Air Pollution  Aspects of Emission Sources:
                    IRON  AND  STEEL  MILLS
                    A Bibliography with Abstracts


SSSffigBftW:
                    U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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       AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
         OF EMISSION SOURCES:
       IRON AND STEEL MILLS-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
         Air Pollution Technical Information Center
         ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                Office of Air Programs
          Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
                    May 1972
  For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00

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The  AP  series of reports is issued by  the Environmental Protection Agency to report the results of
scientific and  engineering studies,  and information  of general interest in the field  of air pollution.
Information presented in  this series includes coverage of intramural activities  involving air  pollution
research and control technology and of cooperative programs  and studies conducted in conjunction with
state and local agencies,  research institutes,  and industrial organizations.  Copies  of AP reports are
available free  of charge - as supplies  permit   from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,  North Carolina 27711.
                                    Publication Number AP-107
                                                 ii

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                                         CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .......            .                             .                v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
   A.  Emission Sources .          .....         .....              .          1
   B.  Control Methods	        	          	        .12
   C.  Measurement Methods .        ....           ...              ....        .50
   D.  Air Quality Measurements ...    	       .    ...    .  .    .    ....         52
   E.  Atmospheric Interaction (None)
   F.  Basic Science and Technology      .      .    	    .    	      54
   G.  Effects - Human  Health	      	    56
   H.  Effects  Plants and Livestock (None)
    I.  Effects - Materials  ...      .  .               .      ...        	       .61
    J.  Effects  Economic  .      .    .      	       .      .    62
   K.  Standards and Criteria.        	      ....      ...       ...      65
   L.  Legal and Administrative    	    .  .      ...    	66
   M.  Social Aspects .  .      	    ...         ....    ....    ....     .  .  67
   N.  General .     ...      	        	    68
AUTHOR INDEX	         .    .69
SUBJECT INDEX	73

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                       AIR  POLLUTION ASPECTS
                         OF EMISSION  SOURCES:
                       IRON  AND  STEEL MILLS-
              A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  WITH  ABSTRACTS

                                  INTRODUCTION
   Iron and steel mills contribute significantly to the overall air pollution level in the United States.
To aid efforts to improve air quality, the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the
Office of Air Programs has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its solution.

   Approximately 302 abstracts have been selectively screened from the contents  of APTIC's informa-
tion storage and retrieval system to cover  the 14 categories set forth in the table of contents. The
compilation is intended to be  representative of available  literature,  and no claim is made to all-
inclusiveness.

   Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC accession number.
Generally, higher accession numbers,  representing the  latest acquisitions, cover the most recent
material.

   All documents abstracted herein are  currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center,  Office  of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711.  Readers  outside  the Environmental Protection Agency may seek duplicates of docu-
ments directly from libraries,  publishers, or authors.

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                                 A.  EMISSION   SOURCES
02146
QUALITY CONTROL OF AIR AND WATER-A CONTINU-
ING U.S.STEEL CONCERN.  U.S.STEEL NEWS 31, (7) 8-11,
NOV. 1966.
This article summarizes the efforts made by U.S. Steel in the
last 15 years to control air and water pollution from their steel
plants. The control of air and water quality is vested in a com-
mittee which reports directly to top  management, the Opera-
tions Policy Committee, and is composed of representatives of
the engineering and research, law, personnel, and production
departments.  Electrostatic precipitators and wet scrubber ap-
plications are discussed. Processes for controlling air pollution
include mechanical (i.e.  centrifugal force), electrostatic, wash-
ing, vacuum cleaning through filters, and incineration applica-
tions.

04000
G. W. Perbix
THERMODYNAMIC  EVALUATION OF BASIC  OXYGEN
FURNACE HOT MODEL STUDIES.  J. Metals (Japan) 18, (8)
824-31, July 1966. (Presented at  the Annual Meeting,  American
Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, New
York City, 1966.)
BOF hot models tests were  carried  out  with a 150 Ib metal
charge in order to investigate the effects of blowing conditions
on refining kinetics,  oxygen efficiencies, and thermodynamic
aspects of  BOF steelmaking. The results from 20 heats are re-
ported covering a range  of oxygen flow rates from 4.5-11 scfm
or 60-147 scfm per net ton of metallic charge at lance-to-bath
distances of 2-6.5 in. The following results were obrained: (1)
Decarburization kinetics are strongly affected by lance height
and oxygen flow rate. Carbon removal proceeds at the highest
rate toward the end of the heat. A decrease in decarburization
rate at a carbon level higher than 0.10% C was observed only
once for a heat blown under extremely soft conditions; (2) The
decarburization  reaction is  strongly temperature-dependent.
Scatter in  the results is traced to differences in temperature
patterns during the course of the heats; (3) Oxygen efficiencies
are evaluated  for the decarburization reaction  and the total
reaction history. These oxygen efficiencies are also controlled
by blowing conditions. For hard blows,  efficiency values of
100% are reached; and (4) The thermodynamic portion of this
investigation is focused on the manganese oxidation and its
distribution between  metal and slag. The path  of  the man-
ganese reaction  is analyzed for each heat and  plotted  as a
function  of temperature  for different  blowing conditions.
Large deviations from equilibrium prevail for the better part of
the blowing time. Toward the end of the heat, at carbon levels
of 0.10% C, equilibrium  is approached in all cases. Attainment
of near-equilibrium values at the end of the blowing period
means  that, for low-carbon steels,  manganese  yield is  con-
trolled mainly  by the FeO content of the slag. The FeO con-
tent of the finish-slag and, consequently, manganese yield are
strongly affected by blowing conditions. (Author summary)
04001
J. G. Harhai and D. A. Dukelow
FACTORS AFFECTING SULFUR REMOVAL EV THE BASIC
OXYGEN PROCESS.  J. Metals (Japan)  18, (7) 833-5, July
1966.
The problem of unpredictably high sulfur contents in steel and
factors  affecting sulfur removal at the basic oxygen shop  of
Pittsburgh Steel Co. have been analyzed. It has  been found
that heats with high burnt dolomite charges in  place of lime
show a lower frequency of good desulfurization performance.
The index of measurement was the ratio  of sulfur content in
the steel  to that in  the charge and is defined  as the  sulfur
removal ratio (SRR). High MgO slags are apparently detrimen-
tal  to sulfur removal  because of the resulting  higher slag
viscosity and lower desulfurization potential of  MgO relative
to CaO. In studying the question of blast furnace slag carry-
over, a special depth reading device was constructed and used
to measure the depth of  slag-kish atop the hot metal transfer
ladle. The data  of 251  heats were investigated by  multiple
regression analysis on an IBM 1410 computer and the derived
model equation, although not reliable enough for  a quantitative
calculation of SRR, confirmed the significance of blast furnace
slag carry-over and the resultant effect on SRR. The model
also indicated the relative importance of variables  affecting
sulfur removal in the  basic  oxygen  process. Based  on the
findings of this  study, the flux charge practice has been al-
tered to permit  a  lower burnt dolomite charge. In  addition,
steps  have been taken to improve hot metal and slag separa-
tion practices at the blast  furnace and  a facility  is being
modified  to serve  as   a submarine ladle  dekishing and
deslagging station. (Author summary)

04345
D. D. Wangerin
WASTE-HEAT  BOILERS -  PRINCIPLES AND APPLICA-
TIONS. Proc. Am. Power Conf. (Presented at the 26th Annual
Meeting, American Power Conference, Chicago, HI., Apr. 14-
16,  1964.)  26, 682-91, Apr. 1964.
The special problems which the waste-heat boiler designer en-
counters are reviewed. Some of the more recent improvements
in the utilization of waste by-products for steam generation are
illustrated. The  types  of  waste-heat boilers  available are
discussed. The  discussion is  limited to the utilization of the
principal waste products  available in three major industries -
pulp and paper,  steel, and petroleum.  All of the waste fuels
considered have characteristics that require special equipment-
design considerations. Waste fuels are extremely poor when
compared  with the usual prime fuels. Many byproduct fuel  or
waste gases contain sufficient heat energy  to make it economi-
cally feasible to generate steam for power and process use.
Each  waste fuel has a  different characteristic, requiring a
boiler of special  design. But, all have very low heating values
when compared  with the usual prime fuels. In  many cases,
multiple-fuel-fired boilers can be  designed to dispose of the
waste product while minimising the burning of the prime fuels.
So,  with cost of prime  fuels steadily rising over the years,

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                                          IRON AND STEEL MILLS
waste products are more and more harnessed to provide part
of industry's steam demands.

04946
A. F. Snowball
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PRO-
GRAM AT COMINCO'S KIMBERLEY OPERATION.  J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (2) 59-62, Feb. 1966.
During  the  concentration of  lead  and zinc  sulfides from
Cominco's  Sullivan Mine at  Kimberley,  British Columbia,
there is  also  produced an  iron sulfide  concentrate as  a
byproduct. A portion of these iron concentrates is roasted and
the resulting calcine is  treated in electric furnaces to produce
300 tons  of pig iron per day. The sulfur dioxide  produced in
the roasting process is used to make sulfuric acid which is em-
ployed in the manufacture of ammonium phosphate fertilizers.
Problems in the control of air pollution resulting from the iron
sintering, iron  smelting, and fertilizer operations at Kimberley
are discussed, including those arising as a result of almost con-
tinuous expansion of these faculties since their establishment
12 years ago. (Author abstract)

05005
R. P. Hangebrauck, D. J. von Lehmden, and J. E. Meeker
SOURCES OF POLYNUCLEAR  HYDROCARBONS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE.  Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control. (PHS Publ. No. 999-
AP-33.) 1967. 48 pp.
Rates of emissions of  polynuclear hydrocarbons were mea-
sured at  several sources considered likely  to produce such
emissions. The sources  included heat generation  by com-
bustion  of coal,  oil,  and  gas;  refuse  burning;  industrial
processes;  and  motor   vehicles.  The  annual emissions of
benzo(a)pyrene in the United States were estimated for each
of the sources  surveyed, to provide a rough gauge of the im-
portance  of  each source. Small,  inefficient  residential coal-
fired furnaces  appear to be  a prime source of  polynuclear
hydrocarbons;  other sources  may be  of  local  importance.
Production  of  polynuclear hydrocarbons  was generally as-
sociated  with  conditions of incomplete combustion. (Author
abstract)

08392
J. D. Clendenin
THE UTILIZATION OF COAL.  Am. Chem. Soc., Pittsburg,
Pa., Div. Fuel  Chem. Preprints, 9(2):222,  1965. (Presented at
the 149th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Divi-
sion of  Fuel  Chemistry,  Symposium  on  Fuel and  Energy
Economics, Detroit, Mich., April 4-9, 1965.)
A brief survey is presented of current and prospective utiliza-
tion of coals including lignite,  (1)  in the production of metal-
lurgical, chemical and specialty cokes, (2) as fuel for process
steam, space and home  heating, locomotives and ship bunkers,
(3) In the manufacture  of industrial producer gas  and gas for
chemical  synthesis, (4)  as fuel in cement and lime kiln firing,
(5) at steel and rolling  mills and  (6) in a variety  of specialty
and/or non-fuel uses, including industrial carbons, active car-
bon, fillers,  filter aids  and media, water  treatment, foundry
facing, road building,  roofing  and coating applications,  bar-
becue briquets,  fertilizer and soil  conditioner,  coal-based
plastics, etc. Insofar as possible, information is presented on
process  and product research and  other developments  that
may affect coal  utilization, favorably or unfavorably, in the
areas  cited.  Since  economics  of coal  utilization cannot be
divorced  from  economics  of coal supply  and transportation,
these are touched upon  briefly. (Author's abstract)
09572
Miller, C. E.
PULVERIZED COAL INJECTION INTO BLAST FURNACES.
 Blast Furnace Steel Plant, 56(3):235-240, March 1958. 5 refs.
The use of pulverized  coal injection into  blast furnaces  is
economically attractive.  Based on the 1965 blast furnace coke
consumption, the use of coal in place of 25 percent of the
coke used could produce an annual saving of more than 125
million dollars. Although the capital investment to install a pul-
verized coal system is substantially greater than for an oil or
gas system, the cost reduction from the substitution  of coal
for oil is about $1.04/Net Ton Hot Metal and for coal in place
is about 93 cents NTHM, which makes recovery of the initial
investment in two years possible. Improved materials handling,
space saving, and improved air pollution control are additional
features of coal injection systems.

09686
R. L. Duprey
COMPILATION OF  AIR  POLLUTANT  EMISSION FAC-
TORS.   Public Health  Service,  Durham,  N.  C., National
Center for Air  Pollution Control, Publication No.  999-AP-42,
67p., 1968. 126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are  given for the following processes
and industries:  fuel combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
cals, food  and  agriculture,  metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp and paper solvent evaporation  and  gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).

09737
Ozolins, G. and C. Behmann
AIR    POLLUTANT   EMISSION     INVENTORY    OF
NORTHWEST  INDIANA.  (A  PRELIM- EVARY  SURVEY,
1966.) Public Health Service,  Durham, N. C., National Center
for Air Pollution Control, APTD-68-4, 36p., April 1968.
Sources of air pollutant  emissions were surveyed to quantify
the total pollution load emitted to the air over the  Northwest
Indiana  communities of  East Chicago, Gary, Hammond,  and
Whiting. The emissions  are reported  on an  annual basis  and
subdivided into the  five  major pollutants: particulates, sulfur
oxides,  nitrogen oxides,  hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
The four major source categories that were utilized in report-
ing emissions  from area and point  sources are:  fuel com-
bustion  in  stationary sources,  fuel combustion  in  mobile
sources, combustion of  refuse, and industrial process losses.
The results of this survey are reported by city and illustrated
on the grid system established by the Northwest Indiana Air
Resource Management Program. (Authors' abstract)

10463
Bogdandy, L. von
VAPORIZATION AND  REFINING.  (PART H-A OF  THE
KINETICS  OF IRON AND  STEELMAKING REACTIONS.)
Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 32(5):287- 292, May 1961. 87 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, Al-
tadena,  Calif.,  HB-5334, 17p.,  1961. Available from  Henry
Brutcher Technical Trans- lations,  P. O. Box 157, Attadena,
Calif.
Iron and steelmaking reaction mechanisms and kinetics are
dis- cussed in  detail. The formation of droplets and brown
fumes   are considered  in the  light  of nucleation  theory.
Elimination of  car-  bon  from pig iron is the most important
reaction in steelmaking;  the  equilibrium between carbon and
iron is discussed theoretically, along with the effect of oxygen
content on the frequency of CO nucleation from a  homogene-

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                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
 ous iron melt, the wetting relationships in Fe-CO-slag or vessel
 wall system,  and the wetting of refrac- lories by liquid iron.
 Applications  of the theories of fume for- mation and carbon
 elimination to the open hearth process are discussed.

 10466L
 Migawi, M., Fikri Abdel'razik, A. F. Vishkarev, and V. I.
 Yavoiskii
 EFFECT OF  VARIOUS FACTORS UPON THE QUANTITY
 OF BROWN  FUMES PRODUCED IN OXYGEN STEELMAK-
 ING.  Izv. Vysshikh Uchebn. Zavedenii Chernaya Met., No. 1:
 41-45,  Jan. 1964.  3 refs. Translated  from  Russian. Henry
 Brutcher Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif., HB-6247,
 7p.,  Jan.  1964.  Available from  Henry Brutcher Technical
 Translations,  Altadena, Calif.
 A laboratory  study of  the factors effecting the  quantity of
 brown fumes  produced  in oxygen steelmaking was  conducted.
 For  carbon contents up to 0.5% little smoke is produced.
 Emission gradually increases with carbon concentration up to
 2%,  where smoke increases sharply probably due to phase
 changes in the iron at this carbon level. Also considered are
 the effects of carbon concentration on  the rate of oxygen ab-
 sorption and the quantity of fumes produced when iron is ox-
 idized  by  Fe2O3 in an  inert atmosphere. The effects of tem-
 perature, blowing with  nitrogen and hydrogen, and total ox-
 ygen consumption on fume emission are also examined.

 10467L
 Harms, F. and W. Riemann
 MEASUREMENT OF FUMES AND DUST VOLUMES FROM
 70-TON ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES  OPERATED PAR-
 TIALLY ON  OXYGEN. Stahl Eisen, 82(20):1345 1348,  1962.
 Translated from German.Henry Brutcher Technical  Transla-
 tions,  Altadena,  Calif.,  HB-5719, 12 p., 1962. Available fro
 Henry Brutcher  Techni cal Translations,  P.O. Box  157, Al-
 tadena, Calif., 91001
 Measurements of waste gas and the dust content from a 70 m.
 ton electric arc furnace are reported.  The results show that
 considerably higher contents of carbon  monoxide occur in the
 presence of several percent of  oxygen than was  previously
 supposed.  The volume and composition of the deposited dust
 depend to  a great extent on the particular stage of the heat and
 on the type of steel being produced. The impirical basis of 200
 Ncu.m oil  waste  gas per m ton of charge, which has hitherto
 been used for the calculation of waste gas cleaning plants, is
 confirmed with reasonable certainty b these measurements.
 (Authors' summary, modified)

 10471L
 Kahnwald, H. and O. Etterich
 DETERMINATION  OF  THE  VOLUME,  COMPOSITION,
AND  TEMPERATURE  OF THE WASTE GAS  AND  THE
DUST  DURING  MELTDOWN AND  OXIDATION BY OX-
YGEN LANCING IN A  15-TON ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE.
 Stahl  Eisen,  83(17):1067-1070, 1963.  5  refs. Translated from
German. Henry  Brutcher Technical Translations, Altadena,
Calif.,  HB- 6066, 14p.,  1963. Available from  Henry Brutcher
Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif.
An experimental gas evacuation plant was built on to a 15 ton
 electric arc furnace. This was used for the determination of
the composition, volume and temperature of the waste gas and
the evolution  of dust during melt-down and  oxidation  with
gaseous oxygen. A linear relationship exists between  the car-
bon monoxide evolved and the dust arising per unit time. The
dust content of the gas  evolved in the  furnace accordingly is
constant, amounting  to  119 g/Ncu.m CO.  The experimental
results are not generally valid and can only be applied condi-
tionally to other relationships. (Authors' summary, modified)

10474L
Meldau, R.
EVOLUTION OF FUMES FROM STEEL BATHS AT HIGH
TEMPERATURES. Stahl  Eisen,  80(19): 1288-1289,  1960. 11
refs.  Translated from  German.  Henry  Brutcher  Technical
Translations,  Altadena, Calif., HB-4938,  9p., 1960. Available
from  Henry  Brutcher  Technical  Translations,  P.  Box  157,
Alatadena, Calif. 91001
International  literature  on the causes of fume formation in
various steelmaking processes is critically reviewed. Although
the  theories  and  mechanisms  presented  differ,  most
researchers agree th fume development is somehow connected
with carbon  elimination.  Oxygen- lance  temperature is  also
suggested as a factor in smoke formation. In addition, the ef-
fects  of  CO, bubbles,  alloying  materials, and impurities on
fume production are discussed.

11974
Nikami, K., K. Matsuda, T. Koyano, and T. Yasui
THE WASTE GASES LEAVING THE BASIC OXYGEN LD
FURNACE.  Tetsu To  Hagane,  52(9):1491-1493, 1966. Trans-
lated from Japanese.  Henry Brutcher, Technical Translations,
Altadena, Calif.,  8p.,  1967.
Basic oxygen furnace gases were examined with a  view of
utilizing their properties to automate the  steelmaking process
in the basic LD oxygen furnace. The sampling apparatus con-
sisted of a water- cooled probe fitted with channels for water
cooling and gas,  and  a suction disk with a steam injector. The
following properties were  determined for the gases emerging
from the sampling system: gas temperature at the suction disk
outlet, 30-40 C; humidity at the suction disk outlet, 100%; dust
content at the suction outlet, 0.2  g/N cu m; and gas  tempera-
ture at the cooler outlet, 5 C. Hardly any obstruction of the
probe tip took place  during the blow, indicating that continu-
ous analysis of carbon monoxide  and carbon dioxide is possi-
ble. When the relationship between the CO and CO2 contents
of the gas was investigated, an almost identical pattern was
obtained, even when  the oxygen lance height and the blowing
pressure were changed.  After 70% of the blow was completed,
the percentages of CO  and CO2  became constant. When the
steel carbon content decreased below 0.10%, the concentration
of CO decreased and that of CO2 increased. Though no direct
connection was established between the proportion of CO and
CO2 in the furnace gases and the reactions taking place in the
furnace, it is believed that the gases provide useful  informa-
tion about blowing processes.

12396
Gedgaudas, Marius J.
THE EMISSION INVENTORY AND ITS APPLICATION IN
THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. Preprint, National Air
Pollution Control Administratio Raleigh, N. C., Div. of Abate-
ment, 13p., April 1969.
A summary is presented of emission inventory objectives and
procedures; an example is given of emission calculations for a
hypothetical steel mill, based on published data. The  emission
inventory data includes  techniques for defining study bounda-
ries, selecting a grid system, defining point and area sources,
compiling a questionnaire mailing list, estimating fuel and solid
waste balances, using emission factors,  presenting data, and
using results in  a control program. Illustrations  are given on

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                                          IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 calculations of emissions from the major operations in a steel
 mill,  including coking, blast furnace, sintering, open hearth,
 and power plant operations. (Author abstract modified)

 13261
 Voronov, F. D., I. A. Taldykin, B. L. Markov, V. G. Antipin,
 and V. F. Bogatenkov
 DUST FORMATION IN A TWO BATH STEEL FURNACE.
 (Pyleobrazovaniye v dvukhvannoy staleplavil *noy pechi). Text
 in Russian. Izv. Vysshikh Uchebn. Zavedenii  Chernaya Met.,
 no. 8:62-64, 1968. 2 refs.
 Tests carried out on a 215  ton martensite furnace revealed that
 tuyere placement plays the greatest role in the  production of
 lignite smoke, a major constituent of exhaust dust. During fur-
 nace operation without oxygen scavenging, the dust content of
 exhaust gases during filling, melting, and melt removal is 2.1,
 1.4, and 1.3 g/cu m, respectively. Dust samples in this case
 contained 70-90% iron oxides, pointing to the metal bath as the
 main  dust source, the presence of other metal oxides indicat-
 ing slag and refractory materials as additional sources.

 14799
 Barnea, M.
 AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY IRON AND STEEL MANU-
 FACTURING.  (Impurificarea aerului atmosferic produsa  de
 industria siderurgica). Text in Rumanian.  Igiena (Bucharest),
 16(12): 741-746, 1967. 10 refs.
 The industrial complexes of Hunedoara and Resita  were stu-
 died over  a  ten-year period  by the Bucharest Institute  of
 Health, while the complex of Timisoara was studied by the
 local board of health. Hunedoara,  while producing more ton-
 nage of metal than Resita, has a smaller air pollution problem
 due to better movement of air.  The city of Deva, however, has
 a lower incidence of respiratory, ophthalmic,  and rachitic ill-
 nesses.  Timisoara has both higher production and greater air
 pollution, with  over  50% of  samples collected  containing
 above-normal  content of SO2, although not above 0.50 mg/cu
 m.  Pollution  particles also filter out  3/4  of the city's  solar
 radiation. Improvement  of existing conditions and  provision
 for future industrial expansion  depend on improving efficiency
 of purification systems, whose cost is often prohibitive, and
 more careful urban planning.

 17199
 Oshio, Toshiki
 AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN JAPAN (I).  (Wagakuni ni
 okeru taiki osen to sono mondaiten  (I)). Text in  Japanese.
 Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4):197-208, April 15,
 1968.
 It is known that air pollution grows more serious where  vari-
 ous types  of  industries are concentrated in  one  area. The
 coastal industrial area in Japan is typical in this respect: the
recent tendency of plants to  locate on, or adjacent to the
coastline is particularly reflected  in  locations  of  petroleum
refineries and petrochemical plants associated with iron and
steel refineries or with thermal power plants for  whom coastal
areas  provide  shipping advantages. The difficulty of shoreline
air pollution control lies in the diversity of industries involved.
Factors  associated with different pollutants generated by in-
dividual plants must be investigated to determine the  collective
effect of combined pollutants. For example, where heavy oil is
burned, the determination  of the air-pollution  load in the im-
mediate area is based on multiple density, which  is the product
of the total quantity of exhaust gas emission and respective
 density  of each pollutant.  In addition, several major types  of
effects of the concentration of air pollutants after they leave
emission sources should be taken into consideration. Disper-
sion of pollutants depend on the  effective emission height of
the chimney, efflux velocity, wind speed, and other geographi-
cal conditions which complicate the behavior of atmospheric
pollutants in coastline areas.  The major sources of sulfurous
gases  are  the thermal  power plants,  iron-steel  refineries,
petroleum refineries and petro chemical plants, but there are
additional pollutants which make the pollution density thicker.
Since sulfurous gas alone may be less important in qualitative
and quantitative respects, other combustion products, such as
metal sulfides or sulfates generated in iron-steel plants,  need
to be considered in shoreline pollution abatement programs.

17252
Odaira, Toshio, Sadao Imano, Saburo Fukuoka, and Yoshihide
Agata
QUALITIES  OF THE PARTICLE EMITTED FROM STEEL
MANUFACTURING  ELECTRIC   FURNACE.     (Seikoyo
denkiro no baien no seijo). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku
(J. Pollution Control), 2(5):26-27, June 15, 1966.
An electromelt furnace was investigated by the Japan Industri-
al Standard method (Z-8808, K0103). A small bag filter and a
cascade impactor were  used as  the precipitators.  A smoke
cylinder (2.4 m in diameter) was placed 5 m above the furnace.
The mean velocity of exhaust gas was 3.5 m/s; during the ox-
idizing period, it was 1 m/s and during the reducing period, 2.5
m/s. The amount of gas measured was 40,000 N cu m/hr, and
22,000 N cu rn/hr,  and  showed that the attenuation is more
than 90% and 95%,  respectively. The quantity of particles 5 m
above the furnace were about 4.5 g/N cu m and 1.5 g/N cu m;
at the generated point, it was estimated to be about 55 g/N cu
m and 50 g/N cu m, respectively when  diluted. The distribu-
tion of the  diameter of the particles gathered by the bag filter,
both in the oxidizing and reducing period, indicated that one-
half of the particles (by  weight) were less than 10 micron in
diameter. Particles of the oxidizing period in the cascade im-
pactor were spheres, 0.1-1.0 micron in diameter, which is one-
half the diameter of the particles in the reducing period. Plans
for smoke  installations must  be investigated in view of fine
particles.

17299
Saruta, Namio, Noburu Ishinishi, Yasushi Kodama, Eizaburo
Kunitake, Toshio Baba, and Yoko Katori
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY EXHAUSTED GASES FROM
MOTOR  VEHICLES IN BOTH KTTAKYUSHU CITY AND
FUKUOKA  CITY.  (I).   (Kogyotoshi to  shogyotosh niokeru
jidosha haikigasu niyoru  taikiosen no hikaku - Kitakyushushi
oyobi  Fukuokashi  niokeru jittai chosa kara (I)). Text  in
Japanese. Kogai to  Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(11): 735-
739, Nov. 15, 1968.
Kitakyushu City is  one  of the most polluted cities  in Japan.
Compared to the soot and smoke emitted by the iron works in
Yahata Ward, air pollution by automotive exhaust gas is small,
although the latter is becoming a serious public nuisance dur-
ing rush hours when traffic comes to a  standstill because of
the number of vehicles  on the highways and the number of
traffic  intersections   At present, air pollution control mea-
sures in Kitakyushu are directed mainly against the soot and
smoke by factories  and center on the Kitakyushu and Omuta
industrial belts; automotive exhaust gas is not yet a  matter of
interest. Over a one year period, air quality  measurements
were made every other month at two sidewalk points along the
highway in Yahata Ward and also at two sidewalk points near
an intersection in the  commercial city of Fukuoka. Seasonal

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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
changes in air pollution, differences in air pollution due to the
social and economic characteristics of the cities, and the rela-
tion of air pollution due to factory soot and smoke to that due
to automotive exhaust gas are being studied. Conclusions will
be given in a forthcoming report.

17471
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTIRAL DUSTS   AND WASTE  GASES.   (Industri-
estauebe und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(2):63-66, Feb. 1970. 22 refs.
The most dangerous and annoying pollutants emitted by vari-
ous industries are enumerated. Steel mills emit primarily iron
oxides  and fluorine compounds.  Half  of the original fluorine
input is emitted; the other half  goes  into the  slag. The iron
oxide emissions, primarily the small particles below 5 micron,
form the brown smoke. The non-ferrous  metal fabricating and
finishing plants emit metal oxides (cadmium oxide). When in-
haled,  the  latter  may  be  extremely  harmful.  The   TLV
(threshold limit value) is 0.1 mg/cu m air. In aluminum produc-
tion, dust-laden waste gases develop,  despite the wet process.
The aluminum oxide dust content in the rotary furnace is 300-
400 g/standard cu m. In electrolytic reduction of aluminum ox-
ide, cryolite  also  dissociates. As  a  consequence, hydrogen
fluoride and  dusts of fluorine compounds  are found  in the
waste gas. The TLV for fluorides is 2.5 mg/cu m; for hydrogen
fluoride, 2 mg/cu m. In lead plants 3  to 3.5 cu  m waste gases
per kg  sinter  develop  in the sintering and  roasting  station.
They contain 1.5 to 5%  by volume SO2  and up to 15 g/cu m
dust. The dust contains  lead, zinc, sulfur, and  small amounts
of  other elements. Considerable amounts  of  metal vapors
develop. In the fly dust of the shaft furnaces, cadmium  oxide
or  sulfate, arsenic, zinc, and thallium  compounds may be
found.  In copper smelting plants, the waste gases contain fly
dust and S02. In zinc refining, fly dust (0.1 g/standard cu m)
and S02 are emitted to the waste gas. In ferro-alloy produc-
tion, dusts of various  kinds are carried along in the  waste
gases. The waste gas quantity of a 10  MW furnace amounts to
70,000-250,000 cu m/h; the dust content, to 0.25-2.5 g/cu m.

17516
Watanabe, Goro, Masaharu Murakami, and Keimi Yamawaki
COUNTER-MEASURES TO AIR POLLUTION AND KURE
WORKS (CONCERNING MAINLY THE MEASURES TO BE
TAKEN  AGAINST THE PUBLIC HAZARDS CAUSED BY
SO2).   Kure-seitetsusho ni okeru taikiosen ni tsuite. Shutoshi
SO2 no  kogaitaisaku ni tsuite).  Text in Japanese. Nissshin
Seiko Giho  (Nisshin Steel Tech. Kept.), no. 17:33-54,  Nov.
1967. 6 refs.
Air pollution becomes  a particularly  serious problem  when
many large industrial plants are  concentrated in one area. In
the case of Kure iron works, there is no real danger of a  large-
scale air pollution because of the small amounts of waste gas,
but localized pollution is a problem, due to the complex topog-
raphy of the plant site and the closeness of a residential area.
After an investigation of air pollution by sulfur dioxide around
the Kure works, it became clear that localized pollution in-
volved   the  down-draught  of exhaust fumes  and that the
phenomenon! was caused by the topographical situation. The
main source of the exhaust fumes was the sintering plant. A
subsequent  review of  control   methods indicated  the ad-
vantages of a tall  chimney for obtaining adequate diffusion,
and wind-tunnel  tests were conducted to determine the  stack
height required. A height of 100 m was found to the sufficient
for normal weather conditions but not for special conditions
such as a temperature inversion. Therefore, a stack 120 m high
is being built.
20414
Rengstorff, George W. P.
FACTORS CONTROLLING EMISSIONS FROM STEELMAK-
ING PROCESSES. Open Hearth Proc., vol. 45:204-219, 1962.
7 refs.
The possibility of modifying the form of iron oxide smoke, so
that more effective and/or less expensive smoke-elimination
devices could be used is  considered. The new  experimental
data,  presented in the  form of graphs, were obtained either
from a top-blowing process in a bessemer converter, or from a
direct study of vaporization of iron oxide. The effect on the
formation of iron- oxide smoke of the oxygen jet velocity, the
carbon content of the  iron,  the temperature of  the  metal,
water additions, other hydrogeneous  gases, and  the slag for-
mation are  presented. Hypotheses on the mechanism of iron-
oxide smoke formation are discussed. Both industrial practice
and laboratory studies lead one to the conclusion that two con-
ditions must exist simultaneously for iron-oxide smoke to form
in objectionable quantities: a mechanism for moving Fe or a
Fe compound from the  bulk of the liquid metal  into the gas,
either as a metal vapor or as  an aerosol; a gaseous medium
which  is, at least slightly, oxidizing close to the bulk  of the
liquid metal. A previously suggested mechanism  which seems
to explain  most of the known facts, is the vaporization of
metallic Fe from a clean area of the surface of the liquid metal
and its reaction with oxygen in  the gaseous medium under for-
mation of nonvolatile FeO. The present studies brought out
the need for an understanding  of the role of the dynamics of
flow of both metal and gas in the process of smoke formation.
22000
Sullivan, Ralph J.
PRELIMINARY  AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF IRON AND
ITS  COMPOUNDS. A  LITERATURE  REVD3W.    Litton
Systems,  Inc., Silver  Spring, Md., Environmental  Systems
Div., NAPCA Contract PH 22-68-25, Pub. APTD 69-38, 94p.,
Oct. 1969. 225 refs. CFSTI: PB 188088
The effects, sources, abatement, and methods of analysis for
pollution due to  iron  and  its compounds are reviewed,  as
urban air samples show  that  the iron content  averages 1.6
microgram/cu m, with the iron and steel industry probably the
most likely source of emission. Pollution by iron  emission can
be reduced by use of paniculate control equipment, but costs
of abatement for basic oxygen furnaces  run between 14 to
19% of total  industrial plant costs. The impinger,  electrostatic
precipitator, and filter are commonly used to collect dusts and
fumes of iron compounds,  while quantitative determinations
employ  spectroscopy,  spectrophotometry, and two  spot-test
methods. Iron and iron oxide are known to produce  a benign
siderosis, and iron oxides have been implicated as a vehicle
for transporting high concentrations of both  carcinogens and
sulfur dioxide deep  into the lungs, thereby enhancing the ac-
tivity of  these pollutants. Iron oxide  also causes damage by
staining materials. (Author abstract modified)

22872
Davis (W. E.) and Associates, Leawood, Kans.
NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS.
CADMIUM,  NICKEL  AND  ASBESTOS.  1968.  SECTION I.
CADMIUM.  NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69- NAPCA-APTD-68,
44p., Feb. 1970. 12 refs. CFSTI: PB 192250
The flow of  cadmium, which is essentially  a by-product of
zinc smelting, is traced  and charted for the year 1968 in the U.
S. in mining and  processing,  imports  and  exports,  and
reprocessing  (e.g., electroplating, pigments,  plastics, alloys,

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                                          IRON  AND STEEL MILLS
 and batteries). The apparent comsumption was 13.3 million Ibs,
 and domestic production 10.6 million Ibs. Only a small amount
 was recovered from scrap. Atmospheric emissions, emission
 factors, and brief process descriptions are given for areas
 closely related to existing or potential  atmospheric losses  of
 the pollutant.  Emissions  to  the  atmosphere during the  year
 totaled  4.6  million  Ibs.  Emissions  from  the metallurgical
 processing plants of the primary  producers of cadmium, zinc,
 lead, and copper were more than 2 million Ibs, and those from
 melting  operations in the iron and steel industry were about
 the  same.  Emission  estimates  for  mining,  metallurgical
 processing,  and reprocessing operations are based on  data
 from production companies that represent about 40% of  total
 production and from  reprocessing companies handling about
 45% of cadmium used in consumer products, and are  con-
 sidered  reasonly accurate. Emission  control equipment is  in
 use at all the production facilities that were  visited; such  con-
 trol is part of the process system for zinc recovery and is not
 specifically  for control  of atmospheric cadmium emissions.
 Further effort is recommended  to confirm  the accuracy  of
 emissions  from scrap containing cadmium.  (Author summary
 modified)

 23458
 Neuhof, Gerd
 ON  THE  FORMATION  OF BROWN  SMOKE  IN THE
 PROCESS OF STEEL PRODUCTION WITH OXYGEN.  (Die
 Entstehung von braunem  Rauch bei  den Stahlherstellungsver-
fahren  mit  Sauerstoff).  Text  in  German.  Neue  Huette,
 10(7):391-395, July 1965. 35 refs.
 The problems connected with the formation  of 'brown smoke'
 in steel melting using gaseous oxygen are discussed. The origin
 of formation of the brown smoke of aerosol character is not
 fully understood. The various hypotheses and literature  data
 on the subject are surveyed. Most often, the formation of the
 brown smoke is related to direct  or indirect  iron vaporization.
 Properties of the smoke are discussed as well as the factors
 effecting its formation; the  latter includes  both gas blowing
 conditions and composition  of the  iron bath. The modified
 method for limiting brown smoke emission by either dedusting
 the exhaust gases or by reducing its formation as used in vari-
 ous countries are surveyed.

 23977
 Rump, Georg and Alfred Kunst
 WASTE HEAT BOILER IN  CONVERTER PLANTS.  (Abhit-
 zekessel  in  Konverteranlagen).  Text  in   German.  Tech.
 Ueberwach.  (Duesseldorf), 9(ll):361-364, Nov. 1968.
Waste gases emanating from steel converters which have a
temperature  of 1700 C must be cooled before dust can be
removed from them. The construction  of waste heat  boilers
which serve  this purpose, waste heat utilization, dust removal,
the calculation of heat supply  and of steaming capacity and
safety and measuring  devices are described.  Heat is supplied
to converter waste  heat boilers only  during the air blast
periods; they thus operate under different conditions than nor-
 mally fired steam boilers.  Safety valves must be calculated for
 maximum steam pressures generated  under the most unfavora-
ble conditions. The boiler drum must  be calculated  for all
 water volume fluctuations from beginning to end of air blast-
ing. All safety devices must be calculated to handle maximum
 steam pressures, maximum carbon burning velocity, the shor-
 test possible blast time, and the shortest  possible charge time.
24928
Colclough, T. P.
SULFUR IN IRON- AND STEELMAKING.  In: Problems and
Control of Air Pollution. F. S. Mallette (ed.), New York, Rein-
hold, 1955, Chapt. 18, p. 202-214.
One of the essential features of the manufacture of iron and
steel is that, no matter what the sulfur content of the raw
materials use may be, the sulfur content of the finished iron or
steel product shall not exceed 0.05%. In the  manufacture  of
the coke  used, some 60% of the  sulfur in the  raw coal is
retained in the coke; 40% is found in the tar and coke-oven
gas. This  sulfur is removed when the gas is used for public
utility purposes and can, under certain conditions, be removed
economically when the gas is used for steelmaking or other in-
dustrial processes.  Some 14% of the total sulfur in the coal is
contained  in the stack  gas from the  ovens where unpurified
gas is  used for underfiring. In the smelting of pig iron, the
whole  of  the sulfur present in the coke, ore, and other raw
materials,  is absorbed in the blast furnace slag with the excep-
tion of a small percentage of the iron itself. No sulfur-bearing
gases are  formed. In the  steelmaking operation, the sulfur
removed from the metal is retained in the furnace slag. Chim-
ney gases  from the furnaces carry away all the sulfur dioxide
formed by the combustion of the sulfur, in the fuel. The same
conditions apply to the  rolling and forging operations. Viewed
broadly, the iron  and steel  industry  presents  no unique
problem with regard to  pollution of the atmosphere by sulfur.
The only source of sulfur emissions is the combustion of fuel,
and the elimination of this pollution is shared in common with
all fuel  users. Solutions to the problem are a reduction of the
sulfur content of the fuel  supplied and/or the removal of the
sulfur- bearing  constituents of the stack gases. (Author sum-
mary modified)

26166
Shaffer, N. R. and M. A. Brewer
AIR POLLUTION: FURNACE TYPES AND SIZES DICTATE
MOST  EFFECTIVE CONTROLS.  PART  I.   Iron  Age,
175(17):! 00-102, April 28, 1955. PART II. Ibid, 175(18):110-112,
May 5, 1955. PART m, Ibid, 175(19):100-102, May 12, 1955.
Atmospheric emissions from steel  furnaces, iron foundries,
and nonferrous smelters in Los Angeles County are regulated
by two rules. One limits the opacity of an emission by making
illegal opactiities of 40% or more for a period in excess  of
three min  in any hour. The second rule regulates emissions by
pounds  per hr,  depending on the weight of material  charged.
The baghouse has proved to  be the  most efficient control
device  for these emissions. Collection efficiencies are 99% for
dust and fume  from steel furnaces and 96-99% for dust and
fumes  from gray iron  cupolas. Brass,  aluminum,  and lead
smelters employing baghouses  in combination with  cooling
chambers  or cyclone separators are  able to reduce furnace
emissions  to one Ib or less per hr. Next in order of effective-
ness are electrical precipitators, which have an efficiency  of
97.5% for emissions from electrical steel furnaces, 96.5%  on
openhearth furnaces, and 96% on  gray iron  cupola gases.
Water  scrubbers have failed to meet  control regulations for
electric furnaces and gray iron cupolas.

26321
Masek,  Vaclav
DUST IN  ATMOSPHERE  OF METALLURGICAL PLANTS.
(Prach  v ovzdusi hutniho podniku). Text in Czech. Hutnicke
Listy (Prague), 25(ll):766-772, 1970. 21  refs.

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                                            A.  EMISSION SOURCES
The concentration, dispersion,  and physical appearance of
dust fall and suspended dust was studied in the new Klement
Gottwald steel plant at Ostrava, an important steel center in
northern Moravia. In addition to these properties, analysis was
made to determine specific surface, content of soot and poly-
cyclic  substances, some important inorganic substances such
as silicon dioxide, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron oxide
and manganese, and their sorption  properties, concerning all
of which there is a scarcity of reliable data. On the basis of
findings, it  should be  possible to establish priorities for  the
removal of dust not only on the basis of quantity but also with
reference to the type  of particulate  pollution that is most
harmful to human beings. The data provides not only a more
accurate knowledge of  the actual composition of such dust but
data that will be of aid in designing unproved dust removal
equipment.

26929
Wedin, Bertil
FIGHTING AIR CONTAMINATION-CLEANER AIR AN UR-
GENT NECESSITY.  Svenska Flaktfabriken Rev., vol. 6-7:201-
207, 1963-1964.
Natural and man-made pollution, dispersal and concentration,
and pollution control are discussed.  Oil refineries, steelworks,
foundries, cement works, plastic and fertilizer  factories, and
power stations are typical generators of pollutants in larger or
smaller emissions.  Sulfur-containing  oils and  benzopyrenes
have received too little attention in Sweden. While  the threat
represented  by deep valleys of Scandinavia has been clearly
demonstrated  in many  instances, Sweden's forests  probably
play an important role as pollution control agents, since both
deciduous and coniferous trees can absorb considerable quan-
tities of airborne contaminants. While some pollutants display
synergistic characteristics causing greater injury together than
could the individual pollutants alone,  there  is  evidence that
certain airborne substances can reduce the injurious effects of
other contaminants.

27501
Vandergrift, A. Eugene, Larry J. Shannon, Eugene E. Sallee,
Paul G. Gorman, and William R. Park
PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
 Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 30p.,
1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis,  Mo.,  June 14-18, 1970,
Paper 70-148.)
The identity,  characterization, and quantity of the national
particulate air pollution problem from stationary sources were
determined.  Particulate  emissions  from  stationary sources
were obtained from data on emission factors, grain loadings,
and materia  balances. The principal method used for establish-
ing the tonnage emitted by  an industry utilized uncontrolled
emission factors. Total tonnage emitted was calculated from
an emission factor for  the uncontrolled source, the total ton-
nage processed per year by the industry, the  efficiency of con-
trol equipment used, and the percentage of production capaci-
ty equipped with control devices. Particulate emission totaled
approximately 21 times 10 to the 6th power tons  per year.
Major  stationary sources included electric power generation
plants, the forest products  industry, agriculture and related
operations, the crushed stone industry, the cement industry,
and the iron and steel industry. Estimates of the total quantity
of particulate pollutants were made up to the year 2000 by tak-
ing into account changes in production capacity, improvements
in control devices, and legislative or regulatory action  to en-
force  installation of control  equipment. Forecasts  indicated
that particulate emissions can be reduced from 21 times 10 to
the 6th power tons per year to 13 times  10 to the 6th power
tons per year by  1980 through the installation  of currently
available control devices  on  all  sources., (Author  abstract
modified)

27790
Osaka Municipal Office (Japan)
OUTLINE OF EMERGENCY MEASURES TAKEN FOR AIR
POLLUTION   IN   NISHIYODOGAWA  WARD.     (Nishi-
yodogawa-ku  taiki  osen  kinkyu  taisaku  taiko).  Text  in
Japanese. 13p, June 1970.
Nishiyodogawa Ward is in the northwestern part of Osaka and
borders on the industrial area of Amagasaki City. The area it-
self has been industrialized for a long time. Of the 794 enter-
prises, 60% are small,  but in the coastal  area, there are  such
big enterprises as  iron and steel,  chemicals, and  so forth.
About 140,000 kl of heavy oil is  consumed in this area, 53.8%
of it by the iron and steel industry, and 13.4% by the chemical
industry. Throughout the year, northeast and westerly winds
prevail, but especially the western wind in winter. Therefore,
Amagasaki City contributes to  air pollution. The area was
designated as 'Air  Pollution Special Area' in Dec. 1965. From
1966, exact  surveys were carried out, to  find the causal rela-
tionship between pollution sources and environmental concen-
tration. It became imperative to decrease sulfur oxides concen-
trations and improve  environmental conditions. The  annual
average of sulfur oxides in 1969 was 0.083 ppm, a much larger
figure  than 0.064 ppm,  the average for Osaka City, and  one
failing to conform  to  the  environmental standards in every
respect. Dust concentration was average 0.197  mg/cu m a year,
lower than the city's average of 0.209  mg/cu m. Much sulfur
oxide is  emitted by sulfuric acid manufacturing and sulfuric
minerals handling enterprises. Amagasaki  City uses more than
10 times the heavy fuel, mostly by thermal generating stations.
The survey  showed the damages amounted to approximately
$3,360,000 a year to general households and enterprises. While
damage to a household in Osaka City averages $39 a year, in
Nishiyodogawa Ward it was $87, and damages to enterprises
was $59 and $218 respectively.  Incidence of chronic bronchitis
in the  ward is 8.9%, 4.5 times  as much as in the rural part of
the prefecture. There were 569  patients  who were receiving re-
lief under the law, as of May 19, 1970. The immediate target is
to decrease the sulfur oxides concentration to  a level less than
the environmental standards or half of the present level at the
end of 1971, by supplying low sulfur  concentration fuel, in-
specting the sources of pollution, and other measures. Six fac-
tories are going to  be moved in 1970, and eight more in 1971,
plus 3 factories which are  the sources of noise. The factory
sites bought up by  the city will be used as parks, greenbelts,
roads,  and housing projects. Greenbelts  are  going to be in-
stalled in Nishiyodogawa Ward; the sewer system will be im-
proved, air purifiers will be installed in  schools, and a gargling
solution is to be distributed among the school children.

28062
Heischkeil, Werner
ENERGY POWER  SUPPLY OF IRONWORKS AS BEING IN-
FLUENCED BY THE  PROGRES OF ENGINEERING.   (Die
huettenmaennische    Energiewirtschaft   im   texhnischen
Fortschritt). Text   in  German.  Stahl  Eisen, 91 (5):250-256,
March 4, 1971. 8 refs.
After 1950 the metal industry  switched to heavy fuel ofl for
use in Siemen-Martin  furnaces,  while natural gas was in-
troduced into the German metal  industry  as a fuel during the
1960s. At that time, oil was being used approximately 50% of

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 8
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 the time. Coke oven gas from neighboring coking plants is also
 used  in ironworks when it has been partially cleaned. Blast
 furnace gases are used  in power plants.  Possible  price in-
 creases of coke should spur the development of metallurgical
 processes such as the direct reduction process which operates
 with gas, inexpensive coal, or oil. Processes using electric fur-
 naces will be selected in small ironworks.  Development of a
 high temperature reactor will also be promoted in view of the
 rising coke prices. However, the  blast furnace process with
 subsequent oxygen lancing will remain the primary metallurgi-
 cal process for some time to come.

 28371
 Masek, Vaclav
 THE COMPOSITION  OF DUSTS ON WORK SITES AND IN
 THE  CLOSE  VICINITY OF IRON  WORKS.  (Ueber  die
 Zusammensetzung der Staeube an den Arbeitsplaetzen und in
 der nahen Umgebung  von Eisenhuettenwerken). Text in Ger-
 man. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(2):66-68, Feb. 1971. 15 refs.
 The grain size distribution, specific surface  area, soot content,
 3,4-benzopyrene  content, arsenic  content,  and chemical and
 roentgenographic composition of dusts collected at work sites
 and in the vicinity of blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling mills,
 and   foundries   of  the  industrial  area   of  Ostrava  in
 Czechoslovakia were determined. The dust contained around
 30% silicon dioxide, 7% calcium oxide, 3% magnesium oxide,
 15% aluminum trioxide,  15-50% ferric oxide, and 0.25% man-
 ganese. The share of the dust of a grain size below  1 micron
 fluctuated between 3 and 24% and above 4  micron, between 5
 and 32%. The specific surface of the dust fluctuated between
 1.2 and 14.1 sq m/g; the  soot content, between 7 and 64%; the
 3,4-benzopyrene  content, between 0.1  and  13%; and the ar-
 senic  content, between 0.02 and 1.18%. Most of this dust falls
 on cultivated land.

 28604
 Lownie, Harold W., Jr. and Thomas M. Barnes
 THE NAPCA STUDY  OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE STEEL
 INDUSTRY.  Preprint,  Air Pollution Control  Assoc., Pitt-
 sburgh, Pa., 40p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
 Control Association,  Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo.,
June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-96.)
 Air pollution arising  from sources in the  steel industry was
 studie by review of the literature  and by field visits to steel
plants and manufacturers of control equipment. Major objec-
 tives  were to determine the status  of the  technology of
 sources, characteristics of emissions, methods for their con-
trol, the  cost of applying technology  on a  broader scale to
 diminish pollution from steel plants, and the subjects on which
research, development, and demonstration projects are needed
to improve the technology and economics of air pollution con-
trol.  It is  concluded that better emissions  control equipment
and systems and more rapid temperature- sensing instrumenta-
tion, as well as studies on more  effective  methods of condi-
tioning  metallurgical  dusts  for  collection  by  electrostatic
precipitators are  needed. It is recommended that cos models
be further developed to serve as a basis for estimating control
 costs. Highlights are given of a coking report which contains a
 detailed evaluation of technological alternatives for controlling
 emissions  from the manufacture of blast-furnace coke, and
which makes recommendations for further  research, develop-
 ment, and demonstration projects relating to both conventional
 coking in slot ovens and new coking processes.
                   29021
                   Egorichev, A. P., V. I. Staritskii, and L. M. Sumin
                   ORGANIZATION OF WORK ON ABATEMENT OF AIR AND
                   WATER POLLUTION BY IRO AND  STEEL INDUSTRY EN-
                   TERPRISES.  Steel (USSR) (English translatio from Russian
                   of: Stal'),  no. 10:839-840, Oct. 1970.
                   A summary is presented of recent Soviet scientific and techni-
                   cal achievements in the sphere of waste gas and water effluent
                   cleaning at  metallurgical works. In  addition,  problems still
                   awaiting solutions are identified and suggestions made for dis-
                   seminating the practical knowledge that has been gained by in-
                   stitutes  and enterprises. Among the problems for which relia-
                   ble solutions have been found are: cleaning open-hearth fur-
                   nace gases with dry electrostatic precipitators and wet venturi-
                   tube devices; oxygen- converter gas cleaning in large-diameter
                   venturi tubes; gas cleanin on closed ferroalloy furnaces in two
                   successive venturi tubes; gas cleaning by cyclones, cloth fil-
                   ters, or  electrostatic precipitators; on refractories-industry fur-
                   naces during firing of magnesite, lime, and clay; cleaning of
                   oily  effluent by a flotation  method;  and clarification  of ef-
                   fluent from metallurgical- furnace gas-cleaning systems with a
                   magnetic coagulator.

                   29348
                   Spliethoff, H.
                   STUDIES  ON SLAG  TAP  FURNACES.   (Verhaltensunter-
                   suchungen an  Schmelzkammerfeuerungen).  Text in  German.
                   Mitt. Ver.  Grosskesselbesitzer, 51(1):8-16,1971. 7 refs.
                   Combustion can be understood as a network with fuel and air
                   flows as initial parameters and the carbon monoxide and ox-
                   ygen  concentrations  of  the waste  gases,  the  combustion
                   chamber temperature, and the flue gas flow as the parameters
                   at the opposite end. Excess air or lack of air and combustion
                   chamber temperature directly or indirectly influence the com-
                   bustion  conditions.  Carbon  monoxide develops  during any
                   combustion process but is not damaging or corrosion-produc-
                   ing as  long as it does not occur outside the  combustion
                   process. If approximately  equal O2 concentrations are  mea-
                   sured at the various measuring points  at the end of the com-
                   bustion  process  independent of  the  load,  the  combustion
                   process  can  be better regulated and  handled more economi-
                   cally. From this it cannot be concluded however, that a con-
                   stant O2 supply to one point yields the same results.

                   30296
                   Teworte, W.
                   THE USE OF FLUORINE-BEARING  MATERIALS  IN  THE
                   GERMAN  FEDERAL REPUBLIC.  (Einsatz von fluorhaltigen
                   Materialien in  der BRD). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut.
                   Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:11-18, 1971. 13 refs.
                   Before World War n, Germany was the world s largest suppli-
                   er of fluorine. In 1938, it produced 30% or 140,000 tons out of
                   a total world production of 462,000 tons. Since then, the situa-
                   tion has changed completely. In 1969,  the world consumption
                   amounted  to about 3.6 million tons, out of which Mexico as
                   the largest producer provided one million tons; Germany s par-
                   ticipation  was  only 90,000 tons which placed it eighth after
                   Mexico. This  latter production  was practically  used  up
                   completely by the domestic industry; in addition, some 160,000
                   tons were imported to  cover the  overall demand  of 250,000
                   tons. Of the world s consumption of fluorine in  1969, 45%
                   were used for steel manufacturing, 15% for aluminum, 33%
                   for producing chemicals, and 7% for glass and ceramics. The
                   chemical  industry requires fluorite,  CaF2,  primarily  for
                   producing  hydrofluoric acid, HF. Two  tons  of  CaF2 are

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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
 needed for producing one ton of HF. Hydrofluoric acid in turn
 is used as an intermediate product for the manufacture of nu-
 merous inorganic and organic fluorine compounds. Among the
 inorganic  compounds  are aluminum  fluorides,  used as flux
 material in the production of primary aluminum. The organic
 fluorine  compounds include the aliphatic chlorine-fluorine-
 hydrocarbons, such as freon, which are used as spraying and
 cooling substances. Other important fluorine- bearing products
 are synthetic materials, such as teflon. Direct applications for
 fluorspar can be found in the manufacture of steel, of welding
 electrodes, enamel, glass wool,  and other industrial products.

 30446
 Sebesta, William
 FERROUS METALLURGICAL PROCESSES.   In: Air Pollu-
 tion. Arthur C. Stern (ed.),  Vol. 3, 2nd ed.,  New York,
 Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 36, p. 143-169. 40 refs.
 Coke,  sinter, iron,  and  steel production and foundry opera-
 tions are discussed, including process emissions and their con-
 trol. Bessemer  converters, open hearth furnaces, electric  arc
 furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and scarfing are included in
 reviewing steel manufacture, and cupolas and electric melting
 furnaces are considered in foundry operations.

 30598
 Masek, Waclaw
 COMPOSITION AND  CHARACTERISTICS  OF DUST  IN
 STEELWORKS.  (Sklad i wyglad pylu w przedsiebiorstwie
 hutniczym). Text in Polish. Hutnik (Prague), 37(11):553-556,
 1970.
 The results of  a study of properties of dust  emitted by  the
 metallurgical industry are presented, supplemented by electron
 microscope photographs of dust. The latter gives information
 on the finest components of dust, which are most harmful to
 the human organism.  Dispersion curves of dust were mea-
 sured.  Two methods (sedimentation and aspiration) of sample
 taking  are compared; they differ in the size of most numerous
 dust particles. Chemical analysis of the dust was carried out.
 Analysis  by X-rays enabled specification  of  chemical com-
 pounds present. Inorganic compounds formed more than 50%
 of the dust. Specific  surface  of the dust was determined,
 which  gives information  on microstructure of dust.  Analysis
 included dtermination of soot and 3,4-benzpyrene content.

 30613
 Wasilewska, Janina and Urszula Krause
 PROPERTIES OF  DUST EMITTED BY METALLURGICAL
 PLANTS.  (Wlasnosci pylow emitowanych do atmosfery przez
 urzadzenia hut  zelaza). Text in Polish. Wiad. Hutnicze (Kato-
 wice), 27(2): 57-61, 1971. 16 refs.                    ,
 Chemico-physical properties of dust emitted  into  the  at-
 mosphere by metallurgical plants were studied. The method of
 determination  of these  properties is  described, as are  the
 method of sample collection and apparatus used. The  chemical
 composition and density  of the  dust were determined; its frac-
 tional analysis was performed.  The gases emitted into the at-
 mosphere  by metallurgical industry contained mostly carbon,
 silicon  dioxide,  and iron  oxides; the relative amount depended
on the  character of a specific plant. Thus gases  emitted from
blast furnaces contained 33% carbon, 23%  SiO2, 7% iron  ox-
ides; those from steel works,  51-55% iron oxides; and  gases
from foundries, 89-92%  SiO2.  The latter appear to  be most
hazardous to human health, since the gas  causes fibrosis of
lungs. A quantity of 45% dust from foundries consisted of par-
ticles with a diameter less than  20 micron. Fractional composi-
tion of dust varied according to plant; the finest is the dust
from steel works. The fraction with a diameter lower than 5
micron formed 60%, out of which a considerable part was of a
diameter between 0.5-1 micron. Because of its fine  structure,
the dust emitted by steel works does not settle to the ground,
which indicates the necessity of using dust collectors. Further
utilization of the steel works  dust rich in iron  oxides is sug-
gested such as sintering the dust and returning it  to production
in this form.

30698
Varga, John, Jr.
A SYSTEMS  ANALYSIS  STUDY OF THE INTEGRATED
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. (FINAL REPORT).  Battelle
Memorial Inst, Columbus, Ohio, NAPCA Contract PH 22-68-
65, 518p., May 15,  1969.  316 refs. NTIS: PB 184577
A general description is presented of the various  processes
used in  each manufacturing segment of the iron and steel  in-
dustry, including process block-flow diagrams and schematic
drawings for each process  segment Particulate and gaseous
emissions from each manufacturing process  are identified at
the point of emission. The flow of sulfur through representa-
tive models of the process segments is traced. A comprehen-
sive and quantitative review of fuel and energy utilization was
undertaken to identify the total industry consumption types of
fuel used, quantities of each, the determinants of fuel choice,
and the influence on pollutant emissions of fuel chemistry and
usuage.  Industry growth and process  technology changes are
projected for the periods 1970-1975 and 1975-1980, emphasiz-
ing  processes that will  come into future use  and their as-
sociated pollution potential, as well as processes which wQl be
phased out. The principal types of control equipment for the
various processes are described, and information on the per-
formance  characteristics of the various designs  in use is
presented. An in-depth  analysis of the relative merits and
limitations of applied control equipment is included. Pollution
control alternatives are identified, with the relative cost and
effectiveness of each compared. Gaps in air quality control
technology are indicated, and  recommendations are suggested
for research to fill such gaps.

31737
Petry, Jan Krzysztof
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS  ON THE APPLICATION OF
SELENIUM (SE) IN INDUSTRY AND THE HISTORY OF ITS
DISCOVERY. Przeglad Lekar., 26(4 452-453,  1970. 10 refs.
Translated  from Polish.  Mundus Systems,  McGregor, and
Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C., 7p.
Applications of selenium in industry are cited,  and  its  effect
on the living organism is mentioned. Selenium is used in the
steel industry, since it resists abrasion and prevents corrosion.
It is used in the production  of  inks  and dyes for coloring
plastics and textiles. Also, selenium is a component of insecti-
cides, and permits the proper gradation of colors in photog-
raphy. The cosmetic industry introduced selenium  into hair
shampoo. Due to the presence of selenium in the soil, some
water and plants have been polluted;  it eventually  found  its
way into animals and humans, leading to morbid conditions
and numerous deaths. Cases of poisoning to horses are cited.

31919
Krause,  Urszula and Janina Wasilewska
EMISSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS DURING THE SMELT-
ING OF IRON ORE IN  THE  DL SYSTEM.  (Emisja zaniec-
zyszczen atmosfery przez spiekalnie rud zelaza systemu DL).

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 10
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
Text  in Polish.  Wiad. Hutnicze  (Katowice),  27(4): 105-110,
1971. 10 refs.
The total quantity of dust emitted into the atmosphere from
iron ore smelting plants operating a Dwight Lloyd system  is
generally high in Poland and averages 2893 tons per year or
about 0.31% compared to the production of agglomerates. Mul-
ticyclic dust collectors placed at strategic sites along the two
conveyer belts are only 77% efficient, mainly because the dust
particles released are very small approximately 84% of the
particles are less than 20 millimicrons in size. Multicyclic col-
lectors, installed for removing dust from gases released at the
breaking junctions of the smelting conveyer belts and  at the
casing of the conveyer belts returning agglomerates, are more
efficient than those  at other  sites, because gases at  these
points  have a fourfold increase in the  dust concentration be-
fore they reach the multicyclic apparatus. Despite the 84% ef-
ficiency at these sites, the average dust concentration  in the
released gas is  1328  mg/n cu m,  yielding an emission of 124
kg/hr or 931 tons/yr.  The chemical composition of the dust in-
cludes iron metals (38%), silicon dioxide  and calcium oxide
(11.12%), and calcium carbonate (11.8%). The quantity of sul-
fur dioxide in the gases emitted from the plants is also very
high, averaging 7530 tons per year. To overcome these defi-
ciencies, installation  of an electrostatic precipitator is recom-
mended. Poland does  not have its  own standards for con-
trolling  industrial air  pollution  and applies  the   norms
established by other  countries which vary widely in the per-
missible amounts of dust and sulfur dioxide.

31935
Nakamura, Keigo
ON AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.
 (Fukka suiso ni yoru taiki osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Kogai To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(4):50-58, July 1971.
9 refs.
When the atmosphere contains as  little as 10 ppb of hydrogen
fluoride, crops  can be damaged, because the HF is accumu-
lated in the leaves. Teeth and bones are also affected when
cattle eat feed containing 30-50 ppm  HF over an  extended
period of  time. Fluoride emissions are issued  from  plants
which process ores containing fluoride compounds. Steel mills
in Japan are using about four kg fluorspar/ton steel. Various
types of scrubbers are utilized  to recover fluoride from alu-
minum smelter and phosphorus fertilizer exhaust gases. Col-
lectors are  then used  to trap fluoride and sulfuric acid mists.

32351
Lemke, Eric E., George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher
PROFILE  OF  AIR  POLLUTION CONTROL IN  LOS AN-
GELES COUNTY. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif., 66p., Jan.  1969.
A profile of air pollution sources, the effectiveness of the con-
trol program, and a projection for the future in Los Angeles
are presented.  The Federal Clean  Air Act of 1967 figures
prominently in  the future projections,  because it is assumed
that California will set motor vehicle emission standards more
stringently  than  the Federal standards. About 13,500 tons of
air  contaminants are  still  being  emitted  daily,  primarily
because of automobile emissions which comprise approximate-
ly 90% of the uncontrolled emissions. Major sources are listed
with data on type and amounts of particulates emitted, and the
amounts prevented. Motor vehicle  sources include exhaust,
blowby,  and evaporation in gasoline-powered engines  and
diesel-powered  engines; the prevention methods for  motor
vehicle  emissions include crankcase  and exhaust  control.
                   Other sources include organic solvents (surface coating, dry
                   cleaning, and degreasing), chemicals (sulfur and sulfuric acid
                   plants), incineration,  non-ferrous metal production,  cupolas,
                   electric steel furnaces, open hearths, mineral production (in-
                   cluding asphalt),  and petroleum  (refining, marketing,  and
                   production).  Rule  62 prevents contamination  from power
                   plants  and other fuel combustion processes. Jet and piston
                   driven aircraft, ships, and railroads are also sources. Contami-
                   nants include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monox-
                   ide, hydrocarbons, and particulates. The distribution of chemi-
                   cal processing equipment, boilers, heaters, paint bake ovens,
                   incinerators,  metal  melting equipment, concrete batch plants,
                   petroleum  processing equipment, rendering equipment,  and
                   power plant boilers are shown. Daily emissions  from fuel oil,
                   natural gas, and refinery make gas are shown. Also, steam and
                   electric power plants are  discussed. When motor vehicle ex-
                   haust reacts with the air,  photochemical smog can be formed
                   which causes eye irritation; the California Pure Air Act has set
                   standards which should eliminate this. Stationary and mobile
                   sources, air monitoring stations, seasonal changes, ozone con-
                   centrations, wind effects, daily concentration levels, oxidant
                   levels, and alerts are also discussed. 32351  Lemke,  Eric E.,
                   George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher

                   32489
                   Giever, P. M.
                   CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDRY EFFLUENTS.  Preprint,
                   American Foundrymen s Society, Des Plaines, HI., 3p., 1970. 7
                   refs. (Presented  at  the  Total  Environmental Control Con-
                   ference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19 1970.)
                   Effluents from the numerous types of foundry furnaces  and
                   products vary over a wide range of physical  and chemical
                   characteristics including visible plumes, particulates, irritating
                   fumes, and gases, as well as explosive dusts. Approximately
                   90% of the gray iron melting furnaces are cupolas and only 15
                   to 18% of these  have air pollution  control devices installed.
                   One of the most important characteristics of cupola effluent is
                   the high temperature. In  addition to particulates, the effluent
                   from cupolas contains gases which are primarily  carbon diox-
                   ide and nitrogen with  some  excess oxygen   and  varying
                   amounts of sulfur dioxide. Smoke, oil vapor, and fumes make
                   up the remainder  of the emissions. Emissions from electric arc
                   furnaces and non-ferrous foundries are also discussed. These
                   include zinc dust, ammonium chloride,  carbon monoxide, car-
                   bon dioxide, fumes, sulfur oxides, sulfides, sulfates, metal ox-
                   ides, aluminum oxides, odors, particulates, and many others.
                   Particle size can be an important aspect.

                   33279
                   Rondia, D.
                   THE SOLUTION OF A HYGIENIC  PROBLEM IN STEEL
                   WORKS. EXPOSURE OF WORKERS TO A FOG CONTAIN-
                   ING 3,4-BENZOPYRENE. (La solution reelle d un probleme d
                   hygiene dans une acierie. Exposition des ouvriers a un brouil-
                   lard contenant  du  3,4-benzopyrene).  Text in French. Arch.
                   Maladies Profess. Med. Trav. Securite Sociale  (Paris), 25(7-
                   8):403^06, July-Aug. 1964. 4 refs.
                   To prevent the too sudden cooling of steel ingots  in  steel
                   manufacture, molds are  sprayed with a mineral oil using  a
                   compressed air vaporizer. This procedure exposes workers to
                   skin photosensitivization and to the inhalation of considerable
                   concentrations of an  aerosol containing polycyclic hydrocar-
                   bons. Since 1 ppm of the carcinogen 3,4-benzopyrene was de-
                   tected  in the oil  fog, the oil should  be replaced by  a heavy
                   kerosene fraction and vaporization replaced by compressed air
                   with high pressure diffusion. While this method is costlier,  it

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                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
                                                      11
eliminates a definite health hazard and improves working con-
ditions.

33930
IMPROVEMENTS  IN  THE  PROCESSES  FOR  METAL
REFINING. (Perfectionnements aux precedes pour 1 affinage
de metaux). Text in French. (Steel Co. of Wales, Ltd. (Great
Britain)) French Pat. 1,511,820. 3p., Dec. 26, 1967. (Appl. Feb.
15, 1967, 8 claims).
A  new process for refining of metal is discussed, in particular
steel produced in an open  hearth furnace or a converter. A
flame nurtured  by  oxygen  currents and a  carbonized  liquid
combustible is injected in a refining receptacle containing the
liquid steel to be  treated. The proportion of  oxygen to the
combustible, is  adjusted to obtain complete combustion. The
flame is located inside the receptacle so that the combustion
products, and not the flame, come into contact with the mol-
ten mass. The quantity of oxygen introduced is far in excess
of that necessary for effecting a complete combustion of  the
combustibles, in the order of 150 to 200% excess oxygen. De-
pending on the specific case, this excess oxygen supply may
even go as high as 1000%. The liquid combustible  may be a
heavy fuel oil, or a coke oven tar with low sulfur content. The
oxygen  and combustible mixtures can be  injected into  the
refining receptacle either through a pipe, or with a blow lance
with multiple jets. In view of the high combustion tempera-
tures generated, the  process permits  the use of a substantial
percentage of steel scrap and chips in  the charge. Ferric oxide,
lime and fluorspar are added to the molten steel in the recepta-
cle for the refining process.

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 12
                               B.  CONTROL  METHODS
00037
B. Basse
GASES CLEANED BY THE USE OF SCRUBBERS.  Blast Fur-
nace Steel Plant 1307-12, Nov. 1956.
Venturi scrubbers are among the most efficient devices availa-
ble for removal  of  fine fumes  from gas streams. They are
especially applicable to the steel industry which, because of
the high  temperature  furnace reactions, produce very large
quantities of submicron metallic  fume. For air pollution appli-
cations, the power required can be adjusted to meeet nearly all
local ordinance demands, or visual appearance requirements of
management.  In blast  furnace applications,  the scrubber sup-
plies sufficiently  clean gas so that secondary  cleaners are not
required  before   burning  the gas  in  stoves  and  boilers.
(Author's abstract)

00104
D. N. Kalyuzhniy
SANITARY PROTECTION  AGAINST AIR POLLUTION BY
WASTE  PRODUCTS  FROM  FERROUS METALLURGICAL
ENTERPRISES.   (Sanitarnaya Okhrana Atmosfernogo Voz-
dukha ot Vybrosov predpriyatiy  Chernoy CFSTI: AD 610 673
Metallurgii.) (Translated as JPRS No.  17, 984.) pp.  166-71.
Mar. 6, 1963. CFSTI: AD 402 502
This is a translation of appendices I and n, and of the Table
of  Contents,  of  the  monograph Sanitarnaya  Okhrana  At-
mosfernogo  Vozdukha ot  Vybrosov  Predpriyatiy  Chernoy
Metallurgii  (Sanitary  Protection Against Air  Pollution  by
Waste Products from Ferrous Metallurgical Engerprises). (Ap-
pendix I: Model Program for the Inspection of Industrial En-
terprises  to Reveal  and Eliminate Sources of  Air Pollution;
Appendix II:  Sanitary  Classification of Industries and Protec-
tive Zones).

00322
C. Broman
SCRUBBING  FOR CLEAN  AIR.  Preprint. (Presented at the
59th Annual Meeting,  Air Pollution Control Association,  San
Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-99.)
To meet the competive challenge of Asian and European steel
producers, the American steel industry has initiated a  continu-
ing program of technological advancement. One of the major
advances has  been the utilization of ocygen in the steelmaking
process which has brought with it the attendant problem of in-
creased emissions to the atmosphere. This paper deals  with the
basic problems with cleaning gases, in general,  and then con-
siders, specifically, the use of a Venturi Gas Scrubber to clean
emissions from   an  oxygen-lanced  open  hearth   furnace.
Although  there   have  been mechanical  and  operational
problems, the results  have  been sufficiently encouraging to
proceed with the installation of additional units. (Author)

00323
C. M. Parker
BOP AIR CLEANING  EXPERIENCES.   Preprint. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc. 16, (8) 446-8, Aug. 1966. (Presented at the
San  Francisco, Calif., June  20-24, 1966, Paper  No. 66-100.)
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association San
Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-100.)
Operation of the Basic Oxygen Furnace and the two current
air-cleaning  methods,  employing  wet scrubbers  and electro-
static precipitators are discussed.  Emphasis has been placed
upon the variety  of mishaps that continually  occur to keep
either method from operating smoothly. Each method provides
highly efficient gas cleaning but shutdowns are fairly frequent.
Dust is emitted to the atmosphere when this happens and im-
pels people to complain. No BOP is exactly like any other and
a long period of trial-and-error  adjustment is necessary  to
make the equipment function  properly. These periods  may
take a year or more. (Author's summary)

OHIO
D. L. Benz and R. Bird
CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM ELECTRIC ARC FUR-
NACES AT OREGON STEEL MILLS CO . Preprint. 1965.
The direct evacuation system installed  at Oregon Steel Mills,
its operation,  and its effectiveness in  maintaining complete
control of electric melting furnace fumes are reviewed.

01137
G. D. Spenceley and D. I. T. Williams
FUMELESS REFINING WITH  OXY-FUEL  BURNERS.  Steel
Times (London), 193(5115):150-158, July 29,  1966.
The use of Shell Toroidal oxygen-oil burners to refine molten
steel without producing obnoxious fumes was extensively in-
vestigated. Carbon, low alloy, and stainless steels were studied
in arc furnaces of up to 30 tons  capacity. The process was
shown to be an attractive alternative to oxygen lancing for car-
bon and low alloy steels. No metallurgical drawbacks were en-
countered and virtually complete fume suppression occurred.
The  applicability of the  technique to stainless steel qualities
depends on the chromium  content prior to refining. Trials on
17 to 20 % chromium  content showed severe hydrogen pick-up
and an inability to reduce the carbon to specification (0.06%).
(Author summary)

02031
R. L. Chamberlin and G. Moodie
WHAT PRICE INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING.? Proc. (Part I)
INTERN. CLEAN AIR CONG.,  LONDON. 1966. (PAPER V/7).
PP. 133-5.
This paper gibes a brief description of four standard industrial
gas-cleaning tools, electrostatic precipitator, mechanical collec-
tor, high-energy scrubber and cloth filter. The application of
these collectors to air pollution problems of the power, cement
and steel industries is expalined. Finally, capital, utility, main-
tenance  and amortization cost of specific gas-cleaning plants
for these industries are given. These cost studies point out ap-
proximate cost of solving these specific problems and empah-
size the  need to go beyond capital costs in choosing gas clean-
ing equipment. (Author asbaract)

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     13
 02193
 R. D. Hoak and H. C. Brammer.
 POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.  Chem.
 Eng. Progr. 62, (10) 48-52, Oct. 1966.
 A brief outline  of steel manufacture is presented in which
 sources of  air  and  water  pollution have  been identified.
 Methods in use for controlling air and water quality have been
 identified. Methods in use for controlling air and water quality
 have been described  in broad terms. Many details have been
 omitted in the interest  of emphasizing features of interest to
 those concerned  with pollution abatement.

 02229
 P.W. Spaite, D.G. Stephen, A.H. Rose, Jr.
 HIGH  TEMPERATURE FABRIC FILTRATION  OF  INDUS-
 TRIAL GASES.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.  11, 243-7 &
 58, May 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pol-
 lution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May  22-26, 1960.)

 The field of  industrial  filtration  over 300  F  is assessed  in a
 general way. High temperature media other than fiber glass are
 not discussed. Thermal  effects  on equipment, media, chemical
 attack  and power  requirements are covered.  Applications to
 gray iron cupolas, nonferrous  fumes, perlite processing, car-
 bon black production, cement kilns, and electric arc steel fur-
 naces are reviewed.  Potential applications and research  are
 discussed.

 02728
 A. D. Brandt
 CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS-STEEL IN-
 DUSTRY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.  Proc. Natl. Conf. Air
 Pollution, 3rd, Washington, D.C., 1966. pp.  236-41.
 Air pollution  control at blast furnace operations, in general, is
 excellent. The most important single contributor of paniculate
 air pollutants in the  steel industry  today,  namely, the steel-
 making furnaces, is being brought under control rapidly and
 effectively as a result of the change in steel-making technology
 whereby uncontrolled conventional  open hearth furnaces  are
 being replaced by Basic Oxygen Furnace equipped during con-
 struction with adequate air pollution control f acuities. The na-
 ture  of the equipment  and procedure currently employed in
 making coke  for the  steel industry does not  permit complete
 control of the air pollutants  created by such operations. A
 technological  breakthrough  is  essential to the attainment  of
 adequate and satisfactory air pollution control at  coke-making
 operations. Technological improvements are needed to permit
 effective and practicable control  of the sporadic  air pollution
 created when high winds blow across stock piles  of coal, ore
 and stone. The steel industry has  made noteworthy progress in
 air pollution control in recent years and presently is engaged in
 a program of control which will make steel  plants relatively
 free from major paniculate air pollution problems by the end
 of the next decade. (Author summary)

 02730
H. M. Chapman
EXPERIENCE WITH SELECTED AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL  INSTALLATIONS  IN  THE BETHLEHEM  STEEL
COMPANY.   J.  Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (12) 604-6,
629, Dec.  1963.  (Presented  at  the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich.,  June 9-13, 1963,
Paper No. 63-31.)
Various problems associated with air pollution control in the
Bethlehem Steel  Company in recent years  are reviewed. The
problems include the collection of dust and fume from electric
furnaces; fume collection from cold charge open hearth fur-
naces, oxygen lanced open hearth furnaces  and from a hot
scarier; the collection of dust from the discharge end of sinter
lines; and the development of natural cover on an unused
tailings  dam to control  wind-blown dust. The method of con-
trol and the resulting experience in each case are discussed.
(Author abstract)

03206
Ddr. D. Fernschild and R. Lohse.
ADOPTION OF THE VENTURI GAS-CLEANING PROCESS
BY THE  IRON METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY  OF  EAST
GERMANY.  Einfuhrung des Venturi-Gasreinigungsverfahrens
in der Eisenhuttenindustrie Neue Hutte 11, (10) 594-600, Oct.
1966.
The development of gas cleaning in the iron-metallurgical in-
dustry,  the theoretical bases  of  the Venturi gas-cleaning
process and the types  developed, the design of a  two-stage
plant  and test procedure,  factors  influencing the content of
residual dust, and the development of a plant ready for service
are described.

03232
G. W. Thorn and A. F. Schuldt
THE  COLLECTION OF OPEN HEARTH  DUST AND  ITS
RECLAMATION USING THE SL/RN PROCESS. Can. Mining
and Met Bull. (Montreal) 59, (654) 1229-33, Oct. 1966
The authors describe the dust collection system for iron oxide
dust  from  the  basic  oxygen hearths  using  electrostatic
precipitators, then  removing the zinc and lead oxides and sul-
fur compounds by direct reduction in a rotary kiln  using the
SL/RN  Process. (SL/RN designates the  two groups of compa-
nies who developed the process.) In this process bentonite is
added to the  dust to form green  balls. Then  dolomite  and
anthracite were added  to the balls which were  fed into the
kiln. The coal acted as  a reductant and also provided energy.
The dolomite removed released sulfur. The results of kiln tests
are presented.

03677
Silverman, L.
RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT  FOR
CLEANING OF HIGH  TEMPERATURE GASES.  In: Trans.
of Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 21st Annual Meeting Pitt-
sburgh,  Pa., 1956, p. 210-232. 15 refs.
Progress is reported on research and development at Harvard
under the sponsorship of the American Iron and Steel Institute
into inexpensive methods for removing particulate matter from
high temperature gas streams,  such as the  open hearth fur-
nace.  A brief review of earlier developments is included. Re-
ported developments on the AISI  work cover a fundamental
study of the air flow  resistance characteristics of a rotary
screw agglomerator, used to provide dynamic gas treatment to
increase particle size. Efficiency of the screw  as an inertia!
collector for iron oxide  fume is presented. The collection effi-
ciency and resistance characteristic of slag wool fiber filters
has been extended to other aerosols and gases such as fly ash,
sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid mist The
filter (one inch thickness, five pounds per cubic foot density)
at velocities used for collecting iron fume (50 to 150 feet per
minute)  showed efficiencies for SO2 of approximately 30 per
cent when moist and zero when dry. For hydrogen fluoride
dry efficiencies range from 70 to 90 percent. Wet  tests are
now in progress. For fly ash, when resuspended from Cottrell

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 14
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
ash, efficiencies ranged from 60 to 90 per cent, whereas when
freshly formed fly ash was created by burning powdered fuel,
efficiencies  ranged from 93 to 99 per cent.  A revised pilot
model slag  wool filter,  which is described, has  been con-
structed  for 750 to 1000 cfm gas flow based  on previous
results. The discussion is limited to processes where tempera-
tures are in excess of 500 F with paniculate material of sub-
micron size. (Author's summary, modified)

03754
G. L. Allen, F. H. Viets, and L. C. McCabe
CONTROL  OF METALLURGICAL AND MINERAL DUSTS
AND FUMES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIF.  Bureau
of Mines, Washington, D.C. (Information Circular 7627.) Apr.
1952. 85 pp.
The  nonferrous pyrometallurgical industry of Los Angeles has
three unusual  characteristics that contribute to its  difficulties
in developing suitable fume control: (1) It consists of a mul-
tiplicity  of  relatively small establishments  subject to wide
variations in products and operating schedules; (2) operations
are largely  of  the  secondary  or reclaiming  nature;  and  (3)
much of the industry is concentrated near the center of a city.
A difficulty inherent in most nonferrous foundries is the high
volatility of zinc and the extremely small mean particle size of
the resulting zinc  oxide  fume. The nonferrous industry has
found only  one type of equipment that could be depended
upon to adequately remove participate matter emitted by the
larger furnaces in which the gases are characterized by heavy
dust loadings at high temperatures. This is a  specially equipped
baghouse, and  its  first cost is rather high. For smaller fur-
naces, particularly of the  crucible type, the conventional sock-
type baghouse has proved satisfactory. The inert slag cover,
which reduces emission at the source, has proved fairly effec-
tive  and  economical,  particularly with the  crucible-type fur-
nace and pouring ladle, but is  successful use depends on the
skill of the operators. The gray-iron-foundry branch of the fer-
rous industries has not fared as well as the nonferrous branch,
despite extensive investigation  and development of equipment
for control of cupola emissions. Appreciable progress has been
made in adapting equipment suitable technically and cost-wise
for cupola-exit gases, and development continues. Equipment
capable of producing the required clearances is available but is
not within the financial ability of many small foundries. The
baghouse equipped with specially woven glass-fabric bags, as
used commercially in the nonferrous industry, has technically
been the most successful single device to date for  controlling
cupola emissions and  has  been proven  in pilot operations.
After extensive investigation, electrical precipitation has been
adopted for cold-metal open-hearth work, and hydrodynamic
scrubbers and  baghouses  have  been adopted for electric-steel-
furnace  fumes. In addition  to the fact that such  equipment
removes the necessary dust, capital and operating costs were
important factors in their  selection.

03998
M. J. Greaves
THE  EFFECTS OF MODERN BURDENS ON BLAST FUR-
NACE DESIGN. J. Metals (Japan) 18(3):378-384, Mar. 1966.
Longer blast furnace campaigns  and  maximum benefits from
the use  of modern burdens are possible  by means of better
refractories, more  effective  cooling,  and careful attention to
details of design and supervision of construction. For a given
ironmaking requirement,  it costs less  to build and operate a
blast  furnace  designed for about 12  psi  top pressure and
operated at about  6 psi,  than  one designed for  substantially
higher or lower top pressure. The greatest savings in blast fur-
                   nace labor costs may be found in the cast house where the
                   majority of manual labor is concentrated. The four-post fur-
                   nace design permits maximum use of mechanized equipment
                   to help realize these savings. Use of beneficiated burdens has
                   reduced the amount of flue dust produced per ton of hot metal
                   and has substantially altered the average particle size and set-
                   tling characteristics of the dust. Consequently, although larger
                   dust-catchers are not required, more efficient gas  scrubbers
                   are essential. Three variation of gas cleaning systems are con-
                   sidered. 1. A fixed orifice scrubber and an automatically varia-
                   ble orifice scrubber, in series, with no electrostatic precipita-
                   tors. The dust content in  the gas leaving  the first scrubber
                   would be in the range of 0.02 to 0.03 grains per cu ft and about
                   0.005 grains per cu ft in gas leaving the second scrubber. 2. A
                   single scrubber with two precipitators. This arrangement would
                   reduce the dust content of the gas to about 0.001 grains per cu
                   ft. 3. Two scrubbers, in series, with a single precipitator. Gas
                   going to the boilers and  bleeders  would  be routed there
                   directly from the scrubbers. Only gas for  use in  the stoves
                   would be cleaned in the precipitator. There is good reason to
                   consider using two high energy scrubber is  series. The simple
                   fixed throat scrubber cools  the raw blast furnace gas to about
                   150 degrees F, and removes most of the dust. The relatively
                   clean and cool gas entering the variable throat scrubber would
                   cause minimum  wear and thermal shock on the moving parts
                   of  this scrubber.  The   secondary  scrubber  is   located
                   downstream  from  the  pressure  equalizing  line  connection
                   where it can use any excess pressure energy remaining in the
                   gas to obtain further cleaning with little or no additional cost.

                   04050
                   A. R. Orban, J. D. Hummell, and G. G. Cocks
                   RESEARCH  ON CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM BES-
                   SEMER CONVERTERS.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11,
                   (3)  103-13, Mar. 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting,
                   Air Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati,  Ohio, May 22-
                   26,1960.)
                   This paper is a progress report of a research investigation to
                   establish means for control of smoke from pneumatic steel-
                   making processes. A 30-ton acid bessemer converter was made
                   available for research in smoke sampling,  and the study of
                   dust  concentration  and   composition.  For  studying  the
                   mechanisms of smoke formation, a laboratory model of a bes-
                   semer converter was constructed. Among subjects included in
                   the investigation were:  the change  in  quantity  of smoke
                   emitted when changes in blowing technique  were made; parti-
                   cle size, density, composition, and visibility of smoke; gaseous
                   blast additives; and state of smoke particles  as they leave the
                   converter before being oxidized.

                   04227
                   E. R. Harris and F. R. Beiser
                   CLEANING  SINTER  PLANT  GAS  WITH   VENTURI
                   SCRUBBER. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (2) 46-9, Feb.
                   1965
                   The installation and operating experience on what is believed
                   to be the first application of a Venturi scrubber for cleaning
                   sinter plant gases is reported. After running  pilot plant tests at
                   the stack, the Venturi scrubber was chosen in preference to
                   the dry precipitators because it was believed that this would
                   more effectively eliminate  certain  odors  particular to  this
                   plant A ruggedly built stainless steel fan with a rotor having
                   forwardly curved, backwardly inclined blades was  selected
                   with extra heavy steel plate housing for quiet operation. Stain-
                   less steel moving parts and a rubber coated carbon steel hous-
                   ing were used to  resist  corrosion.  The  installation  was

-------
                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      15
completed and put on the line for the first time April 9, 1963.
The discharge from the stack was only a small  white plume
and the stack dust loading was far below the County require-
ments and appreciably better than the manufacturer's guaran-
tee. Vibration readings and noise level of the fan were excel-
lent and the only indication of any problem was in carry-over
through the fan of an  estimated 50 to 60 gallons per minute of
dirty water. This was  somewhat higher than hoped for but not
considered critical. On April 17, 8 days after start-up, a slight
increase in vibration of  the fan was  noticed. Cursory inspec-
tion of the damage indicated that the failure was due to abra-
sion from the dust laden water carried over from the scrubber.
Following the failure of the fan, several studies were un-
dertaken in an effort to prevent rapid deterioration of the ro-
tor. After a rebuilt rotor was put into service, an automatic
vibration cutoff was installed which would shut the fan down
in case of excessive vibration.

04367
S. Tulcinsky and A. Lemaire
COOLING AND SCRUBBING OF SMOKE EMITTED BY LD
STEEL  CONVERTERS  IN  SIDMAR  IRONWORKS.   Le
refroidissement et Fepuration des fumees de convertisseurs de
1'acierie LD du complexe siderurgique  Sidmar. Rev. Met. 63,
(9) 659-65, Sept. 1966. Fr.
After a review of the basic principles and of their value as
adopted for Sidmar steel plant,  the development of a plan of
flues and of converted gas scrubbing is given.

04382
A. C. Elliott A. J. Lafreniere
COLLECTION  OF METALLURGICAL FUMES FROM OX-
YGEN  LANCED  OPEN  HEARTH  FURNACES.   Kinzoku
(Metals) (Japan) 18, (6) 743-7, June 1966. (Also published in J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (10) 401-6, Oct. 1964.)
The facilities provided  to  control fume emissions from the
Steel Co. of Canada's Hilton Works and their operating ex-
periences with  electrostatic precipitators  are  described. The
application  of electrostatic precipitators to the  collection of
open hearth metallurgical fumes has proven very satisfactory.
This type of equipment,  properly engineered seems most suita-
ble for  this operation. For this installation,  no  efforts  were
spared to make it one of the finest possible. Dust collection in
the open hearth is not a paying proposition. To date, approxi-
mately $6 million has been spent for precipitators and necessa-
ry auxiliary equipment. The economic implications of such ex-
penditures point out that there is a practical  limit to the rate
beyond  which it  is not economically feasible. This  suggests
that total pollution control must, of necessity, be a long term
objective. In this connection it will  be argued that ithe long
term goal should not be the complete elimination of pollutants.
A sounder and more likely attainable objective is the reduction
of pollutant emissions to reasonable levels which  do not, in
any sense, endanger the  health and welfare fo the public.

04665
G. Punch
LD AND KALDO FUME CLEANING (CONSETT DEVELOP-
MENTS). Iron Steel (London) 38, (2) 75-80, 86, Feb. 1965.
The fume cleaning installation at  Consett  is of particular in-
terest because it  includes fume-cleaning equipment for both
Kaldo and LD  converters, operating side by side, and illus-
trates very well that the processes are as different from each
other from the gas-cleaning point of view as they  are metallur-
gically. The gas-cleaning equipment of the  installation at Con-
sett  comprises hoods  for  containing the  fume-laden  gases
emitted by the converters, gas cooling and conditioning equip-
ment,  dry plate  electrostatic precipitators, induced-draught
fans, interconnecting ducting and exhaust stacks. The two 100
ton LD converters each have  completely separate systems but
the Kaldo units utilize  a  common precipitator. The gas-clean-
ing systems  of the LD and Kaldo installations are similar in-
asmuch as they comprise equipment for collecting the con-
verter waste gases, and cooling and conditioning them so  that
they may be cleaned in  dry  plate precipitators before being
discharged to  atmosphere. The systems  differ in  detail how-
ever, and this is  entriely due to the fundamental differences
between  the two  converter processes. In the Kaldo process,
approximately 90% of the carbon monoxide generated burns to
carbon dioxide within the vessel. On the other hand, the waste
gases leaving the mouth of an LD converter at the peak of the
blow consist of 90% carbon monoxide and  10% carbon diox-
ide.  Thus, in  addition  ot their  high sensible heat, LD  waste
gases contain very large quantities of potential heat which they
release into the gas cleaning system as they  burn in the secon-
dary air which is  drawn into  the converter  hood. At Consett,
most of the useful heat of the LD gases is removed by waste-
heat boiler and evaporative cooling  is only  used for final ad-
justment of  gas temperature and humidity. In the  case of the
Kaldo  units,  recovery  is not economic and only  evaporative
cooling is used to  prepare the  gases for the cleaning process.

04794
W. Von Jordan
VENTURI AND RADIAL FLOW SCRUBBERS  FOR COOL-
ING AND CLEANING OF  inTLITY AND  WASTE GASES.
Venturi-  und Radialstrom-wascher zur Kuhlung und Reinigung
von  Nutz- und Abgasen.  Stahl Eisen (Dusseldorf)  86, (8) 399-
406, Apr. 8,  1966.  Ger.
Two scrubbers  are  discussed in  this  paper:  The venturi
scrubber with central jet and the radial flow scrubber. Operat-
ing experiences and results of measurement  are given. Venturi
scrubbers are used in  a variety of industries for  gas cooling
and  dust  cleaning. They are used for  scrubbing  of gaseous
components, for instance fluorine washing. The versatile  use
of the  venturi scrubber, it can be operated  according to need
without or with high pressure losses, has opened a wide field
of application. The operation  and application by low and high
pressure  losses are explained. The radial flow scrubber is an
adjustable high performance  scrubber, developed  for cooling
and cleaning of large gas  masses, for example such from blast
furnaces. Design and construction is explained and the effect
discussed.

05091
H. P. Willett
CUTTING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS.  Chem. Eng.
Progr. 63, (3) 80-3, Mar. 1967.
The  purpose was  to present a number of case histories where
the cost  of air pollution control has been drastically reduced
by innovations in  the basic process which caused the pollution
problem. Exhaust systems  for electric  furnaces;  hoods  for
basic oxygen furnaces;  exhaust systems for  gray-iron cupolas;
incinerators  with  waste heat  recovery;  chemical  composting;
black liqour oxidation, blowers for sulfuric acid concentrators;
and automotive engine  operation modification are cited as ex-
amples of some of the ways in which  relatively inexpensive
changes in basic process  are  cutting the cost of air pollution
control.

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 16
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
05118
J. Pallinger
A NEW WET METHOD FOR SEPARATION OF VERY FINE
DUST.  Staub (Duesseldorf),22 (7): 270-5 (1962)1 Ger. (Tr.).
(Translated by British Iron and Steel Industry Translation Ser-
vice, No. BISI 3277.)
The increasing use of oxygen in steelmaking demands  gas
cleaning methods adequate to meet clean air requirements.  Ex-
periments with a new wet  scrubber are reported,  in which
pressure  drop and water  consumption  are  reduced to  an
economic  level.  In the new Venturi  scrubber  used  there are
two processes making a double scrubbing effect. The dust-
laden gas  in  the first instance meets at medium velocity the
water drops with approximately zero  axial velocity and in the
second instance,  meets at maximum velocity the reflected cur-
tain of small drops with axial velocity at least zero. In  this
manner, the washing water is used with maximum efficiency.
With a dust concentration in the impure gas of 30.1 g/Ncu m
(normal temperature  and pressure) of dry gas, the  following
precipitation  efficiencies  were obtained:  For pressure drops
(mm water gauge) of  100, 500, 700, and 900 the total  precipita-
tion (%) was, respectively 90.48, 99.44, 99.74, 99.83. Compara-
ble  total  separation efficiencies are obtained for many other
difficult-to-separate very fine dusts, as for example, in clean-
ing  the gases of electric-arc furnaces,  both of open and closed
design. The scrubber  was also effective for cleaning the waste
gas  of a boiler plant with sulphite waste liquor combustion.

05307
Akerlow, E. V.
MODIFICATION TO THE  FONTANA OPEN  HEARTH
PRECIPITATORS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 7  (1), 39-43
(May  1957).  (Presented at  the Semi-Annual Technical Con-
ference, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston, Tex.,
Dec. 3-5, 1956.)
Some of the  problems of design,  construction, and  modifica-
tions to electrostatic  precipitators are reviewed. Some impor-
tant problems were: vibration; erratic gas flow,  insufficient re-
sidence time; low voltage and  inadequate control of the con-
nected energy to the discharge  electrode system; the sequence
and type of rapping which permitted  excessive dust build-up;
and automatic power  control was needed to maintain voltage
in the precipitator very close to the sparking potential during
the  varying  conditions of the  fume in the unit. The use of
selenium  rectifiers rather than mechanical rectifiers,  special
collecting   and   discharge   electrodes;   special   rapping
mechanisms;  and the development  of  gas distribution  ap-
paratus are among the most important modifications.

05509
M. Hunt A. T. Lawson
THE CONTROL OF DUST  AND FUME  EMISSIONS FROM
AN  INTEGRATED STEELWORKS.  Proc. Clean Air Conf.,
Univ. New South Wales, 1962,  Paper 15, Vol. 2, 33p.
The steel industry has progressed in reducing the various emis-
sions  as evidenced by the  increase in the efficiency of fuel
usage. The types of  emissions from the main  sources within
the  stell industry, and the choice of sampling equipment  em-
ployed is discussed. A general description of the main types of
collecting equipment available (e.g. mechanical dust collectors,
wet washing dust collectors,  filtration  dust  collectors,  and
electrostatic precipitators) leads to a  consideration of the ad-
vantages  and disadvantages  of any particular  collecting unit
for  a  specific source  in light of the information gained from
sampling and testing.  It is concluded that the choice of collect-
                   ing equipment is  affected by  the available means of dust
                   recovery and whether this dust  has a value or is only a waste
                   product. A general summation  of  the future  problems  in the
                   steel industry is also presented.

                   05567
                   L. Silverman
                   HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS  AND AEROSOL  REMOVAL
                   WITH FIBROUS FILTERS.  Proc.  Air Water  Pollution Abate-
                   ment Conf., 1957. pp. 10-23m.
                   The use of a slag wool fiber filter as an inexpensive cleaner of
                   high temperature gases  and fumes produced in open hearth
                   steel furnaces was described and evaluated. These fibers are
                   small (4 microns mean diameter) and are refractory, thus able
                   to  withstand  temperatures  of  1100 F.  ;or  high efficiency
                   separation of  fine aerosols, fine targets in large  number are
                   necessary  which  packed  slag fiber  layers  can provide.
                   Theoretical, laboratory and field studies show that slag wool
                   filters  show efficiencies ranging from 90  to  99%, depending
                   upon fiber layer compositions,  density,  and thickness. The
                   chief separating mechanisms appear to be diffusion and impac-
                   tion. Results are presented of the  air flow resistance charac-
                   teristics  of  a rotary  screw  agglomerator, used  to provide
                   dynamic gas treatment to increase particle size of the efficien-
                   cy of the screw as an inertial collector for iron oxide fume.
                   The collection efficiency and resistance characteristics  of slag
                   wool fiber filters was extended to other  aerosols and gases
                   such as fly ash, sulfur dioxide,  hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric
                   acid mist. The filter (one inch thickness, five pounds per cubic
                   foot density) at velocities used for collecting iron  fume (50 to
                   150 feet per minute) showed  efficiencies for SO2  of approxi-
                   mately 30% when moist and zero when  dry. For  hydrogen
                   fluoride (dry and wet), efficiencies  range from 70 to 90%. For
                   fly  ash resuspended from Cottrell ash,   efficiencies  ranged
                   from 60 to 90%,  whereas when feeshly formed fly ash was
                   created by burning powdered  fuel, efficiencies ranged from 93
                   to 99%. A revised pilot model slag wool filter  was  constructed
                   for 750 to 1000 cfm gas flow based on results  of the first field
                   unit.

                   05597
                   D. H. Wheeler and D. J.  Pearse
                   FUME CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION IN STEELMAKING
                   PROCESSES.  Blast Furnace Steel Plant 53 (12), 1125-30 (Dec.
                   1965.)  (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
                   Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24,  1965.)
                   The basic components of an instrumentation system and their
                   functions are briefly discussed. Typical process applications to
                   an L-D basic oxygen furnace, an open hearth furnace,  and an
                   electric furnace are discussed.

                   05604
                   R. L. Schneider
                   ENGINEERING,  OPERATION  AND  MAINTENANCE  OF
                   ELECTROSTATIC  PRECIPI- TATORS ON OPEN HEARTH
                   FURNACES.   J. Air  Pollution  Control Assoc. 13(8),  348-53
                   (Aug. 1963). (Presented at the 55th  Annual  Meeting, Air Pollu-
                   tion Control Association, Chicago, El., May 20-24,  1962.)
                   The origin of open hearth dust is reviewed. The stack dust was
                   sampled. The  maximum average stack  dust loading occurred
                   during the working period and increased when oxygen was in-
                   troduced. The average dust emission per heat was  .9 grain/scf.
                   The particle size  of the dust collected by  the thimble is ex-
                   tremely fine.  Ex- pressed in microns  meter, approximately
                   50% to 55% of the collect- ed dust  would fall in the range of 0

-------
                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      17
 to 5 microns; 25% to 30% in the range of 5 to 10 microns; 15%
 to 20% in the range of the 10 to 20 microns; and the balance
 over 20 microns. This distribution is true for the major portion
 of the heat cycle. The total vol- ume of waste gases was deter-
 mined to be 1,135,000 cfm at 550 F. The  waste gas tempera-
 tures averaged 500  F after passing  through  the waste heat
 boilers and approximately 1200 F when  the waste heat boiler
 was by-passed. The petrographic analysis of the pre- cipitator
 dust showed that alpha-Fe2O3 (hematite) and gamma- Fe2O3
 (maghemite) was present. The moisture content varies from 12
 to 25 grains per cubic foot. With this engineering data availa-
 ble, the  electrostatic precipitators were  designed. In March
 1960  acceptability tests showed that the precipitators were
 operating above their design conditions with efficiency  in ex-
 cess of its 97.5% guarantee.

 06083
 W. W. Campbell R.  W. Fullerton
 DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRIC-FURNACE DUST CON-
 TROL SYSTEM.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (12), 574-
 7; 590 (Dec. 1962). (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air
 Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
 When the smoke-control  ordinance of  Allegheny  County,
 Pennsylvania,  was  revised  in 1955, intensive  research was
 begun on the control of  emissions from electric furnaces. This
 paper describes the  development program, which included the
 design of  a hood, the operation  of a pilot plant to  study ex-
 haust-gas cleaning, and the design and operation of a full-scale
 dust-control system  for a five-furnace shop. It should be of in-
 terest to those associated  with air pollution control as an ex-
 ample of how a member of industry solved a difficult pollution
 problem. Considerable time, energy, and ingenuity have been
 spent in developing unique faculties to eliminate atmospheric
 pollution both inside and immediately outside an  electric-fur-
 nace shop. The results obtained from these efforts, which led
 to the design of the Duquesne facilities, have been satisfacto-
 ry.  However, it is hoped that continued experience in operat-
 ing these facilities will produce means to further increase the
 effectiveness of dust control and, if possible, to reduce operat-
 ing costs. This would include, for example, determining the
 optimum method of operating the baghouse to minimize the
 pressure drop and determining the type of refractory that will
 yield the longest service  life for the expandable hood rings.

 06098
 R. S. Brief, A. H. Rose,  Jr., D. G. Stephan
 PROPERTIES  AND CONTROL OF ELECTRIC-ARC STEEL
 FURNACE FUMES.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 6(4):220-
 204 (Feb.  1957). (Presented at the 49th  Annual Meeting,  Air
 Pollution  Control Association,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  May  20-24,
 1956.)
 An attempt has been made to assess the properties and quanti-
 ties of emission from the  electric-arc steel melting furnaces
 and to evaluate  control systems in terms of these emission
 characteristics. Available data concerning these emissions are
 limited. There is a lack of details on process type, charge com-
position, melt-down  rate, pouring temperature, and other vari-
 ables associated  with furnace operation. Because of this,
realistic correlations enabling accurate  predictions of  fume
 emissions  cannot be  developed. At present,  little is known
about  the changes  in fume characteristics  with respect  to
process phase.  Chemical  composition  and  emission  rates
 should be determined during different periods in the melting
cycle for various furnace processes. Such work should  assist
in developing more economical fume collection systems by in-
 dicating the duration of critical collection periods during which
extreme conditions are encountered. In order to treat electric-
arc steel furnace fume collection theoretically,  accurate parti-
cle-size distributions for each phase of the melting cycle must
be known. Since appreciable weight fractions of fume occur in
the range below 5 microns, a more detailed breakdown in this
range would be advantageous.

06223
K. Yokomiyo
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION EQUIPMENT INSTALLED
IN MURORAN STEEL AND IRON WORKS, LTD.  Clean Air
Heat Management (Tokyo) 15, (7-8) 19-28, Aug.  1966. Jap.
In 1950,  a venturi scrubber was installed in the Muroran Iron
Industry. Since that time, other control equipment has been
set up in such places as the raw material factory of the pig
iron manufacturer,  melting  furnace, open hearth, revolving
furnace,  and fire  extinguishing tower of the coke furnace.  In
the pig iron factory, a settling chamber and cyclone were in-
stalled for  dust collection in the  sintering process. The  dust
collecting efficiency was 80 to 90%. The chemical composition
of the dusts is as follows: total iron 42 to 57%; CaO, 4 to 10%;
SiO2, 3 to 7%, S, less than 0.8%. The chemical  composition  of
the exhaust gas was: CO2, 2 to 6%; O2, 13 to  18%; SO2 and
SO3, 0.04 to 0.18%; and water  15 to 90 g/Nm3. Particle size
distribution  is also given.  In  the melting furnace, wet  collec-
tors were installed followed  by venturi scrubbers, and  electo-
static precipitator, and various washers (all more than 95% ef-
ficient).  Chemical  composition  and panicle size distribution
are  also tabulated. In the open  hearth,  dust and soot are
generated when the oxide is blown in, when raw materials are
inserted, and from incomplete combustion. The average  size  of
dust particles is 0.25 micron consisting of 60% Fe. An electro-
static precipitator was used here and in  the revolving furnace.
Dusts from brick manufacturing are collected by bag filter.

06249
HOW  STEEL COMPANY  OF  CANADA HAS  BATTLED
AGAINST  AIR AND  WATER  POLLUTION  DURING THE
PAST 40 YEARS. Air Eng., 9(2):14-5, Feb. 1967.
Features of  air and  water  pollution elimination  at  Hilton
Works of Steel Co of  Canada are described. Some of the top-
ics  of this brief discussion are the use of waste gas as  a fuel,
and  the construction of both a phenol-extraction plant and an
oil recovery system.

06392
Henschen, H. C.
WET VS DRY GAS CLEANING IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.
J.  Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  18(5):338-342, May  1968.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-149.)
Two entirely different gas cleaning systems are presently  in
basic oxygen furnace service in North America. Both will do
an excellent job if properly designed. Either system will cost
in excess of $2,000,000 and will require  careful control and
large amounts of electrical power.  One  system, the dry elec-
trostatic precipitator, requires humidification of the gas; pro-
tection against explosions; elaborate electrical controls,  insula-
tors, etc; and a rugged handling system  for the  bone dry dust
collected. The other system, wet washing with water, is easier
to control  but uses large quantities of water and electric
power. As in the  case of  the 'dry' system, handling the dirt
collected is a difficult problem requiring carefll study and cho-
ice of equipment. In either case the dust may be discarded or
reused, but it must be handled with care lest it  become an air

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 18
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
or stream pollution problem all over again. The choice of a
wet or dry system is not clear cut and may very well depend
on individual preference and local conditions.

06443
Wheeler, D. H.
FUME CONTROL IN L-D PLANTS.  J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 18(2):98-101, Feb. 1968. (Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-94.)
Complex and expensive fume control systems are required in
L-D plants due to the cyclic operation and heavy fume emis-
sion from the  furnace. Evolution  of gas  and fume from  the
furnace varies  greatly throughout the blowing period, and  the
blowing period is  less than 50% of each cycle. Gas volume in
the hood is influenced by oxygen blowing rate, and area of
opening between furnace and hood. The principal components
of a system are: hood, ductwork, gas cooling  equipment, col-
lectors, fans,  instrumentation, and  dust  or sludge  handling
equipment. Several optional designs are available and should
be evaluated in selecting a system.  These  include:  open or
closed hoods,  dry or wet collectors, steaming or cold water
hoods and dust disposal or usage. (Author's abstract)

06568
RESTRICTING  DUST  EMISSION  IN  BLAST-FURNACE
OPERATION.   (Staubauswurf Eisenhuttenwerke Hochofen.)
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)  Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany. (VDI 2099.) (Feb. 1959). 23
pp. Ger. (Tr.)
The aims are to characterize the influences which create dust;
to point out measures for the  reduction of  dust emission; to
establsih guide lines for permissible dust emission; and to
determine the necessity for dust removal from flue gases and
to give indications for the selection of suitable  dust separators.
Knowledge of the relation between emission and deposition is
important for an  objective  evaluation of  the  dust level. The
factors to be considered in specifying cloth filters, mechanical
dust separators, wet electrostatic precipitators, and stacks  are
reviewed.

06587
R. C. Specht and R. R. Calaceto
GASEOUS  FLUORIDE  EMISSIONS FROM  STATIONARY
SOURCES.  Chem. Eng. Progr.  63, (5) 78-84, May 1967.
Methods of controlling the emission of  fluorides  from  the
brick and tile, steel, aluminum, and phosphate fertilizer indus-
tries are examined. The brick and tile industry receives brief
treatment and a concluding statement mentions that a venturi
type scrubber was used in bottle manufacture with 92% effi-
ciency. In the  steel industry,  the emission of fluorides from
sintering plants exceeds those from open hearth furnaces and
different control measures are required.  The  addition of  6%
weight of  ground  limestone  to  the sintering  mix  reduced
fluoride emission by nearly  one half. The  final treatment con-
sists  of  the means for  supplying  and  injecting pulverized
limestone and the final dust separation equipment. Reduction
of fluorides is estimated at 96%. The basic difference between
the treating systems of the sintering and open hearth processes
is the  pressure under which they operate and the material used
as a reactant; CA (OH) 2 is used in the open hearth process.
Among the methods discussed in regard to  the  aluminum in-
dustry are  the wetting by sprays  of the  hot gases  escaping
through roof monitors, the  use of a  sieve-plate gas  absorber
column, and a  floating bed type of scrubber which overcomes
                   the tar-fouling problem and is reported  to remove 95% of
                   fluorides.  Fluoride  control is achieved  with  cyclones  and
                   packed towers. The effects of  fluorides on vegetation,  cattle,
                   and man are briefly discussed including the effects of inhala-
                   tion of HF at various concentrations.

                   06611
                   Rengstorff, G. W.
                   FORMATION AND SUPPRESSION OF EMISSIONS FROM
                   STEELMAKING PRO- CESSES.   In:  (Open Hearth  Proc.,
                   Philadelphia, Pa.), 1961, Vol. 44, p. 120-147. 7 refs. (Presented
                   at the 44th Conf., Nat. Open Hearth Steel Conun. of the Iron
                   & Steel Div., Phila., Pa., April 10-12, 1961.)
                   Much new information delineating the effect of process varia-
                   bles on iron-smoke formation has been developed from experi-
                   ments on  a 2- Ib converter. This  information has been com-
                   bined with detailed analysis of the reactions  between gases
                   and molten iron  to  provide valuable clues for understanding
                   the mechanism of smoke formation. Progress is being made
                   toward achieving this understanding. From a practical  stand-
                   point, it appears  that the possibility of adding methane to sup-
                   press smoke in  bessemer  converters has merit. The finding
                   that an increased gas-inlet jet velocity decreases smoke in top
                   blowing needs verification. If true, it will probably be of con-
                   siderable   practical   importance.   (Author's   conclusions,
                   modified)

                   06780
                   (LIMITATIONS  OF EMISSIONS  OF IRON METALLURGI-
                   CAL  DUSTS (RED SMOKE.) 1.  OXYGEN  CONVERTER
                   PROCESS. Limitation des Emissions de Poussieres Siderurgie
                   (Fumees  Rousses).  1. Precede a  1'Oxygene - Convertisseur.
                   Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Pollution
                   Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 8  pp. Fr. (Rept No. CI
                   312.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
                   The directive of the VDI Reinhaltung der Luft which describes
                   the emission of red smoke from oxygen converters, the availa-
                   ble control measures,  and  the recommended  emission stan-
                   dards are  summarized. The red fumes which are chiefly iron
                   and manganese oxides with a mixture of ash have an average
                   diameter of 0.01-0.1 micron. The amount of dust evolved va-
                   ries from 15-25 kg per ton of molten metal. The concentration
                   in the gas depends on the dilution by secondary air. The cho-
                   ice of a dust collector depends  on the size and type of the in-
                   stallation, the properties of the dust, and the available  means
                   of disposal of the collected dust.  Among  the methods  evalu-
                   ated were wet collectors,  electrostatic  precipitators, and fil-
                   ters. A new oxygen converter for iron equipped with all of the
                   available control measures should not  emit more  than  150
                   mg/cu m under standard conditions.

                   06854
                   J. E. Johnson
                   WET WASHING OF OPEN HEARTH  GASES.  Iron Steel
                   Engr., 44(2):96- 98, Feb. 1967.
                   Wet scrubbing was selected as  an economical means of clean-
                   ing waste gases from the oxygen lanced open hearth furnace in
                   the steel making industry. A description  of the components
                   and operation of  the venturi scrubber system and the problems
                   encountered with it are discussed. The bench  marks of gas
                   flow system, recycle system, slurry system, draft control, effi-
                   ciency, materials of construction, and dependability are evalu-
                   ated; it is concluded that the venturi scrubber is an effective
                   control device.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      19
 06936
 Smith, W. M. and D. W. Coy
 FUME  COLLECTION IN  A STEEL PLANT.   Chem. Eng.
 Progr., 62(7):119-123, July 1966.
 The use of electrostatic precipitators for the collection of iron
 oxide fumes has cut solids emission by 99.4%. A flow distribu-
 tion model was the key factor in obtaining high efficiency.
 Majority of operating difficulties have been with dust handling
 systems and screw conveyor clogging has been most prevalent
 problem. (Authors' abstract, modified)

 07192
 W. W. Bintzer and D. R. Kleintop
 DESIGN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A ISO-TON
 ELECTRIC FURNACE DUST COLLECTION SYSTEM.  Iron
 Steel Engr. 44(l):77-85 June 1967.
 The dry-type collecting system installed on a 22-ft diameter,
 150-ton electric furnace  (with a modification of the  snorkel
 design to provide fume pickup from the furnace) which  con-
 trols smoke and fume during the meltdown phase is described.
 Efficient fume  control can be maintained during the refining
 phase if the  evacuation  rate is  controlled  when the furnace
 side doors  are  opened. The carbon reduction phase using the
 oxygen blow was not adequately solved,  since  the thermal
 head is virtually uncontrollable. Operator-controlled conditions
 and the maximum exhaust through a fume  collection system
 reduces the fume  from around the  electrodes, but does not
 eliminate it. During top charging and tapping, control is  non-
 existent. The large smoke and fume generation occurs for 3 to
 5 min every hour and amounts to 40-50 Ib per ton of steel per
 heat which is not considered objectionable at the present. The
 collection of smoke and fume from electric arc furnaces is dif-
 ficult and 100% collection is not practical. The collection of 40
 Ib of dust per ton of steel is considered to be an excellent  dust
 and fume control system for electric furnace steel production.

 07521
 Billings, C. E.,  L. H. Levenbaum, C. Kurker, Jr., E. C.
 Hickey, and L.  Silverman
 FURTHER  INVESTIGATIONS OF  THE CONTINUOUS SLAG
 WOOL  FILTER. J. Air  Pollution  Control Assoc., 8(l):53-64,
 May 1958. 9 refs. (Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting, Air
 Pollution Control Assoc., St. Louis, Mo., June 2-6, 1957)
 The second continuous slag wool pilot plant operated normally
 on open hearth  fume was field tested. The plant consists of a 4
 ft.  diam. flat circular disc  of  10 gage perforated sheet steel
 mounted on a vertical shaft. A slurry of the slag wool fibers in
 water is used to form the filter bed. The bed advances into the
 hot gas plenum  where it filters 750 cfm. of gas at temperatures
 over 900 deg F. An average collection efficiency of 50%, rang-
 ing from 0% to 89% was indicated. A rotary screw agglomera-
 tor preceding the unit gives an average efficiency for the filter
of about 55% with a range from 25% to 90%. Stationary  slag
 wool filters gave an  average  efficiency of about 90%.  Re-
 sistance of the normally  operated  continuous filter  was con-
 trolled by varying rotation speed and was maintained most of
 the time at  about 4 in. of water without difficulty. Average re-
sistance of stationary filters was about 6.5 in. of water ranging
from an initial value of 1.2 in. of water to about 10 in. of water
finally. Stationary  filters operated on the  average  about 30
min. The rate of resistance increase for stationary filters  was
30% lower when the screw agglomerator was included in series
with the filter unit.  Ise of the  screw agglomerator should ex-
tend fiber usage about 30%. Average resistance of the screw
agglomerator  was  on the  order of 1.5  in. of  water. Web
packing density and thickness  should  be more  closely con-
trolled during formation. Observations  on the 750 cfm. pilot
plant indicate that about 4  tons/day of slag wool would  be
required for  an average 250 ton open  hearth furnace.  Auto-
matic washing and reclaiming of slag  wool fibers needs  in-
vestigation to determine the  optimum conditions for maximum
cleaning and  minimum fiber  breakage. Average dust loading to
the filter was about 0.1 gr./cu ft. Mechanical operation  of the
unit and auxiliary equipment was generally good with  minor
modifications in design being suggested by the field ex-
perience.

07542
G. Punch
ELIMINATION OF FUMES IN KON  AND STEEL  INDUS-
TRY. Steel Intern. (London), 3(12):8-18, July-Aug. 1967.
Some of the  electrofilter installations made as a part of  an  in-
tensive  program of control of the large  amounts of fine  fumes
of unpleasant appearance and great soiling power that have
been carried out by the British steelworks since the passage of
the Clean Air Act of 1956 are described. The installations were
among the firss of their kind, so that  no design information
was available  from  similar applications.  The  installations
described include a sinter plant, an open-hearth furnace,  an
electric  furnace, top-blown converters including Kaldo and LD
converters. Not only must a collector be sized for the  worst
conditions to be expected, but the electrofilter must function
efficiently at all times regardless of rapid and violent changes
in gas conditions. The temperature  of the waste gases  at the
electrofilter inlet should be  safely within  the range between
their dew point and the maximum  permissible operating tem-
perature. Evaporation of water injected  directly into the  gas is
a convenient and cheap method of cooling. The collector elec-
trodes must be designed for easy rapping with the minimum
entrainment.  The results of the installations described indicate
that the dry electrofilter with its low energy consumption, re-
liablility, small maintenance  requirements, and the capability
of producing dry dust for immediate disposal or refuse may  be
adapted to all phases or iron  and steel making.

07617
Billings, Charles E.,W. David Small, and Leslie Silverman
PD1OT-PLANT STUDIES OF A CONTINUOUS SLAG-WOOL
FDLTER FOR  OPEN-  HEARTH FUME.   V4J. Air Pollution
Control  Assoc., 5(3): 159-166, Nov. 1955. (Presented at the 48th
Annual  Meeting, Air  Pollu- tion  Control Assoc.,  Detroit,
Mich., May 22-26, 1955).
Laboratory and field results obtained on slag wool when filter-
ing iron oxide  and open-hearth furnace fume  are discussed.
Laboratory equipment used  to test slag-wool filters consisted
of an iron oxide generator connecting ductwork, a 6 in.  diam.
holder for the slag- wool test pad, a flowmeter, and a fan. Iron
oxide was generated in the laboratory by 2 different methods.
In the first, flake iron powder was injected into the air side  of
an air-oxygen-acetylene flame where it  was oxidized exother-
mally. In the second, iron carbonyl was burned in an oxygen
acetylene  flame  to  provide   more  controlled  generation.
Modified laboratory test equipment was set  up on the  base-
ment level of  a  100-ton cold-metal open-hearth furnace.  A
probe was inserted into the furnace stack below the waste-heat
boiler to withdraw furnace-gas samples.  Results of  this in-
vestigation are given. An additional series of tests was run on
a hot metal furnace. The test equipment was  set up on the
basement level of a 250 ton  open-hearth furnace. Samples
were withdrawn below the waste heat  boiler. Results of this
study are reported. Collection  efficiencies over 90%  may  be

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20
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
obtained with 1 in. thick pads of slag wool packed to 5 and 10
Ib. cu ft density. Resistances initially range from 2 to 8 in. of
•water, and increase to 2 to 14 in. during filtration of 0.1 gr/cu
ft of a fine iron oxide aerosol. Continuous web of slag wool
showed  variations in  efficiency  from 10 to 90%.  Filter re-
sistance was maintained near 4 in.  of water during operating
periods  ranging from 1/2 to 3 hr. A correlation between inlet
fume loading and furnace production was observed which in-
fluenced filter requirements. Mechanical  factors in the test
unit tending to lower the  efficiency  of  the continuous web
were determined.  Based on field studies, it was found that an
average  250 ton hot metal open hearth furnace would require 1
to 3 tons of slag wool/day to filter stack gas.

07660
Davies,  E. and W. T. Cosby
THE CONTROL  OF FUME FROM ARC FURNACES.  In:
Fume Arrestment, Special Rept. 83, London, William Lea and
Co., Ltd.,  1964, p. 133 - 143. (Report of the Proceedings of the
Autumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst., London, En-
gland, No. 26-27,1963.)
Various  methods are  discussed for containing the  fumes
formed during the production of steel in electric arc furnaces,
with particular reference to the application of the  'direct ex-
traction' technique. It  is shown how this technique,  while
preventing the  emission of fumes completely in the neighbor-
hood  of the furnace  and  considerably  reducing  the final
volume of gases to be treated by a gas cleaning unit, neverthe-
less introduces at  the same time new problems which must be
resolved to  produce a  safe and efficient installation. The
premises are indicated on which the Brymbo extraction system
was designed, how far these were supported by practical ex-
perience and how the latter emphasized, among other factors,
the importance of maintaining adequate facilities for the igni-
tion and combustion of inflammable gases emanating from the
furnace, not only during  the  oxygen blow but  also other
phases of the steelmaking cycle. It is concluded that, providing
attention is  paid  to  orthodox  combustion practice and  en-
gineering design principles, the control of fume may be safely
and effectively achieved with a resultant appreciable saving in
the size  and hence cost of gas cleaning units. The advantages
of the 'direct extraction' technique become more pronounced
as the capacity of the furnace increases.

07661
Douglas, I. H.
DIRECT FUME  EXTRACTION AND COLLECTION AP-
PLIED TO A FDJTEEN TON ARC  FURNACE. In: Fume Ar-
restment,  Special Rept. 83,  London, William Lea and Co.,
Ltd., 1964. p.144-149. (Report of the Proceedings of the Au-
tumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst;, London, England,
Nov. 26-27, 1963.)
The direct fume extraction and collection plant fitted to a 15
ton arc furnace and designed primarily to deal with the fume
produced during oxygen lancing is described. The fume is ex-
tracted through the side of the furnace shell, cooled in a water
tube heat exchanger, and cleaned in a bag filter plant; the ex-
haust  gases  satisfy the relevant  Clean Air Regulations, and
have a solids content less than 0.05 grains/cu ft. Recommenda-
tions and legislation based on the ratio between gas  exhaustion
rate and the rate of oxygen blow have been put forward. For
the plant described the ratio is approximately 6:1,  although it
is stressed that the effectiveness of ratios applicable  to dif-
ferent melting  installations may  not always be directly com-
pared, as  different proportions  of  the oxygen available are
used for oxidizing elements other  than  carbon. Because  of
                   this, in many circumstances, a better comparison can be the
                   ratio between peak carbon removal and the total gas extracted.
                   07663
                   Hoff, H. and J. Maatsch
                   CONVERTER WASTE GAS CLEANING BY THE 'MINIMUM
                   GAS' METHOD  AT FRIED. KRUPP. In: Fume Arrestment,
                   Special Rept. 83, London, William Lea and Co.,  Ltd., 1964,
                   p.104-108. (Report of the Proceedings of the Autumn General
                   Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst., London, England, Nov. 26-27,
                   1963.)
                   Steelmaking in an oxygen converter evolves 60-80  200g/cu nm
                   gas /  ton  of pig iron, with a high CO content and about
                   200g/cu nm dust By the dust removal methods so far hi use,
                   the gas is burned before cleaning with excess air, thus produc-
                   ing a great quantity of heat and very much increasing the
                   amount of gas to be cleaned. Using the Krupp converter waste
                   gas cleaning sytem according to the 'minimum gas' method,
                   the amount of air getting into the converter gas, and  sub-
                   sequent combustion, are very much reduced by having a suita-
                   ble shape of hood with a curtain of air round it and by having
                   controlled gas exhaustion. Without this,  gas can escape around
                   the converter. The cooled, clean, high-CO gas can either be
                   burned by a torch or recovered for further use. High-pressure
                   scrubbers followed by differential washers with a regulated
                   gap for fine dust removal, offer a good solution to gas clean-
                   ing problems. The whole apparatus can be housed along  with
                   the waste gas pipe and the burner in a readily inspected tower
                   with very small demand on space and gas lines.

                   07664
                   Holland, M. and K. B. Whitman
                   DHtECT  FUME  EXTRACTION  FOR LARGE  ARC FUR-
                   NACES.  In: Fume Arrestment,  Special Rept. 83,  London,
                   William  Lea and Co.,  Ltd., 1964,  p. 150-159. (Report of the
                   Proceedings of the Autumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel
                   Inst., London, England, Nov. 26-27,1963.)
                   The development of a suitable fume extraction and cleaning
                   system for large electrical arc furnaces using  tonnage oxygen
                   is  taken in  logical sequence through pilot plant trials to the
                   final design stage. The choice of a wet cleaning plant is in-
                   fluenced by the  ease  of hot gas conditioning and  fluorine
                   removal, the economies due to reduced volumes at the outlet,
                   and an improved effluent treatment and disposal system. The
                   steps  taken to  ensure complete  combustion of the gases
                   evolved during the furnace cycle by the use of an adjustable
                   sealed connection to the furnace, combined with a controlled
                   combustion air and ignition  source, are described in detail.
                   Control of furnace pressure is achieved  by control of speed of
                   the fan  and a water-cooled damper in the  furnace  offtake.
                   Operational experience and plant  reliability are discussed,
                   together with reasons for modifications found to be necessary.
                   07668
                   Mitchell, R. T.
                   DRY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS AND WAAGNER-
                   BERO WET WASHING SYSTEMS,   la:  Fume Arrestment,
                   Special Rept 83, London, William Lea and Co., Ltd., 1964, p.
                   80-85. (Report of the  Proceedings of the Autumn  General
                   Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst, London, England, Nov. 26-27,
                   1963.)
                   The purpose of this paper is to consider two methods of fume
                   cleaning. Electrostatic  precipitators  have  been installed  at

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      21
Ebbw Vale (30 ton capacity LDAC vessel) and wet washers at
Spencer Works (three 100 ton capacity LD vessels). The con-
ditions to be met in each case are defined, and the reasons for
the selection of specific  equipment are explained. The  two
systems are compared from the points  of view of efficiency
and operating costs, and the modifications which have proved
necessary to remedy operational difficulties are detailed  to
enable a more realistic assessment of comparative capital  ex-
penditure. Re-use of recovered dust and new equipment  are
discussed. Maximum efficiency throughout the blow with  the
variable gas flow and dust loan can be achieved effectively by
electrostatic precipitation. If capital cost is the  major con-
sideration then wet washing  is cheaper, although, if the  ex-
perience at  Spencer Works can be  considered applicable  to
similar installations, the difference in  cost  between the  two
processes is much narrower than would have appeared two or
three years previously.

07669
Morita, S.
OPERATION  AND ECONOMY  OF THE  OXYGEN CON-
VERTER GAS RECOVERY PROCESS  (OG PROCESS).   In:
Fume Arrestment, Special Kept. 83, London, William Lea and
Co., Ltd., 1964,  p. 109-115. (Report of the Proceedings of the
Autumn General Meeting, Iron and  Steel Inst., London, En-
gland, Nov. 26-27, 1963.)
The equipment,  installation operational  results, and economy
of the oxygen converter gas  recovery  process are discussed.
The  components and  instrumentation of  the  process   are
described. The process combines high dust collecting efficien-
cy with high-yield steelmaking operations. Operational records
are given, and the  characteristics of OG dust analyzed.  The
economic advantages of the process are detailed in comparison
with the waste heat  boiler.

07670
Namy, G., J. Dumond-Fillon,  and P. A. Young
GAS  RECOVERY  WITHOUT COMBUSITON  FROM  OX-
YGEN CONVERTERS: THE IRSID-CAFL PRESSURE REGU-
LATION PROCESS. In: Fume Arrestment, Special Rept.  83,
London, William Lea and Co., Ltd., 1964, p. 98-103. (Report
of the  Proceedings of the Autumn General Meeting,  Iron and
Steel Inst., London, England, Nov. 23-27, 1963.)
The recovery of CO without combustion through the control
of hood pressure is  discussed. The major parameters involved,
the inherent problem of safety, and the measures  adopted for
complete monitoring and control are considered. The nature of
the fume produced  necessitates a high-efficiency gas cleaning
system, and the techniques introduced, including complete air
purge of the circuit after each operation, are described.  The
open joint system with pressure control appears to be the one
which  ensures  the  greatest  possible independence  between
metallurgy and gas  cleaning (and in this it resembles process
with combustion). Unlike processes  with combustion, it  ap-
pears  to offer  a  very economic method of gas cleaning while
recovering energy in a high potential form. It seems to lend it-
self especially well to the control of bath reactions by continu-
ous carbon balance.

07699
Pottinger, J. F.
THE COLLECTION OF DIFFICULT MATERIALS BY ELEC-
TROSTATIC PRECIPITATION.  Australian Chem.  Process.
Eng. (Sidney), 20(2):ll-23, Feb. 1967. 11 refs.
Problems encountered in the metallurgical, cement and power
generation industries which led to an extensive study of the
electrical properties of dust particles and the effects of these
properties on precipitator performance are reviewed. Electrical
breakdown and resistivity measurement are discussed and a
design of a bulk resistivity measuring apparatus is illustrated.
Negative resistivity is cited as a problem. The remedial mea-
sures in the industries cited are described in technical terms.

07925
Heighten, J.
THE SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.  Roy. Soc. Health
J. (London). 87(4):215-218, July-Aug. 1967. 2 refs. (London)
The  air pollution  problems  of a group  of  industries which
produce: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, petroleum and petrochemi-
cals, iron and steel, copper, aluminum, gas, ceramics and elec-
tric power are reviewed. The basic  technical approach is to
avoid the formation of the emission by design of the process,
then to require the treatment of any unavoidable emission, and
finally to  require adequate dispersal of any residual amount
which has to be discharged. The legislation is designed to com-
promise between safeguarding of public health and amenities
and providing for a realistic acceptance with adequate control
of special processes. Although the loss of gases in the manu-
facture of sulfuric  acid is limited to 2% of the sulfur burned,
the loss from a  contact  acid  plant  with a 500-ton-per-day
capacity may be considerable so that chimney heights as high
as 450 ft may be required. Acid mist from contact plants burn-
ing sulfur is a special problem as it is difficult to control and
its occurrence is  unpredictable.  There are two  nitric  acid
plants  in  Britain  equipped  with catalytic tail-gas reduction
units which  should solve the problem of  brown nitrous fume
emission to  the air. The use of special flares is required to
control H2S and mercaptans  emitted by oil  refineries. In the
steel  industry the development of  the  Fuel-Oxygen-Scrap
process is regarded as an alternative to the electric arc fur-
nace. It is claimed  that melting and refining can be carried out
without exceeding a fume level of 0.05 grains per cu ft.

07931
Ertl, D. W.
ELECTROSTATIC GAS CLEANING.  S. African Mech. Engr.
(Johannesburg), 16(8): 159-168, March 1967.
Electrostatic precipitators are a highly developed and efficient
means of cleaning industrial and waste gases, satisfying  all
modem hygienic and industrial requirements.  Each precipitator
has to fulfill two functions:  (1) electrically charging the dust
and capturing it by electrodes which are at earth potential; and
(2) passing this precipitated  dust, with minimum re-entrain-
ment losses, into  the hoppers  underneath  the precipitation
field. Parameters influencing the total dust collecting efficien-
cy are: the ratio of the collecting plate area to gas flow rate,
which  is a dimension of the precipitator  size; the migration
velocity or the velocity by which the dust is attracted to the
collecting plate under electrical forces, which is dependent on
field intensity; the  dielectric  constant of the dust; the dew-
point of the gas/dust mixture,  high  dew-point being better
suited for precipitation than a completely dry gas. Factors ad-
versely affecting precipitation efficiency are space charges,
which develop when there are large amounts of very fine dust
in the gas, and dust resistivity, which makes precipitation dif-
ficult when  the dust layers have an electrical resistance  of
greater than approx. 10 to the llth power ohm/cm. Precipita-
tors are important  for thermal power stations where the dust
fineness must also  be taken into account in design. The use of
precipitators  for  blast  furnaces and steel  works,  cement

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 22
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 works, and in the chemical industry, is noted. Dust collecting
 efficiencies of 99.5% are not exceptional and greater efficiency
 is advisable in continuous operation at numerous plants. For
 optimum dust collecting  results, the specific dust  properties
 have to be taken into account during the planning stage of the
 whole plant

 08310
 Bergmann, Paul Jesdinsky, Walter Reuter, Guido and
 Werthmoller, Ewald
 DEVELOPMENT  AND  DESIGN  OF  A MODERN  DUST
 REMOVAL SYSTEM FOR AN ELECTRIC STEEL PLANT.
 (Tiber Entwicklung und Aufbau einer meuzeitlichen Entstau-
 bungsanlage fur ein Elektrostahlwerk.) Text in German. Stahl
 Eisen (Duesseldorf), 87(22): 1310-1314, Nov. 2, 1967.
 Four electric arc  furnaces  with a  capacity of 2.5 tons were
 equipped with a dust removal  system. Special problems were
 posed by intermittent operations as well as by  variable gas
 production during one  smelting and refining cycle. Exhaust
 volume  needed to be regulated. The controlling variable was
 gaseous pressure  under the hood  of the furnace.  A special
 non-conducting pressure sonde was developed which was in-
 sensitive to the gases ionized by the arc. A scrubber was not
 used since it  would have frozen during winter weekends. The
 pressure sonde activates baffles which regulate the pressure in
 the furnace. The flue ducts of  all four furnaces are combined
 in a mixing chamber, which serves as pressure  and tempera-
 ture equalizer. From there the flue gas goes to siliconized glass
 fiber filters which are located  60 to 70  m. away. Each of the
 three filters is large enough to  process the flue gas of one 25-
 ton furnace.  Filters can be selected by a switchboard. Each
 filter group consists of four towers with 24 filter hoses each,
 which are 9.3 m. long and 30.5  cm.  wide. They are cleaned by
 pressure reversal every 24 min. Residual  dust content of the
 flue gas is 8-12 mg./cu m.

 09198
 F. M. Wilkinson
 'WET  WASHING OF  BOF  GASES  -  LACKAWANNA.
 Preprint, Bethlehem  Steel  Corp.,  Lackawanna  Plant, New
 York, 12p., 1966.  (Presented at the AISE Convention, Cleve-
 land, Ohio, Sept. 27,  1966.)
 The operations of venturi scrubber equipment in a steel plant
 are explained. Three venturi scrubbers are  utilized for two
 basic oxygen furnace (BOF) vessels with a nominal capacity
 of 250 tons.  Frequent testing of the dust loading of the stack
 gases shows that certain unpredictable variations  occur in the
 quantity  of dust produced from heat  to  heat This is  true
 despite maintenance  of identical conditions of pressure drop
 across the scrubber and water  flow to the sprays. Some heats
 are more active  than  others  and  produce  more  dirt.  The
 average  results are  best when the mechanical condition  of
 spray nozzles and Venturis is good. Such conditions result in
 dust loadings below  .05 grains/c.f. std. Spray nozzles must be
 accurately positioned above the Venturis, they must be free  of
 excessive internal wear and the Venturis must be well sealed at
the upper flanges and  free of wear holes which sometimes
develop from erosion in the upper part of the throat.

09248
Muhlrad, W.
REMOVAL OF DUST FROM BASIC-OXYGEN FURNACE
BROWN FUMES BY MEANS OF BAG FILTERS.  Stahl
Eisen, 82(22):1579-1584, 1962. 9 refs. Translated from German.
Brutcher (Henry),  Altadena,  Calif., Technical  Translations,
HB-5768, ((29))p., 1963.
                   A gas cooling-bag filter plant utilized for the removal of dust
                   from a basic oxygen furnace is described. The installation of a
                   bag  filter  for  removing the  dust  from  the  brown  fumes
                   requires the gases to be cooled reliably and quickly. The cool-
                   ing process allows for the  cyclic generation of waste gases,
                   and consists of a heat storage unit in the form of a  tower,
                   through which the gases flow downward from the top. It is
                   lined with a checker of refractory brick, which form vertical,
                   straight channels. This checkerwork is so dimensioned that gas
                   cooling is ensured by heat storage  during the oxygen blow.
                   Due to the parallel  flow of hot gases and cooling air in the
                   regenerator, it is difficult at peak times to keep the exit tem-
                   perature below 100 to 120 deg C (250 deg F). The cooling ac-
                   tion of the regenerator was therefore supplemented by a spray
                   cooler to stabilize the temperature by water atomization: this
                   is only a  safety precaution,  and  operates for  very  short
                   periods. The bag filter consists of 22 cells, which are syste-
                   matically  and  automatically withdrawn  from  service  and
                   cleaned by transverse vibrations with a simultaneous counter-
                   flow blast. A polyester fabric was selected as the filter materi-
                   al. The dust is discharged mechanically from the filter, which
                   is provided with automatic bagfilling equipment. The reclaimed
                   dust is charged in paper bags into the converter along with the
                   pig iron, and no  visible  evolution of dust takes  place. The
                   whole of the dust removal plant operates continuously, that is
                   the hot waste gases and the  cooling air of the regenerator flow
                   through the plant without interruption. The capital costs and
                   operating cost of the complete plant are outlined.

                   09270
                   Graue, Georg and Ronald Flossmann
                   SOME EXPERIENCES WITH A  NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL
                   PLANT FOR DUST REMOVAL  FROM BROWN SMOKE.
                   Staub (English translation), 27: (10):7-12, Oct.  1967. 5 refs. CF-
                   STI: TT 67-51408/10
                   A novel  method  for removing dust from brown converter
                   smoke has been developed which utilizes the special properties
                   of brown smoke and is very promising as regards economic
                   and technical advantages. Its principles have been fixed  by
                   laboratory tests and in an experimental  pilot plant. Earlier
                   results  have been basically confirmed in an industrial plant of
                   2 x 25,000 cu m/h. However, as a result of constructional defi-
                   ciencies concerning gas distribution and constant electrode gap
                   in the filters,  the method could not be tested to its maximum
                   capacity. The achieved dust contents of clean gas have, there-
                   fore, been higher than the value required by authorities, i.e.,
                   150 mg/cu.m. This value should, however, be reached after im-
                   provements in the design. (Authors' summary)

                   09361
                   Broman, Carl U. and Ronald R. Iseli
                   THE CONTROL OF OPEN HEARTH STACK EMISSIONS
                   WITH  VENTURI TYPE  SCRUBBER.  Blast Furnace Steel
                   Plant, 56(2):143-148, Feb. 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the Re-
                   gional Technical Meeting, American Iron  and Steel Institute,
                   Chicago, HI., Nov. 9, 1967.)
                   Early attempts to suppress fuming in open hearth furnaces and
                   the installation and operation of  an  experimental  venturi
                   scrubbing  system  and the subsequent installation of venturi
                   scrubbers  on  all the open  hearth furnaces in one shop are
                   described. The decision to install the control equipment, the
                   gas flow system, the slurry system, operating and maintenance
                   experience are considered.

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      23
 09436
 Sullivan, R. E.
 AUTOMATIC  SYSTEMS FOR  REMOVAL  OF DEPOSITS
 FROM OPEN HEARTH FLUES, ROOFS, WASTE HEAT AND
 FUEL FIRED BOILERS.  Iron Steel Eng., 44(1):97-103, Jan.
 1967.
 The open hearth process for making steel produces  a large
 quantity of soot which clogs flues and ducts, reduces draft-fan
 efficiency, and impairs  heat transfer in waste-heat and fuel-
 fired boilers. The operation, design,  and advantages of auto-
 matic soot  blowing (cleaning) devices are discussed. Shot
 cleaning,  where steel shot is  dropped through boiler tube
 banks to dislodge deposits is described. Also  considered are
 several methods including bag houses, venturi scrubbers, and
 electrostatic  precipitators,  for  collecting participates before
 stack gases are  released  to the atmosphere.

 09796
 Hammond, William  F., James T. Nance, and Karl D. Luedtke
 STEEL-MANUFACTURING PROCESSES.  In: Air Pollution
 Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
 Los Angeles.)  John  A. Danielson  (comp. and ed.),  Public
 Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
 lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,  p.  141-257, 1967. GPO:
 806-614-30
 The two  common  steel-refining processes  are:  the basic
 process  wherein oxidation takes place in combination with a
 strong base such as  lime; and the acid process, wherein oxida-
 tion takes  place without  the base addition. Steel-refining
 processes  are usually accomplished  in the open hearth  fur-
 nace, the  electric furnace or the Bessemer converter.  The air
 contaminants vented  from  steel- melting furnaces  include
 gases, smoke, fumes, and dust. The gaseous emissions result
 from the combustion of fuels and other combustible contami-
 nants in  the furnace  charge and from  the refining process.
 Smoke emissions result from incomplete  combustion of the
 combustibles in the  furnace charge or of furnace fuel. Particu-
 lates originate partially from dirt and impurities in the  charge,
 but the major quantity results from the refining process. Typi-
 cal participates discharged from an open hearth and electric-
 arc furnace are listed. These fume emissions are largely in the
 form of metallic oxides, where 65 to 70 percent fall into the 0
 to 5 micron size range.  The methods of making open-hearth,
 electric-arc and electric  induction steel are reviewed. The air
 pollution problems,  the  hooding and ventilation requirements,
 and air pollution control equipment of each are discussed. Par-
 ticular emphasis is devoted to design consideration of .the hood
 and ventilation  systems. Open hearth furnaces have been suc-
 cessfully controlled  by electrical precipitators. Test results of a
 control  system wherein a  waste heat  boiler and electrical
precipitator vent an  open hearth furnace are shown. Baghouse
dust collectors, electrical  precipitators,  and water scrubbers
 can be utilized to control electric arc furnace emissions. Some
of the design features of  baghouses  serving electric arc fur-
 naces are outlined  and test results  of  air pollution  control
 systems with baghouses serving electric  arc steel-melting fur-
naces are  shown. Operating  data for two installations of elec-
trical precipitators  serving  electric  arc furnaces are also
shown. Test  results on  water scrubbers  serving electric arc
furnaces show that wet collectors collect only the larger parti-
cles  and allow the submicron particles to be discharged to the
atmosphere. Air pollution control equipment for the electric in-
duction furnace is the same as outlined for the electric ore fur-
nace.
09915L
Meldau, R.
GAINFUL USES  OF THE DUST FROM BROWN FUMES.
Translated from German.  35(3):203-208,  1964. Available from
Henry Brutcher Technical Translation, Altadena, Calif.
The brown dust produced in the basic oxygen furnaces  of a
steel plant can be used as  a paint pigment, plaster filler, floor
tiles material, soil conditioner, or plastic filler. Other uses in-
clude sponge iron, pressing, and molded composite sheets. The
effect  of heating on particle size, and the degree of thermal
and chemical  resistance  are  discussed. The economics  of
recovery are considered.

09974
Hipp, N. E. and J. R. Westerholm
DEVELOPMENTS IN  BLAST  FURNACE GAS CLEANING
GREAT  LAKES  STEEL CORP- ORATION.   Preprint,  Iron
Production and Great Lakes  Steel  Corp., Ecorse, Detroit,
Mich., ((20))p.,  1967. (Presented at the A. I. S. E. Convention,
Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 27,  1966.)
Blast furnace  flue  gases  are  cleaned by  passing through a
gravity settling chamber, an orifice washer, and then a packed
tower  (gas cooler). The orifice washer is simply an  orifice
plate directly upstream from a set of water spray nozzles. The
orifice scrubber removes  99.7 percent  of the dust passing
through it.

09977
Hurst, T. B.
MEMBRANE HOOD OPERATING PERFORMANCE AND IN-
PROVEMENTS.  Preprint, Association of Iron and Steel En-
gineers,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Boiler  Div.,  Barberton,  Ohio,
((31))p., 1966. (Presented at the Association of Iron and Steel
Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 26 29, 1966.)
Fumes from a basic oxygen furnace contain large quantities  of
CO. A hood is proposed which collects the furnace exhaust,
burns  the CO with additional air, and  extracts the heat by
means of water filled tubed in the hood walls. The advantages
of this system are reduction of CO in the exhaust to very low
levels, cooling of the gas prior to electrostatic or venturi clean-
ing, and the extraction of  valuable heat in the form of steam.
Hood  construction, arrangement, control  and operation are
discussed. Because of the  operating cycle of the basic oxygen
furnace,  the obtainable heat and therefore the production  of
steam will vary considerably. A 200 ton furnace with a steam
generating  hood  produces from almost none  up to about
400,000 pounds per hour of steam during oxygen blowing. To
smooth out the flow rate to a continuous level, a steam accu-
mulator is  described which absorbs the heat in  bursts and
releases a constant steam flow of about 70,000 pounds per
hour.

10460L
Zinuner, K. O.
DUST-LADEN WASTE GASES EMITTED IN  THE BASIC
OPEN-HEARTH  PROCESS WIT  THE USUAL  MELTING
PRACTICE  AND  WITH  OXYGEN  INJECTION:  ALSO
REMOVAL  OF THE  DUST  FROM THEM.  Stahl  Eisen,
84<17):1070-1075, 1964.  3 ref Translated from  German. Henry
Brutcher Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif., HB-6344,
18P., 1964. Avail- able from Henry Brutche Technical Transla-
tions, Altdena, Calif.
Data are presented on the effects of various fuels, ranging
from crude tar  to coke oven gas, and oxygen lancing on the

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 24
IRON AND  STEEL MILLS
 volume and composition of waste gases from open hearth fur-
 naces. Variations o dust leading and sulfur content  of  the
 gases during different phase of a heat are also described. Dust
 removal equipment, consisting o a waste heat boiler followed
 by an electrostatic  precipitator, and the economics of dust
 removal are discussed.

 10462L
 Baum, K. and A. Hahn
 REMOVAL OF DUST FROM ELECTRIC FURNACE WASTE
 GASES.  PART I  -  EXPERIENCE  WITH  WET  DUST
 REMOVAL BY VENTURI SCRUBBERS.  PART  H  -  EX-
 PERIENCE WITH A DRY ELECTROSTATIC FILTER ON A
 100-m   TON   ELECTRIC  ARC  FURNACE.  Stahl  Eisen
 84(23):1497 -1500, Nov. 1964. 1 ref. Translations, Altadena,
 Calif.,  HB-6418, lip.,  1964. Available from Henry Brutcher
 Technical Translations, P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali
 A dry  electrostatic filter and a Venturi  scrubber were tested
 for their ability to remove  dust from electric furnace waste
 gases.  Th  electrostatic  filter  system required large exhaust
 ducts and a high capacity sturation system to prevent burning
 and explosions of the combustible waste gas in the filter. The
 Venturi scrubber worked well and required little  space.  The
 composition and volume of wast gas is discussed with empha-
 sis on the variations due to charge material, point in the heat
 cycle, presence of oxygen lancing,  and leaks in the furnace
 openings. Exhaust systems and a method of electrode sealing
 are considered.

 10464L
 Bruderle, E. U. and G. Urban
 REMOVAL OF DUST FROM ELECTRIC FURNACE WASTE
 GASES. PART  m - EXTRACTION OF DUST FROM ARC
 FURNACES BY MEANS OF ELECTROFELTERS. PA IV - EX-
 PERIENCE WITH  DRAWING  OFF THE WASTE  GASES
 AND  WITH  ELECTRICA  DUST EXTRACTION  ON ARC
 FURNACES. Stahl Eisen, 84(23):1500-1505,  196 7 refs.  Trans-
 lated from German. Henry Brutcher Technical Translations,
 Altadena,  Calif., HB-6419, 18p., 1964. Available from  Henry
 Brutcher Technical Translations, P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali
 The operating experience, cost,  and general design of a dry
 electrostatic precipitator is reported for an electric arc furnace
 installation. A cost  comparison is made with a wet electro-
 static filter system; the wet system is slightly more expensive,
 but there is less chance  of explosion of the combustible waste
 gas. The character and quantity of waste gas are discussed in
 light of how  exhaust  systems  are affected. Pressure  dif-
 ferentials, excess air intake, and exhaust gas volume fluctua-
 tions are considered  as they affect the design and operation of
 the exhaust system.

 10469L
 Hoff, H.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TREATMENT OF THE BROWN
 FUMES FROM  THE BASIC OXYGEN PROCESS.  (PART
 n.)Stahl Eisen,  81(9):566-571,  1961.  9 refs. Translated from
 German. Henry  Brutcher  Technical  Translations,  Altadena,
 Calif.,  HB-5276, 36p., 1961. Available from Henry Brutcher
 Technical Translations, P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali
 With the increased use  of the  basic oxygen process, the dust
removal plants  for the  waste  gas issueing from the vessels
must als be further  developed to minimize  air pollution. The
 starting  point of the dust removal problems are the fluctua-
tions in gas formation over the blowing period in the furnace
and the volume of gas in the dust extraction installation.
                   Therefore, the possibilities were considered  of reducing the
                   volume of the waste gases, and their temperature, and at the
                   same time of utilizing a part of their heat  content.  It was
                   further investigated what factors in the plant cou influence the
                   selection of the waste gas cooling and dust removal plant and
                   which type of plant is the most economical for specific condi-
                   tions. Capital and operational costs were briefly considered. In
                   addition,  two new methods  are being  developed for  dust
                   removal from the waste gases from top blown steel plants. In
                   one case, the waste  gases  are  exhausted  in a controlled
                   manner and  burnt downstre  of  the  furnace, and the burnt
                   waste gases are then cleaned and released into the atmosphere.
                   In the second method,  the gas is  als exhausted in a controlled
                   manner, followed by dust  extraction witho  after-burning. It
                   can then either be released into the open air an burnt to waste,
                   or can be used as fuel. (Author's summary, modifie

                   10477L
                   Morita, Sh., M. Nishiwaki, K.  Tagiri, and S. Narita
                   OPERATING  RESULTS OBTAINED IN A 130-TON  BASIC
                   OXYGEN  FURNACE  EQUIPPED  WITH  AN   OG  GAS
                   RECOVERY SYSTEM. Tetsu To Hagane, 49(3):405-406, 1963.
                   Translated from Japanese. Herat Brutcher Technical Transla-
                   tions,  Altadena, Calif., HB-5933, 6P., 1963.  Available from
                   Henry Brutcher Technical  Translations, P.O. Box 157,  Al-
                   tadena, Calif., 91001
                   A  waste  gas recovery  method, the  'Oxygen  Gas' (OG)
                   process,  was  successfully  employed in  the  operation of a
                   Japanese basic oxygen steel- making furnace. The process uses
                   a water-cooled hood for g cooling, spray and venturi scrubbers
                   for dust removal,  and a  gas  holding vessel  for combustible
                   gases released during the middle par of the oxygen blow. Ex-
                   plosions  are prevented by  purging the system with nitrogen
                   prior to start-up and after  the heat, and nitrogen  dilution is
                   employed when the CO to O2  ratio is near the explosive lim.it.
                   The process is controlled and monitored by one man. Installa-
                   tion and operating costs  are  lower  than for a conventional
                   waste heat boiler, and the recovered gas is suitable to be used
                   as boiler fuel.

                   10479
                   THE FORMATION OF DUST DURING OXYGEN LANCING
                   ON  THE  OPEN-HEARTH Serokhvostov,  A.L., V.F. Bogaten-
                   kov, and  D. Ya. Povolotskii  STEEL BATH. Izv. Vysshikh
                   Uchebn. Zavedenii Chamaya  Met.,  No: 6:52-55,  June 1964.
                   Translated from Russian.  Henry  Brutcher Technical Transla-
                   tions,  Altadena, calif., HE-6335,  Henry Brutcher Technical
                   Translations,  P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali lations, P.O.  Box
                   157, Altadena, Calif. 91001
                   The effect of oxygen lancing on the dust production from an
                   open hearth steel-making furnace was investigated. Data are
                   presented o the  dust production  without oxygen lancing and
                   with oxygen lancing throughout the heat The effect of lance
                   position on dust product! was investigated. A marked effect
                   was discovered; maximum dust occured when  the lance was at
                   slag level. Lowest production occure when the lance was 6
                   inches above the slag, but this also reduced injection efficien-
                   cy.

                   11073
                   Huntington, Robert G. and Donald H. Rullman
                   ARC FURNACE FUME CONTROL PRACTICES. Preprint,
                   American Air Filter Co., Inc., Louisville, Ky., ((19))p., 1968.
                   (APCA Paper 68-131.)

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      25
The percentage of steel produced in electric arc furnaces is ex-
pected to increase from about 10% to 15% by 1975. As air pol-
lution codes  become more rigid,  more new and existing arc
furnace installations will require  fume control. Many of the
factors related to the growth of the electric furnace including
high power input,  heavy  oxygen lancing, oxifuel gas injec-
tions, and low cost scrap, all tend to increase  the severity of
the fume control problem. A successful arc furnace fume con-
trol system involves consideration of four parameters. These
are - capture fumes at furnace; convey and cool gases allowing
safe passage  through collector; clean gases to an acceptable
code limit; and provide a  system with minimum  cost  and
operational interference and maximum reliability. Successful
capture technique include canopy hoods, close fitting hoods,
and direct evacuation. Satisfactory fume collection is presently
restricted by  technological  development,  to  three basic
methods: Fabric  collection,  high  energy (venturi) scrubbing,
and high energy scrubber and electrostatic precipitation. Suita-
bility of fume capture  and cleaning  methods are primarily a
function  of  experience  and  analysis. Furnaces up  to 10' in
diameter represent a range of  operating practices which may
be compatible to both side draft or direct evacuation methods
normally combined with dry fabric collectors. Thermal outputs
from larger furnaces require  accurate analysis for  a  safe,
adequate gas handling  and  cleaning  system. Arc  furnace
operating practices  are the major influences affecting system
design  parameters.  Those involved in  the acquisition of arc
fume control equipment should thoroughly investigate availa-
ble methods in use on similar installations.

11096
Venturini, J. L.
HISTORICAL REVIEW  OF THE AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL  INSTALLATION  AT  BETHLEHEM  STEEL  COR-
PORATION'S LOS ANGELES PLANT. Preprint, Bethlehem
Steel Corp., Los  Angeles, ((22))p., 1968. 1 ref. (Presented at
the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion Annual Meeting, St. Paul,  Minn., June 23-27,  1968, Paper
68-134.)
With the advent  of air  pollution  control regulations in 1946,
the problem  encountered at Bethlehem Steel Corporation's
Los Angeles  plant was to select  a suitable collecting system
for its furnace operations. The new system provides a greatly
improved method of ventilating  the  three million cubic foot
electric furnace building. It consists of a direct roof evacuation
type of a water-cooled elbow and a spray chamber at each fur-
nace to temper the gases, damper controlled canopy hoods
which are located over the furnaces  and above the overhead
cranes,  and  all  necessary  ductwork  connecting collection
points.  The fume  is pulled through 14-foot diameter ducts on
the roof of the building  and  discharged  into a  distribution
manifold. From the distribution manifold the particle laden
smoke  is diverted  into  the 26  individual  sections  of the
baghouse. A  typical baghouse section  contains 120  silicone-
treated, glass-fiber  bags for a  total of 3,120 bags in  the
complete installation. The actual control equipment consists of
two large baghouses with two 1,250 hp driven  air blowers.
They are operating at a total exhaust capacity of 525,000 cfm
at 10 inches of static pressure. The baghouse, operating at an
efficiency of 99 percent plus, collects over 125 tons  of dust a
week. (Author's abstract, modified)
13645
Kawasaki Ironworks, Japan, Mizushima Branch Power Dept.,
Fuel Sect.
PREVENTION  OF  AIR  POLLUTION  BY  COMBUSTION
CONTROL  IN  MIZUSHIMA  IRONWORKS.   (Mizushima
seitetsusho ni okeru taikiosen boshi no tameno nensho kanri).
Text  in  Japanese. Netsu  Kanri (Heat Engineering, Tokyo),
21(4):10-15, April 1969.
One of the most important industrial hazards  to the public
produced by  ironworks is  sulfur oxides in their emissions. At
the Mizushima Ironworks, both dry and wet methods,  includ-
ing E. P., V. S., I. C. and Multicyclone systems, have been
adopted to reduce dust concentrations. Their purification rates
range from 95 to  99.95%.  Special attention is paid to  proper
combustion and ventilation conditions. The combustion  control
system is checked routinely for minor inadequacies  and mal-
functions. The addition of  'Tenkazai' to heavy oil also reduces
the production of polluted gas caused by water-separating and
sludge-distributing effects. However, this procedure is  not al-
ways economically feasible. To control smoke dispersion, the
layout of factory buildings must be considered in relationship
to local  weather conditions. Buildings producing less  smoke
should be constructed closer to residential areas, while those
producing large amounts should be placed perpendicular to the
direction of the wind, so  that smoke from one building will
have  less chance  of mixing with that from another. To dis-
tribute smoke over a wider area thereby diluting the polluted
air, high chimneys, high gas temperatures, and ways  of ac-
celerating smoke velocities should be considered.

13811
Singhal, R. K.
FUME CLEANING SYSTEMS USED IN THE STEEL INDUS-
TRY- PART  I.   Steel Times (London), 197(8):531-538, Aug.
1969.
Fumes from a small electric arc melting furnace are  collected
by a full hood system without the need for cooling equipment
or a combustion chamber. A semi-direct hood system compris-
ing a main hood connected to a side door hood and port hoods
is adaptable for furnaces from 6 to 30 tons. On very large fur-
naces, direct  extraction of the fume is possible with an elbow
on the furnace side or roof. Here the fume is contained in the
exhaust system  before it escapes from the furnace. Electro-
static precipitators find wide application in many phases of
metallurgical  industry operations. In the iron and steel indus-
try, they are used on blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces,
electric arc furnaces, converters, sinter plants, deseamers, and
cupolas.  In the non-ferrous industry, they are used in smelting
on rotary and reverberatory furnaces and in the recovery of
precious  metals. The removal of dust from a gas stream by
electrostatic precipitation follows three steps:  (1) suspended
particles  are  negatively charged; (2)  the  negatively charged
particles  then  migrate  and  are precipitated   on  positively
charged collecting electrodes; and (3) precipitated particles are
dislodged by  rapping or washing. Wet scrubbers bring dust-
laden gases in contact with a water film or spray. Some wet
collectors involve cyclones  or centrifuges;  others, multiple
sprays. Efficiency of the collectors increases with energy con-
sumption. The range of particle  size, concentration, and col-
lector efficiency are plotted for various industries.

-------
 26
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 13946
 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
 Cincinnati, Ohio, Committee on Air Pollution
 PROCESS FLOW SHEETS  AND AIR POLLUTION  CON-
 TROLS.  Cincinnati, American Conference of Governmental
 Industrial Hygienists, 1961, 40p. 33 refs.
 A variety of industrial processes,  described in the text and il-
 lustrated  by flow charts, are categorized according to the
 odors or  pollutants produced by  each stage of plant opera-
 tions. Appropriate primary and secondary air cleaning equip-
 ment, including dry centrifuges, wet scrubbers,  and fabric and
 electrostatic filters, are matched to each operation and evalu-
 ated as  satisfactory or not satisfactory. The suggested controls
 have applications for asphalt and  cement plants, gray iron or
 malleable  foundry operations, the  milling of asbestos ores, al-
 falfa dehydrating plant operations, coffee processing, iron and
 steel making,  and scavenger-type rendering processes.  Sug-
 gested reference sources are included for each process.

 14161
 Singhal, R. K.
 FUME CLEANING SYSTEMS USED IN THE STEEL INDUS-
 TRY. PART 2.  Steel Times (London), 197(9):605-613, Sept.
 1969.
 A number  of  wet and dry  fabric filters  and  mechanical
 cleaners are described and applications are mentioned. In the
 fabric dust collectors, the dust-laden gas  is passed through a
 semi- porous medium which retains the dust particles and al-
 lows the clean gas to pass through. Efficiency is very high and
 the two main types in use are the mechanical  vibration type
 and the reverse flow type.  Fabric filters are widely used in the
 metallurgical industry and in electric arc furnace fume clean-
 ing.  Wet dust removers possess a  number  of advantages over
 the cyclone and fabric filter in cases where humidity or space
 requirements preclude their use. The removal of collected dust
 presents no problem; it is in the form of sludge or  slurry. This
 is essential with explosive dusts such as magnesium alloys and
 aluminum. The Medusa  gas scrubber consists of a three-fold
 combination of  impingement, venturi and disintegration ef-
 fects. Alteration to the liquid level provides  flexibility for
 changes in gas volume and efficiency. The  Elbair gas scrubber
 is noted for its high efficiency,  low pressure loss, low  hp
 requirements, and compactness. The Tornado Flow Dust col-
 lector simulates the  flow patterns  of  a  natural  tornado  by
 setting  up two  rotational  flows  with opposite  axial com-
ponents, occupies a small space and can be fitted into a chim-
 ney or can be arranged horizontally in pipelines. The Western
Precipitation high-energy venturi  scrubber was designed for
gas cleaning operations requiring high pressure  drops. Its pri-
 mary applications are for blast furnaces, cupolas, oxygen con-
 verters, open  hearth,  and  electric furnaces, and oxygen
deseamers. The  American Air Filter Type R Roto-clone is a
 wet centrifugal dust collector. The mam component is a series
of specially designed double- inlet tubes. In the Pangborn Type
CH-3 dust control system, the air is drawn from  the dust-
producing source by means of ducts to the collector. The self-
 cleaning collector operates  continuously  and requires  no
periodic exhauster shutdown for cloth cleaning.

 14889
Huysman, M. and A. Maubon
IMPROVEMENT IN  THE  REMOVAL  OF  DUST FROM
WASTE GASES  OF OXYGEN STEEL CONVERTERS BY EX-
TRACTION BEFORE COMBUSTION.   (Amelioration de la
technique  de depoussierage des gaz residuels de convertisseurs
                   a 1'oxygene par captage sans combustion). Text in French.
                   Rev. Met. (Paris), 65(5):333-343, May 1968. 11 refs.
                   At the Dunkerque works, carbon monoxides are evolved when
                   steel is refined by blowing oxygen through the melt for about
                   18 min.  A relatively new  control technique,  used for four
                   years,  is to collect the combustible gas without letting it burn
                   at the  converter mouth. The collector is a 'skirt' surrounding
                   the mouth, whose internal pressure  is adjusted so that just a
                   little air is drawn in at the point of contact with the converter.
                   The temperature of the gas is about 1630 C. The skirt can be
                   raised  during the process so that the controllers can  inspect
                   the effluent gas. The necessary pressure drop was a few mm
                   of water. The rate of flow in the apparatus is large, so that at
                   the beginning and end of refining, a plug of completely burnt
                   gas  separates  carbon monoxide  from  air  by  intervening
                   between  them in the flow and thus prevents explosions. The
                   gas is cooled in an exchanger and then scrubbed in a saturator
                   and washing tower using about 500 cu m of water/hr. Sludge is
                   decanted off, the residue  is centrifuged, and the water is recy-
                   cled. The residual dust content is about  100 mg/N cu m. In
                   four years of operation, the original gas collector, with the
                   joint to the converter sealed with steam, was  abandoned for
                   the movable skirt. The introduction of an oxygen injector with
                   three differently directed holes lessened the ejection of metal
                   and slag  froth into the gas collector and eliminated blockage.
                   A refractory soot collector was substituted for the first heat
                   exchanger. The jets of the scrubber were redesigned to avoid
                   blocking  by the recycled water. The carbon monoxide which
                   evolved from the washing water was directed  away from  all
                   the work places, however, one small explosion occurred. Old
                   safety  valves  were  replaced by  stainless steel  valves. The
                   minimum pumping speed was increased  to  35,000 cu m/hr.
                   Pumping and lowering of the skirt are never begun before ab-
                   sorption of oxygen has started.

                   15649
                   Hayashi, Tesshi
                   A SMOKE COLLECTOR.  (Shuen sochi). Text in Japanese.
                   (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.,  Tokyo  (Japan)) Japanese
                   Pat.  Sho 44-12249.  5p., June 3, 1969.  (Appl.  Aug. 5, 1966,
                   claims  not given).
                   The present invention improves the operations of a smoke col-
                   lector employed in a tilting furnace, such as an  electric fur-
                   nace for  making steel. A fixed stationary duct is connected to
                   a movable duct, which leads to  the smoke source. The cross-
                   sectional area  of the stationary  duct at the junction is larger
                   than the corresponding cross-sectional area of the movable
                   duct. The movable duct is connected to the stationary one in
                   such a way that the former can slide  along  the latter with a
                   seal between  them, preventing the outside  air from entering
                   the ducts. The device has a simple construction  and is very ef-
                   fective in collecting smoke. These features  make the present
                   invention attractive in industrial applications.

                   15886
                   Eberhardt, J. E. and H. S. Graham
                   THE VENTURI WASHER FOR BLAST FURNACE GAS.  Iron
                   Steel Engr., 32(3):66-71, March 1965. 11 refs.
                   Data are presented for a pilot plant venturi blast-furnace gas
                   washer with a nominal capacity of 25,000 cfm  and a plant
                   scale venturi with a nominal capacity of 85,000, as installed in
                   a steel co. Data for  the 18-in. pilot unit indicate that the dirt
                   content of the cleaned gas  depends on the gas pressure loss
                   across  the venturi section;  the  gas  pressure loss on the gas
                   flow rate and the water ratio (gas of water per  thousand cu ft

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      27
 of gas). Correlations are presented for pressure drop vs dust
 loading and for pressure drop vs water ratio at seven gas flow
 rates. The dust loading of the cleaned gas varies from 0.09
 gr/cu ft at a pressure loss of 7 in. of water to 0.015 gr/cu ft at
 a pressure loss of 24 in. of  water.  The thickener capacity
 required for this washer  is only 3-5  gal  per thousand cu ft
 rather than the 20 gal per thousand cu ft used in conventional
 washers. The plant scale washer  is generally  similar to the
 pilot plant; but the throat section is rectangular rather than cir-
 cular, and the cooling tower contains no packing. The gas flow
 rate is close to 76,000 cfm and the water flow to about 11 gal
 per thousand cu ft. Pressure loss in this unit depends on fac-
 tors other than gas velocity and water ratio,  although pressure
 loss  is  increased by  increasing  either gas velocity  or water
 ratio. Good cleaning is obtained  with  a  water consumption of
 about 5 gal per thousand cu ft of gas.

 15887
 Pettit, Grant A.
 ELECTRIC FURNACE  DUST CONTROL SYSTEM.  J.  Air
 Pollution  Control Assoc., 13(12):607-609,  621,  Dec.  1963.  14
 refs. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of APCA, Detroit,
 June 9-13, 1963.)
 Problems encountered in operating a venturi scrubber to clean
 waste  gases  from   an  electric  steelmaking  furnace  are
 described. In accordance with state regulations, water clarifi-
 cation and recycling equipment is an  integral part of the gas
 cleaning system. When the pH of  the clarified water recycled
 to the scrubber is maintained at 7.0-7.6 with soda ash and the
 suspended solids content of the water kept at about 125 ppm
 with  Seperan,  the  scrubber satisfactorily cleans gases  at a
 water flow rate of 550 gpm and a pressure  drop  of 28 in. How-
 ever,  the  efficiency of  the system is  reduced by plugging of
 the spray holes by solids. These holes  are difficult  to clean,
 since  cyclinder-driven jet reamers often  fail to go through
 them. In addition to the plugging, fine particles  accumulate on
 large surface area, making frequent sludge  filtration necessary.
 The sludge is filtered on a two-disc vacuum filter at an overall
 filtration rate  of 20 Ib wet sq ft/hr; cotton duck is  used for
 filter  bags. The  average sludge analysis is 35% Fe, 9.5% Cr,
 and 2.5% Ni.

 16039
 Herrick, Robert A.
 A  BAGHOUSE  TEST PROGRAM FOR OXYGEN  LANCED
 OPEN HEARTH FUME CONTROL.  J. Air Pollution Control
 Assoc.,  13(l):28-32, Jan. 1963. 10 refs. (Presented at the 55th
Annual Meeting of APCA, Chicago, May 20-24,  1962.)
 Tests were undertaken to determine the collection efficiency
 of glass fabric filter bags for  the  red  iron oxide fumes
produced  by injecting oxygen into open  hearth  steelmaking
furnaces. The three basic fabric constructions tested  were all-
filament fiber, bulked or texturized fill  fabric,  and  staple fill
fabric. All tests were run at a  filter velocity of  approximately
 two ft/min and at bag gas temperatures of about 400 F. The
primary variable used to analyze test data  was filter drag, the
ratio of the pressure  drop across  the bags to filter  velocity.
Also evaluated were four methods of removing collected dust
cake from the filters: simple collapse,  sonic cleaning, pressure
jet cleaning, and bag  shaking.  Collection efficiency  was very
high during all tests. Although on grain loading efficiency tests
were made, no dust plumes were visible and the outside of the
filter bags remained clean. While the  dust-fabric combination
returned to an intermediate rather than low pressure drop after
 the bag cleaning cycle, the slow rise in pressure drop during
cake buildup offset this disadvantage. The level of  the pres-
sure drop after cleaning was most affected by the physical in-
tensity of the cleaning operation. No major difficulties were
encountered that would prevent the satisfactory operation of a
baghouse type dust collecto on an oxygen lanced open hearth
furnace.  However, it is  important to prevent condensation of
furnace gases on the bags. A slight amount of furnace leakage
is detrimental to a collapse-type cleanin method.

16146
Ministry  of International Trade and Industry, Japan. Public
Nuisance Section
REMARKS ON THE RESULTS OF GENERAL SURVEY OF
INDUSTRIAL   PUBLIC   POLLUTION    IN    OSAKA-
AMAGASAKI AREA.  (Osaka-Amagasaki chiku sangyo kogai
sogochosa ni tsuite). Text in  Japanese.  Sangyo Kogai (Ind.
Public Nuisance), 5(8):444-447, Aug. 25, 1969.
The results of general survey  on industrial air pollution con-
ducted in Osaka and Sakai from 1966 through 1968 are sum-
marized.  The survey area  covering 305  sq km of industrial
sites was grouped in three districts. Half of the area was al-
ready industrialized and the remaining half in the process of
industrialization. Iron-ore  and petroleum refinery  plants are
expected to develop in the district. The fifty plants surveyed
were those which generally consume heavy oil at  10 kl/H per
day. Present total  oil consumption is 901 kl/H and estimated
consumption by 1972 is  1,433 kl/H. It is predicted that sulfur
dioxide emissions corresponding to oil consumption by 1.4 fold
will increase from  19,816 cu nm/H in 1967 to 27,400 cu nm by
1972. If countermeasures are not applied, industrial pollution
will continue to grow. Since 1965, there has been a continuous
increase in dust fall. Trial countermeasures which appear to be
applicable are the conversion of heavy oil to low sulfur- con-
tent (1.7%) oil and the construction of tall stacks. If put into
practice,  there measures will reduce pollution by approximate-
ly 40-45% by 1972. Districts which have maintained ambient
air  quality standards are encouraged to use 1.5% SO2- bearing
oil to compensate for estimated increases in oil consumption.

16193
Shapritskiy, V. N.
COMBATING  ADR  POLLUTION  BY  EMISSIONS  FROM
FERROUS METALLURGY ENTERPRISES. (Bor'ba zagryaz-
neniyem  atmosfernogo vosdukha vybrosami predpriyatiy cher-
noy metallurgii).  Text  in Russian.  In:  Sanitation Measures
Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Cities (Oz-
dorovleniya vozdushnogo  i  vodnogo basseynov gorodov).
Government Committee on Civil Building and Architecture
(ed.), Lecture series no.  2 Kiev, Bodivel'nik, 1968, p. 47-51. 4
refs.
The numerous basic and secondary sources of air pollution as-
sociated with various types of ferrous metallurgy installations
are reviewed, together with the attendant problems of abate-
ment. Incidental cases pertaining to this subject are cited from
the literature. Special attention is given to development of bag
filters outside of the Soviet Union. It is noted that living quar-
ters for  workers at large  installations  must be  situated at
distances of from 6 to as much as 15 km. It is estimated that
costs for pollution control will amount to 40 million rubles per
year for a plant producing 5 millions tons of steel per year.

16351
FJsenbarth, Manfred
DUST  REMOVAL  FROM WASTE GASES  IN  A STEEL
PLANT.   (La depolverizzazione dei  gas  di scarico delle ac-
ciaierie). Text in Italian. Riv. Ing., 10(10):720-729, Oct. 1969.

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28
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
Four areas of the steel plant most responsible for the produc-
tion of dust-laden air are discussed: converters, electric arc
furnaces,  electric  reduction furnaces,  and flame-hardeners.
Dust removal is analyzed in three stages: aspiration, cooling,
and purification. A cooling stage is necessary, since the waste
gases measured at the bottom of the converter are formed at a
temperature of 500-1100 C, whereas mechanical filters require
temperatures between  200  and  270 C and  electric  filters
operate best at 150   180  C. Cooling  can be effected by
running the gases through a long  length of  tubing; absorbing
the heat with refractory bricks in a large reservoir (bricks are
cooled  with cold air  between  batches);  and  by spraying
atomized liquid under pressure into a tower containing the gas,
so that the evaporating liquid will  absorb heat of vaporization
from the gas mixture. Four possibilities exist for purification:
dry purification  with mechanical filter; dry purification with
electric filters; wet purification with electric filters; and wet
purification  with scrubbers.  Two wet-press  scrubbers are
described  in detail: the venturi system and the OG process
developed by Demag. The various systems and combinations
thereof are  examined in  terms of cost, space  requirements,
compatability with special conditions, and possible uses for
by-products.

16446
Vypov, A. I. and G. N.  Makarets
PROTECTION  OF THE  AIR  AND WATER BASINS AT
NOVOKUZNETSK.  (Zashchita vozdushnogo i  vodnogo bas-
seynov v novokuznetske). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation Mea-
sures Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning  of Ci-
ties. (Ozdorovleniye  vozdushnogo   i  vodnogo  basseynov
gorodov).  Government  Committee  on  Civil  Building  and
Architecture (ed.), Lecture series  no. 2, Kiev, Budivel 'nik,
1968, p.37-38.
An overall examination of the pollution problems of Novokuz-
netsk was made in  1965-1966 by the Deputy Commission on
Natural Conservation and the Presidium of the Novokuznetsk
Branch of the  Association  for Natural Conservation.  Dust
emission from the Kuznetsk cement plant was 260 tons per
day in  1962; it was reduced to 50  tons per day by the end of
1966, and  the installation  of  electrofilters at two roasting fur-
naces in 1968 reduced emission to 10 tons per day. Measures
were also taken to  reduce emission from the aluminum and
iron-smelting plants. Efforts at pollution control in this city are
regarded as successful and similar  measures are recommended
for other Soviet cities.

16553
Narikawa, Hiroshi and Toshitaka Tsutsumi
ON THE  SOOT IN TOPGAS OF OIL INJECTION BLAST
FURNACE.  (Juyu fukikomi koro no rocho dasuto chu susu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku, (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 1(2):102-104, June 15, 1965.
New techniques in  iron manufacturing  involving the  use of
liquid or granular fuel have increased production efficiency
but created a soot problem. As the result of incomplete com-
bustion of heavy oil, the topgas in an oil injection blast fur-
nace contains a large quantity of soot. The amount is  closely
related to the quantity of heavy oil and combustion conditions.
The quantitative measurement of the amount is important for
the improvement of the process and the control of emissions.
Quantitative measurements at several stages of the process,
together with investigations of gas cleaning efficiency, were
evaluated. The measurements included the quantity of soot in
topgas,  the  change of soot  quantity due  to the  change of
operation, the effect of various  kinds of soot removers, and
                   the amount of soot remaining in the gas after application of
                   the soot removing process. The  gas cleaner comprised a dust
                   remover, venturi  scrubber, and electric dust collector. The
                   soot quantity of the topgas under good combustion condition
                   was  11%, while under  poor combustion conditions is was
                   28.5%. The soot quantity at the outlet of the electric dust col-
                   lector was 91% under stable conditions and 97.8% under unsta-
                   ble conditions. The soot removal rate of the venturi scrubber
                   was 40 to 60%; that of electric dust collector, 98% under sta-
                   ble conditions, but only 77.5% under unstable condition.

                   16561
                   Massinon, J.
                   ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND STEEL MAKING.  (Pollu-
                   tion atmospherique et siderurgie). Text in French. Rev. Soc.
                   Roy.  Beige.  Ingrs.  Ind. (Brussels),  no.  6/7:333-343,  1969.
                   (Presented at a  Conference of the Belgians Royal Society of
                   Engineers and Industrialists, May 7,1969.)
                   The efforts made at the  national level by numerous organiza-
                   tions engaged in fighting atmospheric pollution are reviewed.
                   The general sources of air pollution, their relative importance,
                   and their actions are examined.  The measures  taken by the
                   steel- making industry to reduce industrial emissions are re-
                   ported in considerable detail, and the remaining technical dif-
                   ficulties  are pointed out. The pertinent  legislative measures in
                   Germany, France and Belgium are likewise discussed in detail,
                   and desirable future developments are pointed out.

                   16646
                   Rengstorff, George W. P.
                   ROLE OF METHANE  AND OTHER  FACTORS IN CON-
                   TROLLING EMISSIONS FROM STEELMAKING PROCESS.
                   Open Hearth Proc., vol. 46:438-456, 1963. 5 refs.
                   Smoke evolution in a 50-lb steelmaking furnace was success-
                   fully suppressed in laboratory experiments by injections of 4-
                   15% methane, premixed with oxygen,  introduced through  a
                   water-cooled lance. The  amount of methane  required appears
                   to depend on jet velocity, characteristics of the flow of metal
                   under the lance, and other dynamic conditions that have not
                   yet been fully identified.  Four percent of methane was enough
                   to suppress smoke completely at  2800 F; 6.7% was adequate to
                   suppress  smoke above 2820 F. At these temperatures, the ad-
                   dition of 10.3%  methane  suppressed smoke  to 2550  F.
                   Complete  suppression  at  2600  F  required about 7%  of
                   methane. It is hypothesized that the effect of methane might
                   result from driving hydrogen  into the metal. Evolution of this
                   hydrogen into the fraction of an inch above the metal surface
                   that is critical to smoke formation might either prevent forma-
                   tion of FeO or cause it to become more volatile, thus stopping
                   the pumping of  iron from the surface. Why the smoke rate is
                   higher at low temperatures and  more difficult to  suppress is
                   not understood.

                   16652
                   Broman, Carl U. and Ronald R. Iseli
                   THE CONTROL OF OPEN  HEARTH STACK  EMISSIONS
                   WITH  VENTURI   TYPE  SCRUBBERS.    Ind.  Heating,
                   35(6):1085-6, 1088, 1090,  1092, 1094, 1096, June 1968. H PART.
                   Ibid.  vol. 35:1985,  1486, 1488, 1490, Aug.  1968.  6  refs.
                   (Presented at the American  Iron and  Steel Inst. Technical
                   Meeting, Chicago,  1967.)
                   Designing a scrubber gas  cleaning system  to  control open
                   hearth fume emissions, isokinetic sampling of the stack gases
                   was carried out to determine dust loadings  and particle size
                   and composition; average stack gas dust loadings are shown in

-------
                                            B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                       29
 Part I for various periods of open hearth heats. The operation
 of the venturi scrubber, its location, and its design features are
 described in detail,  with diagrams given of the waste  heat
 boiler draft control system, the equipment location and the gas
 flow and slurry systems. The throat section of the scrubber in-
 itially installed was  designed  to handle  a maximum flow of
 70,000 scfm of dry gas at temperatures of 600 to 1500 C. The
 equipment specifically called for minimum pressure drop of 30
 in. of water across the venturi in order to obtain the required
 cleaning efficiency. The induced draft fan constructed had a
 rating of  93,000 cfm at 41 in. suction. Part n discusses the
 operating  and maintenance problems experienced with the gas
 flow and  water slurry  systems. The major  problem with the
 gas flow system, the near-collapse of the spin  vane section in
 the cooling tower, was taken as proof that the common cool-
 ing tower built for two gas flow systems was  a. mistake. The
 many problems incurred with the slurry system were attributed
 in part to confining all the equipment within the lean-to area.
 Discoloration of the  sewer water from the red iron oxide also
 occurred.  Design corrections were  made for later installations
 of scrubbers on other furnaces in the same shop. Gas cleaning
 has been  excellent with greater than 99% efficiency and less
 than .05 grains per standard cubic foot dust  loading in the ex-
 haust gases. The scrubbers have not hampered the operations
 of the furnaces and may have contributed  to  improved per-
 formance; in addition,  the source  of constant draft from the
 scrubber  induced  draft  fan   was  found to benefit furnace
 operation.

 16681
 Willet, Howard P.
 PROFIT  ORIENTED  SYSTEMS  FOR  POLLUTION  CON-
 TROL.  American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York,
 N. Y., American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
 Engineers (AIME), New  York,  N. Y., American Society of
 Civil  Engineers, New  York,  American  Society  of  Heating,
 Refrigerating  and  Air Conditioning Engineers,  New  York,
 American Society  of Mechanical Engineers, New York, and
 American Society for Testing and Materials,  Philadelphia, Pa.,
 Proc. MECAR Symp., Design  and  Operation for Air Pollution
 Control, New York, N. Y., 1968. p. 75-85. (Oct. 24).
 The development of  pollution  control systems  that provide an
 economically profitable return  on control costs is  described; it
 is believed that such processes will enhance control activities
 by establishing an economic  incentive  to add to the  public
 pressures  on  polluters  to install  control equipment. Profit-
 oriented control systems  are described for blast furnaces and
 the basic  oxygen processes in steel fabrication,  for foundry
 cupolas, kraft pulping, and for sulfur dioxide recovery from
 power and sulfuric  acid  plants. Venturi scrubbers, used to
 clean blast furnace gases, make it possible to obtain higher hot
 blast temperatures for preheating air blown  into the furnaces
 and thus improve the economics of their operation. Gas take-
 offs  installed  below the  charging door  on  foundry cupolas
 reduce the size of the gas cleaning equipment required and
permit the gas  to be used as fuel for preheating  air blasts to
 the cupolas. A new  method recently introduced from Japan,
 called the  OG Process,  has a great  profit potential in its appli-
 cation to the basic oxygen process in steel-making, primarily
by collecting carbon monoxide without  combustion. A series
of pollution control  techniques can be applied to  the  kraft
pulping process to reduce capital and operating costs. An ab-
sorption system to eliminate SO2 pollution from sulfuric  acid
plants and to increase plant profits is nearing completion, and
a concept called the Central Processing Approach is described,
involving  the  establishment of central processing plants,  to
permit the profitable recovery of  elemental sulfur from  the
sulfur oxide emissions of both large and small power produ-
cers.

16695
Jones, William P.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VENTURI SCRUBBER.  Ind. Eng.
Chem., 41(11): 2424-2427, Nov. 1949. 4 refs.
The practical application  of the venturi  scrubber  to the
removal  of dusts, mists, fumes, odors, and smoke from gas
streams is discussed. Factors affecting the scrubbing efficien-
cy of a venturi  are the velocity of the gas in the throat, the
ratio  of  liquid to gas,  and the distribution of liquid in the
throat. Of these  variables the first two have an appreciable ef-
fect on the pressure drop across  the  scrubber. Most of the
power required for operation is expended in the gas pressure
drop, which  will  vary  with the amount of liquid used. In
general,  increased throat velocity results in higher  scrubbing
efficiency with less  liquid, and with somewhat less pressure
drop and fan power. A  commercial venturi unit at a pulp and
paper mill is recovering 7-10 tons of sodium compounds per
day  from fumes containing particles from below  0.1 to 1.5
micron. Installations on  open hearth steel furnaces are achiev-
ing 97-99% efficiencies in removing smoke particles  from 0.05
to 0.33  micron.  Pilot plant studies indicate that the  venturi
scrubber has a removal efficiency of 98-99.8% for sulfuric acid
mists and a 99.9% efficiency for coarse  dust from  blast fur-
nace gas.

17115
Punch,G.
GAS  CLEANING  IN THE  IRON  AND  STEEL INDUSTRY.
PART H: APPLICATIONS.  In: Fume Arrestment. Iron and
Steel Inst., London (England), SR-83, p. 10-23, 1963.  34 refs.
The choice of gas cleaning techniques for various steelmaking
processes is reviewed. A dry collection system is judged most
applicable for sinter plants, the particular one depending on
specific plant  needs. Fabric filter and dry plate precipitator
methods are described for waste gases from open-hearth fur-
naces; some wet methods can also be used but involve corro-
sion and other  problems. The high-energy  scrubber  and ir-
rigated precipitator are the most obvious  choices for deseam-
ing process fumes, but  they create secondary liquid effluent
problems. Fume control from arc furnaces can be achieved by
using roof-mounted close-fitting hoods or  equipment  for direct
extraction from the furnace shell; furnace gases, once emitted,
may be  cleaned to 0.05 gains/cu ft  by wet or dry precipitator,
fabric filter, high-energy scrubber, or a combination  scrubber-
precipitator. Wet or dry methods are applicable to both the
Kaldo and LD processes.  A general summary is given of the
effect of fluctuating operating conditions  on collector per-
formance, and the technical factors which must be considered
in selecting appropriate gas cleaning methods are discussed in
detail for each of the steel processes outlined above.

17118
Speer, E. B.
OPERATION  OF ELECTOSTATIC  PRECIPITATORS  ON
O.H. FURNACES AT FAIRLESS WORKS. In: Air and Water
Pollution in the Iron and Steel Industry. Iron and Steel Inst.,
London (England), SP-6, p. 67-74, 1958.
Information on the electrostatic precipitators on 330-ton open-
hearth furnaces in a steel company is presented. The furnace
system is discussed to indicate the scope of the dust-cleaning
problem with respect to volumes, pressures, and temperatures.
Modern instrumentation enables the  operator to accomplish

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 30
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 the steelmaking process with good combustion efficiency and
 minimum furnace damage. The precipitator is described by
 presenting the design features of the chamber,  collecting elec-
 trode system, discharge electrode insulators, electrical supply
 units, and safety devices. Dust collection from the precipitator
 hoppers is performed by a vacuum system with hoppers, pip-
 ing,  primary and  secondary  collectors, scrubber, exhauster,
 storage bin, and pug mill. Problems and solutions after four
 years of operation are  discussed. Design conditions of inlet
 loading,  draught  losses,  outlet  loading, and  efficiency are
 stated. The  testing procedure used to check precipitator per-
 formance and the test results obtained are explained. The most
 serious problems encountered have resulted from  gas-velocity
 increase and boil-period concentrated loading. Recent and an-
 ticipated improvements of major importance to  decrease outlet
 loading by 100% are described as a  result of data obtained to
 date.  Various  flow diagrmas  and  illustrations  are  given.
 (Author abstract modified)

 17127
 Gaw, R. G.
 GAS CLEANING.  Iron Steel Engr., 37(10):81-85, Oct. 1960.
 Wet and dry process dust collection systems are evaluated for
 use in  steelmaking, where the use of oxygen to speed up mol-
 ten bath reactions  greatly increases the dust and fume genera-
 tion, with the dust consisting principally of extremely fine iron
 oxides. In determining  the gas volume of a dust collection
 system, a design volume rating of 25 scfm of waste gases per
 cfm  of  oxygen blown is in general use for  electrostatic
 precipitators; for scrubber applications, a lower ratio of 20 to
 1 is sometimes used. When designing gas cleaning  systems for
 oxygen converters, allowance should be  made for future in-
 creases in blowing rates. The venturi wet scrubber and the dry
 electrostatic  precipitator  systems  are described  and  dia-
grammed, evaluated, and their costs compared. Best available
 figures  indicate that the total  installation cost  of a  wet
 scrubber designed for  identically sized vessels and blowing
rates  would  be about  the same as  for a  dry  precipitator
 system. In operating and maintenance costs per ton, the wet
 scrubber is rated  at 140, the  dry system  at .080,  with use of
 the dry dust, which has a market value of about $15./ton. Ad-
 vantages of the wet scrubber system are smaller space require-
 ments, tolerance  of smaller  volumes  of  exhausted gas,  and
lower installation  costs; those for the dry system are smaller
 operating costs, flexibility of  operation, more effective  clean-
ing, no excessive  steam plume, the ability to  by-pass gases,
the recovery value of the  dust, and  elimination of potentional
 stream pollution problems.

 17138
Coulter, R. S.
SMOKE,  DUST,  FUMES  CLOSELY  CONTROLLED IN
ELECTRIC  FURNACES.  Iron Age, 173(2):107-110, Jan. 14,
 1954.
 Smoke and fume  emissions from three electric furnaces used
to make plain  carbon  and low  alloy  steels in a single-slag
process are  successfully controlled by  Cottrell type electrical
precipitation equipment. Gas  and dusts originating in the fur-
naces are drawn off through  a water-cooled vent elbow, one
end of which coincides with  an opening  in the furnace roof.
The gases are then drawn through a two-pass  flame trap, in-
dividual duct and louvre damper, a series of spray  towers, and
a motor-driven fan which pushes the gas and dust into the sin-
gle two-unit  precipitator serving all three furnaces. Acceptable
precipitator  efficiencies are  achieved  at a gas  temperature
below  127 F and 49% relative humidity. At full capacity, the
                   fan handles 140,000 cfm of moistened dust-laden gases.  The
                   precipitated dust is accumulated in hoppers which are emptied
                   by interconnecting screw conveyors. These lead to a drop pipe
                   that discharges into  a collection tank. From 12,000 to 20,000
                   pounds of dust are collected daily. No visible fume or dust is-
                   sues from any furnace openings or roofs, even with power on
                   and slag doors open.

                   17141
                   Akerlow, E. V.
                   DESIGN   AND  CONSTRUCTION  OF   FONTANA  OPEN
                   HEARTH PRECIPITATORS. Iron Steel Engr., 34(6): 131-138,
                   June 1957.
                   Design  modifications  required  to  make  an  electrostatic
                   precipitator suitable for collecting fumes from an open hearth
                   furnace in  a steel  plant are discussed; as  currently manufac-
                   tured, precipitators are too light for open hearth service. Rein-
                   forcement of the precipitator and its supporting structure is
                   necessary to minimize vibrations which can  cause arcing  and
                   short the  discharge and  collecting electrical systems. Proper
                   gas distribution within the precipitator is achieved by placing a
                   distribution plate comprising three curved, perforated baskets
                   across the width of the precipitator.  It is  also important that
                   the arc in the precipitator  be quickly quenched  during high-
                   grain loading  conditions. A saturable reactor control  with
                   selenium rectifiers  has many operating advantages, particularly
                   in  maintaining  a  higher  rms  voltage  than conventional
                   mechanical rectifiers. To eliminate dust buildup and reduce
                   corrosion, rapping of the discharge electrode system is han-
                   dled through outside rappers mounted on insulators which are
                   in turn mounted in an air-cooled chamber. Problems of con-
                   densation inside the precipitator are corrected by the  installa-
                   tion of ligh-weight  insulating aggregate concrete on the precip-
                   tator roof.

                   17151
                   Basse, Bernard
                   GASES CLEANED BY  THE USE OF SCRUBBERS.  Blast
                   Furn. Steel Plant, 44(11):1307-1312, Nov. 1956. 10 refs.
                   Venturi scrubbers  can successfully handle large volumes of
                   the submicron  fumes generated  in  steel  and blast  furnace
                   processes. The most practical application of the scrubber is in
                   cleaning blast furnace gas. Furnace top pressure is  utilized to
                   provide power  for scrubbing: except for  the small pumping
                   requirement of 4-8 gallons per 100 cfm at 90 psig, no outside
                   sourcy of power is required. In most furnaces with top pres-
                   sures of 60-75 in wg, the venturi pressure drop runs 28-35 in
                   wg. These reduce  dust loadings in the cleaned gas to 0.01 to
                   0.05 grain per Scf.  A pilot study carried out with a 10,000 cfm
                   venturi unit indicates a 0.0019 grain per Scf loading at a pres-
                   sure drop of 83.5 in wg. Venturi scrubbers also reduce fumes
                   emitted by oxygen converter processes to a point where they
                   become completely invisible. Dust loadings  in the gases  are
                   reduced from 8 gr/Scf of iron oxide  and graphite particles to
                   between 0.03 and .90 gr/Scf. When operated at 14 in  wg, the
                   scrubbers remove  over 98% of  the fume from oxygen-lanced
                   open hearth furnaces and reduce the dust load in the gas to
                   less than 0.04 gr/Scf. For air pollution applications,  the power
                   required by venturi scrubbers can be adjusted to meet nearly
                   all local ordinances and visibility requirements.

                   17152
                   Reid, G. E.
                   EXPERIENCE IN CLEANING BLAST FURNACE GAS WITH
                   THE  ORIFICE WASHER.   Iron Steel Engr., 37(8):134-139,
                   Aug. 1960. 2 refs.

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      31
The performance of orifice washers in cleaning blast furnace
gas in a steel plant was evaluated. An orifice washer was first
placed in service on a P-6 furnace which was equipped with a
twin  set of conventional tower scrubbers.  The orifice, fol-
lowed by a water separation tank, was installed in the vertical
gas duct on the inlet side of each spray tower. Elaborate water
spray piping arrangements  are  unnecessary.  The  important
need  is the  continuous addition of spray water sufficient to
wet and  ensnare the dust. In a typical gas cleaning circuit,
with the gas first being cleaned by the orifice washer and then
being scrubbed by the spray tower, practically all dust removal
is the result of orifice  washer action.  Results showed a clean
gas loading  of 0.03  grains per cu ft. This was nearly seven
times better than that secured by the  conventional method
with a clean gas loading of 0.2 grains per cu ft. Similar results
were obtained with  the washer installed  on a P-3 furnace. The
installation required little maintenance,  and only periodic
cleaning of the orifice spray pipes. The  orifice washer is  rela-
tively inexpensive to construct and is compatible with existing
blast  furnace facilities. A disadvantage  to the system is the
added pressure loss  which requires about 3%  more power to
be developed by the furnace wind blowing prime movers. The
cleaner gas means that a larger percentage of ore-bearing parti-
cles can  be withdrawn from the gas  stream and sent to the
thickeners for reclaim, resulting in an increase in the produc-
tion of sludge  available for sintering. It was estimated that the
increase  in the  recovery of  metallics resulting from greater
sludge production averages about  3%. The  abatement of at-
mospheric dust discharge coupled with other operational gains
made possible  by  the  system, secured  enthusiastic endorse-
ment of the use of the orifice washer for cleaning blast fur-
nace gas.

17154
Bishop, C. A., W. W. Campbell, D. L. Hunter, and M. W.
Lightner
SUCCESSFUL  CLEANING  OF OPEN-HEARTH  EXHAUST
GAS WITH A HIGH-ENERGY VENTURI SCRUBBER. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., ll(2):83-87, Feb. 1961. (Presented at
the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
53rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
The operation and performance of a venturi scrubber system
installed in a full-scale open-hearth process in a steel plant was
evaluated. The  open-hearth  process  was  briefly described.
Because  of  considerable variability in  the properties  of the
stack gases and dust from the open-hearth process, it was dif-
ficult to obtain the desired high level of  performance from the
gas cleaning equipment. The  venturi scrubber consists essen-
tially  of  a gas restriction and a water-spray system  at the
restriction. The turbulence created by the gas passing through
the restriction atomizes the water and permits intimate,contact
between the water droplets and the solid dust particles in the
gas stream. The wetted particles are then removed from the
gas stream as the gas passes  into an inertia! type entrainment
separator. The results of the test indicated that when operating
at a pressure drop of 30 in.  of water, a venturi scrubber will
satisfactorily clean  open-hearth gas to 0.05 grain per standard
cu ft, and there will be little  or no visible effluent in the ex-
haust gas other than the steam plume. Satisfactory operation
of the recycle scrubbing-water system was achieved by bleed-
ing 5% of the  total scrubbing water, containing about 1.5%
solids by weight, to a settling basin. The test program also pro-
vided sufficient  operating-cost and design information to in-
dicate that the investment and operating costs of a venturi-
scrubber system would compete very favorably with those of
a precipitator-waste-heat boiler system  for cleaning the gas
from open-hearth shops that have an anticipated operating life
of no more than a few  years. An economical and efficient
method for cleaning the gas from those shops that  have an
operating life of longer than a few years is still sought

17158
Uys, J. M. and J. W. Kirkpatrick
THE  BENEFICIATION  OF RAW  MATERIALS  IN  THE
STEEL INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECT UPON AJR  POLLU-
TION CONTROL.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc.,  13(1):20-
27, 32, Jan. 1963. 18 refs. (Presented at the 55th Annual Meet-
ing of the Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago, Illinois,
May 20-24, 1962.)
The use of  beneficiated  burdens in  blast  furnaces has  in-
creased during recent years and is expected to accelerate in
the near future. Burden beneficiation is practiced through im-
proving the physical nature of the raw material and through in-
creasing the  iron content of the charge.  This  has led to im-
proved furnace performance, 'slips' have been reduced, dust
rates, slag volumes, and coke rates have been  decreased, and
production  rates  increased.  All these  factors  materially
reduced  possibilities of air pollution  by the  steel  industry.
(Author summary modified)

17234
Arai, Kenya
AIR POLLUTION  SOURCES  AND THEIR CONTROL  IN
THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY - COUNTERMEASURES
FOR SMOKES FROM BLAST, MELTING, AND HEATING
FURNACES.  (Tekko gyo ni okeru baien shori gijutsu - Koro,
yosenro, kinzuku kanetsuro nado  no baien  taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(6):379-383,
July 15, 1966.
The law of smoke  control establishes smoke discharge stan-
dards for all establishments generating smoke.  No establish-
ment can  discharge more  smoke than the standard for its
category. The standard for a blast furnace is 0.5 g per N cu m;
a cupola, 2.0; a metal heating furnace, 0.7; and a drying fur-
nace, 1.2. The law  also establishes sulfur dioxide and sulfur
trioxide  discharge standards. When their concentrations ex-
ceed 0.5 ppm, cooperation  of  the industry is demanded. A
blast furnace usually discharges about two  thousand  N cu m
per ton of pig iron, making it a large smog source. The exhaust
gas from a blast furnace contains from 5 to 10 grams per N cu
m of smog. A primary  dust  collector lowers the quantity to
below  5 gram per N cu m while  a secondary dust collector
lowers it to below 0.01  gram per N cu m.  The primary dust
collector  utilizes inertia! force.  Secondary dust  collecting
methods are classified as dry or wet.  The  dry method uses
electrical dust collectors; the wet method uses mechanical or
electrical dust collectors after washing by cleaning columns or
venturi scrubbers. Control methods for the smoke of other fur-
naces are also reviewed. Desulfurization methods are divided
into wet and the dry methods. The wet methods involve wash-
ing by alkali or amine solutions.  Their merits are low costs and
high efficiencies; their disadvantages are the lowering of gas
temperature.  Dry methods are  those involving absorption of
adsorption by solids.

17423
Lowe, J. R.
AN ORIFICE GAS  WASHER.   American  Inst. of  Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, N.
Y., Proc. Am. Inst. Mining Met. Petrol. Engrs. Conf. Blast
Furnace, Materials 1957, vol. 16:28-30.
By installing orifice washers on  furnaces,  a steel company
reduced the dust content delivered to  the  mains of its gas-

-------
 32
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 cleaning system from 0.22 to 0.032 grains per cut ft. Each ori-
 fice washer assembly consists of a 4-ft 9-in. take-off pipe from
 the dust catcher to the main outlet and an 8-ft diameter tank
 which serves as the washer  shell. The orifice itself is in the
 take-off pipe which is located only a few feet from the con-
 nection to the dust catcher  main.  Gases from  the  tank are
 passed to the original washer, which now serves as the cooling
 tower. Necessary water for the gas  cleaning is introduced one
 foot  above the orifice  through 16  open-end pipes spaced
 equally around the circumference and perpendicular to the gas
 flow.  Through a faulty design in the outlet gas pipe elevation,
 much water from  the orifice tank is carried mechanically to
the bottom of the cooling tower. This will be corrected shortly.
In addition to reducing the dust content of the gas, the orifice
washer system  has brought about a fair-sized reduction in fur-
nace flue-dust rate, in addition to a slight reduction in the coke
rate and a commensurate increase in iron production.

 17568
Campbell, W. W. and R. W. Fullerton
HIGH-ENERGY WET SCRUBBERS CAN SATISFACTORILY
CLEAN BLAST FURNACE TOP GAS. American Inst. of Min-
ing, Metallurgical  and Petroleum  Engineers (AIME),  New
York, N. Y., Proc. Am. Inst.  Mining Met. Petrol. Engrs.  Conf.
Blast  Furnace, Coke Oven,  Raw Materials 1969, vol. 18:329-
335.
Data  on the operation of high-energy wet scrubbers for dust-
cleaning blast furnace gas at  three steel plants is summarized.
High-energy wet scrubbers,  if  properly  designed, can  clean
blast-furnace gas to a degree that is  acceptable for gas-fired
auxiliaries. Also, the dust content of the resulting products of
combustion will comply with smoke-control ordinances. The
cleaned-gas dust loading varies inversely as the pressure drop
across the scrubber; the pressure drop is affected by both gas
flow  and scrubbing-water rate. The effect  of water  rate on
pressure drop is not as pronounced for an orifice scrubber as
for a  venturi scrubber. For a given pressure drop, cleaner gas
will be  obtained with a venturi scrubber than with an orifice
scrubber. Operating costs (exclusive of those based on capital
expenditure) would be essentially the same for both types of
scrubbers.  Little maintenance is  expected  for either unit. A
rate of at least 5 gal of water per 1000 cu ft of gas is required
to satisfactorily clean blast furnace gas with either  type of
scrubber. Higher water  rates will  result in higher  pressure
drops, and hence cleaner gas. The final choice between an ori-
fice and a  venturi will depend on the desired gas cleanliness,
on the extent to which the top pressure of the furnace can be
increased, and  on whether the extra cost of the venturi  could
be  offset by the lower  stove and boiler maintenance  costs
which it affords. (Author summary modified)

17746
Hipkin, A. S.
CLEANING OF FUME FROM ARC FURNACES. In:  Air and
Water Pollution in the Iron and  Steel Industry. London, Iron
and Steel Inst., 1958, p. 108-114. (SP-61.)
Brief  comments are made concerning the requirements of the
Clean Air Act in relation to pollution by industrial processes.
Information collected on pollution from furnaces is reviewed.
Experience  of  application of equipment to  arc furnaces and
types  of  fume-cleaning  plants available are outlined.  With
open-hearth furnaces, the temperatures and quantitative mea-
surements of the air-gas mixtures are known and under con-
trol. With arc furnaces, fume escapes through all openings in
the shell and roof, and also at the joint between shell and roof
ring if the furnace is not in good  condition. Fume emission
                   also varies with different furnaces depending on their design,
                   operation, and the type of steel produced. Plants have been in-
                   stalled for extraction of the fumes emitted from arc furnaces
                   without any attempt to collect the solids.  These plants  have
                   proved effective in producing reasonable working  conditions
                   but they have also transferred pollution from the melting  shop
                   to the outside air.  Whether the principle of direct extraction
                   when producing alloy steel is metaUurgically acceptable or not,
                   the  advantages  of  fume control indicate  that the method
                   should be carefully considered whenever possible. Types of
                   collectors available  include simple cyclones,  multi-cyclones,
                   wet  arresters, Venturi scrubbers,  bag-type filters, and electro-
                   static precipitators. Each has merit as a collector, but not all
                   are suitable for  application to arc furnaces. In recognition of
                   the Clean Air Act,  it is suggested that the cleaning of furnace
                   fume is a process calling for research and experience.

                   17825
                   Thomas, F. A.
                   VENTURI GAS  SCRUBBERS. (H).  J. Metals,  17(3): 264-266,
                   March 1965.
                   Several years ago, a venturi gas scrubber was placed in opera-
                   tion at a  steel plant on an  open-hearth furnace. The general
                   gas scrubber design, operating principles, and results obtained
                   on this installation  are outlined. Gas  cleaning in the   open
                   hearth presents  a major challenge, due to  the variable  dust
                   loading, particle size, and temperature of the  exhaust gases.
                   The venturi gas scrubber is designed to overcome these obsta-
                   cles and to cleanse waste gases  to a satisfactory level. The
                   venturi scrubber installation  is  illustrated. The venturi gas
                   scrubber will clean open-hearth waste gases to  0.05 grains/std
                   cu ft of waste gas  with a pressure drop of 30 in. of water
                   across the scrubber, or to 0.01 grains/std cu ft of waste gas
                   with a pressure  drop of 40 in. of water, and with an average
                   scrubbing water rate of about 14 gal/1000  std  cu  ft of gas.
                   Bleeding  5%  of the total scrubbing  water, containing   1.5%
                   solids by weight, permitted satisfactory operation of the recy-
                   cle water  system.  In the older open-hearth  shops  without
                   waste heat boilers, the venturi gas scrubber, with its ability to
                   handle hot gases directly, provides both satisfactory gas clean-
                   ing and increased furnace draft. The lower capital cost, as
                   compared to electrostatic precipitators, makes the scrubber an
                   attractive investment. Also, it is possible to design a scrubber
                   for an open-hearth shop so that  it can be used for a future
                   basic oxygen steel making installation, thereby attaining a dual
                   benefit from one capital expenditure.

                   17913
                   Bintzer, W. W.
                   DESIGN AND OPERATION OF  A  FUME  AND DUST COL-
                   LECTION SYSTEM  FOR TWO  100-TON  ELECTRIC FUR-
                   NACES.  Iron Steel Engr., 41(2):115-123, Feb. 1964.
                   Roof fans are not adequate to remove the dust  and fumes
                   generated by an electric furnace. Fumes and dust are not only
                   a safety hazard, but also present poor working conditions. The
                   collection system  at a steel plant and some of the  unusual
                   modifications to  make it work are discussed.  The sytem is
                   schematically presented. The material  collected  has a dry den-
                   sity  of 40 to 50 Ib/cu ft. It flows like water; however, it can
                   become sufficiently cohesive so as not to flow on a 45-degree
                   slope. About 15 Ib of material/ton of steel produced or approx-
                   imately 10 to 12 cu yd/day are collected. Qualitative spectro-
                   graph analysis of particulate as collected is tabulated. A major
                   problem has been extreme temperature in the  ducts  and the
                   resulting by-passing of the collector. The system was designed
                   to operate normally under 250 F at the bag house, but  tern-

-------
                                           B.  CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      33
 peratures of 600 F have been recorded.  The high duct tem-
 perature that causes this system to by-pass is produced at the
 end of the water-cooled elbow. This temperature is the result
 of  the heat evolved by the combustion of  the  various gases
 produced in the furnace. Even though the system will collect
 over 95%  of all the  paniculate generated  in the furnace if
 reasonable charging practice and proper furnace operating
 procedures  are  followed,  the  problem  of  electric  furnace
 smoke and fume formation, collection, and disposal is still far
 from completely satisfactory. However, this system as in-
 stalled  and properly operated will  satisfactorily  meet the
 requirements and intent of any of the present existing codes
 on air pollution.

 17926
 Squires, B. J.
 ELECTRIC ARC  FURNACE FUME CONTROL AND  GAS
 CLEANING.  Conf. Filtration Soc., Dust Control Air Cleaning
 Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 16-21. 4 refs. (Sept.  23-25.)
 Electric  arc  steel  melting furnaces  emit fumes to the at-
 mosphere at several points:  the furnace doors, the pouring
 spout opening, the roof openings that take the electrodes, and
 sometimes from the furnace roof ring. This, together with the
 fact that the  furnace roof generally lifts and swings clear for
 charging, tilts back for slagging, and tilts forward for pouring,
 presents considerable problems  for  dust control  engineers.
 Satisfactory systems  for  collecting  the  fumes  into a duct
 system  for cleaning before  discharge to  the atmosphere are
 canopy  hoods,  full hoods built directly on  the  furnace  roof,
 semidirect  hood control, side draft  hoods,  and direct  shell
 evacuation. In the  latter method, the fumes are drawn directly
 out of an additional hole in the furnace roof instead of escap-
 ing through other openings. Because the gases are practically
 undiluted, the method requires the  smallest volume. Since gas
 cleaning costs are nearly proportional to the volume being han-
 dled, this system is one of the cheapest, particularly for fur-
 naces of 50 tons and  over. For cleaning the gases, high tem-
 perature fabric filters are used extensively in the U.K. and the
 U.S. These filters have several advantages over wet scrubbers
 and electrostatic precipitators: they are very simple to operate
 and the fluctuating conditions from an arc furnace system do
 not affect their high efficiency.

 19210
 Matsuda, Norikazu
 ABATEMENT   OF  AIR   POLLUTION   CAUSED   BY
 FLUORIDE.  (Fukkasuiso oyobi kakushu fukkabutsu niyoru
 taikiosen no taisaku).  Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
 Pollution Control), 6(7):509-514, July 15, 1970.          !
 Sources of fluoride pollutants include aluminum refining and
 phosphate fertilizer, brick, glass, glass-fiber, steel, and cement
 manufacturing. Fluorides emissions from an aluminum refinery
 and a phosphate fertilizer plant, both subject to large numbers
 of damage claims,  are shown in a block diagram. Examples of
fluoride pollution by the Showa Denko plants in Fukushima
and Chiba and Sumitomo Chemicals in Ehirne are presented.
Regulations applicable to pollutant sources in Osaka and Fu-
kushima  Prefectures  are  noted.  A common  method of
processing  fluorine compounds is  the  use  of caustic  soda.
Fluorine becomes sodium fluoride, which is subsequently con-
verted to calcium fluoride by lime. In aluminum refineries, the
recovery rate of fluorine by the method is over 99%. Exhaust
gas, however, shows a recovery rate of only 60-70%, even in
factories equipped with a recovery device. If the density at the
source is lowered  to several ppm,  the use of chimnneys
around 200-m high will reduce the ground concentration to .1
ppb. At present, the recovery of fluorides is accomplished by
wet methods, which give rise to mists such  as hydrofluoric
acid. The efficient processing of the mist is a  future problem.
Since the demand for aluminum is predicted  to be 2,000,000
tons in 1975, an increase in aluminum refineries is expected. In
the  process  of  construction,  future  refineries  must  be
thoroughly evaluated for fluoride pollution.

19403
VDE (Verein Deutscher Eisenhuettenleute), Duesseldorf,
Germany
DUST  EMISSION  CONTROL,  STEEL  WORKS  (BROWN
SMOKE) OXYGEN-BLOWN  STEEL  PROCESSES,  CON-
VERTER.      (Staubauswurfbegrenzung    Stahlwerksbetrieb
(Brauner Rauch) Sauerstoffaufblasverfahren, Konverter). VDI
(Ver. Deut.  Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2112, June 1966, 36 refs.
Translated from German  by H. Schneider,  Isreal Program for
Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 12p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/6
The advantages of using oxygen for steel production have led
to  the   development  of  a  number  of  new  metallurgical
processes, one of the most important being the oxygen con-
verter process wherein oxygen is blown on a metal bath that is
charged  into the  converter from a blast furnace  or cupola.
Dust in converter gases is generally known as  'brown smoke*;
it consists mainly of vaporized iron oxides and manganese ox-
ides, as  well as vaporized slag components. Measures to be
applied   during the  blowing period  in the  converter  and
designed to reduce the emissions of brown smoke by modifica-
tion of charge compositions  or converter operation are un-
feasible  with one exception.  To keep dust emissions within
desirable limits, converter waste gases  must be cleaned. Three
collectors discussed are filters, electrostatic precipitators, and
wet scrubbers. The operating factors influencing the separation
efficiencies of these methods are noted. To be suitable for the
process,  the collectors should have an  efficiency of 98%. It is
further recommended that each converter be provided with its
own waste gas stack from which gases are led by a cooling
unit to  the  collector.  Oxygen-blown converter plants should
also be equipped with stack flares to insure  the ignition of CO-
containing waste gases.

19732
Rengstorff, George W. P.
ROLE OF  METHANE  AND OTHER FACTORS  IN  CON-
TROLLING EMISSIONS  FROM STEELMAKING PROCESS.
Open Hearth Proc., vol. 46:438-456, 1963. 5 refs.
Laboratory experiments  on suppression of smoke  from steel
plant converters and furnaces were conducted to gain an un-
derstanding  of smoke-forming mechanisms. Most of the  stu-
dies were made  in 2-in. diameter crucibles under one of
several blowing conditions; the rate of smoke  evolution for a
given period was  measured in milligrams per  second. A spe-
cially-designed lance was used in which oxygen and methane
were premised in a water-cooled lance  just  before ejection
through a single hole in the tip. The lance proved highly suc-
cessful in suppressing smoke evolution when  4-15% methane
was added to the jet. The amount required  appears to depend
on jet velocity, characteristics of the flow of metal under the
lance, and other dynamic conditions. Steam is  far more effec-
tive than liquid water in suppressing smoke.  Photographic
evidence was obtained of the effect of  methane additions, and
emission and absorption spectrographs were made of the jet
and of the gas above the surface of the metal during blowing
with oxygen and with oxygen-methane mixtures. To study ef-
fects on a larger scale, a set of experiments was made on 50-lb
heats under  different oxygen-methane  ratios; motion pictures

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 34
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 of the results demonstrate the complete effectiveness of 15%
 methane on smoke  suppression. A hypothesis of smoke sup-
 pression and formation is presented, although many questions
 remain to be answered. An addendum includes a discussion of
 reaction kinetics by  several investigators.

 19792
 Smith, J. H.
 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN OXYGEN STEELMAKING.
 American Inst. of Mining,  Metallurgical  and Petroleum En-
 gineers  (AIME), New York, N. Y., Proc. Open Hearth Steel
 Conf., 1961, p. 351-357.
 The air pollution control system and the  results of tests and
 operation at a  California steel plant are described. Electro-
 static precipitation had not been tested on basic oxygen steel
 plants at the time the plant personnel were faced with the task
 of developing a satisfactory  dust  cleaning system for  the
 proposed  installation. Instead, it  was  necessary to rely on
 theory  and  adaptation of past experiences with the open-
 hearth  electrostatic  precipitators.  Design specifications  for
 three precipitators for the oxygen furnaces  were established.
 Each of the three precipitators was designed to handle waste
 gases having a peak rate of 202,000 std cfm  or 405,000 cfm at
 design operating conditions. Results of the performance tests
 are enumerated. Steam is  introduced  into the furnace  gas
 stream at about 12,000 to 20,000  Ib/hr from the start of the
 blow. There are seven banks of water sprays around the hood
 to cool  the gases and condition them for the precipitator. The
 first sprays are automatically turned on at 500 F, and the last
 sprays,  at 560  F.   It is concluded  that  the electrostatic
 precipitators are a worthwhile investment and its use for dust
 cleaning in a basic oxygen system is recommended. However,
 certain design changes must be made.

 20096
 Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
 THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
 TION  RESULT OF  AN ELECTRIC PRECIPITATOR  IN
 VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (TV) - TREAT-
 MENT FOR WASTE GAS OF KON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
 (Gyoshubetsu ni mini denkishujinsochi no  setsubikeikaku to
 untenkoka (IV) - seitetsu seiko to sono haigasu no jogai). Text
 in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution  Control),  3(2):93-
 102, Feb. 15, 1967. 24 refs.
The  waste gas from the iron and steel  industry must be
 cleaned by precipitating equipment according to the properties
 of smoke and dust. In the manufacture of pig iron, dust is
 produced in the blast furnace, coke oven,  fire extinguishing
tower, and sintering furnace. Gas  from the blast furnace is
 most effectively cleaned by an electrical precipitator. Today, a
 wet electric precipitator is used because of its high rate  of
 precipitation in comparison with the dry electric precipitator.
 Gas from the coke oven has  a higher calorific value than that
from a blast furnace. It is cleaned by the double treatment of
hot-detarer and cold-detarer. The  steel making methods of a
revolving furnace and of electricity have been replacing  the
method of an open-hearth furnace. Although efficiency has in-
creased, the red-brown smoke, mainly composed of oxidized
iron, becomes thick and the  quantity of waste gas increases.
The smoke produced by making steel  with  oxygen is mainly
composed of burned iron fume. The gas should be cooled by a
stabilizer and  then  gathered  by a  dry electric precipitator.
Fumes  in the  waste gas of a cupola furnace  cannot be
eliminated in any other way.
                   20226
                   Behrendt, Anton
                   GAS CLEANING IN RELATION TO OXYGEN PRE-REFIN-
                   ING AND THE ROTOR  PROCESS AT OBERHAUSEN.   In:
                   Air and Water Pollution in the Iron and Steel Industry. Lon-
                   don, Iron and Steel Inst.,  1958, p. 90-96. 2 refs.
                   The oxygen lancing and Rotor processes in use at Oberhausen,
                   Germany, and the experimental and final plants used to clean
                   the gases given  off are described. The costs of running a bag
                   filter are given; these are exceeded by the value of the iron
                   content of the dust recovered. The differences between  the
                   dusts from the  processes are described  and the reasons  for
                   them  are advanced. The  different  methods  available  for  the
                   removal of the troublesome brown color from the gases of  the
                   pre-refining in the ladle and in working the Rotor are shown.
                   In contrast to the amount  of gas which results from blowing in
                   the converter with or without  oxygen enrichment of the blast,
                   the quantities from both the other processes on the production
                   scale can be kept within controlled limits. Where high gas puri-
                   ty is  required the  Elektro-filter or the Pease-Anthony  ap-
                   paratus could be used. The very high outlet temperature of  the
                   Rotor calls for  special protection for the gas ducts.  On  the
                   basis of the observations,  the dust formed in the Rotor is esti-
                   mated at about 15 kg/ton of pig iron. This value is appreciably
                   higher than for pre-refining in the ladle, which amounts to
                   only 4.46 kg/ton. For cooling the  gas ducts, 200-240 cu. m. of
                   water/hr are necessary.

                   20227
                   Hipp, Norbert E. and John R. Westerholm
                   DEVELOPMENTS   IN GAS   CLEANING-GREAT   LAKES
                   STEEL CORP. Iron Steel Engr., 44(8):101-108, Aug.  1967.
                   There are many problems connected with high-energy scrub-
                   bers which  are unsolved.  The  high-energy scrubber  has made
                   it possible to clean gas efficiently at a low cost in spite of  the
                   troublesome problems that have  been  encountered  in  the
                   design, maintenance, and operation of this equipment. Many
                   of the weaknesses of  these units have been corrected by  the
                   simple addition  of  cooling water,  both by  volume  and  by
                   distance  of injection  ahead of the orifice.  This aids in  the
                   wetting of the gas and the minimizing of the  temperature dif-
                   ferences, thus decreasing the  abrasiveness  of the gas. Great
                   Lakes Steel now has three of  its four furnaces equipped with
                   some  type  of high-energy  scrubber and plans  on the next
                   reline to install  a variable orifice scrubber on the fourth fur-
                   nace. Future high-temperature  operation at 2000 F or more will
                   necessitate  the  installation of high-energy burners and will
                   create the need for  gas cleanliness in the 0.001-grain  per  scf
                   range. Variable orifice scrubbers approach the level of clean-
                   ing gas to  the  required limits. Only when  the maintenance
                   problems are solved will it then become both an efficient and
                   a low- operating cost unit. (Author summary modified)

                   20248
                   Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution
                   Control Administration
                   A STATUS REPORT: PROCESS CONTROL ENGINEERING;
                   R & D FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 37p., Nov. 1969.
                   The various phases  of the  work  of the Process Control En-
                   gineering Division of  the  National  Air Pollution Control Ad-
                   ministration are  described as of late 1969. These include sulfur
                   oxides control (dry  and wet limestone processes, coal clean-
                   ing, and new processes such as those employing molten alkali
                   carbonates), industrial process control (nonferrous smelting,
                   iron and steel, sulfuric acid,  paper-making, graphic  arts, iron

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     35
 foundries,  aluminum  smelting, etc.), combustion  emissions
 control (e.g., fluidized-bed combustion, nitrogen oxides), ap-
 plied equipment research (wet scrubbers, fabric filters, electro-
 static precipitators, incinerator control), supporting measure-
 ments  (detection, spectroscopy, dust- and gas-sampling analy-
 sis,  holographic determinations, continuous monitors,  etc.),
 and  advisory and supporting services. A special report is also
 given on the alkalized alumina process for control of SO2. A
 list of  110 specific research projects and 11 services is given.
 More than eleven million dollars was budgeted for the Process
 Control Engineering programs in 1969. The 1970 budget is ex-
 pected  to  be  more limited,  necessitating an  emphasis on
 sustaining rather than new  programs.

 20280
 Hoff, Hans
 APPARATUS FOR THE REMOVAL  OF DUST FROM CON-
 VERTER  GASES.   (Finna Gottfried Bischoff  Bau Komp.
 Gasreinigungs-   und   Wasserruckkuhlanlagen   Kommandit-
 gesellschaft, Essen (West Germany)) U. S.  Pat. 3,497,194. 6p.,
 Feb. 24, 1970. 18 refs. (Appl. Sept. 19, 1967, 7 claims).
 An improved apparatus  for removing particulate matter from
 the waste gases of steel-making converters is described. A gas-
 collecting tube, where the oxygen/carbon monoxide reaction is
 carried out to completion, is situated above the converter. The
 tube opens into a dust-separating column and directs the gas
 against  an impingement body. Water is sprayed into the gas
 between the impingement  baffle  and  the wall of the  column.
 The  gas is then passed to a dust-collecting unit, such as an
 electrostatic precipitator or a filter. (Author abstract modified)

 20699
 Celenza, G. J.
 AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS FACED BY THE IRON AND
 STEEL INDUSTRY. Plant Eng., 24(9):60-63, April 30,  1970.
 Solutions to the air pollution problems in the iron and  steel in-
 dustry  are discussed. The  steel producing  process involves a
 number of  steps with potentially troublesome exhaust  emis-
 sions. Coke  and sinter operations, which produce raw materi-
 als for the blast furnace, contribute to the  overall plant pollu-
 tion  problem. Coke ovens  emit smoke, dust, and combustion
 products. These contaminants can be lessened by isolating or
 enclosing storage areas, using dust control devices, and em-
 ploying proper operating techniques. The dust emissions from
 sintering facilities can be controlled by using cyclone separa-
 tors  as primary  cleaners   and electrostatic  precipitators as
 secondary  cleaners. By  employing  a dust  catcher,  wet
 scrubber, and electrostatic precipitator, 96% of the dust from
 the blast furnace can be eliminated.  Pollution  control equip-
 ment for the refining furnances includes electrostatic precipita-
 tors, high  energy scrubbers, and bag filters. The specific ad-
 vantages and  limitations   of each  of these   devices  are
 discussed.

21324
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST  COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(VI). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE METALWORK-
ING  INDUSTRY.  (Gyoshubetsu ni mini rokashiki shujin sochi
no keikaku to unten jisshi  rei (VI). Kinzoku kogyo ni okeru
baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(10):663-668, Oct. 15, 1968.
The  operational conditions of bag filters  used  for emission
control in the metalworking industry are illustrated by exam-
ples. In the zinc refining industry, bag filters are used at vari-
ous points. The baghouse  for the independent electric power
plant which is provided to allow the exhausted material to cool
down is one example. Another is the baghouse for controlling
emissions from  a smelting furnace exhaust. The applications of
bag  filters to  the aluminum  industry is  illustrated  by the
baghouse used to control emissions from an alumina coveying
process. In a powdered lead manufacturing plant, a complete
dust collector has to be provided since the lead dust is ex-
tremely toxic and cannot  be allowed to escape into the  at-
mosphere. Complete  hooding is also necessary. In the nonfer-
rous metal working industry, emissions are commonly worth
recovering. High efficient dust collectors are adequate for this
purpose. In the iron  and steel industry, the collected material
from the exhaust is generally of little value, but dust collectors
are necessary for air pollution control. Their use is typified by
baghouses equipped for controlling emissions from electric-arc
steelmaking furnaces and from electric furnaces for ferro-alloy
manufacture. In the metal processing industry, bag filters are
also used for controlling emissions from various processes. An
example is the baghouse  equipped for controlling emissions
from the finishing process of iron casting.

21355
Peterson, H. W.
GAS CLEANING FOR THE ELECTRIC FURNACE AND OX-
YGEN PROCESS CONVERTER.  American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, N.
Y., Proc. Am. Inst. Mining Met.  Petrol. Engrs. Conf. Electric
Furnace, 1956, vol. 14:262-271.
Waste gas cleaning methods for the oxygen converter steel-
making process and 200-ton electric-arc furnaces are reviewed.
To cool the dense red smoke produced by the oxygen process
to a volume that can be handled, the gases are first cooled to
550-800 F by water sprayed in a spark box located adjacent to
the hood covering the mouth of the vessel in  which the
process is  carried out. The  gases are then passed upward
through a gash washer's  four banks of ceramic tiles. The
washer has a water spray  of 2200 gpm. With 50  F water, the
gas temperature is reduced  to 85 F. From the washer, the
gases are carried to a Freyn disintegrator, where the moisture
eliminator fine-cleans  them  prior to discharge  through the
stack. The operation  of the electric-arc furnaces produces fine
dust and fumes  which pollute the atmosphere in the vicinity of
the melt shop. The procedure used to treat these emissions is
similar to that employed for the oxygen process. The gases are
drawn off through a  water-cooled vent elbow, passed through
a spark box,  where they are water cooled to 550 F, then car-
ried  to the gas  washer and passed upward through banks of
ceramic tiles. Twenty-two hundred gallons of water  per min
pass down through the washer concurrent to the flow of gas.
In the washer, the temperature is reduced to 125 F, and most
particles larger than 5 micron are trapped. After being washed,
the gases are treated in a pressure disintegrator and moisture
eliminator.

21894
Guthmann, Kurt and  Gerhard Will
TECHNICAL MEASURES OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. Commission of Eu-
ropean Communities, Luxembourg (Belgium), 71p., June 1968.
The High Authority,  until mid-1967 the executive body of the
European Coal  and Steel Community, headed a campaign for
the control of dust and waste-gas pollution in the sectors for
which  it was responsible. It  was  charged with  promoting
production and safe working conditions of labor. It set up

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36
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
research programs for the technological control of dusts in
mines and the iron and steel industry and has since subsidized
many studies in this field. The results achieved by this Com-
munity-aided research are summarized and some  of the iron
and steel industry's difficulties are analyzed, particularly with
respect to the technological and economic aspects of air pollu-
tion control. Sixteen studies were carried out in the sphere of
dust and gas measurement. Nine of these were concerned with
the comparison and improvement of dust measurement instru-
ments and the development of new ones. Five were concerned
with measuring dust concentrations at work locations. Two re-
lated to the emission and ground level concentration of dusts
and gases.  Considerable progress was made in the control of
brown fumes to which 9 studies were devoted. Brown fumes
are the waste gases produced when oxygen is blown in Bes-
semer convenors, open-hearth and electric furnaces. It is com-
posed of minute iron oxide particles of a size comparable to
tobacco smoke. Five studies were concerned with the control
of other types of air pollution. Dust control methods  adapted
to the prevailing conditions proved very effective  in sintering
plants, in the conveyor-loading of blast furnaces, the discharg-
ing of fine  ores from special skips and car tippers, and  at the
working area  of the driver of the burden-charging carriage. An
extremely irritating dust problem arising in the dry granulation
of blast- furnace slag was  solved in  spraying the dust with
water in a special suction hood.

22138
Kobayashi, T., G. Shimada, and M. Yokoi
RESEARCH OF SULPHUR  OXIDE CONTROL TEST PLANT.
 (Hai  gas datsoolyu no  kaihatsoo kenkyu). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen  Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):70, 1969.
(Proceedings  of the Japa  Society of Air Pollution  Annual
Meeting, 10th 1969.)
A method of sulfur oxides control in waste gas from the sin-
tering process in the steel  industry was tested. The  gas ab-
sorber as developed by Kanagaw Prefecture Industrial Experi-
ment Station  was adopted which is a wet-process  and uses a
comparatively compact  device with a higher absorption rate
due to its gas-liquid contact mechanism. It is capable of dust
removal and  was as an absorbent the ammonia generated at
the coke producing process. In an experiment using a small
test plant, the removal efficiency of sulfur is 90 to 95% for the
case using industrial water as an absorbent and more than 98%
for ammonia;  dust removal  efficiency is approximatley 90%.
In the test of a medium size plant which consists of an absorp-
tion tower, a blower, pumps, tanks, demister,  a heater, and
meters, with an  original amount of 800 to 1000 ppm of  sulfur
dioxide, it becomes 10 to 60 ppm, regardless of pH value, for
20,000 N cu m/hr; less than 100 ppm when pH is more than
7.5, for 30,000 N cu m/hr; and less than 100 ppm when pH is
above 9, for 50,000 N cu m/hr. When sea water is used as  an
absorbent, it becomes below 100 to 300 ppm, depending on the
gas load. These data will be used for the design  of a  larger
plant.

22940
Palen, A. G. Paul
BOLIDEN IMPROVES WORK AT RONNSKAR SMELTER.
Eng. Mining J., 139(9):54-55, 1938.
A flotation process  for separating arsenopyrite and copper
pyrite from barren pyrite was developed by a Swedish smelter,
thus decreasing the tonnage of ore to be smelted and improv-
ing the  metallurgical practice. The concentrator treats  pyrite
ore and  siliceous ore derived from mineralized  wall rock. The
pyrite ore yields a smelting concentrate and a  pyrite  concen-
                   trate with about 5.5 sulfur and practically free from copper
                   and precious metals. The siliceous ore gives a smelting con-
                   centrate and waste. The ore that goes directly to the smelter is
                   now finer than before  since it passes a screen with slots 7
                   times 12 mm as against 15 times 32 mm. This has greatly im-
                   proved the reverberatory work, especially when running on a
                   mixture of flotation concentrates  of crushed ore. With the
                   decreased amount  of material to be treated (700 tons  daily in-
                   stead of 1000 tons), eight 7-m diameter roasting furnaces are
                   sufficient. However, the smelter has introduced wet refining
                   processes to recover arsenic and selenium. To protect forests
                   against smoke damage, sulfur dioxide in roaster gases is cata-
                   lytically reduced by a reducing gas to elemental sulfur.

                   23182
                   Purvance, W. T.
                   ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTION  CONTROL.   Chem.  Eng.
                   Progr., 55(7):49-53, July 1959. (Presented at the American In-
                   stitute of Chemical Engineers Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah,
                   Sept. 1958.)
                   The development  of measures  to  control fluoride emissions
                   from a Utah  steel plant which had  caused damage  to local
                   animals is described in detail. The open hearth shop  and sin-
                   tering plant were the major sources of emission, while the lo-
                   cally-mined iron ore was the raw material responsible for the
                   greatest quantity of fluorine. On the basis of extensive pilot
                   plant testing, limestone was added to the sintering mix, and
                   equipment for cleaning sintering waste gases were installed, in-
                   cluding facilities for injecting pulverized limestone into the gas
                   stream, a battery of mechanical cyclones, and an electrostatic
                   precipitator. A reduction of 96% in  fluoride emissions from
                   this source was thus  achieved, with important savings from
                   recycling the waste gas. For the open hearth operations, it was
                   decided to collect and blend the waste gas effluent from  all the
                   furnaces in a  collector main flue, from where it is passed to
                   individual precipitator units. Clean gases are discharged into
                   existing stacks; hydrated lime is the reactant in the  process.
                   The major problems encountered were handling of  the col-
                   lected dust, control of gas moisture, and furnace pressure con-
                   trol. The $9 million cost of the entire control program from
                   research through operation is viewed as part of the cost of
                   using  Utah iron ore. The equipment is  considered unique in
                   that extremely large volumes of gas are continuously undergo-
                   ing chemical  treatment and final cleaning while the final col-
                   lected product is disposed of.

                   23245
                   Bothe, Rolf
                   PROBLEMS  IN  DUST REMOVAL  FROM  THE  WASTE
                   GASES OF IRON ORE SINTERING PLANTS.  (Probleme der
                   Sinterabgasentstaubung  bei  Eisenerzsinteranlagen).  Text  in
                   German. Stahl Eisen, vol. 88:1414-1422, Dec. 12, 1968. 10 refs.
                   (Presented at the Commission on Power Economics and Ther-
                   mal Engineering, 198th General  Session, Duesseldorf,  June 14,
                   1968.)
                   The evolution of processes for the removal of dust from sin-
                   tering gases is traced,  from the earlier mechanical  devices to
                   the present-day electrostatic filters. Practical experience with
                   their installation and  use are presented, together with com-
                   ments  on the influence of the  filter on industrial  processing
                   techniques, with reference to  its  technical possibilities and
                   limitations. The special problems of dust removal in older sin-
                   tering  plants  is also dealt with. A basic distinction  is made
                   between the  dust problems created by  the actual  sintering
                   process and those created by the  transport of materials and
                   other related operations of the plant; the former problem is

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      37
dealt with here. In 1960,  the first electrostatic filter was in-
stalled in  Europe in a West German steel mill. At the date of
writing, there were four modern iron smelting plants in Europe
that made use  of the electrostatic process for dust removal.
Electrostatic filters operate most efficiently when the electrical
resistance of the dust is in the range of 10 to the 4th power -10
to the llth power OHMS/cm. In the past few years, there has
been a  dramatic change in the type of iron ore supplied to
German  steel  mills. Whereas  previously  the domestic ore
dominated the market, the amount of domestic ore now used
has shrunk to about l/9th of the total. The new supplies, com-
ing from such places as Africa, has a lower content of chemi-
cally bound water and little or no sulfur content. Both water
vapor and sulfur oxides have an influence on dust resistance.

23364
Weber, Ekkehard
ANNUAL  REPORT ON THE  STATE OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL (SERIES 5).    (Jahresuebersicht Reinhaltung der
Luft  (5.  Folge).  Text in  German.  Giesserei  (Duesseldorf),
56(12):372-377, June 5,  1969. 88 refs.
A survey is given of literature covering a vast scope of air pol-
lution problems,  including legislation, governmental regula-
tions, measurement of the content of sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide dust  fall, etc. in various parts of Germany, France,
Italy, and  other countries. The emissions of  dust and gases
from various industries are discussed, including the  types of
equipment used  for  their control,   such  as  dry  and  wet
processes, electrostatic filters, and  bag  filters. Measuring
techniques are also reviewed.

23628
Storch, Otakar
EXPERIENCE  WITH  THE APPLICATION OF WET COL-
LECTORS IN  THE  IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.   (Er-
fahrungen  mil  der Anwendung von  Nassabscheide in Eisen
und Stahlhuettenwerken). National Society for Clean Air, Lon-
don (England),  International Clean Air Congress Proceedings,
London, England, 1966, Part 1, p. 119-122. (Oct. 4-7, Paper
V/2.) Translated from German.  Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 10p., Oct. 23, 1969.
Since it is impossible to prevent hardening of deposited dust
on wet collectors, they are no longer used in Czechoslovakia
for the  coarse-grained, agglomerative dusts produced in  iron
and  steelmaking  processes.  For  coarse  dust, electrostatic
precipitators preceded by dry, mechanical separators are used.
A new type venturi scrubber has  been developed with a high
efficiency for removal of metallurgical dusts in the micron and
submicron range. The collector operates economically and re-
liably even when operating conditions are unfavorable. It has
the following outstanding  properties: a) It  permits supply of
water simply by mud pump without use of pressure, b) It dis-
tributes  and atomizes the water uniformly over the entire cross
section of the venturi tube, c) Its construction is simple, and
each component is protected against  corrosion, d) It requires
no  special maintenance  service,  since all components are
readily accessible. The collector comes in seven sizes. They
have standard capacities ranging from 3750 cu m/hr  to 90,000
cu m/hr. They  can operate with pressure losses from 200 to
900 kg/sq  m.  Ninety-eight% and 99.8% collection efficiencies
are reported for FeMnC and FeSiMn, respectively, at a pres-
sure loss of about 500 kg/sq m.
23808
Adams, Richard W.
HIGH  ENERGY  WET GAS CLEANING  FOR THE  BASIC
OXYGEN OG PROCESS.  Blast Furn. Steel Plant, 58(10):751-
753, Oct. 1970. (Presented at the American  Society for Metals,
Pollution Control Conference, June 9, 1970.)
OA steel company's new basic oxygen steelmaking facilities
are equipped with scrubbers that use a pressure drop of 30-60
in. of water to violently impinge particles of water against par-
ticles  of  dirt,  thereby  causing the wetted particles  to  ag-
glomerate and drop out of  the gas stream. The Oxygen Con-
verter  Gas Recovery (OG)  process differs in that  it  uses a
moveable 'skirt' which drops down around the mouth of the
furnace, enabling the pressure inside the hood to be controlled
so that a minimum of air is  allowed to enter and combust with
the gas. This greatly reduces the amount of heat generated as
well as the total volume of gases, permitting a substantial
decrease in the size of the gas cleaning  equipment and the
power  required to operate  it. Since the OG system handles
large quantities of carbon monoxide,  it is necessary to keep
the ductwork as  streamlined as possible;  pockets could trap
gases and accumulate an  explosive  mixture.  A circulating
system was laid out using a cooling tower  to remove the heat
in a similar fashion to those systems in use in Japan, but water
which has been partially softened with a cold lime process and
filtered through deep-bed anthracite filters was thought to  be
more efficient because of  its high pH. Polyethylene pillows
filled with fiberglass about six inches thick  were installed in
the discharge duct after the fan to reduce the noise,  while the
fans were designed with gas-tight seals around the shaft.

23955
Underwood, G.
REMOVAL OF SUB-MICRON PARTICLES  FROM INDUS-
TRIAL GASES,  PARTICULARLY  EN THE STEEL AND
ELECTRICITY INDUSTRIES.  Intern. J. Air Water Pollution
(London), vol. 6:229-263, 1962. 57 refs.
The basic theory of electro-precipitators, fiber and bag filters,
and venturi  scrubbers is  described, together  with modern
equipment capable of dealing with submicron dust  particles.
Difficulties involved in continuous operation at  efficiencies
over 99% are discussed with particular  reference to the steel
industry  and  power  stations.  However,  the  information
presented should be applicable to small particles in general,
and to any industry producing this fine dust. General conclu-
sions drawn are that electro-precipitators are very suitable for
collecting dust or fume with a resistivity between 10,000 ohm
cm and 2 times 10 to the 10th power ohm cm. To ensure good
operation,  perforated distribution plates  and turning  vanes
must be used to keep an even flow of dust and gas. Voltage
should be maintained at its  highest level by means of flat col-
lecting electrodes with stiffeners  at the edges of each sheet.
Bag filters,  especially  those cleaned  by a  blow-ring and
reverse jet can handle much higher dust loadings than electro-
precipitators. Wool felt bags can handle gas up to 90 C; while
silicone-treated glass bags, up to 300 C. The pressure  drop of a
bag filter can vary from 2 in.  wg when clean to 6-8  in. wg
when dirty; the pressure drop through an  electro-precipitator
rarely rises above 0.5 in. wg. The venturi  scrubber is able to
remove dust or fume of any size with efficiencies of over
99%, but pressure drops can increase to 30 in. wg. In general,
venturi scrubbers have lower capital costs but higher running
costs than electro-precipitators and bag filters.

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 38
IRON AND STEEL  MILLS
 24239
 Shidara, Masao
 MEASURES TAKEN BY IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY TO
 PREVENT  AIR  POLLUTION AND SO FORTH.   (Tekko
 gyokai no sangyo kogai boshi taisaku). Tex in Japanese. San-
 gyo Kogai (tad. Public Nuisance), 6(10):578-586, Oct. 25, 1970.

 The Iron and Steel  Industry Association has  established the
 Industrial Hazards  Countermeasure  Committee, which has
 four special subcommittees: Air Pollution Prevention, Factory
 Effluent, Industrial Wastes, and Factory Safety (which han-
 dles high pressure gas, and so forth.) A joint study is being
 made by more than 10  manufacturers of desulfurization equip-
 ment on the desulfurization of smoke issuing from pulverized
 iron ore process  stacks. Joint  research  by  iron and  steel
 makers is being conducted using desulfurizing equipment with
 a capacity of 150,000 cu ft/hr, with a 3 million dollar research
 fund. Measures taken by another steel mill include establish-
 ment of a pollution prevention committee, watching of smoke,
 dust collection review circle, liaison council with related or-
 ganizations, and smoke control staffs. Various equipment used
 by  the iron  and steel industry for blast furnace, sintering fur-
 nace, LD converter,  open hearth, and electric furnace control,
 such  as  bag filters, coolers,  cyclones, centering  chambers,
 dust chambers, electric dust collectors, multi-cyclones venturi
 scrubbers, stabilizers, washers, wet filters, and scrubbers are
 described. Chemical compositions of dust collected from these
 furnaces are tabulated. Measures for the prevention  of sul-
 furous acid  gas taken by the newly  operating  KM Steel Mill
 are described, followed by those taken by the newest KKK
 Steel Mill (first firing in August, 1970). They include not only
 prevention   of air pollution, but also  prevention of noise,
 prevention  of pollution of  sea water, and  construction of a
 green belt. Investment on anti- air-pollution spent by SY Steel
 Mill up to 1968 was $33 million, with a monthly operating cost
 of $133,000. The rate of investment on prevention of industrial
 hazards,  invested  by 137 mills in iron and steel industry (as of
 Oct. 1969, MITI), increased from 3.22% in 1965 to 4.44% in
 1969.

 24676
 Egley, Billy  D.
 SELECTION OF  GAS  CLEANING  EQUIPMENT FOR AN
 ORE  PREPARATION PLANT.   Iron  Steel Engr., 47(11):111-
 115, Nov. 1970.
 A Colorado  steel corporation established a separate  depart-
 ment in  1966 to determine the areas of air and water pollution,
 to devise methods of treatment for areas requiring  some type
 of pollution control, to initiate the  installation of  equipment
 which would provide satisfactory pollution control,  and to act
 as the liaison between the  company and the various air and
 water pollution control agencies. One of the department's first
 targets was  the highly visible red oxide plume emitted  from
 the main sinter plant stack, especially evident when insuffi-
 cient moisture was added to the sinter mix. A three-phase plan
 was developed which consisted of stack sampling in order to
 gather background information, pilot testing of a variety of gas
 cleaning equipment, and selection and installation of the equip-
 ment. The final decision to install an electrostatic precipitator
 at the sinter plant was based on the following reasons: they
 were guaranteed to meet the emission  specifications  of less
than 0.025 grains  per dry scfm; less maintenance would be
required and, as the precipitator contains few moving parts, no
additional fans would be required because of the low pressure
 drop  through the unit;  normal mechanical  and  electrical
problems could  be  isolated without disrupting the  sinter
                   process while still maintaining reasonable gas cleaning efficien-
                   cy; cleaning of the gas electrostatically would not involve
                   possible contamination  of the  plant  effluent waste  water
                   streams.

                   24809
                   Kulikov, V. O., A. E. Prikhozhenko, and N. G. Braginets
                   IMPROVING  THE GAS  CLEANING  ON 100 T OXYGEN
                   CONVERTERS. Steel (USSR) (English translation from Rus-
                   sian of: Stal'), no. 6: 495-496, 1970. 2 refs.
                   The original gas-cleaning system for 130-133 ton oxygen con-
                   verters  provided for primary  cleaning in 90-96 venturi tubes,
                   each having a throat diameter of 90 m, and final cleaning in
                   foam  plates. The system was characterized by high moisture
                   loss and deposition of sludge on fan rotors  and in venturi tube
                   atomizers.  As  a result  the  average  residual  dust content
                   amounted to 200-250 mg/cu m.  By reducing the  number of
                   tubes  to 18, increasing their throat diameter  to 22  mm,  and
                   adopting evolute atomizers, residual dust content was reduced
                   to 85-120 mg/cu m.

                   24881
                   Kazarinoff, Andrew
                   INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION-ITS CONTROL AND COST.
                    Design News, 23(14):18-24, July 5, 1968.
                   Power generating plants,  steel mills, and cement kilns  are in-
                   cluded in the groups that will be forced  by government restric-
                   tions to control pollutants. The industrial air pollution control
                   equipment available now, the cost of pollution control to in-
                   dustry,  and  some air pollution problems for which  there are
                   yet no practical solutions are discussed. No real innovations
                   have been  made in  control equipment for a long time; the
                   major devices are still electrostatic precipitators,  bag  filters,
                   cyclones, and scrubbers. Research and development is needed
                   on  equipment  that can control both particulate and gaseous
                   pollutants; equipment that can perform at higher  efficiencies
                   without size and cost penalties; equipment whose efficiency
                   curve is relatively flat over broader ranges of particle size; and
                   lower-cost equipment.

                   25384
                   Wilcox, Michael S. and Roy T. Lewis
                   A NEW APPROACH TO  POLLUTION CONTROL IN  AN
                   ELECTRIC  FURNACE  MELT  SHOP.   Iron  Steel  Engr.,
                   45(12):113-120, Dec. 1968.
                   Problems encountered by an electric  furnace melt shop in
                   Michigan concerned fume collection in and around the furnace
                   and fume cleaning, i.e., the separation of dust and particulate
                   matter from gases in which it was entrained.  The total emis-
                   sion control system adopted by the  plant meets both existing
                   local and presently proposed state standards. The system uses
                   a roof truss hood for fume collection and a baghouse for fume
                   cleaning. The location, design, and operation of this equipment
                   and related faculties are described. The  cloth collector was en-
                   gineered and guaranteed to capture in excess of 99% by weight
                   of solid and particulate  matter  entering ductwork, while the
                   roof truss hood portion of the system was  guaranteed to cap-
                   ture in excess of 65% of furnace fume emission There is every
                   indication that these guarantees are being met.

                   25500
                   Bothe, Rolf
                   NEW  METHODS  IN ELECTROSTATIC  DEDUSTING  OF
                   WASTE  GASES WITH  HIGH  CO   CONTENT  COMING

-------
                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      39
 FROM  STEEL WORKS CONVERTERS.   Preprint,  Interna-
 tional Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations,  64p.,
 1970. 12 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air  Con-
 gress 2nd, Washington, D.  C., Dec.  6-11,  1970,  Paper EN-
 34D.)
 In the sixties, a series of modern oxygen converter steel plants
 was built with controlled minimum gas exhaust with scrubbers
 used as dust collecting equipment. In many of these cases, the
 purpose was  to utilize the converter gases with a high carbon
 monoxide content. In the course of the last  2 years, a number
 of plants  were built which  presented the novel feature that
 they combined uncontrolled  exhaust, CO-rich converter gases
 and  the  application  of  economically  operating wet and dry
 electro-precipitators.  Two  are described. In a plant with un-
 controlled exhaust, the  inert transitory volume between the
 oxygen rich and the CO-rich gas  phase is sufficient to avoid
 the formation of explosive  mixture during  the phase with a
 very high CO content, provided that the whole installation is
 executed under strict observance of prevailing flow conditions.
 This fundamental discovery  made possible the use  of electro-
 precipitators. In  1968 a plant was  erected at Dillinger Hutten-
 werk AG. It was designed for uncontrolled gas exhaust and for
 a value of n equals 0.7 during the phase with the high CO con-
 tent. The whole plant consists of a tube lined cooling stack, a
 saturator, a  wet electro-precipitator, a blower,  a stack, a
 hydro-cyclone for sludge water pre-cleaning and a clarifying
 plant. The sludge separated  in the clarifying plant  is  pumped
 into  the drum mill of the nearby sinter plant without undergo-
 ing any treatment. The lifting forces in the cooling stack and in
 the  vertical precipitator suck off the  gas at the converter
 mouth and convey the gases  further on. The plant built in 1969
 at Huttenwerk Salzgitter AG was designed for uncontrolled
 gas exhaust and a value  of n equals 0.2 to 0.3 during the phase
 with the high CO content. The plant consists  of a tube-lined
 cooling stack with a subsequent evaporation  cooler,  a dry elec-
 tro-precipitator, a blower and a surplus gas burner. Measure-
 ments were made and showed that the design data  and the
 guaranteed dust  collection efficiency had been fully attained.
 Electric current and  water consumptions were modest. In the
 wet-type electrostatic dedusting system, the  conveyance of the
 sludge from the clarifying tank to  the sinter plant via  a piping
 system did not present any difficulty at all. Small and medium-
 sized converters  can  be fitted with a dus collecting device that
 provides for gas  exhaust and conveyance by natural lifting ac-
 tion. Such a device could  be operated without an  induced
 draught system of its own. (Author abstract modified)
                                                  i
 25521
 Grobel, E. A.
OXY-BURNER LANCE  FOR FUME SUPPRESSION.   Pollut.
 Eng., 3(2): 28-29, July-Aug. 1970.
A properly designed oxygen-fuel burner lance can substantially
reduce emission  of contaminants in electric  furnace steelmak-
ing. An inner segment carries the oxygen, the middle segment
is the natural gas carrier,  and the outer shell provides water
for cooling.  A  45-deg  bend  facilitates control of the gas
stream-metal  surface impingement angle. Proper location  of
the oxygen carrier with  respect to the converging portion  of
the throat is critical. A converging-diverging  throat must be in-
corporated in the nozzle  portion of  the burner-lance.  This
 system can be constructed for as low as $2000 per furnace, de-
pending on the sophistication of the metering equipment and
burner-lance manipulator.
26003
Harada, G., S. Yamamoto, K. Osumi, H. Shimizu, and H. Omi

TREATMENT OF DUST GENERATED AT  IRON MILL.
(Seitetsusho ni hasseisuru dasuto shoriho). Text in Japanese.
(Japan Magnetic Ore Screening Co.) Japan. Pat. Sho 43-29863.
3p., Dec. 21, 1968. (Appl. Feb. 1965, claims not given).
A method is described for recovering oxidized iron by adding
cement or  plated lime to the fine wet iron dust particulates
from the sedimentation tank, thus making it easier to handle.
Even afte the  dust from the sedimentation tank is dehydrated
with a filter,  it  still contains 30% water which prohibits its
reuse. However, the dust mixed with cement or lime dries and
solidifies naturally, permitting reuse for sintering. Because of
the capillary action of the small air spaces  between the dust
particles as well as  the water  adhering to their surface,
mechanical methods are ineffective Evaporation by heat is too
expensive.  Dust  from sticky ores and from the stacks of the
sintering mill can also be treated by this method, thus conserv-
ing useful resources.

26018
Glinkov, M. A. and N. M. Morekhina
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FINELY-DISPERSED DUST
FORMED  DURING  BLOWING  OXYGEN THROUGH THE
MELT IN THE HEARTH OF A STEEL FURNACE. 1ST COM-
MUNICATION.   (O khimicheskom sostave melkodispersnoy
pyli, obrazuyushcheysya pri produvke kislorodom rasplava v
vanne staleplavil'noy  pechi. Soobshcheniye 1). Text  in Rus-
sian.  Izv.  Vysshikh   Uchebn.   Zavedenii,  Chernaya  Met.,
13(9):166-168,  1970. 6 refs.
A review of available data leads to the conclusion that dust,
produced by blowing  oxygen through  the melt in a blast fur-
nace, contains ferromagnetic gamma-Fe203  which, in time,
converts to hematite (alpha-Fe203). This may be of interest in
the development of new methods for removing magnetic parti-
cles from exhaust gases by means  of a rotating electromag-
netic field.

26195
A BRIEF REVIEW OF FLUE GAS TREATMENT.  Eng. Min-
ing J., 92(24): 1115-1116, Dec. 9, 1911.
For metallurgical works having long flues, satisfactory deposi-
tion of flue dust, and to a certain extent fumes, can  be ob-
tained by means of cooling pans and water  sprays such as
Koerting nozzles. Though not universally applicable,  a more
effective method is the baghouse. The life of the bags  can be
prolonged by introducing zinc oxide, or some  other base, into
the flues to neutralize any acids present. When used with lead
and copper furnaces,  provisions must be made to reduce the
temperature of the gases.  The centrifugal  scrubber  finds a
large  use in the  metallurgy of steel, while perforated plate
scrubbers are  extremely effective in removing soluble  sub-
stances from gases. Another control measure is  the  Cottrell
system of electrolytic  condensation, which depends on the ag-
glomeration of floating particles by high-potential charges. The
use of tall chimneys or lattice work stacks must be considered
of doubtful advantage.

26332
Venturini, J. L.
OPERATING EXPERINECE WITH A LARGE  BAGHOUSE IN
AN ELECTRIC ARC  FURNACE STEELMAKING SHOP.  J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(12):808-813, Dec.  1970. 2 refs.

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 40
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 Since 1965, visible emissions from the electric furnace depart-
 ment of a Los Angeles steel plant have been controlled by a
 525,000 cfm baghouse system. The system collects about 185
 tons of particulate matter/week, or about 30  Ib of paniculate
 matter/ton of  steel produced. The control equipment consists
 of two large baghouses, two 1250-hp driven exhaust fans, and
 ducts to form  the exhaust system. The latter vents the shell of
 each  furnace,  a leaded  steel  pouring  line, a  hot scarfing
 machine, and the entire building housing the furnaces. The ex-
 haust fans draw fume from each furnace into cooled  elbow
 and spray chambers from which the cooled fume is passed to
 a distribution manifold. Particle-laden fume is  diverted into the
 26 individual sections of the baghouse  from the distribution
 manifold, each  section containing  120 silicone-treated, glass
 fiber bags. Outlet dust loading measured in the exhaust air to
 the atmosphere from the baghouse compartments averages
 0.0017-0.0047 grains/cu  ft. Operational  costs of the  system
 have been reasonable, and air pollution control legal require-
 ments have been met.

 26546
 Inagaki, Koshiro
 SMOKE AND  DUST EMISSION STATUS IN AICHI PREFEC-
 TURE AND CONTROL FACILITIES. (Aichi kenka no baien
 hasseijokyo to boshi setsubi). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua
 Shobo) (Pollution Control), 4(6):286-295, Nov.  1969. 9 refs.
 Dust and smoke-producing industries in  Aichi Prefecture in-
 clude ceramic, textile, wood fiber board, heavy chemical, and
 metal industries; the emission  sources include boilers,  sinter-
 ing, electric and blast furnaces, and open hearths. The emis-
 sion data such as the  type of furnace, fuel, emission quantity,
 and sulfur oxides concentrations are given for various  indus-
 tries such as ceramic, wood fiber board,  and steel; some of
 the emission control facilities  such as dust precipitators, gas
 purifiers, and dust precipitators for open hearths are described
 in detail.

 26612
 Talbott, John A.
 BUILDING  A POLLUTION-FREE  STEEL PLANT.   Mech.
 Eng., 93(1):25-30, Jan. 1971.
 At a scrap steel  remelting and rolling plant, the greatest  poten-
 tial sources of air pollution are two electric-arc melting fur-
 naces and a billet reheating furnace. Control of the temperatur
 and air-fuel ratio of  the gas-fired billet heating furnace has
 successfully prevented  objectionable  emissions  from  this
 source.  Fumes from the electric furnaces are rapidly cooled
 and collected by a side-draft system arranged so that carbon
 monoxide emitted from the furnace  is burned at the duct inlet
 with a large volume of excess air. This prevents the accumula-
 tion of an explosive mixture in  the duct or downstream facili-
 ties. For treatment of the collected fumes, a spark trap  was
 adopted with a multiple-module bag filter unit provided  with a
fan on the discharge (or clean)  side of the filter. As evidence
 of the  efficiency of the fume  cleaning,   the filtered air
 discharge from the fan is  at a relatively low level where visible
 discharge would be readily observable. Water  used for cooling
plant equipment is obtained from a cooling-water pond  sur-
rounded by an earth dike and provided with a drop inlet/out-
flow to  prevent overtopping. There will be no cooling-water
discharge  from the mill. Slag  resulting  from mill  operations
will be used to level irregular areas of the site.
                   26854
                   Maehara, Shigeru, Isoji Igarashi, Shigeaki Morita, Koichi
                   Tagiri, and Fumio Kodama
                   RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OG METHOD.
                   (OG-ho no kaihatsu to batten). Text in Japanese. Seitetsu Ken-
                   kyu, no. 226:112-136, March 1969.
                   The oxygen converter gas recovery (OG) process adopted by
                   Yawata Iron and Steel  Co.,  the world's first industrial-scale
                   non- combustion type treatment of waste gas from converter
                   furnaces, was developed in order to avoid the combustion-type
                   treatment of waste gas, especially by waste heat boilers. In
                   pure oxygen converter furnaces, the high-temperature exhaust
                   gas consists  mainly of  carbon monoxide.  In order to  cool,
                   reclaim, and  store the gas in addition to depriving it of dust
                   particles at non-combustion conditions, the escape of the gas
                   as well as the entrance of outside  air through the furnace
                   hatch must be prevented. The basic idea is to form an inert
                   gas curtain around the hatch so that there  is an effective  re-
                   sistance between the gas and outside air, and the pressure dif-
                   ferential can be detected and the damper in the gas conduit
                   can adjust the gas flow to eliminate the differential. The gas
                   for the curtain is nitrogen. The OG process is lower in installa-
                   tion and operational cost compared  to the  combustion-type
                   treatment of the waste gas. The reclaimed gas can also be used
                   as fuel.

                   27553
                   Ueda, Akiyoshi
                   PRECIPITATION OF BLAST FURNACE.  (Koro no shujin).
                   Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku (Chem.  Eng.), 35(0:47-53,
                   Jan. 1971.
                   The main sources of dust and particles at blast furnace instal-
                   lations are the  conveyor for raw materials, the casting bed,
                   and the blast furnace gas. A  well-designed  suction hood over
                   the conveyor will control airflow; the air itself can be cleaned
                   by wet collision-type cleaners or bag filters.  Slurry from the
                   wet cleaners is  disposed of by adding it to the thickener used
                   to purify blast furnace gas. Large-scale blast furnaces  requir-
                   ing an  airflow of more than 7000 cu m/min  can employ an  air
                   curtain to abate the wind effect and reduce dust density  from
                   2-5 gr/cu nm to 0.2 gr/cu run. The  size distribution of dust
                   generated by the  casting bed  is smaller than that of conveyor
                   dust; about 70% of it is less than 30 micron. In terms of quali-
                   ty and pollution control, the purity of blast furnace gas should
                   be 5-10 micrograms/cu nm. Components of the gas are carbon
                   dioxide (18.4%), carbon monoxide (23.5%), hydrogen (3.3%),
                   and  nitrogen (54.6%). A dust collector will  collect particles
                   larger than 100-300 micron. A venturi scrubber has the ad-
                   vantage that its slot can be varied to correspon to changes in
                   furnace operations. Only wet electrostatic precipitators can be
                   used with  blast furnace gas. Their  waste water is treated,
                   together with that from the scrubber, with a thickener.

                   27727
                   Kovach, J. Louis and David G. Hannan
                   COMBINED DUST, AEROSOL AND VAPOR REMOVAL EF-
                   FICIENCY OF  PACKED  ACTIVATED CARBON BEDS.
                   Preprint, 14p. 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the International Dust
                   Conference, Bonn, West Germany, 1970.)
                   A combined filtration system is described which consists of a
                   deep, packed bed of activated carbon followed by a bank of
                   high efficiency particulate air filters. Conventional air cleaning
                   systems  have high  cost/efficiency ratios  due to the  large
                   amount of hardware required, as well as serious shortcomings
                   in the removal  efficiency for submicroscopic particles and in

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      41
 their fragility. Design parameters were established for a boiling
 water nuclear reactor emergency standby gas filter system to
 remove paniculate  and gaseous fission  products, particularly
 iodine species. The paniculate filtration efficiency of packed
 carbon beds exhibited characteristics similar to the fibrous fil-
 ters, i.e.,  an  increase in efficiency with  a decrease in granule
 size. Carbon, which was loaded with either fly ash or DOP
 aerosol, did not show a decrease in iodine vapor adsorption ef-
 ficiency. When finer carbon particles are used, both the gase-
 ous and paniculate efficiency of the deep  bed is higher than
 with coarse granules; consideration of the  pressure drop and
 the wider distribution of decay heat within  the adsorber favor
 the use of coarse grain beds. An additional advantage of  the
 coarse grain beds in nuclear  applications is the prevention of
 flooding the bed  at high water droplet loadings. The  shape of
 the aerosol removal curves  indicates that different removal
 mechanisms dominate at different carrier gas velocities.

 27779
 Narita, Kiichi
 ON  PRELIMINARY  DESULPHURIZATION  OF MOLTEN
 PIG IRON.  (Yosen no datsuryu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
 Tetsu to Ko (Iron Steel), 57(2):411-429, Feb. 1971. 34 refs.
 Various methods  of desulfurizing molten pig iron are reviewed
 with respect  to  desulfurization efficiency and  agents and
 operating  problems. The methods  discussed include:  shaking
 ladle, rotary  drum (Domnarfvet),  mechanical  stirring with
 either hollow  or  solid  stirrers, high-frequency induction fur-
 naces,  blow-in or injection,  gas injection/stirring, soda ash,
 and turbulator. When soda ash is employed as the desulfuriz-
 ing agent, use of the  turbulator or relayed ring methods is
 recommended. Soda ash desulfurization can be made more ef-
 fective by increasing the amount of soda ash added and carry-
 ing out the process  at about 1250 C. Corrosion of the ladle by
 the soda ash is prevented by using a mixture containing 25%
 soda ash, 25% fluorite, and 50% lime. Further improvements
 in desulfurization require a stronger desulfurizing agent such
 as CaC2.  Desulfurization conditions should be such  that no
 graphite becomes mixed with the  desulfurization dregs, thus
 slowing down the reaction rate.

 27783
 Geny, P.
 ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTION  CONTROL IN  THE IRON
 AND  STEEL INDUSTRY.   (Lutte  centre la  pollution  at-
 mospherique  dans 1'Industrie  siderurgique). Text in  French.
 Ann. Mines (Paris),  no. 11:55-62, Nov. 1970.
 The various sources of air pollution within the French iron and
 steel industry are identified,  the control possibilities are out-
 lined and  a proposal of a law for pollution control elaborated.
 The  introduction of new  steel making techniques  has  ag-
 gravated  the  pollution problem,  in that the use of oxygen in
 the manufacture  of steel has resulted in the emission of red
 fumes. The principal pollutants are dusts of particle diameters
 from 10 to 100 micron, fine dust particles containing predomi-
 nantly red iron oxide particles of a diameter below 10 micron,
 and sulfur dioxide from sulfur in fuels or minerals. These pol-
 lutants are emitted during smelting, during  steel making, dur-
 ing steel  rolling, during sheet  metal treatment, from  coke
 ovens, and from  auxiliary installations. Dust collectors in the
 mineral  agglomeration shops  remove 95%  dust at an invest-
ment cost of 8.5% of the total investment. Dust emitted during
 steel making contains 70-72% Fe304,6-8% Fe203, 7% Fe, 10%
 CaO,  2.5% P205, silica, and  sulfur. The  red  fumes  have a
 median particle diameter of between 0.08 and 0.12 micron. The
purification of this emission is at present not possible because
of the enormous cost this would entail, but the dust is not
noxious.

28221
Wood, A. H.
FUME COLLECTION IN STEEL WORKS.  In: Gas Purifica-
tion Processes. G. Nonhebel (ed.),  London, George  Newnes
Ltd., 1964, Chapt. 13, Part E, p. 573-576. 31 refs.
Oxygen  steelmaking  processes produce brown  iron-oxide
fumes predominantly 50 millimicrons to 5 microns in size. The
volume of gases  to be cleaned can be as high as 200,000 cu
ft/min. Depending on the oxygen process used, dust  loadings
can  be  as  high as 3, 8,  or  10 grains/cu  ft ntp. For chimney
emissions from a large steelmaking vessel to have minimum
visibility, the fume content must be reduced to 0.05 grains/cu
ft ntp. The only forms of apparatus that will meet the severe
requirements of 99-99.5% fume-removal efficiency are electro-
static precipitators, bag filters, and high energy-loss wet scrub-
bers. When  large  volumes of gas  must  be  continuously
cleaned, electrostatic precipitators are  the most certain to give
the required  performance consistently with  minimum power,
maintenance, and labor costs.

28402
FUMELESS REFINING BY  OXIDE INJECTION.  Brit.  Steel-
maker, 36(12): 14-15, Dec. 1970.
The Steel Castings Research and Trade Association, Sheffield,
has developed a fumeless process by  which  steel is decarbu-
rized by injecting iron oxide  powder directly into the bath. The
oxide promotes a vigorous carbon boil  but there is no emission
of brown fume.  Any kind of iron oxide can be  used, or the
oxide of an alloying metal,  while the  carrier gas used is nor-
mally compressed air. The reaction is endothermic, but adjust-
ment of heat input during injection makes it possible to control
the temperature. (Author abstract)

28497
Venturini, J. L.
OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH A LARGE BAGHOUSE IN
THE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE STEELMAKING SHOP AT
BETHLEHEM  STEEL CORPORATION'S  LOS ANGELES
PLANT.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburg Pa.,
28p., 1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Air  Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis,  Mo., June 14-18,
1970, Paper 70-28.)
One of  the largest  and most expensive  control  systems
designed to treat  all the emissions from three electric  arc fur-
naces was  installed at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation's Los
Angeles  plant and placed in operation early  in 1965.  The ex-
haust system consists of a direct  roof evacuation  type  of
water-cooled  elbow  and spray  chamber at  each furnace  to
temper the gases, damper controlled canopy  hoods which are
located over the furnaces and above the  overhead cranes, and
all necessary ductwork connecting the collection points.  This
control system provides a method of ventilating the three mil-
lion  cubic  foot electric furnace building, plus  a  leaded  steel
pouring line and a hot scarfing machine. Five years of opera-
tion are reviewed and experience to date with the fume control
system  is  reported  in  terms of operational characteristics,
development, equipment design and specifications, and cost to
maintain. After the equivalent of five years of continuous ser-
vice,  only  50%   of  the  3120 glass fabric  bags  have   been
replaced  because of wear. Outlet dust loading measured in the
exhaust air of the atmosphere  from the baghouse compart-
ments averages 0.0017 to 0.0047 grains/cu ft. Operational costs

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 42
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 have been reasonable. Air pollution control legal requirements
 have been met. Dust  and fume  has either been  evacuated
 direct from  furnace to baghouse or evacuated from the fur-
 nace building in the  case  of effluent  from charging and
 tapping. The success of the system has been established by the
 fact that the fume is prevented from escaping into the open at-
 mosphere outside of the  furnace building. The  company is
 satisfied with this installation,  and believes that the baghouse
 collector is  properly applied.  The present  system provides
 adequate ventilation most of the time, but additional modifica-
 tions may be required in future to avoid peak fume conditions
 inside the furnace building. (Author abstract modified)

 28547
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION  CONTROL SYSTEM  OF
 KAKOGAWA STEEL WORKS. (Kagogawa seitetsusho kogai
 boshi taisei). Text in Japanese. Kobe Seiko Giho (Kobe Steel
 Eng. Repts.), 21(l):19-28, Jan. 1971. 1 ref.
 Sulfur dioxide emissions were controlled at the source by the
 use of heavy oil with  an  extremely low  sulfur content, and
 iron ore with a  low  sulfur content. The  heights of approxi-
 mately 30 stacks were determined on a  computer by linear
 programming so  that either the ground concentration for each
 stack or the total did not exceed the value stipulated in the en-
 vironmental standard. Wind tunnel experiment were conducted
 to determine the effects of buildings and the leeward topog-
raphy around the stacks. The one-hour average of the concen-
 tration obtained by the  diffusion calculation and the wind tun-
 nel experiment was modified by using the monthly frequency
 of wind  direction to predict a long-term average concentration.
As an emergency measure, 10,000 tons of extremely low sulfur
 oil is constantly  stored. The company  has its own monitoring
 stations  in addition to prefectural and municipal stations. For
 dusts, a wet type electrostatic  precipitator was employed for
particles less than 1 micron. A multicyclone  separator, a dry
 type electrostatic precipitator, a fan and venturi scrubber, and
 a bag filter were also  used. The bag filter was limited to a
 small scale,  because  of the difficulty in  processing the cap-
tured dust. For selecting the capacity of the dust collectors, an
 inlet speed of 2  to 2.5 m/sec was  assumed, with a 20 to 30%
 reservation. The  60 dust collectors consumed 16,000 kw. Dust
 covers,  water sprinklers, and yard guns were also employed.
 When necessary, the surfaces of ore and coal depots were
flushed with water containing an active sponge agent.

 28880
 COLLECTION  AND REMOVAL OF FUMES AND  DUST
 FROM  A 30  TON ELECTRIC ARC STEEL FURNACE.
 (Captage et depoussierage des fumees d'un four a arc d'acierie
 de  30 t).  Text  in French. J.  Four Elec. Ind.  Electrochim.
 (Paris), 74(10):259-261, Dec. 1969.
A system for the collection  and  disposal  of dust-carrying
fumes was built  and installed in a Belgian steel plant in con-
junction with a 30-ton electric furnace. The 1700 C fumes are
extracted by fans from inside the furnace directly into a long
pipeline. The rate of extraction is automatically controlled de-
pending  on  the  pressure  in  the furnace.  In the  pipeline,
complete combustion  of the  carbon  monoxide  gases  takes
place, and the fumes are cooled to 130 C by th surrounding
air, and then pushed into a chamber containing a series of
polyester tissue filters,  which retain and collect the iron oxid
dust and other particles. The purified gases are released to the
atmosphere. The filters are cleaned periodically by  a counter
air stream. The quantity of gas  collected amounts to about 350
kg per 30-ton furnace charge,  producing 150 to 200 tons per
year of iron oxide powder.
                   28905
                   Bartecek, J.
                   DUST  REMOVAL FROM THE  COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
                   IN  OXYGEN INTENSIFIED OPEN HEARTH FURNACES.
                   Hutnik (Prague), 19(9):334-337, 1969. Translated from Czech.
                   British Iron and Steel  Industry Translation Service, London
                   (England), 9p., May 1970.
                   The measured bulk density of dust emitted from oxygen-inten-
                   sified open-hearth furnaces is 1.81 tons/cu m; particles below
                   one micron constitute  70%  of this dust. At the  steel plant
                   described, this  fine dust is  recovered by first cooling com-
                   bustion gases in stages  from  800 C to 130 C and then filtering
                   the dust in a 10-chamber baghouse with a capacity of 120,000
                   cu m/hr.  The dust is collected and pelletized for charging into
                   the open-hearth furnace. This dust-cleaning system is  guaran-
                   teed to keep dust emissions below the legal limit of 100 mg/cu
                   m.

                   29083
                   Cahn, David S.
                   AGGLOMERATION OF STEEL PLANT FURNACE  DUST
                   WITH CEMENT BINDERS.  Cement Technol., 2(1):15-17, 20-
                   24, Feb. 1971. 5 refs.
                   Pilot plant and laboratory tests were made on blends of steel
                   plant flue dust and Portland cement to determine whether the
                   flue dust could be pelletized for use as a source of iron in dry
                   process cement manufacture. Strength and setting time results
                   showed that an acceptable agglomerate can be made with a
                   Type n Portland cement binder.  Abrasion-resistant and well-
                   sized pellets were made in a  horizontal drum, using simulated
                   closed  circuit, with  a binder content of 7.5% and  a moisture
                   content below 15%.  Pellet quality was relatively insensitive to
                   changes in binder concentration above  5%.  Simulations of
                   stockpiling and weathering indicate  that little difficulty would
                   be encountered with the use of  flue dust pellets in  cement
                   plants. (Author introduction modified)

                   29740
                   Scholz, Hans-Ullrich
                   DEVELOPMENT OF GAS  PURIFICATION INSTALLATIONS
                   FOR ELECTRIC MELTING FURNACES.  (Die Entwicklung
                   von  Gasreinigungsanlagen fuer  Elektrostahloefen).  Text hi
                   German.  Giessereitechnik,  17(1):11-14 1971. (Presented at the
                   Technische Staubbekaempfung, Leipzig, East Germany, Oct.
                   9-10, 1969.)
                   In the process of steel manufacture in an electric arc furnace,
                   using the oxygen lance method of refining, a brown colored
                   waste gas develops which contains a dust with iron oxide par-
                   ticles, most of which are well below 5 micron, down to 0.01
                   micron particle  size A method  and  equipment for removal of
                   the  dust  from these gases was developed in East Germany
                   since 1958, using water sprays for purification.  The waste gas
                   exhaust piping is directly attached to the roof of the furnace,
                   and leads to the purification  station  whic  may  serve two fur-
                   naces in  turn. The  gas, leaving the furnace at temperatures
                   between  1100 and 1400 C, is cooled on its  path through the
                   long pipe line and by abundant addition of fresh air, down to
                   60 to 130 C. In  a typical design, the purifier consists of verti-
                   cally disposed large  venturi pipes where the gas enters throug
                   the  top  and passes downward  through an  intense  water
                   shower. The lower extensions of the venturi pipes reach into a
                   water bath  container through which the gas will pass, leaving
                   behind the dust particles, and emerging into an exhaust funnel.
                   The suction of the gas out of the furnace and its further circu-
                   lation is affected by fans. The rate at which the gas leaves the
                   furnace is automatical!  controlled by a throttle device, to en-

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      43
 sure that a constant underpressure of 0.5 to 1.0  mm water
 column is maintained in the furnace. The water bath of the pu-
 rifier is arranged to  permit pierodic sludge removal and addi-
 tion of fresh water. A typical recently built purification instal-
 lation, designed to take care of two 18 ton electric furnaces, is
 capable of purifying 40,000 cu m gas per hour.

 29945
 Riha, Karel
 REMOVAL OF BROWN  FUME FROM  WASTE GASES OF
 OPEN  HEARTH  FURNACE   OXYGEN  STEELMAKING
 PROCESS.  (Prispevek k cisteni  spalin martinskych peci  od
 hnedeho dymu pri intenzifikaci kyslikem). Text in Czech. Hut-
 nicke Listy (Prague), 26(3):165-170, 1971. 12 refs.
 Field trials were made on waste gas/dust collection and utiliza-
 tion in iron and steelworks. The dust clogs the off-take of the
 open-hearth furnace during the blowing of oxygen  into the
 bath through roof lances. The dust can be collected, pelletized,
 and used directly as a refining agent in a steel plant.

 30018
 AIR FILTRATION  SYSTEM  FOR  ELECTRIC  FURNACE
 SWITCH  GEAR AT LUKENS STEEL.   Blast Fum.  Steel
 Plant, 59(4):222, April 1971.
 In order to achieve  and maintain a clean atmosphere in two
 rooms of a steel plant that contain controls  for three electric
 arc melt furnaces, high voltage mercury tube rectifiers, and
 de-gasser controls, revolving fiberglas filters  were replaced by
 a system called Maxi-Filtration. This system involves bringing
 all  the charging air for the  room through a bag filter which
 utilizes a specially prepared two-part filter  medium  for high
 grade filtration. The system is  operating with practically  no
 maintenance or cleaning problem in the switch gear rooms.

 30534
 Oshima, Mamoru
 NITROGEN  OXIDES  TREATMENT.    (Chisso sankabutsu
 shori). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research
 J. Japan), l(4):55-62,  March 1971.
 Nitrogen oxides are more difficult to treat than other industrial
 waste  gases.  Because  no  one control  method  yields the
 required efficiency, it is necessary to  combine methods or to
 proceed by stages. Treatment by ammonia or by ammonia and
 chloride  are especially dependable methods. Nitrogen forms
 compounds with oxygen such as  nitrous oxide,  nitric  oxide,
 nitrous anhydride,  and nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide and NO2
 are emitted  from metal surface treatment factories,  such  as
 those which wash  stainless steel with nitric acid, or eliminate
 scale from copper wire. It is impossible to eliminate  NO and
 NO2  completely,  although the following methods are now
 used: washing by water or alkali; venturi  scrubbers; oxidation
 or reduction by catalyst; oxidation by chloride; ammonia gas
 treatment;  the oxidized  nitrogen,  chlorine,  and  ammonia
method;  and oxidation by activated charcoal  (catalyst). The
ammonia  gas  treatment is  relatively  simple,  with  a high
elimination  rate.  The  oxidized   nitrogen-chlorine-ammonia
method requires a venturi scrubber and cottrel to eliminate the
white smoke generated. Some acutal  examples of treatment
are shown including  a  metal refinery  that uses the activated
charcoal catalyst ammonia-chlorine method;  a steel mill that
uses the activated charcoal catalyst-oxidized ammonia  method;
and a company producing almite that has adopted an alkali
washing-ammonia-  chlorine pouring method.  It is difficult  to
specify standardized design criteria elimination or costs. Total
construction cost is  estimated  at  $22,900 for a twin-tower
system with 200 cu m/min capacity.
30583
Kuehnert, K.
STEAM PRODUCTION THROUGH WASTE HEAT UTILIZA-
TION.  (Dampferzeugung durch Abwaenneverwertung).  Text
in German. Tech. Mitt., 64(6):212-218, June. 1971.
Waste gases from  heating furnaces  and reactors  frequently
have temperatures which permit the economical production of
steam. If the waste gases contain dusts, erosions might occur
at an inadequate layout of the heating surfaces. A suitable gas
speed must be found which is dependent on the type of dust,
tlie grain  size,  and the arrangement  of the heating surfaces.
Practical experience has shown that at parallel flow a speed of
eight m/sec is  necessary to  avoid erosion. Low-temperature
corrosion  can be avoided by  limiting  the heating surface  tem-
peratures  to 400  to 450 C. Overheating of the steam is  con-
ducted in separate  units. Steam production from  waste  heat
become more economical as the temperature of the waste gas
increases. Waste  heat boilers  can be economically operated in
the  metallurgical industry. The dust-laden gases  from  steel
manufacturing must be  cooled for cleaning; the  heat,  thus
liberated,  can be used for  steam production.  Other examples
are the chemical and petrochemical industries.

31092
Shimada, Shoji, Kinichi Sugahara, and Yasumasu Sawamura
METHOD  OF TURNING DUST FROM IRON AND STEEL
MANUFACTURE INTO PELLETS IN WATER. (Seitetsu fujin
no suichu zoryu ho). Text in  Japanese (Japan  Steel Co., Ltd.)
Japan. Pat.  Sho  46-2736.  4p., Jan. 23, 1971. (Appl.  March 30,
1966, 1 claim).
Oxidized  iron  powder recovered from  converter or open
hearth furnaces by  wet dust  collectors  is usually formed into
pellets by  the  addition of  large quantities  of  water  and
thickener, followed  by the elimination of the water with filters.
Mud produced in this manner contains about 50% water and is
dried in the sun prior to  processing. In the present invention,
the trapped oxidized iron powder is mixed with bentonite or
thermal plasticizing resin and  high polymer  coagulant.  The
mixture is then put  into a rotating drum where the suspension
forms  pellet-like floes.  About  0.15%  bentonite or  thermal
plasticizing resin  is  added to  a suspension solution  containing
oxidized iron powder. After the  solution is stirred to distribute
the coagulant evenly,  0.01-0.1% of an organic  high polymer
such as acrylnitril aery I acid or polyacryl acid  soluble salts, or
their mixtues,  is added. The  mixture is  stirred  lightly  to
promote  contact between  the  coagulant  and oxidized  iron
powder.  The  suspended oxidized iron  powder   coagulates
rapidly and the liquid is placed in a drum which rotates for 10-
15 min at one m/min.

31195
Richard, Jablin
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AT ALAN WOOD: TECHNI-
CAL PROBLEMS, REGULATIONS AND NEW PROCESSES.
Iron Steel Engr., 48(7):58-65, Ju  1971. 7 refs.
The environmental control program adopted by the Alan Wood
Steel Co. is described.  The  program includes methods of  con-
trolling air and  water pollution. A  basic oxygen furnace  was
installed to replace  nine open hearth  furnaces. Pollution  con-
trol, which  is difficult in  the  open  hearth, is easily incor-
porated into the new furnace. The blast furnace slag was pel-
letized to  eliminate hydrogen  sulfide emissions.  Measures
taken to reduce coke oven  emissions  include the provision of
cleaning devices for the gas offtakes and various modifications
and additions to the mechanism  of the larry car. Air pollution
control at  the sinter plant comprises a. proposed baghouse for

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44
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
the discharge end of the  machines and a  scrubber  for the
windbox end. Generally, regulations and enforcement at the
local level have been strict, but fair. Reasonableness in the ap-
plication of the regulations  and compromise between the com-
pany  and the agencies are necessary.  By 1975, the environ-
mental problem will provide effective control of all current air
and water pollution problems.

31226
PROBLEMS OF DUST, FUME, AND EFFLUENT CONTROL
IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.  J. Iron Steel Inst,
vol. 209:25-26, 28-30, 32, 34, 36-43, June 1971.
In Great Britain, air pollution  arising from the main iron and
steel  manufacturing  processes, i.e., coking, ore preparation
and sintering, ironmaking, steelmaking, and  scarfing, is regu-
lated  under the Alkali and Works Regulation Act of  1906,
although these processes have  only been scheduled under that
act since 1958. In common  with many other  industries, smoke
emissions from the fuel-burning processes in  the iron and steel
industry have been dramatically reduced over the years. This
is due in part to the  more efficient  use of the fuels, and per-
haps to  a greater extent to the  change from solid fuel to oil or
gas firing in many applications. While  each individual process
presents its own engineering and  operational difficulties from
the point of view of clean air,  the biggest challenge of all has
been  the control of pollution from the  oxygen steelmaking
processes. The use of high-purity oxygen for  the refining of
steel gives rise to copious reddish-brown fumes of iron oxide.
The particles entrained in the  waste gases are extremely fine
and very high  efficiency  cleaning  equipment is required to
prevent  objectionable emissions. Cooling and conditioning of
the gases prior to cleaning  are critical. Only electrostatic
precipitators, fabric  filters, and  high  energy  wet  scrubbers
have  sufficiently high efficiencies  to cope with  the  fume
problem. Liquid  effluents are also of great importance, as well
as coke-oven effluent. Several of the  major plant manufac-
turers are featured with an  account  of the equipment and ser-
vices they provide for the iron and steel industry in the area of
pollution  control. Emissions  include  dust, fumes,  carbon
monoxide and dioxide, and sludge. Other control equipment
mentioned include venturi  scrubbers,  dust  collectors, multi-
cyclones, bag filters, and electrostatic precipitators.

31316
Richardson, H. L.
CONTROL OF SULPHUR EMISSIONS IN AN INTEGRATED
STEEL MILL. Iron Steel Engr., 48(7):76-78, July 1971.
The dwindling supply of low-sulfur coal and  more rigid en-
vironmental  standards present major problems in controlling
gaseous sulfur emissions. The two chief sulfur gases discussed
are hydrogen sulfide from coking operations and sulfur dioxide
released from power boilers. The analysis was made per one
ton of hot metal produced in the blast furnace. Although they
do not exist in these exact quantities in any mill, assumed nu-
merical  values are assigned to standardize the analysis. The
collection and removal of  sulfurous contamination  is techni-
cally  feasible. Among the process considered  are the dry
removal system, the catalytic oxidation  process, a combination
wet-dry  process utilizing injection  of  limestone, and  an  al-
kaline carbonate system.  The summary indicate  a need for a
pilot plan study of  these  processes   to establish  the  most
desirable solution.
                   31344
                   Nishi,  Saburo
                   DUST  CONTROL  MEASURES.   (Funjin taisaku). Text  in
                   Japanese. Kinzoku Zairyo (Metals in Engineering), 11(6): 12-18,
                   June 1971.
                   Dust control measures for ironworks are discussed with spe-
                   cial  reference  to the measures  adopted  by the  Sumitomo
                   Kashima ironworks which opened in February 1971. Sources
                   of dust generation  in ironworks include the pier where iron
                   ores,  material  coal,  and limestone,   are  unloaded  from
                   freighters; the yard where iron ores, material coal,  limestone,
                   cokes, and pellets are stockpiled; the belt conveyors carrying
                   the materials to various  pretreatment processes; the crushing
                   and  screening process; the process in which the materials are
                   put into respective  material tanks through the conveyors and
                   hoppers; the sintering factory where mine fines are  palletized;
                   the blast furnace; the converter section; the calcined lime fur-
                   nace; the coke manufacturing factory. Dust control measures
                   at the Kashima  works  include wet  dust collectors for  the
                   material zone; a dry electric dust collector, multicyclones and
                   a bag filter for the  sintering zone; bag filters, a gravity- type
                   collector,  a venturi  scrubber, and a wet  electric dust collector
                   for the blast furnace zone; quencher plus venturi scrubber and
                   bag filters for the converter zone; dry electric dust collector
                   and sealed conveyor for the limestone zone; wet dust collector
                   and cyclone plus venturi scrubbers for the cokes zone; and a
                   wet  electric dust collector for the  rolling zone. Based on a
                   field investigation, the material zone needs more dust collec-
                   tors  if the desired  level of dust removal is  to  be achieved.
                   Dust  removal  in the sintering zone is  excellent with  the
                   present dust collection facilities. All other zones,  except  the
                   coke furnace, show generally satisfactory levels. Also noted
                   are guidelines used  in selecting the hoods, ducts, and blowers
                   that will be incorporated in the dust-control facilities.

                   31362
                   Kawamara
                   MTTSUBISHI-LURGI  RADIAL  FLOW   SCRUBBER.    (Mit-
                   subishi-Rurugi shiki rajiaru furo sukuraba). Text in Japanese.
                   Mitsubishi Juko  Giho (Mitsubishi  Heavy Ind.  Tech.  Rev.),
                   8(2):367-368, March 1971.
                   The  radial flow scrubber of Mitsubishi-Lurgi Company (West
                   Germany) was recently  introduced to  Japanese   Steel  and
                   chemical industries. The  structure, operating  method,  charac-
                   teristics, and efficiency are briefly discussed. The system em-
                   ploys a high efficiency cleaning apparatus set in the casing,
                   which  automatically  maintains  effective  gas cleaning,  re-
                   gardless  of  drastic changes  in  gas quantity.  The  venturi
                   scrubber throat is made  of two rings through which the gas
                   passes at a high  speed.  Usually, dust and high speed create
                   abrasion of rings, so a special abrasion-resistant cast iron is
                   used for the rings. Minute water drops  mix with  gas  in  the
                   rings and work as a cooling device. The radial flow scrubber
                   combines  the usual two  cleaning parts by operating the  first
                   cleaning apparatus by low pressure loss and returning relative-
                   ly high pressure gas to  the furnace top. Since the second
                   cleaning apparatus controls the pressure, septum valve is un-
                   necessary. The two-level radial flow scrubber is  useful  not
                   only for a high pressure  blast furnace, but, by separating the
                   first process for cleaning and the second process for cooling,
                   as a high  degree cooling  system. In this  case, the water waste
                   from the  second  process can be used for cleaning water for
                   the first process.  The mixture of gas and water particles is so
                   complete that it can be used for gas absorption up to 95%.

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      45
31486
Yokoi, Masao
MEASURES  FOR  DESULFURIZATION OF  FLUE  GAS.
(Haien datsuryu taisaku).  Text in  Japanese. Kinzoku Zairyo
(Metals in Engineering), ll(6):19-23, 28, June 1971.
The sintering furnace usually accounts for 50% or more of the
sulfur dioxide emissions from an ironworks. Gas from the fur-
nace is quite difficult to  desulfurize because its  volume is
large, its dust content high, and its SO2 density low. Of poten-
tial desulfurizing processes for  sintering furnaces, a special
research  committee of the  Japan  Iron and Steel Manufacturers
Federation considered that of the Nippon Kokan Company the
most promising method. The process is based on the effective
utilization of ammonia  obtained as a by-product from  coke
oven gas. In  the process, which  is  described by a flow sheet,
gas blown into an  absorption column  is scrubbed with sea-
water for removal of dust and partial removal of SO2. The
latter is further removed by the  ammonia water that  is circu-
lating in the system. Ammonia discharged to the gas as a result
of scrubbing with wash water is absorbed by fresh wash water
in the ammonia removal zone. The circulating ammonia water
is formed by  dissolving  in  industrial water coke-oven gas con-
taining ammonia gas.  Experimental desulfurization efficiency
was satisfactorily stable for a wide range of SO2 density, pro-
vided the ammonia water  was pH  8  or higher. However, the
process discharges a large quantity of effluent which should be
further treated for disposal.  Another  experimental study is
now underway, designed primarily for  disposal of the excess
absorbent.

31589
Elliott, A. C.  and A. J. Lafreniere
THE  DESIGN  AND OPERATION OF A  WET  ELECTRO-
STATIC PRECIPITATOR TO CONTROL BILLET SCARFING
EMISSIONS.  Preprint, Air Pollution Contr Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 10p., 1971.  (Presented at the  Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 64th,  Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-
July 2, 1971, Paper 71-159.)
The control of emissions  generated from a  scarfing  machine
used in steel production was  described. A  tubular type wet
electrostatic  precipitator was  selected  to  collect the fumes.
The choice of a pipe type  over the plate type was made to in-
sure adequate water distribution during the washing cycle. The
precipitator installation consists of  twin  units in   parallel
designed to handle 70,000  cfm at dust loadings of 1.0 gr/cu ft
and maximum temperature of  150  F. Actual operating condi-
tions indicate a flow of 56,000 cfm and temperatures  varying
between  40 and 70 F. The equipment was described in detail.
The precipitator consists of a group of 10 in. diameter collect-
ing pipes and electrode wires,  enclosed in two rectangular cas-
ings of steel plate. All the interior surfaces of the structure are
epoxy coated, and internal parts are made  of stainless steel.
Voltage control is automatic. The washing system consists of
eight stainless steel full cone  patterns  with  internal movable
vane nozzles located at the top operating floor level of the
casing. The complete wash cycle is done between scarfs and
takes  approximately 42 sec to  complete. It does  not interfere
with the scarfing operation.

31773
Hall, H. T.
FUMELESS DECARBURIZATION FOR STEELCASTING.
Mod. Casting, 59(2):59, Feb. 1971.
As a rule,  steelmakers employ oxygen lancing to promote a
vigorous  carbon boil to  bring down high carbon, and  this ox-
ygen lancing emits copious brown fumes. By injecting pow-
dered metal oxide directly into the liquid steel bath,  a new
process avoids this problem, and simultaneous decarburization
and alloying can  be  carried out. Phosphorus removal  is also
possible, if powdered lime is mixed with the mill scale during
injection. If required, chromium and  manganese contents can
also be reduced by promoting a low temperature boil.

31803
ENVIRONMENTAL  FORECAST:  INCREASED  PRECIPITA-
TION. Chem. Week, 109(7):77-78, 80, 82, Aug. 18, 1971. 1 ref.

In the past five years, the range of application of electrostatic
precipitators has been extended from atmospheric  pressure  to
as high as 825 psi and from temperatures below 900 F to 1700
F. Precipitators are also being designed to handle dust concen-
trations from 0.00001 grains/std cu ft to  156 grains/std cu ft
and efficiencies over 99%. Coal-burning electric stations, the
steel industry, the pulp and paper industry, and contact sul-
furic acid plants continue to be important markets  for electro-
static precipitators.  Precipitators are  also used in processing
cement and gypsum.  New or potential fields of application in-
clude Wulff acetylene  production, removal  of lube oil mist
from gas pipelines, shale-oil processing, and coal gasification.

32037
Hazard, Herbert R.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING. In: The Federal R and D Plan
for Air-  Pollution Control by Combustion-Process Modifica-
tion.  Battelle  Memorial  Inst.,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Columbus
Labs., APCO  Contract CPA 22-69-147, Kept. APTD-0643,  p.
IV-1 to IV-22, Jan. 11, 1971. 5 refs. NTIS: PB 198066
Combustion for thermal processing in industry, which includes
all uses of heat for processing, but  does not include  steam
generation, power generation, or space heating, is discussed.
The  principal  sources  of  pollutant emissions   in  thermal
processing  are: iron production, steel production, cement and
lime production,  glass  melting, aluminum production,  brick,
tile, and ceramics production. Emissions that are large enough
to warrant  attention are combustible particulates, polynuclear
aromatics, oxides of  nitrogen, and sulfur oxides. Nitrogen ox-
ides are formed by oxidation of  the nitrogen in the fuel and in
the combustion air, under conditions of high temperature  in
the presence  of  oxygen.  Thus, formation of NOx  can be
minimized  by minimizing flame temperature, burning  under
reducing conditions, and two-stage burning which achieves low
flame temperatures  and  reducing conditions. Research and
development approaches toward  reduction  of NOx through
combustion modification are discussed.

32134
Hausknecht, E. G.
THE  USE  OF A GAS TURBINE IN WISCONSIN  STEEL
WORKS SINTERING PLANT AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL
INSTALLATION.  Preprint, 7p.,  Nov.  30, 1970
Two induced draft fans, used to draw gases through an elec-
trostatic precipitator are powered by 100 hp gas turbines. Ap-
proximately 75 to 100 tons/day of  flue dust, with an iron con-
tent of about 60% is collected from the precipitator and trans-
ported to the sintering plant. A new waste gas cleaning system
was installed in series  with the dust collecting  system. This
system was designed to  limit the paniculate matter  of the
stack  discharge to 0.02 grains/standard cu of gas. A 180 deg
bend  was installed in  the old  stack. The gases then pass
downward  through  a venturi  section equipped  with  water

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 46
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 sprays and into the bottom of a moisture eliminator. The gases
 are drawn to the top of the eliminator by a fan, powered by
 another 100 hp gas turbine,  and are discharged to a new stack.
 Initial installation cost and operating cost influenced the use of
 a gas turbine.

 32791
 Yamaguchi, Takekazu
 ON OG EQUIPMENT.  (OG socni ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
 Kankyo Sozo (Environ. Creation), l(l):27-34, Aug. 1971.
 In 1970, 80% of the 93 million tons of steel produced in Japan
 was made by a converter  method, in place of open hearth
 techniques. However, pure  oxygen blowing systems generate
 100-150 g/N cu m oxidized iron dust and large amounts of car-
 bon monoxide. Many of the converters utilize a non-com-
 bustion type of dust disposal equipment. The OG equipment is
 characterized by the fact that the dust is easy to collect  while
 there is not much gas to be disposed of. With the OG tower,
 100-150 g/N cu m of dust can be reduced to .100 g/N cu m.
 Smoke is made  colorless and the sulfur dioxide is reduced.
 Several pilot plants have been operated, and the OG system is
 now being used in industry. The OG system consists of a ven-
 turi  scrubber, an  elbow separator, a cyclone  separator, a
 quencher, and a bag filter.

 32817
 Atsukawa, Masumi, Kazumi Kamei, Naoharu Shinoda, and
 Tadami Eito
 DEVELOPMENT OF DESULFURIZATION EQUIPMENT OF
 STACK GAS BY WET PROCESSES AND ITS PROBLEMS.
 (Shisshiki haien  datsuryu  sochi  no kaihatsu  to mondaiten).
 Text in Japanese. Netsu Kami (Heat Management: Energy and
 Pollution Control), 23(8):9-24, Aug. 1971.
 Environmental standards set in 1969 determined that the sulfur
 content of fuels used in  overcrowded areas must be less than
 1%, and by 1978, 0.55%. In 1973, 43.4 million  kl of heavy oil
 will  be desulfurized, equivalent to 1.7 million  kl of  desul-
 furized stack gases. The  energy demand in terms of oil will be
 438.5 million kl  in 1975 and  933.3-1028.9 million kl in  1985.
 Sources of sulfur dioxide emissions included heavy oil burning
 facilities, sintering processes in iron and steel making, non-fer-
 rous metal smelting, sulfuric acid plants, and pulp plants. The
 volume of SO2 produced would be equal to 10 times the 1.7
 million kl of heavy  oil. Various desulfurization processes are
 reviewed with respect to volume capacity, secondary pollu-
 tion, treatment of by-products,  and  interference  with  plant
 operations. The wet-type desulfurization process which is ex-
 amined consists  of repeated cooling of gases, spray towers,
 elimination of  carbon dust,  and various scrubbers. Ammonia,
 lime, red mud, and oxidized manganese were used as absorb-
 ing liquids.

 32848
 Watanabe, Tamotsu
DUST COLLECTING SYSTEM USING STATIC.   (Seidenki
riyo no shujin sisutemu). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Reutiliza-
 tion  of  Resources  Technical Assoc.  (Japan),  12p.,  1971.
(Presented  at  the Seminar on  Reutilization of  Resources
Technology, 2nd, Japan, July 12-14, 1971, Paper 9.)
A new type of electrostatic dust collection system was devised
in  order to eliminate dust from railway tunnels. The tunnel it-
 self can be treated as an electrode, and the principle can be
applied to foundry, cement, iron, and steel plant operations. In
order to protect the workers when drills and explosives are in
use, the new system employs  an electric charge to  keep  air in
                   the tunnel as clean as in office building. Smoke produced by
                   open burning can also be eliminated. Disadvantages of previ-
                   ous equipment were that they sucked in unnecessary air, thus
                   requiring the equipment to be large.  Advantages of electro-
                   static dust collection systems include  easy  maintenance, a
                   small electricity  requirement, gases can have high tempera-
                   tures, and a wide range of dusts can be eliminated.

                   33040
                   Svidrnoch, Ladislav
                   EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF DUST SEPARATOR
                   ATTACHED TO AGGLOMERATOR.  (Vyhodnoceni  funkce
                   odlucovaciho zarizeni za aglomeracnim pasem). Text in Czech.
                   Hutnik (Prague),  16(4):160-164, 1966.
                   Experiences  with operation and performance of a dry dust
                   separator, a  multi-cyclone, attached to agglomerator in an ag-
                   glomerating plant in Rudnany, Czechoslovakia, are  surveyed.
                   The measurements were carried out which included determina-
                   tion of output and efficiency of dust separator, initial and final
                   concentration of dust in flue gases, their temperature  and
                   chemical composition,  and the chemical and granulometric
                   composition  of dust. Some problems connected with dedusting
                   of agglomerating  equipment in Czechoslovakia are considered.
                   Possibilities of improvement of the performance of agglomera-
                   tor are discussed and future development in their design out-
                   lined.

                   33081
                   Morcinek, P. and L. Svidrnoch
                   CLEANING FLUE GASES FROM  A 75-TON  TANDEM FUR-
                   NACE  IN THE  KLEMENT GOTTWALD  STEELWORKS
                   (VZKG). Hutnik (Prague), 18(12):540-544, 1968. 5 refs. Trans-
                   lated from Czech. British Iron and Steel  Industry Translation
                   Service, London (England), 14p., Jan. 1970.
                   The design,  performance, and operating costs of a wet gas
                   cleaning plant for removal of dust,  ferric oxides, and other im-
                   purities  are described. In the  cleaning plant,  gases  first pass
                   through a foam cooler, where they are cooled to 120 C. Con-
                   densation  nuclei are  formed, and a part  of  the dust is
                   separated. The gases, entirely saturated with water vapor, then
                   pass into a venturi washer, where their cleaning is completed.
                   Under favorable conditions of sediment concentration in water
                   and specific water rate, the foam cooler separates up to 58.5%
                   of the whole dust load entering the  plant. Under the same con-
                   ditions, the efficiency of the venturi washer is 40.5%. The gas
                   cleaning plant will be constructed as an integral part of two 75-
                   ton open hearth  furnaces and a 30-ton electric arc furnace.
                   Operating costs of the system as related to steel production,
                   are estimated with and without water and sludge service. With
                   increasing utilization of dust, the costs  could be reduced.

                   33168
                   Drainer, Henry C.
                   POLLUTION CONTROL  IN  THE  STEEL INDUSTRY.  En-
                   viron. Sci. Technol., 5(10):1004-1008, Oct.  1971. 6 refs.
                   All iron  and steel manufacturing  operations   produce waste
                   water effluents, atmospheric emissions, and solid wastes, but
                   the quantities and  characteristics from each  source  vary
                   greatly. A medium-sized mill may discharge 100 million gallons
                   of water  per day. Atmospheric emissions and solid waste
                   generation are of similar magnitude; for  example, a  blast fur-
                   nace may use air at the rate of more than  100,000  cu ft/min
                   and produce  slag in excess of 1000 tons/day. Principal air pol-
                   lution problems  from  coke  production are   sulfur dioxide
                   generation from combustion of coke oven gas, emissions from

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                                           B.  CONTROL METHODS
                                                      47
ovens during charging and from door and lid leaks, and emis-
sions from waste water quenching of the incandescent coke.
Abatement measures include removing hydrogen sulfide from
the  gas, oven lid  and door  maintenance, baffling quench
towers, using clean water for quenching, and regulating coking
times.  Other  methods under  development include negative
oven pressures during charging, larry  car scrubbers, hood ar-
rangements with collection ducts and gas cleaning equipment,
and stack gas cleaning of sulfur dioxide. Principal water pollu-
tion  potentials in the coke plant operation are in ammonia still
wastes and light oil  decanter wastes which average about 44
gal/ton of coal carbonized and contain phenols, ammonia, cya-
nides, chlorides, and sulfur compounds. Abatement measures
include  biological treatment either on site or by cotreatment
with municipal sewage, chemical oxidation, and carbon ad-
sorption. Pollutants and abatement measures are also indicated
for blast furnace operations,  steelmaking processes, rolling
mill  operations, and finishing operations.  Conservation  and
reuse practices are discussed.

33170
Gerber, Rheinhold B.
MODERN ELECTROFILTER  TECHNOLOGY AND APPLI-
CATION.   (Indirizzi attuali della tecnologia nel campo  della
depolverazione elettrostatica ed applicazioni). Text in Italian.
Termotecnica (Milan), 25(6):321-331, 1971.
The  main features  of modern electrostatic precipitator are
reviewed. The demand for increasingly efficient dust removers
has  led to  the  construction  of  some  great electrostatic
precipitators. Thus, a precipitator built in the U.S.A. is capable
of treating three  to  four million  cu m  of gas/hr. During the
past  10  years, a total of 335 electrostatic precipitators, having
a surface of 2,115 millions sq m capable of treating a cumula-
tive amount of 161.4 million cu m of gas/hr have been built by
the  coal, cement,  steel, and other  industries.  The  main
problem encountered in  the  functioning  of an electrostatic
precipitator  is the  back-discharge phenomenon  (and  sub-
sequent blocking of the precipitator) caused by high resistivity
dusts. Humidity, temperature, dust concentration and aggrega-
tion, the presence of soluble sulfates, carbon, and alkali in the
gas,  rate of passage of the gas through the filter, dust particle
size  and the design of the precipitator itself greatly affect its
efficiency. The main methods used for designing electrostatic
precipitators are Deutsch s equation and Anderson s formula
(especially  in  the  United States). Both methods have  been
modified repeatedly in order to include many  of the parame-
ters which affect the functioning of an electrofilter.

33401
Yokoi, Masao
EXHAUST  GAS DESULFURIZATION IN IRON MANUFAC-
TURER.  (Kotetsugyo  ni  okeru haien datsuryu). Text in
Japanese. Ryusan (J. Sulphuric Acid Assoc., Japan), 24(5):11-
19, May 1971.
The  absorption of sintering exhaust gas was  studied at the
Kanagawa Prefectural Industrial Test Station. The gas absorp-
tion apparatus was designed to capacitate 3000 N cu m/hr. Ex-
haust gas from a sintering plant was taken through a flue and
led to a dust collector. After dust particulates were trapped by
a small  amount of water, humidity was eliminated by an ordi-
nary mist separator. The fan sucked in the gas and  sent it to
the absorption tower. The absorbent was either ordinary indus-
trial  water  or ammonia water produced by a coke furnace.
When using industrial water, the water temperature was high
at 34 C; although solubility of SO2 was small, as much as 90-
95%  was absorbed. When using ammonia water, regardless of
the conditions, the desulfurization rate was extremely good,
achieving 98% or more at  all times. Industrial water was 60
t/hr; temperature,  33-35 C; pH, 7.2-7.4;  ammonia water, 30
t/hr; temperature, 36-41 C;  pH 8.4-8.6; and the concentration
of SO2 at the entrance, 1,400-2,000 ppm. An intermediary  size
test  system was constructed in the Oshima  area for  Japan
Kokan (Steel Pipe) Co., and desulfurization tests were  carried
out between January and December 1969. A long run operation
was started this year in order to test the endurance and deteri-
oration of the material. The SO2 concentration at  the absorp-
tion emission exit is 40 - 80 ppm at all times, testifying to the
efficiency of the apparatus. The capacity of the apparatus is
30,000 N cu m/hr gas treatment; size, 4.6 by 4.6 by 12.0 mH;
gas blower capacity, 50,000  N cu m/hr; the capacity of the  am-
monia and sea water circulation tanks, 23 cu m each; ammonia
water circulation pump capacity, 200 cu m/hr, and the capacity
of the sea water circulation  pump, 150 cu m/hr.

33416
Noda, Hiroshi and Shigeo Asano
DRIVE  MECHANISM OF  AIR BLOWER FOR DUST COL-
LECTOR. (Shujin yo  sofuki no kudo sochi). Text in Japanese.
(Daido Seiko  K.  K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat.  Sho 46-24545.  2p.,
Aug. 24, 1972. (Appl. Nov. 13, 1968, claims not given).
The capacity of an air blower incorporated in a dust collector
is usually determined by the maximum volume of gas handled.
To reduce operating costs,  blower suction volume is reduced
when exhaust gas volume is below the maximum. This  adjust-
ment in  suction volume is usually achieved  with a damper
system  or by controlling blower  rpm.  A  new blower-drive
mechanism features two electric motors with different poles.
The motors are connected in series, one being the  main motor
with  larger  output and the  other the auxiliary  motor with
smaller capacity. The main motor is operated when gas volume
is large and the auxiliary motor when volume is low. The two-
motor system is used most advantageously with dust collectors
for steelmaking arc furnaces, where gas emission fluctuates
drastically and can generally be  classified into two volume
levels. An air blower with a 4-p 170-kw main motor and a 6-p
75-kw auxiliary motor will reduce the annual operating cost for
an arc-furnace dust collector with a capacity of 1200 cu m/mm
substantially below that of the damper (vane controller)  and
rpm control systems. Electric power costs are estimated to be
$5208.00 for the two-motor system; $7112.00 for  the damper
system, and $6132.00 for the rpm control system.

33438
Zdenek, Zdenko
PURIFICATION OF CONVERTOR FLUE GASES  IN AN OX-
YGEN  STEEL  WORKS  OF EAST SLOVAKIAN   IRON
WORKS IN KOSICE.   (Cisteni  konvertorovych spalin v
kyslikove ocelarne VSZ  Kosice).  Text  in Czech.  Hutnik
(Prague), no. 8:373-375, 1968. 8 refs.
The  purification of dust from converter gases is described
which is based on  combustion of converter gases  and cooling
of flue  gases followed by  the  purification of dust in  two
stages. Detailed description of the  design of the gas purifica-
tion equipment is given and technical data are presented. The
two-stage purification of dust consists of a dust  chamber or
stabilizer, where larger particles are separated, and of an elec-
trofilter for fine particle purification. The properties of the  col-
lected converter dust were analyzed. Both chemical and granu-
lometric  composition varied depending on where  the sample
was collected. The average composition of the dust was 65-
75% ferric oxide, 15-19% ferrous oxide, 1.2-2.2%  manganese
oxide, and five to six percent calcium oxide. Magnetic com-

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 48
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
 ponents formed 89-94%. Average granulometric composition of
 the dust was determined. The fraction 0.01-0.04 mm was the
 largest (38%). About 10-12 kg dust is formed per ton of steel.
 The problem  of  its liquidation has not been satisfactorily
 solved so far.  Possibilities of dust processing into brickets or
 its recycling into a converter are mentioned.

 33548
 Brough, John R. and William A. Carter
 ADR POLLUTION CONTROL OF AN ELECTRIC FURNACE
 STEELMAKING SHOP.  Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
 soc., Pittsburgh,  Pa., 31p., 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the Air
 Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic
 City, N. J., 1971, Paper 71-158.)
 The selection  of dust collection  equipment was explained.
 General shop production requirements were established at 100
 tons of steel/hr. A conventional swing roof furnace design was
 selected for the pair of furnaces in the shop. The concept of
 total emissions control was adopted as the goal. Fume collec-
 tion methods were studied, and a double collection system was
 chosen.  Roof truss hoods were installed to control all general
 emissions to the shop atmosphere.  The hoods are  located
 directly  over each  furnace, above  the  service crane travel
 area. Each hood is partitioned into three sections to permit lo-
 calized  concentration of the  draft over a  particular  fume
 generating area.  The second collecting method is by direct
 evacuation from the furnace shell through a water-cooled duct
 system.  The hot furnace gas in the ducts is cooled by mixing
 with ambient shop air. Gases from the hoods  and the dust are
 mixed together and  drawn into large induced draft fans. The
 fans blow the gases  into a baghouse where the dust is filtered
 out, and the cleaned gases  escape to the  atmosphere.  Tem-
 perature  of  the gases entering the baghouse is closely  con-
 trolled  by  regulating the amount of ambient  air admitted
 through  the roof truss hoods and the air valves along the
 ducts. An emergency bypass stack protects the baghouse from
 system control failure.  Dust is processed in  a rotating  drum
 where it is mixed with just enough water to cause it to ag-
 glomerate into pellets. The pellets are used  for landfill. The
 quantity of dust collected  averages about 30 Ib/ton steel. Emis-
 sions from the shop are negligible  and the environment within
 the building is quite good. (Author  abstract modified)

 33897
 Braginets, N. G.
 REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC DUSTINESS.  (Snizheniye
 zapylennosti vozdushnogo basseyna). Text in Russian. Metal-
 lurg, no. 11-12:40-41, 1969.
 Some improvements in the purification of flue gases  in  con-
 verter production  of steel are discussed. The gas purifier TTsP
 was provided with 18 venturi pipes which were wetted by jets.
 Two blade separators followed the pipes. Using venturi pipes
 of a larger diameter  than 221 mm stabilized the process of gas
 purification during the  converter  operation.  Flue gases from
open hearth furnaces (remaining dustiness was 100-150 mg/cu
 m) was achieved by combination of wet gas purifiers, a small
number  of venturi pipes with cyclones, and scrubbers with a
4400 mm diameter. The addition of 40% lime and fluorite  to
the cast iron scrap decreased the amount of dust carried away
by convection.

33918
 Okumura, Eijiro and Hiroyasu Matsumoto
DESIGN OF FLOATING SCRUBBER AND TURBULENT AB-
SORBER. (Shisshiki shujin oyobi gasu kyushu sochi no sekkei
                   - Furotingu sukurabba, taburento abusoba ni tsuite). Text in
                   Japanese. Kagaku Sochi (Plant and Process), 9(10):ll-22, Oct.
                   1967. 4 refs.
                   The Floating  Scrubber (FBWS),  wet type  dust  collection
                   device,  and the Turbulent Absorber (TCA), a gas absorption
                   device,  were discussed including their basic mechanisms, con-
                   struction, and design theories.  Practical applications include
                   dust removal in iron manufacturing plants; dust removal, sul-
                   fur dioxide recovery, and  gas  absorption in pulp factories;
                   dust removal in steel manufacturing dust removal in sulfuric
                   acid manufacturing plants; absorption of SO2  from waste gas
                   in H2SO4  manufacturing plants; recovery of fluoride com-
                   pounds  from waste gas phosphoric acid manufacturing indus-
                   try and from waste gas in  aluminum manufacturing industry.
                   Both the FBWS and TCA are scrubber columns filled with
                   lightweight plastic balls between two grids.  The washing liquid
                   is sprayed  through  a nozzle  from above  and the  gas  to be
                   treated is fed in from below; the gas causes a violent turbulent
                   motion as it ascends to contact the wash liquid. Since the gas-
                   liquid contact  system occurs in the  space between the two
                   grids, the balls contact the media, float with the gas and liquid.
                   Since the  gas-liquid  contact system occurs in the  space
                   between the two grids, the  balls contact the media, float with
                   the gas  and liquid, revolve, and hit each other, thus causing
                   stirring. This keeps the surface of the balls clean so that a new
                   liquid film can form. Also, the area of contact between the gas
                   and the liquid is enlarged for  effective dust collection and gas
                   absorption. The constant stirring keeps the grid meshes free
                   from viscous or other substances formed  by the absorption
                   reaction. This is known as self-cleaning. Both FBWS and TAC
                   are patented to UPO of the U.S.A. and feature no clogging,
                   even with  viscous substances;  low pressure loss  compared
                   with its high gas  velocity;  higher contact  effect resulting  in
                   higher efficiency; and stable and long-life performance.

                   33952
                   Vacek, A. and A. Schertler
                   WASTE-GAS CLEANING   SYSTEMS  AT  OXYGEN STEEL
                   PLANTS.  Iron Steel Inst., London, Spec. Kept., no. 61:82-89,
                   1958. (Presented at the Iron and Steel Institute,  Air Pollution
                   Meeting, London, England,  Sept. 25-26, 1957.)
                   The L.  D.  oxygen  steelmaking  process consists of oxygen
                   blown through a tuyere onto the  surface of the hot metal in a
                   refractory-lined vessel. Outgoing reaction  gases continue  to
                   bum in the flue at temperatures up to 3632 F. Current types of
                   gas-cleaning systems, however, will only tolerate a maximum
                   gas temperature of about 392 F. The difficult problem of cool-
                   ing the waste gases  was solved when a fume-cleaning system
                   was combined with a waste-heat boiler system. Preliminary
                   work is described, as well  as  trials with chemical dust collec-
                   tion, soft water, Theisen disintegrators, Baum venturi scrub-
                   bers, and the  Waagner Biro  wet cleaning  system. The latter
                   system,  comprises  an  eddy-type  washer with direct and
                   counter gas flow. An electrostatic precipitator is connected  to
                   the system. Dry cleaning systems which were tested included
                   slag-wool filters, coke filters, electromagnetic filters, and elec-
                   trostatic filters. The waste-heat boiler and the Lurgi electro-
                   static precipitator system are  described, as well as processes
                   in use elsewhere.

                   34071
                   Hashimoto, Haruhiko
                   ON  TECHNOLOGY OF UTILIZATION  OF DUST FROM
                   STEEL  MAKING.   (Sangyo haikibutsu dearu seiko enjin no
                   shigenka gjjutsu  ni  tsuite).  Text in Japanese. Preprint, Reu-
                   tilization of Resources Technical Assoc. (Japan), 5p.,  1971.

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                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      49
(Presented at the  Seminar  on Reutilization  of  Resources
Technology, 2nd, Japan, July  12-14, 1971.)
A process is described which uses the dust from the produc-
tion of steel  for the smelting of zinc  and  lead. The dust col-
lected from open hearth or electric furnaces  is too fine  for
reclamation and, if not handled properly, may be the cause of
secondary pollution. It contains too many other metals to be
suitable for a raw material in the production of steel or non-
ferrous  metals. However, taking advantage of the fact  that
most of the  valuable metals in the dust are oxides and, utiliz-
ing the difference in pressure of these metals, zinc and lead
have been successfully recovered  to  avoid secondary pollu-
tion. The dust  is pelletized,  and the appropriate amount of
reaction controlling  reagent and coking coal are mixed before
being charged into  a  rotating  kiln. Foreign bodies such as
scrap iron  and fire-proof  refractory  materials should  be
eliminated  from the dust before processing  it.  A  special
method is described to eliminate the accretion of materials in
the rotating kiln to improve its operating efficiency.

34079
Brooks, S. H. and W. J. Calvert
EXTERNAL  POLLUTION FROM AN  IRON  AND STEEL-
WORKS  AND  MEASURES TOWARDS ITS REDUCTION.
Iron Steel Inst., London, Spec. Rept.,  no. ,61:5-15, 1958. 17
refs. (Presented  at the Iron and Steel Institute,  Air Pollution
Meeting, London, England, Sept. 25-26, 1957.)
Emissions from iron and steelworks are examined with respect
to  specific   sources,  control  methods,  and  annual  costs.
Cokemaking, ore preparation, ironmaking, steelmaking, reheat-
ing  and  heat  treatment,  boilers,  locomotives, and  steam
cranes,  along with  their  various individual  processes, emit
smokes,  dusts,  hydrogen  sulfide, sulfur in stack gases,  iron
oxide fumes, sulfur oxides, and grit. The control measures al-
ready in  use or proposed  for future installation included
process   and  constructional   modifications,   the  dry  coke
quenching  technique,  cyclone  separators,  cooling,  drying,
secondary cleaners (bag filters and electrostatic precipitators),
settling chambers, high stacks, venturi scrubbers, continuous
slag-wool  filters,    fuel  desulfurization,   and  monitoring
techniques. Data on emissions  correlated  to source, amount,
control method, annual cost, and efficiency are included.
34082
Granville, R. A.
THE CAPITAL COSTS OF SOME WASTE-GAS CLEANING
PLANTS FOR USE IN DXON AND STEELWORKS.  Iron Steel
Inst., London,  Spec.  Rept.,  no. 61:23-30, 1958. 11  refs.
(Presented at the Iron and  Steel Institute, Air Pollution Meet-
ing, London, England, Sept. 25-26, 1957.)
The capital costs of control methods for emissions  from vari-
ous equipment and processes in iron and steel works  are ex-
amined. The  sources  of emissions included the open-hearth
furnace,  emitting iron  oxide fumes,  scale and slag particles,
and  waste gases containing sulfur  oxides;  the  sinter plant,
emitting   sulfur   oxides  and  dust;   electric  arc   furnaces;
deseamers; pulverized fuel fired furnaces; crushing, grinding,
and  sieving plants emitting dusts.  Dry and wet electrostatic
precipitators, automatic fabric filters, and wet scrubbers were
analyzed as controls with respect to inlet gas temperature and
pressure,  dust concentration, efficiency, plant capacity, and
approximate costs.
34084
Septier, Louis G.
A PILOT PLANT FOR THE REMOVAL  OF mON-OXTOE
DUST FROM THE FUMES ARISING IN THE PRE-REFEVING
OF IRON WITH OXYGEN. Iron Steel Inst London, Spec.
Rept, no. 61:74-81, 1958. (Presented  at the  Iron and Steel In-
stitute, Air Pollution Meeting, London, England, Sept. 25-26,
1957.)
For the ladle refining of iron, particularly when using  oxygen
for pre-refining iron and steel, a pilot plant was developed for
the precipitation of iron  oxide particles,   which  would  be
troublesome if discharged  into  steelwork  sheds or  the at-
mosphere. The pilot plant for dust removal  consists of a dry
and wet  cleaner in series,  the essential features  of the latter
being a venturi  scrubber. The largest particles are collected
and the fumes are cooled  during the  preliminary  dry purifica-
tion. The purifier is composed of 49 cells of honeycomb form;
each compartment has a vane at the entrance, giving a cen-
trifugal motion to the thin streams of gas.  In addition to the
venturi, the wet  purification utilizes a washing  tower and a
cyclone.  Measurement  of  concentrations of solid particles in
the fumes presents a difficult problem on account of the high
temperature, and has made it necessary to devise a special ap-
paratus.

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50
                        C.  MEASUREMENT   METHODS
10461
Antipin, V. G.
DUST  FORMATION  IN THE MELTING CHAMBER  OF
LARGE-CAPACITY  OPEN- HEARTH  FURNACES.   Izv.
Vysshikh Uchehn. Zarecknii Chernaya Met, No. 2:39-44, Feb.
1961. 6 refs.  Translated from Russ- ian. Henry  Brutcher
Technical  Translations, Altadena,  Calif.  HB-5150, 9p., 1961.
Available  from Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, Al-
tadena, Calif.
A rapid, portable measurement instrument has been developed
for  detenning the amount of dust in waste gases from open
hearth fur- naces. The method is based on  turbidity measure-
ments of glycerin after bubbling through it a measured volume
of stack gas. Samples may be crawn and the dust content
determined in three minutes. The old method, employing fil-
ters, required more than three hours per determination. Data
are  presented on the variations in quan- tity and composition
of dust given off during an iron production heat. The effect of
fuel and  mode of  its combustion on the dust  load  is
established for the open hearth furnace.

14774
Maatsch, Jurgen, Horst Achterfeld, and Hartmut Kamphaus
METHOD  OF AN APPARATUS FOR THE AUTOMATIC OB-
SERVATION AND REGENERATION OF  DEVICES FOR THE
SAMPLING OF WASTE GASES.  (Beteiligungs- und Patent-
verwaltungs G.m.b.H., Essen, Germany) U. S. Pat. 3,457,787.
5 p., July 29, 1969. 6 refs. (Appl. Aug. 2, 1966, 22 claims).
A method  is described for sampling dust-containing gas from
an oxygen-blowing steel production process  where the sampler
includes a  conduit leading from the process, a filter in the con-
duit, and  analyzers for determining the  composition of the
sampled gas. The steps in the method comprise feeding a gas
sample stream through the conduit; sensing  the flow condition
of the gas  through the conduit; adjusting the feeding of sample
gas  to  maintain  a  substantially constant rate; observing the
state of charge of the filter by detecting variations in the flow
conditions; and regenerating the filter by passing  pressurized
gas  through the filter in a reverse direction when the state of
charge of the filter exceeds a predetermined value.

15940
Wakamatsu, Shigeo
DETERMINATION  OF  ZINC  IN STEELMAKJNG  DUST.
(Seikoro dasuto chu no aen no teiryo). Text  in Japanese. Tetsu
to Hagane, 54(7):787- 795, June 1968. 45 refs.
A simple chelatometric titration method was developed for the
determination  of zinc in dust generated by steel-making
processes. Zinc forms a negatively charged chloride  complex
which is adsorbed by the strongly basic anion exchange resion.
Maximum  adsorption of zinc is obtained  in 2N HCL. In this
medium, most elements with which zinc  is  associated in dust
are  not adsorbed by  the resin. Therefore, it is  possible to
separate zinc from  iron, aluminum, manganese, calcium, mag-
nesium, chromium, and nickel. Zinc is then eluted from the
resin with  0.3N HN03 and titrated with EDTA, with EBT used
as the indicator. A subsequent titration procedure obviates in-
terference from adsorbed iron, copper, tin, lead, or arsenic.
While having the  same accuracy  as gravimetric methods, the
proposed method has the advantage of speed. (Author abstract
modified)

17425
Carney, D. J., A. J. Deacon, and T. L. Batina
CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS OF IRON BLAST FURNACE TOP
GAS. American Inst. of Mining,  Metallurgical and Petroleum
Engineers  (AJME), New York,  N. Y., Proc. Am. Inst. Mining
Met. Petrol.  Engrs. Conf. Blast Furnace, Materials 1954,  vol.
13:142-157. 7 refs.
Variations in blast furnace top gas composition were  deter-
mined with a continuous gas analyzer installed on two modern
28-ft hearth  furnaces; an attempt was  made to correlate the
variations  with blast furnace operation. In the  three-year  stu-
dy, blast furnace operating data were obtained  from blast fur-
nace records and were averaged daily. Gas  samples were
withdrawn periodically at the analyzer and their composition
was  determined by the Orsat  method. The average carbon
monixide content varied from 20 to 24%; carbon dioxide, from
12 to 17%; and hydrogen, from 1.2 to  3.0%. One of the  few
direct relationships observed was  the correlation of iron-
production rate with top  gas  composition. Production  was
greater when the CO/CO2 ratio  was low (1.5 to 1.7) than when
the ratio was high (2.0 to 2.2). A direct relationship between
moisture in the blast and hydrogen in the top gas was also ob-
tained for from 1 to 12.5 grains of moisture per cu ft of blast.
Top  gas composition calculated  by  a modification of  the
Joseph technique agreed reasonably well with actual measured
composition.

20434
Foumenteze, J. L.
DIFFICULTIES OF GAS SAMPLING FOR ITS  CONTINUOUS
ANALYSIS.  (Les difficultes de la prise de gaz en vue de son
analyse  continue). Text in French. Rev. Met. (Paris), 64(1):61-
71, Jan. 1967. 6 refs. (Presented at the Journee des Mesures en
Siderurgie, 1'Association Technique de la Siderurgie, March 3,
1966, Paris.)
The  present needs  of the steel  industry for  continuous
analyses of the composition of gas originating in blast-, coke-,
or iron-ore agglomerating furnaces,  gas  generators,  and the
like  are considered. Three types of continuous analysis are
presented: one involves merely a continuous sampling of these
gases and their chemical analysis by traditional methods or
those made  by an Orsat apparatus;  one involves continuous
sampling and the use of automatic recording analyzers provid- j
ing current  information regarding the process to a human
operator in control of the process; one involves continuous
sampling,  automatic analysis, and automatic control without
the intervention of a human operator. In every individual case,
the design of the  sampling equipment and procedure  depends
on the nature of the gases to be analyzed and on the peculiari-
ties and scope of their analysis.  Three sources of error are

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                                       C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
                                                      51
described:  faulty sampling locations;  malfunctioning of the
sampling equipment due to coarse or fine dust, water or water
vapor, high temperature of the sampled  gases; and improper
handling of the gas samples.  The need for utilization of per-
tinent theoretical knowledge  is stressed  and,  as  well as the
need for full and honest collaboration between user and maker
of continuous sampling equipment in all stages of its design
and installation.

22934
Flux, J. H., D. J. Smithson, and R. N. Smithson
SIMPLIFIED DUST SAMPLING  APPARATUS FOR USE IN
IRON- AND STEELWORKS.  J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), vol.
206, part 12: 1188-1193, Dec. 1968. 7 refs.
The development of a simple but reliable probe which operates
within  a gas duct or stack is  described. Although designed to
meet the specialized requirements of iron- and  steelworks, the
equipment  and techniques could find applications in  other in-
dustries. The entire  apparatus, which is schematically  illus-
trated, can be passed through a  two-in. bore valve and the
probe fitted with a sleeve to  screw into a standard piece of
pipe. When not required for sampling, the  pipe is plugged to
ensure that the sampling point remains  gas tight. The  sampling
of dust and fumes in gases is divided into four basic states:
gas velocity and  temperature measurements; dust loading
determination; particle size analysis; and  particle shape analy-
sis. The dust loading  measurements are required to obtain an
assessment  of the  weight of solid to be  collected by the
proposed gas cleaning plant. Particle shape and size analyses
are essential to  ensure that the  correct type  of  unit is em-
ployed. Velocity  measurements are made  with  pilot tubes,
while the  temperature  of the gas is measured by an ap-
propriate thermocouple and galvanometer.  Gas volumes are
recorded by a Rotameter and  stopwatch,  except when fluctua-
tions in flow are experienced.  Then a dry gasmeter is used to
integrate the total flow. Dust load is determined in a  long
straight section  of  pipe upstream  and downstream. Particle
size is analyzed with the Alpine jet sieve  (for sizes down to 20
micron m)  or the Coulter counter (for  the range 1-50 microns
m). Particle shape is examined with an electron microscope.

33045
Triplett, Gary
ESTIMATION OF PLANT EMISSIONS.  Preprint,  p. 15-27.
1970 (?). 21 refs.
There are times  when it is not possible or practical  to deter-
mine emission rates by stack sampling; in these cases emission
rates may be estimated by utilizing available emission factors.
An emission factor is the statistical average of the mass of
contaminants  emitted/unit  quantity  of  material  handled,
processed, or burned. The emission factor  may also be ex-
pressed as the quantity of contaminant/unit quantity of final
product  or  effluent  volume.  These  factors have  been
developed through stack testing or by material balance calcula-
tions. Emission factors are normally given in terms of uncon-
trolled emissions.  Therefore,  the type  and effectiveness of
control equipment must be considered when calculating emis-
sions from controlled  sources. Particle size distribution and ef-
fective stack height should also be  considered. Emission fac-
tors are given for coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood burning;
solid  waste disposal;  incinerators;  paint manufacturing; the
food and agriculture industry; primary metallurgical processing
including iron and steel manufacturing, open hearth furnaces,
basic oxygen furnaces, electrical arc furnaces, and blast fur-
naces; smelting and foundries  for aluminum, brass, lead mag-
nesium, steel, and zinc; mineral processing of asphalt, calcium
carbide, cement, concrete, glass and lime; petroleum produc-
tion, and the kraft pulp industry. (Author abstract modified)

33953
Jackson, R. and R. A. Granville
MEASUREMENT OF DUST IN FLUE GAS.  Iron Steel Inst.,
London, Spec. Rept., no. 61:119-128, 1958. 7 refs. (Presented
at the  Iron and Steel Institute, Air Pollution Meeting, London,
England, Sept. 25-26,  1957.)
Principles of dust sampling are reviewed, and the design of
sampling equipment is discussed. The primary object in most
dust measurements is to determine the amount of dust passing
through a selected cross-sectional area of a duct. The equip-
ment consists of a probe tube carrying, at the sampling end, a
small high-efficiency  cyclone with a removable dust hopper.
Many  of the iron and  steelmaking processes, particularly those
involving  the use of oxygen, generate an  iron oxide  fume
which is carried  out  of the system in a stream of hot gas.
Since these particles of fume are mainly submicron in size and
cannot be  collected  by a cyclone sampler,  equipment has
therefore  been designed which will permit rapid isokinetic
fume sampling in hot corrosive gases. Dust measurements of
emissions from batch-type and  continuous  sinter plants are
described,  as well as from producer-gas cleaners and open-
hearth furnaces. Results from field tests are presented. Dust
samples collected in various tests were sized by sieving down
to 53 microns.

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 52
                   D.  AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREMENTS
00038
J. Cholak, L.J. Shaffer, D. Yeager
AIR POLLUTION NEAR AN  IRON SLAG  PROCESSING
PLANT.   Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Quart., 15(3):220-225, Sept.
1954.
The plant involved in this investigation made a serious effort
to reduce the emissions of dust,  but when complaints con-
tinued to be received, a survey was made to appraise the con-
ditions in the area. The survey is  of interest because it illus-
trates some of the procedures and equipment useful in the in-
vestigation of problems of this type.  All of the evidence in-
dicated that the contribution of  the plant to the pollution  of
the area, as measured by the quantities of settled dust and by
the quantities of matter suspended in the atmosphere, was
considerable,  although, the total pollution was not excessive as
compared to that of other industrial cities.

05145
J. L. Sullivan
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF POLLUTION BY METAL-
LURGICAL INDUSTRIES IN PORT  KEMBLA (PART I OF
AIR POLLUTION  BY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES).
Australia Dept. of Public Health, Sydney, Division of Occupa-
tional Health.  1962. 62 pp.
Air pollution was surveyed in a metallurgical town, Port Kem-
ble, located on the coast of Australia. Iron and copper ores are
smelted and the major emissions consist of solid particulates
and sulphur dioxide gas. The presence of  the latter is most
noticeable in the wake  of the plume of the stack of the copper
smelter during the north-east winds which prevail in summer.
In winter the  prevailing winds cause industrial pollution to be
blown seawards. Tests  for sulphur dioxide were made by daily
volumetric sampling instruments  and a Thomas automatic
recorder. The  section of the town most severely affected con-
sisted of a swathe of about 200 yards wide and extending to a
point where habitation ceased about 0.6 mile from the 200 feet
high stack of the copper smelter. Daily  readings of the gas
were not spectacular and the highest result  was 0.62 part per
million. During a little more  than three years 24 hour readings
of 0.2 part per million or more  were measured on 39 days.
However, a different picture was obtained  from the continu-
ous recorder.  This showed that high concentrations of sulphur
dioxide  tended to occur in  episodes  of a few hours  each.
Peaks of greater concentration than 5 parts per million were
recorded on numerous occasions and the  maximum for the
sampling period was 13.5 parts per million at a point 0.45 mile
from the source. Complaints of respiratory distress were made
frequently and most householders  had ceased to try to grow
vegetables. Dust-fall rates measured as water insoluble  solids
by a deposit gauge consisting of a six inch diameter conical
glass  funnel  and bottle  were  high  by normal  standards.
Average annual rates varied between  17.9  and  86.1 tons per
square  mile per month. In some locations within a  half mile
from the edge of  the  steel  industries summer dust-fall rates
were found to exceed 100 tons per square mile per month. At
one point a mile  and a  half from the  steel industries the
monthly rate  during 1960 varied between 13.6 and 43.4 tons
per square mile. Smoke densities were found to be low by
comparison with other cities in New  South  Wales despite
frequent evidence of haze. The introduction of oxygen lancing
on open-hearth furnaces,  without control measures,  had little
or  no  effect on  smoke density  levels.  (Author  abstract
modified)

05623
E. C. Tabor and J. E. Meeker
EFFECTS OF THE 1956 STEEL STRIKE  ON AIR POLLU-
TION LEVELS IN SEVERAL COMMUNITIES.  Proc. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 51st, Philadelphia, Pa., 1958.  pp.  24/1-
24/20.
This paper reports the results of a study conducted in several
steel producing communities during and immediately following
the steel strike of July, 1956. The study was limited to the fol-
lowing communities: Homestead, McKeesport, Pittsburgh, and
Donora, Pa.; East Chicago, Ind.; and Birmingham, Ala. A con-
tinuous sampling program for the collection of suspended par-
ticulate matter was set up in all communities. Lower levels
were found while the steel mills were shut down as a result of
the strike than after  the mills  resumed operation.  No dif-
ferences in levels of Sb, Ba, Be, Co, molybdenum, and nitrate
were observed during  the two periods.  Statistical analysis of
data for iron,  zinc,  manganese, lead,  sulfates  and copper
demonstrated that significantly lower values were found during
the strike  period in the following instances: Fe and  Zn in all
communities;  Mn in Birmingham and Donora; Pb in Donora
and East Chicago; sulfates in Allegheny County and Donora;
Cu in none of the communities. In Donora, it was found that
the soiling power of the air during the strike period was half
that of the post strike period. The occurrence of occasional
high levels of pollutants during the strike period indicates that
there  are sources contributing to pollution of the air which
may not be obvious in the presence of an industry which is
frequently looked upon as the major offender.

07406
Terabe, M.
PUBLIC NUISANCE BY AIR POLLUTION. Text in Japanese
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc.,  Tokyo),
2(4):l-6, 1965. 6 refs.
The changes in air pollution problems and pollution by soot,
dust,  and SO2  are  discussed.  While  soot and dust fall
presented the greater problem in the past, SO2 is the present
menace. In Yokkaichi city, 90% of the fuel used is petroleum
and 400 tons  of SO2 gas are emitted each day. A maximum
peak of SO2 concentration was recorded at more than 1 ppm
in the city. Another problem is automobile exhaust gas. In the
past 10 years the number of cars has increased seven-fold. The
chemical composition of the air in Tokyo and in Los Angeles
are tabulated. The concentrations of CO and SO2 are higher in
Tokyo. Measurements of dust and soot fall were  made in
Kawasaki, Tokyo, and Yokohama. The maximum value was
61.2 tons/sq.  km. month in Kawasaki and 56.0 tons/sq. km.
month in Tokyo. The biggest generators of dust and soot are

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                                   D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     53
the power plants, iron, steel, and cement industries. Dust par-
ticles 10 microns in size are radiated to 50 km from a chimney
80 m high by a wind velocity of 3.6 m/sec. The amount of sul-
fur in heavy  oil  used in industry  is  tabulated. Yokkaichi
asthma has  become an issue since 1962. About 10% of the
citizens over SO has asthmatic disease in 1963 in Isazu in Yok-
kaichi city. Asthmatic disease increases when SO2 reaches a
concentration above 0.3 ppm. Yokohama-Tokyo asthma is also
mentioned. SO2 concentration in Kawasaki is higher than in
Tokyo. In 1964, the average  range was 0.010  to 0.094 ppm in
Tokyo and 0.041 to 0.115 ppm in Kawasaki.

10618
George Graue,  and Helmut Nagul
DETECTION  AND  REMOVAL  OF FLUORINE IN  THE
WASTE GASES OF  A STEELWORKS AND  MEASURING
AIR QUALITY IN ITS SURROUNDINGS.   Staub (English
translation),  28(1):9-17, Jan. 1968. 5 refs.  CFSTI:  TT 68-
50448/1
Air-quality measurements of fluorides  were taken near a large
steelworks for  a period of three years. They revealed that the
positioning of the measuring devices is of decisive importance.
For example, gross errors  are liable to  occur if ore dust en-
trained near ground level is  included. After eliminating  such
errors the total precipitation of fluoride in the course  of 3
years was established as between 2 and 6  mg/sq.m./day. No
free fluorine  is  emitted  by steelworks,  although  gaseous
fluoride compounds can occur. Downstream  of metallurigcal
furnaces,  particularly  where 'brown smoke*  is emitted, this
fluorine is partically  completely adsorbed on  the dust. Con-
sequently, even when using excessive quantities of fluorite, it
is retained by the  dust collectors just  like the dust itself. It is
irrelevant whether wet or dry collectors are used. Accordingly,
there is no reason to avoid the use of  fluorite in steel making,
provided  efficient  collecting units are  used. Emission of coal-
fired boiler plants is less governed by the fluoride content of
coal than by the more or less basic character of the ash. Emis-
sion of this origin  can be largely prevented by dust collection.
(Authors' conclusions, modified)

23391
Heller, A.
REPORT  ON THE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH OF  THE
INSTITUTE FOR WATER,  SOIL AND AIR-HYGIENE  IN
THE  FEDERAL HEALTH OFFICE  OF THE TOWN  DIS-
TRICT OF  DUISBURG DURING THE YEARS 1954/1956.
World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark), Regional
Office for Europe, Proc. Conf. Public  Health Aspects Air Pol-
lution Europe,  Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 284-296. (Nov. 6-14.)
Following complaints about air pollution from the ironworks,
coal mines, and chemical plants in the town of Duisburg, dust
and waste gas emissions  inside and  outside factories and
plants were measured from 1954-1956.  In  1954, 35 mg sulfur
was recorded 300 m from  a sulfuric acid plant and 20 mg in
the vicinity of  another chemical plant. By 1956, the values
were lower due to more effective acid-washing processes. A
comparison of the results of the interior and outdoor measure-
ments showed that the effect of waste gas in general reaches
only about 3 km downwind under normal weather conditions.
However, smoke and waste gas  streams in the Duisburg area
are often superimposed on each other, since  the plants are
crowded  into a narrow zone. The result is a nuisance to the
population, despite numerous measures taken by the firms to
control air pollution.  Zoning laws are  needed to prevent the
construction of new factories in residential districts. Where ex-
isting plants are in close proximity to residences, the effect of
emissions should be reduced by buffer strips. New residential
communities should not be built in the prevailing downwind
direction from  industries  producing smoke, dust, odors,  or
discharging sour gas. In some cases, the construction of tall
chimneys may be required  to protect the population from im-
moderate waste gas concentrations.

24227
Randerson, Darryl
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MN AND BR IN AN URBAN AREA
AS REVEALED THROUGH ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.   At-
mos. Environ., 4(3):249-257, May 1970. 8 refs.
In an attempt to identify some of the components of air pollu-
tion in Houston, fifteen high-volume samplers  were operated
continuously  for 24-hr  periods.  The  major industries  in
Houston  consist of oil refineries  and petrochemical plants as
well as secondary manufacturers such as steel mills, fertilizer
companies, and paper mills. Filter papers from one day  of
sampling were irradiated in a thermal neutron flux and the
resulting   radio-  nuclides  were  identified.  Manganese  and
bromine were detected. The primary source of Mn compounds
probably would  be process losses  from cement  companies,
chemical companies, and a steel mill located upwind from the
sampling stations, while it is proposed that the Br compounds
may have originated from  ethyl fuel combustion.  During one
24-hr period,  the concentrations  of Mn ranged from 0.02 to
0.56 micrograms inverse cu m while those of Br ranged from
0.04 to 1.09 micrograms inverse cu m. The spatial distributions
of these two elements were related to the meteorological con-
ditions. Patterns of concentration appeared to be related to the
predominant direction of wind. Depending on the elements to
be detected, the average cost per sample is estimated to be
between $50 and $100. (Author abstract modified)

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 54
              F.  BASIC  SCIENCE   AND  TECHNOLOGY
08439
R. A. Nishchii, I. A. Brazgin
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE
OF SMELTING DUSTS.  ((Primenenie  metoda  elektronnoi
difraktsii dlya  izucheniya strukturnogo  sostova  plavil'nykh
pylei.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.),
32(4-6):236-241,  April-June 1967. 2 refs. CFSTI: XT 67-51409/2
A detailed study of the structure of dust by electron diffrac-
tion was made. By  means of a rotary device, samples were
taken directly from the smoke column (above the arc furnace),
and from the steelworkers' breathing  zone.  The diffraction
patterns of the  samples were studied by electron microscope.
The diffraction image is formed because of the wave character
of the electrons. When  it encounters the lattice  atoms,  the
electron wave is diffracted and reproduces the diffraction of
the atoms of chemical compounds on a photographic plate. By
electron  diffraction  and microdiffraction it was  possible to
determine the composition of industrial dust discharged into
the aerial  medium  from the  electric-arc furnaces.  Dust
generated by the manufacture of refractory alloys and  steels
consists mainly  of compounds with a complex physico-chemi-
cal structure, including complex silicates of iron, aluminum,
chromium,  manganese,  etc.  The chemical composition  of
smelting dust depends upon several factors, such as the grade
of steel, the  technological process, the  smelting stage, etc.
With the method proposed for the study of the structural com-
position of dust, it is possible to apply the electron diffraction
method to hygienic investigations.

08572
Sunavala, P. D.
COMPUTATIONS  ON  INCOMPLETE  COMBUSTION  J.
Mines, Metals Fuels (Calcutta), 15(8):242-244, Aug. 1967.
Incomplete  combustion found in the use of equipment such as
blast furnaces,  cupolas,  gas producers and  partial oxidation
processes for the manufacture of synthesis gas was mathe-
matically analyzed from: (1) CO2 max relations; (2) extension
of earlier calculations on complete combustion; and (3) direct
elemental balances. The utility of the CO2 max relation arises
from the fact that it can be calculated both from the fuel gas
as well as the flue gas compositions. Equations for calculating
the carbon monoxide content in the flue gases from the carbon
dioxide and oxygen analysis are provided in a table. For mixed
gas practices in  steel  plants, the volume ratio of blast furnace
gas to coke oven gas, can be  evaluated by using CO2 max
relations. The direct elemental  balances method employs  the
development of  equations for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen balances in the fuel gas and the flue gases in terms of
the unknown parameters which can be evaluated. The ratio of
nm to the third power  blast  furnace gas to nm to  the third
power coke oven gas in mixed gas practice can be calculated.
Fro the straight combustion of any fuel gas, relations  ob-
tained, depending on the carbon, hydrogen and  oxygen,  as
well as the carbon and nitrogen balances, ar e given. Equa-
tions are provided for the air/fuel and  flue and flue gas/fuel
gas ratio by volume, if the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
balances are employed.
10473L
Kosaka, M. and S. Minowa
EFFECT OF RATE OF CARBON ELIMINATION UPON THE
FORMATION OF OXIDE FUMES IN THE OXYGEN BLOW-
ING (OF STEEL). Tetsu to Hagane,50(ll:17 1738, 1964. 8 refs.
Translated from Japanese, Henry Brutcher Technical Transla-
tions, Altadena,  Calif., HB-6413,  10p.,  1964. Available from
Henry Brutcher  Technical  Translations,  P. O.  Box  157
Alatadena, Calif. 91001
The reaction kinetics  and mechanism  of carbon  elimination
and iron  oxide fume formation in steelmaking were studied in
a laboratory scale oxygen-lance furnace.  The elimination rate
of carbon was fou to be an erratic function of the carbon con-
tent in the melt.  Iron oxide fume production was found to be
very small for carbon content of 1.5 to 2.05, proportional to
carbon content between 2.0 and 3.55 carbon, and irregular to
contant  when carbon  content was above 3.5. The  effect of
melt surface area on fume production was small, leadi to  the
assumption that  reaction  is  localized to the region directly
below the oxygen lance. An equation is presented relating  the
fume formation to the conditions prevailing in the system.

10717
Woehlbier, F. H. and G. W. P. Rengstorff
PRELIMINARY  STUDY  OF GAS  FORMATION  DURING
BLAST-FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION WITH WATER.
Preprint, Batelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, (12)p., 1968.
(Presented at the 61st  Annual  Meeting of the Air  Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 26, 1968, Paper 68-
136.)
The reactions between liquid slag and water or steam were
studied in the laboratory and by thermochemical analysis. The
experimental approach was to melt 100 grams of slag in a gra-
phite crucible and to drop the liquid slag into a closed con-
tainer partially  filled with water. After the slag  had been
granulated in this way, the gas in the granulating chamber was
analyzed. The experimental procedures were designed to study
the gas-forming chemical  reaction rather than simulate plant
practice in the granulation of slag. The experimental results,
which were shown to be well reproducible indicate that major
gaseous reaction products include hydrogen  and H2S. Under
these particular experimental conditions,  very little SO2 was
formed. A 300 F  decrease in slag temperature prior to granula-
tion decreases the amount of H2S formed by about one order
of magnitude. The amount of H2S formed is directly propor-
tional to  the amount of hydrogen formed. The characteristics
of the quenching process, e.g., the amount of water used,for
granulation, have an effect on  H2S formation. A water-slag
reaction mechan- ism is proposed according to which a reduc-
ing H2-H2O film is  developed at the slag-steam interface in
which the H2S can form and in which it is dept from burning
to S/2. Before it reaches more oxidizing areas outside the H2-
H2O layer, the H2S  is then cooled below the critical reaction
temperature by the quenching action of the water. Introducing
oxygen into the slag  before granulation appears to prevent  the
formation of H2S. The propos- ed slag-water interaction model
suggests  several  ways by which H2S formation during  blast-

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                               F. BASIC  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                                                    55
furnace  slag  granulation  might  be  suppressed  but more
research is needed to determine their validity. (Au- thors' sum-
mary, modified)

13084
Richardson, F. D. and J. H. E. Jeffes
THE THERMODYNAMICS OF SUBSTANCES OF INTEREST
IN IRON AND STEEL MAKING, m. SULFIDES. J. Iron Steel
Inst. (London), vol. 171:165-175, June 1952. 66 refs.
A survey was made of available data on the thermodynamics
of sulfides and gaseous sulfur compounds of interest in iron
and steel making. The results are  plotted on free energy  vs
temperature diagrams, and equations and likely accuracies are
quoted for each substance. One free energy diagram includes
those gaseous sulfides of interest in furnace or laboratory  in-
vestigations. The metal sulfide free energy diagram includes a
number of metals which are not of direct interest in iron and
steel  making, such  as platinum,  indium, and  molybdenum,
because their behavior limits their use as containers and heat-
ing elements in laboratory investigations in sulfide  systems.
The non-stoichiometry of metal sulfides is discussed.

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 56
                         G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN  HEALTH
00021
J. J. Schueneman, M. D. High, and W. E. Bye
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE IRON AND STEEL IN-
DUSTRY. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution. (999-AP-l.) June 1963. 34 pp.
This report is a summary of published and other information
on the air pollution aspects  of the iron and steel industry, in-
cluding  coke plants  incident thereto.  Processes, equipment,
and raw materials are  briefly  described. Air pollutant emis-
sions and means for their control are discussed in detail, with
respect  to sintering;  coke production; blast furnaces; oipen
hearth, Bessemer, electric, and basic oxygen steek-making fur-
naces; and other operations. The effects of pollutants on com-
munity  air quality are described,  and knowledge  of  health
aspects  of pollutants is  summarized. Laws regulating pollutant
emissions are  given, and control  equipment  and  measures
needed to comply with certain laws are listed. (Author)

05146
A. Bell
THE EFFECTS ON THE  HEALTH OF THE RESIDENTS OF
EAST PORT KEMBLA (PART D OF AIR POLLUTION BY
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES).  Public Health Dept., Syd-
ney, Australia, Div. of Occupational Health, 1962. 153pp.
948 residents East Port Kembla were asked  a standardized
questionnaire in order to determine the prevalence of chronic
bronchitis. Smaller numbers  of people underwent a pulmonary
function and sputum test. Individual findings for the regions of
high and low pollution were  compared. Residents were specifi-
cally questioned to determine the prevalence of nasal catarrh,
whether head colds 'settled  on the chest',  number of times
they were confined to bed because of chest illnesses, wheeze,
cough, phlegm, and  dyspnoea.  Out of the 471 people who
agreed to participate  in the tests designed  to determine how
many have sputum, 333 were found to be so affected. The na-
ture of the samples returned suggests that the bronchitis
present  in the area is  of a mild type. The results of the pulmo-
nary  function  tests  did  not show  important  differences
between the residents in the separate areas.  It does not appear
that the longer a person lives in any of the three areas, the
more likely he or she  may develop a lower pulmonary function
value. Of the people examined in January, 160 were requested
to  undergo a second lung test in August. The results found on
the two occasions differed very little. Out of the people inter-
viewed  6.7%  were  diagnosed as  suffering  from chronic
bronchitis.

07472
Roshchin, I. V.
THE EFFECT ON  THE ORGANISM  OF  THE AEROSOL
LIBERATED BY  THE BESSEMER PROCESS.  ((Aerozol1,
obrazuyushchiisya pri konvertemom peredele chuguna, i ego
gigienicheskaya otsenka.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English  translation of:
Gigiena  i Sanit.), 32(l):31-36, Jan. 1967. CFSTI: TT67-51409/1
Over a period of several years, the dust factor was studied in
the course of all the principal operations involved at a smelter.
The dust concentrations in the vicinity of the converter, mixer
and crane operators were very considerable; the dust concen-
tration in the air of the shop was stable. The largest quantity
of aerosol  came from the converter necks. Less  dust  was
generated in the course of mixing, pouring the pig iron, charg-
ing the ore and discharging the  semi-finished products  and
slags. Electron microscopy showed that in the disperse phase,
spherical particles, characteristic  of a condensation aerosol,
predominated. Chemical analysis  of 20 samples  of the dust
aspirated from the air and deposited on the equipment showed
3.4 to 5.2% of total SiO2 and 1 to 2.1%  free SiO2 in the
disperse  phase, while the carbon content reached 1%.  The
content of the other admixtures, -chromium, manganese  and
vanadium and  sulfur-did  not  exceed 0.5%  each. As  the
chromium, manganese and vanadium in the dust are trivalent,
their toxicity is relatively low. About 85-93% of the disperse
phase is made up of iron oxides. On X-ray examination pneu-
moconiosis was  found in  7  workers and suspected pneu-
moconiosis in 3 workers. Four workers showed stage JJ pneu-
moconiosis,  while in the rest it was in the first stage.  The
capability of aerosol from the converter shops to cause pneu-
moconiosis was confirmed by intratracheally administering 50
mg portions of settled dust, in the form of a suspension, to 30
albino rats weighing 180 to 230 g. The animals were kept under
observation  for about  15  months. Groups  of  animals were
killed at 3-month intervals and their organs were microscopi-
cally examined. Animals autopsied three months after adminis-
tration of the dust  showed a mild acinous emphysema  and
small subpleural accumulations of dust. Animals killed after 6
months showed increased pulmonary emphysema, and after 15
months this was still more marked. No pathological changes
were  found in other internal organs. It is recommended  that
the maximum permissible dust level in converter shops should
be 6 mg/cu m.

08232
SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE AIR. Brit. Med. J., No. 5432, p.
339-400, Feb. 13, 1965.
One  of the  main contaminants of the  atmosphere in Great
Britain  is  sulphur  dioxide. It  is released whenever  car-
bonacesous fuels con- tabling sulphur, such as coal, coke,  and
oil, are burnt, and it has irritant and corrosive properties. Con-
centrations of sulphur  dioxide  in the city  of  London have
averaged 0.11 p.p.m. in the summer and 0.17 p.p.m. in winter.
The highest recorded concentration of sulphur dioxide in the
London  smog of 1962 was 1.98  p.p.m.  measured  over  one
hour.  Since the introduction of the Clean Air Act in 1956 the:
concentration of smoke in smoke-control areas has fallen appr-
ciably, but the concentration of sulphur dioxide has not  fol-
lowed suit because the technical difficulties are such that is
has been considered impractible to impose restrictions on its
emission.  At present there is  no single  way  of  removing
sulphur dioxide, but much can and should be done to keep the
concentration of this corrosive and possibly harmful gas in the
atmosphere as low as possible.

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                                      G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                      57
08441
Egorova, T. S.
SOME DATA CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF LOW AT-
MOSPHERIC  CONCENTRATIONS OF SILICON  DIOXIDE
ON CHILD HEALTH.  ((Nekotorye dannye o vliyanii malykh
kontsentratsee dvuokisi kremniya v atmosfemom vozdukhe na
zdorov'e detskogo naseleniya.)) Hyg. Sanit.  (English transla-
tion of: Gigiena i  Sanit.), 32(4-6):280-284,  April-June 1967. 5
refs. CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The determination of th e level of atmospheric pollution by sil-
ica around a factory manufacturing ferrosilicon alloys and its
effect on  child health was attempted. The atmospheric dust
content was studied at the level of human respiration. Air sam-
ples were  taken within a radius of 3 km by means of a truck
aspirator on filters AFA-18. The samples (136) were tested for
total dust  concentration,  concentration of free silica, and the
percentage content of the latter in the dust. The effect  of in-
dustrial discharges was studied by health statistical analysis of
disease incidence in children, based on data of pediatric  medi-
cal consultations,  clinical examination of children and data on
their physical development, and a special questionnaire for the
population concerned with the effects on  health and  living
conditions of the discharges. For comparability of data on the
health of children residing in the area with polluted air and in
the control district, studies were made of the  livin g and
dwelling conditions of the children and the economic means of
their families.  In  the absence  of  special installations for the
treatment   of  gases,  these gases  caused  considerable  at-
mospheric  pollution. Concentrations of finely dispersed dust
were 1.75  to 3.1 mg/cu m, considerably in excess of the max-
imum permissible concentration of 'nontoxic dust.'  Some of
the determinations revealed the presence of 30-66% of free sil-
ica which  is the most toxic component of the discharges. At-
mospheric pollution by the discharges has  an unfavorable ef-
fect on  the health of children, causing an increased overall
morbidity  and a higher incidence of respiratory infections and
otorhinological  disorders; moreover, the children's physical
development lagged  as  compared  to controls.  Industrial
discharges have an unfavorable effect on the sanitary and liv-
ing conditions  of the population.  These finding proved the
necessity  for installations for the treatment  of  atmospheric
discharges from furnaces producing ferrosilicon alloys and for
a sanitary-protective zone  separating the plants  and the re-
sidential area.

08575
Mazina, D. V.
CARBON  MONOXIDE POISONING DURING SHUT-OFF OF
THE  BURNER  BLOWERS  OF  THE  AIR  HEATERS  IN
BLAST  FURNACES.    ((Otravleniya  okisyu ugleroda  pri
ostanovke ventilyatorov gorelok vozdukhonogrevatelei domen-
nykh  pechei.)) Text in  Russina.  Gigiena  Truda  i  Prof.
Zabolevaniya (Moscow),  10(12):54-55, Dec. 1966.
Three cases of carbon monoxide  leakage causing 2 fatalities
and 5 heavy and medium poisoning of blast furnace personnel
occurred in the Zaporozhiestal and Dneprostal  Steel Plants
within the past 8 years. The incidents were caused by discon-
nection of the blowers in the air heaters when the gas nozzles
were  fully  open.  To prevent  similar  accidents, a  control
system was installed which automatically  turns off the gas
nozzles  when  the  blowers  stop. Such  measures are recom-
mended also for Cowper  heaters in other plants.
10396
R. V. Borisenkova, T. A. Kochetkova, A. V. Kozlova
THE PROBLEM OF  THE INTERMITTENT ACTION  OF
DUST.   (K voprosu ob intermittiruyushchem deistvii  pyli.)
Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya 12(2):6-
13, 1968. 5 refs.
Six groups of albino rats were exposed to ore dust containing
69.5% Si02,  14.7% Z1203. 5.46% iron oxides, etc. The groups
were exposed to different concentrations, ranging from  50 to
500 mg./cu m, and for  different periods of time. The product
of  exposure  time  and concentration  was  the same for all
groups so that groups  exposed at a high concentration were
exposed  for a shorter time and conversely. Determination of
pulmonary collagen  lipids,  and dust contents as well as micro-
scopic examination, showed that 6-12 months after the inhala-
tions the histochemical changes were similar in all groups. In
particular, the group exposed to a lower concentration  for a
longer period of  time exhibited more pronounced pneu-
moconiotic symptoms. The group exposed to higher concentra-
tions for a shorter period of time exhibited more pronounced
pneumoconiotic symptoms. The group  exposed to higher con-
centrations for a shorter period of time exhibited more severe
changes in the upper respiratory tract.

11575
Laurence, K. M., C. O. Carter and P. A. David
MAJOR  CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFORMATIONS
IN  SOUTH WALES. I. INCIDENCE,  LOCAL VARIATIONS
AND GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS.  Brit. J. Prv.  Soc. Med.,
21:146-160, 1967. 47 refs.
The total births, 1956-62, for 12 areas in  South Wales  are
given in  a table.  The incidence per 1,000 total births of anen-
cephaly,  spina bifida, and hydrocephalus (and the number of
cases) is  given in a table for the 12 areas studied.  The bulk of
the population lives in  townships  which are mostly industrial
and in straggling industrial communities and villages. Certain
towns with light industry and an average population density of
4.8 persons/acre have  incidences  of malformations of about
11.7/1000 live births. In a relatively flat agricultural area (three
small country towns with a total population of less thn  7000)
with a population density of less than 0.6/acre the malforma-
tion incidence was  5.6 and 4.3 in the two districts studied.
There seemed to be  a rural-urban gradient in incidence. In Port
Talbot, with a large steelworks, the incidence in wards which
do  not get  the  prevailing winds from the steelworks  was
5.0/1000  live births while in the remaining  wards it  was
8.0/1000  live births. The local incidence, population density,
type of  locality (industrial, agricultural,),  area,  number of
cases,  total  births, population density,  and incidence/1000
births are all given in a  table. Local variations are discussed in
the  light  of geological background,  water  supply, rainfall,
sunshine, background radiation, radioactive fallout, population
density,  and urban/rural  areas. None seems to  explain  the
local differences.

16113
Kuroda, S. and K. Kawahata
ON THE OCCUPATIONAL ORIGIN OF LUNG CANCER IN
GAS-GENERATOR WORKERS. Z. Krebsforsch., 45(l):36-39,
1936. Translated from  German by Z.  Knowles, National  In-
stitutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Div. of Research Services,
5p., Feb.  15, 1969.
The origin and clinical aspects of lung cancer in gas-generator
workers in steel  plants  were discussed. Twelve cases of lung
cancer were found in three years in gas-workers. The average

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 58
IRON AND STEEL  MILLS
 age of the patients was 42.5 years and the average length of
 occupation as a gas worker was 15.5 years. Early signs of lung
 cancer were an irritating cough, a feeling of anxiety, a pain in
 the side, cardialgia, headaches,  bloody  sputum,  and facial
 edema.  During the course of  the illness,  all patients com-
 plained of throat irritation. In the majority of cases, the tumor
 was found in the upper lung  levels on the right  side. Gas-
 generator workers are in close vicinity to the furnace and are
 forced to inhale  the hot brownish  gas  and fine dust that
 usually contains large amount of tars known to contain car-
 cinogens. The carcinogenic substances  in tar were being ex-
 plored.

 22118
 Bell, Alan and John L. Sullivan
 AIR  POLLUTION  BY  METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES.
 Public Health Dept., Sydney (Australia), Air Pollution Control
 Branch, 203p., 1962. 83 refs.
 Tests for sulfur dioxide were made in Port Kembla, Australia,
 where iron and copper  ores  are  smelted, and  947 residents
 were  sent  a questionnaire to  determine the  prevalence  of
 chronic bronchitis, with smaller numbers undergoing a pulmo-
 nary function and sputum test. An eastern section of town, in
 the vicinity  of the copper smelter, was the  major source  of
 SO2. Gas readings were not spectacular by  daily volumetric
 sampling and an automatic recorder, but a continuous recorder
 showed that high  concentrations of SO2 occurred in episodes
 of a few hours each. The highest result was  0.62 ppm by the
 former method, while peaks of concentrations greater than 5
 ppm  were recorded by the latter approach.  Prevailing winds
 produced higher  concentrations during  the  summer months
 when  they blow frequently from a north-east direction, while
 pollution is blown seawards during the winter months when
 westerly  winds prevail.  When  measured as water insoluble
 solids by a  deposit gauge consisting of a six inch diameter
 conical glass funnel and bottle,  summer  dust-fall rates ex-
 ceeded 100 tons per square mile/month within a half mile from
 the steel industries, but smoke densities were  low by com-
 parison with other cities in New South Wales despite frequent
 evidence of  haze. A larger percentage of people living in the
 area of high pollution considered that they were suffering from
 either chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma than in the case
 of the low pollution area, and only a few people complained of
 symptoms  unrelated  to  the  respiratory  tract.  Differences
 between  the findings for the two areas were statistically sig-
nificant,  7 times  for women  and 3  times  for men, when
 questioned to the prevalence of nasal catarrh, whether head
 colds settled on the chest, number of times they were confined
 to bed because of chest illnesses, wheeze, cough, phlegm, and
 dyspnea.  A higher percentage  of  men wheezed and were af-
fected by cough  and phlegm  tha was the  case for a small
 group of Englishmen who  never worked in the dusty occupa-
 tions,  although this was not the situation when compared with
 English foundry employees. Out of the 333 sputa collected in
East Port Kembla,  84.7%  were mucoid and 15.3% of a mu-
copurulent nature, while pulmonary function tests showed no
 statistically significant differences between the two areas, ex-
 cept for  females  aged 70-84.  Dental  evidence suggested that
 some external influence might be exerting a harmful effect on
 the gingival tissues of young people living in the area of high
pollution.

24212
AIR ALERT: PART 1.  Sciences,  10(10):5-8, 34-36,  Oct. 1970.
9 refs.
                   Related to demography, climate, human and plant physiology,
                   politics and law as well as economics,  air pollution control is
                   more complex than most other environmental problems. It is
                   estimated that each year up to 1 times 10 to the 12th power
                   tons of emissions from natural and man-made  sources enter
                   the global atmosphere. The most prolific single source of pol-
                   lution is automotive vehicles, contributing  90.5 million tons of
                   a total 213.8 million tons of emissions yearly. The National Air
                   Pollution Control Administration, is compiling a list  of some
                   30 pollutants that, it believes, must be abated because of their
                   relative abundance and toxicity. In the presence of sunlight
                   and air, these fairly  simple chemicals produce the secondary
                   pollutants ozone, nitrogen dioxide, the aldehydes, singlet ox-
                   ygen and  peroxyacetyl nitrate which make up  photochemical
                   smog.  The  cost  of  respiratory illnesses  aggravated, if  not
                   caused, by air pollution has recently been  estimated at $2 bil-
                   lion a year. Damage  from such airborne pollutants as carbon
                   monoxide,  sulfur  dioxide,  nitrogen  oxides   and  ozone,
                   polynuclear hydrocarbons, peroxyacyl nitrates, fly ash, lead,
                   vanadium, and other  trace metal is just  beginning to be as-
                   sessed,  but  a  link has already been established between air
                   pollution levels and increased death rates from coronary heart
                   disease  and strokes.  A close relationshi was found  between
                   continuing exposure to air pollution and asthma and eczema in
                   children under 15, especially boys under five. Two New York
                   City researchers have been studying the link between deaths in
                   the city and sulfur dioxide  levels. Airborne asbestos particles
                   are  doubly  dangerous  pollutants  because   they   absorb
                   molecules of such gases as SO2. As the result of a collective
                   air  clean-up program  by  citizens, industry and  local govern-
                   ment, the nation's steelmaking center has  become one of the
                   country's  cleaner industrial cities. Before the clean-up, Pitt-
                   sburgh was  showered  with 170 tons of fine particulates  per
                   square mile  a month;  visibility was so  poor that street lamps
                   were turned on at noon. This year, a new law went into effect,
                   more firmly restricting smoke and dust  emissions and, for the
                   first time, limiting the amount of sulfur  that can be discharged
                   into the atmosphere. Alert warning and  emergency procedures
                   have been established; when  meteorologists predict an inver-
                   sion period  of  36 hours  or more, industry is warned to  cut
                   back on emissions.

                   24586
                   Wefring, K.
                   PNEUMONIA IN THE AREA OF THE SAUDA FACTORIES
                   OF RYFLYKE. Tidsskr. Norske Laegeforen., vol. 49:553-568,
                   602-612, 1929. Translated from Norwegian.  25p.
                   A description is provided of an investigation in a Norwegian
                   town wherein the residents were blaming a high incidence of
                   pneumonia accompanied by an abnormally high mortality rate
                   on  the smoke from a local ferromanganese plant. It is con-
                   cluded that the function of the plant in the spread of the dis-
                   ease is  to provide the point of  contact  for the contageous
                   transfer of a highly virulent strain of pneumococcus; no case
                   could be presented for causation  by the smoke or any of its
                   constituents. The remedy suggested is innoculation of the in-
                   habitants and isolation of pneumonia patients.

                   26136
                   Tauda, F.
                   PRESENT  SITUATION AND OUTLOOK OF  FLUORIDES
                   AIR  POLLUTION  PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY-TACK-
                   LING WITH ALUMINUM SMELTING POLLUTION. (Fuk-
                   kabutsu ni yoru taiki osen boshi  gijutsu no genjo to tenbo -
                   arumi seiren kogai ni torikumu). Text in Japanese.  Kinzoku
                   (Metals) (Tokyo), 41(1):122-125, Jan. 1 and 15, 1971. 9 refs.

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                                      G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                     59
 Sources of fluoride pollution and the effects of fluorides on
 man  and  plants  are  reviewed.  Aluminum  electrolysis uses
 cryolite which is 54% fluoride. Raw materials  containing
 fluorides are also used in  the production of phosphate fertil-
 izers  and iron and steel.  Raw  materials containing  smaller
 amounts of fluorides are required for the production of glass
 fibers, bricks, tiles, cement,  and porcelain. Coal  burned by
 thermal power stations can be a problem since coals  contain
 20-295 ppm of fluorides, averaging 120 ppm. Fluorides affect
 plants more than  any  other atmospheric pollutant,  accumulat-
 ing in a large number of species in polluted areas. Fluorides
 affect man in two ways,  directly through air pollution or in-
 directly through contaminated vegetation. They are present in
 considerable amounts in both green vegetables and rice. Symp-
 toms  of chronic fluoride  poisoning in man are  abnormal
 hardening  of  bones  and   spots on  teeth.  Cases of  chronic
 poisoning have appeared among  workers exposed  to  cryolite
 dust  and among  individuals  whose drinking water contains
 more  than  6 ppm fluorides Existing technology, the use of
 scrubbers  for controlling  fluoride emissions  from  aluminum
 electrolysis or electric furnaces, is effective only  with concen-
 trations up  to 1 ppm.  New production technologies should be
 developed which dispense  with the use of raw materials con-
 taining fluorides.

 26577
 Suzuki, Y.
 ON ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION BY MANGANESE.  (Man-
 gan ni yoru kankyo osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.  Sangyo
 Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health),  12(ll):529-533, Dec. 1970. 11 refs.
 The effects of manganese on the central nervous system have
 been  frequently observed in Japan, and manganese poisoning
 is considered an occupational disease. However, cases of Mn-
 induced pneumonia have not been reported.  In the present stu-
 dy, the incidence of  pneumonia among workers at a ferro-
 manganese  factory was 0.41% compared to 0.019% for other
 enterprises. The number of pneumonia  patients in a hospital
 near  a  factory handling  Mn was higher than in  a  control
 hospital (5.00% for those living within 1.8 km of the hospital
 and 4.90%  for those  living  within  1.5 km of the  control
 hospital). Of the  steel-mill workers surveyed, 20% had had
 pneumonia in the past, most of whom had worked in the elec-
 tric furnace shop. The amount of Mn in  the workshop  at-
 mosphere was less than 1.9 mg/cu nm. The incidence of pneu-
 monia among railroad  workers near an Mn factory  was 10.7%
 in contrast to 2.7% for other railroad workers. These findings
 suggest that comprehensive studies  should be undertaken of
 the relationship between Mn and pneumonia.

 28042
 Baetjer, Anna M.
 CHRONIC   EXPOSURES   TO   ADR  POLLUTANTS   AND
ACUTE INFECTIOUS RESPIRATOR DISEASES.   Arch. Ind.
Hyg.  Occupational  Med.,  2(4):400-406, Oct. 1950. 23  refs.
 (Presented at the U. S. Technical Conference on Ai Pollution,
Health Panel, Washington,  D. C., May 4, 1950.)
A brief summary  is given  of knowledge of the effects of  air
pollutants on  susceptibility to acute infectious diseases of the
respiratory  tract,  on the basis of published data on occupa-
tional  exposures and animal experimentation. Nontoxic dusts,
smoke, irritant gases  and  fumes, and carbon monoxide are
discussed. Data obtained from studies of the health of persons
who have been exposed to specific chemical contaminants of
the air have not yielded any definite  evidence that chronic in-
halation of such chemical contaminants in low concentrations
affects susceptibility to acute infections of  the respiratory
tract. Similarly,  the few experiments  which have been per-
formed on laboratory animals have yielded  chiefly  negative
results. However, the data available at present are entirely in-
sufficient to enable one to draw any definit conclusions. The
need for fundamental research on physiologic effects, effects
on susceptibility to infectious diseases, industri morbidity, and
epidemiological patterns is stressed.

28556
Adler, P., W. D. Armstrong, Muriel E. Bell, B. R. Bhussry, W.
Buettner, H. D. Cremer, V. Demole, Y. Ericson, I. Gedalia,
H. C. Hodge, G. N. Jenkins, S. S. Jolly, E. J. Largent, N. C.
Leone, T. G. Ludwig, A. E. Martin, G.  Minoguchi, J. C.
Muhler, E. R. Schlesinger, A. H. Siddiqui, L. Singer, A.
Singh, F. A. Smith, G. K. Stookey, D. R. Taves, P.
Venkateswarlu, J. C. Weatherell, S. M.  Weidmann, and I.
Zipkin
FLUORIDES   AND  HUMAN  HEALTH.     (Fluoride  und
menschliche Gesundheit). Text in German. Oeffentl.  Gesund-
heitswesen (Stuttgart), 33(3):173- 182, 1971. 3 refs.
Fluorides present in atmospheric dust and gases are an impor-
tant health hazard, since fluoride ions are almost completely
retained in the lung.  The  world consumption  of  calcium
fluoride (for steel production and other purposes) amounts to
more than 2 million tons per year. Several  times 200,000 tons
of CaF2 are produced in the United States alone. Since long-
term exposure to high fluorine  concentrations is harmful,
elimination by the body is  of  importance. Fluorides  are
eliminated by the feces, urine, sweat,  and  in small quqntities
by skin. Most of the fluorine is discharged with the urine. A
long-term intake of more than 2 to 8 mg/day fluoride causes
abnormal density of bones.

31664
Yoshizaki, Kazuko
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH  OF THE CITIZEN IN
PETROLEUM CHEMICAL  INDUSTRY CITIES AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PART 1. ECOLOGICAL AND
GENERAL STUDY ON THE  RELATION BETWEEN THE
TREND  OF  COMMUNITY  HEALTH AND LIVING  EN-
VIRONMENT  OF  THE INHABITANTS  IN  TOKUYAMA
HEALTH CENTER DISTRICT FROM A VIEWPOINT  OF
MORTALITY  BY MAJOR CAUSES.   (Sekiyukagakukogyo
toshimin no hokendoko to kankyoosen. Dai 1 pen. Shuyoshiin-
betsu shiboritsu kara mita Tokuyama hokensho kannai jumin
no hokendoko to seikatsu kankyo to  no kankei ni  tsuiteno
seitaigakuteki   gaikanteki  kosatsu).  Text   in  Japanese.
Yamaguchi Sangyo Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Rept.  Soc. Yamaguchi
Ind.  Health),  no.  17:48-61, Dec. 1970.  72 refs. The following
matters were considered: deaths by major causes  of about
220,000 inhabitants in three cities and three towns within the
jurisdiction of Tokuyama Health Center during 1958-1965; the
relation between death  rates for major diseases,  soil, and air
pollution;  and the relation between the growth of school chil-
dren from  six  to  17-years-old as of  1965 with local environ-
mental conditions, mainly of  soil. Regions studied  were di-
vided into petrochemical industrial cities, steel and iron indus-
trial  cities, and agricultural-mountainous villages. Major causes
of death were divided into two categories, that is, ectogene-
ous,  infectious diseases (tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis,
diarrhea, and enteritis) and endogeneous,  constitutional dis-
eases (cerebral hemorrhage and cancer). Regional alteration in
the death rate for each category was investigated for an earlier
period  (1958-1961) and a later one (1962-1965). Consequently,
regional differences in death rates for both categories did not
alter too much annually, and  regional  accumulation was ob-

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60
IRON AND STEEL  MILLS
served in death rates. A marked degree of regional accumula-
tion was noted in the category of endogeneous, constitutional
diseases. Distribution of  deaths from endogeneous, constitu-
tional diseases was close connected with soil reactions. Com-
parison of alteration  in regional death rates during the earlier
and the later periods indicated decrease in deaths from both
disease categories in  the petrochemical industrial cities, where
air  pollution has rapidly decreased since 1964,  and in agricul-
tural-mountainous villages,  where air has  not  been polluted.
Formerly, both regions had high mortality rates. In the steel
and iron industrial cities, where  air pollution has increased
recently, a yearly alteration different from any other regions
was observed for every disease. For example,  the death rate
by  pneumonia increased in Kudamatsu City and Hikari  City,
and the death rate by bronchitis increased in Kudamatsu City.

32079
Cholewa, Loen, Wieslaw Jedrychowski, Marian Sosin, and
Julian Zabicki
CHRONIC  NONSPECIFIC  RESPIRATORY  DISEASES IN
CRACOW. XIII. A PILOT FIELD STUDY  IN AN INDUSTRI-
AL  ESTABLISHMENT.  Epidemiol. Rev. (English  translation
from Polish of:  Przeglad Epidemiol.),  24(2):135-139, 1970.  7
refs NTIS: TT 70-55001/2
An  epidemiologic study was conducted to investigate the rela-
tions between the prevalence of nonspecific respiratory dis-
eases, especially chronic bronchitis, and working environment
and  occupation.  Pilot studies, in  conjunction with periodic
health  checks, were  carried out in the steel mill and railway
transport departments of the Lenin Metallurgical Establish-
ment in Krakow. The analysis covered respiratory symptoms,
past diseases,   smoking  habits,  and  occupational  health
hazards.  Cough and phlegm production were more frequent in
the  steel mill workers. Effort dyspnea was rare in the  trans-
                   port workers  and more frequent  in the  steel mill.  In both
                   groups, smoking and chronic bronchitis were correlated, espe-
                   cially in the steel mill.  Comparison of past diseases showed
                   that chronic bronchitis  was more frequent in  the steel  mill
                   workers. Pneumonia occurred more often in the transport wor-
                   kers, but diseases of the nose were more frequent in the mill
                   workers. In the transport department, 60% of the persons were
                   employed under conditions harmful to health; in the steel mill
                   the number was 93.5%.  Transport workers were exposed only
                   to atmospheric factors during work, and very little to the vari-
                   ous occupational hazards of work in the steel mill.

                   32842
                   McCaull, Julian
                   BUILDING A SHORTER LIFE.  Environment, 13(7):2-15, 38-
                   41, Sept. 1971. 48 refs.
                   Cadmium pollution  of   the  environment  is reviewed with
                   respect to basic characteristics,  emission sources, uses, con-
                   centration levels, and effects on human health. Cadmium dust,
                   fumes,  and mist  are emitted during  the refining of zinc,
                   copper, and lead, as  well  as  during extraction of cadmium.
                   These processes released an estimated 2.1 million pounds (45%
                   of total  emissions) into the  air in 1968.  The  single largest
                   source was the roasting  and sintering of zinc concentrates. In-
                   cineration or  disposal of cadmium-containing products con-
                   tributed 52% of total emissions.  The processes included elec-
                   troplating, recycling of scrap steel,  melting down scrapped au-
                   tomobile radiators, and incineration of solid wastes. Cadmium
                   concentrations in the waterways, tap water, food, vegetation,
                   soils, and certain commercial products (fertilizers)  were deter-
                   mined. The toxicity of cadmium, levels of ingestion and reten-
                   tion in the body,  and  correlation with hypertension, liver
                   damage,  bone disease,  emphysema  in industrial  workers,
                   cancer, and kidney impairment are examined.

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                                                                                                             61
                              I.  EFFECTS-MATERIALS
07553
Yocom, John E.
THE DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS IN POLLUTED AT-
MOSPHERES.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(3):203-208,
Nov. 1958. 34 refs. (Presented at the 14th Annual Conference
and 1958 Exhibition, National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers,
San Francisco, Calif., March 20, 1958.)
A group of spcific air pollutants known to produce deteriora-
tion of materials, the principal sources of these pollutants, and
the most likely mechanisms by which deterioration of a variety
of materials can occur are discussed. Specifically, the pollu-
tants  are  carbon  dioxide, sulfur  dioxide,  sulfur  trioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, ozone and solid particu-
lates.

24417
Yuzvenko, Yu. A., A. F. Tereshchenko, and V. A. Gavrish
ABRASIVENESS OF BLAST-FURNACE FLUE DUST.   Steel
(USSR) (English translation from Russian of: StaT), no. 8:695-
697, Aug. 1969. 6 refs.
The abrasion of samples of type 45 steel and sormite-deposited
alloy no.  1 by flue-dust grains from 9 blast furnaces was stu-
died in the laboratory at a stream temperature of 400, impinge-
ment angles of 10 and 45 deg, stream velocity of 480-510 m/s,
and pressure of 3.0 atm. Wear was evaluated from weight loss
of the specimens. Wear of the steel 45 samples increased with
decreasing grain size,  reaching  a  maximum at particle  sizes
below 0.1 mm. The abrasiveness of quartz-sand mixtures for
sormite no.  1 alloy increased almost linearly up to a sand con-
tent of 50-60%;  addition of 12% sand to  the dust raised  its
abrasiveness about threefold. In the case of the hard alloy,
abrasiveness was also related to impingement angle, increasing
several times when the angle increased from 10 to 45 deg. The
angle of impingement ha far less effect on carbon steel. The
abrasive power of the  dusts tested varied  widely,  dusts  from
one plant abrading carbon steel at 10 and 45 deg impingement,
respectively, at rates 71 and 81% lower than those dusts  from
another plant. Abrasiveness, which generally was close to or
exceeded that of sand, was greater where raw ore was smelted
than where  sinter was smelted. The findings explain variations
in the service life of parts on the top of blast furnaces operat-
ing under similar conditions.

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 62
                                J.  EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
08689
ECONOMICS OF GAS  COOLING  AND GAS CLEANING
SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BOF PROCESS.  Com-
bustion, 39(5):31-35, Nov. 1967.
Several fumehood designs are discussed  and compared on a
cost basis.  A shop with a typical set of conditions was used
for the study. The  total  cost for each scheme includes;  the
fume hood  gas cleaning system, the operating charges, payout
time and the cost of a package boiler.  After a discussion of the
various schemes are completed,  the effect  of including  or
eliminating the boiler is outlined. A comparison is made of: the
estimated first costs, operating  costs and total costs  of each
scheme.

09313
THE RISING COSTS. Mach. Des., 39(17):23-24, July 20, 1967.

Damage from air pollution both direct  and indirect has been
estimated at 65 dollars  per person per year, or 11 billion dol-
lars annually. Agricultural losses are  estimated at 325 million
dollars annually. A single day  of smog in California a few
years ago reportedly ruined an entire lettuce crop. On the east-
ern seaboard, pollution is said to destroy 18 million dollars of
crops  each  year. Atmospheric  corrosion  from  sulfuric-acid
mist has been reported to do about 6 million dollars  damage
per year in  New York  City  alone. The costs  of  control,
although a small per- centate of the 11 billion dollars total, are
also  significant. The petroleum industry is reported to spend
18 million dollars annually  on air pollution control out of a
total capital  outlay of 350 million dollars. The major steel
manufacturers in the Chicago area entered into a 8-yr agree-
ment with the local re- gulatory agency to prevent some 88,000
tons of dust annually from entering the atmosphere. The esti-
mated  total cost of the program  is 50  million dollars. Research
efforts into better detection and  control seem pitifully  small in
comparison to the total damage estimate. Federal Government
research  allocations will approach 18 million  dollars  in 1968.
The anticipated expenditures at the Federal  level to  achieve
goals in reduction of pollutant  levels and in establishing air
quality criteria  are estimated at 130  million  dollars over  the
next several years.

21300
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE  fflK DUISBURG: IN NORDR-
HEIN WESTFALEN 2300 MILLIONS OF DEUTSCHE MARK
HAVE  BEEN EXPENDED FOR AHt POLLUTION CONTROL.
 (Untersuchung  der  IHK Duisburg:  In Nordrhein-Westfalen
wurden 2,3  Milliarden  DM  fuer  die Luftreinhaltung aufge-
wandt). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 13(10):387-388,
Oct. 1969.
North-Rhine Westphalia spent 2.3  billion German Marks (.575
billion  dollars) in the period between  1955 and 1968 in an ef-
fort to  maintain clean air. Industries increased expensitures for
air pollution control from 23.9% in 1964/65 to 27.1%  in 1969.
Research costs in the field declined from 8.6 million  German
Marks  (2.15 million  dollars) to 7 million German Marks (1.75
million dollars) per year.  This is due to the fact that several
research projects have been completed: the problem of brown
smoke  has  been  solved  and  the  study of  sulfur  dioxide
removal has been completed with the development of the so-
called  'double contact  process'. The  iron and steel industry
has made the major investment in air pollution  control, fol-
lowed  by the chemical  industry. The money went primarily
into improving existing air pollution control systems.

21968
LJnsky, Benjamin
CASE  STUDIES OF COSTS (QUALITY Am-LUXURY OR
INEXPENSIVE  NECESSITY).   Virginia  Polytechnic  Inst.,
Blacksburg,  Water Resources Research Center,  Seminar on
the Economics of Air and Water Pollut., Blacksburg,  Va.,
1969, p. 195-208.
A series of case studies relating pollution control costs, equip-
ment,  and effects  are  discussed. A  breakdown  of the  con-
sumers dollar in terms of what air and water pollution actually
cost him is included. A system of concepts and phrases used
in considering air pollution is presented. Proposals, reports,
and local  ordinances relevent to the  discussion are included.
Estimated costs for  air pollution control for the gray  iron
foundry cupola (afterburners, scrubbers, baghouses, and elec-
trostatic precipitators), steel plant (scrubbers, baghouses, and
electrostatic precipitators), and chemical drying operation (pri-
mary  cyclone,  secondary  multiple cyclones, secondary wet
scrubbers, and baghouses)  are  subdivided into the following
breakdown:  air pollution emissions (participates and droplets,
gases); collection efficiency or recovery; and cost (capital in-
vestment, operating costs, and plant investment).

24155
MacDonald, Reynold C.
SHOW AND TELL.  Iron  Steel Engr., 47(7):59-65, July 1970.
(Present at  the  American  Iron and  Steel Institute General
Meeting, 78th, New York, May 27-28, 1970.)
By the end of 1970, steel companies will have spent more than
$1,000,000,000 in the past 20 years on environmental control
equipment. But even this has not been enough to restore the
balance of nature or to deflect criticism of  the industry. To
meet these  challenges, steel  companies must demonstrate a
continued willingness to attack pollution,  each company or-
ganizing for pollution control activities as it does for other im-
portant company functions. The industry must also accelerate
its own research and development programs on control equip-
ment and techniques. Chances are that costs can be minimized
and efforts maximized if these activities are coordinated in the
future. However, the cost of technology that can reduce pollu-
tion to measurable proportions will be considerable; it will not
be diminished by slowing  down production  or the American
economy.  The consequences of such  an action would create
higher  prices, more unemployment, and a reduced standard of
living.  Hopefully, once it is informed of these consequences,
the public will be willing to pay the bill for environmental
quality.

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                                           J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
                                                      63
24543
Rowe, A. D., H. K. Jaworski, and B. A. Bassett
WASTE  GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS FOR LARGE CAPACI-
TY BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE PLANT.  Preprint, United
Nations Industrial Development  Organization, 35p., 1968. 13
refs. (Presented at the Interregional Symposium on the  Iron
and  Steel Industry,  2nd,  Moscow, USSR, Sept. 19-Oct. 9,
1968, Paper ID/WG.14/53.)
A comparison  is  made  of the comprehensive capital  and
operating costs for the gas cleaning systems suitable for 300-
ton-capacity basic oxygen furnaces. The systems are a dry
plate  electrostatic precipitator equipped  with  a pressurized
hood system, a variable-throat venturi wet scrubber equipped
with a pressurized hood system, and the  Yawata oxygen gas
(O.G.)  recovery process. Each system has shown itself to be
both technically feasible and economically viable for oxygen
steelmaking. Capital  costs (given in US dollars) of the three
systems are within 10% of each other. The precipitator system
has substantially lower operating costs due to the low electri-
cal power requirements for the I.D. fan. The O.G. system has
a similar power requirement, but this, advantage is offset by
the cost of the nitrogen gas required. If nitrogen is replaced by
steam, as appears likely, operating  costs  of the  O.G.  and
precipitator will be similar.

26623
POLLUTION CONTROL.  Iron Steel Engr., 48(l):D-56 to D-
60, Jan. 1971.
By mid-1970, domestic steel companies  had authorized  expen-
ditures of more than $385,000 for air  and  water quality im-
provement projects to be completed in  1970 or later. The ex-
tent of those programs is illustrated by  a review  of abatement
facilities  being acquired by several major steel producers, par-
ticularly as they relate to cost. On occasion, pollution control
devices become prematurely obsolete, as  exemplified by one
company which replaced a $1,500,000  wet  venturi  scrubbing
system with a $3800,000 electrostatic precipitator.

29186
Vinokurov, I. S., S. T. Zolotukhin, G. R. Ostanovskii, E. I. Ol
khovskaya, A. Z. Ryzhavskii, L. N. Rahman, and Yu. M.
Yudovich
TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC  COMPARISON  OF  DRY  AND
WET  GAS  CLEANERS  FOR  CONVERTERS WORKING
WITH  COMPLETE  COMBUSTION OF CARBON  MONOX-
IDE. Steel (USSR) English translation from Russian of: Stal),
no 11:925-926, Nov. 1970. 3 refs.
Operating, capital, and corrected costs are calculated for three
gas cleaning systems for a steelmaking plant with three 130-ton
oxygen converters. The three  systems  compared are as fol-
lows: (A) dry electrostatic precipitator; (B) bag filters (with
preliminary cooling  of gas in  a scrubber (Bl) and in  a
regenerator (B2); and a venturi scrubber  with a variable 330
times 301 mm throat and film-jet spraying head. Variants B2
and A  have clearcut  advantages over C in terms of operating
costs; the additional  capital  investments they require will be
recovered 4.1  yrs and 1.6 yrs,  respectively. Variant Bl is
uneconomical. In view of the lack of experience  in the  use of
bag filters, electrostatic precipitators are to be recommended.

29923
Schreiber, Michael
THE COSTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. THE IN-
FLUENCE OF SOCIAL COSTS ON THE SELECTION OF AN
INDUSTRIAL SITE.  (Kosten der Luftreinhaltung. Der Ein-
fluss der social costs auf die industrielle Standortwahl). Text
in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(4):145-148, 1971. 27 refs.
Because of the cost of eliminating brown  smoke emissions,
Thomas converters  were replaced by oxygen lancing conver-
ters. An 80-ton Thomas converter emits about twice as much
waste gas as an oxygen lancing converter of the same capaci-
ty. Similar  changeovers to processes  with less waste gas
production were made i the chemical industry to save waste
gas cleaning costs.  Sulfur  emissions are reduced mainly by
switching  to low-sulfur fuels,  a much  less expensive means
than desulfurization of the  fuel or the flue  gases. Such steps
are not always possible. In many cases investment in dust col-
lectors, electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers are unavoida-
ble. The economy of such units depends on the ratio between
collection efficiency and maintenance costs. For electrostatic
precipitators investment costs rise proportionally to the degree
of collection in the efficiency  range between 80 and 95%. A
collection efficiency of 95 to 98% requires facilities  which are
50% larger,  increasing costs by 35% and more. The  aluminum
industry spends an  estimated $50/ton of aluminum  of its an-
nual production for facilities to eliminate fluorine emission.
The annual operating costs per ton of aluminum are estimated
at $8.40. Metallurgical plants spent similar amounts for reduc-
tion of their emissions.

30696
LeSourd, D. A., M.  E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E.  L. Hill, and  F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE  STUDY OF  SPECD7TED  ADR  POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
ATR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL  REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA  70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec.  1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a  national basis and in terms  of unit investment and  annual
operating and maintenance costs as well  as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs.  The analyses cover the  estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976.  Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential  heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected  industries
and  the  Nation are also  determined.  Finally,  an  extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile  sources
selected  for analysis are  hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates,  sulfur  oxides,  carbon  monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation.  Mobile sources  include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty  trucks.  Stationary  sources  studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam-  electric
power  plants,  asphalt batching, brick and tile,  coal cleaning,
cement, elemental  phosphorus,  grain  handling  and milling
(animal feed), gray  iron, iron and  steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and  storage,  petroleum refineries,
phosphate  fertilizer,  primary  non-ferrous   metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and  air pollution control engineering

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64
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and  the cost impact on  each  industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)

30951
Japan Development Bank
TREND IN  INVESTMENT  ON  PUBLIC NUISANCE  CON-
TROL FACILITIES.   (Kogai kankei setsubi toshi no doko).
Text  in  Japanese.  Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(5):261-262, May 1971.
Questionnaires were  sent to 893  industries with a working
capital of more than $280,000 concerning their spending plans
for 1970 and 1971 for installation of pollution control facilities.
The 844 which replied comprised 94.5%. The  total spending
plan for 1970 was $479,640,000, a 58% increase from 1969 and
$767,480,000 for 1971, a 60% increase. A classification break-
down shows that the steel, electric, chemical, petroleum refin-
ing, non-steel metals, and paper-pulp industries  share 80% of
                   the total spending for both 1970 and 1971. For production of
                   anti-   pollution   products   (improvement   of   products),
                   $30,240,000 was  spent  in 1970 and $64,120,000  in  1971  of
                   which the major portion was shared by automobile manufac-
                   turers and petroleum refining companies. The ratio  of spending
                   for pollution control in  relation to working capital for 1971 is
                   6.3% as compared to 4.7% in 1970 and 4.6% in 1969. Industries
                   with high-ratio investments for pollution control devices  in
                   1971 are  petroleumm refining (15%), paper-pulp (11%),  non-
                   steel metal (10%), steel (7%), and chemical (7%).  The break-
                   down of spending by classification of pollution types (except
                   for spending for improvement of products) for both 1970 and
                   1971 is air pollution, 65-66%; water, 27-28%; and others, 7-8%.
                   A  geographical breakdown shows that  the Tokyo-Yokohama-
                   Chiba coastal area shares 23% of the total spending for 1971;
                   the Nagoya-Yokkaichi-Hamamatsu coastal area, 18%; and the
                   Osaka-Kobe area, 19%.  Thus, the three major industrial areas
                   of Japan share 60% of the total industrial anti-pollution spend-
                   ing of Japan (58% in 1970).

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                                                                                                               65
                      K.   STANDARDS  AND  CRITERIA
16228
VDI (Verien Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany
EMISSION CONTROL BLAST FURNACE OPERATION: ORE
SINTERING PLANTS  (INDUCED-DRAFT PAN AND MOV-
ING-GRATE   INSTALLATIONS.       (Auswurfbegrenzung
Hochofenbetrieb  Erzsinteranlagen (Saugzugpfannen und Ban-
danlagen). VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinien,  no. 2095, 7p.,
Feb. 1963. 13  refs. Translated from German by H. Schneider,
Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. CFSTT:
TT 68-50469/1
The generation of dustlike and gaseous emissions from ore sin-
tering plants and the possibility of reducing flue dust and sul-
fur dioxide emissions are discussed. About 0.7% of total sinter
production is  lost as flue dust, while the total  amount of the
sulfur dioxide content of sintering plant waste gas is about 0.4
vol% (11.7 g SOS/cu m STP). The criteria for limiting dust-like
emissions are  the permissible pollutant deposition quantities in
the area of the plant  and  the  dispersal conditions given  by
stack height,  neighboring emittents, orographic position, etc.
Dust collection plants should  be designed for a guaranteed
value of  150 mg/cu STP of waste gas for normal operating
conditions. In continuous operation, the dust content of sinter-
ing gas must not exceed 300 cu mg. Attainable total collection
efficiency and  clean dust content of centrifugal collectors in
continuous operation are 75-95% and 0.400 g/cu m STP. For
electrostatic precipitators, they are 98% and 0.150 g/cu m STP.
concentrations  of  air pollutants  above ground and the  dust
disposition on  the ground  can be reduced by high stacks,
utilization of  thermal plume rise,  and  high flue-gas  exit
velocity at the stack mouth.

33815
FUME CONTROL OF THE  ELECTRIC ARC  FURNACE.
Brit. Steelmaker, 37(8):20, Aug. 1971.
Arc furnace fume  control brings together two  major factors in
modern steelmaking, the shift toward electric melting of scrap
and the growth of legislation controlling pollution of the en-
vironment. For purposes of arrestment plant design, the stan-
dard of fume emission from  steel refining processes may be
taken as not more  than 0.05 g/cu ft.

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66
                   L.  LEGAL  AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
06733
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS - STEEL IN-
DUSTRY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.  90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967. (Presented at the National
Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., December 13,
1966.) p. 2390-6.
Many  of the  operations  involved  in  steel-making and
processing impair the quality of the air used in some degree.
Therefore, air treatment  or air pollution control equipment is
now used extensively in the steel industry. The major sources
of air pollutants are divided into the following five groups, and
each is discussed: (1) Coke Ovens. (2) Blast Furnaces (includ-
ing  Sinter Plants).  (3)  Steel-making  Furnaces.  (4)  Boiler
Houses. (5) Miscellaneous.
06863
E. A. B. Birse
ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND ANNUAL REPORT ON AL-
KALI &C. WORKS, 1965.  Ministry of Housing and Local
Government, Edinburgh, Scotland, Dept. of Scottish Develop-
ment (Feb. 28, 1966). 91 pp.
The 102nd annual report on alkali and works was given to the
Secretary of  State for Wales, and to the Minister of Housing
and Local Government, also to the Secretary of State for
Scotland. The report, which is  on the work done during the
year 1965, in  the reduction of air pollution  by industrial
processes, covers the following areas: (1)  chemical and allied
industries, (2) metal industries, (3) fuel industries and,  (4) a
group of miscellaneous works. Statistical information is  in-
cluded in appendices.

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                                                                                                               67
                                  M.  SOCIAL  ASPECTS
15567
Creer, Ralph Nuttall
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE
PERCEPTION OF AIR POLLUTION AS AN ENVIRONMEN-
TAL HEALTH PROBLEM. Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, Dept.
of Sociology, Thesis (MS), Aug. 1968, 45p. 53 refs.
A survey was made to determine if high economic dependence
on a source of air pollution creates such dissonance and strain
in an individual that he perceives a less serious  air pollution
problem than individuals  with  little  or  no economic depen-
dence on the  source. The data  comes from a random sample
of residents of American Fork,  Utah, where a high proportion
of the population is employed by a steel plant. If an individual
was  employed by the  plant, he was  considered to have high
economic dependence; if not, he was considered to have low
economic dependence. To avoid biasing the findings, age, sex,
and education were controlled. The data were analyzed first in
terms of simple proportions and then by a unique method of
the chi square test for a significant association, an extension
of the Mantel-Haenszel chi square procedure. The findings in-
dicate that respondents with low  economic dependence are
slightly more  prone to recognize or  be  aware of a pollution
problem than  are those with high economic dependence. Age
also  appears to have a significant influence on the ability to
recognize the  seriousness of a pollution problem, with females
44 years or younger the most perceptive. On the other hand,
level of education has little influence on the perception of an
environmental health problem.

18022
UNION OFFICIALS LEARN ABOUT AIR POLLUTION.  En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 3(5):429-430, May 1969.
The first union sponsored, national conference on air pollution
was held in Washington, D. C.  by the United Steelworkers of
America in cooperation with federal  officials of the  National
Air Pollution  Control Administration. A primary purpose for
the conference was to  inform the district and local union offi-
cials present of the role they, and their respective unions and
communities, play  in  U. S. pollution abatement The con-
ference  stressed  the idea that more responsible citizen par-
ticipation is a must in curbing air pollution, and that the union
officials are in a key position to encourage such participation.

26303
Creer, Ralph N., Robert M. Gray, and Michael Treshow
DIFFERENTIAL  RESPONSES TO  AIR POLLUTION  AS AN
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM.   J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 20(12):814-818, Dec. 1970. 8 refs.
An attempt was  made to determine what influence,  if any,
economic dependence would have upon one's perception of a
pollution problem relative to  its seriousness and perceived
control effort. The stud is based upon the proposition that the
public, in the final analysis, is going to play a major role in
determining future programs for dealing with air pollution as
well as other environmental health problems. Central to  this
premise is the notion that people must first recognize  a given
condition as a problem before they can be expected to respond
accordingly,  and that  their value  judgments  concerning the
problem will affect their willingness  to  support programs
designed to prevent such a condition. Principles of cognitive
dissonance were  used  to predict how individuals would per-
ceive a given problem  based on the amount of dissonance or
strain they experience as a result of economic dependence
upon a local source of air pollution. As propounded by Fest-
inger, the theory of cognitive dissonance states that prolonged
inconsistency between the  actions and beliefs  of a  human
being creates strain or dissonance which in turn tends to affect
one's perception,  causing  him  to selectively  perceive  or
misperceive  the various aspects of a problem situation. A
small Utah  community  of  approximately 7000 people was
selected, since it was only a short distance from a large steel
plant which employed an estimated 40% of the town's  popula-
tion. Eighty percent in the low economic dependence group of
a random  sample of  the population were highly  'bothered'
compared  to only  19% in the  high  economic dependence
group.

-------
68
                                            N.  GENERAL
03341
PERTINENT  CHARACTERISTICS OF  THE  IRON  AND
STEEL INDUSTRY AS RELATED TO AREA REDEVELOP-
MENT.  Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 60 pp., Nov.
1964 GPO, 0-753-200
Study  represents  an initial  effort at determining  specific
characteristics for a specific industry (iron and steel industry)
under consideration by the area redevelopment program. The
main points of the study are: markets and growth  factors;
capacity utilizatio(; employment characteristics of the Steel In-
dustry; Steel Industry Location; Product Groups  and; Implica-
tions for the Area Redevelopment Agency Policy on Iron and
Steel Projects.

06146
W. Rayher*  and J. T. Middleton
THE CASE FOR CLEAN AIR (SPECIAL REPORT). Mill Fac-
tory 80,(4) 41-56, Apr. 1967.
The introduction in the form of a series of questions put to Dr.
Middleton is of special interest in indicating the forward thrust
of the Federal government in air pollution control  since he is
the Director of the National Center for Air Pollution Control
which has  the responsibility for the administration of the
Federal air pollution control laws  and regulations. His answers
indicate vigorous activity  by the Federal authorities where
local authori-  ties  fail  to  act. The  major provisions of the
proposed Air Quality Act  of 1967 are outlined as well as the
existing Federal  authority  under  the Clean Air  Act of 1963.
With this back- ground of increased Federal activity and espe-
cially with the issuance of emission standards, this definitive
review continues with  an outline  of the various types of air
pollutants, their sources, and the accepted methods of control.
In the section covering what is being done by industry today,
examples  are given of the control measures in effect  at  a
rubber processing plant, a cement plant,  steel plant, and  a
foundry.

21287
MAINTENANCE  OF CLEAN AIR.  (Reinhaltung der Luft).
Text in German. Oel Gasfeuerung, 14(10):1020-1024, 1969.
The  major sources of  air pollutants are industries,  vehicles,
and domestic heating. In the  industrial sector, power plants,
cement  kilns, steel plants, and the chemical industry are the
primary sources  for pollution. Air pollutants may affect hu-
mans, animals, and plants. The harmfulness of dusts is deter-
mined by  their composition, grain  size, and  shape.  Fine dust
particles which penetrate into the lungs are  particularly  dan-
gerous.  Soot requires  special attention because it may be  a
carrier of toxic and carcinogenic  substances. The most  dan-
gerous gaseous pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur diox-
ide,  fluorine,  chlorine,  and unbumed hydrocarbons.  The
federal government is sponsoring a program of air monitoring
and research and development; it took legal measures to avoid
or reduce  air pollution. Large  industrial plants must fulfill
stringent regulations laid down in the 'Technical Directives for
the Maintenance  of Clean Air'. The federal law on preventive
measures for the maintenance of clean air requires the installa-
tion of automatic measuring stations in industrial centers. Au-
tomobile exhausts, too,  will soon be subject to regulations.

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                                        AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                                                                  69
ABDEL'RAZIK, F   A-10466
ACHTERFELD H   C-14774
ADAMS R W   'B-23808
ADLER P  'G-28556
AGATA Y   A-17252
AKERLOW E V  'B-17141
AKERLOW, E. V.   'B-05307
ALLEN, G L   'B-03754
ANTIPIN V G   A-13261
ANTIPIN, V G  'C-10461
ARAI K   'B-17234
ARMSTRONG W D    G-28556
ASANO S   B-33416
ATSUKAWA M  'B-32817
AVER F A    J-30696


                  B

BABA T   A-17299
BAETJER A M  'G-28042
BARNEA M  *A-14799
BARNES T M   A-28604
BARTECEK J   *B-28905
BASSE B   *B-17151
BASSE, B  'B-00037
BASSETT B A   J-24543
BATINA T L    C-17425
BAUM,  K  "B-10462
BEHRENDT A  *B-20226
BEIGHTON, J   *B-07925
BEISER, F R    B-04227
BELL A  'G-22118
BELL M E    G-28556
BELL, A   «G-05146
BENZ, D L   *B-01110
BERGMANN, P  'B-08310
BHUSSRY B R   G-28556
BILLINGS, C E  *B-07521,  *B-07617
BINGHAM T E   J-30696
BINTZER W W   *B-17913
BINTZER, W W  *B-07192
BIRD, R    B-011IO
BIRSE, E A B   'L-06863
BISHOP C A   'B-17154
BLASKOWSKI, H J   'J-08689
BOGATENKOV V F   A-13261
BOGATENKOV, V F   B-10479
BOGDANDY, L V   'A-10463
BORISENKOVA, R V   'G-10396
BOTHE  R   "B-23245, 'B-25500
BRAGINETS N G   B-24809, 'B-33897
BRAMER H C   *B-33168
BRAMER, H C   B-02193
BRANDT, A D  'B-02728
BRAZGIN, I A  F-08439
BRIEF, R S   "B-06098
BROMAN C U   'B-16652
BROMAN, C  »B-00322
BROMAN, C U  »B-09361
BROOKS S H   'B-34079
BROUGH J R   'B-33548
BROWER M A  A-26166
BRUDERLE, E U  *B-10464
BUETTNER W  G-28556
                                        BYE, W E   G-00021
 CAHN D S   'B-29083
 CALACETO, R R   B-06587
 CALVERT W J   B-34079
 CAMPBELL W W   B-17154, »B-17568
 CAMPBELL, W W  'B-06083
 CARNEY D J  'C-17425
 CARTER W A   B-33548
 CARTER, C O   G-11575
 CELENZA G J  'B-20699
 CHAMBERLIN, R L   'B-02031
 CHAPMAN, H M  *B-02730
 CHOLAK, J   'D-00038
 CHOLEWA L  'G-32079
 CLENDENIN, J D   'A-08392
 COCKS, G G   B-04050
 COLCLOUGH T P  *A-24928
 COSBY, W T  B-07660
 COULTER R S  'B-17138
 COY, D W   B-06936
 CREER R N  'M-15567, "M-26303
 CREMER H D   G-28556


                  D

 DAVID, PA   G-11575
 DA VIES, E   "B-07660
 DEACON A J   C-17425
 DEMOLE V    G-28556
 DOUGLAS, I H   'B-07661
 DUKELOW,  D A   A-04001
 DUMOND FILLON, J    B-07670
 DUPREY, R L   -A-09686
EBERHARDT J E  'B-15886
EGLEY B D  *B-24676
EGORICHEV A P  'A-29021
EGOROVA, T S   *G-08441
EISENBARTH M   'B-16351
EITO T  B-32817
ELLIOTT A C  'B-31589
ELLIOTT, A C   'B-04382
ERICSON Y  G-28556
ERTL,  D W  *B-07931
ETTERICH, O   A-10471
FERNSCHILD, D  'B-03206
FLOSSMANN, R   B-09270
FLUX J H  "C-22934
FOGEL M E   J-30696
FOUMENTEZE J L   *C-20434
FUKUOKA S   A-17252
FULLERTON R W   B-17568
FULLERTON, R W   B-06083
                  G

 GAVRISH V A   1-24417
 GAW R G   'B-17127
 GEDALIA I   G-28556
 GEDGAUDAS M J  *A-12396
 GENY P  «B-27783
 GERBER R B  'B-33170
 GERSTLE R W   J-30696
 GIEVER P M  "A-32489
 GLINKOV M A   'B-26018
 GORMAN P G    A-27501
 GRAHAM H S    B-15886
 GRANVILLE R A  'B-34082, C-33953
 GRAUE, G  'B-09270, 'D-10618
 GRAY R M   M-26303
 GREAVES, M J   'B-03998
 GROBEL E A  'B-25521
 GUTHMANN K   "B-21894


                  H

 HAHN, A   B-10462
 HALL H T  *B-31773
 HAMMOND, W F   'B-09796
 HANGEBRAUCK, R P   'A-05005
 HANNAN D G   B-27727
 HARADA G S  'B-26003
 HARHAI, J G  'A-04001
 HARMS, F  'A-10467
 HARRIS, E R  *B-04227
 HASHIMOTO H   *B-34071
 HASHIMOTO K   'B-20096
 HAUSKNECHT E G   »B-32134
 HAYASHIT  'B-15649
 HAZARD H R  *B-32037
 HEISCHKEIL W   'A-28062
 HELLER A  'D-23391
 HENSCHEN, H C   'B-06392
 HERRICK R A   *B-16039
 HICKEY, E C   B-07521
 HIGH, M D   G-00021
 HILL E L   J-30696
 HIPKIN A S  'B-17746
 HIPP N E   'B-20227
 HIPP, N E   *B-09974
 HOAK, R D  'B-02193
 HOFF H  'B-20280
 HOFF, H  'B-07663, 'B-10469
 HOLLAND, M  'B-07664
 HUMMELL, J D   B-04050
 HUNT, M   'B-05509
 HUNTER D L   B-17154
 HUNTINGTON, R G   *B-11073
 HURST, T B  'B-09977
 HUYSMAN M  'B-14889
IGARASHI I   B-26854
IMANO S   A-17252
INAGAKI K   *B-26546
ISELI R R   B-16652

-------
 70
 ISELI, R R
 ISHINISHI N
B-09361
  A-17299
JACKSON R  'C-33953
JAWORSKI H K   J-24543
JEDRYCHOWSKIW   G-32079
JEFFES J H E   F-13084
JESDINSKY, W    B-08310
JOHNSON, J E  *B-06854
JONES W P  'B-16695
JORDAN W VON  'B-04794


                 K

KAHNWALD, H   'A-10471
KALYUZHNIY, D N   'B-00104
KAMEI K    B-32817
KAMPHAUS H   C-14774
KARZARINOFF A   'B-24881
KATO Y   »B-21324
KATORI Y   A-17299
KAWAHATA K   G-16223
KAWAMURA  'B-31362
KIRKPATRICK J W   B-17158
KLEINTOP, D R   B-07192
KNOP W   'A-17471
KOBAYASHIT  »B-22138
KOCHETKOVA, T A    G-10396
KODAMA F  B-26854
KODAMA Y  A-17299
KOSAKA, M  'F-10473
KOVACH J L  'B-27727
KOYANO T   A-11974
KOZLOVA, A V    G-10396
KRAUSE U   A-30613, 'A-31919
KUEHNERT K  *B-30583
KULIKOV V O  'B-24809
KUNITAKE E   A-17299
KUNST A    A-23977
KURKER, C JR   B-07521
KURODA S  'G-16223
LAFRENIERE A J    B-31589
LAFRENIERE, A J   B-04382
LAURENCE, K M   'G-11575
LAWSON, A T  B-05509
LEMAIRE, A    B-04367
LEMKE E E  'A-32351
LESOURD D A  M-30696
LEVENBAUM, L H   B-07521
LEWIS R  T    B-25384
LIGHTNER  M W   B-17154
LINSKY B   *J-21968
LOHSE, R   B-03206
LOWE J R   'B-17423
LOWNIE  H  W JR   'A-28604
LUEDTKE,  K D   B-09796


                  M

MAATSCH J  'C-14774
MAATSCH,  J    B-07663
MACDONALD R C   *J-24155
MAEHARA  S   'B-26854
MAKARETS G N   B-16446
MARKOV B L   A-13261
MASEK V  "A-26321, *A-28371
MASEK W   «A-30598
MASSINON J   *B-16561
MATSUDA K    A-11974
MATSUDA N   'B-19210
MATSUMOTO H    B-33918
MAUBON A   B-14889
MAZINA, D V   *G-08575
MCCABE, L C    B-03754
MEEKER, J E   A-05005, D-05623
MELDAU, R  "A-10474, 'B-09915
MIDDLETON, J T    N-06146
MILLER, C E  *A-09572
MINOWA, S   F-10473
MIQAWI, M   'A-10466
MITCHELL, R T   'B-07668
MOODIE, G   B-02031
MORCINEK P  »B-33081
MOREKHINA N M    B-26018
MORITA S   B-26854
MORITA, S   'B-07669, 'B-10477
MUHLRAD, W  'B-09248
MURAKAMI M   A-17516


                  N

NAGEL, H   D-10618
NAKAMURA K   'A-31935
NAMY, G   'B-07670
NANCE, J T   B-09796
NARIKAWA H   *B-16553
NARITA K   'B-27779
NARITA, S   B-10477
NEUHOF G  *A-23458
NIKAMI K   *A-11974
NISHCHH, R A   'F-08439
NISHI S  'B-31344
NISHIWAKI, M   B-10477
NODA H  'B-33416


                  O

ODAIRA T  *A-17252
OKUMURA  E   *B-33918
OL KHOVSKAYA E I   J-29186
OMI H    B-26003
ORBAN, A R  *B-04050
OSHIMA M   *B-30534
OSHIO T  *A-17199
OSTANOVSKH G R   J-29186
OZOLINS, G  *A-09737
                           PALEN AGP   'B-22940
                           PALLINGER, J  *B-05118
                           PARK W R   A-27501
                           PARKER, C M   'B-00323
                           PEARSE, D J    B-05597
                           PERBDC, G W   'A-04000
                           PETERSON H W  *B-21355
                           PETRY J K   *A-31737
                           PETTIT G A  *B-15887
                           POTTINGER, J F  «B-07699
                           POVOLOTSKH, D Y   B-10479
                           PRIKHOZHENKO A E    B-24809
                           PUNCH G   *B-17H5
                           PUNCH, G   *B-04665, *B-07542
                           PURVANCE W T  *B-23182


                                             R

                           RAJTMAN L N   J-29186
                           RANDERSON D  *D-24227
                           RAYHER, W  *N-06146
                           REHMANN, C   A-09737
                           REID G E   *B-17152
                           RENGSTORFF G W P   *A-20414,
                                •B-16646, 'B-19732
                           RENGSTORFF, G W   *B-06611,  F-10717
REUTER, G    B-08310
RICHARD J   'B-31195
RICHARDSON F D   'F-13084
RICHARDSON H L   'B-31316
RIEMANN, W   A-10467
RfflA K  'B-29945
RONDIA D   'A-33279
ROSE, A H JR  B-02229, B-06098
ROSHCHIN, I V  *G-07472
ROWE A D  'J-24543
RULLMAN, D H    B-11073
RUMP G  'A-23977
RYZHAVSKH A Z    J-29186
SALLEE E E   A-27501
SARUTA N  'A-17299
SAWAMURA Y   B-31092
SCHERTLER A   B-33952
SCHLEICHER A R   J-30696
SCHNEIDER, R L   *B-05604
SCHOLZ H U  'B-29740
SCHREIBER M  *J-29923
SCHUENEMAN, J J   *G-00021
SCHULDT, A F   B-03232
SEBESTA W  'A-30446
SEFCIK, A J   J-08689
SEPTIER L G   'B-34084
SEROKHVOSTOV, A L  'B-10479
SHAFFER N R  *A-26166
SHAFFER, L J  D-00038
SHANNON L J   A-27501
SHAPRITSKIY V N   *B-16193
SHJJDARA M  *B-24239
SHIMADA G   B-22138
SHJMADA S   *B-31092
SHIMIZU H   B-26003
SHINODA N   B-32817
SILVERMAN, L   *B-03677, *B-05567,
     B-07521, B-07617
SINGHAL R K  «B-13811, *B-14161
SMALL, W D   B-07617
SMITH J H   *B-19792
SMITH, W M  'B-06936
SMITHSON D J   C-22934
SMITHSON R N    C-22934
SNOWBALL, A F   'A-04946
SOSIN  M    G-32079
SPAJTE, P W  'B-02229
SPECHT, R C   'B-06587
SPEER E B   *B-17118
SPENCELEY, GD   *B-01137
SPLIETHOFF H   'A-29348
SQUIRES B J   »B-17926
STARITSKH V I    A-29021
STEPHAN, D G   B-06098
STEPHEN, D G   B-02229
STORCH O   "B-23628
SUGAHARA K  B-31092
SULLIVAN J L   G-22118
SULLIVAN R J  'A-22000
SULLIVAN, J L   *D-05145
SULLIVAN, R E  *B-09436
SUMIN L M   A-29021
SUNAVALA, P D   «F-08572
SUZUKI Y  'G-26577
SVIDRNOCH L  "B-33040, B-33081
                                        TABOR, E C  *D-05623
                                        TAGIRIK   B-26854
                                        TAGIRI, K   B-10477
                                        TALBOTT J A  «B-26612
                                        TALDYKIN I A   A-13261
                                        TAUDA F  *G-26136

-------
                                               AUTHOR INDEX
                                                                          71
TERABE, M   'D-07406
TERESHCHENKO A F   1-24417
TEWORTE W   'A-30296
THOM, G W   'B-03232
THOMAS F A   'B-17825
THOMAS G   A-32351
TRESHOW M   M-26303
TRIPLETT G  'C-33045
TSUTSUMIT   B-16553
TULCINSKY, S  *B-04367


                 u

UEDA A   'B-27553
UNDERWOOD G   'B-23955
URBAN, G   B-10464
UYS J M   'B-17158
VACEK A   'B-33952
VANDERGRIFT A E   *A-27501
VARGA J JR  "A-30698
VENTURINI J L  'B-26332, 'B-28497
VENTURINI, J L   *B-11096
VIETS, F H   B-03754
VINOKUROV I S   'J-29186
VISHKAREV, A F   A-10466
VON LEHMDEN, D J   A-05005
VORONOV F D  'A-13261
VYPOV A I  'B-16446


                 W

WAKAMATSU S   *C-15940
WANGERIN, D D  'A-04345
WASILEWSKA J   'A-30613, A-31919
WATANABE G  *A-17516
WATANABE T  'B-32848
WEBER E   *B-23364
WEDIN B   *A-26929
WEFRING  K   *G-24586
WERTHMOLLER, E   B-08310
WESTERHOLM J R  B-20227
WESTERHOLM, J R   B-09974
WHEELER, D H   'B-05597, *B-06443
WHITMAN, K B   B-07664
WILCOX M S   *B-25384
WILKINSON, F M   "B-09198
WILL G   B-21894
WILLET H P   »B-16681
WILLETT, H P  'B-05091
WILLIAMS, D I T   B-01137
WOEHLBIER, F H  'F-10717
WOOD A H  'B-28221
YAMAGUCHI T   'B-32791
YAMAMOTO K O   B-26003
YAMAWAKI K   A-17516
YASUI T   A-11974
YAVOISKU, V I   A-10466
YEAGER, D   D-00038
YOCOM, J E  '1-07553
YOKOI M    B-22138, 'B-31486, 'B-33401
YOKOMIYO, K   'B-06223
YOSHIZAKI K   'G-31664
YOUNG, P A   B-07670
YUDOVICH YU M   J-29186
YUZVENKO YU A  '1-24417
ZABICKI J   G-32079
ZDENEK Z  'B-33438
ZIMMER, K O   'B-10460
ZIPKIN I   G-28556
ZOLOTUKHIN S T   J-29186

-------
                                           SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                                                           73
ABATEMENT  A-29021, A-32351, B-11096,
      B-16193, B-31195, B-31226, G-24212,
      J-09313, J-21300, J-2415S, J-26623,
      J-30951, M-18022, N-06146
ABSORPTION  A-26929, B-16351, B-33918,
      D-10618, N-06146
ABSORPTION (GENERAL)  B-16681,
      B-17234, B-22138, B-32817, B-33401,
      B-33918
ACETYLENES   B-07925, B-31803
ACID SMUTS  B-16695
ACIDS   A-04946, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-17471, A-27790, A-30296, A-31935,
      A-32351, B-05091, B-05567, B-06587,
      B-07925, B-07931, B-20248, B-31316,
      B-33918, D-05145, G-08232, G-28042,
      1-07553, J-09313, J-30696
ACUTE   G-28042, G-32842
ADHESIVES  B-31092
ADMINISTRATION  A-02146, A-04946,
      A-09737, A-17299, A-27790, A-28604,
      A-29021, A-32351, B-00104, B-02193,
      B-06249, B-11096, B-16146, B-16446,
      B-16561, B-20096, B-20248, B-31195,
      B-32037, D-05145, D-05623, D-23391,
      J-09313, J-21300, J-24155, J-26623,
      J-30951, L-06863, M-15567, N-06146
ADSORPTION  B-27727, D-10618, N-06146

ADSORPTION (GENERAL)  B-17234
AEROSOL GENERATORS   B-09974
AEROSOLS   B-03677, B-05567, B-07521,
      B-27727, G-07472
AFRICA  B-07931
AFTERBURNERS   B-07663, B-07925,
      B-10469, J-21968, N-06146
AGE   G-08441, G-31664, M-15567
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES  A-32351,
      G-24212
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
      A-27501
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
      PROGRAMS   A-09737, A-17299,
      A-27790, A-32351, B-16146, D-05145,
      D-05623, M-15567
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
      A-04946, A-05005, A-09737, A-10467,
      A-10471, A-12396, A-17299, A-22872,
      A-26321, A-27501, A-27790, A-28371,
      A-28604, A-30598, A-30613, A-31919,
      B-01110, B-04050, B-06780, B-07669,
      B-09248, B-10460, B-10462, B-23364,
      B-26018, B-26546, B-33040, B-33438,
      C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
      D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
      F-08439, F-10473, G-00021, G-07472,
      G-08441, G-22118
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS   A-32351,
      B-06780, G-08232
AIR-FUEL RATIO   A-33930, B-03754,
      B-26612, F-08572
AIRCRAFT   A-32351
ALABAMA   D-05623
ALCOHOLS  B-02193
ALDEHYDES  A-09686, G-24212
ALERTS   A-32351, G-24212
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS  B-06611,
      B-07925, B-16646, B-19732, B-31803
ALKALINE ADDITIVES   B-17234,
      B-20248, B-23182, B-31316, B-31486,
      B-32817
ALUMINUM  A-09686, A-17471, A-26166,
      A-30296, A-31935, B-03754, B-06587,
      B-07925, B-16446, B-19210, B-20248,
      B-21324, B-33918, C-33045, G-26136,
      J-29923, J-30696
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS   A-26321,
      A-32489, B-07925, B-20248, F-13084
ALUMINUM OXIDES  A-17471, A-28371,
      B-05604, B-09796, B-20248, F-08439,
      G-00021, G-10396
AMMONIA   A-09686, B-07699, B-30534,
      B-31486, B-32817, B-33401
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS   A-04946,
      A-09686, B-07699, B-30534, B-31486,
      B-32817, B-33401
ANALYTICAL METHODS   A-04000,
      A-05005, A-22000, B-10460, B-20248,
      B-32791, B-33168, B-34079, C-14774,
      C-15940, D-00038, D-05145, D-10618,
      D-24227, 1-07553
ANIMALS  A-31737, A-31935, B-06587,
      G-00021, G-07472, G-08232, G-10396,
      G-28042, G-32842
ANNUAL   A-09737, A-27790, A-31919,
      B-34079, G-31664, G-32842
ANTHRACENES   A-05005
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS   B-09796
AREA SURVEYS  A-09737, A-17299,
      A-27790, A-32351, B-16146, D-05145,
      D-05623
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS   B-07925
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS   A-28371
ASBESTOS   B-03754, B-13946, G-24212
ASHES   A-04345, B-07925, D-05145
ASIA   A-11974, A-17199, A-17252,
      A-17299, A-17516, A-27790, A-31935,
      B-07669, B-10477, B-13645, B-15649,
      B-16146, B-16553, B-17234, B-19210,
      B-20096, B-21324, B-22138, B-24239,
      B-i26003, B-26546, B-26854, B-27553,
      B-28547, B-30534, B-31092, B-31344,
      B-31362, B-31486, B-32791, B-32817,
      B-32848, B-33401, B-33416, B-33918,
      B-34071, C-15940, D-07406, F-08S72,
      F-10473, G-16223, G-26136, G-26577,
      G-31664, G-32842, J-30951
ASPHALT  A-05005, A-09686, A-32351,
      B-13946, C-33045, J-30696
ASPIRATORS   A-30598, B-10460
ASTHMA  D-07406, G-05146, G-22118,
      G-24212
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS  A-04946,
      A-27790, A-32351, D-00038, D-0514S,
      D-05623, D-23391, D-24227, G-11575,
      G-22118
ATTACK RATES   G-08441
AUSTRALIA  B-07699, D-05145, G-05146,
      G-22118
AUTOMATIC METHODS   C-14774,
      G-22118
AUTOMOBILES   A-05005, A-09686,
      A-32351, D-07406, G-24212. J-30696,
      N-21287
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
      A-32351, A-33930, B-03754, B-05091,
      B-26612, F-08572, J-30696
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS   A-05005,
      A-09686, A-17299, A-32351, D-07406,
      D-24227, N-21287
                   B
BAFFLES   B-06854, B-09270, B-33168,
      N-06146
BAG FILTERS   A-02146, A-17252,
      A-26166, B-01110, B-02031, B-02229,
      B-02730, B-03754, B-06083, B-06098,
      B-06223, B-06568, B-06780, B-07192,
      B-07661, B-07925, B-08310, B-09248,
      B-09436, B-09796, B-10469, B-11096,
      B-15887, B-16039, B-16193, B-17746,
      B-20226, B-20699, B-21324, B-21894,
      B-23364, B-23955, B-24239, B-24881,
      B-25384, B-26195, B-26332, B-26612,
      B-27553, B-28221, B-28497, B-28547,
      B-28905, B-31195, B-31226, B-31344,
      B-32791, B-33548, B-34079, D-10618,
      G-00021, J-21968, J-29186
BARIUM COMPOUNDS   B-09796
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES   A-04000,
      A-04001, A-04345, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-11974, A-22000, B-00323, B-02728,
      B-03232, B-04367, B-04665, B-05091,
      B-05509, B-05597, B-06392. B-06780,
      B-07542, B-07661, B-07663, B-07668,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-09198,
      B-09248, B-09270, B-09915, B-09977,
      B-10460, B-10462, B-10469, B-10477.
      B-17127, B-19732, B-19792, B-20699,
      B-23808, B-31195, B-31226, C-33045,
      D-10618, F-10473, G-00021, J-08689,
      J-24543, L-06733, N-03341
BATTERY MANUFACTURING  G-32842
BELGIUM   A-33279, B-04367, B-16561,
      B-21894
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
      A-05005, D-05623
BENZENES  B-07925
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE  A-05005,  A-28371,
      A-30598, A-33279
BENZOPYRENES   A-05005, A-26929,
      A-28371, A-30598, A-33279
BERYLLIOSIS   A-04000, B-00322,
      B-01110, B-03232, B-04050, B-06223,
      B-07664,D-00038,G-00021
BESSEMER CONVERTERS  A-09686,
      A-20414, A-23977, B-04050, B-06611,
      B-07542, B-07699, B-09796, B-17115,
      B-19732, B-20699, B-21894, B-26854,
      B-32791, C-33045, G-00021, G-07472,
      N-03341
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
      MEASUREMENT   G-05146,
      G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-08575,
      G-10396, G-11575

-------
 74
 BIRMINGHAM.ALABAMA   D-05623
 BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION   A-04345,
      B-05091
 BLAST FURNACES  A-04345, A-09572,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-23977, A-28371,
      A-30613, A-33279, B-00037, B-02193,
      B-02728, B-03998, B-04794, B-06S68,
      B-07931, B-09974, B-13811, B-1S886,
      B-165S3, B-16681, B-16695, B-17151,
      B-17152, B-17158, B-17234, B-17423,
      B-17568, B-20096, B-20226, B-20227,
      B-20699, B-21894, B-24239, B-26018,
      B-26546, B-27553, B-31092, B-31195,
      B-31316, B-31362, B-33168, C-17425,
      C-33045, D-00038, F-08572, F-10717,
      G-00021, G-08575, 1-24417, K-16228,
      L-06733
 BLOOD PRESSURE  G-32842
 BLOWBY   A-323S1
 BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
      G-05146, G-08232, G-08441, G-10396,
      G-11S7S
 BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
      B-06587, G-05146, G-07472, G-08232,
      G-08441, G-08575, G-11575
 BOILERS   A-04345, A-05005, A-23977,
      A-32351, B-02728, B-04665, B-05091,
      B-05118, B-07699, B-07925, B-09436,
      B-10460, B-10469, B-26546, B-30583,
      B-31316, B-33952, B-34079, D-10618,
      J-08689, J-30696
 BONES   A-31935, G-28556, G-32842
 BREATHING   G-05146, G-32079
 BRICKS   B-06587, B-19210, B-32037,
      1-07553, J-30696
 BROMINE  D-24227
 BRONCHI  G-10396
 BRONCHITIS   A-27790, G-05146, G-22118,
      G-31664, G-32079
 BUBBLE TOWERS   B-07925
 BUDGETS  B-20248, J-09313, J-30951
 BUSES  D-07406
 BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY   A-30296,
      B-02193, B-03232, B-07668, B-07669,
      B-07670, B-09915, B-10477, B-16681,
      B-19210, B-22940, B-26003, B-26854,
      B-28905, B-29083, B-29945, B-30583,
      B-31092, B-31316, B-33081, B-33168,
      B-33438, B-33548, B-34071
CADMIUM   A-22872, L-06863
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS  A-17471,
      A-22872, G-32842
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS   A-04001,
      A-26321, A-28371, A-30296, A-31919,
      B-01110, B-05604, B-06098, B-09248,
      B-09796, B-26003, B-33438, D-00038,
      F-13084, G-00021, G-28556
CALCIUM SULFATES   D-00038
CALIFORNIA  A-32351, B-03754, B-05307,
      B-11096, D-07406, J-09313
CANADA  A-04946, B-06249, B-31589
CANCER  A-33279, G-16223, G-31664,
      G-32842
CARBIDES   A-10466
CARBON BLACK   A-05005, A-08392,
      A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
      A-30613, B-02229, B-10469, B-10479,
      B-27727, B-31773, B-33170, F-10473,
      G-07472
CARBON DIOXIDE  A-10467, A-10471,
      A-11974, A-32489, B-04367, B-06392,
      B-06611, B-07660, B-07661, B-07664,
      B-07670, B-09248, B-10469, B-27553,
      B-31226, C-17425, F-08572, F-10473,
      G-00021, 1-07553
CARBON DISULFIDE  B-07925, F-13084
CARBON MONOXIDE  A-09686, A-09737,
      A-10463, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
      A-11974, A-29348, A-32351, A-32489,
      B-04367, B-04665, B-05091, B-06392,
      B-06611, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
      B-07664, B-07669, B-07670, B-09198,
      B-09248, B-09977, B-10462, B-10469,
      B-10477, B-14889, B-16681, B-20280,
      B-23364, B-23808, B-25500, B-26612,
      B-26854, B-27553, B-28880, B-31226,
      B-32791, C-17425, D-07406, F-08572,
      F-10473, F-10717, G-00021, G-08441,
      G-08575, G-24212, G-28042, J-09313,
      J-30696, N-06I46, N-21287
CARBONATES   A-31919, B-03232,
      B-20248, B-26003, 1-07553
CARBONYLS  B-07617
CARCINOGENS   A-33279, B-01110,
      D-00038, G-00021
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES   G-24212,
      G-31664
CASCADE SAMPLERS   A-17252
CATALYSIS   A-05005, B-22940
CATALYTIC  AFTERBURNERS   B-07925,
      N-06146
CATALYTIC  OXIDATION   A-04345,
      B-05091, B-30534, B-31316, N-06146
CATTLE  A-31935, B-06587
CELL GROWTH   G-31664
CEMENTS    A-08392, A-09737, A-26929,
      A-27501, B-02031, B-02229, B-07699,
      B-07931, B-13946, B-16446, B-19210,
      B-23364, B-24881, B-26003, B-29083,
      B-31803, B-32037, B-32848, B-33170,
      C-33045, D-07406, D-24227, J-30696,
      L-06863, N-06146, N-21287
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS  A-02146,
      A-05005, A-09686, A-29021, B-03754,
      B-06587, B-07521, B-10469, B-11073,
      B-13946, B-17746, B-20699, B-23182,
      B-23364, B-24239, B-24881, B-26546,
      B-31226, B-31344, B-32791, B-33040,
      B-33438, B-33897, B-34079, C-33953,
      J-21968, J-26623, K-16228, N-06146
CERAMICS   A-09686, A-30296, B-06587,
      B-07925, B-26546, B-32037
CERIUM COMPOUNDS  F-13084
CHAMBER PROCESSING  B-07925,
      D-05145
CHARCOAL   A-08392, A-10467, B-10469,
      B-30534
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION   A-04946,
      A-05005, A-10467, A-10471, A-26321,
      A-28371, A-30598, A-30613, A-31919,
      B-04050, B-07669, B-09248, B-10460,
      B-10462, B-26018, B-33040, B-33438,
      D-05623, D-07406, F-08439, F-10473
CHEMICAL METHODS  A-04000, B-10460

CHEMICAL PROCESSING   A-04345,
      A-04946, A-05005, A-08392, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-17199, A-26929, A-27790,
      A-30296, A-32351, B-02728, B-04794,
      B-05091, B-07925, B-07931, B-16681,
      B-20248, B-26546, B-30583, B-31362,
      B-31803, B-32817, B-33918, C-33045,
      D-05145, D-23391, D-24227, G-31664,
      1-07553, J-09313, J-21300, J-21968,
      J-29923, J-30951, L-06863, N-21287
CHEMICAL REACTIONS   A-10463,
      A-10466, A-10471, A-10474, A-17252,
      A-32351, B-02229, B-07192, B-09796,
      B-09915, B-10469, B-20280, B-22940,
      B-30534, B-32037, F-08439, F-08572,
      F-10473, F-10717, N-06146
CHICAGO   J-09313
CHILDREN  G-08441, G-24212, G-31664
CHLORIDES  A-32489
CHLORINE  A-09686, B-30534
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS   A-32489,
      N-21287
CHLOROPLASTS   B-03754
CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-05005, 1-07553
CHROMIUM  A-10471, B-07661, F-08439,
      L-06863
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS   B-07661,
      B-09796, B-15887, B-31773, F-08439,
      G-07472,1-07553
CHRONIC   A-27790, G-10396, G-26136,
      G-28042, G-32079, G-32842
CITRUS   G-00021
CITY GOVERNMENTS   A-27790
CLEAN AIR ACT   B-07542, B-07925,
      G-08232, N-06146
COAL  A-05005, A-08392, A-09572,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-13261, B-02031,
      B-03232, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-31226, B-31344, B-31803, B-33170,
      C-33045, D-10618, G-08232, G-26136,
      1-07553, J-30696
COAL CHARACTERISTICS   A-09737
COAL PREPARATION   A-08392, B-20248,
      B-31803
COAL TARS  G-16223
CODES  B-06780, B-11073
COFFEE-MAKING   A-09686, B-13946
COKE  A-05005, A-08392, A-09572,
      A-09737, A-28604, A-30446, A-33930,
      B-02193, B-02728, B-07925, B-31195,
      B-31226, B-31316, B-31344, B-33168,
      B-34079, F-08572, G-00021, G-08232,
      L-06733
COLLECTORS   A-02146, A-05005,
      A-09686, A-29021, A-31919, A-31935,
      B-01110, B-02031, B-03754, B-05509,
      B-06223, B-06443, B-06568,  B-06587,
      B-06854, B-06936, B-07521,  B-07542,
      B-07664, B-07669, B-09270,  B-10469,
      B-10477, B-11073, B-11096,  B-13946,
      B-14161, B-14889, B-15649, B-16553,
      B-17234, B-17746, B-17913,  B-20280,
      B-20699, B-21324, B-23182,  B-23245,
      B-23364, B-23628, B-24239,  B-24881,
      B-25384, B-26546, B-27553,  B-27783,
      B-28880, B-29945, B-31092,  B-31226,
      B-31344, B-32791, B-33040,  B-33168,
      B-33401, B-33416, B-33438,  B-33548,
      B-33897, B-34079, C-33953,  D-00038,
      D-10618, J-21968, J-26623, J-29923,
      K-16228, N-06146
COLORIMETRY  D-05145
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-05005
COMBUSTION
      A-24928,
      B-07660,
      B-28880,
COMBUSTION
      B-05091,
      B-09977,
COMBUSTION
      A-09686,
      A-11974,
      A-24928,
      A-30613,
      A-33930,
      B-04050,
      B-06223,
      B-07660,
  A-05005, A-10474,
A-29348, B-05597, B-06223,
B-07663, B-07699, B-10469,
F-08572, F-10473
AIR   A-04345, A-33930,
B-06780, B-07664, B-09796,
B-26612, B-29740, B-32037
GASES   A-04946, A-05005,
A-09737, A-10467, A-10471,
A-14799, A-17252, A-17516,
A-29021, A-29348, A-30446,
A-30698, A-31919, A-32489,
B-01137, B-03677, B-03754,
B-04227, B-04794, B-05567,
B-06611, B-06780, B-06854,
B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                  75
      B-07925, B-07931, B-09796, B-09974,
      B-09977, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
      B-10469, B-10477, B-13645, B-14889,
      B-16553, B-17152, B-17154, B-17746,
      B-17825, B-20096, B-20226, B-20280,
      B-20699, B-22138, B-22940, B-23182,
      B-24239, B-24676, B-26018, B-26195,
      B-26546, B-26854, B-28547, B-29083,
      B-29740, B-29945, B-30534, B-30583,
      B-31226, B-31316, B-31486, B-32134,
      B-32817, B-33040, B-33081, B-33168,
      B-33170, B-33401, B-33438, B-33897,
      B-33918, B-33952, B-34079, B-34082,
      C-10461, C-14774, C-33045, D-0514S,
      D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, F-08572,
      G-08441, G-32842, 1-07553, 1-24417,
      J-2I300, J-26623, K-16228
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS  A-02146,
      A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-10467, A-10471, A-11974,
      A-14799, A-17252, A-17516, A-24928,
      A-29021, A-29348, A-30446, A-30613,
      A-30698, A-31919, A-32489, A-33930,
      B-00037, B-01137, B-03677, B-03754,
      B-04050, B-04227, B-04794, B-05567,
      B-06223, B-06392, B-06611, B-06780,
      B-06854, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
      B-07664, B-07925, B-07931, B-09796,
      B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
      B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-13645,
      B-14889, B-16553, B-16561, B-17152,
      B-17154, B-17746, B-17825, B-20096,
      B-20226, B-20280, B-20699, B-22138,
      B-22940, B-23182, B-24239, B-24676,
      B-26018, B-26195, B-26546, B-26854,
      B-28547, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
      B-30534, B-30583, B-31226, B-31316,
      B-31486, B-32037, B-32134, B-32817,
      B-33040, B-33081, B-33168, B-33170,
      B-33401, B-33438, B-33897, B-33918,
      B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, C-10461,
      C-14774, C-33045, D-05145, D-07406,
      D-10618, D-23391, F-08572, G-08441,
      G-32842, 1-07553, 1-24417, J-21300,
      J-26623, K-16228
COMMERCIAL AREAS   A-17299
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT   B-00322,
      B-01110, B-16681
COMMERCIAL FIRMS   A-02146,  B-16681,
      B-24239, B-31195, J-30951
COMMON COLD   G-05146, G-22118
COMPLAINTS  D-23391
COMPOSTING  B-05091
COMPRESSION   B-07660
COMPUTER PROGRAMS   A-04001
CONCRETE   A-09686, A-32351, B-03754,
      C-33045
CONDENSATION   A-10463, B-07660,
      B-33081
CONDENSATION  (ATMOSPHERIC)
      D-05145, G-08232
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS  A-05005,
      A-08392, A-09686, A-09737, A-26929,
      A-27501, A-32351, B-02031, B-02229,
      B-03754, B-06587, B-07699, B-07931,
      B-09915, B-13946, B-16446, B-19210,
      B-23364, B-24881, B-26003, B-29083,
      B-31803, B-32037, B-32848, B-33170,
      C-33045, D-07406, D-24227, 1-07553,
      J-30696, L-06863, N-06146, N-21287
CONTACT PROCESSING   B-07925,
      B-07931, B-31803
CONTINUOUS MONITORING  A-05005,
      B-07669, B-07925, B-20248, B-34079,
      C-14774, C-17425, C-20434, D-05145,
      D-24227, G-22118
CONTROL AGENCIES  A-27790
CONTROL EQUIPMENT   A-02146,
      A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09686, A-10471, A-17252, A-22000,
      A-26166, A-28604, A-29021, A-30296,
      A-30446, A-31919, A-31935, A-32489,
      B-00037, B-00322, B-00323, B-01110,
      B-02031, B-02193, B-02229, B-02730,
      B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
      B-03998, B-04227, B-04367, B-04382,
      B-04665, B-04794, B-05091, B-05118,
      B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
      B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
      B-06392, B-06443, B-06S68, B-06587,
      B-06780, B-06854, B-06936, B-07192,
      B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
      B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07699, B-07925,
      B-07931, B-08310, B-09198, B-09248,
      B-09270, B-09361, B-09436, B-09796,
      B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
      B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-11073,
      B-11096, B-13645, B-13811, B-13946,
      B-14161, B-14889, B-15649, B-15886,
      B-15887, B-16039, B-16193, B-16351,
      B-16446, B-16553, B-16652, B-16681,
      B-16695, B-17115, B-17118, B-17127,
      B-17138, B-17141, B-17151, B-17152,
      B-17154, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
      B-17746, B-17825, B-17913, B-17926,
      B-19210, B-19403, B-19792, B-20096,
      B-20226, B-20227, B-20248, B-20280,
      B-20699, B-21324, B-21355, B-21894,
      B-22138, B-23182, B-23245, B-23364,
      B-23628, B-23808, B-23955, B-24239,
      B-24676, B-24809, B-24881, B-25384,
      B-25500, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
      B-26612, B-27553, B-27727, B-27783,
      B-28221, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
      B-28905, B-29740, B-29945, B-30018,
      B-30534, B-31092, B-31195, B-31226,
      B-31344, B-31362, B-31486, B-31589,
      B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
      B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
      B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
      B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
      B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
      C-10461, C-14774, C-33045, C-33953,
      D-00038, D-10618, G-00021, G-26136,
      1-07553, J-08689, J-21968, J-24543,
      J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, K-16228,
      N-06146
CONTROL METHODS  A-04345, A-04946,
      A-08392, A-09572, A-09686, A-23458,
      A-26166, A-26929, A-28604, A-29021,
      A-30296, A-30446, A-30598, A-30698,
      A-32351, A-33279, A-33930, B-00037,
      B-00104, B-01137, B-02193, B-02730,
      B-03232, B-03677, B-03754, B-04227,
      B-04382, B-0466S, B-05091, B-05307,
      B-05597, B-05604, B-06098, B-06392,
      B-06443, B-06611, B-06780, B-07192,
      B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
      B-07663, B-07664, B-07668, B-07669,
      B-07670, B-07925, B-07931, B-09361,
      B-09796, B-09915, B-09974, B-09977,
      B-10462, B-10477, B-11096, B-13645,
      B-13946, B-16146, B-16193, B-16351,
      B-16561, B-16646,  B-16652, B-16681,
      B-17118, B-17152,  B-17158, B-17234,
      B-19210, B-19732,  B-20248, B-20699,
      B-21894, B-22138,  B-22940, B-23182,
      B-23364, B-24239,  B-26003, B-26546,
      B-26612, B-26854,  B-27727, B-27779,
      B-27783, B-28402,  B-28497, B-28547,
      B-28905, B-29083,  B-29740, B-29945,
      B-30534, B-30583,  B-31092, B-31195,
      B-31316, B-31486,  B-31773, B-31803,
      B-32037, B-32791, B-32817, B-32848,
      B-33081, B-33168, B-33401, B-33438,
      B-33548, B-33918, B-34071, B-34079,
      C-14774, D-10618, F-08572, J-21300,
      J-24543, J-29923, J-30696, K-33815,
      N-06146
CONTROL PROGRAMS   A-04946,
      B-00104, B-02193, B-06249, B-11096,
      B-20096, B-20248, B-31195, J-09313,
      J-21300, L-06863, N-06146
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES   B-30018
CONVECTION   B-10469
COOLING  A-10471, A-23977, B-01110,
      B-02229, B-04367, B-04665, B-07661,
      B-07669, B-07931, B-09248, B-09796,
      B-10469, B-10477, B-23808, B-25521,
      B-26612, B-28905, B-31362, B-33081,
      B-33438, B-33952, B-34079, J-08689
COPPER   A-09686, A-17471, B-03754,
      B-07925, C-33045, D-05145, G-05146,
      G-22118, G-32842, 1-07553, J-30696,
      L-06863
COPPER ALLOYS   B-03754,  C-33045
COPPER COMPOUNDS   B-05604, B-07925,
      B-09796, F-13084, G-00021
CORE OVENS  1-07553
CORONA   B-09270
CORROSION   A-31737, B-30583, G-08232,
      1-07553
COSTS  A-09572, A-28062, A-28604.
      A-30698, B-01110, B-02031, B-05091,
      B-05509, B-06443, B-07192, B-07668,
      B-09248, B-09436, B-09977, B-10460,
      B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-16193,
      B-16351, B-16681, B-17127, B-17154,
      B-20226, B-23182, B-23955, B-24239,
      B-24881, B-2S521, B-26854, B-27783,
      B-28497, B-30534, B-32134, B-33081,
      B-33416, B-34079, B-34082, D-24227,
      J-08689, J-09313, J-21300, J-21968,
      J-24155, J-24543, J-26623, J-29186,
      J-29923, J-30696, M-18022, N-03341,
      N-06146
COTTONS  1-07553
COUGH  G-05146, G-32079
CRACKING   1-07553
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS  A-32351
CRITERIA  B-19403, N-03341, N-06146
CROPS  B-02730, G-32842, J-09313
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE  B-09915, F-08439

CUPOLAS  A-09737, A-32351, A-32489,
      B-02229, B-03754, B-04794, B-05091,
      B-07925, B-13811, B-16681, B-20096,
      C-33045, F-08572, J-21968
CZECHOSLOVAKIA   A-04000, A-04001,
      A-26321, A-28371, B-04050, B-23628,
      B-28905, B-29945, B-33040, B-33081,
      B-33438, D-00038


                   D

DATA ANALYSIS  G-11575, M-15567
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS  A-04001,
      G-11575, M-15S67
DECREASING   A-32351
DENSITY   A-30613, B-27553, B-31803,
      B-33170
DEPOSITION   B-06568, N-21287
DESIGN CRITERIA   A-23977, B-02193,
      B-05118, B-05509, B-06443, B-07660,
      B-07664, B-07925, B-09248, B-09270,
      B-09436, B-09796, B-09977, B-10464,
      B-10469, B-14161, B-15649, B-158S6,
      B-16652, B-17115, B-17118, B-17138,

-------
76
      B-17141, B-17154, B-17423, B-17568,
      B-17825, B-17913, B-17926, B-19792,
      B-20096, B-20226, B-20227, B-20280,
      B-23245, B-23808, B-23955, B-24809,
      B-2S384, B-25521, B-27727, B-28497,
      B-29740, B-31362, B-33081, B-33170,
      B-33416, B-33918, B-34084, C-20434,
      C-22934, J-08689, J-24543
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
      A-08392, B-16146, B-20248, B-31803,
      B-32817, B-34079
DIAGNOSIS   G-OS146, G-16223
DIESEL ENGINES   A-05005, A-09686,
      A-32351
DIFFRACTION   F-08439
DIFFUSION   A-10463
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM   G-05146, G-08441,
      G-32842
DIOLEFINS   B-0792S
DISCOLORATION   A-22000, 1-07553
DISPERSION   A-10463, A-17199, A-26929,
      A-30598, A-32489, B-OI110, B-06568,
      B-13645, D-05I45, D-23391
DISTILLATE OILS   A-09737, A-33279
DIURNAL   A-32351
DOMESTIC HEATING   A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09737, G-08232, J-30696, N-21287
DONORA  D-05623
DROPLETS   A-10463, B-051I8, 1-07553
DRY CLEANING  A-32351
DRYING   B-26003, B-34079
DUMPS  A-09737
DUST FALL   A-04946, A-26321, B-23364,
      D-00038, D-05145, D-07406, D-10618,
      G-00021, G-07472
DUSTS   A-02146, A-04345, A-05005,
      A-10463. A-10467, A-10471, A-13261,
      A-17471, A-26166, A-27790, A-28371,
      A-30598, A-30613, A-31919, A-32489,
      B-00323, B-OniO, B-02031, B-02728,
      B-02730, B-03206, B-03232, B-03754,
      B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04382,
      B-04794, B-05118, B-05509, B-05604,
      B-06083, B-06223, B-06392, B-06443,
      B-06568, B-06780, B-06854, B-06936,
      B-07192, B-07542, B-07661, B-07663,
      B-07664, B-07669, B-07699, B-07925,
      B-07931, B-08310, B-09248, B-09361,
      B-09436, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
      B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
      B-10477, B-10479, B-11096, B-13645,
      B-13811, B-13946, B-14161, B-14889,
      B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16351,
      B-16446, B-16695, B-I7127, B-I7138,
      B-17151, B-17152, B-17154, B-17158,
      B-17423, B-17568, B-17746, B-17913,
      B-19403, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
      B-20227, B-20280, B-20699, B-21355,
      B-21894, B-22138, B-23245, B-23628,
      B-23955, B-24239, B-24809, B-25384,
      B-25500, B-26003, B-26018, B-26195,
      B-26332, B-26546, B-27553, B-27727,
      B-27783, B-28221, B-28497, B-28547,
      B-28880, B-28905, B-29083, B-29740,
      B-29945, B-30018, B-30583, B-31092,
      B-31226, B-31344, B-31486, B-31589,
      B-31803, B-32134, B-32791, B-32848,
      B-33040, B-33081, B-33170, B-33401,
      B-33416, B-33438, B-33548, B-33897,
      B-33918, B-33952, B-34071, B-34079,
      B-34082, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
      C-15940, C-22934, C-33953, D-00038,
      D-05145, D-07406, D-10618, D-23391,
      F-08439, F-10473, G-00021,  G-08441,
      G-10396, G-22118, G-28042, G-28556,
      G-32842, 1-24417, K-16228, N-06146,
      N-21287
                                            DYE MANUFACTURING   A-31737
ECONOMIC LOSSES  A-27790, B-09436,
      J-09313, J-21968
ELECTRIC CHARGE  B-07699, B-07931
ELECTRIC FURNACES   A-09686,
      A-10467, A-10471, A-17252, A-32351,
      A-32489, B-01110, B-02229, B-02728,
      B-02730, B-03754, B-05091, B-05509,
      B-05597, B-06083, B-06098, B-07192,
      B-07542, B-07660, B-07661, B-07664,
      B-07925, B-08310, B-097%, B-10462,
      B-10464, B-11073, B-11096, B-15649,
      B-15887, B-17115, B-17138, B-17746,
      B-17913, B-17926, B-21355, B-21894,
      B-24239, B-25384, B-25521, B-26332,
      B-26546, B-26612, B-28497, B-28880,
      B-29740, B-33081, B-33416, B-33548,
      B-34071, B-34082, C-33045, D-10618,
      F-08439, G-00021, G-08441, G-26577,
      K-33815, L-06733, N-06146
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
      A-05005, A-08392, A-09737, A-17199,
      A-26929, A-27501, A-27790, A-32351,
      B-02031, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-09977, B-10469, B-16681, B-21324,
      B-23955, B-24881, B-27727, B-31803,
      B-32817, D-07406, D-10618, G-08232,
      J-30696, J-30951,  N-21287
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES   B-05307,
      B-07699, B-07931, B-09270, B-23955,
      B-32848, B-33170
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE  B-07699,
      B-07931, B-33170
ELECTROCONDUCnVITY ANALYZERS
      D-05145
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY   A-30598,
      F-08439
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
      A-02146, A-05005, A-09686, A-22000,
      A-26166, A-29021, A-31919, B-00323,
      B-02031, B-02730, B-03232, B-03754,
      B-03998, B-04382, B-04665, B-04794,
      B-05307, B-05597, B-05604, B-06098,
      B-06223, B-06392, B-06443, B-06568,
      B-06780, B-06936, B-07542, B-07664,
      B-07668, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-09270, B-09796, B-09974, B-09977,
      B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
      B-11073, B-11096, B-13645, B-13811,
      B-13946, B-16351, B-16446, B-16553,
      B-17115, B-17118, B-17127, B-17138,
      B-17141, B-17746, B-19403, B-19792,
      B-20096, B-20248, B-20280, B-20699,
      B-21894, B-23182, B-23245, B-23364,
      B-23628, B-23955, B-24239, B-24676,
      B-24881, B-25500, B-26195, B-27553,
      B-28221, B-28547, B-31226, B-31344,
      B-31589, B-31803, B-32134, B-32848,
      B-33170, B-33438, B-33952, B-34079,
      B-34082, D-00038, D-10618, G-00021,
      J-08689, J-21968,  J-24543, J-26623,
      J-29186, J-29923,  K-16228, N-06146
EMISSION INVENTORIES  A-09737,
      A-12396, A-22872, A-27501, A-28604,
      B-26546
EMISSION STANDARDS   A-32351,
      B-06780, B-07542, B-17234, J-30696,
      K-16228, K-33815, N-06146
EMPHYSEMA   G-32842, J-09313
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES   B-31195

ENGINE EXHAUSTS   A-05005, A-09686,
      A-32351, D-07406, N-21287
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
      A-33930, B-03754, B-05091, B-26612,
      F-08572
EPIDEMIOLOGY   G-24212, G-24586,
      G-28042, G-32079
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA  B-19403,
      N-03341
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS   K-16228
ESTERS  B-09248
ETHYLENE   B-07925
EUROPE   A-04000, A-04001, A-04345,
      A-10463, A-10466, A-10467, A-10471,
      A-10474, A-13261, A-14799, A-17471,
      A-23458, A-23977, A-26321, A-26929,
      A-28062, A-28371, A-29348, A-30296,
      A-30598, A-30613, A-31737, A-31919,
      A-33279, B-00037, B-00104, B-01110,
      B-02229, B-02730, B-03206, B-04050,
      B-04367, B-04665, B-04794, B-05118,
      B-06223, B-06568, B-06780, B-07542,
      B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
      B-07670, B-07925, B-07931, B-08310,
      B-09248, B-09270, B-09915, B-10460,
      B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10479,
      B-13811, B-14161, B-14889, B-16193,
      B-16351, B-16446, B-16561, B-17115,
      B-17746, B-17926, B-19403, B-20226,
      B-20280, B-21894, B-22940, B-23245,
      B-23364, B-23628, B-23955, B-24809,
      B-25500, B-26018, B-27783, B-28221,
      B-28402, B-28880, B-28905, B-29740,
      B-29945, B-30583, B-31226, B-31773,
      B-33040, B-33081, B-33438, B-33897,
      B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
      C-10461, C-14774, C-20434, C-22934,
      C-33953, D-00038, D-10618, D-23391,
      F-08439, F-13084, G-07472, G-08232,
      G-08441, G-08575, G-10396, G-11575,
      G-24586, G-28556, G-32079, 1-24417,
      J-21300, J-24543, J-29186, J-29923,
      K-16228, K-33815, L-06863, N-21287
EXCESS AIR  A-33930, B-09796, B-26612,
      B-29740
EXCRETIONS   G-28556
EXHAUST SYSTEMS    A-04345, A-10471,
      B-01110, B-04367, B-04665, B-05091,
      B-05597, B-06083, B-06098, B-07192,
      B-07660, B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-08310, B-09198,
      B-09248, B-09436, B-09796, B-09977,
      B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
      B-11073, B-11096, B-13811, B-1711S,
      B-17746, B-17913, B-17926, B-20699,
      B-23808, B-25384, B-26332, B-26612,
      B-27553, B-28497, B-29945, B-31344,
      B-32134, B-33168, B-33416, B-33548,
      J-08689, J-24543
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT  A-04000,
      B-03677, B-09270
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS   A-04000,
      A-10467, D-10618, F-10473, G-10396
EXPLOSIONS   A-32489, B-10477, B-32848
EXPOSURE METHODS  G-10396
EYE IRRITATION  A-32351
EYES   G-08232
FALLOUT  G-11575
FANS (BLOWERS)   B-01110, B-04665,
      B-05091, B-05597, B-07192, B-09248,
      B-09436, B-11096, B-17913, B-20699,
      B-23808, B-26332, B-26612, B-29945,
      B-31344, B-32134, B-33416
FARMS   G-11575, G-31664
FEASIBILITY STUDIES   B-09915

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                  77
 FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS  B-07925,
      G-08232, J-09313, N-06146, N-21287
 FEMALES   G-05146, M-15567
 FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
      A-26929, A-31935, B-19210, D-24227,
      G-26136
 FERTILIZING   A-04946, A-08392, B-02730,
      B-06587,  B-09915, G-32842
 FIELD TESTS   A-10467, A-10471, B-07521,
      B-07617,  B-09974, B-10462, B-10477,
      B-10479,  B-29945, C-33953, D-10618
 FILTER FABRICS   A-05005, A-0%86,
      A-30296, B-02229, B-03677,  B-03754,
      B-05567,  B-06083, B-06780, B-07617,
      B-08310,  B-09796, B-U073, B-11096,
      B-14161,  B-16039, B-19210,  B-20248,
      B-23955,  B-26332, B-28497, B-31226,
      B-32037,  B-33952, B-34079, B-34082,
      C-33045,  G-00021, I-075S3
 FILTERS   A-02146, A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09686,  A-17252, A-22000, A-26166.
      A-29021,  A-30296, B-01110, B-02031,
      B-02229,  B-02730, B-03677, B-03754,
      B-05567,  B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
      B-06568,  B-06780, B-07192,  B-07521,
      B-07617,  B-07661, B-07925, B-08310,
      B-09248,  B-09436, B-09796, B-10464,
      B-10469,  B-11073, B-11096, B-13946,
      B-14161,  B-15887, B-16039, B-16193,
      B-16351,  B-17115, B-17746, B-17926,
      B-19210,  B-19403, B-20226, B-20248,
      B-20280,  B-20699, B-21324, B-21894,
      B-23245,  B-23364, B-23955, B-24239,
      B-24881,  B-25384, B-26195, B-26332,
      B-26612,  B-27S53, B-27727,  B-28221,
      B-28497,  B-28547, B-28880, B-28905,
      B-30018,  B-31195, B-31226, B-31344,
      B-32037,  B-32791, B-33548, B-33952,
      B-34079,  B-34082, C-10461, C-14774,
      C-33045,  D-10618, G-00021,  1-07553,
      J-21968, J-29186, N-06146
 FIRING METHODS   A-04345, A-09572,
      A-33930,  B-01137, B-05091,  B-06780,
      B-07664,  B-07925, B-09796, B-09977,
      B-26612,  B-29740, B-32037
 FLAME AFTERBURNERS   B-07925,
      B-10469,  N-06146
 FLARES   B-04367, B-07925
 FLOW RATES   A-04345, B-01110,
      B-02730,  B-05604, B-07670, B-23628,
      B-25500,  B-27727, B-30583, B-31589,
      B-33170,  C-22934, C-33045, 1-24417
 FLOWERS   B-09915
 FLOWMETERS  A-10471
 FLUID FLOW   A-04345, B-01110, B-02730,
      B-04665,  B-05118, B-05307, B-05597,
      B-05604,  B-07670, B-09270, B-09361,
      B-23628,  B-25500, B-27727, B-30583,
      B-31589,  B-33170, C-22934, C-33045,
      1-24417
 FLUORANTHENES   A-05005
FLUORIDES   A-17471, A-30296, A-31935,
      B-06587,  B-07664, B-09796, B-19210,
      B-23182,  B-33918, D-10618, G-00021,
      G-26136,  G-28556, 1-07553, J-30696
 FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-30296
FLUORINE  B-04794, B-07664, J-29923
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS   A-17471,
      A-30296,  A-31935, B-06587, B-07664,
      B-07925,  B-09796, B-19210, B-23182,
      B-33897,  B-33918, D-10618, G-00021,
      G-26136,  G-28556, 1-07553, J-30696,
      N-21287
FLUOROSIS    B-06587, G-26136, G-28556
FLY ASH  A-04345, A-09686, B-03677,
      B-05567,  B-07699, B-07925, G-24212
FOG   G-08232
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
      A-09686, B-13946, C-33045, J-30696
FOODS   G-32842
FORESTS   A-26929
FRANCE   A-04001, B-14889, B-16561,
      B-27783, B-28880, B-34084, C-20434
FRUITS   G-00021
FUEL CHARGING   A-09572, A-33930
FUEL EVAPORATION   A-32351
FUEL GASES   A-05005, A-08392, A-09737,
      A-23977, A-32351, B-07925, B-10460,
      B-25521, B-31226, C-33045, F-08572
FUEL OILS   A-05005, A-09737, A-27790,
      A-32351, A-33279, A-33930, B-05604,
      B-07925, B-09796, B-16146, B-31226,
      B-32817, C-33045, D-07406, G-08232,
      1-07553
FUEL STANDARDS  B-32817
FUELS   A-04345, A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-13261,
      A-23977, A-24928, A-27790, A-28062,
      A-28604, A-30446, A-30698, A-32351,
      A-33279, A-33930, B-02031, B-02193,
      B-02728, B-03232, B-05509, B-05604,
      B-07699, B-07925, B-07931, B-09796,
      B-10460, B-16146, B-25521, B-26546,
      B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
      B-31803, B-32817, B-33168, B-33170,
      B-34079, B-34082, C-10461, C-33045,
      D-07406, D-10618, F-08572, G-00021,
      G-08232, G-26136, 1-07553, J-30696,
      L-06733, L-06863
FUMES   A-04345, A-10463, A-10466,
      A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-26166,
      A-32489, B-00037, B-00322, B-00323,
      B-01110, B-01137, B-02229, B-02728,
      B-02730, B-03677, B-03754, B-04367,
      B-04382, B-04665, B-05091, B-05509,
      B-05597, B-06098, B-06443, B-06936,
      B-07192, B-07521, B-07542, B-07617,
      B-07660, B-07661, B-07664, B-07668,
      B-07670, B-07699, B-07925, B-09248,
      B-09361, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
      B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
      B-10479, B-11073, B-11096, B-13811,
      B-14161, B-16039, B-16652, B-16695,
      B-17115, B-17127, B-17138, B-17141,
      B-17151, B-17746, B-17913, B-17926,
      B-19792, B-20096, B-20699, B-21894,
      B-23955, B-25384, B-25521, B-26195,
      B-26332, B-26612, B-28221, B-28402,
      B-28497, B-28880, B-29945, B-31226,
      B-31589, B-31773, B-33548, B-33952,
      B-34079, B-34082, B-34084, C-22934,
      C-33953, D-10618, F-10473, G-00021,
      G-28042, G-32842, J-08689, K-3381S,
      N-06146
FUNGI   1-07553
FURNACES   A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
      A-04345, A-05005, A-09572, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-10463, A-10467, A-10471,
      A-11974, A-13261, A-17252, A-20414,
      A-22000, A-23977, A-26166, A-28062,
      A-28371, A-29348, A-30446, A-30613,
      A-32351, A-32489, A-33279, A-33930,
      B-00037, B-00322,  B-00323, B-01110,
      B-01137, B-02031, B-02193, B-02229,
      B-02728, B-02730, B-03232, B-03677,
      B-03754, B-03998, B-04050, B-04367,
      B-04382. B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
      B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
      B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
      B-06392, B-06443, B-06568, B-06587,
      B-06611, B-06780, B-06854, B-06936,
      B-07192, B-07521, B-07542, B-07617,
      B-07660, B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,
      B-07668, B-07669, B-07670. B-07699,
      B-07925,
      B-09248
      B-09796
      B-10460,
      B-10477,
      B-13811
      B-16039,
      B-16681,
      B-17127.
      B-17152,
      B-17423,
      B-17913,
      B-19792,
      B-20280,
      B-23182,
      B-25384,
      B-26546,
      B-28497,
      B-29740,
      B-31195,
      B-31362,
      B-33081,
      B-33897,
      B-34084,
      C-20434,
      D-07406,
      F-10473,
      G-08232,
      1-24417,
      J-29186,
      N-03341
 B-07931, B-08310,
, B-09270, B-09361,
, B-09915, B-09974,
 B-10462, B-10464,
, B-10479, B-11073,
, B-15649, B-15886,
 B-16553, B-16646,
 B-16695, B-17115,
, B-17138, B-17141,
 B-17154, B-17158,
 B-17568, B-17746,
 B-17926, B-19403,
 B-20096, B-20226,
, B-20699, B-21355,
 B-23808, B-24239,
 B-25521, B-26018,
 B-26612, B-26854,
 B-28880, B-28905,
 B-29945, B-30583,
 B-31226, B-31316,
, B-31486, B-32037,
 B-33168, B-33416,
 B-33952, B-34071,
 C-10461, C-14774,
 C-33045, C-33953,
,D-10618, F-08439,
 F-10717, G-00021,
, G-08441, G-08575,
J-08689,  J-21968, J-
K-16228, K-33815,
, N-06146

      G
B-09198,
B-09436,
B-09977,
B-10469,
B-110%,
B-15887,
B-16652,
B-17118,
B-17151,
B-17234,
B-17825,
B-19732,
B-20227,
B-21894,
B-24809,
B-26332,
B-27553,
B-29083,
B-31092,
B-31344,
B-32791,
B-33548,
B-34082,
C-17425,
D-00038,
F-08572,
G-07472,
G-26577,
-24543,
L-06733,
GAS SAMPLING  A-05005, B-04050,
      B-20248, C-14774, C-17425, C-20434,
      D-05145
GAS TURBINES   B-32134
GASES   A-04946, B-00037, B-02229,
      B-04794, B-05118, B-07660, B-07663,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07931, B-17151,
      B-20227, F-08572, F-10717, G-28042,
      G-28556, 1-07553, J-08689, N-06146
GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS)   A-08392,
      B-31803
GASOLINES  A-05005, A-09737
GERMANY  A-10463, A-10466, A-10467,
      A-10471, A-10474, A-17471, A-23458,
      A-23977, A-28062, A-29348, A-30296,
      B-03206, B-04794, B-05118, B-06568,
      B-06780, B-08310, B-09248, B-09270,
      B-09915, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
      B-10469, B-16351, B-16561, B-19403,
      B-20226, B-20280, B-23245, B-23364,
      B-25500, B-29740, B-30583, C-10461,
      C-14774, D-10618, D-23391, G-28556,
      J-21300, J-29923, K-16228, N-21287
GLASS FABRICS   A-05005, A-09686,
      A-30296, B-02229, B-03754, B-06083,
      B-08310, B-09796, B-11096, B-16039,
      B-19210, B-26332, B-28497, B-32037,
      C-33045, 1-07553
GOVERNMENTS  A-27790, B-07542,
      B-07925, B-16446, B-31195, G-08232,
      J-09313, L-06863, N-06146, N-21287
GRAIN PROCESSING   J-30696
GRAPHITE  B-17151, F-10473
GRASSES   B-02730
GRAVITY SETTLING   A-09686, B-09974
GREAT BRITAIN   B-04665, B-07542,
      B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
      B-07670, B-07925, B-13811, B-14161,
      B-17115, B-17746, B-17926, B-23955,
      B-28221, B-28402, B-31226, B-31773,
      B-34079, B-34082, C-22934, C-33953,

-------
 78
      F-13084, G-08232, G-11575, 3-24543,
      K-33815, L-06863
 GUINEA PIGS   G-08232


                    H

 HALOGEN GASES   A-09686, B-04794,
      B-07664, B-27727, B-30534, D-24227,
      J-29923
 HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-30296
 HAZE   D-05145
 HEALTH IMPAIRMENT   D-07406,
      G-05146, G-08441, J-09313
 HEALTH STATISTICS   G-11575
 HEARINGS   L-06733
 HEAT CAPACITY   A-23977
 HEAT OF COMBUSTION   B-10469
 HEAT TRANSFER   A-10471, A-23977,
      B-01110, B-02229, B-04367, B-04665,
      B-07661, B-07669, B-07670, B-07931,
      B-09248, B-097%, B-10469, B-10477,
      B-23808, B-25521, B-26612, B-28402,
      B-28905, B-31362, B-33081, B-33438,
      B-33952, B-34079, J-08689
 HEIGHT FINDING   A-17516, C-33045
 HI-VOL SAMPLERS   A-05005,  D-24227
 HIGHWAYS   A-17299
 HOURLY   G-22118
 HOUSTON   D-24227
 HUMANS   A-22000, A-31737, G-05146,
      G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-08575,
      G-11575, G-16223, G-24212, G-24586,
      G-26577, G-28042, G-31664, G-32079,
      G-32842, M-15567
 HUMIDITY   B-33170, 1-07553
 HYDROCARBONS   A-05005, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-26321, A-26929, A-28371,
      A-30598, A-32351, A-32489, A-33279,
      B-06611, B-07925, B-16646, B-19732,
      B-31803, B-32037, J-30696, N-06146,
      N-21287
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID   B-06587,
      G-28042
 HYDROFLUORIC ACID   A-17471,
      A-30296, A-31935, B-05567, G-28042
 HYDROGEN   A-10466, B-06611, B-07670,
      B-27553, F-08572, F-10717, G-00021
 HYDROGEN SULFIDE   B-02728, B-07925,
      B-31195, B-31316, B-33168, B-34079,
      F-10717,  F-13084,  1-07553
                    I
ILLINOIS   J-09313
IMPINGERS   A-22000, G-00021
INCINERATION   A-02146, A-05005,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-32351, B-05091,
      B-20248, C-33045, G-32842, N-06146
INDIANA   A-09737, D-05623
INDUSTRIAL AREAS   A-14799, A-17199,
      A-17299, A-27790, A-28371, B-16146,
      D-05145, G-00021, G-07472, G-08441,
      G-11575, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
      J-30951
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      A-02146, A-04000, A-04001, A-04345,
      A-04946, A-05005, A-08392, A-09572,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-10463, A-10466,
      A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-11974,
      A-12396, A-13261, A-14799, A-17199,
      A-17252, A-17299, A-17471, A-17516,
      A-20414, A-22000, A-22872, A-23458,
      A-23977, A-24928, A-26166, A-26321,
      A-26929, A-27501, A-27790, A-28062,
      A-28371, A-28604, A-29021, A-29348,
      A-30296, A-30446, A-30598, A-30613,
      A-30698, A-31737, A-31919, A-31935,
      A-32351, A-32489, A-33279, A-33930,
      B-00037, B-00104, B-00322, B-00323,
      B-01110, B-01137, B-02031, B-02193,
      B-02229, B-02728, B-02730, B-03206,
      B-03232, B-03677, B-03754, B-03998,
      B-04050, B-04227, B-04367, B-04382,
      B-04665, B-04794, B-05091, B-05118,
      B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
      B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
      B-06249, B-06392, B-06443, B-06568,
      B-06587, B-06611, B-06780, B-06854,
      B-06936, B-07192, B-07521, B-07542,
      B-07617, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
      B-07664, B-07668, B-07669, B-07670,
      B-07699, B-07925, B-07931, B-08310,
      B-09198, B-09248, B-09270, B-09361,
      B-09436, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
      B-09977, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
      B-10469, B-10477, B-10479, B-11073,
      B-11096, B-13645, B-13811, B-13946,
      B-14161, B-14889, B-15649, B-15886,
      B-15887, B-16039, B-16146, B-16193,
      B-16351, B-16446, B-16553, B-16561,
      B-16646, B-16652, B-16681, B-16695,
      B-17115, B-17118, B-17127, B-17138,
      B-17141, B-17151, B-17152, B-17154,
      B-17158, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
      B-17746, B-17825, B-17913, B-17926,
      B-19210, B-19403, B-19732, B-19792,
      B-20096, B-20226, B-20227, B-20248,
      B-20280, B-20699, B-21324, B-21355,
      B-21894, B-22138, B-22940, B-23182,
      B-23245, B-23364, B-23628, B-23808,
      B-23955, B-24239, B-24676, B-24809,
      B-24881, B-25384, B-25500, B-25521,
      B-26003, B-26018, B-26195, B-26332,
      B-26546, B-26612, B-26854, B-27553,
      B-27727, B-27779, B-27783, B-28221,
      B-28402, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
      B-28905, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
      B-30018, B-30534, B-30583, B-31092,
      B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
      B-31362, B-31486, B-31589, B-31773,
      B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
      B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
      B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
      B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
      B-33952, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
      B-34084, C-10461, C-14774, C-15940,
      C-17425, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
      C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
      D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
      F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
      F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
      G-08232, G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
      G-11575, G-16223, G-22118, G-24212,
      G-24586, G-26136, G-26577, G-28042,
      G-28556, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
      1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
      J-21300, J-21968, J-24155, J-24S43,
      J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, J-30696,
      J-30951, K-16228, K-33815, L-06733,
      L-06863, M-15567, M-18022, M-26303,
      N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
INFANTS   G-11575
INFECTIOUS DISEASES   G-08441,
      G-31664
INGESTION   G-32842
INORGANIC ACIDS   A-04946, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-17471, A-27790, A-30296,
      A-31935, A-32351, B-05091, B-05567,
      B-06587, B-07925, B-07931, B-20248,
      B-31316, B-33918, D-05145, G-08232,
      G-28042, 1-07553, J-09313, J-30696
INSTRUMENTATION   B-05597, C-10461
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
      A-05005, A-08392, A-09686, A-32351,
      B-05091
INVERSION  A-04946, 1-07553
IODINE   B-27727
IONIZATION  B-07699, B-07931, B-09270,
      F-08439
IONS  B-07931, F-08439
IRON   A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
      A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
      A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
      A-11974, A-12396, A-13261, A-14799,
      A-17199, A-17252, A-17299, A-17471,
      A-17516, A-20414, A-22000, A-22872,
      A-23458, A-23977, A-24928, A-26166,
      A-26321, A-26929, A-27501, A-27790,
      A-28062, A-28371, A-28604, A-29021,
      A-29348, A-30296, A-30446, A-30598,
      A-30613, A-30698, A-31737, A-31919,
      A-31935, A-32351, A-32489, A-33279,
      A-33930, B-00037, B-00104, B-00322,
      B-00323, B-01110, B-01137, B-02031,
      B-02193, B-02229, B-02728, B-02730,
      B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
      B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04367,
      B-04382, B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
      B-05118, B-05307, B-05509, B-05567,
      B-05597, B-05604, B-06083, B-06098,
      B-06223, B-06249, B-06392, B-06443,
      B-06568, B-06587, B-06611, B-06780,
      B-06854, B-06936, B-07192, B-07521,
      B-07542, B-07617, B-07660, B-07661,
      B-07663, B-07664, B-07668, B-07669,
      B-07670, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-08310, B-09198, B-09248, B-09270,
      B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-09915,
      B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
      B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-10479,
      B-11073, B-110%, B-13645, B-13811,
      B-13946, B-14161, B-14889, B-15649,
      B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16146,
      B-16193, B-16351, B-16446, B-16553,
      B-16561, B-16646, B-16652, B-16681,
      B-16695, B-17115, B-17118, B-17127,
      B-17138, B-17141, B-17151, B-17152,
      B-17154, B-17158, B-17234, B-17423,
      B-17568, B-17746, B-17825, B-17913,
      B-17926, B-19210, B-19403, B-19732,
      B-19792, B-20096, B-20226, B-20227,
      B-20248, B-20280, B-20699, B-21324,
      B-21355, B-21894, B-22138, B-22940,
      B-23182, B-23245, B-23364, B-23628,
      B-23808, B-23955, B-24239, B-24676,
      B-24809, B-24881, B-25384, B-25500,
      B-25521, B-26003, B-26018, B-26195,
      B-26332, B-26546, B-26612, B-26854,
      B-27553, B-27779, B-27783, B-28221,
      B-28402, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
      B-28905, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
      B-30018, B-30534, B-30583, B-31092,
      B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
      B-31362, B-31486, B-31589, B-31773,
      B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
      B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
      B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
      B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
      B-33952, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
      B-34084, C-10461, C-14774, C-15940,
      C-17425, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
      C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
      D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
      F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
      F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
      G-08232, G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
      G-11575, G-16223, G-22118, G-24212,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                  79
      G-24586, G-26136, G-26577, G-28042,
      G-285S6, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
      1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
      J-21300, J-21968, J-24155, J-24543,
      J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, J-30696,
      J-30951, K-16228, K-33815, L-06733,
      L-06863, M-15567, M-18022, M-26303,
      N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
IRON COMPOUNDS   A-04946, A-10463,
      A-22000, A-26321, A-30446, A-31919,
      B-05604, B-07521, B-07617, B-07661,
      B-07925, B-10460, B-15887, B-22940,
      B-27783, C-10461, D-05623, F-08439,
      G-00021, G-10396
IRON OXIDES  A-04000, A-09572,
      A-10463, A-10466, A-10474, A-13261,
      A-17471, A-20414, A-26321, A-28371,
      A-30613. B-03232, B-04382,  B-05091,
      B-05604, B-06098, B-06611, B-06780,
      B-06936, B-07521, B-07617, B-07661,
      B-07664, B-07699, B-07925, B-09198,
      B-09248, B-09270, B-09796, B-09915,
      B-10460, B-16039, B-16652, B-17127,
      B-17151, B-24676, B-26018, B-27783,
      B-28221, B-28402, B-28880, B-29083,
      B-29740, B-31092, B-31226, B-32791,
      B-33081, B-33438, B-34079, B-34082,
      B-34084, C-33953, F-08439, F-10473,
      G-00021, G-07472, G-10396, 1-07553
                    J
JAPAN  A-11974, A-17199, A-17252,
      A-17299, A-17516, A-27790, A-31935,
      B-07669, B-10477, B-13645, B-15649,
      B-16146, B-16553, B-17234, B-19210,
      B-20096, B-21324, B-22138, B-24239,
      B-26003, B-26546, B-26854, B-27553,
      B-28547, B-30534, B-31092, B-31344,
      B-31362, B-31486, B-32791, B-32817,
      B-32848, B-33401, B-33416, B-33918,
      B-34071, C-15940, D-07406, F-10473,
      G-16223, G-26136, G-26577, G-31664,
      G-32842, J-30951
JET AIRCRAFT  A-32351

                   K

KEROSENE   A-33279
KIDNEYS   G-32842
KILNS  A-08392, B-03232, B-07699,
      B-07925, B-07931, B-24881, B-31773,
      B-32037, B-33897, C-33045, N-21287
KRAFT PULPING  A-04345, A-09686,
      B-05091, B-16681, B-20248, B-31803,
      C-3304S
LABORATORY ANIMALS   G-00021,
      G-07472, G-08232, G-10396, G-28042,
      G-32842
LABORATORY FACILITIES   B-07617
LANDFILLS  A-09737, B-33548
LARYNX   G-08441
LEAD  A-04946, A-09686, A-26166,
      B-03754, B-21324, C-33045, G-32842,
      J-30696, L-06863
LEAD ALLOYS   B-03754
LEAD COMPOUNDS   A-04946, B-01110,
      B-03232, B-34071, D-05623, J-30696
LEATHER   1-07553
LEAVES   A-31935
LEGAL ASPECTS   A-26166, A-27790,
      A-32351, B-06780, B-07542, B-07925,
      B-11073, B-11096, B-16561, B-17234,
      B-23364, B-31195, B-31226, D-23391,
      G-00021, G-08232, K-33815, L-06733,
      N-06146, N-21287
LEGISLATION   A-27790, A-32351,
      B-07542, B-07925, B-16561, B-17234,
      B-23364, B-31226, G-00021, G-08232,
      K-33815, N-06146
LIGHT RADIATION   G-11575
LIGHT SCATTERING   B-04050
LIME   A-08392, B-07699, B-07931,
      B-31773, B-32037, B-33897, C-33045
LIMESTONE   B-06587, B-07521, B-23182,
      B-31344, B-32817, D-10618, 1-07553
LIPIDS  G-10396
LIQUIDS  B-05118, B-05604, B-07542,
      B-09248, B-20280, B-23245, B-26003,
      B-31486, B-33081, F-10717, 1-07553
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS   B-09796
LIVER  G-32842
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS   B-07542,
      B-16446, B-31195, N-06146
LONDON   G-08232
LOS ANGELES    B-03754, B-11096,
      D-07406
LUNG CANCER  G-16223
LUNG CLEARANCE   G-32079
LUNGS   G-08441, G-10396, G-28556

                    M

MAGNESIUM   B-03754, C-33045
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS   A-26321,
      A-28371, B-01110, B-05604, F-13084
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
      A-32351
MAINTENANCE   B-05604, B-06443,
      B-07192, B-07542, B-09361, B-10462,
      B-16652, B-17118, B-17152, B-32848,
      B-33168, B-33918, C-14774, J-30696
MALES   G-05146, M-15567
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL   A-02146
MANGANESE  B-06780, B-07661, F-08439.
      G-07472, G-24586, G-26577, L-06863
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS   A-04000,
      A-04001, A-26321, A-28371, B-01110,
      B-05604, B-06780, B-07661, B-09796,
      B-31773, B-32817, B-33438, D-24227,
      F-08439, F-13084, G-00021, G-07472,
      G-26577
MANGANESE SULFATES  B-09796
MATERIALS DETERIORATION   A-22000,
      A-31737, B-04227, B-30583, G-08232,
      1-07553, 1-24417
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES  A-10463,
      B-07699, B-07931, B-28547, B-33170,
      C-33045, F-08439, F-08572, F-10473
MATHEMATICAL MODELING  A-10463,
      F-10473
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
      CONCENTRATION   G-08232
MEASUREMENT METHODS   A-05005,
      A-10467, A-22000, B-04050, B-07664,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-10460,
      B-20248, B-21894, B-23364, B-28547,
      B-34079, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
      C-17425, C-20434, C-33045, D-05145,
      D-10618, D-24227, G-22118
MEETINGS   M-18022
MERCAPTANS   B-07925
METAL COMPOUNDS  A-04000, A-04001,
      A-04946, A-09686, A-10463, A-17471,
      A-22000, A-22872, A-26321, A-28371.
      A-30296, A-30446, A-31919, A-32489,
      B-01110, B-03232, B-03998, B-05604,
      B-06098, B-06780, B-07521, B-07617,
      B-07661, B-07925, B-09248, B-09796,
      B-10460, B-15887, B-20248, B-22940,
      B-26003, B-27783, B-31773, B-32817,
      B-33438, B-34071, C-10461, C-15940,
      D-00038, D-05623, D-24227, F-08439,
      F-13084, G-00021, G-07472, G-08232,
      G-10396, G-24212, G-26577, G-28556,
      G-32842, 1-07553, J-30696
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
      A-08392, A-09737, A-17199, A-17471,
      A-22872, A-26929, A-28371, A-30446,
      A-30613, A-31935, A-32351. A-32489,
      B-02229, B-03206, B-03754. B-07925,
      B-16681, B-20248, B-21324, B-27783,
      B-30534, B-32037, B-32848, B-33168,
      C-33045, D-07406, G-28042, G-32842,
      J-21968, J-29923,  J-30696, N-06146
METAL POISONING   G-32842
METALS   A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
      A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
      A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
      A-11974, A-12396, A-13261, A-14799,
      A-17199, A-17252, A-17299, A-17471,
      A-17516, A-20414, A-22000, A-22872,
      A-23458, A-23977, A-24928. A-26166,
      A-26321, A-26929, A-27501, A-27790,
      A-28062, A-28371, A-28604, A-29021,
      A-29348, A-30296, A-30446, A-30598,
      A-30613, A-30698, A-31737, A-31919,
      A-31935, A-32351, A-32489, A-33279,
      A-33930, B-00037, B-00104, B-00322,
      B-00323, B-01110, B-01137, B-02031,
      B-02193, B-02229, B-02728, B-02730,
      B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
      B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04367,
      B-04382, B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
      B-05118, B-05307, B-05509, B-05567,
      B-05597, B-05604, B-06083, B-06098,
      B-06223, B-06249, B-06392, B-06443,
      B-06568, B-06587, B-06611, B-06780,
      B-06854, B-06936, B-07192, B-07521,
      B-07542, B-07617, B-07660, B-07661,
      B-07663, B-07664, B-07668, B-07669,
      B-07670, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-08310, B-09198, B-09248, B-09270,
      B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-09915,
      B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
      B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-10479,
      B-11073, B-11096, B-13645, B-13811,
      B-13946, B-14161, B-14889, B-15649,
      B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16146,
      B-16193, B-16351, B-16446, B-16553,
      B-16561, B-16646, B-16652, B-16681,
      B-16695, B-17115, B-17118, B-17127,
      B-17138, B-17141, B-17151, B-17152,
      B-17154, B-17158, B-17234, B-17423,
      B-17568, B-17746, B-17825, B-17913,
      B-17926, B-19210, B-19403. B-19732,
      B-I9792, B-20096, B-20226, B-20227,
      B-20248, B-20280. B-20699, B-21324.
      B-21355, B-21894, B-22138, B-22940,
      B-23182, B-23245, B-23364, B-23628,
      B-23808, B-23955, B-24239, B-24676,
      B-24809, B-24881, B-25384, B-25500,
      B-25521, B-26003, B-26018, B-26195,
      B-26332, B-26546, B-26612, B-26854,
      B-27553, B-27779, B-27783, B-28221,
      B-28402, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
      B-28905, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
      B-30018, B-30534, B-30583, B-31092,
      B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
      B-31362, B-31486, B-31589, B-31773,

-------
 80
      B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
      B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
      B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
      B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
      B-33952, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
      B-34084, C-10461, C-14774, C-15940,
      C-1742S, C-20434, C-22934. C-33045,
      C-339S3, D-00038, D-0514S, D-05623,
      D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
      F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
      F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
      G-08232. G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
      G-11575, G-16223, G-22118, G-24212,
      G-24586, G-26136, G-26577, G-28042,
      G-28556, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
      1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
      J-21300, J-21968, J-24155, J-24543,
      J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, J-30696,
      J-30951, K-16228, K-33815, L-06733,
      L-06863, M-15567, M-18022, M-26303,
      N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
METEOROLOGY   A-04946, A-27790,
      A-32351, B-33170, D-00038, D-05145,
      D-05623, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
      G-08232, G-11575, G-22118, 1-07553
METHANES   B-06611, B-16646, B-19732
MICROORGANISMS   G-24586, 1-07553
MINERAL PROCESSING   A-04946,
      A-08392, A-09737, A-22872, A-26929,
      A-27501, A-27790, A-30296, A-31935,
      A-32351, B-02031, B-03754. B-07699,
      B-07925, B-07931, B-13946, B-16446,
      B-19210, B-23364, B-26546, B-27783,
      B-31344, B-31803, B-32037, B-32848,
      B-33170, B-34079, C-33045, D-23391,
      G-08441, G-10396, G-26136, J-30696,
      L-06863, N-06146
MINERAL PRODUCTS   B-03754, B-06587,
      B-07521, B-13946, B-17151, B-23182,
      B-31344, B-32817, D-10618, F-10473,
      G-10396, G-24212, 1-07553, L-06863
MINING  A-04946, G-10396
MISSOURI   B-02229, B-02730, B-03998,
      B-04050
MISTS   B-05567, B-07925, B-16695,
      G-32842, J-09313, N-06146
MOBILE  A-32351, J-30696
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS  B-09796,
      F-13084
MONITORING  A-05005, B-07664,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-20248,
      B-28547, B-34079, C-14774, C-17425,
      C-20434, D-05145, D-24227, G-22118
MONTHLY    D-05145
MORBIDITY   G-08441, G-26577, G-28042
MORTALITY   A-31737, G-08575, G-24586,
      G-28042, G-31664
MOUNTAINS  G-31664
MOUTH  G-05146
MULTIPLE  CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      A-05005
                   N
NATURAL GAS  A-09737, A-32351,
      B-25521, C-33045
NERVOUS SYSTEM   G-11575
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
      D-24227
NEW YORK CITY   J-09313
NEW YORK STATE  J-09313
NICKEL   F-08439
NICKEL COMPOUNDS  B-09796, B-15887,
      F-08439
NITRATES   G-24212, N-06146
NITRIC ACID  A-09686, B-07925
NITRIC OXIDE (NO)   B-30534, F-10717
NITROGEN   A-10466, A-10471, A-32489,
      B-07661, B-07664, B-10477, B-26854,
      B-27553, B-30534, F-08572, G-00021
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)   A-09686,
      B-30534, D-05145, G-24212, N-06146
NITROGEN OXIDES   A-09686, A-09737,
      A-32351, B-07925, B-30534, B-32037,
      D-05145, F-10717, G-24212, G-28042,
      J-30696, N-06146
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O)  B-30534
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      A-04946, A-05005, A-08392, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-27501, A-29021, A-31737,
      B-02730, B-05091. B-06392, B-06587,
      B-07521, B-07670, B-09915, B-20227,
      B-29740, B-31195, B-31226, B-32848,
      B-33081, B-33168, B-33548, C-33045,
      G-08232, G-32842, 1-07553, J-26623,
      J-30696, J-30951, N-21287
NON-URBAN AREAS   A-27790, G-11575,
      G-31664
NOSTRILS   G-10396, G-32079
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS   B-27727
NUCLEATION   A-10463
NYLON   1-07553
                   o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH  A-33279,
      B-32848, G-07472, G-08232, G-08575,
      G-16223, G-26577, G-28042, G-32079,
      G-32842
ODOR COUNTERACTION   B-01137,
      B-04227, B-13946
ODORS   A-30446, A-32489, B-13946,
      B-16695, N-06146
OIL BURNERS   B-01137
OIL RESOURCES   A-09737
OLEFTNS   B-07925, B-31803
OPEN BURNING  A-05005, A-09686,
      A-09737, B-32848
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES  A-02146,
      A-04345, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
      A-32351, A-33930, B-00037, B-00322,
      B-02193, B-02728, B-02730, B-03232,
      B-03677, B-03754, B-04382, B-05307,
      B-05509, B-05567, B-05597, B-05604,
      B-06223, B-06587, B-06854, B-06936,
      B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07699,
      B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-10460,
      B-10479, B-11096, B-13811, B-16039,
      B-16652, B-16695, B-17115, B-17118,
      B-17141, B-17151, B-17154, B-17746,
      B-17825, B-19732, B-19792, B-20699,
      B-21894, B-23182, B-24239, B-26546,
      B-28905, B-29945, B-31092, B-31195,
      B-33081, B-33897, B-34071, B-34082,
      C-10461, C-33045, C-33953, F-10473,
      G-00021, L-06733, N-03341
OPERATING CRITERIA   N-03341
OPERATING VARIABLES   A-04001,
      A-10474, A-20414, A-29348, A-30446,
      A-30698, B-06443, B-10460, B-10479,
      B-15887, B-16351, B-16652, B-16695,
      B-17115, B-17118, B-17913, B-19403,
      B-19792, B-20096, B-21324, B-23245,
      B-239S5, B-25384, B-26332, B-28497,
      B-31362, B-31589, B-32817, B-33040,
      B-33081, B-33168, B-33170, B-33401,
      B-33897, B-33952, B-34071, B-34082,
      B-34084, C-17425, C-33953, D-10618
OPINION SURVEYS   M-26303
OREGON   B-01110
ORGANIC ACIDS   A-09686
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
      B-07925
ORSAT ANALYSIS   C-20434
OXJDANTS   A-32351, N-06146
OXIDATION   A-10463, A-10466, A-10471,
      A-10474, A-17252, B-07192, B-09796,
      B-09915, B-10469, B-32037, F-08439,
      F-08572, F-10473
OXIDES   A-04000. A-04946, A-09572,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-10463, A-10466,
      A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-11974,
      A-13261, A-14799, A-17199, A-17471,
      A-17516, A-20414, A-26321, A-27790,
      A-28371, A-29348, A-30613, A-31919,
      A-32351, A-32489, B-01110, B-01137,
      B-02728, B-03232, B-03754, B-04367,
      B-04382, B-04665, B-05091, B-05567,
      B-05604, B-06098, B-06223, B-06392,
      B-06611, B-06780, B-06936, B-07521,
      B-07617, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
      B-07664, B-07669, B-07670, B-07699,
      B-07925, B-07931, B-09198, B-09248,
      B-09270, B-09796, B-09915, B-09977,
      B-10460, B-10462, B-10469, B-10477,
      B-13645, B-14889, B-16039, B-16652,
      B-16681, B-17127, B-17151, B-20248,
      B-20280, B-23245, B-23364, B-23808,
      B-24676, B-25500, B-26003, B-26018,
      B-26546, B-26612, B-26854, B-27553,
      B-27783, B-2822I, B-28402, B-28880,
      B-29083, B-29740, B-30534, B-31092,
      B-31226, B-31773, B-32037, B-32791,
      B-32817, B-33081, B-33168, B-33438,
      B-33918, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
      B-34084, C-17425, C-33953, D-00038,
      D-05145, D-05623, D-07406, D-10618,
      F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
      F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
      G-08232, G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
      G-22118, G-24212, G-28042, 1-07553,
      J-09313, J-30696, K-16228, L-06733,
      N-06146, N-21287
OXYGEN  A-04000, A-10463, A-10467,
      A-10471, A-10474, A-29348, A-32489,
      A-33930, B-06611, B-07660, B-07669,
      B-07670, B-10460, B-10477, B-19732,
      B-20280, B-28221, B-33952, F-08572,
      F-10473, G-00021, 1-07553
OXYGEN LANCING   A-09686,  A-10466,
      A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-11974,
      B-03232, B-06098, B-07192, B-07660,
      B-07661, B-07664, B-09198, B-09361,
      B-09436, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
      B-10477, B-10479, B-16039, B-19732,
      B-20226, B-23808, B-25521, B-29740,
      B-29945, F-10473, J-24543, J-29923
OZONE   A-32351, G-24212, 1-07553
PACKED TOWERS  B-03754, B-06587,
      B-09974, B-21355, B-23808, B-27727
PAINT MANUFACTURING   A-09686,
      A-32351, C-33045, G-32842
PAINTS   B-09915, 1-07553
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY   1-07553
PAPER MANUFACTURING   A-04345,
      A-09686, A-27501, B-16695, B-26546,
      B-31803, B-33918, D-24227, J-30951
PARIS  A-04001
PARTICLE GROWTH  A-10463, A-10474,
      B-03677, B-07J21, B-09915, B-33170
PARTICLE SHAPE  A-17252, C-22934
PARTICLE SIZE   A-09572, A-10463,
      A-172S2, A-28371, A-30598, A-30613,
      A-31919, A-32489, B-00322, B-03677,
      B-04050, B-05118, B-05604, B-06098,
      B-06223, B-06780, B-07617, B-07669,

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                  81
      B-07699, B-09248, B-09270, B-09796,
      B-16695, B-17151, B-23628, B-23955,
      B-27553, B-27727, B-27783, B-29740.
      B-33170, B-33438, C-10461, C-22934,
      C-33045. C-33953, D-07406, F-10473,
      1-24417
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS   A-09572,
      A-10463, A-17252, A-28371, A-30598,
      A-30613, A-31919, A-32489, B-00322,
      B-03677, B-04050, B-05118, B-05604,
      B-06098, B-06223, B-06780, B-07617,
      B-07669, B-07699, B-09248, B-09270,
      B-09796, B-16695, B-17151, B-23628,
      B-23955, B-27553, B-27727, B-27783,
      B-29740, B-33170, B-33438, C-10461,
      C-22934, C-33045, C-33953, D-07406,
      F-10473,1-24417
PARTICULATE SAMPLING  B-04050,
      B-20248, C-10461, F-08439
PARTICULATES   A-02146, A-04345,
      A-04946, A-05005, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-10463, A-10466, A-10467, A-10471,
      A-10474, A-13261, A-14799, A-17299,
      A-17471, A-20414, A-234S8, A-26166.
      A-26321, A-27501, A-27790, A-28371,
      A-30446, A-30598, A-30613, A-30698,
      A-31919, A-32351, A-32489, B-00037,
      B-00322, B-00323, B-01110, B-01137,
      B-02031, B-02229, B-02728, B-02730,
      B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
      B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04367,
      B-04382, B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
      B-OS118, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
      B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
      B-06392, B-06443, B-06568, B-06611,
      B-06780, B-06854, B-06936, B-07192,
      B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
      B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07699. B-07925,
      B-07931, B-08310, B-09198, B-09248,
      B-09270, B-09361, B-09436, B-09796,
      B-09915, B-09974, B-10460, B-10462,
      B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-10479,
      B-11073, B-11096, B-13645, B-13811,
      B-13946, B-14161, B-14889, B-15649,
      B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16351,
      B-16446, B-16553, B-16646, B-16652,
      B-16695, B-17115, B-17127, B-17138,
      B-17141, B-17151, B-17152, B-17154,
      B-17158, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
      B-17746, B-17913, B-17926, B-19403,
      B-19732, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
      B-20227, B-20280, B-20699, B-21355,
      B-21894, B-22138, B-23245, B-23628,
      B-23955, B-24239, B-24809, B-24881,
      B-25384, B-25500, B-25521, B-26003,
      B-26018, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
      B-26612, B-27553, B-27727, B-27783,
      B-28221, B-28402, B-28497, B-28547,
      B-28880, B-28905, B-29083, B-29740,
      B-29945, B-30018, B-30583, B-31092,
      B-31226, B-31344, B-31486, B-31589,
      B-31773, B-31803, B-32037, B-32134,
      B-32791, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
      B-33170, B-33401, B-33416, B-33438,
      B-33548, B-33897, B-33918, B-33952,
      B-34071, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
      C-10461, C-14774, C-15940, C-22934,
      C-339S3, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
      D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, F-08439,
      F-10473, G-00021, G-07472, G-08232,
      G-08441, G-10396, G-22118, G-24212,
      G-24586, G-28042, G-28556, G-32842,
      1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
      J-26623, J-30696, K-16228, K-33815,
      N-06146, N-21287
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
      G-07472, G-10396
PENNSYLVANIA   B-06083, D-05623
PERMEABILITY  B-02730
PEROXIDES   G-00021
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE  G-24212,
      N-06146
PEROXYACYL NITRATES   G-24212,
      N-06146
PERSONNEL  A-02146
PESTICIDES   A-31737
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION   A-32351
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION   A-09737,
      A-17199, A-32351, B-07925, B-16146,
      D-24227
PETROLEUM REFINING   A-04345,
      A-05005, A-09686, A-09737, A-17199,
      A-26929, A-32351, B-07925, B-30583,
      B-31803, D-24227, G-31664, 1-07553,
      J-09313, J-30951
PH   B-23808,  B-31486
PHENOLS   B-02193
PHOSPHATES  A-04946, B-06587, D-OS145

PHOSPHORIC  ACID   A-09686, B-06587,
      B-33918
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS  A-04946,
      B-05604, B-06587, B-07661, B-09248,
      B-09796, B-31773, D-05145, G-00021
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
      A-32351, N-06146
PHYSICAL STATES   A-04946, A-32489,
      A-33279, B-00037, B-02229, B-04794,
      B-05118, B-05597, B-05604, B-06611,
      B-07542, B-07660, B-07663, B-07669,
      B-07670, B-07931, B-09248, B-17151,
      B-20227, B-20280, B-23245, B-26003,
      B-27727, B-30583, B-31486, B-33081,
      F-08572, F-10717, G-28042, G-28556,
      1-07553, J-08689, N-06146
PILOT PLANTS   A-10471, B-03677,
      B-07521, B-07617, B-07664, B-07670,
      B-09270, B-15886, B-22138, B-24676,
      B-29083, B-32791, B-34084
PITTSBURGH   D-05623
PLANNING AND ZONING   D-23391
PLANS AND PROGRAMS   A-02146,
      A-04946, A-09737, A-17299, A-27790,
      A-32351, B-00104, B-02193, B-06249,
      B-11096, B-16146, B-16446, B-20096,
      B-20248, B-31195, D-05145, D-05623,
      J-09313, J-21300, J-26623, L-06863,
      M-15567, N-06146
PLANT DAMAGE   A-31935, B-06587,
      D-05145, D-10618, G-08232, J-09313
PLANTS (BOTANY)   A-26929, A-31737,
      A-31935, B-02730, B-09915, D-10618,
      G-00021, G-08232, G-26136, G-32842,
      J-09313
PLASTICS  B-09248, B-31092, B-33918,
      G-32842
PLATING   G-32842
PLUME BEHAVIOR   A-32489, B-01110,
      D-05145
PNEUMOCONIOSIS    G-07472, G-10396
PNEUMONIA  G-24586, G-26577, G-31664,
      G-32079
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS   A-05005,
      A-26321,  A-26929, A-28371, A-30598,
      A-33279,  B-32037
PORTABLE  C-10461
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS   B-03998,
      B-09796
POWER SOURCES   A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09686, A-32351, B-05091, B-32134.
      B-34079
PRECIPITATION  D-05623, D-10618,
      G-11575
PRESSURE   A-10467, A-23977, B-02229,
      B-02730, B-03998, B-05118, B-05597,
      B-06083, B-07521, B-07617, B-07664,
      B-07668, B-07670, B-08310. B-10469,
      B-10477, B-17118, B-17151, B-23628,
      B-27727, B-28880, B-31803, B-33168,
      B-34082
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
      PROCESSING   A-02146, A-04000,
      A-04001, A-04345, A-04946, A-05005,
      A-08392, A-09572, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-10463, A-10466, A-10467, A-10471,
      A-10474, A-11974, A-12396, A-13261,
      A-14799, A-17199, A-17252, A-17299,
      A-17471, A-17516, A-20414, A-22000,
      A-22872, A-23458, A-23977, A-24928,
      A-26166, A-26321, A-26929, A-27501,
      A-27790, A-28062, A-28371, A-28604,
      A-29021, A-29348, A-30296, A-30446,
      A-30598, A-30613, A-30698, A-31737,
      A-31919, A-31935, A-32351. A-32489,
      A-33279, A-33930, B-00037, B-00104,
      B-00322, B-00323, B-01110, B-01137,
      B-02031, B-02193, B-02229, B-02728,
      B-02730, B-03206, B-03232, B-03677,
      B-03754, B-03998, B-04050. B-04227,
      B-04367, B-04382, B-04665, B-04794,
      B-05091, B-05118, B-05307, B-05509,
      B-05567, B-05597, B-05604. B-06083,
      B-06098, B-06223, B-06249, B-06392,
      B-06443, B-06568, B-06587, B-06611,
      B-06780, B-06854, B-06936, B-07192,
      B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
      B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07699, B-07925,
      B-07931, B-08310, B-09198, B-09248,
      B-09270, B-09361, B-09436, B-09796,
      B-09915, B-09974, B-09977, B-10460,
      B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
      B-10479, B-11073, B-11096, B-13645,
      B-13811, B-13946, B-14161, B-14889,
      B-15649, B-15886, B-15887, B-16039,
      B-16146, B-16193, B-16351, B-16446,
      B-16553, B-16561, B-16646, B-16652,
      B-16681, B-16695, B-17115, B-17118,
      B-17127, B-17138, B-17141, B-17151,
      B-17152, B-17154, B-17158, B-17234,
      B-17423, B-17S68, B-17746, B-17825,
      B-17913, B-17926, B-19210, B-19403,
      B-19732, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
      B-20227, B-20248, B-20280, B-20699,
      B-21324, B-21355, B-21894,  B-22138,
      B-22940, B-23182, B-23245,  B-23364,
      B-23628, B-23808, B-23955, B-24239,
      B-24676, B-24809, B-24881, B-25384,
      B-25500, B-25521, B-26003,  B-26018,
      B-26195, B-26332. B-26546,  B-26612,
      B-26854, B-27S53, B-2T779,  B-27783,
      B-28221, B-28402, B-28497,  B-28547,
      B-28880, B-28905, B-29083,  B-29740,
      B-29945, B-30018, B-30534,  B-30583,
      B-31092, B-31195, B-31226, B-31316,
      B-31344, B-31362, B-31486,  B-31589,
      B-31773, B-31803, B-32037, B-32134,
      B-32791, B-32817, B-32848, B-33040,
      B-33081, B-33168, B-33170. B-33401,
      B-33416, B-33438, B-33548, B-33897,
      B-33918, B-33952, B-34071, B-34079,
      B-34082, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
      C-15940. C-17425, C-20434. C-22934,
      C-33045, C-33953, D-00038. D-05145,
      D-05623, D-07406. D-10618, D-23391.
      D-24227,F-08439, F-08572,F-10473.
      F-10717. F-13084, G-00021. G-05146,

-------
 82
      G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-08575,
      G-10396. G-11575, G-16223, G-22118,
      G-24212, G-24586, G-26136. G-26577,
      G-28042, G-28556, G-31664, G-32079,
      G-32842, I-075S3, 1-24417, J-08689,
      J-09313, J-21300, J-21968, J-24IS5,
      J-24543, J-26623, J-29186, J-29923,
      J-30696, J-30951, K-16228, K-33815,
      L-06733. L-06863,  M-15567, M-18022,
      M-26303, N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
PROCESS MODIFICATION   A-04345,
      A-09S72, A-33279, A-33930, B-01137,
      B-05091, B-06611,  B-06780, B-07660,
      B-07664. B-07925.  B-09796, B-09977,
      B-16681, B-171S8,  B-19732, B-26612,
      B-28402, B-29740,  B-31195, B-32037,
      B-33168, B-34079
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT   A-32351
PROPOSALS  A-29021, B-16146, D-2339]
PROTEINS   G-10396
PUBLIC AFFAIRS   D-23391, M-18022,
      M-26303
PUBLIC INFORMATION   M-18022
PULMONARY FUNCTION  G-05146,
      G-22118
PULVERIZED FUELS  A-09572, B-07699,
      B-34082
PYRENES   A-05005, A-26929, A-28371,
      A-30598, A-33279
QUARTZ   G-10396
QUENCHING  B-32791, B-33168, B-34079
QUESTIONNAIRES   G-05146
                   R
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION   B-27727,
      G-11575
RADIOGRAPHY   G-07472, G-08441
RAIN   D-05623, G-11575
RAPPING   B-04382, B-04665, B-05307,
      B-07931
RATS   G-07472, G-10396
REACTION  KINETICS  A-10463, B-19732,
      F-10473
REACTION  MECHANISMS   A-10463,
      A-10474, A-20414, B-09796, F-10473
REACTORS  (NUCLEAR)  B-27727
REDUCTION   A-17252, B-22940, B-30534
REFRACTORIES   A-10463, A-29021,
      B-03998, B-09436
REGIONAL  GOVERNMENTS   A-27790,
      N-06146
REGULATIONS  A-26166, B-11073,
      B-11096, B-23364, B-31195, N-21287
RENDERING   A-32351, B-13946
REPRODUCTION   G-11575
RESEARCH  METHODOLOGIES   A-08392,
      A-12396, A-30698, B-04050
RESEARCH  PROGRAMS  A-28604,
      B-16561, B-32037, J-09313, J-21300,
      N-06146
RESIDENTIAL AREAS   D-23391, G-05146
RESIDUAL  OILS   A-09737, A-27790,
      B-05604, B-32817
RESPIRATORY DISEASES  A-27790,
      D-07406, G-05146, G-07472, G-08232,
      G-08441, G-10396, G-22118, G-24212,
      G-24586, G-26577, G-28042, G-31664,
      G-32079, G-32842, J-09313
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS   A-22000,
      B-06568, G-05146, G-08232, G-22118,
      G-32079, N-21287
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM   G-05146,
      G-08232, G-08441, G-10396, G-28556,
      G-32079
RETENTION   G-28556, G-32842
RUBBER   B-04227, 1-07553, J-30696
RUBBER MANUFACTURING   N-06146
SAFETY EQUIPMENT  A-23977, G-08575
SALTZMAN METHOD  D-05145
SAMPLERS  A-05005, A-17252, A-22000,
      A-30598, B-05509, B-07617, B-10460,
      C-33953, D-24227, G-00021
SAMPLING METHODS   A-05005, A-10467,
      A-17252, A-22000, A-30598, B-04050,
      B-05509, B-07617, B-10460, B-20248,
      B-24676, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
      C-17425, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
      C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-10618,
      D-24227, F-08439. G-00021
SAMPLING PROBES   B-07617, C-22934,
      C-33953
SCRUBBERS   A-02146, A-04946, A-05005,
      A-09686, A-29021, A-31935, B-00037,
      B-00322, B-00323, B-02031, B-03206,
      B-03754, B-03998, B-04227, B-04367,
      B-04794, B-05091, B-05118, B-05509,
      B-05597, B-06098, B-06223, B-06392,
      B-06443, B-06568, B-06587, B-06780,
      B-06854, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
      B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-09198, B-09248, B-09361, B-09796,
      B-09974, B-09977, B-10462, B-10469,
      B-11073, B-13645, B-13811, B-14161,
      B-14889, B-15886, B-15887, B-16351,
      B-16553, B-16652, B-16681, B-16695,
      B-17115, B-17127, B-17151, B-17152,
      B-17154, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
      B-17746, B-17825, B-19403, B-20227,
      B-20248, B-20699, B-21355, B-21894,
      B-22138, B-23628, B-23808, B-23955,
      B-24239, B-24809, B-24881, B-25500,
      B-26195, B-27553, B-27727, B-28221,
      B-28497, B-28547, B-29740, B-30534,
      B-31195, B-31226, B-31344, B-31362,
      B-31486, B-32134, B-32791, B-32817,
      B-33081, B-33168, B-33897, B-33918,
      B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
      G-00021, G-26136, J-08689, J-21968,
      J-24543, J-26623, J-29186, J-29923,
      N-06146
SEASONAL  A-27790, A-32351, B-09248,
      D-05145, G-08232, G-22118
SECONDARY AIR  B-06780
SEDIMENTATION  A-09686, A-30598,
      B-09974, B-26003, B-33081
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS   A-31737
SETTLING CHAMBERS   B-03754,
      B-06223, B-31344, B-34079, N-06146
SETTLING PARTICLES  A-02146,
      A-04345, A-05005, A-10463, A-10467,
      A-10471, A-13261, A-17299, A-17471,
      A-26166, A-26321, A-27790, A-28371,
      A-30598, A-30613, A-31919, A-32489,
      B-00323, B-01110, B-02031, B-02728,
      B-02730, B-03206, B-03232, B-03754,
      B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04382,
      B-04794, B-05118, B-05509, B-05604,
      B-06083, B-06223, B-06392, B-06443,
      B-06568, B-06780, B-06854, B-06936,
      B-07192, B-07521, B-07542, B-0766I,
      B-07663, B-07664, B-07669, B-07699,
      B-07925, B-07931, B-08310, B-09248,
      B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-09915,
      B-09974, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
      B-10469, B-10477, B-10479, B-11096,
      B-13645, B-13811, B-13946, B-14161,
      B-14889, B-15886, B-15887, B-16039,
      B-16351, B-16446, B-16553, B-16695,
      B-17127, B-17138, B-17151, B-17152,
      B-17154, B-17158, B-17423, B-17568,
      B-17746, B-17913, B-19403, B-19792,
      B-20096, B-20226, B-20227, B-20280,
      B-20699, B-21355, B-21894, B-22138,
      B-23245, B-23628. B-23955, B-24239,
      B-24809, B-25384, B-25500, B-26003,
      B-26018, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
      B-27553, B-27727, B-27783, B-28221,
      B-28497, B-28547, B-28880, B-28905,
      B-29083, B-29740, B-29945, B-30018,
      B-30583, B-31092, B-31226, B-31344,
      B-31486, B-31589, B-31803, B-32134,
      B-32791, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
      B-33170, B-33401. B-33416, B-33438,
      B-33548, B-33897, B-33918, B-33952,
      B-34071, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
      C-10461, C-14774, C-15940, C-22934,
      C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-07406,
      D-10618, D-23391, F-08439, F-10473,
      G-00021, G-08441, G-10396, G-22118,
      G-28042, G-28556, G-32842, 1-24417,
      K-16228, N-06146, N-21287
SEWAGE  B-20227, B-29740, B-31226,
      B-33081, 1-07553
SEWAGE TREATMENT   1-07553
SHIPS  A-08392, A-32351, B-31344
SIEVE ANALYSIS   A-28371. C-33953
SILICATES   B-07521, F-08439, G-10396
SILICON COMPOUNDS   B-01110,
      B-06587, B-07521. B-07661, B-08310,
      F-08439, G-07472, G-08441, G-10396
SILICON DIOXIDE  A-26321, A-28371,
      A-30613, A-31919, B-05604, B-06223,
      B-09248, B-09796, D-00038, F-08439,
      G-00021, G-07472, G-08441, G-10396
SILVER COMPOUNDS   B-09796
SIMULATION   A-04000, B-04050, B-06611
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      A-05005
SINTERING   A-02146, A-04946, A-09737,
      A-17471, A-17516, A-30446, B-04227,
      B-06587, B-07542, B-09915, B-20096,
      B-20699, B-21894, B-22138, B-23182,
      B-24239, B-24676, B-26003, B-26546,
      B-31195, B-31344, B-31486, B-32134,
      B-32817, B-33401, B-34082, C-33953.
      D-10618, G-00021, G-32842, J-26623,
      K-16228, L-06733
SKIN CANCER   A-33279
SLUDGE   B-20227, B-29740, B-31226,
      B-33081
SMOG  A-32351,1-07553, J-09313, N-06146

SMOKEMETERS  B-04050
SMOKES   A-05005, A-10466, A-10474,
      A-13261, A-17299, A-20414, A-23458,
      A-32489, B-04050, B-04367, B-06611,
      B-06780, B-07192, B-07542, B-07925,
      B-09270, B-09796, B-11096, B-13645,
      B-13946, B-15649, B-16646, B-16695,
      B-17138, B-17234, B-17746, B-17913,
      B-19732, B-20096, B-20699, B-21355,
      B-24239, B-26546, B-31226, B-32791,
      B-32848, B-34079, D-05145, G-00021,
      G-08232, G-24586, G-28042
SMOKING    G-05146, G-32079, G-32842
SOCIAL ATTITUDES  J-24155, M-15567
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS   G-24212,
      J-21968, J-24155,  J-30696, M-15567,
      M-26303
SODIUM CHLORIDE   G-08232

-------
                                                    SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                  83
 SODIUM COMPOUNDS   B-03998,
      B-09796, F-13084, G-08232
 SOILING   1-07553
 SOILING INDEX   D-05623
 SOILS  A-31737, G-31664, G-32842
 SOLAR RADIATION   G-M575
 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL   A-05005,
      A-09737, B-05091, B-31195, B-33168,
      B-33548. C-33045, J-30696
 SOLIDS   1-07553
 SOLVENTS   A-32351
 SOOT  A-04345, A-17299, A-26321,
      A-28371, A-30598, B-09436, B-16553,
      B-34079, C-10461, D-07406, N-21287
 SOOT FALL   D-07406
 SOURCE SAMPLING   B-24676, B-34084,
      C-17425, C-22934, C-33045, C-33953
 SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
      PRODUCTS)   B-07521, B-07617,
      B-16561, B-16681, B-17234, B-20248,
      B-22138, B-22940, B-23182, B-26546,
      B-31316, B-31486, B-32791, B-32817,
      B-33168, B-33401, B-33918, B-34079,
      J-21300
 SPARK IGNITION ENGINES   A-05005,
      A-08392, A-09686, B-05091
 SPECTROMETRY  A-05005, A-22000,
      B-20248, D-00038
 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY  A-22000,
      B-32791, B-33168, B-34079
 SPRAY TOWERS   A-05005, B-06587,
      B-07663, B-07669, B-07670, B-09248,
      B-09974, B-13811, B-17152, B-28497,
      B-32817, B-34084
 SPRAYS   N-06146
 ST LOUIS   B-02229, B-02730, B-03998,
      B-04050
 STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC)   A-04946.
      1-07553
 STACK GASES  A-04946, A-09686,
      A-10471, A-14799, A-17516, A-24928,
      A-29021, A-30613, A-31919, A-32489,
      B-01137, B-03677, B-03754, B-04227,
      B-04794, B-06223, B-06611, B-06780,
      B-07660, B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,
      B-07925, B-07931, B-09974, B-09977,
      B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
      B-17746, B-20280, B-20699, B-22940,
      B-23182, B-24239, B-24676, B-26018,
      B-26195, B-26546, B-28547, B-29083,
      B-30534, B-31226, B-31486, B-32134,
      B-32817, B-33040, B-33081, B-33168,
      B-33170, B-33401, B-33438, B-33897,
      B-33918, B-33952, B-34079, B-34082,
      C-10461, C-3304S, D-05145, D-07406,
      D-10618, D-23391, F-08572, G-08441,
      G-32842, 1-24417, J-26623, K-16228
STACK SAMPLING   B-24676, B-34084,
      C-33045
 STACKS   A-04946, A-17516, B-04665,
      B-06568, B-06780, B-06854, B-07925,
      B-16146, B-26195, B-32134, B-34079,
      D-05145, J-26623
STANDARDS   A-32351, B-06780, B-07542,
      B-17234, B-32817, G-08232, J-30696,
      K-16228, K-33815, N-06146
STATE GOVERNMENTS   N-06146
STATISTICAL ANALYSES   D-05623,
      G-05146, G-31664, J-30696
STEAM  B-05597, B-06611, B-30583,
      J-08689
STEAM ENGINES   B-34079
STEAM PLANTS  A-08392, A-09737,
      A-32351, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-09977, B-10469, D-07406, D-10618,
      G-08232
STEEL  A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
      A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
      A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
      A-11974, A-123%, A-13261, A-14799,
      A-17199, A-17252, A-17471, A-20414,
      A-22872, A-23458, A-23977, A-24928,
      A-26166, A-26321, A-26929, A-27501,
      A-27790, A-28371, A-28604. A-29021,
      A-29348, A-302%, A-30446, A-30598,
      A-30613, A-30698, A-31737, A-31935,
      A-32351, A-33279, A-33930, B-00037,
      B-00104, B-00322, B-00323, B-01110,
      B-01137, B-02031, B-02193, B-02728,
      B-02730, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
      B-04050, B-04227, B-04367, B-04382,
      B-04665, B-04794, B-05091, B-05118,
      B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
      B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06249,
      B-06392, B-06443, B-06587, B-06611,
      B-06854, B-06936, B-07192, B-07521,
      B-07542, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
      B-07664, B-07668, B-07669, B-07670,
      B-07699, B-07925, B-07931, B-08310,
      B-09198, B-09248, B-09270, B-09361.
      B-09436, B-09796, B-09915, B-09977,
      B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
      B-10477, B-10479, B-11073, B-11096,
      B-13811, B-13946, B-14161, B-14889,
      B-15649, B-15886, B-15887, B-16039,
      B-16351, B-16561, B-16646, B-16652,
      B-16681, B-16695, B-17115, B-17118,
      B-17127, B-17138, B-17141, B-17151,
      B-17152, B-17154, B-17158, B-17234,
      B-17423, B-17568, B-17746, B-17825,
      B-17913, B-17926, B-19210, B-19403,
      B-19732, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
      B-20227, B-20248, B-20280, B-20699,
      B-21324, B-21355, B-21894, B-22138,
      B-23182, B-23364, B-23628, B-23808,
      B-23955, B-24239, B-24676, B-24809,
      B-24881, B-25384, B-25500, B-25521,
      B-26018, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
      B-26612, B-26854, B-27553, B-27783,
      B-28221, B-28402, B-28497, B-28547,
      B-28880, B-28905, B-29083, B-29740,
      B-29945, B-30018, B-30534. B-30583,
      B-31092, B-31195, B-31226, B-31316,
      B-31362, B-31589, B-31773, B-31803,
      B-32037, B-32134, B-32791, B-32817,
      B-32848, B-33081, B-33168, B-33170,
      B-33401, B-33416, B-33438, B-33548,
      B-33897, B-33918, B-33952, B-34071,
      B-34079, B-34082, C-10461, C-14774,
      C-15940, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
      C-33953, D-05145, D-05623, D-07406,
      D-10618, D-24227, F-08439, F-08572,
      F-10473, F-10717, F-13084, G-00021,
      G-05146, G-07472, G-08232, G-08441,
      G-08575, G-11575, G-16223, G-24212,
      G-26136, G-26577, G-28042, G-28556,
      G-31664, G-32079, G-32842, 1-07553,
      1-24417, J-08689, J-09313, J-21300,
      J-21968, J-24155, J-24543, J-26623,
      J-29186, J-29923, J-30696, J-30951,
      K-33815, L-06733, L-06863, M-15567,
      M-18022, M-26303, N-03341, N-06146,
      N-21287
STONE  A-09686, A-27501, B-03754,
      B-31803,1-07553
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS  B-09796
SULFATES    A-32489, B-33170, D-05623
SULFIDES   A-04946, A-32489,  B-02728,
      B-07925, B-31195, B-31316, B-33168,
      B-34079, F-10717, F-13084, 1-07553
SULFUR COMPOUNDS   A-04001,
      A-04946, A-24928, A-30698, A-32351,
      A-32489, B-02728, B-02730, B-03232,
      B-05604, B-07925, B-09248, B-10460,
      B-16681, B-27779, B-31195, B-31316,
      B-33168, B-33170, B-34079, D-05623,
      D-23391, F-10717, F-13084,1-07553,
      J-29923
SULFUR DIOXIDE   A-04946, A-09686,
      A-14799, A-17199, A-17471, A-17516,
      A-31919, A-32351, A-32489, B-02728,
      B-03754, B-05567, B-06223, B-07521,
      B-07617, B-07925, B-10460, B-23364,
      B-26546, B-27783, B-33168, B-33918,
      D-05145, D-05623, D-07406, D-10618,
      F-10717, F-13084, G-05146, G-08232,
      G-22118, G-24212, G-28042, 1-07553,
      J-09313, K-16228, L-06733, N-21287
SULFUR OXIDES  A-04946, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-14799, A-17199, A-17471,
      A-17516, A-27790, A-31919, A-32351,
      A-32489, B-01110, B-01137, B-02728,
      B-03754, B-05567, B-06223, B-07521,
      B-07617, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
      B-09796, B-10460, B-13645, B-23245,
      B-23364, B-26546, B-27783, B-32037,
      B-33168, B-33918, B-34082, D-05145,
      D-05623, D-07406, D-10618. F-10717,
      F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-08232.
      G-22118, G-24212, G-28042, 1-07553,
      J-09313, J-30696, K-16228, L-06733,
      N-06146, N-21287
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL   A-04946,
      A-08392, A-09572, B-07521, B-07617,
      B-16146, B-16561, B-16681, B-17234,
      B-20248, B-22138, B-22940, B-23182,
      B-23364, B-24239, B-26546, B-28547,
      B-31316, B-31486, B-31803, B-32791,
      B-32817, B-33168, B-33401, B-33918.
      B-34079, J-21300, J-29923
SULFUR TRIOXIDE   A-09686, A-32489,
      B-01110, B-06223, B-07617, B-07699,
      B-07931, B-09796, F-13084, G-00021,
      G-08232, G-28042, 1-07553
SULFURIC ACID   A-04946, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-27790, A-31935, A-32351,
      B-05091, B-05567, B-06587, B-07925,
      B-07931, B-20248, B-31316, B-33918,
      D-05145, G-08232, G-28042, 1-07553,
      J-09313, J-30696
SUPERSATURATION   B-20226
SURFACE COATING  OPERATIONS
      A-08392, A-09686, J-30696
SURFACE COATINGS  A-09686, A-32351,
      B-09915, 1-07553, J-30696
SURFACE PROPERTIES  A-10463,
      A-26321, A-30598, B-30583, B-33918,
      F-08439
SURVEY METHODS   M-15567
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES   A-04345,
      A-05005, A-09686, A-10463, A-10466,
      A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-13261,
      A-17299, A-20414, A-23458, A-26166,
      A-26321. A-32351, A-32489, B-00037,
      B-00322, B-00323, B-01110, B-01137,
      B-02229, B-02728, B-02730, B-03677,
      B-03754, B-040SO, B-04367, B-04382,
      B-04665, B-05091, B-05118, B-05509,
      B-05567, B-05597, B-06098, B-06443,
      B-06611, B-06780, B-06936, B-07192,
      B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
      B-07661, B-07664, B-07668, B-07670,
      B-07699, B-07925, B-09248, B-09270,
      B-09361, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
      B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
      B-10479, B-11073, B-11096, B-13645,

-------
84
      B-13811, B-13946. B-14161, B-15649,
      B-16039, B-16646. B-16652, B-16695,
      B-1711S, B-17127, B-17138, B-17141,
      B-171S1, B-17234, B-17746, B-17913,
      B-17926, B-19732, B-19792, B-20096,
      B-20699, B-21355, B-21894, B-23955,
      B-24239, B-2S384, B-25521. B-26195,
      B-26332, B-26546. B-26612, B-28221,
      B-28402, B-28497. B-28880, B-29945,
      B-31226, B-31589, B-31773, B-32791,
      B-32848, B-33548, B-33952, B-34079,
      B-34082, B-34084, C-22934, C-33953,
      D-00038, D-05145, D-OS623, D-10618,
      F-10473, G-00021, G-08232, G-24212,
      G-24586, G-28042, G-32842, 1-07553,
      J-08689, J-09313, K-3381S, N-06146
SWEDEN  A-04000, A-04345, A-26929,
      B-00037, B-01110, B-02229, B-02730,
      B-04050, B-04367, B-06223, B-22940
SYNERGISM  A-26929, G-08232
SYNTHETIC  FIBERS  B-09248, B-09796,
      1-07553
SYNTHETIC  RUBBER   I-07S53
TAR   A-33930, B-05604
TEMPERATURE   A-10463, A-10467,
      A-10471, A-10474, A-23977, A-29348,
      A-32489, A-33930, B-02229, B-02730,
      B-04050, B-05597, B-05604, B-06098,
      B-06611, B-07192, B-07S42, B-07617,
      B-07660, B-07664, B-07699, B-08310,
      B-09248, B-09796, B-10462, B-10469,
      B-11073, B-11096, B-16646, B-17118,
      B-J7913, B-28880, B-29740, B-30583,
      B-31S89, B-31803, B-32037, B-32848,
      B-33081, B-33170, B-33401, B-33548,
      B-33952, B-34082, C-22934, F-08439,
      F-10473, F-10717
TEMPERATURE SENSING
      INSTRUMENTS   A-10471, A-28604,
      F-10473
TESTING FACILITIES  B-07617
TEXAS  D-24227
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING   A-09686,
      B-26546
TEXTILES   B-03677, B-05567, B-09248,
      B-09796, B-26546, 1-07553
THERMAL RADIATION   B-10469
THERMODYNAMICS   A-04000, F-13084
TIN COMPOUNDS   B-09796
TISSUES   G-10396
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS  B-09796,
      F-08439
TOKYO  D-07406
TOLUENES   B-07925
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
      A-17516, A-26929, 1-07553
TOXIC TOLERANCES  B-06587
TOXICITY  A-31737, G-07472, G-08441,
      G-08575. G-32842
TRACE ANALYSIS   D-00038
TRACHEA  G-10396
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS   M-18022
TRAINS  A-08392, A-32351, B-32848,
      B-34079, G-26577
TRANSPORTATION   A-05005, A-08392,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-17299, A-32351,
      B-05091, B-31344, B-32134,  B-32848,
      B-34079, D-07406, G-24212, G-26577,
      J-30696, N-06146, N-21287
TRAPPING (SAMPLING)   A-05005
TREATED FABRICS    B-08310, B-11096
TREATMENT AND AIDS   G-05146,
      G-07472, G-08441, G-16223
TREES   A-26929, B-02730, G-32842
TRUCKS   A-05005, D-07406, J-30696
TUBERCULOSIS   G-31664
TUNNELS  B-32848
TURBIDIMETRY   C-10461


                   U

ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
      A-05005
UNITED STATES  M-18022
URBAN AREAS    A-09737, A-14799,
      A-17199, A-17299, A-27790, A-28371,
      A-32351, B-16146, B-16446,  D-05145,
      D-07406, D-23391, G-00021, G-05146,
      G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-11575,
      G-31664, G-32079, G-32842, J-30696,
      J-30951
URINALYSIS   G-00021
USSR   A-13261, B-00104, B-10479,
      B-16193, B-16446, B-24809,  B-26018,
      B-33897, F-08439, G-07472,  G-08441,
      G-08575, G-10396, 1-24417, J-29186
UTAH   M-15567
VALLEYS   1-07553
VANADIUM   F-08439, G-07472
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS  B-09796,
      F-08439, G-07472
VAPOR PRESSURE   A-23977
VAPORS   A-32489, A-33279, B-05597,
      B-06611, B-27727, B-30583, F-10717,
      J-08689
VARNISHES  J-30696
VEGETABLES   G-32842, J-09313
VEHICLES   A-05005, A-08392, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-17299, A-32351, B-32848,
      B-34079, D-07406, G-24212, G-26577,
      J-30696, N-06146, N-21287
VENTILATION   B-09796, B-09977,
      B-11096, B-13645, B-20699, B-28497
VENTURI SCRUBBERS  A-29021,
      B-00037, B-00322, B-00323, B-03206.
      B-04227, B-04367, B-04794, B-05091.
      B-05118, B-06223, B-06587, B-06780,
      B-06854, B-07668, B-07669, B-07670,
      B-07931, B-09198, B-09361, B-09977,
      B-10462, B-10469, B-11073, B-13645,
      B-13811, B-14161, B-15886, B-15887,
      B-16351, B-16553, B-16652, B-16681,
      B-16695, B-17127, B-17151, B-17154,
      B-17568, B-17746, B-17825, B-20699,
      B-23628, B-23808, B-23955, B-24239,
      B-27553, B-28547, B-29740. B-30534,
      B-31226, B-31344, B-31362, B-32134,
      B-32791, B-32817, B-33081, B-33897,
      B-33952, B-34079, B-34084, J-24543,
      J-26623, J-29186
VIRUSES  G-24586
VISIBILITY  B-01110, B-04050, B-06780
VOLTAGE   B-05307, B-07699, B-23955


                   w

WASHOUT   D-10618
WATER   B-05118, B-05604, B-07542,
      B-09248, B-20280, B-23245, B-26003,
      B-31486, B-33081, F-10717
WATER POLLUTION  A-29021, A-31737,
      B-06392, B-31195, B-33168, G-32842,
      J-26623, J-30951
WET CYCLONES   A-02146, B-00322,
      B-00323, B-04794, B-06223, B-06392,
      B-06587, B-06780, B-13645, B-13811,
      B-14161, B-24239, B-28547, B-31344,
      B-34084
WETTING   B-17154, B-20227
WIND ROSE   D-00038, D-05145, D-05623
WINDS  A-04946, A-27790, A-32351,
      D-00038, D-05145, D-05623, D-23391,
      D-24227, G-11575, G-22118
WOOD   B-26546, C-33045
WOOLS   B-03677, B-05567, 1-07553
XYLENES   B-07925
YOKOHAMA   D-07406
ZINC  A-04946, A-09686, A-17471,
      A-22872, A-26166, B-03754, B-03998,
      B-21324, C-33045, G-32842, J-30696,
      L-06863
ZINC COMPOUNDS   A-04946,  A-32489,
      B-01110, B-05604, B-06098,
                                                                           -- U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1972—I|81t-lt87 (335)

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