentrations not reported <0.001 yg/ml,
Std - standard.
150
-------
TABLE A-7.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN THE
DRY ASH FROM THE GASIFIER
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
flf
Concentration
(yg/g)
>1000
0.5
3
>1000
1
18
13
6
0.4
21000
180
10
8
190
23
200
3
1
1
= 59
2
22
1
2
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mh
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
Concentration
(yg/g)
2
Std
0.3
*1000
160
12
>240
0.3
£1000
69
0.28*
15
34
62
35
ilOOO
>1000
16
<0.1
150
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Concentration
(yg/g)
11
9
2
>1000
1
>1000
490
>1000
<0.2
0.6
0.3
29
0.2
2
>1000
2
32
200
2
56
18
350
Determined by SS11S except where indicated.
*Determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
All element concentrations not reported <0.1 yg/g.
Std - used as the standard.
151
-------
TABLE A-8.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION
IN THE CYCLONE DUST
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Concentration
(yg/g)
>1000
53
85
>1000
0.8
3
5
11
2
>1000
99
15
100
58
10
68
2
0.9
1
= 240
1
220
11
<0.1
3
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
Concentration
(yg/g)
1
Std
24
>1000
130
230
160
0.3
>1000
570
280*
57
110
47
52
>1000
>1000
35
<0.1
15
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Concentration
(yg/g)
11
7
16
>1000
5
>1000
270
> 1000
0.9
0.6
22
97
0.2
39
>1000
5
45
150
2
42
>1000
110
Determined by SSMS except where indicated.
*Determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
All element concentrations not reported <0.1 yg/g,
Std - used as the standard.
152
-------
TABLE A-9. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN CYCLONE
DUST LEACHATE
Concentration
(yg/mi)
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
2
0.03
0.7
0.003
0.7
0.005
>10.0
0.01
0.002
>10.0
0.004
0.3
0.09
>10.0
Concentration
(Ug/ml)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
Os
Pd
P
Ft
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
Std
0.1
1*
0.008
0.7
0.5
7
>10.0*
< 0.0005**
0.07*
0.005
Int
0.002
0.3
>10.0
0.002
Concentration
(yg/mi)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
< 0.002
2
0.002
>4
>10.0
< 0.001
0.2
<0.01
0.002*
0.004
>10,0
0.004
Determined by SSMS except where indicated.
All element concentrations not reported <0.002 yg/ml
**Determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
*Heterogeneous.
Int - Interference in analysis.
Std - used as the standard.
153
-------
TABLE A-10.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN
THE ASH LEACHATE
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Concent ration
(yg/ml)
0.006
0.004
0.1
0.02
0.002
0.001
0.099
0.16
0.002
0.001
0.008
=0.06
0.001
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
Os
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Std
0.01
<0.002
0.008
0.03
0.036
0.005
ND
0.02
Int
0.001
0.1
>6
0.002
Concentration
(Pg/ml)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
< 0.001
0.2
0.005
>1
0.06
0.3
0.001
<0.01
0.007
0.003
4
0.03
Determined by SSMS.
ND - not detectable using SSMS.
All element concentrations not reported
Std - used as the standard.
<0.001 yg/ml
154
-------
TABLE A-11.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN THE
WELLMAN-GALUSHA GASIFIER JACKET WATER
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
>1
0.07
0.04
0.5
0.005
0.3
0.004
>io
0.007
3
0.04
0.004
0.07
*v O
0.004
0.007
< 0.003
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
Os
Pd
P
P.t
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
Std
0.6
9
0.01
0.2
0.001
>10
0.3
ND
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.9
>10
0.003
0.02
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
< 0.001
0.02
>10
0.004
3
0.5
>8
0.005
0.3
0.02
0.01
0.004
3
0.008
Determined by SSMS.
{ID - not detectable using SSMS.
All element concentrations not reported <0-.001 ug/ml.
Std - used as standard.
155
-------
TABLE A-12. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN THE SERVICE WATER
USED AT THE LOW-BTU GASIFICATION FACILITY
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Al 0.01
Sb
As 0.006
Ba 0.2
Be
Bi
B 0.002
Br 0.03
Cd 0.001
Ca >10
Ce 0.001
Cs
Cl 0.5
Cr <0.02
Co < 0.001
Cu 0.05
Dy
Er
Eu
F -0.3
Gd
Ga <0.001
Ge
Au
Hf
Concentration
(yg/ml)
Ho
In Std
I 0.001
Ir
Fe 0.2
La 0.002
Pb 0.07
Li 0.001
Lu
Mg >10
Mn 0.02
Hg ND
Mo 0.004
Nd
Ni 0.02
Nb
Os
Pd
P 0.2
Pt
K >10
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb 0.003
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Concentration
(yg/ml)
< 0.001
<0.003
0.6
0.04
>2
0.1
1
<0.02
0.008
0.002
0.001
0.8
0.001
1-HMT-^-m-
Determined by SSMS,
ND - not detectable using SSMS
All element concentrations not reported <0.002 yg/ml
Std - used as the standard
156
-------
TABLE A-13.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IH THE TEST BURNER FLUE
GAS (SASS CONDENSATE, XAD-2, AND IMPIUGER SAMPLES)
Al
Sb
As
Ba
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Dy
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
ttf
Concentration
(yg/m3 @ 25°C)
>130
1.0
18
16
230
2.8
0.70
780
0.63
1.0
490
>680
<7.3
5.3
*32
0.56
0.35
.Concentration
(yg/m3 @ 25°C)
Ho
In
I
Ir
Fe
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ni
Nb
OS
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Re
Rh
Rb
Std
2.1
>590
1.4
4.2
0.035
110
27
ND
68
290.0
2.2
63
440
0.35
<0.03
Concentration
(yg/m3 @ 25°C)
Ru
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
<0.63
12.0
120
7.4
>130
4.0
320
<0.1
7.2
<15
1.0
4.4
3.0
0.2
28
1.0
Gas Flow - 174 scfm.
Concentrations determined by SSMS.
ND- not detectable using SSMS.
All element concentrations not reported <0
Std - used as the standard.
157
-------
TABLE A-14. HYDROCARBON (C i-C6) CONTENT OF THE
PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
Date Sampled
3/28
3/29
3/30
3/31
4/1
4/2
4/3
Component
C\ (vppm) C2
2330.2
2109.3
1840.5
1791.0
1741.0
2007.3
2373.6
2051.4
1635.5
1958.6
1803.2
1809.0
1808.5
1688.5
1890.8
1820.0
1816.7
1930.6
1954.4
1912.4
Concentration
(vppm) Cs
1.3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.3
1.7
ND
2.0
ND
0.3
ND
ND
ND
0.4
0.4
ND
ND
ND
==»—•«•
(vppm)
1.5
ND
ND
ND
ND
6.6
6.1
2.2
4.4
4.7
3.5
3.9
4.1
3.3
4.1
4.8
4.4
8.4
2.2
2.4
Analyzed by gas chromatography from grab samples.
ND - Not detected .
CU-CG were not detected,
158
-------
VO
TABLE A-15. DAILY AVERAGES OF FIXED GASES AND THE HHV
FOR THE PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
Date Sampled
No. of Samples Collected
Component
C02
H2
02
N2
CHi»
CO
HHV*(MJ/dry m3)
3/27
1
3/28
4
3/29
4
3/30
2
3/31
2
4/1
3
4/2
5
4/3
3
Daily Averages (Vol %)
5.77
15.95
0.85
52.00
0.23
25.20
5.03
5.64
15.78
0.79
51.69
0.21
25.89
5.07
5.45
16.59
0.90
51.31
0.24
25.51
5.14
5.40
16.64
0.78
51.28
0.24
25.66
5.18
5.40
16.35
0.93
51.40
0.27
25.65
5.14
5.31
16.39
0.85
51.46
0.23
25.76
5.14
5.54
16.33
1.06
51.91
0.22
24.94
5.03
5.63
16.43
1.01
51.58
0.21 ,
25.14
5.07
Analyzed by gas chromotography from grab samples.
Average moisture content of gas was 5.94%.
*HHV calculated based on H2, CO and CHi, concentrations.
-------
TABLE A-16. SULFUR SPECIES (H2S, COS, S02, CS2) CONCENTRATION
IN THE PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
Component Concentration (vppm)
Sample Date
3/28
3/29
3/30
3/31
4/1
4/2
4/3
H2S
_
357.6
551.8
-
••
404.3
562.8
-
—
727.0
653.6
683.6
612.4
-
633.5
620.8
740.5
766.2
643.3
692.0
842.2
863.6
658.5
576.6
711.9
652.3
699.2
287.2
COS
89.96
77.76
91.40
89.71
90.73
95.37
104.4
-
93.09
94.14
97.48
99.58
88.88
-
91.08
93.92
94.35
91.55
94.83
97.96
100.1
103.3
99.38
107.1
94.60
86.79
87.26
61.07
SO 2
—
_
-
-
—
.
-
7.017
6.099
9.859
11.25
10.66
_
11.92
14.89
13.44
16.76
15.49
24.19
76.64
76.80
74.84
8.812
7.205
10.03
4.606
-
4.760
CS2
0.7022
•»
0.5130
1.039
1.131
_
<0.5
1.318
<0.5
1.364
-
0.9294
1.017
0.7650
0.6038
1.102
0.8847
.K_
1.519
0.9264
<0.5
0.8875
<0.5
—
<0.5
not determined
Analyzed by gas chromatography from grab samples.
160
-------
TABLE A-17. TOTAL SULFUR DETERMINATIONS IN
THE PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
Sample Date
3/30
3/31
4/3
4/7
Sulfur Concentration
(vppm)
833
699
667
750
743
658
727
577
649
Sulfur Mass
Flow
10.30
8.73
8.33
9.36
9.89
8.76
9.68
0 . 108*
0.122*
^Product gas to the test burner
161
-------
TABLE A-18
CN", SON", NH3, Hi (COX, Fe(CO)5
CONCENTRATION IN PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
Sample
Date
3/31
4/3
4/7*
CN~
(vppm)
<3.0
43.1
53.4
28.5
*
45.3
16.4*
*
45.3
35.2*
40.6*
Component
SCN"
(vppm)
6.4
5.7
9.8
10.9
10.2*
13.1*
6.7*
15.8*
*
4.3
Concentration
Ni(COK Fe(CO)5"
NHs (yg/m3 (Ug/m3
(vppm) @ 25°C) @ 25°C)
247 41 228
190 23 82
130
160 10 3
204
127
*
217
137*
251*
261*
221*
Analyzed from impinger samples.
*Product gas to test burner.
162
-------
TABLE A-19. PARTICIPATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS
cr»
CO
Cyclone
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
Cyclone
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Particulates
Collected (g)
349.39
0.86
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.07
350.45
76.06
2.54
0.27
0.15
0.12
0.06
1.39
Estimated
% of Particulates Aerodynamic
Collected Impact ion
99.70
0.24
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
100.00
94.38
3.15
0.34
0.19
0.15
0.07
1.72
>6.80
3.95
2.38
1.61
1.02
0.67
<0.67
>15.0
7.91
4.76
3.22
2.05
1.35
<1.35
Particle Diameter (pm)
Aerodynamic Stokes
3.78
2.22
1.45
0.88
0.54
<0.54
7.73
4.59
3.06
1.89
1.19
3.77
2.21
1.44
0.86
0.52
<0.52
7.73
4.59
3.05
1.88
1.18
80.59
100.00
-------
TABLE A-20. COMPARISON OF COAL HOPPER GAS AND
PRODUCT LOW-BTU GAS COMPOSITIONS
Component
C02 (V0l%)
H2 (vol%)
02 (vol%)
Na (vol%)
CEn (vol%)
CO (vol%)
H2S (vppm)
COS (vppm)
S02 (vppm)
CS2 (vppm)
CN~ (vppm)
SCN~ (vppm)
NHs (vppm)
Fe(CO)5 (Mg/m3
Ni(COK (yg/m3
Particulates
Sample Collection
3/31 4/1 4/3
Date
4/3
Product Low-Btu Gas
Coal Hopper Gas "Composition Composition
4.58 4.41 4.69
15.64 14.19 13.60
1.88 3.16 4.01
52.86 54.23 55.17
0.25 0.21 0.20
24.79 23.80 22.26
287.2
61.1
4.8
<0.5
ND
ND
ND
<§25°C) 15.5
(§250C) ND
ND
5.63
16.43
1.01
51.58
0.21
25.14
587.6
82.4
6.5
<0.6
41.0
10.4
164
104*
25*
Average concentration of 3/31 and 4/3 samples
ND: not detected
Coal Hopper Gas Flow Rate » 4.5 scfm (0.13 mVmin <§ 25°C)
164
-------
TABLE A-21. ESTIMATED CONCENTRATION AND COMPONENT FLOW
RATE FOR THE POKEHOLE GASES
Component
CO 2
H2
02
N2
CHtt
CO
H2S
COS
S02
CS2
a b
Estimated Concentration Estimated Flow Rate
(vol %) (Ug/m3) (Ug/sec @25°C)
5.63
16.43
1.01
51.58
0.21
25.14
0.0588
0.0082
0.0006
<0. 00006
103.6 x 10s
13.7 x 10s
13.5 x 10s
604.0 x 10s
1.4 x 10s
294.4 x 10s
0.836 x 10s
0.206 x 10s
0.016 x 10s
<0.002 x 10s
18,700
2,500
2,400
109,100
250
53,200
150
40
3
<0.4
aAverage product low-Btu gas composition for sample day 4/3.
Average flow rate of pokehole gases .(pokehole valve closed and with
poke rod inserted) - 22.8 scfh (0.65 m3/h @25°C)
165
-------
TABLE A-22. TEST BURNER FLUE GAS COMPOSITION
Component
CO 2 (vol%)
Oz (vol%)
N2 (V0l%).
Ci (vppm)
Cz (vppm)
Ca (vppm)
HzS (vppm)
COS (vppm)
SO 2 (vppm)
CS2 (vppm)
Total S (vppm)
NOX (vppm)
CN (vppm)
SCN~ (vppm)
NHs (vppm)
Fe(CO)s (vppb)
Ni(COK (vppb)
Total Organics (y/m3 @ 25°C)
Average
Concentration
9.5
10.8
79.7
0.4
ND
ND
ND
ND
491
ND
199
267
<3
2
<5
17
3
1910
Flue gas flow rate: 174 scfm (4.87 m3/min @ 25°C)
ND: Not detected.
166
-------
TABLE A-23. PRODUCT GAS ORGANIC EXTRACTS
TCO - 680 yg/m3 <§ 25 °C
Grav - 6310 yg/m3
Total - 6990 yg/m3
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration, yg/m3 @ 25°C
Acenaphthylene 6
Anthracene/Phenanthrene 25
Fluoranthene 6
Fluorene 6
Naphthalene 75
Phenol 52
Methyl Phenols 27
>2 isomers
Dimethyl Phenols 11
>2 isomers
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 8
Pyrene 15
Sulfur 210
167
-------
TABLE A- 24. PRODUCT GAS PARTICULARS ORGANIC 'EXTRACTS
TCO = 4700 yg/g
Grav - 20,400 yg/g
Total = 25,100 yg/g
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration.
Anthracene/Phenanthrene 20
Chrysene/Benzanthracene 7
Fluoranthene 7
Phenols ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 200
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 20
Diethyl Phthalate 20
Pyrene 20
Sulfur 4000
ND: not detected (<0.7 yg/g)
168
-------
TABLE A-25. ORGANIC EXTRACTS OF GASIFIER IITLET AIR
PARTICULATES (SAMPLE DAY 4/3/78)
TCO - 118 yg/g
Grav » 124 yg/g
Total - 242 yg/g
Organic Compounds - Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration, yg/g
Chloronaphthalene 0.3
Naphthalene 0.7
Phenols ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 1.0
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 0.7
Diethyl Phthalate 2.1
Sulfur ND
ND: not detected (<0.03 yg/g)
169
-------
TABLE A-26. ORGANIC EXTRACT OF GASIFIER INLET
AIR PARTICULATES (SAMPLE DAY 4/1/78)
TCO - 670 ug/g
Grav - 90 yg/g
Total - 760 yg/g
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration. Ufi/g
Anthracene/Phenanthrene 0.50
Fluorene 0.25
Naphthalene 1.8
Phenols ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 0.25
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 0.50
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 0.25
Diethyl Phthalate 1.0
Sulfur ND
ND: not detected (<0.03 yg/g)
170
-------
TABLE A- 27. ASH SLUICE WATER ORGANIC EXTRACTS
TCO - 40,000
Grav * 6500
Total - 46,500 yg/Jl
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration,
Phenol ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 33
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 7
Sulfur ND
ND: not detected (<0.7
171
-------
TABLE A-28. DRY GASIFIES. ASH ORGANIC EXTRACTS
TCO - 13 yg/g
Grav » 103 yg/g
Total = 116 yg/g
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration. Uc/g
Phenol ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 0.58
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 0.08
Diethyl Phthalate 0.05
Sulfur 77.0
ND: not detected (<0.0005 yg/g)
172
-------
TABLE A-29. WET GASIFIER ASH ORGANIC EXTRACTS
TCO - 33 yg/g
Grav - 63 yg/g
Total - 96 yg/g
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration, yg/g
Phenols ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 0.03
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 0.34
Diethyl Phthalate 0.15
Sulfur 30.0
ND: not detected (<0.001 yg/g)
173
-------
TABLE A-30. CYCLONE DUST ORGANIC EXTRACTS
TCO - 42 yg/g
Grav - 743 yg/g
Total = 785 yg/g
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration.
Anthracene/Phenanthrene 0.1
Fluorene 0.1
Naphthalene 0.4
Phenols ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 2.0
DI-N-Butyl Phthalate 0.2
Diethyl Phthalate 0.2
Sulfur 160
ND: not detected (<0.01 yg/g)
174
-------
TABLE A-31. ASH LEACHATE ORGANIC EXTRACTS
TCO - 31,500
Grav - 4700 yg/5,
Total « 36,200 yg/2,
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compound Concentration. yg/&
Phenols ND
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 21
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 21
Diethyl Phthalate 52
Sulfur ND
ND: not detected (<1,0 yg/2-)
175
-------
TABLE A-32. COMBUSTOR GAS COMBINED ORGANIC MODULE EXTRACTS
TCO - 950 yg/m3 @ 25°C
Grav - 950 yg/m3
Total - 1900 yg/m3
Organic Compounds Identified by GC/MS
Compounds Concentration, yg/m3 (g 25°C
Anthracene/Phenanthrene 0.4
Fluoranthene 0.4
Naphthalene 1.2
Phenol 6.9
Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 4.7
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate 0.6
Pyrene 0.8
Benzo(a)pyrene 0.4
Sulfur ND
ND: not detected (<0.02 yg/m3 @ 25°C)
176
-------
TABLE A-33. LIST OF CONTINUOUS MONITORING DATA .IN APPENDIX
Monitoring by Radian
COS concentration in product gas, ppm
HzS concentration in product gas, ppm
CSz concentration in product gas, ppm
concentration in product gas, ppm
concentration in product gas, ppm
CS.it concentration in product gas, %
Monitoring by Acurex
Heating value of product gas
CO concentration in product gas, %
C02 concentration in product gas, %
CHi, concentration in product gas, %
Temperature of product gas
Temperature of inlet jacket water
Temperature of outlet jacket water
Temperature of gasifier saturated inlet air
Flow rate of inlet jacket water
Orifice reading for product gas flow rate
Orifice reading for flow rate across gasifier
Pressure drop across gasifier
177
-------
00
in
O
u
B
o«
(X
1MO.O
126.0
112.0
98.0
W.O
70.0
56.0
17.0
M.O
m.o
System
Upset
as
U/01/78
• - Grab Sample Results
11/02/78
•» S 2 8 * "SS8 ' * • H 2 8 • ' • 58 5 8 I » • *» g jg I
U/03/78 4/04/78 U/05/78 M/06/78 M/07/78
Figure A-l
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation
On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Carbonyl Sulfide
Concentrations in the Product Gas, ppm.
-------
vO
-------
CO
o
IX
110.0
H.O
M.O
•N.O
n-°
SO.O
31.0
M.O
IU.O
2.0
• - Grab Sample Results
Upset
•y ' »ig v
TV~
28 ' * • 2 2
4/01/78 4/02/78
•228 ' * * 2 2 8 ''•228 ' * • 8 2 8 ' » " 2 2 8
4/03/78 4/04/78 4/05/78 4/06/78 4/07/78
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation
Figure A-3. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Carbon Disulfide
Concentration in the Product Gas, ppm.
-------
oo
IMO.O
173.0
105.0
M.O
CM T2-0
CO n.O
§. 3l-°
a 71.0
-11.0
• - Grab Sample Results
Systehy^
Upsetl
\J]
• « «• a i » • ~ <• a
•* ^ w ** ** c»
U/02/78 U/03/78
»MUR Ivvnvg I » • o> i* g
»* •• n§ ™ ^ IV ^•*W
M/OM/78 U/05/78 U/06/78
• 2 2 8
U/07/78
Figure A-4.
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation.
On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Sulfide Dioxide
Concentration in the Product Gas, ppm.
-------
oo
e
ex
o.
200.01
teo.o
If 0.0
I'lO.O
120.0
ICO.O
60.0
eo.o
40.0
23.0
he-
Analyzer not working
properly
• - Impinger Sampling Results
M/01/78
O CM
C* CM
rWJlfl
-------
00
8
10.0
9.0
a.o
7.0
6.0
s.o
3.0
2.0
1.0
• - Grab Sample Results
System
a Upset ^ ^^ __*-•* f\
S8 ''-SISS T'«~;aj3 r , « 2 « o 1 ^ « <« w jg 1 7 . N i. g 1 .» •
4/01/78 4/OP/73 4/03/78 '4/04/78 4/05/78 4/OC/79 4/0
Note: Monitored by Radian Corporation
Figure A-6. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Methane
Concentration in the Product Gas, %.
-------
CO
3
(O
160.0
ISM.O
im.o
m?.o
IM-O
110.0
i2M-°
111.0
117.0
IOC.O
s.s
5-0
System
Upset
'•5 5
I
4/01/78 4/02/78
4/03/78
.NUg I ;,«,,* u, o | *„<.,<. g I ;,«,•>.;. o
4/04/78 4/05/78 4/06/78 4/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-7. Heating Value of Product Gas
-------
00
Ln
50.0
71.0
N.O
71.0
0
0 H.O
glto
O 17.0
M
Pn *'°
6.0
3.0
V !__________
*• *""
| ^ j||
System
Upset
* * *
• - Grab Sample Results
1 1 • • • • • | ... . . - . . , . . . , , , ,
M/01/78 4/02/78 M/03/78 M/OM/78 4/05/78 M/06/78 M/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-8. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Carbon
Monoxide Concentration in Product Gas, %
-------
oo
cr>
CM
o
o
0)
a
PL,
iQ.a
i.o
ro
s.o
s.o
1.0
2.0
i.o
System
Upset
• - Grab Sample Results
-« N
iJ/01/78
• w w g I
M/Q2/78
H/03/98
14/05/78
•
M/06/78
M/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-9. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Carbon
Dioxide Concentration in Product Gas, %
-------
CD
10.0
a.o
e.o
8 "-0
4j 2.0
g .0
U
& -2-°
* -M.O
-6.0
-8.01
System
tjpsetj
- Grab Sample Results
W/Ol/78
U/02/78
I J7 OO CM 10 O
»-•«-• (V
M/03/78
M/OM/78
4/05/78
M/06/78
^/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-10. On-Line Gas Chromatograph Results - Methane
Concentration in Product Gas, 70
-------
oo
00
•u
QJ
"ti
0)
l-i
•a
f*
0)
O
10 O
M/OM/78
11/05/78
M/06/78
O) N U> Q
U/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-ll. Temperature of Product Gas
-------
OO
vO
60.0
76.0
72.0
68.0
60.0
S6.0
W
«
CO 52. 0
0)
O M8.0
^
System
Upset
T
2S
.2*
•'« ^
.5
M/01/78
* " 12 S
•4/02/76
M/03/78
U/OU/78
4/05/78 U/06/78
1 ^~T~N~"iT~j^ I
4/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-12. Temperature of Inlet Jacket Water
-------
•U
•H
0)
rj
•ti
Q>
t ,
M
•3
fe
CO
0)
0)
M
00
(U
O
220.0
207.0
I9M.O
IB1.0
168.0
IS5.0
IM2.0
129.0
116.0
103.0
f-^^^^^^^^^^^^
^ f p--— ^ ^-^f^fj~^lt^\j^^^/^^f^^ ^^rv
^ ^i
System
Upset
t0Q I^OBfvlCffQ IjtDNlOO IjtarJUQ l^t&NtDQ |jo>N^^ l.orvJUIO
M/01/78 U/02/78 M/03/78 U/OU/78 M/05/78 U/06/78 4/07/78
.100
.0*
LO*
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-13. Temperature of Outlet Jacket Water
-------
iao.0
Fahrenheit
P M P 5
o o o o e
(0 130.0
0)
2 "°-°
00
01 100.0
«
90.0
1
System
Upset
' •* I I i I | I
(0Q |7«MI0P I^BNUIQ f^nNlOO JID^1£N nt^N IjttNbDQ |
4/01/78 M/02/78 M/03/78 U/OM/78 M/05/78 U/06/78 M/07/78
II
SO
.11
u
o
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-14. Temperature of Gasifier Saturated Inlet Air
-------
0. 10
Ifl.D <
S 15.0;
1.0
S. 0
XU
Syste^'^^^-^^
Upset v' f
t J
(Vt '<> Q
I
CM'OCj
- -
iO(\»t4i
-
'1/03/76
U/Of. 7
....
0.»2
fo
0
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-15. Flow Rate of Inlet Jacket Water
-------
VO
CD
4J -10.0
c
0. ,.0
£ 6-°
•H M.O
0>
4J -0
0)
3= -2.0
CO
0)
O
-6.0
-a.o
System
.10
I
. t
n)
•-*
M/Ot/78
„ W <£ O
M/02/78
00
iJ/03/78
U/OM/78
'1/05/78
OD O< U> O
4/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-16. Orifice Reading for Product Gas Flow Rate
-------
d
o>
tn
0)
X-l
1-4
Q)
4J
u
a
20.0
11.0
16.0
m.o
17.0
10.0
1.0
s.o
il.O
2.0
System
Upset
2 8
11/01/"78
-> ~ £ g
14/02/-78
2 2 8I =r' «.' rj * o
M/OM/78
- 2 2 8
M/05/78
"1"
•) tv U> O
M/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-17. Orifice for Flow Rate Across Gasifier
-------
I—1
VO
l_n
M
4J
•*
m
o
0)
ri
0
M
10.0
8.0
1.0
7.0
6.0
S.O
4.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
-y^*^-^^-^"
L _j^ __ ___ — .
*^ — ix— „ ~+^s*~\f~* -— ^— ^ X* v " T^ if ^ " ' " " * — ~* — "
. iA/ y
i^~"~"^M f
System
Upset
wl 1 1 1 • 1 ---••- ->
2.5
2..
'
.1. *
eg
EH
**<
•1 .0
.0.5
M/01/78 M/02/78 M/03/78 M/OU/78 4/05/78 U/06/78 4/07/78
Note: Monitored by Acurex Corporation
Figure A-18. Pressure Drop Across Gasifier
-------
TABLE A-34. BIOASSAY TEST RESULTS - GLEN-GERY GASIFICATION FACILITY
Coal Gasifier Ash Ash Cyclone Dust
Feed Ash* Sluice Water* Leachate Dust* Leachate
VQ
CT»
HEALTH TESTS
1. AMESa Negb Neg
2. Cytotoxicity
WI-38, EC-50
(cell count,
yfc/mfc of
culture)
RAM, EC-50 >1000 >1000
(cell count,
Vig/m£ of
culture)
3. Rodent Acute Low Low
Toxicity
LD-50 (g sam- >10 >10
pie/kg rat)
ECOLOGICAL TESTS
Soil Microcosm **
Neg
>600
Neg
>600
Neg
Neg
500
>1000
Low
Low
Low
Indicates a plant waste stream.
a: AMES tests were also run on Product Gas and Combustor Flue Gas particulates
and XAD-2 resin extracts. All tests results were negative.
b: Mutagenic activity was observed in one sample of coal; however, this
observation was not repeated in any other coal sample.
**: Gasifier ash was clearly more toxic than cyclone dust.
-------
TABLE A-35. RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION
Gross a Gross g
Disintegration / min-g Disintegration / min-g
Coal Feed 4.2 - 1.3 0.0 - 7.1
Dry Ash 9.5 - 1.3 0.0 + 7-6
Cyclone Dust 8.4 - 2.4 6.0 - 9
Product Gas 620 - 44 2500 - 90
Particulates
197
-------
[T. HEPORTNO"
«. TITLE AND SUBTITLE"^ 5
,„ TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing!
. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
". AUTHOR(S)
t: Sour,ce Test
6n
_
LoW-Btll 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
W.C.Thomas, K.N.Trede, and G.C. Page
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
U* I I
Corporation
- O. Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
NAME ANO ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE825 ________
11. CONTRACT/GRANT N<5.
68-02-2147, Exhibit A
iENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
of Research and Development
Environmental Research Laboratory
Triangle Park, NC 27711
1CT;W-"W
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
PERIOD COVERED
919/541-2851YN°TES IERL"RTP project officer is William J. Rhodes, Mail Drop 61,
.The_r|port gives results of a Source Test and Evaluation Program at a
Comma • i — B***"" *b0u.ib0 UA a ui
Btu Spf *0al gasification plant using a Wellman-Galusha gasifier to produce low-
envlrn gaS anthracite coal. Major objective of the tests was to perform an
Result* f1!?1 ^sessment of the plant's waste streams and fugitive emissions.
tained chemical analyses of the plant's waste streams indicated that all con-
health a*! y-"10 and/or inorganic components which may have potentially harmful
CO NH? ecological effects. In the pokehole and coal hopper gaseous emissions,
Dounrfa ' and Possibly Fe(CO)5 were found to be of major concern. Organic com-
sluicp * W6re not specifically identified were of potential concern in the ash
and nA *u?r* The Sasifier ash and cyclone dust contained a number of trace elements
from fh Y organics that may be potentially harmful. Analyses of the leachate
K»«™ -?,e?e two solid waste streams indicated that the leachate may have potentially
health and/or ecological effects; however, at a substantially lower level of
when compared with the results of the ash and dust themselves. Overall, the
fou H f J,150*611^1 health and ecological effects of the plant's waste streams were
ouna to be significantly lower than those for waste streams produced by gasifying
bituminous coals.
>ROS,
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
fbJDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENO6O TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Pollution
Assessments
Coal Gasification
Anthracite
Pollution Control
'Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
Wellman-Galusha Pro-
cess
13B
14B
13H
21D
'«. O.STR.BUTIUN STATEMENT
Release to Public
9. SECURITY CLASS (ThisRtfort)
Unclassified^
.'0. SECURITY CLASS (
Unclassified
2. PRICE
'A Form 2«0-1 (»-73>
------- |