DoE
EPA
U.S. Department of Energy
Division of Fossil Fuel Extraction PMTC-5(79)
Pittsburgh Mining Technology Center
Pittsburgh. PA 15213
US. Environmental
Protection Agency
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-600/7-79-149
June 1979
Washability
Characteristics of
Arkansas and Texas
Lignites:
Report of Investigations
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
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EPA-600/7-79-149
June 1979
PMTC-5(79)
Distribution Category UC-90b
Washability Characteristics
of Arkansas and Texas Lignites:
Report of Investigations
by
J. A. Cavallaro and A. F. Baker
U. S. Department of Engergy
Coal Preparation Division
Pittsburgh Mining Technology Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
EPA Interagency Agreement No. DXE685-AK
Program Element No. EHE623A
EPA Project Officer: David A. Kirchgessner
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Research and Development and Division of Fossil Fuel Extraction
Washington, DC 20460 Pittsburgh Mining Technology Center
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract 1
Introduction 1
Acknowledgments 3
Test procedure 3
Collection of samples 3
Sample preparation 4
Arkansas lignites 7
Geology 7
Reserves • 7
Production 10
Texas lignites 10
Geology , 10
Resources 11
Production • 11
Experimental results 15
Arkansas lignite 15
Texas lignite 24
Sodium reduction 44
Discussion of results 44
Conclusions 46
References 47
ii
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. Page
1. Flow diagram showing preparation of face samples 5
2. Areas of shallow lignite deposits in Arkansas 8
3. Generalized cross section 9
4. Distribution of Texas near-surface lignite 12
TABLES
1. Identification of coal samples collected 3
2. Estimated original reserves of Arkansas lignite in deposits
more than 30 inches thick and lying beneath less than
100 feet of overburden 10
3. Stratigraphic occurrence of Texas lignite 13
4. Near-surface potential Texas lignite resources 14
5. Chemical and physical analyses of raw coal channel samples . 16
6. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 1 1?
7. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 2 20
8. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 3 22
9. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 4 25
10. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 5 27
11. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 6 30
12. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 7 32
13. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 8 35
14. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 9 37
iii
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Page
15. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 10 40
16. Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 11 42
17. Ion exchange test results with minus 14 mesh Arkansas and
Texas lignites 45
iv
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WASHABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ARKANSAS AND TEXAS LIGNITES
by
J. A. Cavallaro1 and A. F. Baker2
ABSTRACT
This report describes the washability characteristics of eleven
channel samples of lignite, four from Arkansas and seven from Texas.
Only two of the samples, those collected from Dallas County, Ar-
kansas, could be upgraded to meet the current EPA new source perform-
ance standard (NSPS) of 1.2 pounds S02/MM Btu. The other nine samples,
although averaging only a little over 1 percent total sulfur, were
relatively high in organic sulfur considering their low Btu/lb value,
and could not be upgraded to meet the standard.
Physical coal cleaning of these samples, however, provided signifi-
cant ash reduction which may reduce boiler fouling.
It was demonstrated that much of the sodium can be removed from
these Arkansas and Texas lignites by ion exchange. Analyses showed 37
to 91 percent sodium oxide reduction after treatment with a solution
containing calcium ions.
INTRODUCTION
In 1977 the electric utilities burned 477 million tons of coal with
an average sulfur content of 2.0 percent. The amount of coal consumed
by electric utilities is anticipated to reach 525 million tons by 1980
and approximately a billion tons by the year 2000 (_7). Because coal-
fired electric utility plants are the major source of sulfur oxide air
pollution in the United States today, EPA and its counterparts have
placed major emphasis on developing methods for controlling these
emissions.
Since 1965, the Environmental Protection Agency (or its predecessor
The National Air Pollution Control Administration) has funded a study by
1Supervisory Chemical Engineer.
Supervisory Physicist.
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the Coal Preparation Division of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),
formerly the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, to deter-
mine the amount of the various forms of sulfur in major sources of
utility steam coals and the washabilities of these coals. The EPA new
source performance standard is 1.2 pounds S02/MM Btu. This means that a
coal containing 13,000 Btu/lb can contain only 0.8 percent sulfur in
order to meet the standard. However, a lignite averaging 10,000 Btu/lb
(moisture free) could only contain 0.6 percent sulfur in order to meet
the standard.
Because of our need for increasing coal utilization to meet rapidly
growing energy needs, the DOE is expanding its investigation of the
preparation characteristics of United States coals to include various
low rank coals and lignite.
To date, very little information has been published on the removal
of impurities from lignite by coal preparation. The purpose of the
present study was to determine the potential of upgrading selected
Arkansas and Texas lignites by coal preparation techniques to improve
their utilization in combustion and conversion processes.
Physical cleaning can reduce the sulfur in coal which occurs as
pyrite, but it leaves the organic sulfur in the clean coal. For some
coals, however, coal cleaning may eliminate or minimize the need for
stack-gas scrubbing for achieving air quality criteria. Hence, coal
washing techniques that remove pyritic sulfur and other impurities
cheaply and efficiently can be used as a primary upgrading step before
utilization.
The deposition of ash on the heat transfer surfaces in boilers is a
problem in lignite combustion. This problem is aggravated by the
mineral constituents present in lignite. Sodium, an alkaline metal, has
been found to be the element chiefly responsible for accelerating the
fouling of boiler tubes (12). At high sodium levels, frequent cleaning
of the boilers is often necessary to maintain steam production. Tests
have shown, however, that the sodium content of lignite can be reduced
by an ion exchange process (_8). It has also been found that the rate of
boiler fouling depends upon the quantity of ash present in lignite.
Tufte et al. (12) have shown that the ash fouling rate of boiler tubes
increases exponentially with the ash content regardless of the sodium
oxide content of the ash.
This report describes the results from washability tests to deter-
mine the ash and sulfur reduction potential of selected Arkansas and
Texas lignites by stage crushing and subsequent specific gravity sepa-
ration. Supplementary data are presented to show the effect of treating
these lignites by an ion exchange process to reduce their sodium con-
tent. Data are also presented to characterize the chemical and physical
properties of the lignite samples collected in this investigation.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the cooperation and help of those
engineers, geologists, and mining company officials contacted during
this investigation. The assistance of R. B. Stroud, U.S. Bureau of
Mines State Liaison Officer, Arkansas, and M. E. Hawkins, U.S. Bureau of
Mines State Liaison Officer, Texas, is gratefully acknowledged. The
authors also wish to thank R. A. Welsh, U.S. Department of Energy for
collecting the samples and W. Dickie, C. Grimes, and U. Weinheimer, U.S.
Department of Energy, for performing the washability analyses on the
various coal samples.
The work was funded by the Environmental Protection Agency, and the
authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of T. Kelly Janes, James
Kilgroe, and David A. Kirchgessner from the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory of the Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N.C.
TEST PROCEDURE
Collection of Samples
Face samples were collected from surface mines in Arkansas (four
samples) and Texas (seven samples). The mines which were active were
producing coal primarily for consumption by electric utilities. The
four channel samples from Arkansas ranged from 2 feet 7 inches to 3 feet
1 inch thick; the seven samples from Texas ranged from 5 feet 4 inches
to 12 feet thick. Four of the Texas mines sampled produce coal for
electric power generation, one produces coal for making activated carbon,
and two are prospect mines. Identification of the coal samples col-
lected is presented in table 1.
TABLE 1. - Identification of coal samples collected
Sample No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
State
Arkansas
ii
11
11
.Texas
It
"
"
"
n
"
County
Dallas
ii
Ouachita
Saline
Freestone
it
Harrison
Milam
Panola
Titus
Angelina
Group
Wilcox (top bench)
Wilcox (bottom bench)
"
ii
"
it
n
it
"
"
Claiborne
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Face samples were collected according to the procedure recommended
by Fleldner and Selvig (2) and Holmes (5), except that the dimensions of
each sample cut were expanded to permit 600 pounds of coal to be taken
from the face. Partings and impurities were not removed from the
samples unless otherwise noted. The face was cleared of loose coal or
dirt for a width of approximately 5 feet. Loose pieces of roof were
also taken down to prevent them from falling into the sample while it
was being collected. Within the cleaned area of the face, the coal was
cut from the roof to the floor in a channel 1 inch deep and about 3 feet
wide to remove any altered or otherwise inferior coal such as oxidized
coal. The floor was then cleared and smoothed, and a sampling cloth was
spread to catch the sample.
The channel sample was cut perpendicular to the lay of the coalbed,
approximately 10 inches deep, and wide enough to provide a sample of 600
pounds. For example, for a 4-foot-thick coalbed a channel 30.5 inches
wide would be collected. The procedure is modified when a strip mine
sample is obtained where the overburden has been removed. In this case,
the depth and width of the channel would be equal. For example, for the
4-foot-thick bed noted above, the channel would be 17.5 inches deep by
17.5 inches wide. The collected sample includes all partings and other
impurities occurring in the channel.
Sample Preparation
The 600-pound channel samples collected in the field were loaded
into steel drums containing plastic liners and returned to the coal
preparation laboratory for processing. The sample preparation procedure
is outlined in the flowsheet shown in figure 1. Each sample to be
tested was air dried and crushed to 1-1/2-inch top size using a roll
crusher. The sample was then coned, long piled, and shoveled into four
pans, according to ASTM specifications, and divided into two portions by
combining opposite pans. Each sample was divided into two coarse por-
tions. One portion was crushed to 1-1/2 inches top size and sized 1-1/2
inches by 3/8 inch, 3/8 inch by 14 mesh, 14 by 100 mesh, and minus 100
mesh. The other portion was crushed to 3/8 inch top size and sized 3/8
inch by 14 mesh, 14 by 100 mesh, and minus 100 mesh. The cumulative
percentage of material retained on each screen was plotted on Rosin and
Rammler paper (9), and the size distribution coefficient n was deter-
mined from the slope of the line representing the data. The size dis-
tribution constant n is a measure of the degree of dispersion of par-
ticle size. The percentage of fines in a coal tend to increase with
decreasing values of n. The minus 100 mesh material was removed from
each portion and analyzed for chemical and physical properties.
Each of the remaining portions was float-sink tested at 1.30, 1.40,
and 1.60 specific gravities using CERTIGRAV,3 a commercial organic
^Reference to specific brands does not imply endorsement by the Depart-
ment of Energy.
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Gross sample
crushed to
2 - inch top size
Screened
Long piled and divided
\/
|inch x 14 meshx
14x100 mesh
Float- sink tested
12 inches x 0
crushed to
|-inch top size
Riffled
•| inch x 0
crushed to
14 -mesh top size
Screened
Riffled
, Y//'XX7///'/// SS. .
^ I inch it. 14 mesh /
O-QT sss ss s s s s / / s s Ss/s
14 x 100 mesh//A
/S/S/S, // / / Ss/s/
////'////// /// / / /
/A 14 mesh x Q
//S S S / / / S / / S j>
14 mesh x 0
raw cool head sample
FIGURE 1. - Flow diagram showing preparation of face samples.
1-22-77 L-15702
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liquid of standardized specific gravity produced by American Minechem
Corporation; the solution tolerance was ±0.001 specific gravity unit and
was monitored using a spindle hydrometer. A third portion crushed to 14
mesh top size was float-sink tested in its entirety at the same specific
gravities. Analyses of sodium oxide in the ash were obtained on each of
the specific gravity fractions of the sample crushed to 14 mesh top
size. However, the sodium oxide in the ash was recalculated and is
presented on a coal basis in the tables showing washability results.
A head sample was riffled from the 14-mesh by 0 portion for proxi-
mate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon),
ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, ash, and oxygen)
and determination of calorific value, fusibility of ash, major elements
in ash, free-swelling index, Hardgrove grindability index, and sulfur
forms and content (pyritic, organic, and total).
For the two coarse sized samples, the separation was made in a
screen bottom container which is inserted in 10-gallon-capacity vessels
containing the organic liquid. The sample was placed in the 1.30
specific gravity bath, in small quantities to prevent entrapment, and
was stirred a.nd allowed to separate. The lighter specific gravity coal
fraction was removed from the surface of the bath with a screen wire
strainer; the heavier specific gravity material settled to the container
bottom which was then raised above the liquid level to drain. The
container with the heavier specific gravity material was placed in the
1.40 specific gravity solution and the process was repeated. This
procedure was continued until the sample was separated into the desired
specific gravity fractions.
For the 14-mesh by 0 size sample, the separation was made in glass
separatory flasks joined by standard ground taper joints. After the
sample separated, a stopper was passed through the float layer and
inserted into the neck of the upper section of the separatory flask.
The flask was then separated and both products were filtered. The
"floats" were dried and prepared for analysis, while the "sinks" were
reintroduced into another separatory flask containing a heavier specific
gravity liquid and the float-sink procedure was repeated.
Upon completion of the float-sink testing, the specific gravity
fractions of the three sized samples were analyzed for calorific value,
ash, pyritic sulfur, and total sulfur content. All product analyses are
reported on a moisture-free basis unless otherwise noted. Raw coal
moisture, as presented in the appendix tables, is the moisture contained
in the sample after it was air dried at the coal preparation laboratory.
The air dry loss is not included in the moisture determination. It is
felt that under normal conditions the moisture content as reported here
would closely simulate the moisture content of the coal burned at the
powerplant.
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Specific gravity separations of fine coal are particularly diffi-
cult, especially with coals that are porous and contain high inherent
moisture contents, because the heavy liquid used can penetrate the pores
displacing the capillary held water, thus causing an increase in the
apparent specific gravity of the coal. This may explain the unexpectedly
low weight recoveries with some of the minus 14 mesh size fractions at
specific gravity 1.30.
The float-sink data from the channel samples do not necessarily
represent the quality of the product loaded at the mine where the
sample was taken but rather indicate the quality of the bed in that
particular geographical location. Float-sink data are based upon
theoretically perfect specific gravity separations that are approached
but not equaled in commercial practice.
To supplement the washability study, tests were carried out to
demonstrate the sodium reduction potential of the lignite samples by ion
exchange. In these empirical type tests, the sample was stirred for 5
minutes in a vessel with a solution containing the equivalent of 10
pounds of calcium chloride (CaCl2) per ton of dry lignite. All tests
were performed at room temperature with the minus 14 mesh head samples
and float 1.60 specific gravity fractions. After treatment, the pro-
ducts were analyzed for the Na20 content of the ash.
ARKANSAS LIGNITES
Geology
Lignite is known to occur in beds primarily of Tertiary age in a
broad zone that extends from southwestern to northeastern Arkansas
(figure 2).
Rocks containing lignite are exposed in an area of about 6,125
square miles in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas. From oldest to
youngest, these rocks are the Tokio group of Cretaceous age, and the
Wilcox group, Claiborne group, and Jackson group of Eocene age. Beds of
lignite are more abundant and generally thicker in the Wilcox group.
These rocks contain numerous beds of lignite ranging from a fraction of
a foot to more than 22 feet thick. The geology of the Arkansas lignite
has been described by Haley (4J.
Figure 3 is a generalized cross section of Paleocene and Eocene
groups of formations of lignite in the southern part of Arkansas (_3).
Reserves
The estimate of the lignite reserves in Arkansas was prepared on a
basis of original reserves of lignite before mining (table 2). The
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CROW LEY'S RIDGE
JOHNSON / K>ff I VAH IUHCN
PRAIRIE
ULASKI | LONOKE
Little Rock
7J, JEFFEdSON ARKANSAS
A^T i I f f
CAST LIMIT OF ARKANSAS-
WHITE-RED BASINS
AREAS OF SHALLOW
LIGNITE DEPOSITS
From: G«ol. Mop of Arkansas, Ark. Seol. Surv., 1929
FIGURE 2. - Areas of shallow, lignite deposits in Arkansas.
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WEST
JACKSON AND CLAIBORNE
\
L E G E
r~] 6LMCONITE
S3 LIMfSTONC LfNTILS
SS COHCKCTIONS
r~l StND
I -'1 SMOY
CD CLAY
\?*3 LIGNlTf
^P%%^ >
^^IdEv
FIGURE 3. - Generalized cross section.
(Indicated lignite occurrences are not drawn to scale nor are they specifically located)
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original reserves of lignite in known deposits are estimated to be 32
million short tons (11). This estimated total pertains to known de-
posits of lignite thicker than 30 inches and under less than 100 feet of
overburden.
TABLE 2. - Estimated original reserves of Arkansas lignite in
deposits more than 30 inches thick and lying be-
neath less than 100 feet of overburden
(In thousands of short tons)
County
Bradley
Calhoun. •
Clark
Clay
Cleveland.
Cross
Dallas
Grant
Total
(!)
300
. ... 200
, . . . 300
(:)
. . . 200
.... C1)
.... (X)
. ... 4,900
, . . . 300
County
Greene
Hot Spring
Ouachita
Pulaski
Saline
Total
Total
. . . . 200
. . . . 300
, . . . 400
... 5 200
, . . . 700
, . . . 12 500
. .. 6,500
, ... 32,000
Incomplete thickness data, or lignite less than 30 inch thick.
Lignite under more than 100 feet of overburden has been found in
cores from core drilling and in rock cuttings from wells drilled for oil
throughout much of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The total reserves of lignite
in Arkansas are tentatively estimated to be 350 million short tons. A
more accurate estimate of the lignite reserves in Arkansas would be
dependent upon data obtained by an intensive mapping and core-drilling
program. Arkansas lignites have the following ranges of composition by
proximate analyses: Moisture—23.4 to 52.4 percent; volatile material—
12 to 35 percent; fixed carbon—7.4 to 24.7 percent; and ash—6 to 57.2
percent. Heat values range from 2,770 to 7,560 Btu per pound.
Production
Lignite has been mined intermittently from about 1947 until 1960.
Since then no lignite has been mined in Arkansas. Data pertaining to
the amount of lignite mined in Arkansas are incomplete, but total cumu-
lative production is estimated to be less than 100,000 short tons.
TEXAS LIGNITES
Geology
The principal lignite deposits are found in the Wilcox Group (lower
Eocene) which contains approximately 80 percent of the resources, while
10
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deposits of secondary importance are found in the Yegua Formation and
Jackson Group (upper Eocene). Lignite occurs as a component facies of
ancient fluvial, deltaic, and lagoonal rocks in East, Central, South-
east, and South Texas. Lignite-bearing strata dip coastward at one-half
to one degree. The highest grade and most extensive resources occur
north of the Colorado River in the Wilcox Group of East and Central
Texas (figure 4). There is a correlation between grade and geologic
occurrence; deltaic lignite is the best grade, fluvial lignite is
intermediate in grade, and lagoonal lignite is poorest in grade. The
geology of the Texas lignites have been described by Kaiser (6) . A
stratigraphic occurrence of the Texas lignites is shown in table 3.
Resources
Identified coal resources in Texas as of January 1, 1974, are set
at 16,341 million short tons or about 1 percent of the U.S. total (_7_).
Table 4 shows tbat more than half of the Texas resources are lignite
(10,426 million tons) which occur at depths ranging from 0 to 200 feet
in the lower Tertiary of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The remainder is
bituminous coal (5,915 million tons) found at levels from 0 to 3,000
feet in three areas in Texas: North-Central, Rio Grande Embayment, and
Trans-Pecos. The total statewide lignite resources of 10.4 billion
short tons was calculated relying on geologic occurrence, past and
current production, reported outcrop occurrences, and projection from
deep-basin occurrences.
Texas lignites have the following ranges of composition by proxi-
mate analyses: moisture—27.5 to 32.3 percent; volatile matter—33.8 to
35.7 percent; fixed carbon—21.8 to 29.5 percent; and ash—9.1 to 11.0
percent. Heating values ranged 7,124 to 7,916 Btu per pound.
Production
Since about 1890, lignite has been produced by more than 150 opera-
tors in at least 35 Texas counties. Reasonably reliable production
figures to date are estimated at 125 million tons (6).
All of the coal currently mined in Texas is strip-mined lignite
from north of the Colorado River where zero to 180 feet of unconsoli-
dated overburden is removed. Statewide production in 1976 was 12,300,000
tons, all of which is captive. The oldest producer is ICI America Inc.,
which has operated a mine in Harrison County at Darco since 1931 for the
production of activated carbon. Texas Utilities Generating Company, a
subsidiary of Texas Utilities, operates three mines; in Milam County at
Alcoa, Freestone County near Fairfield, and Titus County near Monti-
cello. These mines produce 2 to 6 million tons annually for steam-
electric plants of 360 to 1,150 MW capacity.
11
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TEXAS NEAR-SURFACE LIGNITE
YEGUA-JACKSON
EXISTING AND PROPOSED
MINING SITES
100 milit
SCALE
FIGURE 4. - Distribution of Texas near-surface lignite.
12
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TABLE 3. - Stratigraphic occurrence of Texas lignite1
w
o p.
en 3
^5 O
O Ll
O O
O i-f U
i-l -H O
Upper
Middle
Lower*
Upper Yegua*
Laredo Formation
El Pico Clay
Bigford Formation
Carrizo
Indio Formation*
*Main lignite occurrences.
Terminology from: Barnes, 1967, 1970, 1974b; Eargle, 1968;
Renick, 1936.
Raiser, W. R. Texas Lignite: Near-Surface and Deep-Basin
Resources, Bureau of Economic Geology, R.I.-No. 79, 70 pp.
13
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TABLE 4. - Near-surface potential Texas lignite resources1
(In millions of short tons)
County
Angelina
Aktascosa
Jastrop
Bexar
Bowie
Brazos
Jurleson
CaLdwell
Fayette
Franklin
Freestone
Grimes
Guadalupe
Harrison
Henderson
Hopkins
Houston
LaSalle
Lee
Limestone
Madison
Marion
toverick
•IcMullen
Medina
Milam
Morris
Nacogdoches
Panola
Rains
Robertson
Rusk
Shelby
Starr
Uitus
Trinity
Uvalde
Van Zandt
Walker
Washington
Wood
Zavala
Zapata
By County and Group
Yegua-
Wilcox Yegua Jackson Jackson
174
26 70
447
78
536
39 42
121 85
76
102
156
967
63
82
555
463
434
255
86
47 95 41
169
132
60
129
212
150
813
89
90
524
245
403
275
234
33
444
20 108
110
782
17
92
198
24
33
8,606 836 550 434
By Region and Geology
Amount Percent
Regions
East Texas 5,085 48.77
Central Texas 2,846 27.30
Southeast Texas 1,386 13.29
South Texas 1,109 10.64
10,426 100.00
Geologic
Occurrence
Fluvial 4,709 45.17
Deltaic 4,232 40.59
Lagoonal 1,485 14.24
10,426 100.00
Geologic Trend
Lower Eocene
(Wilcox) 8,606 82.54
Upper Eocene
(Yegua-Jackson) 1,820 17.46
10,426 100.00
i
i
iKaiser, W. R. Texas
of; Economic Geology,
Lignite: Near
University of
-Surface and Deep Basin Resources, Bureau
Texas, RI No. 79, 1974.
14
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Exploration activity during the past two years has been feverish,
and several major companies are actively exploring for lignite. Major
emphasis continues to be on the Wilcox group; however, significant
activity is occurring in the Yegua-Jackson group.
Five new mines at Martin Lake, Forest Grove, Twin Oaks, Bryan, and
San Miguel are scheduled to come on line in 1980 (1.) . They will provide
mine-mouth powerplants with 28 million tons of lignite from the Wilcox
and Yegua coalfields.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Chemical and physical analyses of the raw coal samples crushed to
14 mesh top size are presented in table 5. The evaluation of the wash-
ability data for each coal tested in Arkansas and Texas includes a
description of the coalbed section, the washability data, and a short
discussion about the data. In some instances a specific gravity of
separation is given to illustrate the attainment of a certain quality
product. These decisions are arbitrary and should not be construed as
suggesting optimum economical plant operating conditions. Results are
also presented to show the potential of reducing the sodium-in-ash
content of the lignite samples by ion exchange.
Arkansas Lignite
Channel sample No. 1 was collected from an uncorrelated formation,
Wilcox Group (top bench), Dallas County, Arkansas. This coal was from a
prospect mine undergoing a feasibility study. A section of the bed is
described as follows:
Inches
Lignite
Total thickness of bed 3 6
and sample
^Overlying bed: sand, gravel, clay;
floor: fireclay.
Table 6 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 1.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 11,275 Btu/lb,
11.2 percent ash, 0.44 percent pyritic sulfur, and 0.93 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.10 percent. Crush-
ing this coal to 3/8 inch top size and removing the sink 1.30 specific
gravity material would provide a product analyzing 11,567 Btu/lb, 8.8
15
-------
TABLE 5. - Chemical and physical analyses of raw coal channel samples
Type of analysis1
Chemical analysis , percent
Moisture, as received
Equilibrium moisture
Volatile matter
Fixed Carbon
Ash
Sulfate sulfur
Pyritic sulfur
Organic sulfur
Total sulfur
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
British thermal units per
Distribution coefficient,
Physical Analysis:
Free-swelling index No.
Hardgrove grindability
Fusibility of ash, °F:
pound
ri
index
Initial deformation temperature
Softening temperature
Fluid temperature
Major elements in ash, percent
Si02
A1203
Fe203
Ti02
CaO
MgO
Na20
K20
Sulfites
Arkansas Texas
Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No. 11
34.37 31.99 29.19 32.74 25.69 28.35 30.91 29.89 33.03 31.37 32.85
35.84 32.82 32.59 36.46 30.25 28.24 31.60 31.72 32.75 28.33 37.38
51.17 52.14 47.30 33.61 45.48 47.63 46.37 41.82 43.69 42.38 48.83
36.98 30.77 35.70 23.28 42.71 38.43 44.16 38.32 47.00 39.86 35.36
11.85 17.09 17.00 43.11 11.81 13.94 9.47 19.86 9.31 17.76 15.81
.01 .01 .01 .05 .02 .03 .01 .01 .04 .01 .01
.42 .02 .77 .14 .08 .22 .07 .19 .36 .09 .09
.56 .62 1.00 .85 .97 .86 .70 1.18 .97 .80 1.30
.99 .65 1.77 1.04 1.07 1.11 .78 1.38 1.37 .90 1.40
5.14 5.21 5.14 3.16 4.72 4.69 5.00 4.36 4.70 4.34 4.88
63.98 57.35 58.57 38.58 65.82 63.03 67.42 58.82 66.37 59.19 59.30
1.09 1.00 .94 .66 .99 1.12 1.21 .85 1.17 .93 1.03
16.95 18.70 15.88 13.47 15.59 16.11 16.12 14.75 17.08 16.89 17.57
11,423 10,030 10,408 6,672 11,231 10,920 11,487 10,113 11,285 10,126 10,500
.7 .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7 .8 .7
00000000000
55 71 53 82 57 57 60 56 63 56 45
2,280 2,350 2,430 2,910 2,140 2,140 2,080 2,400 2,080 2,140 2,300
2,380 2,400 2,480 2,910 2,170 2,190 2,110 2,450 2,110 2,190 2,350
2,490 2,450 2,540 2,910 2,200 2,240 2,140 2,520 2,140 2,250 2,410
50.71 43.89 51.99 56.68 29.83 39.63 30.77 40.06 28.98 46.88 51.56
23.38 26.02 24.89 29.04 14.71 16.97 13.41 25.64 12.82 18.86 22.63
6.01 7.15 16.59 3.58 5.29 5.43 4.76 2.57 9.15 4.00 4.58
2.33 1.33 1.00 1.00 2.33 1.00 1.12 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.00
8.40 11.19 1.12 3.08 18.19 15.39 24.10 12.59 16.79 13.29 7.64
1.53 1.23 .53 .96 9.12 2.75 4.79 2.72 5.54 2.95 1.69
.19 .19 .08 .27 .98 .67 1.13 .24 1.06 .65 1.27
.48 .24 .18 1.20 .05 .24 .27 .75 .24 .72 .65
6.11 8.17 .77 3.33 17.78 14.79 16.83 11.34 17.70 8.85 8.76
analyses are on moisture-free basis unless otherwise indicated.
-------
TABLE 6. - Detailed washabillty analyses of sample No. 1
STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Dallas
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 75.1
Float- 1.30 98.1 98.9
1.30 - 1.40 .7 .6
1.40 - 1.60 .8 .2
Sink - 1.60 .8 .3
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 18.9
Float- 1.30 92.0 95.2
1.30 - 1.40 3.6 2.9
1.40 - 1.60 1.9 1.2
Sink - 1.60 2.5 .7
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 6.0
Float- 1.30 74.5 80.9
1.30 - 1.40 13.2 12.8
1.40 - 1.60 6.1 4.6
Sink - 1.60 6.1 1.7
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 95.5 97.4
1.30 - 1.40 2.0 6.2
1.40 - 1.60 1.0 2.2
Sink - 1.60 1.5 .8
Minus 100 mesh 1.7 1.6
Btu/lb
11,539
9,140
7,046
4,036
11,528
9,101
6,814
2,970
11,571
10,296
8,078
2,954
11,538
9,581
7,344
3,412
10,583
Ash
9.9
26.1
41.3
61.1
9.0
25.5
41.4
69.0
8.4
17.2
32.2
69.4
9.7
22.4
38.0
65.8
20.9
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.52
2.16
3.66
9.45
0.17
1.20
2.30
7.75
0.14
.36
.94
2.56
0.44
1.13
2.16
7.15
1.05
Total
sulfur N3201
0.74
2.55
3.87
9.50
0.77
1.70
2.62
7.78
0.83
1.07
1.42
2.65
0.75
1.68
2.51
7.21
1.86
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
98.1
98.8
99.2
100.0
92.0
95.6
97.5
100.0
74.5
87.8
93.9
100.0
95.5
97.6
98.5
100.0
100.0
98.9
99.5
99.7
100.0
95.2
98.2
99.3
100.0
80.9
93.7
98.3
100.0
97.4
98.9
99.6
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,539
11,521
11,506
11,445
11,528
11,437
11,347
11,135
11,571
11,379
11,164
10,661
11,538
11,498
11,456
11,339
11,326
Ash
9.9
10.0
10.1
10.5
9.0
9.6
10.2
11.7
8.4
9.7
11.2
14.8
9.7
9.9
10.2
11.0
11.2
Pyritic
sulfur
0.52
.53
.54
.62
0.17
.21
.25
.44
0.14
.17
.22
.37
0.44
.45
.47
.57
.58
Total
sulfur
0.74
.75
.76
.84
0.77
.80
.84
1.02
0.83
.87
.90
1.01
0.75
.77
.79
.88
.90
Pounds,
N3201 S02/MM Btu
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.6
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 6. - Detailed vashability analyses of sample No. 1 (Con.)
STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Dallas
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8
x 14
Btu/lb
Percent
Pyritic
Ash sulfur
Total
sulfur N3201
Weight percent: 63.9
Float- 1.30 95.5
1.30 - 1.40 2.4
1.40 - 1.60 .8
Sink - 1.60 1.3
97.1
2.1
.5
.4
11,529
9,758
7,110
3,215
9.0
21.5
39.0
66.0
0.15
1.20
4.49
14.64
0.77
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
95.5
1.85 , 97.9
4.71 ; 98.7
14.70 ': 100.0
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 36.1
Float- 1.30 89.3
1.30 - 1.40 6.9
1.40 - 1.60 2.0
Sink - 1.60 1.8
Size composite: 3/8
Weight percent: 100.
Float- 1.30 93.3
1.30 - 1.40 4.0
1.40 - 1.60 1.2
Sink - 1.60 1.5
Minus 100 mesh 10.2
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x
Weight percent: 100.
Float- 1.30 90.3
1.30 - 1.40 5.1
1.40 - 1.60 2.3
Sink - 1.60 2.3
92.2
5.9
1.4
.6
x 100
0
95.4
4.4
1.0
.5
8.8
0
0
93.5
4.4
1.6
.5
11,639
9,699
7,728
3,438
11,567
9,721
7,477
3,313
10,677
11,633
9,776
7,649
2,609
8.5
21.7
34.3
64.0
8.8
?1.6
36.2
65.1
15.6
8.6
20.6
36.1
72.7
0.12
.57
1.67
4.36
0.14
.81
2.81
10.10
.41
0.12
.48
1.35
9.36
0.62 89.3
1.03 96.2
1.78 98.2
4.56 100.0
0.72 93.3
1.35 97.3
2.97 98.5
10.23 100.0
.95 100.0
:
0.71 0.09
1.08 .17
1.90 .26
9.40 .20
90.3
95.4
97.7
100.0
97.1
99.1
99.6
100.0
92.2
98.1
99.4
100.0
95.4
98.8
99.6
100.0
100.0
93.5
97.9
99.5
100.0
Btu/lb
11,529
11,485
11,451
11,342
11,639
11,500
11,424
11,277
11,567
11,490
11,441
11,318
11,259
11,633
11,534
11,443
11,239
Ash
9.0
9.3
9.5
10.3
8.5
9.4
9.9
10.9
8.8
9.4
9.7
10.5
11.0
8.6
9.2
9.9
11.3
Pyritic
sulfur
0.15
.18
.21
.40
0.12
.15
.18
.26
0.14
.17
.20
.35
.35
0.12
.14
.17
.38
Total
sulfur N3201
0.77
.80
.83
1.01
0.62
.65
.67
.74
0.72
.74
.77
.91
.92
0.71 0.09
.73 .09
.76 .09
.96 .10
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.7
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
percent ash, 0.14 percent pyritic sulfur, and 0.72 percent total sulfur
at a Btu recovery of 95.4 percent. This coal would now meet the current
S02 emission standard.
Channel sample No. 2 was collected from an uncorrelated formation,
Wilcox Group (bottom bench), Dallas County, Arkansas. This coal is from
a prospect mine undergoing a feasibility study. A section of the bed is
described as follows:
Inches
Lignite
Total thickness of bed 9 6
and sample
*0verlying bed: clay, floor: silty clay.
Table 7 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 2.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 10,344 Btu/lb,
17.2 percent ash, 0.03 percent pyritic sulfur, and 0.69 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.04 percent. Crush-
ing this coal to 1-1/2 inches top size and removing the sink 1.40
specific gravity material would provide a product analyzing 10,786
Btu/lb, 14.0 percent ash, 0.02 percent pyritic sulfur, and 0.67 percent
total sulfur at a Btu recovery of 97.3 percent. This coal would now
meet the EPA SC>2 emission standard of 1.2 pounds/MM Btu.
Channel sample No. 3 was collected from an uncorrelated formation,
Wilcox Group, Ouachita County, Arkansas. A section of the bed is
described as follows:
Bed Section1
Feet Inches
Lignite 2 7
Total thickness of bed 2 7
and sample
Overlying bed: sandstone; floor: fireclay.
Table 8 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 3.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 10,602 Btu/lb,
15.5 percent ash, 0.77 percent pyritic sulfur, and 1.59 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.01 percent. This
sample contained an average of 0,82 percent organic sulfur and could not
be upgraded to meet the emission standard of 1.2 pounds S02/MM Btu.
Crushing to 1-1/2 inches top size and removing the sink 1.30 specific
19
-------
TABLE 7. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 2
-STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Dallas
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 72.8
Float- 1.30 87.9 91.8
1.30 - 1.40 8.1 6.6
1.40 - 1.60 2.1 1.2
Sink - 1.60 1.9 .4
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 22.0
Float- 1.30 85.0 90.6
1.30 - 1.40 7.6 6.5
1.40 - 1.60 3.6 2.0
Sink - 1.60 3.7 .9
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 5.2
Float- 1.30 65.3 72.4
1.30 - 1.40 4.7 5.0
1..40 - 1.60 21.0 19.3
Sink - 1.60 9.0 3.3
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 86.1 90.8
1.30 - 1.40 7.8 6.5
1.40 - 1.60 3.4 7.1
Sink - 1.60 2.6 1.1
Minus 100 mesh 1.9 1.2
Btu/lb
10,915
8,507
5,723
2,491
11,150
8,865
5,854
2,397
11,279
10,847
9,365
3,777
10,980
8,656
6,909
2,689
6,696
Ash
13.1
29.8
48.7
70.7
11.6
27.1
47.3
71.0
10.9
13.5
20.6
61.8
12.7
28.7
39.5
69.2
46.8
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.02
.02
.02
.01
0.02
.02
.02
.08
0.03
.04
.03
.29
0.02
.02
.02
.08
.12
Total
sulfur N3201
0.68
.61
.50
.29
0.66
.69
.50
.34
0.68
.69
.73
.63
0.68
.63
.57
.37
.50
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
87.9
96.0
98.1
100.0
85.0
92.7
96.3
100.0
65.3
70.0
91. 0
100.0
86.1
93.9
97.4
100.0
100.0
, pet.
Btu
91.8
98.4
99.6
100.0
90.6
97.1
99.1
100.0
72.4
77.4
96.7
100.0
90.8
97.3
99.3
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
10,915
10,711
10,603
10,452
11,150
10,962
10,769
10,458
11,279
11,250
10,815
10,183
10,980
10,786
10,649
10,439
10,368
Ash
13.1
14.5
15.3
16.3
11.6
12.9
14.2
16.3
10.9
11.1
13.3
17.6
12.7
14.0
14.9
16.4
16.9
Pyritic
sulfur
0.02
.02
.02
.02
0.02
.02
.02
.02
0.03
.03
.03
.05
0.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
Total
sulfur N3201
0.68
.67
.67
.66
0.66
.66
.66
.64
0.68
.68
.69
.69
0.68
.67
.67
.66
.66
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 7. - Detailed washabllity analyses of sample No. 2 (Con.)
STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Dallas
FORMATION: tlncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 69.1
Float- 1.30 84.8 89.1
1.30 - 1.40 10.0 8.5
1.40 - 1.60 2.8 1.8
Sink - 1.60 2.5 .6
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 30.9
Float- 1.30 72.5 78.2
1.30 - 1.40 18.5 17.4
1.40 - 1.60 4.9 3.5
Sink - 1.60 4.0 1.0
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 81.0 86.1
1.30 - 1.40 12.6 12.5
1.40 - 1.60 3.4 2.5
Sink - 1.60 3.0 .8
Minus 100 mesh 11.6 8.4
TOP SIZE: Ht
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 78.4 84.2
1.30 - 1.40 14.3 13.0
1.40 - 1.60 3.9 2.5
Sink - 1.60 3.5 .4
Btu/lb
11,071
8,982
6,773
2,607
11,230
9,751
7,293
2,617
11,115
9,331
7,004
2,611
8,350
11,157
9,440
6,541
1,244
Ash
12.3
26.4
41.2
68.0
11.0
20.1
36.3
68.3
11.9
23.5
39.0
68.1
33.4
12.0
22.0
42.4
81.6
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.05
.04
.04
.04
0.01
.02
.02
.12
0.04
.03
.03
.07
.04
0.02
.02
.02
.24
Total
sulfur N3201
0.67
.64
.46
.29
0.71
.70
.53
.34
0.68
.67
.49
.31
.52
0.68 0.04
.73 .05
.41 .03
3.32 .01
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
84.8
94.8
97.5
100.0
72.5
91.0
96.0
100.0
81.0
93.6
97.0
100.0
100.0
78.4
92.6
96.5
100.0
89.1
97.6
99.4
100.0
78.2
95.5
99.0
100.0
86.1
97.0
99.3
100.0
100.0
84.2
97.1
99.6
100.0
Btu/lb
11,071
10,851
10,735
10,535
11,230
10,929
10,742
10,414
11,115
10,874
10,737
10,497
10,275
11,157
10,892
10,717
10,389
Ash
12.3
13.8
14.6
15.9
11.0
12.9
14.1
16.2
11.9
13.5
14.4
16.0
17.8
12.0
13.5
14.7
17.0
Pyritic
sulfur
0.05
.05
.05
.05
0.01
.01
.01
.02
0.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
0.02
.02
.02
.03
Total
sulfur Na20J
0.67
.67
.66
.65
0.71
.71
.70
.68
0.68
.68
.67
.66
.65
0.68 0.04
.69 .04
.68 .04
.77 .04
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample
-------
TABLE 8. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 3
STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Ouachita
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct !
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 77.6
Float- 1.30 93.3 95.2
1.30 - 1.40 4.0 3.2
1.40 - 1.60 .9 .7
Sink - 1.60 1.8 .9
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 16.2
Float- 1.30 86.1 89. A
1.30 - 1.40 9.4 8.1
1.40 - 1.60 2.8 2.0
Sink - 1.60 1.7 .6
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 6.2
Float- 1.30 28.4 52.3
1.30 - 1.40 20.1 32.3
1.40 - 1.60 8.7 10.9
Sink - 1.60 42.8 4.6
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 88.1 93.5
1.30 - 1.40 5.9 10.6
1.40 - 1.60 1.7 4.3
Sink - 1.60 4.3 3.1
Minus 100 mesh 1.5 1.0
Btu/lb
11,249
8,896
7,968
5,409
11,226
9,311
7,771
2,920
11,667
10,198
7,964
681
11,253
9,278
7,914
2,347
7,047
Ash
11.4
26.1
30.8
46.8
10.5
21.3
31.1
65.4
9.2
15.3
28.4
92.7
11.2
22.6
30.1
76.2
40.8
Pyritic
sulfur
0.24
2.24
8.23
25.84
0.21
.86
4.09
13.48
0.08
.21
.73
.31
0.23
1.45
4,74
9.38
.43
Total
sulfur NaaO1
1.13
3.07
9.15
26.33
1.15
1.90
5.45
13.95
1.10
1.23
1.73
.32
1.13
2.38
5.81
9.57
1.23
Recovery
Weight
93.3
97.3
98.2
100.0
86.1
95.6
98.3
100.0
28.4
48.5
57.2
100.0
88.1
94.0
95.7
100.0
100.0
. pet.
Btu
95.2
98.5
99.1
100.0
89.4
97.6
99.5
100.0
52.3
84.5
95.4
100.0
93.5
97.9
99.1
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,249
11,152
11,123
11,020
11,226
11,037
10,945
10,810
11,667
11,059
10,590
6,342
11,253
11,130
11,073
10,697
10,643
Ash
11.4
12.0
12.2
12.8
10.5
11.6
12.1
13.0
9.2
11.7
14.3
47.9
11.2
11.9
12.2
15.0
15.4
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.24
.32
.40
.85
0.21
.27
.38
.60
0.08
.13
.22
.26
0.23
.31
.39
.77
.77
Total
sulfur N3201
1.13
1.21
1.28
1.73
1.15
1.22
1.34
1.55
1.10
1.15
1.24
.85
1.13
1.21
1.29
1.65
1.64
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
2.0
2.2
2.3
3.1
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.9
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.7
2.0
2.2
2.3
3.1
3.1
'Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 8. - Detailed washabllity analyses of sample No. 3 (Con.)
STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Ouachita
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 61.6
Float- 1.30 87.8 91.1
1.30 - 1.40 7.2 6.0
1.40 - 1.60 2.7 2.0
Sink - 1.60 2.3 .9
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 38.4
Float- 1.30 55.9 64.9
1.30 - 1.40 27.8 28.0
1.40 - 1.60 6.5 5.3
Sink - 1.60 9.8 1.8
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 75.5 83.7
1.30 - 1.40 15.1 21.6
1.40 - 1.60 4.2 4.0
Sink - 1.60 5.2 1.5
Minus 100 mesh 12.6 10.8
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 77.7 84.1
1.30 - 1.40 12.7 11.5
1.40 - 1.60 3.8 2.6
Sink - 1.60 5.9 1.8
Btu/lb
11,269
9,083
7,906
4,029
11,757
10,195
8,195
1,843
11,407
9,868
8,080
2,448
10,134
11,520
9,700
7,322
3,188
Ash
11.0
24.8
31.3
55.7
8.4
16.3
27.6
82.3
10.3
18.8
29.1
74.9
18.7
9.5
18.7
35.0
67.8
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.18
1.04
6.17
24.18
0.13
.32
1.34
2.80
0.17
.53
3.26
8.72
.63
0.13
0.31
2.47
9.14
Total
sulfur Na201-
0.96
1.85
6.40
24.18
0.95
1.16
2.13
2.95
0.96
1.36
3.82
8.83
1.44
1.01 0.01
1.11 .01
3.20 .01
9.24 .01
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
87.8
95.0
97.7
100.0
55.9
83.7
90.2
100.0
75.5
90.6
94.8
100.0
100.0
77.7
90.4
94.1
100.0
91.1
97.2
99.1
100.0
64.9
92.9
98.2
100.0
83.7
95.7
98.8
100.0
100.0
84.1
95.6
98.2
100.0
Btu/lb
11,269
11,103
11,015
10,852
11,757
11,238
11,018
10,121
11,407
11,151
11,016
10,571
10,522
11,520
11,265
11,107
10,642
Ash
11.0
12.0
12.6
13.6
8.4
11.0
12.2
19.1
10.3
11.7
12.4
15.7
16.0
9.5
10.8
11.8
15.0
Pyritic
sulfur
0.18
.25
.41
.96
0.13
.19
.28
.52
0.17
.23
.36
.79
.78
0.13
.16
.25
.77
Total
sulfur N3201
0.96
1.03
1.17
1.71
0.95
1.02
1.10
1.28
0.96
1.02
1.15
1.55
1.53
1.01 0.01
1.02 .01
1.11 .01
1.59 .01
Pounds,
S02/l*i Btu
1.7
1.9
2.1
3.2
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.9
2.9
1.8
1.8
2.0
3.0
^Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
gravity material would reduce the pyritic sulfur content 70 percent and
reduce the S02 emissions from 3.1 to 2.0 pounds/MM Btu at a Btu recovery
of 93.5 percent. This sample was taken from an outcropping near an
abandoned strip mine.
Channel sample No. 4 was collected from an uncorrelated formation,
Wilcox Group, Saline County, Arkansas. A section of the bed is de-
scribed as follows:
Bed Section1
Feet Inches
Carbonaceous shale 0 2
Lignite 2 11
Total thickness of bed and 3 1
sample
Overlying bed: shale; floor: fireclay.
Table 9 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 4.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 6,410 Btu/lb,
41.0 percent ash, 0.15 percent pyritic sulfur, and 1.07 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.08 percent. This
sample could not be upgraded to meet the current S0£ emission standard
since it contained an average of 0.92 percent organic sulfur. This
sample was taken from a lignite bed associated with a bauxite mine. The
lignite, however, is not being mined at this time.
Texas Lignite
Channel sample No. 5 was collected from the Lower Calvert forma-
tion, Wilcox Group, Freestone County, Texas. A section of the bed is
described as follows:
Bed Section1
Feet Inches
Lignite 5 6
Total thickness of bed 5 6
and sample
10verlying bed: shale; floor: fireclay.
Table 10 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 5.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 11,213 Btu/lb,
10.2 percent ash, 0.09 percent pyritic sulfur, and 1.02 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content of the coal was 0.06 percent. This
coal could not be upgraded to meet the current S02 emission standard
24
-------
TABLE 9. - Detailed washabllity analyses of sample No. 4
STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Saline
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet .
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 80.8
Float- 1.30 46.0 62.5
1.30 - 1.40 13.1 14.0
.1.40 - 1.60 20.9 15. 7
Sink - 1.60 20.0 7.8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 15.0
Float- 1.30 32.9 49.7
1.30 - 1.40 14.0 17.0
1.40 - 1.60 26.6 23.4
Sink - 1.60 26.5 9.9
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 4.1
Float- 1.30 17.2 30.5
1.30 - 1.40 11.3 17.2
1.40 - 1.60 25.1 29.1
Sink - 1.60 46.4 23.1
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 42.8 60.5
1.30 - 1.40 13.1 14.6
1.40 - 1.60 22.0 17.8
Sink - 1.60 22.1 9.5
Minus 100 mesh 1.0 .1.0
Btu/lb
9,072
7,165
5,011
2,592
9,519
7,655
5,556
2,351
10,042
8,633
6,584
2,828
9,139
7,296
5,184
2,569
6,475
Ash
19.5
34.6
f.2.8
70.2
17.3
31.3
48.6
71.9
13.8
24.4
39.3
67.7
19.2
33.7
51.4
70.3
42.4
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0. 20
.15
.10
.08
0.14
.12
.16
.47
0.09
.11
.18
.59
0.19
.14
.11
.19
.67
Total
sulfur N3201
1.59
1.25
.77
.43
1.50
1.30
.96
.77
1.56
1.39
1.15
.87
1.58
1.26
.82
.53
1.52
Cumulative
Percent
Recover
Weight
46.0
59.0
80.0
100.0
32.9
46.9
73.5
100.0
17.2
28.5
53.6
100.0
42.8
55.9
77.9
100.0
100.0
Btu
62.5
76.5
92.2
100.0
49.7
66.7
90.1
100.0
30.5
47.7
76.9
100.0
60.5
74.6
91.5
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
9,072
8,650
7,697
6,674
9,519
8,963
7,720
6,306
10,042
9,483
8,127
5,668
9,139
8,707
7,714
6,576
6,575
Ash
19.5
22.8
30.7
38.6
17.3
21.5
31.3
42.0
13.8
18.0
28.0
46.4
19.2
22.6
30.7
39.4
39.5
Pyritic
sulfur
0.20
.19
.17
.15
0.14
.13
.14
.23
0.09
.10
.14
.35
0.19
.18
.16
.17
.17
Total
sulfur
1.59
1.51
1.32
1.14
1.50
1.44
1.27
1.14
1.56
1.49
1.33
1.12
1.58
1.50
1.31
1.14
1.14
Pounds,
N3201 S02/MM Btu
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.9
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.5
3.5
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 9. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 4 (Con.)
STATE: Arkansas
COUNTY: Saline
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 76.0
Float- 1.30 40.9 58.7
1.30 - 1.40 13.4 14.9
1.40 - 1.60 21.1 17.4
Sink - 1.60 24.7 9.0
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 24.0
Float- 1.30 23.1 38.0
1.30 - 1.40 15.5 21.0
1.40 - 1.60 21.6 22.0
Sink - 1.60 39.8 19.0
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 36.6 55.6
1.30 - 1.40 13.9 16.6
1.40 - 1.60 21.2 18.5
Sink - 1.60 28.3 12.4
Minus 100 mesh 5.6 4.8
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 26.7 42.3
1.30 - 1.40 15.7 20.4
1.40 - 1.60 28.3 25.6
Sink - 1.60 29.4 11.7
Btu/lb
9,552
7,418
5,472
2,423
9,873
8,107
6,118
2,871
9,600
7,602
5,629
2,574
5,880
9,830
8,032
5,607
2,479
Ash
17.8
34.2
50.3
71.4
14.4
27.6
41.9
67. 4
17.3
32.4
48.3
70.1
45.2
16.1
29.4
48.1
71.2
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.13
.12
.15
.11
.08
.12
.15
.24
0.12
.12
.1^
.15
.49
0.09
.10
.14
.17
Total
sulfur N3201
1.52
1.23
.90
.39
1.52
1.35
.98
.61
1.52
1.26
.92
.46
1.29
1.47 0.06
1.35 .07
.95 .09
.45 .11
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
40.9
54.3
75.3
100.0
23.1
38.6
60.2
100.0
36.6
50.5
71.7
100.0
100.0
26.7
42.4
70.6
100.0
, pet.
Btu
58.7
73.7
91.0
100.0
38.0
59.0
81.0
100.0
55.6
71.0
89.0
100.0
100.0
42.3
62.7
88.3
100.0
Btu/lb
9,552
9,025
8,031
6,649
9,873
9,163
8,072
6,002
9,600
9,050
8,039
6,493
6,461
9,830
9,164
7,741
6,196
Ash
17.8
21.8
29.8
40.1
14.4
19.7
27.7
43.5
17.3
21.5
29.4
40.9
41.1
16.1
21.0
31.9
43.4
Pyritic
sulfur
0.13
.13
.13
.13
0.08
.10
.12
.16
0.12
.12
.13
.14
.16
0.09
.09
.11
.13
Total
sulfur N3201
1.52
1.45
1.29
1.07
1.52
1.45
1.28
1.01
1.52
1.45
1.29
1.06
1.07
1.47 0.06
1.43 .06
1.24 .07
1.00 .08
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABL.E 10. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 5
STATE : Texas
COUNTY: Freestone
FORMATION: Lower Calvert
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 77.7
Float- 1.30 96.8 97.2
1.30 - 1.40 2.8 2.6
1.40 - 1.60 .2 .2
Sink - 1.60 .2 .1
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 17.9
Float- 1.30 68.2 70.6
1.30 - 1.40 28.2 27.3
1.40 - 1.60 2.0 1.6
Sink - 1.60 1.6 .4
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 4.4
Float- 1.30 7.5 8.4
1.30 - 1.40 69.0 74.1
1.40 - 1.60 15.6 15.1
Sink - 1.60 7.9 2.4
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 87.7 93.1
1.30 - 1.40 10.3 35.9
1.40 - 1.60 1.2 9.2
Sink - 1.60 .8 1.2
Minus 100 mesh .6 .5
Btu/lb
11,303
10,331
8,710
4,717
11,419
10,679
8,897
3,004
11,927
11,311
10,210
3,143
11,321
10,802
9,626
3,396
9,893
Ash
9.7
16.3
29.2
50.6
8.4
12.6
25.5
63.0
7.8
8.2
14.5
55.0
9.5
12.1
19.7
57.1
19.8
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.01
.02
.35
19.99
0.04
.02
.08
8.86
0.13
.02
.03
1.06
0.01
.02
.09
7.56
.13
Total
sulfur Na20L
0.77
.77
1.62
22.20
0.97
0.89
.76
10.01
1.11
.98
.88
1.69
0.80
.89
.94
8.68
1.12
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
96.8
99.6
99.8
100.0
68.2
96.4
98.4
100.0
7.5
76.5
92.1
100.0
87.7
98.0
99.2
100.0
100.0
97.2
99.8
99.9
100.0
70.6
97.9
99.6
100.0
8.4
82.5
97.6
100.0
93.1
98.8
99.8
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,303
11,277
11,272
11,259
11,419
11,203
11,155
11,024
11,927
11,371
11,174
10,537
11,321
11,266
11,247
11,184
11,177
Ash
9.7
9.9
9.9
10.0
8.4
9.6
10.0
10.8
7.8
8.2
9.2
12.9
9.5
9.8
9.9
10.3
10.3
Pyritic
sulfur
0.01
.01
.01
.05
0.04
.03
.04
.18
0.13
.03
.03
.11
0.01
.02
.02
.08
.08
Total
sulfur N3201
0.77
.77
.77
.81
0.97
.95
.94
1.09
1.11
.99
.97
1.03
0.80
.81
.81
.87
.87
Pounds,
SOo/MM Btu
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 10. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 5 (Con.)
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Freestone
FORMATION: Lower Calvert
GROUP: Wilcox
NJ
OO
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 65.3
Float- 1.30 79.1 80.6
1.30 - 1.40 19.1 18.2
1.40 - 1.60 1.1 .9
Sink - 1.60 .7 .2
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 34.7
Float- 1.30 20.4 21.9
1.30 - 1.40 67.4 68.4
1.40 - 1.60 10.0 9.0
Sink - 1.60 2.2 .8
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 58.7 73.5
1.30 - 1.40 35.8 50.9
1.40 - 1.60 4.2 7.6
Sink - 1.60 1.2 .6
Minus 100 mesh 10.3 9.1
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 22.0 23.2
1.30 - 1.40 66.7 68.0
1.40 - 1.60 9.2 8.2
Sink - 1.60 2.2 .6
Btu/lb
11,441
10,708
9,217
4,064
11,889
11,249
10,041
3,883
11,494
11,060
9,894
3,949
10,875
11,975
11,528
10,089
3,112
Ash
8.0
13.3
24.2
57.8
6.9
8.8
16.3
57.0
7.9
10.4
17.7
57.3
13.2
7.2
8.6
16.0
63.4
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.01
.01
.05
14.52
0.05
.03
.02
1.70
0.01
.02
.03
6.43
.06
0.03
.02
.03
3.06
Total
sulfur Na.^1
0.97
.95
.80
15.99
1.05
.98
.87
2.17
0.98
.97
.86
7.27
1.02
0.97 0.03
.98 .08
.90 .07
3.68 .06
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
79.1
98.2
99.3
100.0
20.4
87.8
97.8
100.0
58.7
94.6
98.8
100.0
100.0
22.0
88.7
97.8
100.0
. Pet.
Btu
80.6
98.8
99.8
100.0
21.9
90.2
99.2
100.0
73.5
96.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
23.2
91.2
99.4
100.0
Btu/lb
11,441
11,298
11,274
11,225
11,889
11,398
11,259
11,097
11,494
11,330
11,269
11,180
11,152
11,975
11,639
11,494
11,311
Ash
8.0
9.0
9.2
9.5
6.9
8.4
9.2
10.2
7.9
8.8
9.2
9.8
10.1
7.2
8.3
9.0
10.2
Pyritic
sulfur
0.01
.01
.01
.11
0.05
.03
.03
.07
0.01
.02
.02
.10
.09
0.03
.02
.02
.09
Total
sulfur Na201
0.97
.97
.96
1.07
1.05
1.00
.98
1.01
0.98
.98
.97
1.05
1.04
0.97 0.03
.98 .06
.97 .06
1.03 .06
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
since the average organic sulfur content was 0.93 percent. This coal
contained relatively low ash and there would be little benefit to fine
size crushing. None of this coal is washed.
Channel sample No. 6 was collected from the Lower Calvert forma-
tion, Wilcox Group, Freestone County, Texas. A section of the bed is
described as follows:
Bed Section1
Feet Inches
Lignite 5 4
Total thickness of bed 5 4
and sample
10verlying bed: shale; floor: fireclay.
Table 11 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 6.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 10,851 Btu/lb,
13.3 percent ash, 0.36 percent pyritic sulfur, and 1.16 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.03 percent. Since
this coal contained an average of 0,80 percent organic sulfur, it could
not be upgraded to meet the current S02 emission standard. Crushing to
14 mesh top size and removing the sink 1.40 specific gravity material
would provide a product analyzing 9.9 percent ash which would represent
an ash reduction of 27 percent. None of this coal is washed.
Channel sample No. 7 was collected from an uncorrelated formation,
Wilcox Group, Harrison County, Texas. A section of the bed is described
as follows:
Bed Section1
Feet Inches
Lignite 7 2
Total thickness of bed 7 2
and sample
Overlying bed: shale; floor: fireclay.
Table 12 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 7.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 11,263 Btu/lb,
9.3 percent ash, 0.07 percent pyritic sulfur, and 0.80 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.11 percent. This
sample could not be upgraded to meet the current S02 emission standard
since it contained an average of 0.73 percent organic sulfur. The ash
content of this coal was low and crushing would provide minimal benefit.
None of this coal is washed.
29
-------
TABLE 11. - Detailed washabillty analyses of sample No. 6
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Freestone
FORMATION: Lower Calvert
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 77.3
Float- 1.30 84.7 87.5
1.30 - 1.40 11.0 10.0
1.40 - 1.60 2.9 1.9
Sink - 1.60 1.3 .5
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 18.7
Float- 1.30 73.0 77.6
1.30 - 1.40 18.9 18.0
1.40 - 1.60 4.3 3.0
Sink - 1.60 3.8 1.4
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 3.9
Float- 1.30 9.0 10.6
1.30 - 1.40 64.1 70.9
1.40 - 1.60 14.6 13.6
Sink - 1.60 12.3 5.0
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 79.6 85.5
1.30 - 1.40 14.6 22.5
1.40 - 1.60 3.7 4.0
Sink - 1.60 2.2 1.8
Minus 100 mesh .7 .6
Btu/lb
11,249
9,869
7,112
4,538
11,351
10,150
7,515
3,907
11,884
11,246
9,478
4,152
11,269
10,175
7,572
4,250
9,357
Ash
10.5
20.0
40.2
53.8
9.1
17.6
36.0
55.2
7.2
9.8
20.0
54.3
10.2
17.7
36.1
54.4
24.0
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.11
.17
.55
7.81
0.09
.22
.72
10.16
0.10
.09
.29
3.09
0.11
.17
.55
7.53
.61
Total
sulfur N3201
0.97
.99
1.20
7.81
0.99
1.06
1.31
10.19
1.02
.98
1.06
3.84
0.97
1.01
1.20
7.70
1.45
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
84.7
95.8
98.7
100.0
73.0
91.9
96.2
100.0
9.0
73.2
87.7
100.0
79.6
94.2
97.8
100.0
100.0
, pet.
Btu
87.5
97.5
99.5
100.0
77.6
95.6
98.6
100.0
10.6
81.4
95.0
100.0
85.5
96.7
99.1
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,249
11,090
10,972
10,888
11,351
11,104
10,943
10,678
11,884
11,325
11,018
10,177
11,269
11,099
10,967
10,820
10,811
Ash
10.5
11.6
12.4
13.0
9.1
10.9
12.0
13.6
7.2
9.5
11.2
16.5
10.2
11.4
12.3
13.2
13.3
Pyritic
sulfur
0.11
.12
.13
.23
0.09
.12
.14
.52
0.10
.09
.12
.49
0.11
.12
.13
.29
.30
Total
sulfur N3201
0.97
.97
.98
1.07
0.99
1.00
1.02
1.36
1.02
.98
1.00
1.35
0.97
.98
.99
1.13
1.14
Pounds ,
S02/MM Btu
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.1
2.1
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample
-------
TABLE H. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 6 (Con.)
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Freestone
FORMATION: Lower Calvert
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 63.4
Float- 1.30 75.2 78.4
1.30 - 1.40 19.2 18.0
1.40 - 1.60 3.6 2.6
Sink - 1.60 2.0 1.0
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 36.6
Float- 1.30 39.7 42.8
1.30 - 1.40 50.1 50.4
1.40 - 1.60 6.7 5.1
Sink - 1.60 3.5 1.4
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 62.2 70.0
1.30 - 1.40 30.5 37.7
1.40 - 1.60 4.7 3.9
Sink - 1.60 2.6 1.2
Minus 100 mesh 9.8 8.6
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 56.3 60.6
1.30 - 1.40 31.6 31.8
1.40 - 1.60 8.1 6.4
Sink - 1.60 4.0 1.2
Btu/lb
11,429
10,301
8,069
5,391
11,777
11,035
8,337
4,478
11,510
10,742
8,208
4,938
10,437
11,769
10,984
8,604
3,235
Ash
8.8
16.3
32.3
47.9
7.6
11.6
28.3
52.4
8.5
13.5
30.2
50.1
16.5
8.2
12.9
28.2
63.3
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.07
.16
.29
9.14
0.06
.10
.44
4.64
0.07
.12
.37
6.91
.30
0.08
.11
.33
8.93
Total
sulfur N3201
0.92
.97
.96
9.52
0.95
.95
1.01
5.15
0.93
.96
.99
7.36
1.20
0.94 0.03
.95 .03
1 . 06 .04
7.19 .06
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
75.2
94.4
98.0
100.0
39.7
89.8
96.5
100.0
62.2
92.7
97.4
100.0
100.0
56.3
87,9
96.0
100.0
78.4
96.4
99.0
100.0
42.8
93.5
98.6
100.0
70.0
95.3
98.8
100.0
100.0
60.6
92.4
98.8
100.0
Btu/lb
11,429
11,200
11,086
10,970
11,777
11,363
11,152
10,922
11,510
11,257
11,109
10,952
10,905
11,769
11,487
11,242
10,923
Ash
8.8
10.3
11.1
11.9
7.6
9.8
11.1
12.5
8.5
10.1
11.1
12.1
12.5
8.2
9.9
11.4
13.5
Pyritic
sulfur
0.07
.09
.10
.28
0.06
.08
.11
.26
0.07
.09
.10
.27
.28
0.08
.09
.11
.46
Total
sulfur Na20
0.92
.93
.93
1.11
0.95
.95
.95
1.10
.93
.94
.94
1.10
1.11
0.94 0.03
.94 .03
.95 .03
1.20 .03
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.2
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 12. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 7
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Harrison
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 79.2
Float- 1.30 98.8 99.1
1.30 - l.AO .9 .8
1.40 - 1.60 .2 .1
Sink - 1.60 .1 .0
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 17.2
Float- 1.30 95.2 96.4
1.30 - 1.40 3.1 2.7
1.40 - 1.60 1.0 .7
Sink - 1.60 .7 .2
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 3.5
Float- 1.30 56.2 58.4
1.30 - 1.40 32.6 32.9
1.40 - 1.60 8.4 7.7
Sink - 1.60 2.8 1.0
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 96.7 97.8
1.30 - 1.40 2.4 16.6
1.40 - 1.60 .6 3.9
Sink - 1.60 .3 .4
Minus 100 mesh 1.0 .9
Btu/lb
11,320
9,631
7,750
3,250
11,246
9,897
7,540
2,450
11,294
10,949
9,969
3,780
11,306
10,320
8,755
3,110
10,225
Ash
9.2
21.9
34.5
66.3
8.7
18.7
36.0
72.0
8.2
10.4
15.4
62.6
9.1
15.7
25.8
67.3
16.6
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.06
.17
.28
.66
0.04
.22
.51
2.88
0.03
.09
.20
2.39
0.06
.14
.30
2.09
.19
Total
sulfur N3201
0.77
.80
.66
.95
0.83
.83
.92
2.93
0.81
.78
.83
2.47
0.78
.80
.81
2.22
.86
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
98.8
99.7
99.9
100.0
95.2
98.3
99.3
100.0
56.2
88.7
97.1
100.0
96.7
99.1
99.7
100.0
100.0
. pet.
Btu
99.1
99.8
100.0
100.0
96.4
99.2
99.8
100.0
58.4
91.3
99.0
100.0
97.8
99.5
99.9
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,320
11,305
11,298
11,289
11,246
11,204
11,167
11,105
11,294
11,167
11,064
10,853
11,306
11,282
11,267
11,241
11,231
Ash
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.4
8.7
9.0
9.3
9.7
8.2
9.0
9.6
11.1
9.1
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
Pyritic
sulfur
0.06
.06
.06
.06
0.04
.05
.05
.07
0.03
.05
.06
.13
0.06
.06
.06
.07
.07
Total
sulfur N3201
0.77
.77
.77
.77
0.83
.83
.83
.85
0.81
.80
.80
.85
0.78
.78
.78
.79
.79
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 12. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 7 (Con.)
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Harrison
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 64.9
Float- 1.30 95.9 96.6
1.30 - 1.40 3.1 2.8
1.40-1.60 .7 .5
Sink - 1.60 .3 .1
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 35.1
Float- 1.30 68.5 69.9
1.30 - 1.40 26.1 25.8
1.40 - 1.60 4.4 3.8
Sink - 1.60 .9 .5
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 86.3 89.1
1.30 - 1.40 11.2 21.7
1.40 - 1.60 2.0 3.0
Sink - 1.60 .5 .3
Minus 100 mesh 11.0 9.8
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 80.7 81.7
1.30 - 1.40 17.1 16.7
1.40 - 1.60 1.9 1.5
Sink - 1.60 .4 .1
Sodium oxide performed only on
Btu/lb
11,291
10,174
7,660
3,160
11,415
11,040
9,690
5,330
11,325
10,883
9,208
4,589
11,047
11,523
11,105
9,183
2,972
14 mesh
Ash
8.6
17.1
35.1
67.0
8.0
10.0
18.0
50.6
8.4
11.8
22.1
56.2
11.7
7.7
10.6
24.4
72.1
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.06
.20
.61
3.93
0.03
.06
.15
1.57
0.05
.09
.26
2.38
.10
0.04
.09
.44
3.08
Total
sulfur N3201
0.82
.84
1.14
3.96
0.78
.82
.80
1.94
0.81
.82
.88
2.63
.82
0.80 0.11
.73 .11
.84 .09
3.10 .09
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight
95.9
99.0
99.7
100.0
68.5
94.7
99.1
100.0
86.3
97.5
99.5
100.0
100.0
80.7
97.7
99.6
100.0
Btu
96.6
99.4
99.9
100.0
69.9
95.7
99.5
100.0
89.1
98.2
99.8
100.0
100.0
81.7
98.4
99.9
100.0
x 0 sample.
Btu/lb
11,291
11,256
11,229
11,208
11,415
11,311
11,239
11,184
11,325
11,274
11,232
11,199
11,184
11,523
11,450
11,407
11,374
Ash
8.6
8.9
9.1
9.2
8.0
8.7
9.1
9.5
8.4
8.8
9.1
9.3
9.6
7.7
8.2
8.5
8.8
Pyritic
sulfur
0.06
.06
.07
.08
0.03
.04
.04
.06
0.05
.06
.06
.07
.07
0.04
.05
.06
.07
Total
sulfur N3201
0.82
.82
.82
.83
0.78
.79
.79
.80
0.81
.81
.81
.82
.82
0.80 0.11
.79 .11
.79 .11
.80 .11
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
-------
Channel sample No. 8 was collected from the Lower Calvert forma-
tion, Wilcox Group, in Milam County, Texas. A section of the bed is
described as follows:
Bed
Section1
Feet
3
4
4
Inches
3
7
1
1
0
Lignite
Shale
Lignite
Shale
Lignite
Total thickness of bed 12 0
and sample
10verlying bed: shale; floor: fireclay.
Table 13 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 8.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 9,948 Btu/lb,
19.8 percent ash, 0.15 percent pyritic sulfur, and 1.31 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.04 percent. This
coal could not be upgraded to meet the current SC-2 emission standard of
1.2 pounds S02/MM Btu since it contained an average of 1.16 percent
organic sulfur. Crushing to 3/8 inch top size and removing the sink
1.40 specific gravity material of the composite sample would provide a
product analyzing 11.5 percent ash at a Btu recovery of 90.1 percent.
The ash reduction would be 42 percent. None of this coal is washed.
Channel sample No. 9 was collected from an uncorrelated formation,
Wilcox Group, in Panola County, Texas. A section of the bed is de-
scribed as follows:
Bed Section1
Feet Inches
Lignite 7 7
Total thickness of bed 7 7
and sample
10verlying bed: shale, floor; fireclay.
Table 14 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 9.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 11,200 Btu/lb,
8.6 percent ash, 0.26 percent pyritic sulfur, and 1.32 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content of the coal was 0.08 percent. This
sample contained an average of 1.06 percent organic sulfur and could not
be upgraded to meet the current SC>2 emission standard. Crushing to 3/8
34
-------
TABLE 13. - Detailed washabllity analyses of sample No. 8
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Milam
FORMATION: Lower Calvert
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery^
Product Weight
pet .
Btu
Btu/lb
Percent
Pyritic
Ash sulfur
Total
sulfur Na20]
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 78.5
Float- 1.30 79.8
1.30 - 1.40 10.2
1.40 - 1.60 3.7
Sink - 1.60 6.3
Size fraction: 3/8 x
Weight percent: 17.7
Float- 1.30 64.6
1.30 - 1.40 13.9
1.40 - 1.60 6.4
Sink - 1.60 15.1
Size fraction: 14 x
Weight percent: 3.8
Float- 1.30 45.5
1.30 - 1.40 17.8
1.40 - 1.60 14.4
Sink - 1.60 22.2
Size composite: 1-1/2
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 75.9
1.30 - 1.40 11.1
1.40-1.60 '>.(,
Sink - 1.60 8.4
Minus 100 mesh 1.1
86.6
9.3
2.6
1.6
14
76.9
14.3
5.2
3.6
100
58.0
21.3
13.9
6.8
x 100
84.5
11.1
4.6
2.7
1.2
11,130
9,32]
7,114
2,561
10,959
9,514
7,437
2,215
11,753
11,042
8,876
2,828
11,118
9,467
7,403
2,477
10,979
11.6
24.6
40.6
70.9
11.8
22.7
37.7
74.3
8.6
12.0
26.7
69.9
11.6
23.4
38.2
71.9
22.7
0.04
.31
.25
.78
0.06
.15
.18
1.20
0.04
.07
.16
.92
0.04
.26
.22
.93
.16
1.36
1.61
1.06
1.20
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
79.8
90.0
93.7
100.0
I
1.44
1.36
1.07
1.73
1.31
1.37
1.26
1.25
1.37
1.54
1.09
1.37
.94
64.6
78.5
84.9
100.0
45.5
63.3
77.8
100.0
75.9
87.0
91.6
100.0
100.0
86.6
95.9
98.4
100.0
76.9
91.2
96.4
100.0
58.0
79.3
93.2
100.0
84.5
94.7
97.9
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,130
10,925
10,775
10,261
10,959
10,764
10,458
9,210
11,753
11,554
11,056
9,226
11,118
10,907
10,731
10,035
10,045
Ash
11.6
13.1
14.2
17.7
11.8
13.7
15.5
24.4
8.6
9.6
12.7
25.5
11.6
13.1
14.3
19.2
19.2
Pyritic
sulfur
0.04
.07
.08
.12
0.06
.08
.08
.25
0.04
.05
.07
.26
0.04
.07
.08
.15
.15
Total Pounds,
sulfur N3201 S02/MM Btu
1.36
1.39
1.38
1.36
1.44
1.43
1.40
1.45
1.31
1.33
1.31
1.30
1.37
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.37
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.7
2.7
3.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.8
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.7
'Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 13. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 8 (Con.)
STATE : Texas
COUNTY: Milam
FORMATION:
GROUP:
Direct
Percent
Recovery , pet .
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 70.2
Float- 1.30 69.0 78.0
1.30 - 1.40 15.0 14.7
1.40 - 1.60 6.8 5.1
Sink - 1.60 9.1 2.2
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 29.8
Float- 1.30 40.6 48.0
1.30 - 1.40 31.4 34.9
1.40 - 1.60 14.8 13.0
Sink - 1.60 13.2 4.1
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 60.6 72.0
1.30 - 1.40 19.9 24.2
1.40 - 1.60 9.2 8.9
Sink - 1.60 10.3 2.9
Minus 100 mesh 9.2 8.1
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 56.1 65.0
1.30 - 1.40 23.4 24.5
1.40 - 1.60 9.9 8.1
Sink - 1.60 10.7 2.5
Btu/lb
11,299
9,796
7,481
2,367
11,700
11,008
8,662
3,070
11,379
10,365
8,047
2,633
9,580
11,434
10,304
8,064
2,318
Ash
10.0
21.0
37.3
72.7
8.3
12.3
27.8
67.5
9.7
16.9
32.7
70.7
24.4
9.6
17.3
32.6
71.9
Pyritic
sulfur
0.04
.17
.13
1.49
0.02
.05
.14
.62
0.04
.11
.13
1.16
.16
0.03
.09
.14
.75
Total
sulfur N3201
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
•
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
33
46
07
72
32
33
20
97
33
40
13
44
20
30 0.03
29 .03
11 .04
97 .09
Lower
Wilcox
Calvert
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
69.0
84.1
90.9
100.0
40.6
72.0
86.8
100.0
60.6
80.5
89.7
100.0
100.0
56.1
79.5
89.3
100.0
. pet.
Btu
78.0
92.7
97.8
100.0
48.0
83.0
95.9
100.0
72.0
90.1
97.3
100.0
100.0
65.0
89.4
97.5
100.0
Btu/lb
11,299
11,030
10,764
9,998
11,700
11,398
10,932
9,896
11,379
11,128
10,812
9,967
9,935
11,434
11,101
10,766
9,865
Ash
10.0
12.0
13.9
19.2
8.3
10.0
13.1
20.2
9.7
11.5
13.6
19.5
19.9
9.6
11.9
14.2
20.3
Pyritic
sulfur
0.04
.06
.07
.20
0.02
.03
.05
.13
0.04
.06
.06
.18
.18
0.03
.05
.06
.13
Total
sulfur N3201
1.33
1.35
1.33
1.37
1.32
1.32
1.30
1.26
1.33
1.35
1.32
1.34
1.32
1.30 0.03
1.30 .03
1.28 .03
1.24 .04
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.7
2. 3
2.3
2.4
2.5
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 14. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 9
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Panola
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 79.3
Float- 1.30 97.0 97.5
1.30 - 1.40 2.5 2.1
1.40 - 1.60 .4 .3
Sink - 1.60 .2 .0
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 16.5
Float- 1.30 89.9 92.3
1.30 - 1.40 5.8 5.4
1.40 - 1.60 2.3 1.7
Sink - 1.60 2.0 .5
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 4.2
Float- 1.30 55.4 59.1
1.30 - 1.40 30.3 31.3
1.40 - 1.60 7.9 7.1
Sink - 1.60 6.4 2.5
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 94.1 95.8
1.30 - 1.40 4.2 11.7
1.40 - 1.60 1.0 3.1
Sink - 1.60 .7 1.1
Minus 100 mesh 1.2 1.0
Btu/lb
11,334
9,829
8,974
2,216
11,310
10,290
8,447
2,830
11,708
11,325
9,868
4,294
11,339
10,388
9,073
3,226
9,856
Ash
6.9
20.3
26.2
77.8
8.4
16.0
29.1
66.1
6.0
8.0
15.6
56.5
7.1
15.6
23.8
65.0
20.1
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.09
.86
1.82
2.63
0.16
.55
1.26
17.70
0.05
.07
.26
11.43
0.10
.55
1.09
12.47
.49
Total
sulfur N3201
1.30
2.90
2.78
2.97
1.08
1.42
1.99
17.71
1.03
.99
1.04
11.68
1.26
1.98
1.91
12.63
1.51
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
97.0
99.4
99.8
100.0
89.9
95.7
98.0
100.0
55.4
85.7
93.6
100.0
94.1
98.3
99.3
100.0
100.0
97.5
99.7
100.0
100.0
92.3
97.7
99.5
100.0
59.1
90.4
97.5
100.0
95.8
99.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,334
11,297
11,288
11,271
11,310
11,248
11,184
11,014
11,708
11,573
11,428
10,975
11,339
11,299
11,276
11,216
11,200
Ash
6.9
7.2
7.3
7. it
8.4
8.9
9.3
10.5
6.0
6.7
7.5
10.6
7.1
7.5
7.6
8.1
8.2
Pyritic
sulfur
0.09
.11
.12
.12
0.16
.18
.21
.56
0.05
.06
.07
.80
0.10
.12
.13
.22
.22
Total
sulfur fta20l
1.30
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.46
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.70
1.26
1.29
1.30
1.38
1.38
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
3.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.5
1Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 14. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 9 (Con.)
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Panola
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP: Wilcox
Direct
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 68.5
Float- 1.30 92.2 93.6
1.30 - 1.40 4.9 4.6
1.40 - 1.60 2.0 1.6
Sink - 1.60 .9 .3
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 31.8
Float- 1.30 70.3 72.9
1.30 - 1.40 20.3 20.2
1.40 - 1.60 6.6 5.8
Sink - 1.60 2.8 1.0
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 85.3 88.3
1.30 - 1.40 9.8 14.8
1.40 - 1.60 3.4 4.2
Sink - 1.60 1.5 .7
Minus 100 mesh 10.1 8.7
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 77.0 78.7
1.30 - 1.40 19.6 19.3
1.40 - 1.60 2.0 1.6
Sink - 1.60 1.5 .4
Btu/lb
11,448
10,383
8,986
3,184
11,647
11,175
9,906
4,022
11,499
10,900
9,542
3,677
10,654
11,449
11,051
9,264
2,829
Ash
6.9
16.0
25.8
64.9
6.2
9.2
16.3
58.6
6.7
11.6
20.0
61.2
13.7
6.5
10.6
23.5
68.6
Pyritic
sulfur
0.07
.31
.72
19.20
0.04
.09
.24
9.29
0.06
.17
.43
13.36
.29
0.06
.12
.49
13.73
Total
sulfur N3201
1.
1.
1.
19.
1.
.
.
9.
1.
1.
1.
13.
1.
1.
1.
1.
14.
09
16
46
20
04
98
99
34
08
04
18
39
77
03 0.07
19 .10
07 .08
93 .06
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
92.2
97.1
99.1
100.0
70.3
90.6
97.2
100.0
85.3
95.0
98.5
100.0
100.0
77.0
96.6
98.5
100.0
, pet.
Btu
93.5
98.2
99.7
100.0
72.9
93.2
99.0
100.0
88.3
96.7
99.5
100.0
100.0
78.7
98.0
99.6
100.0
Btu/lb
11,448
11,394
11,346
11,271
11,647
11,541
11,430
11,219
11,499
11,438
11,371
11,255
11,199
11,449
11,368
11,326
11,202
Ash
6.9
7.4
7.7
8.3
6.2
6.9
7.5
9.0
6.7
7.2
7.7
8.5
9.0
6.5
7.3
7.7
8.5
Pyritic
sulfur
0.07
.08
.09
.27
0.04
.05
.06
.33
0.06
.07
.09
.29
.29
0.06
.07
.08
.28
Total
sulfur
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.27
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.26
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.26
1.31
1.03
1.06
1.06
1.27
Pounds,
N3201 S02/MM Btu
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.2
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.3
0.07 1.8
.08 1.9
.08 1.9
.08 2.3
1Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
inch top size and removing the sink 1.30 specific gravity material would
provide a product analyzing 6.7 percent ash at a Btu recovery of 88.3
percent. The ash reduction would be 26 percent. None of this coal is
washed.
Channel sample No. 10 was collected from an uncorrelated formation,
Wilcox Group, in Titus County, Texas. A section of the bed is described
as follows:
Bed Section1
Lignite
Carbonaceous shale
Lignite
Carbonaceous shale
Lignite
Total thickness of bed
Feet
1
1
1
7
Inches
0
6
4
3
11
0
and sample
10verlying bed: shale; floor: fireclay.
Table 15 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 10.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 10,122 Btu/lb,
17.0 percent ash, 0.10 percent pyritic sulfur, and 0.83 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.09 percent. This
sample contained an average of 0.73 percent organic sulfur and could not
be upgraded to meet the current SO? emission standard. Crushing to 3/8
inch top size and removing the sink 1.40 specific gravity material would
provide a product analyzing 12.2 percent ash, at a Btu recovery of 91.8
percent. The ash reduction would be 29 percent. None of this coal is
washed.
Channel sample No. 11 was collected from a Yegua formation, Clair-
borne Group, in Angelina County, Texas. A section of the bed is de-
scribed as follows:
Bed Section1
Feet
Lignite
Inches
0
0
Total thickness of bed 4
and sample
Overlying bed: shale; floor: sandstone.
Table 16 shows the detailed washability analyses of sample No. 11.
The composite washability sample contained an average of 10,590 Btu/lb,
39
-------
TABLE 15. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 10
STATE : Texas
COUNTY: Titus
FORMATION: Uncorrelated
GROUP : Wilcox
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 78.9
Float- 1.30 80.0 84.0
1.30 - 1.40 12.2 11.4
1.40 - 1.60 5.0 3.6
Sink - 1.60 2.8 .9
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 17.5
Float- 1.30 70.4 76.8
1.30 - 1.40 16.3 15.8
1.40 - 1.60 7.3 5.6
Sink - 1.60 6.0 1.9
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 3.6
Float- 1.30 28.0 33.0
1.30 - 1.40 38.0 42.3
1.40 - 1.60 20.1 19.1
Sink - 1.60 14.0 5.6
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 76.4 82.2
1.30 - 1.40 13.9 15.3
1.40 - 1.60 5.9 6.0
Sink - 1.60 3.8 1.8
Minus 100 mesh .9 .7
Btu/lb
10,686
9,468
7,469
3,398
10,759
9,567
7,499
3,079
11,273
10,669
9,067
3,839
10,705
9,607
7,671
3,368
7,775
Ash
12.7
22.9
37.7
66.6
11.7
20.8
36.4
69.9
9.3
12.2
22.9
63.5
12.5
21.4
35.6
67.1
36.1
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.07
.13
.48
.24
0.03
.13
.48
.94
0.02
.04
.17
1.77
0.06
.12
.44
.64
.27
Total
sulfur N3201
0.84
.84
1.05
.55
0.85
.86
1.13
1.14
0.85
.80
.82
2.16
0.84
.84
1.04
.93
.88
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
80.0
92.2
97.2
100.0
70.4
86.7
94.0
100.0
28.0
65.9
86.0
100.0
76.4
90.3
96.2
100.0
100.0
. pet.
Btu
84.0
95.4
99.1
100.0
76.8
92.6
98.1
100.0
33.0
75.3
94.4
100.0
82.2
94.4
98.8
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
10,686
10,524
10,369
10,172
10,759
10,536
10,298
9,868
11,273
10,925
10,491
9,562
10,705
10,536
10,360
10,096
10,076
Ash
12.7
14.1
15.3
16.7
11.7
13.4
15.2
18.5
9.3
11.0
13.8
20.7
12.5
13.9
15.2
17.2
17.3
Pyritic
sulfur
0.07
.08
.10
.10
0.03
.05
.08
.13
0.02
.03
.06
.30
0.06
.07
.09
.12
.12
Total
sulfur N3201
0.84
.84
.85
.84
0.85
.85
.87
.89
0.85
.82
.82
1.01
0.84
.84
.85
.86
.86
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.6
2.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 15. - Detailed vashability analyses of sample No. 10 (Con.)
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Titus
FORMATION:
GROUP:
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 66.7
Float- 1.30 75.0 80.1
1.30 - 1.40 14.2 13.5
1.40 - 1.60 6.6 5.0
Sink - 1.60 4.2 1.3
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 33.3
Float- 1.30 52.7 58.0
1.30 - 1.40 29.6 30.1
1.40 - 1.60 11.6 9.6
Sink - 1.60 6.0 2.3
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 67.6 74.4
1.30 - 1.40 19.3 22.0
1.40 - 1.60 8.3 7.2
Sink - 1.60 4.8 1.7
Minus 100 mesh 8.7 7.0
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 55.2 60.3
1.30 - 1.40 27.1 27.2
1.40 - 1.60 13.7 11.3
Sink - 1.60 3.9 1.2
Btu/lb
10,850
9,684
7,766
3,227
11,332
10,462
8,497
3,927
10,975
10,081
8,107
3,519
8,872
11,116
10,242
8,404
3,124
Ash
11.3
20.1
34.4
67.8
9.6
14.3
27.1.
63.4
10.9
17.1
31.0
66.0
27.7
9.8
16.2
28.0
69.2
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.00
.06
.66
.25
0.14
.29
.10
1.30
0.04
.18
.40
.69
.08
0.01
.02
.05
1.12
Total
sulfur N3201
0.80
.75
.82
.98
0.85
.85
.78
1.64
0.81
.80
.80
1.26
.81
0.81 0.09
.74 .09
.67 .08
1.42 .12
Uncorrelated
Wilcox
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight Btu
75.0
89.2
95.8
100.0
52.7
82.4
94.0
100.0
67.6
86.9
95.2
100.0
100.0
55.2
82.3
96.1
100.0
80.1
93.6
98.7
100.0
58.0
88.1
97.7
100.0
74.4
91.9
98.3
100.0
100.0
60.3
87.5
98.8
100.0
Btu/lb
10,850
10,665
10,465
10,162
11,332
11,019
10,708
10,298
10,975
10,776
10,544
10,207
10,100
11,116
10,829
10,482
10,191
Ash
11.3
12.7
14.2
16.4
9.6
11.3
13.2
16.3
10.9
12.3
13.9
16.4
17.3
9.8
11.9
14.2
16.4
Pyritic
sulfur
0.00
.01
.05
.06
0.14
.19
.18
.25
0.04
.07
.10
.12
.12
0.01
.01
.02
.06
Total
sulfur N3201
0.80
.79
.79
.80
0.85
.85
.84
.89
0.81
.81
.81
.83
.83
0.81 0.09
.79 .09
.77 .09
.80 .09
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
'Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
-------
TABLE 16. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 11
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Angelina
FORMATION: Yegua
GROUP: Clairborne
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 1-1/2
Size fraction: 1-1/2 x 3/8
Weight percent: 80.8
Float- 1.30 92.2 94.4
1.30 - 1.40 5.6 4.9
1.40 - 1.60 .6 .3
Sink - 1.60 1.6 .4
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 14.9
Float- 1.30 80.0 87.8
1.30 - 1.40 9.1 8.0
1.40 - 1.60 5.1 3.1
Sink - 1.60 5.8 1.2
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 4.3
Float- 1.30 50.0 64.9
1.30 - 1.40 16.4 17.8
1.40 - 1.60 13.1 10.6
Sink - 1.60 20.5 6.6
Size composite: 1-1/2 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 88.6 92.8
1.30 - 1.40 6.6 6.9
1.40 - 1.60 1.8 4.7
Sink - 1.60 3.0 2.4
Minus 100 mesh 1.1 .9
Btu/lb
11,073
9,468
5,436
2,780
10,852
8,610
5,873
2,019
11,187
9,385
6,985
2,780
11,046
9,281
6,105
2,564
8,161
Ash
10.9
21.9
51.4
72.6
12.2
27.8
46.8
75.8
10.3
20.7
36.5
69.6
11.1
23.0
44.8
72.6
35.7
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.04
.09
.36
2.10
0.04
.11
.14
.78
0.04
.07
.10
.36
0.04
.09
.19
1.22
.26
Total
sulfur Ua20l
1.20
1.29
1.03
2.16
1.27
1.42
1.07
1.07
1.23
1.47
1.14
.99
1.21
1.34
1.08
1.51
1.31
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery
Weight
92.2
97.8
98.4
100.0
80.0
89.1
94.2
100.0
50.9
66.4
79.5
100.0
88.6
95.2
97.0
100.0
100.0
» pet.
Btu
94.4
99.3
99.6
100.0
87.8
95.8
98.8
100.0
64.9
82.8
93.4
100.0
92.8
98.3
99.3
100.0
100.0
Btu/lb
11,073
10,982
10,949
10,818
10,852
10,622
10,363
9,882
11,187
10,742
10,122
8,618
11,046
10,924
10,834
10,583
10,556
Ash
10.9
11.5
11.8
12.7
12.2
13.8
15.6
19.1
10.3
12.9
16.8
27.6
11.1
11.9
12.5
14.3
14.6
Pyritic
sulfur
0.04
.04
.04
.08
0.04
.05
.05
.09
0.04
.05
.06
.12
0.04
.04
.05
.08
.08
Total
sulfur N3201
1.20
1.21
1.20
1.22
1.27
1.29
1.27
1.26
1.23
1.29
1.26
1.21
1.21
1.22
1.22
1.23
1.23
Pounds,
S02/MM Btu
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
Sodium oxide performed only on 14 mesh x 0 sample.
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TABLE 16. - Detailed washability analyses of sample No. 11 (Con.)
STATE: Texas
COUNTY: Angelina
FORMATION: Yegua
GROUP: Clairborne
Direct
Recovery, pet.
Product Weight Btu
TOP SIZE: 3/8
Size fraction: 3/8 x 14
Weight percent: 73.6
Float- 1.30 92.7 95.7
1.30 - 1.40 3.8 3.1
1.40 - 1.60 1.5 .8
Sink - 1.60 2.0 .4
Size fraction: 14 x 100
Weight percent: 26.4
Float- 1.30 80.8 87.6
1.30 - 1.40 4.8 4.6
1.40 - 1.60 6.8 5.4
Sink - 1.60 7.6 2.5
Size composite: 3/8 x 100
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 89.5 93.8
1.30 - 1.40 4.1 3.5
1.40 - 1.60 2.9 3.7
Sink - 1.60 3.5 1.6
Minus 100 mesh 6.2 5.0
TOP SIZE: 14
Size fraction: 14 x 0
Weight percent: 100.0
Float- 1.30 85.5 91.2
1.30 - 1.40 7.0 6.2
1.40 - 1.60 3.7 2.1
Sink - 1.60 3.8 .6
1Sodium oxide performed only on
Btu/lb
11,195
8,707
5,871
2,141
11,480
10,041
8,401
3,423
11,262
9,121
7,432
2,879
9,092
11,239
9,263
6,040
1,536
14 mesh
Ash
10.0
28.4
46.6
75.3
9.4
17.2
26.7
64.4
9.9
24.9
34.3
69.0
25.5
10.0
23.6
46.4
81.5
Percent
Pyritic
sulfur
0.06
.14
.18
1.44
0.04
.07
.11
.42
0.06
.10
.14
.85
.12
0.05
.12
.12
.83
Total
sulfur ^O1
1.33
1.26
1.02
1.66
1.21
1.32
1.24
1.11
1.30
1.28
1.16
1.34
1.20
1.29 0.25
1.27 .30
.83 .38
1.04 .58
Cumulative
Percent
Recovery, pet.
Weight
92.7
96.5
98.0
100.0
80.8
85.6
92.4
100.0
89.5
93.6
96.5
100.0
100.0
85.5
92.5
96.2
100.0
Btu
95,7
98.8
99.6
100.0
87.6
92.1
97.5
100.0
93.8
97.2
99.1
100.0
100.0
91.2
97.3
99.4
100.0
Btu/lb
11,195
11,097
11,016
10,838
11,480
11,399
11,177
10,589
11,262
11,169
11,056
10,772
10,674
11,239
11,089
10,895
10,540
Ash
10.0
10.7
11.3
12.6
9.4
9.8
11.1
15.1
9.9
10.5
11.2
13.2
14.0
10.0
11.0
12.4
15.0
Pyritic
sulfur
0.06
.06
.06
.09
0.04
.04
.05
.08
0.06
.06
.06
.09
.09
0.05
.06
.06
.09
Total
sulfur
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.33
1.21
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.27
1.26
Pounds,
Na20J S02/MM Btu
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
0.25 2.3
.25 2.3
.25 2.3
.27 2.4
x 0 sample.
-------
14.5 percent ash, 0.09 percent pyritic sulfur, and 1.26 percent total
sulfur. The sodium oxide content in the coal was 0.27 percent. This
coal contained an average of 1.17 percent organic sulfur and could not
be upgraded to meet the current SQ2 emission standard. Crushing to 14
mesh top size and removing the sink 1.30 specific gravity material would
provide a product containing 10.0 percent ash at a Btu recovery of 91.2
percent. The ash reduction would be 33 percent. This is a new mine
undergoing a feasibility study.
Sodium Reduction
Table 17 summarizes the results of laboratory ion exchange tests
with Arkansas and Texas lignites. In these tests, products having lower
sodium oxide in the ash were consistently obtained by treating these
lignites with a solution containing calcium ions. Because the quantity
of exchange ions, particle size distribution and reaction time were
constant; the maximum amount of sodium that might be removed from each
sample was not determined. The sodium oxide reductions for the coals
tested ranged from 37 to 91 percent.
TABLE 17. - Ion exchange test results with minus 14 mesh
Arkansas and Texas lignites
Raw coal
Analysis, percent
Sample Na2^ in ash
No. Ash Untreated Treated
Float 1.60 specific gravity product
Recovery, Analysis, percent
percent Na20 in ash
Btu's Ash UntreatedTreated
Arkansas lignite
1
2
3
4
11.3
17.0
15.0
43.4
0.19
.19
.08
.27
0.11
.12
.04
.17
99.5
99.6
98.2
88.3
9.9
14.7
11.8
31.9
0.24
.27
.08
.39
0.09
.12
.05
.14
Texas lignite
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
10.2
13.5
8.8
20.3
8.5
16.4
15.0
0.98
.67
1.13
.24
1.06
.65
1.27
0.22
.14
.37
.14
.31
.19
.12
97.8
98.8
99.9
97.5
99.6
98.8
99.4
9.0
11.4
8.5
14.2
7.7
14.2
12.4
0.91
.54
1.09
.30
1.08
.73
1.05
0.25
.14
.35
.12
.25
.23
.12
44
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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The washability data given in tables 6-9 for the lignite samples
collected in Arkansas show that, of the four samples, only samples 1 and
2, from Dallas County, could be upgraded to meet the current EPA S02
emission standard of 1.2 pounds S02/MM Btu. Sample No. 1 contained an
average of 0.47 percent pyritic sulfur and Q.46 percent organic sulfur.
As shown in table 6, it could be upgraded to comply with the EPA emis-
sion standard by crushing to 3/8-inch top size and removing the sink
1.30 specific gravity material. Sample No. 2 contained, on the average,
0.05 percent pyritic sulfur and only 0.65 percent organic sulfur. It
could be upgraded to meet the standard by crushing to 1-1/2-inch top
size and removing the sink 1.30 specific gravity material as shown in
table 7.
The washability data for the Texas lignites (tables 10-16) show
that none of these samples could be upgraded to meet the EPA standard
regardless of the degree of crushing or specific gravity of separation
due to the organic sulfur content which ranged from 0.7 to 1.3 percent.
Although physical cleaning generally provided inadequate desul-
furization with all but the two Arkansas lignite samples from Dallas
County, it did provide significant ash reduction. And as pointed out
earlier, boiler fouling increases exponentially with the ash content of
a coal for all levels of sodium oxide in the ash. Crushing and gravi-
metric separation, therefore, may contribute significantly to a reduc-
tion in boiler fouling.
The weight-percent yields obtained at the 1.30 specific gravity of
separation for the material crushed to 1-1/2 inches top size were high,
except for one sample which yielded 42.8 percent. The other 10 samples
ranged from 75.9 percent to 96.7 percent yield. This high yield of
float 1.30 material is attributable to the low specific gravity of
lignite. It is reported that the specific gravity of lignite containing
36 percent moisture is 1.28 and decreases to 1.22 as the moisture de-
creases to zero (10).
Size analysis of the Arkansas and Texas lignite samples showed that
all samples remained relatively coarse after crushing to 1-1/2 inches
top size with none containing less than 73 percent of 1-1/2 by 3/8 inch
material. The size distribution coefficient 11 ranged from 0.7 to 0.8
which is within the normal range for most higher rank coals.
All of these Arkansas and Texas lignite samples were noncoking with
free swelling indices of 0. The ash softening temperatures ranged from
2,140 to 2,910° F. Generally, the Btu per pound (moisture free basis)
for the raw lignite samples was around 10,000 to 11,500 with the ash
contents ranging from 9.3 to 19.3 percent. One of the Arkansas samples,
however, contained 43.1 percent ash and 6,672 Btu/lb.
45
-------
The sodium oxide in the lignites analyzed 0.27 percent or less and
thus should not cause much boiler fouling. This low sqdium content
appears to be typical of Arkansas and Texas lignites. Although boiler
fouling caused by the presence of sodium should not be a problem, it is
interesting to note that treatment of these lignite samples with calcium
ions provided sodium oxide reductions ranging from 37 to 91 percent.
The significance of these ion exchange tests is to demonstrate that
treatment of lignite with a solution containing calcium ions will reduce
its sodium content.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Only the two Arkansas samples collected from Dallas County
could be upgraded to meet the new source performance standard of 1.2
pounds of S02/MM Btu.
2. None of the samples collected from Texas could be upgraded to
meet the EPA standard.
3. Even though the samples collected from Arkansas and Texas
averaged only 1.1 percent total sulfur, approximately 80 percent of this
was organic sulfur; thus, 9 of the 11 samples could not be physically
upgraded to meet EPA's new source performance standard.
4. The size analyses of the Arkansas and Texas lignite samples
showed nonfriability with all samples containing more than 73 percent of
plus 3/8 inch material after crushing to 1-1/2 inches top size.
5. Except for one sample, crushing and gravimetric separation
would provide minimal sulfur reduction but would provide significant ash
reduction and increased calorific value.
6. The sodium oxide in the coals analyzed 0.27 percent or less and
thus should not cause much boiler fouling. However, since the ash foul-
ing rate is related to the quantity of ash as well as the sodium con-
tent, physical coal cleaning to remove ash should reduce boiler fouling.
7. Treatment of these lignite samples with calcium ions would
provide sodium oxide reductions ranging from 37 to 91 percent.
REFERENCES
1. Corsentino, J. S. Projects to Expand Energy Sources in Western
States, SBM I.e. 8719, 208 pp.
2. Fieldner, A. C. and W. A. Selvig. Notes in the Sampling and
Analysis of Coal. BuMines Tech. Paper 586, 1938, 48 pp.
46
-------
3. Hahn, A. D. and B. M. Reynolds. Hgnite in the Arkansas-
White-Red River Basins, Preliminary Report 1952, 15 pp.
4. Haley, R. B. Coal Resources of Arkansas, 1954, Geological
Survey Bulletin 1072-P, 36 pp,
5. Holmes, J. A. The Sampling of Coal in the Mine. BuMines
Tech. Paper 1, 1918, 22 pp.
6. Kaiser, W. R. Texas Lignite: Near-Surface and Deep-Basin
Resources, Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, R.I. No. 79,
1974, 70 pp.
7. Keystone Coal Industry Manual, McGraw-Hill Publication, 1977.
8. Paulson, L. E. and W. W. Rawkes. Changes in Ash Composition
of North Dakota Lignite Treated by Ion Exchange. BuMines, R.I. 7176,
1967, 18 pp.
9. Rosin, P., E. Rammler. The Laws Governing the Fineness of
Powered Coal, J Inst Fuel, 7, (1933), pp 29-36.
10. Sondreal, E. A. and R. C. Ellman. Laboratory Determination of
Factors Affecting Storage of North Dakota Lignite. BuMines R.I. 7887,
1974, 83 pp.
11. Stroud, R. B. Mineral Resources and Industries of Arkansas,
BuMines Bull. 645, 418 pp.
12. Tufte, P. H., G. H. Gronhard, E. A. Sondreal, and S. J. Selle.
Ash Fouling Potentials of Western Subbituminous Coals Determined in a
Pilot-Plant Test Furnace, Proceedings American Power Conference, Vol. 38,
1976, pp. 661-671.
US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980-640-25k, 1967
47
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-149
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
.TITLE AND SUBTITLE Washability Characteristics of
Arkansas and Texas Lignites: Report of Investigations
5. REPORT DATE
June 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J.A. Cavallaro and A.F. Baker
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PMTC-5(79)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Department of Energy
Coal Preparation Division of Pittsburgh Mining
Technology Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
E HE 62 3 A
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
E PA Inter agency Agreement
IAG-DXE-685AK
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final: 1/77 - 9/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES T£RL_RTp project officer is David A. Kirchgessner, MD-61,919/
541-2851.
16. ABSTRACT The report describes the washability characteristics of 11 channel samples
of lignite: 4 from Arkansas and 7 from Texas. The two samples collected from
Dallas County, Arkansas, could be upgraded to meet the current EPA New Source
Performance Standard (NSPS) of 1.2 Ib SO2/million Btu. The other nine samples,
although averaging only a little over 1% total sulfur, were relatively high in organic
sulfur and could not be upgraded to meet the NSPS. Physically cleaning these samples
provided significant ash reduction which may reduce the potential for boiler fouling.
It was also shown that much of the sodium can be removed from these lignites.
Analyses showed 37 to 91% reductions of sodium oxide after treatment with a solu-
tion containing calcium ions.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Lignite
Washing
Desulfurization
Ash Content
Scale (Corrosion)
Sodium Oxides
Calcium
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
13B
08G
13H,07A
07D
07B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 <»-73)
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