Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
A Bibliography with Abstracts
SSSffigBftW:
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
IRON AND STEEL MILLS-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
May 1972
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.00
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The AP series of reports is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report the results of
scientific and engineering studies, and information of general interest in the field of air pollution.
Information presented in this series includes coverage of intramural activities involving air pollution
research and control technology and of cooperative programs and studies conducted in conjunction with
state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports are
available free of charge - as supplies permit from the Air Pollution Technical Information Center,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Publication Number AP-107
ii
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....... . . v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources . ..... ..... . 1
B. Control Methods .12
C. Measurement Methods . .... ... .... .50
D. Air Quality Measurements ... . ... . . . .... 52
E. Atmospheric Interaction (None)
F. Basic Science and Technology . . . 54
G. Effects - Human Health 56
H. Effects Plants and Livestock (None)
I. Effects - Materials ... . . . ... .61
J. Effects Economic . . . . . 62
K. Standards and Criteria. .... ... ... 65
L. Legal and Administrative . . ... 66
M. Social Aspects . . ... .... .... .... . . 67
N. General . ... 68
AUTHOR INDEX . .69
SUBJECT INDEX 73
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
IRON AND STEEL MILLS-
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
Iron and steel mills contribute significantly to the overall air pollution level in the United States.
To aid efforts to improve air quality, the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the
Office of Air Programs has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its solution.
Approximately 302 abstracts have been selectively screened from the contents of APTIC's informa-
tion storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in the table of contents. The
compilation is intended to be representative of available literature, and no claim is made to all-
inclusiveness.
Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC accession number.
Generally, higher accession numbers, representing the latest acquisitions, cover the most recent
material.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center, Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711. Readers outside the Environmental Protection Agency may seek duplicates of docu-
ments directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
02146
QUALITY CONTROL OF AIR AND WATER-A CONTINU-
ING U.S.STEEL CONCERN. U.S.STEEL NEWS 31, (7) 8-11,
NOV. 1966.
This article summarizes the efforts made by U.S. Steel in the
last 15 years to control air and water pollution from their steel
plants. The control of air and water quality is vested in a com-
mittee which reports directly to top management, the Opera-
tions Policy Committee, and is composed of representatives of
the engineering and research, law, personnel, and production
departments. Electrostatic precipitators and wet scrubber ap-
plications are discussed. Processes for controlling air pollution
include mechanical (i.e. centrifugal force), electrostatic, wash-
ing, vacuum cleaning through filters, and incineration applica-
tions.
04000
G. W. Perbix
THERMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF BASIC OXYGEN
FURNACE HOT MODEL STUDIES. J. Metals (Japan) 18, (8)
824-31, July 1966. (Presented at the Annual Meeting, American
Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, New
York City, 1966.)
BOF hot models tests were carried out with a 150 Ib metal
charge in order to investigate the effects of blowing conditions
on refining kinetics, oxygen efficiencies, and thermodynamic
aspects of BOF steelmaking. The results from 20 heats are re-
ported covering a range of oxygen flow rates from 4.5-11 scfm
or 60-147 scfm per net ton of metallic charge at lance-to-bath
distances of 2-6.5 in. The following results were obrained: (1)
Decarburization kinetics are strongly affected by lance height
and oxygen flow rate. Carbon removal proceeds at the highest
rate toward the end of the heat. A decrease in decarburization
rate at a carbon level higher than 0.10% C was observed only
once for a heat blown under extremely soft conditions; (2) The
decarburization reaction is strongly temperature-dependent.
Scatter in the results is traced to differences in temperature
patterns during the course of the heats; (3) Oxygen efficiencies
are evaluated for the decarburization reaction and the total
reaction history. These oxygen efficiencies are also controlled
by blowing conditions. For hard blows, efficiency values of
100% are reached; and (4) The thermodynamic portion of this
investigation is focused on the manganese oxidation and its
distribution between metal and slag. The path of the man-
ganese reaction is analyzed for each heat and plotted as a
function of temperature for different blowing conditions.
Large deviations from equilibrium prevail for the better part of
the blowing time. Toward the end of the heat, at carbon levels
of 0.10% C, equilibrium is approached in all cases. Attainment
of near-equilibrium values at the end of the blowing period
means that, for low-carbon steels, manganese yield is con-
trolled mainly by the FeO content of the slag. The FeO con-
tent of the finish-slag and, consequently, manganese yield are
strongly affected by blowing conditions. (Author summary)
04001
J. G. Harhai and D. A. Dukelow
FACTORS AFFECTING SULFUR REMOVAL EV THE BASIC
OXYGEN PROCESS. J. Metals (Japan) 18, (7) 833-5, July
1966.
The problem of unpredictably high sulfur contents in steel and
factors affecting sulfur removal at the basic oxygen shop of
Pittsburgh Steel Co. have been analyzed. It has been found
that heats with high burnt dolomite charges in place of lime
show a lower frequency of good desulfurization performance.
The index of measurement was the ratio of sulfur content in
the steel to that in the charge and is defined as the sulfur
removal ratio (SRR). High MgO slags are apparently detrimen-
tal to sulfur removal because of the resulting higher slag
viscosity and lower desulfurization potential of MgO relative
to CaO. In studying the question of blast furnace slag carry-
over, a special depth reading device was constructed and used
to measure the depth of slag-kish atop the hot metal transfer
ladle. The data of 251 heats were investigated by multiple
regression analysis on an IBM 1410 computer and the derived
model equation, although not reliable enough for a quantitative
calculation of SRR, confirmed the significance of blast furnace
slag carry-over and the resultant effect on SRR. The model
also indicated the relative importance of variables affecting
sulfur removal in the basic oxygen process. Based on the
findings of this study, the flux charge practice has been al-
tered to permit a lower burnt dolomite charge. In addition,
steps have been taken to improve hot metal and slag separa-
tion practices at the blast furnace and a facility is being
modified to serve as a submarine ladle dekishing and
deslagging station. (Author summary)
04345
D. D. Wangerin
WASTE-HEAT BOILERS - PRINCIPLES AND APPLICA-
TIONS. Proc. Am. Power Conf. (Presented at the 26th Annual
Meeting, American Power Conference, Chicago, HI., Apr. 14-
16, 1964.) 26, 682-91, Apr. 1964.
The special problems which the waste-heat boiler designer en-
counters are reviewed. Some of the more recent improvements
in the utilization of waste by-products for steam generation are
illustrated. The types of waste-heat boilers available are
discussed. The discussion is limited to the utilization of the
principal waste products available in three major industries -
pulp and paper, steel, and petroleum. All of the waste fuels
considered have characteristics that require special equipment-
design considerations. Waste fuels are extremely poor when
compared with the usual prime fuels. Many byproduct fuel or
waste gases contain sufficient heat energy to make it economi-
cally feasible to generate steam for power and process use.
Each waste fuel has a different characteristic, requiring a
boiler of special design. But, all have very low heating values
when compared with the usual prime fuels. In many cases,
multiple-fuel-fired boilers can be designed to dispose of the
waste product while minimising the burning of the prime fuels.
So, with cost of prime fuels steadily rising over the years,
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IRON AND STEEL MILLS
waste products are more and more harnessed to provide part
of industry's steam demands.
04946
A. F. Snowball
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PRO-
GRAM AT COMINCO'S KIMBERLEY OPERATION. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc. 16, (2) 59-62, Feb. 1966.
During the concentration of lead and zinc sulfides from
Cominco's Sullivan Mine at Kimberley, British Columbia,
there is also produced an iron sulfide concentrate as a
byproduct. A portion of these iron concentrates is roasted and
the resulting calcine is treated in electric furnaces to produce
300 tons of pig iron per day. The sulfur dioxide produced in
the roasting process is used to make sulfuric acid which is em-
ployed in the manufacture of ammonium phosphate fertilizers.
Problems in the control of air pollution resulting from the iron
sintering, iron smelting, and fertilizer operations at Kimberley
are discussed, including those arising as a result of almost con-
tinuous expansion of these faculties since their establishment
12 years ago. (Author abstract)
05005
R. P. Hangebrauck, D. J. von Lehmden, and J. E. Meeker
SOURCES OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control. (PHS Publ. No. 999-
AP-33.) 1967. 48 pp.
Rates of emissions of polynuclear hydrocarbons were mea-
sured at several sources considered likely to produce such
emissions. The sources included heat generation by com-
bustion of coal, oil, and gas; refuse burning; industrial
processes; and motor vehicles. The annual emissions of
benzo(a)pyrene in the United States were estimated for each
of the sources surveyed, to provide a rough gauge of the im-
portance of each source. Small, inefficient residential coal-
fired furnaces appear to be a prime source of polynuclear
hydrocarbons; other sources may be of local importance.
Production of polynuclear hydrocarbons was generally as-
sociated with conditions of incomplete combustion. (Author
abstract)
08392
J. D. Clendenin
THE UTILIZATION OF COAL. Am. Chem. Soc., Pittsburg,
Pa., Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints, 9(2):222, 1965. (Presented at
the 149th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Divi-
sion of Fuel Chemistry, Symposium on Fuel and Energy
Economics, Detroit, Mich., April 4-9, 1965.)
A brief survey is presented of current and prospective utiliza-
tion of coals including lignite, (1) in the production of metal-
lurgical, chemical and specialty cokes, (2) as fuel for process
steam, space and home heating, locomotives and ship bunkers,
(3) In the manufacture of industrial producer gas and gas for
chemical synthesis, (4) as fuel in cement and lime kiln firing,
(5) at steel and rolling mills and (6) in a variety of specialty
and/or non-fuel uses, including industrial carbons, active car-
bon, fillers, filter aids and media, water treatment, foundry
facing, road building, roofing and coating applications, bar-
becue briquets, fertilizer and soil conditioner, coal-based
plastics, etc. Insofar as possible, information is presented on
process and product research and other developments that
may affect coal utilization, favorably or unfavorably, in the
areas cited. Since economics of coal utilization cannot be
divorced from economics of coal supply and transportation,
these are touched upon briefly. (Author's abstract)
09572
Miller, C. E.
PULVERIZED COAL INJECTION INTO BLAST FURNACES.
Blast Furnace Steel Plant, 56(3):235-240, March 1958. 5 refs.
The use of pulverized coal injection into blast furnaces is
economically attractive. Based on the 1965 blast furnace coke
consumption, the use of coal in place of 25 percent of the
coke used could produce an annual saving of more than 125
million dollars. Although the capital investment to install a pul-
verized coal system is substantially greater than for an oil or
gas system, the cost reduction from the substitution of coal
for oil is about $1.04/Net Ton Hot Metal and for coal in place
is about 93 cents NTHM, which makes recovery of the initial
investment in two years possible. Improved materials handling,
space saving, and improved air pollution control are additional
features of coal injection systems.
09686
R. L. Duprey
COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FAC-
TORS. Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Publication No. 999-AP-42,
67p., 1968. 126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
and industries: fuel combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
cals, food and agriculture, metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp and paper solvent evaporation and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).
09737
Ozolins, G. and C. Behmann
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY OF
NORTHWEST INDIANA. (A PRELIM- EVARY SURVEY,
1966.) Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Center
for Air Pollution Control, APTD-68-4, 36p., April 1968.
Sources of air pollutant emissions were surveyed to quantify
the total pollution load emitted to the air over the Northwest
Indiana communities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and
Whiting. The emissions are reported on an annual basis and
subdivided into the five major pollutants: particulates, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
The four major source categories that were utilized in report-
ing emissions from area and point sources are: fuel com-
bustion in stationary sources, fuel combustion in mobile
sources, combustion of refuse, and industrial process losses.
The results of this survey are reported by city and illustrated
on the grid system established by the Northwest Indiana Air
Resource Management Program. (Authors' abstract)
10463
Bogdandy, L. von
VAPORIZATION AND REFINING. (PART H-A OF THE
KINETICS OF IRON AND STEELMAKING REACTIONS.)
Arch. Eisenhuettenw., 32(5):287- 292, May 1961. 87 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, Al-
tadena, Calif., HB-5334, 17p., 1961. Available from Henry
Brutcher Technical Trans- lations, P. O. Box 157, Attadena,
Calif.
Iron and steelmaking reaction mechanisms and kinetics are
dis- cussed in detail. The formation of droplets and brown
fumes are considered in the light of nucleation theory.
Elimination of car- bon from pig iron is the most important
reaction in steelmaking; the equilibrium between carbon and
iron is discussed theoretically, along with the effect of oxygen
content on the frequency of CO nucleation from a homogene-
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
ous iron melt, the wetting relationships in Fe-CO-slag or vessel
wall system, and the wetting of refrac- lories by liquid iron.
Applications of the theories of fume for- mation and carbon
elimination to the open hearth process are discussed.
10466L
Migawi, M., Fikri Abdel'razik, A. F. Vishkarev, and V. I.
Yavoiskii
EFFECT OF VARIOUS FACTORS UPON THE QUANTITY
OF BROWN FUMES PRODUCED IN OXYGEN STEELMAK-
ING. Izv. Vysshikh Uchebn. Zavedenii Chernaya Met., No. 1:
41-45, Jan. 1964. 3 refs. Translated from Russian. Henry
Brutcher Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif., HB-6247,
7p., Jan. 1964. Available from Henry Brutcher Technical
Translations, Altadena, Calif.
A laboratory study of the factors effecting the quantity of
brown fumes produced in oxygen steelmaking was conducted.
For carbon contents up to 0.5% little smoke is produced.
Emission gradually increases with carbon concentration up to
2%, where smoke increases sharply probably due to phase
changes in the iron at this carbon level. Also considered are
the effects of carbon concentration on the rate of oxygen ab-
sorption and the quantity of fumes produced when iron is ox-
idized by Fe2O3 in an inert atmosphere. The effects of tem-
perature, blowing with nitrogen and hydrogen, and total ox-
ygen consumption on fume emission are also examined.
10467L
Harms, F. and W. Riemann
MEASUREMENT OF FUMES AND DUST VOLUMES FROM
70-TON ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES OPERATED PAR-
TIALLY ON OXYGEN. Stahl Eisen, 82(20):1345 1348, 1962.
Translated from German.Henry Brutcher Technical Transla-
tions, Altadena, Calif., HB-5719, 12 p., 1962. Available fro
Henry Brutcher Techni cal Translations, P.O. Box 157, Al-
tadena, Calif., 91001
Measurements of waste gas and the dust content from a 70 m.
ton electric arc furnace are reported. The results show that
considerably higher contents of carbon monoxide occur in the
presence of several percent of oxygen than was previously
supposed. The volume and composition of the deposited dust
depend to a great extent on the particular stage of the heat and
on the type of steel being produced. The impirical basis of 200
Ncu.m oil waste gas per m ton of charge, which has hitherto
been used for the calculation of waste gas cleaning plants, is
confirmed with reasonable certainty b these measurements.
(Authors' summary, modified)
10471L
Kahnwald, H. and O. Etterich
DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME, COMPOSITION,
AND TEMPERATURE OF THE WASTE GAS AND THE
DUST DURING MELTDOWN AND OXIDATION BY OX-
YGEN LANCING IN A 15-TON ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE.
Stahl Eisen, 83(17):1067-1070, 1963. 5 refs. Translated from
German. Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, Altadena,
Calif., HB- 6066, 14p., 1963. Available from Henry Brutcher
Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif.
An experimental gas evacuation plant was built on to a 15 ton
electric arc furnace. This was used for the determination of
the composition, volume and temperature of the waste gas and
the evolution of dust during melt-down and oxidation with
gaseous oxygen. A linear relationship exists between the car-
bon monoxide evolved and the dust arising per unit time. The
dust content of the gas evolved in the furnace accordingly is
constant, amounting to 119 g/Ncu.m CO. The experimental
results are not generally valid and can only be applied condi-
tionally to other relationships. (Authors' summary, modified)
10474L
Meldau, R.
EVOLUTION OF FUMES FROM STEEL BATHS AT HIGH
TEMPERATURES. Stahl Eisen, 80(19): 1288-1289, 1960. 11
refs. Translated from German. Henry Brutcher Technical
Translations, Altadena, Calif., HB-4938, 9p., 1960. Available
from Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, P. Box 157,
Alatadena, Calif. 91001
International literature on the causes of fume formation in
various steelmaking processes is critically reviewed. Although
the theories and mechanisms presented differ, most
researchers agree th fume development is somehow connected
with carbon elimination. Oxygen- lance temperature is also
suggested as a factor in smoke formation. In addition, the ef-
fects of CO, bubbles, alloying materials, and impurities on
fume production are discussed.
11974
Nikami, K., K. Matsuda, T. Koyano, and T. Yasui
THE WASTE GASES LEAVING THE BASIC OXYGEN LD
FURNACE. Tetsu To Hagane, 52(9):1491-1493, 1966. Trans-
lated from Japanese. Henry Brutcher, Technical Translations,
Altadena, Calif., 8p., 1967.
Basic oxygen furnace gases were examined with a view of
utilizing their properties to automate the steelmaking process
in the basic LD oxygen furnace. The sampling apparatus con-
sisted of a water- cooled probe fitted with channels for water
cooling and gas, and a suction disk with a steam injector. The
following properties were determined for the gases emerging
from the sampling system: gas temperature at the suction disk
outlet, 30-40 C; humidity at the suction disk outlet, 100%; dust
content at the suction outlet, 0.2 g/N cu m; and gas tempera-
ture at the cooler outlet, 5 C. Hardly any obstruction of the
probe tip took place during the blow, indicating that continu-
ous analysis of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is possi-
ble. When the relationship between the CO and CO2 contents
of the gas was investigated, an almost identical pattern was
obtained, even when the oxygen lance height and the blowing
pressure were changed. After 70% of the blow was completed,
the percentages of CO and CO2 became constant. When the
steel carbon content decreased below 0.10%, the concentration
of CO decreased and that of CO2 increased. Though no direct
connection was established between the proportion of CO and
CO2 in the furnace gases and the reactions taking place in the
furnace, it is believed that the gases provide useful informa-
tion about blowing processes.
12396
Gedgaudas, Marius J.
THE EMISSION INVENTORY AND ITS APPLICATION IN
THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. Preprint, National Air
Pollution Control Administratio Raleigh, N. C., Div. of Abate-
ment, 13p., April 1969.
A summary is presented of emission inventory objectives and
procedures; an example is given of emission calculations for a
hypothetical steel mill, based on published data. The emission
inventory data includes techniques for defining study bounda-
ries, selecting a grid system, defining point and area sources,
compiling a questionnaire mailing list, estimating fuel and solid
waste balances, using emission factors, presenting data, and
using results in a control program. Illustrations are given on
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IRON AND STEEL MILLS
calculations of emissions from the major operations in a steel
mill, including coking, blast furnace, sintering, open hearth,
and power plant operations. (Author abstract modified)
13261
Voronov, F. D., I. A. Taldykin, B. L. Markov, V. G. Antipin,
and V. F. Bogatenkov
DUST FORMATION IN A TWO BATH STEEL FURNACE.
(Pyleobrazovaniye v dvukhvannoy staleplavil *noy pechi). Text
in Russian. Izv. Vysshikh Uchebn. Zavedenii Chernaya Met.,
no. 8:62-64, 1968. 2 refs.
Tests carried out on a 215 ton martensite furnace revealed that
tuyere placement plays the greatest role in the production of
lignite smoke, a major constituent of exhaust dust. During fur-
nace operation without oxygen scavenging, the dust content of
exhaust gases during filling, melting, and melt removal is 2.1,
1.4, and 1.3 g/cu m, respectively. Dust samples in this case
contained 70-90% iron oxides, pointing to the metal bath as the
main dust source, the presence of other metal oxides indicat-
ing slag and refractory materials as additional sources.
14799
Barnea, M.
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY IRON AND STEEL MANU-
FACTURING. (Impurificarea aerului atmosferic produsa de
industria siderurgica). Text in Rumanian. Igiena (Bucharest),
16(12): 741-746, 1967. 10 refs.
The industrial complexes of Hunedoara and Resita were stu-
died over a ten-year period by the Bucharest Institute of
Health, while the complex of Timisoara was studied by the
local board of health. Hunedoara, while producing more ton-
nage of metal than Resita, has a smaller air pollution problem
due to better movement of air. The city of Deva, however, has
a lower incidence of respiratory, ophthalmic, and rachitic ill-
nesses. Timisoara has both higher production and greater air
pollution, with over 50% of samples collected containing
above-normal content of SO2, although not above 0.50 mg/cu
m. Pollution particles also filter out 3/4 of the city's solar
radiation. Improvement of existing conditions and provision
for future industrial expansion depend on improving efficiency
of purification systems, whose cost is often prohibitive, and
more careful urban planning.
17199
Oshio, Toshiki
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN JAPAN (I). (Wagakuni ni
okeru taiki osen to sono mondaiten (I)). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4):197-208, April 15,
1968.
It is known that air pollution grows more serious where vari-
ous types of industries are concentrated in one area. The
coastal industrial area in Japan is typical in this respect: the
recent tendency of plants to locate on, or adjacent to the
coastline is particularly reflected in locations of petroleum
refineries and petrochemical plants associated with iron and
steel refineries or with thermal power plants for whom coastal
areas provide shipping advantages. The difficulty of shoreline
air pollution control lies in the diversity of industries involved.
Factors associated with different pollutants generated by in-
dividual plants must be investigated to determine the collective
effect of combined pollutants. For example, where heavy oil is
burned, the determination of the air-pollution load in the im-
mediate area is based on multiple density, which is the product
of the total quantity of exhaust gas emission and respective
density of each pollutant. In addition, several major types of
effects of the concentration of air pollutants after they leave
emission sources should be taken into consideration. Disper-
sion of pollutants depend on the effective emission height of
the chimney, efflux velocity, wind speed, and other geographi-
cal conditions which complicate the behavior of atmospheric
pollutants in coastline areas. The major sources of sulfurous
gases are the thermal power plants, iron-steel refineries,
petroleum refineries and petro chemical plants, but there are
additional pollutants which make the pollution density thicker.
Since sulfurous gas alone may be less important in qualitative
and quantitative respects, other combustion products, such as
metal sulfides or sulfates generated in iron-steel plants, need
to be considered in shoreline pollution abatement programs.
17252
Odaira, Toshio, Sadao Imano, Saburo Fukuoka, and Yoshihide
Agata
QUALITIES OF THE PARTICLE EMITTED FROM STEEL
MANUFACTURING ELECTRIC FURNACE. (Seikoyo
denkiro no baien no seijo). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku
(J. Pollution Control), 2(5):26-27, June 15, 1966.
An electromelt furnace was investigated by the Japan Industri-
al Standard method (Z-8808, K0103). A small bag filter and a
cascade impactor were used as the precipitators. A smoke
cylinder (2.4 m in diameter) was placed 5 m above the furnace.
The mean velocity of exhaust gas was 3.5 m/s; during the ox-
idizing period, it was 1 m/s and during the reducing period, 2.5
m/s. The amount of gas measured was 40,000 N cu m/hr, and
22,000 N cu rn/hr, and showed that the attenuation is more
than 90% and 95%, respectively. The quantity of particles 5 m
above the furnace were about 4.5 g/N cu m and 1.5 g/N cu m;
at the generated point, it was estimated to be about 55 g/N cu
m and 50 g/N cu m, respectively when diluted. The distribu-
tion of the diameter of the particles gathered by the bag filter,
both in the oxidizing and reducing period, indicated that one-
half of the particles (by weight) were less than 10 micron in
diameter. Particles of the oxidizing period in the cascade im-
pactor were spheres, 0.1-1.0 micron in diameter, which is one-
half the diameter of the particles in the reducing period. Plans
for smoke installations must be investigated in view of fine
particles.
17299
Saruta, Namio, Noburu Ishinishi, Yasushi Kodama, Eizaburo
Kunitake, Toshio Baba, and Yoko Katori
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY EXHAUSTED GASES FROM
MOTOR VEHICLES IN BOTH KTTAKYUSHU CITY AND
FUKUOKA CITY. (I). (Kogyotoshi to shogyotosh niokeru
jidosha haikigasu niyoru taikiosen no hikaku - Kitakyushushi
oyobi Fukuokashi niokeru jittai chosa kara (I)). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(11): 735-
739, Nov. 15, 1968.
Kitakyushu City is one of the most polluted cities in Japan.
Compared to the soot and smoke emitted by the iron works in
Yahata Ward, air pollution by automotive exhaust gas is small,
although the latter is becoming a serious public nuisance dur-
ing rush hours when traffic comes to a standstill because of
the number of vehicles on the highways and the number of
traffic intersections At present, air pollution control mea-
sures in Kitakyushu are directed mainly against the soot and
smoke by factories and center on the Kitakyushu and Omuta
industrial belts; automotive exhaust gas is not yet a matter of
interest. Over a one year period, air quality measurements
were made every other month at two sidewalk points along the
highway in Yahata Ward and also at two sidewalk points near
an intersection in the commercial city of Fukuoka. Seasonal
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
changes in air pollution, differences in air pollution due to the
social and economic characteristics of the cities, and the rela-
tion of air pollution due to factory soot and smoke to that due
to automotive exhaust gas are being studied. Conclusions will
be given in a forthcoming report.
17471
Knop, Wilhelm
INDUSTIRAL DUSTS AND WASTE GASES. (Industri-
estauebe und-abgase). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb,
14(2):63-66, Feb. 1970. 22 refs.
The most dangerous and annoying pollutants emitted by vari-
ous industries are enumerated. Steel mills emit primarily iron
oxides and fluorine compounds. Half of the original fluorine
input is emitted; the other half goes into the slag. The iron
oxide emissions, primarily the small particles below 5 micron,
form the brown smoke. The non-ferrous metal fabricating and
finishing plants emit metal oxides (cadmium oxide). When in-
haled, the latter may be extremely harmful. The TLV
(threshold limit value) is 0.1 mg/cu m air. In aluminum produc-
tion, dust-laden waste gases develop, despite the wet process.
The aluminum oxide dust content in the rotary furnace is 300-
400 g/standard cu m. In electrolytic reduction of aluminum ox-
ide, cryolite also dissociates. As a consequence, hydrogen
fluoride and dusts of fluorine compounds are found in the
waste gas. The TLV for fluorides is 2.5 mg/cu m; for hydrogen
fluoride, 2 mg/cu m. In lead plants 3 to 3.5 cu m waste gases
per kg sinter develop in the sintering and roasting station.
They contain 1.5 to 5% by volume SO2 and up to 15 g/cu m
dust. The dust contains lead, zinc, sulfur, and small amounts
of other elements. Considerable amounts of metal vapors
develop. In the fly dust of the shaft furnaces, cadmium oxide
or sulfate, arsenic, zinc, and thallium compounds may be
found. In copper smelting plants, the waste gases contain fly
dust and S02. In zinc refining, fly dust (0.1 g/standard cu m)
and S02 are emitted to the waste gas. In ferro-alloy produc-
tion, dusts of various kinds are carried along in the waste
gases. The waste gas quantity of a 10 MW furnace amounts to
70,000-250,000 cu m/h; the dust content, to 0.25-2.5 g/cu m.
17516
Watanabe, Goro, Masaharu Murakami, and Keimi Yamawaki
COUNTER-MEASURES TO AIR POLLUTION AND KURE
WORKS (CONCERNING MAINLY THE MEASURES TO BE
TAKEN AGAINST THE PUBLIC HAZARDS CAUSED BY
SO2). Kure-seitetsusho ni okeru taikiosen ni tsuite. Shutoshi
SO2 no kogaitaisaku ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Nissshin
Seiko Giho (Nisshin Steel Tech. Kept.), no. 17:33-54, Nov.
1967. 6 refs.
Air pollution becomes a particularly serious problem when
many large industrial plants are concentrated in one area. In
the case of Kure iron works, there is no real danger of a large-
scale air pollution because of the small amounts of waste gas,
but localized pollution is a problem, due to the complex topog-
raphy of the plant site and the closeness of a residential area.
After an investigation of air pollution by sulfur dioxide around
the Kure works, it became clear that localized pollution in-
volved the down-draught of exhaust fumes and that the
phenomenon! was caused by the topographical situation. The
main source of the exhaust fumes was the sintering plant. A
subsequent review of control methods indicated the ad-
vantages of a tall chimney for obtaining adequate diffusion,
and wind-tunnel tests were conducted to determine the stack
height required. A height of 100 m was found to the sufficient
for normal weather conditions but not for special conditions
such as a temperature inversion. Therefore, a stack 120 m high
is being built.
20414
Rengstorff, George W. P.
FACTORS CONTROLLING EMISSIONS FROM STEELMAK-
ING PROCESSES. Open Hearth Proc., vol. 45:204-219, 1962.
7 refs.
The possibility of modifying the form of iron oxide smoke, so
that more effective and/or less expensive smoke-elimination
devices could be used is considered. The new experimental
data, presented in the form of graphs, were obtained either
from a top-blowing process in a bessemer converter, or from a
direct study of vaporization of iron oxide. The effect on the
formation of iron- oxide smoke of the oxygen jet velocity, the
carbon content of the iron, the temperature of the metal,
water additions, other hydrogeneous gases, and the slag for-
mation are presented. Hypotheses on the mechanism of iron-
oxide smoke formation are discussed. Both industrial practice
and laboratory studies lead one to the conclusion that two con-
ditions must exist simultaneously for iron-oxide smoke to form
in objectionable quantities: a mechanism for moving Fe or a
Fe compound from the bulk of the liquid metal into the gas,
either as a metal vapor or as an aerosol; a gaseous medium
which is, at least slightly, oxidizing close to the bulk of the
liquid metal. A previously suggested mechanism which seems
to explain most of the known facts, is the vaporization of
metallic Fe from a clean area of the surface of the liquid metal
and its reaction with oxygen in the gaseous medium under for-
mation of nonvolatile FeO. The present studies brought out
the need for an understanding of the role of the dynamics of
flow of both metal and gas in the process of smoke formation.
22000
Sullivan, Ralph J.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF IRON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVD3W. Litton
Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems
Div., NAPCA Contract PH 22-68-25, Pub. APTD 69-38, 94p.,
Oct. 1969. 225 refs. CFSTI: PB 188088
The effects, sources, abatement, and methods of analysis for
pollution due to iron and its compounds are reviewed, as
urban air samples show that the iron content averages 1.6
microgram/cu m, with the iron and steel industry probably the
most likely source of emission. Pollution by iron emission can
be reduced by use of paniculate control equipment, but costs
of abatement for basic oxygen furnaces run between 14 to
19% of total industrial plant costs. The impinger, electrostatic
precipitator, and filter are commonly used to collect dusts and
fumes of iron compounds, while quantitative determinations
employ spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and two spot-test
methods. Iron and iron oxide are known to produce a benign
siderosis, and iron oxides have been implicated as a vehicle
for transporting high concentrations of both carcinogens and
sulfur dioxide deep into the lungs, thereby enhancing the ac-
tivity of these pollutants. Iron oxide also causes damage by
staining materials. (Author abstract modified)
22872
Davis (W. E.) and Associates, Leawood, Kans.
NATIONAL INVENTORY OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS.
CADMIUM, NICKEL AND ASBESTOS. 1968. SECTION I.
CADMIUM. NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69- NAPCA-APTD-68,
44p., Feb. 1970. 12 refs. CFSTI: PB 192250
The flow of cadmium, which is essentially a by-product of
zinc smelting, is traced and charted for the year 1968 in the U.
S. in mining and processing, imports and exports, and
reprocessing (e.g., electroplating, pigments, plastics, alloys,
-------
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
and batteries). The apparent comsumption was 13.3 million Ibs,
and domestic production 10.6 million Ibs. Only a small amount
was recovered from scrap. Atmospheric emissions, emission
factors, and brief process descriptions are given for areas
closely related to existing or potential atmospheric losses of
the pollutant. Emissions to the atmosphere during the year
totaled 4.6 million Ibs. Emissions from the metallurgical
processing plants of the primary producers of cadmium, zinc,
lead, and copper were more than 2 million Ibs, and those from
melting operations in the iron and steel industry were about
the same. Emission estimates for mining, metallurgical
processing, and reprocessing operations are based on data
from production companies that represent about 40% of total
production and from reprocessing companies handling about
45% of cadmium used in consumer products, and are con-
sidered reasonly accurate. Emission control equipment is in
use at all the production facilities that were visited; such con-
trol is part of the process system for zinc recovery and is not
specifically for control of atmospheric cadmium emissions.
Further effort is recommended to confirm the accuracy of
emissions from scrap containing cadmium. (Author summary
modified)
23458
Neuhof, Gerd
ON THE FORMATION OF BROWN SMOKE IN THE
PROCESS OF STEEL PRODUCTION WITH OXYGEN. (Die
Entstehung von braunem Rauch bei den Stahlherstellungsver-
fahren mit Sauerstoff). Text in German. Neue Huette,
10(7):391-395, July 1965. 35 refs.
The problems connected with the formation of 'brown smoke'
in steel melting using gaseous oxygen are discussed. The origin
of formation of the brown smoke of aerosol character is not
fully understood. The various hypotheses and literature data
on the subject are surveyed. Most often, the formation of the
brown smoke is related to direct or indirect iron vaporization.
Properties of the smoke are discussed as well as the factors
effecting its formation; the latter includes both gas blowing
conditions and composition of the iron bath. The modified
method for limiting brown smoke emission by either dedusting
the exhaust gases or by reducing its formation as used in vari-
ous countries are surveyed.
23977
Rump, Georg and Alfred Kunst
WASTE HEAT BOILER IN CONVERTER PLANTS. (Abhit-
zekessel in Konverteranlagen). Text in German. Tech.
Ueberwach. (Duesseldorf), 9(ll):361-364, Nov. 1968.
Waste gases emanating from steel converters which have a
temperature of 1700 C must be cooled before dust can be
removed from them. The construction of waste heat boilers
which serve this purpose, waste heat utilization, dust removal,
the calculation of heat supply and of steaming capacity and
safety and measuring devices are described. Heat is supplied
to converter waste heat boilers only during the air blast
periods; they thus operate under different conditions than nor-
mally fired steam boilers. Safety valves must be calculated for
maximum steam pressures generated under the most unfavora-
ble conditions. The boiler drum must be calculated for all
water volume fluctuations from beginning to end of air blast-
ing. All safety devices must be calculated to handle maximum
steam pressures, maximum carbon burning velocity, the shor-
test possible blast time, and the shortest possible charge time.
24928
Colclough, T. P.
SULFUR IN IRON- AND STEELMAKING. In: Problems and
Control of Air Pollution. F. S. Mallette (ed.), New York, Rein-
hold, 1955, Chapt. 18, p. 202-214.
One of the essential features of the manufacture of iron and
steel is that, no matter what the sulfur content of the raw
materials use may be, the sulfur content of the finished iron or
steel product shall not exceed 0.05%. In the manufacture of
the coke used, some 60% of the sulfur in the raw coal is
retained in the coke; 40% is found in the tar and coke-oven
gas. This sulfur is removed when the gas is used for public
utility purposes and can, under certain conditions, be removed
economically when the gas is used for steelmaking or other in-
dustrial processes. Some 14% of the total sulfur in the coal is
contained in the stack gas from the ovens where unpurified
gas is used for underfiring. In the smelting of pig iron, the
whole of the sulfur present in the coke, ore, and other raw
materials, is absorbed in the blast furnace slag with the excep-
tion of a small percentage of the iron itself. No sulfur-bearing
gases are formed. In the steelmaking operation, the sulfur
removed from the metal is retained in the furnace slag. Chim-
ney gases from the furnaces carry away all the sulfur dioxide
formed by the combustion of the sulfur, in the fuel. The same
conditions apply to the rolling and forging operations. Viewed
broadly, the iron and steel industry presents no unique
problem with regard to pollution of the atmosphere by sulfur.
The only source of sulfur emissions is the combustion of fuel,
and the elimination of this pollution is shared in common with
all fuel users. Solutions to the problem are a reduction of the
sulfur content of the fuel supplied and/or the removal of the
sulfur- bearing constituents of the stack gases. (Author sum-
mary modified)
26166
Shaffer, N. R. and M. A. Brewer
AIR POLLUTION: FURNACE TYPES AND SIZES DICTATE
MOST EFFECTIVE CONTROLS. PART I. Iron Age,
175(17):! 00-102, April 28, 1955. PART II. Ibid, 175(18):110-112,
May 5, 1955. PART m, Ibid, 175(19):100-102, May 12, 1955.
Atmospheric emissions from steel furnaces, iron foundries,
and nonferrous smelters in Los Angeles County are regulated
by two rules. One limits the opacity of an emission by making
illegal opactiities of 40% or more for a period in excess of
three min in any hour. The second rule regulates emissions by
pounds per hr, depending on the weight of material charged.
The baghouse has proved to be the most efficient control
device for these emissions. Collection efficiencies are 99% for
dust and fume from steel furnaces and 96-99% for dust and
fumes from gray iron cupolas. Brass, aluminum, and lead
smelters employing baghouses in combination with cooling
chambers or cyclone separators are able to reduce furnace
emissions to one Ib or less per hr. Next in order of effective-
ness are electrical precipitators, which have an efficiency of
97.5% for emissions from electrical steel furnaces, 96.5% on
openhearth furnaces, and 96% on gray iron cupola gases.
Water scrubbers have failed to meet control regulations for
electric furnaces and gray iron cupolas.
26321
Masek, Vaclav
DUST IN ATMOSPHERE OF METALLURGICAL PLANTS.
(Prach v ovzdusi hutniho podniku). Text in Czech. Hutnicke
Listy (Prague), 25(ll):766-772, 1970. 21 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
The concentration, dispersion, and physical appearance of
dust fall and suspended dust was studied in the new Klement
Gottwald steel plant at Ostrava, an important steel center in
northern Moravia. In addition to these properties, analysis was
made to determine specific surface, content of soot and poly-
cyclic substances, some important inorganic substances such
as silicon dioxide, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron oxide
and manganese, and their sorption properties, concerning all
of which there is a scarcity of reliable data. On the basis of
findings, it should be possible to establish priorities for the
removal of dust not only on the basis of quantity but also with
reference to the type of particulate pollution that is most
harmful to human beings. The data provides not only a more
accurate knowledge of the actual composition of such dust but
data that will be of aid in designing unproved dust removal
equipment.
26929
Wedin, Bertil
FIGHTING AIR CONTAMINATION-CLEANER AIR AN UR-
GENT NECESSITY. Svenska Flaktfabriken Rev., vol. 6-7:201-
207, 1963-1964.
Natural and man-made pollution, dispersal and concentration,
and pollution control are discussed. Oil refineries, steelworks,
foundries, cement works, plastic and fertilizer factories, and
power stations are typical generators of pollutants in larger or
smaller emissions. Sulfur-containing oils and benzopyrenes
have received too little attention in Sweden. While the threat
represented by deep valleys of Scandinavia has been clearly
demonstrated in many instances, Sweden's forests probably
play an important role as pollution control agents, since both
deciduous and coniferous trees can absorb considerable quan-
tities of airborne contaminants. While some pollutants display
synergistic characteristics causing greater injury together than
could the individual pollutants alone, there is evidence that
certain airborne substances can reduce the injurious effects of
other contaminants.
27501
Vandergrift, A. Eugene, Larry J. Shannon, Eugene E. Sallee,
Paul G. Gorman, and William R. Park
PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 30p.,
1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18, 1970,
Paper 70-148.)
The identity, characterization, and quantity of the national
particulate air pollution problem from stationary sources were
determined. Particulate emissions from stationary sources
were obtained from data on emission factors, grain loadings,
and materia balances. The principal method used for establish-
ing the tonnage emitted by an industry utilized uncontrolled
emission factors. Total tonnage emitted was calculated from
an emission factor for the uncontrolled source, the total ton-
nage processed per year by the industry, the efficiency of con-
trol equipment used, and the percentage of production capaci-
ty equipped with control devices. Particulate emission totaled
approximately 21 times 10 to the 6th power tons per year.
Major stationary sources included electric power generation
plants, the forest products industry, agriculture and related
operations, the crushed stone industry, the cement industry,
and the iron and steel industry. Estimates of the total quantity
of particulate pollutants were made up to the year 2000 by tak-
ing into account changes in production capacity, improvements
in control devices, and legislative or regulatory action to en-
force installation of control equipment. Forecasts indicated
that particulate emissions can be reduced from 21 times 10 to
the 6th power tons per year to 13 times 10 to the 6th power
tons per year by 1980 through the installation of currently
available control devices on all sources., (Author abstract
modified)
27790
Osaka Municipal Office (Japan)
OUTLINE OF EMERGENCY MEASURES TAKEN FOR AIR
POLLUTION IN NISHIYODOGAWA WARD. (Nishi-
yodogawa-ku taiki osen kinkyu taisaku taiko). Text in
Japanese. 13p, June 1970.
Nishiyodogawa Ward is in the northwestern part of Osaka and
borders on the industrial area of Amagasaki City. The area it-
self has been industrialized for a long time. Of the 794 enter-
prises, 60% are small, but in the coastal area, there are such
big enterprises as iron and steel, chemicals, and so forth.
About 140,000 kl of heavy oil is consumed in this area, 53.8%
of it by the iron and steel industry, and 13.4% by the chemical
industry. Throughout the year, northeast and westerly winds
prevail, but especially the western wind in winter. Therefore,
Amagasaki City contributes to air pollution. The area was
designated as 'Air Pollution Special Area' in Dec. 1965. From
1966, exact surveys were carried out, to find the causal rela-
tionship between pollution sources and environmental concen-
tration. It became imperative to decrease sulfur oxides concen-
trations and improve environmental conditions. The annual
average of sulfur oxides in 1969 was 0.083 ppm, a much larger
figure than 0.064 ppm, the average for Osaka City, and one
failing to conform to the environmental standards in every
respect. Dust concentration was average 0.197 mg/cu m a year,
lower than the city's average of 0.209 mg/cu m. Much sulfur
oxide is emitted by sulfuric acid manufacturing and sulfuric
minerals handling enterprises. Amagasaki City uses more than
10 times the heavy fuel, mostly by thermal generating stations.
The survey showed the damages amounted to approximately
$3,360,000 a year to general households and enterprises. While
damage to a household in Osaka City averages $39 a year, in
Nishiyodogawa Ward it was $87, and damages to enterprises
was $59 and $218 respectively. Incidence of chronic bronchitis
in the ward is 8.9%, 4.5 times as much as in the rural part of
the prefecture. There were 569 patients who were receiving re-
lief under the law, as of May 19, 1970. The immediate target is
to decrease the sulfur oxides concentration to a level less than
the environmental standards or half of the present level at the
end of 1971, by supplying low sulfur concentration fuel, in-
specting the sources of pollution, and other measures. Six fac-
tories are going to be moved in 1970, and eight more in 1971,
plus 3 factories which are the sources of noise. The factory
sites bought up by the city will be used as parks, greenbelts,
roads, and housing projects. Greenbelts are going to be in-
stalled in Nishiyodogawa Ward; the sewer system will be im-
proved, air purifiers will be installed in schools, and a gargling
solution is to be distributed among the school children.
28062
Heischkeil, Werner
ENERGY POWER SUPPLY OF IRONWORKS AS BEING IN-
FLUENCED BY THE PROGRES OF ENGINEERING. (Die
huettenmaennische Energiewirtschaft im texhnischen
Fortschritt). Text in German. Stahl Eisen, 91 (5):250-256,
March 4, 1971. 8 refs.
After 1950 the metal industry switched to heavy fuel ofl for
use in Siemen-Martin furnaces, while natural gas was in-
troduced into the German metal industry as a fuel during the
1960s. At that time, oil was being used approximately 50% of
-------
8
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
the time. Coke oven gas from neighboring coking plants is also
used in ironworks when it has been partially cleaned. Blast
furnace gases are used in power plants. Possible price in-
creases of coke should spur the development of metallurgical
processes such as the direct reduction process which operates
with gas, inexpensive coal, or oil. Processes using electric fur-
naces will be selected in small ironworks. Development of a
high temperature reactor will also be promoted in view of the
rising coke prices. However, the blast furnace process with
subsequent oxygen lancing will remain the primary metallurgi-
cal process for some time to come.
28371
Masek, Vaclav
THE COMPOSITION OF DUSTS ON WORK SITES AND IN
THE CLOSE VICINITY OF IRON WORKS. (Ueber die
Zusammensetzung der Staeube an den Arbeitsplaetzen und in
der nahen Umgebung von Eisenhuettenwerken). Text in Ger-
man. Staub, Reinhaltung Luft, 31(2):66-68, Feb. 1971. 15 refs.
The grain size distribution, specific surface area, soot content,
3,4-benzopyrene content, arsenic content, and chemical and
roentgenographic composition of dusts collected at work sites
and in the vicinity of blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling mills,
and foundries of the industrial area of Ostrava in
Czechoslovakia were determined. The dust contained around
30% silicon dioxide, 7% calcium oxide, 3% magnesium oxide,
15% aluminum trioxide, 15-50% ferric oxide, and 0.25% man-
ganese. The share of the dust of a grain size below 1 micron
fluctuated between 3 and 24% and above 4 micron, between 5
and 32%. The specific surface of the dust fluctuated between
1.2 and 14.1 sq m/g; the soot content, between 7 and 64%; the
3,4-benzopyrene content, between 0.1 and 13%; and the ar-
senic content, between 0.02 and 1.18%. Most of this dust falls
on cultivated land.
28604
Lownie, Harold W., Jr. and Thomas M. Barnes
THE NAPCA STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE STEEL
INDUSTRY. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 40p., 1970. 3 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution
Control Association, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo.,
June 14-18, 1970, Paper 70-96.)
Air pollution arising from sources in the steel industry was
studie by review of the literature and by field visits to steel
plants and manufacturers of control equipment. Major objec-
tives were to determine the status of the technology of
sources, characteristics of emissions, methods for their con-
trol, the cost of applying technology on a broader scale to
diminish pollution from steel plants, and the subjects on which
research, development, and demonstration projects are needed
to improve the technology and economics of air pollution con-
trol. It is concluded that better emissions control equipment
and systems and more rapid temperature- sensing instrumenta-
tion, as well as studies on more effective methods of condi-
tioning metallurgical dusts for collection by electrostatic
precipitators are needed. It is recommended that cos models
be further developed to serve as a basis for estimating control
costs. Highlights are given of a coking report which contains a
detailed evaluation of technological alternatives for controlling
emissions from the manufacture of blast-furnace coke, and
which makes recommendations for further research, develop-
ment, and demonstration projects relating to both conventional
coking in slot ovens and new coking processes.
29021
Egorichev, A. P., V. I. Staritskii, and L. M. Sumin
ORGANIZATION OF WORK ON ABATEMENT OF AIR AND
WATER POLLUTION BY IRO AND STEEL INDUSTRY EN-
TERPRISES. Steel (USSR) (English translatio from Russian
of: Stal'), no. 10:839-840, Oct. 1970.
A summary is presented of recent Soviet scientific and techni-
cal achievements in the sphere of waste gas and water effluent
cleaning at metallurgical works. In addition, problems still
awaiting solutions are identified and suggestions made for dis-
seminating the practical knowledge that has been gained by in-
stitutes and enterprises. Among the problems for which relia-
ble solutions have been found are: cleaning open-hearth fur-
nace gases with dry electrostatic precipitators and wet venturi-
tube devices; oxygen- converter gas cleaning in large-diameter
venturi tubes; gas cleanin on closed ferroalloy furnaces in two
successive venturi tubes; gas cleaning by cyclones, cloth fil-
ters, or electrostatic precipitators; on refractories-industry fur-
naces during firing of magnesite, lime, and clay; cleaning of
oily effluent by a flotation method; and clarification of ef-
fluent from metallurgical- furnace gas-cleaning systems with a
magnetic coagulator.
29348
Spliethoff, H.
STUDIES ON SLAG TAP FURNACES. (Verhaltensunter-
suchungen an Schmelzkammerfeuerungen). Text in German.
Mitt. Ver. Grosskesselbesitzer, 51(1):8-16,1971. 7 refs.
Combustion can be understood as a network with fuel and air
flows as initial parameters and the carbon monoxide and ox-
ygen concentrations of the waste gases, the combustion
chamber temperature, and the flue gas flow as the parameters
at the opposite end. Excess air or lack of air and combustion
chamber temperature directly or indirectly influence the com-
bustion conditions. Carbon monoxide develops during any
combustion process but is not damaging or corrosion-produc-
ing as long as it does not occur outside the combustion
process. If approximately equal O2 concentrations are mea-
sured at the various measuring points at the end of the com-
bustion process independent of the load, the combustion
process can be better regulated and handled more economi-
cally. From this it cannot be concluded however, that a con-
stant O2 supply to one point yields the same results.
30296
Teworte, W.
THE USE OF FLUORINE-BEARING MATERIALS IN THE
GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC. (Einsatz von fluorhaltigen
Materialien in der BRD). Text in German. VDI (Ver. Deut.
Ingr.) Ber., no. 164:11-18, 1971. 13 refs.
Before World War n, Germany was the world s largest suppli-
er of fluorine. In 1938, it produced 30% or 140,000 tons out of
a total world production of 462,000 tons. Since then, the situa-
tion has changed completely. In 1969, the world consumption
amounted to about 3.6 million tons, out of which Mexico as
the largest producer provided one million tons; Germany s par-
ticipation was only 90,000 tons which placed it eighth after
Mexico. This latter production was practically used up
completely by the domestic industry; in addition, some 160,000
tons were imported to cover the overall demand of 250,000
tons. Of the world s consumption of fluorine in 1969, 45%
were used for steel manufacturing, 15% for aluminum, 33%
for producing chemicals, and 7% for glass and ceramics. The
chemical industry requires fluorite, CaF2, primarily for
producing hydrofluoric acid, HF. Two tons of CaF2 are
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
needed for producing one ton of HF. Hydrofluoric acid in turn
is used as an intermediate product for the manufacture of nu-
merous inorganic and organic fluorine compounds. Among the
inorganic compounds are aluminum fluorides, used as flux
material in the production of primary aluminum. The organic
fluorine compounds include the aliphatic chlorine-fluorine-
hydrocarbons, such as freon, which are used as spraying and
cooling substances. Other important fluorine- bearing products
are synthetic materials, such as teflon. Direct applications for
fluorspar can be found in the manufacture of steel, of welding
electrodes, enamel, glass wool, and other industrial products.
30446
Sebesta, William
FERROUS METALLURGICAL PROCESSES. In: Air Pollu-
tion. Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York,
Academic Press, 1968, Chapt. 36, p. 143-169. 40 refs.
Coke, sinter, iron, and steel production and foundry opera-
tions are discussed, including process emissions and their con-
trol. Bessemer converters, open hearth furnaces, electric arc
furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and scarfing are included in
reviewing steel manufacture, and cupolas and electric melting
furnaces are considered in foundry operations.
30598
Masek, Waclaw
COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DUST IN
STEELWORKS. (Sklad i wyglad pylu w przedsiebiorstwie
hutniczym). Text in Polish. Hutnik (Prague), 37(11):553-556,
1970.
The results of a study of properties of dust emitted by the
metallurgical industry are presented, supplemented by electron
microscope photographs of dust. The latter gives information
on the finest components of dust, which are most harmful to
the human organism. Dispersion curves of dust were mea-
sured. Two methods (sedimentation and aspiration) of sample
taking are compared; they differ in the size of most numerous
dust particles. Chemical analysis of the dust was carried out.
Analysis by X-rays enabled specification of chemical com-
pounds present. Inorganic compounds formed more than 50%
of the dust. Specific surface of the dust was determined,
which gives information on microstructure of dust. Analysis
included dtermination of soot and 3,4-benzpyrene content.
30613
Wasilewska, Janina and Urszula Krause
PROPERTIES OF DUST EMITTED BY METALLURGICAL
PLANTS. (Wlasnosci pylow emitowanych do atmosfery przez
urzadzenia hut zelaza). Text in Polish. Wiad. Hutnicze (Kato-
wice), 27(2): 57-61, 1971. 16 refs. ,
Chemico-physical properties of dust emitted into the at-
mosphere by metallurgical plants were studied. The method of
determination of these properties is described, as are the
method of sample collection and apparatus used. The chemical
composition and density of the dust were determined; its frac-
tional analysis was performed. The gases emitted into the at-
mosphere by metallurgical industry contained mostly carbon,
silicon dioxide, and iron oxides; the relative amount depended
on the character of a specific plant. Thus gases emitted from
blast furnaces contained 33% carbon, 23% SiO2, 7% iron ox-
ides; those from steel works, 51-55% iron oxides; and gases
from foundries, 89-92% SiO2. The latter appear to be most
hazardous to human health, since the gas causes fibrosis of
lungs. A quantity of 45% dust from foundries consisted of par-
ticles with a diameter less than 20 micron. Fractional composi-
tion of dust varied according to plant; the finest is the dust
from steel works. The fraction with a diameter lower than 5
micron formed 60%, out of which a considerable part was of a
diameter between 0.5-1 micron. Because of its fine structure,
the dust emitted by steel works does not settle to the ground,
which indicates the necessity of using dust collectors. Further
utilization of the steel works dust rich in iron oxides is sug-
gested such as sintering the dust and returning it to production
in this form.
30698
Varga, John, Jr.
A SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STUDY OF THE INTEGRATED
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. (FINAL REPORT). Battelle
Memorial Inst, Columbus, Ohio, NAPCA Contract PH 22-68-
65, 518p., May 15, 1969. 316 refs. NTIS: PB 184577
A general description is presented of the various processes
used in each manufacturing segment of the iron and steel in-
dustry, including process block-flow diagrams and schematic
drawings for each process segment Particulate and gaseous
emissions from each manufacturing process are identified at
the point of emission. The flow of sulfur through representa-
tive models of the process segments is traced. A comprehen-
sive and quantitative review of fuel and energy utilization was
undertaken to identify the total industry consumption types of
fuel used, quantities of each, the determinants of fuel choice,
and the influence on pollutant emissions of fuel chemistry and
usuage. Industry growth and process technology changes are
projected for the periods 1970-1975 and 1975-1980, emphasiz-
ing processes that will come into future use and their as-
sociated pollution potential, as well as processes which wQl be
phased out. The principal types of control equipment for the
various processes are described, and information on the per-
formance characteristics of the various designs in use is
presented. An in-depth analysis of the relative merits and
limitations of applied control equipment is included. Pollution
control alternatives are identified, with the relative cost and
effectiveness of each compared. Gaps in air quality control
technology are indicated, and recommendations are suggested
for research to fill such gaps.
31737
Petry, Jan Krzysztof
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF
SELENIUM (SE) IN INDUSTRY AND THE HISTORY OF ITS
DISCOVERY. Przeglad Lekar., 26(4 452-453, 1970. 10 refs.
Translated from Polish. Mundus Systems, McGregor, and
Werner, Inc., Washington, D. C., 7p.
Applications of selenium in industry are cited, and its effect
on the living organism is mentioned. Selenium is used in the
steel industry, since it resists abrasion and prevents corrosion.
It is used in the production of inks and dyes for coloring
plastics and textiles. Also, selenium is a component of insecti-
cides, and permits the proper gradation of colors in photog-
raphy. The cosmetic industry introduced selenium into hair
shampoo. Due to the presence of selenium in the soil, some
water and plants have been polluted; it eventually found its
way into animals and humans, leading to morbid conditions
and numerous deaths. Cases of poisoning to horses are cited.
31919
Krause, Urszula and Janina Wasilewska
EMISSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS DURING THE SMELT-
ING OF IRON ORE IN THE DL SYSTEM. (Emisja zaniec-
zyszczen atmosfery przez spiekalnie rud zelaza systemu DL).
-------
10
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
Text in Polish. Wiad. Hutnicze (Katowice), 27(4): 105-110,
1971. 10 refs.
The total quantity of dust emitted into the atmosphere from
iron ore smelting plants operating a Dwight Lloyd system is
generally high in Poland and averages 2893 tons per year or
about 0.31% compared to the production of agglomerates. Mul-
ticyclic dust collectors placed at strategic sites along the two
conveyer belts are only 77% efficient, mainly because the dust
particles released are very small approximately 84% of the
particles are less than 20 millimicrons in size. Multicyclic col-
lectors, installed for removing dust from gases released at the
breaking junctions of the smelting conveyer belts and at the
casing of the conveyer belts returning agglomerates, are more
efficient than those at other sites, because gases at these
points have a fourfold increase in the dust concentration be-
fore they reach the multicyclic apparatus. Despite the 84% ef-
ficiency at these sites, the average dust concentration in the
released gas is 1328 mg/n cu m, yielding an emission of 124
kg/hr or 931 tons/yr. The chemical composition of the dust in-
cludes iron metals (38%), silicon dioxide and calcium oxide
(11.12%), and calcium carbonate (11.8%). The quantity of sul-
fur dioxide in the gases emitted from the plants is also very
high, averaging 7530 tons per year. To overcome these defi-
ciencies, installation of an electrostatic precipitator is recom-
mended. Poland does not have its own standards for con-
trolling industrial air pollution and applies the norms
established by other countries which vary widely in the per-
missible amounts of dust and sulfur dioxide.
31935
Nakamura, Keigo
ON AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.
(Fukka suiso ni yoru taiki osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Kogai To Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(4):50-58, July 1971.
9 refs.
When the atmosphere contains as little as 10 ppb of hydrogen
fluoride, crops can be damaged, because the HF is accumu-
lated in the leaves. Teeth and bones are also affected when
cattle eat feed containing 30-50 ppm HF over an extended
period of time. Fluoride emissions are issued from plants
which process ores containing fluoride compounds. Steel mills
in Japan are using about four kg fluorspar/ton steel. Various
types of scrubbers are utilized to recover fluoride from alu-
minum smelter and phosphorus fertilizer exhaust gases. Col-
lectors are then used to trap fluoride and sulfuric acid mists.
32351
Lemke, Eric E., George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher
PROFILE OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN LOS AN-
GELES COUNTY. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif., 66p., Jan. 1969.
A profile of air pollution sources, the effectiveness of the con-
trol program, and a projection for the future in Los Angeles
are presented. The Federal Clean Air Act of 1967 figures
prominently in the future projections, because it is assumed
that California will set motor vehicle emission standards more
stringently than the Federal standards. About 13,500 tons of
air contaminants are still being emitted daily, primarily
because of automobile emissions which comprise approximate-
ly 90% of the uncontrolled emissions. Major sources are listed
with data on type and amounts of particulates emitted, and the
amounts prevented. Motor vehicle sources include exhaust,
blowby, and evaporation in gasoline-powered engines and
diesel-powered engines; the prevention methods for motor
vehicle emissions include crankcase and exhaust control.
Other sources include organic solvents (surface coating, dry
cleaning, and degreasing), chemicals (sulfur and sulfuric acid
plants), incineration, non-ferrous metal production, cupolas,
electric steel furnaces, open hearths, mineral production (in-
cluding asphalt), and petroleum (refining, marketing, and
production). Rule 62 prevents contamination from power
plants and other fuel combustion processes. Jet and piston
driven aircraft, ships, and railroads are also sources. Contami-
nants include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrocarbons, and particulates. The distribution of chemi-
cal processing equipment, boilers, heaters, paint bake ovens,
incinerators, metal melting equipment, concrete batch plants,
petroleum processing equipment, rendering equipment, and
power plant boilers are shown. Daily emissions from fuel oil,
natural gas, and refinery make gas are shown. Also, steam and
electric power plants are discussed. When motor vehicle ex-
haust reacts with the air, photochemical smog can be formed
which causes eye irritation; the California Pure Air Act has set
standards which should eliminate this. Stationary and mobile
sources, air monitoring stations, seasonal changes, ozone con-
centrations, wind effects, daily concentration levels, oxidant
levels, and alerts are also discussed. 32351 Lemke, Eric E.,
George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher
32489
Giever, P. M.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUNDRY EFFLUENTS. Preprint,
American Foundrymen s Society, Des Plaines, HI., 3p., 1970. 7
refs. (Presented at the Total Environmental Control Con-
ference, Ann Arbor, Mich., Nov. 16-19 1970.)
Effluents from the numerous types of foundry furnaces and
products vary over a wide range of physical and chemical
characteristics including visible plumes, particulates, irritating
fumes, and gases, as well as explosive dusts. Approximately
90% of the gray iron melting furnaces are cupolas and only 15
to 18% of these have air pollution control devices installed.
One of the most important characteristics of cupola effluent is
the high temperature. In addition to particulates, the effluent
from cupolas contains gases which are primarily carbon diox-
ide and nitrogen with some excess oxygen and varying
amounts of sulfur dioxide. Smoke, oil vapor, and fumes make
up the remainder of the emissions. Emissions from electric arc
furnaces and non-ferrous foundries are also discussed. These
include zinc dust, ammonium chloride, carbon monoxide, car-
bon dioxide, fumes, sulfur oxides, sulfides, sulfates, metal ox-
ides, aluminum oxides, odors, particulates, and many others.
Particle size can be an important aspect.
33279
Rondia, D.
THE SOLUTION OF A HYGIENIC PROBLEM IN STEEL
WORKS. EXPOSURE OF WORKERS TO A FOG CONTAIN-
ING 3,4-BENZOPYRENE. (La solution reelle d un probleme d
hygiene dans une acierie. Exposition des ouvriers a un brouil-
lard contenant du 3,4-benzopyrene). Text in French. Arch.
Maladies Profess. Med. Trav. Securite Sociale (Paris), 25(7-
8):403^06, July-Aug. 1964. 4 refs.
To prevent the too sudden cooling of steel ingots in steel
manufacture, molds are sprayed with a mineral oil using a
compressed air vaporizer. This procedure exposes workers to
skin photosensitivization and to the inhalation of considerable
concentrations of an aerosol containing polycyclic hydrocar-
bons. Since 1 ppm of the carcinogen 3,4-benzopyrene was de-
tected in the oil fog, the oil should be replaced by a heavy
kerosene fraction and vaporization replaced by compressed air
with high pressure diffusion. While this method is costlier, it
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
eliminates a definite health hazard and improves working con-
ditions.
33930
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROCESSES FOR METAL
REFINING. (Perfectionnements aux precedes pour 1 affinage
de metaux). Text in French. (Steel Co. of Wales, Ltd. (Great
Britain)) French Pat. 1,511,820. 3p., Dec. 26, 1967. (Appl. Feb.
15, 1967, 8 claims).
A new process for refining of metal is discussed, in particular
steel produced in an open hearth furnace or a converter. A
flame nurtured by oxygen currents and a carbonized liquid
combustible is injected in a refining receptacle containing the
liquid steel to be treated. The proportion of oxygen to the
combustible, is adjusted to obtain complete combustion. The
flame is located inside the receptacle so that the combustion
products, and not the flame, come into contact with the mol-
ten mass. The quantity of oxygen introduced is far in excess
of that necessary for effecting a complete combustion of the
combustibles, in the order of 150 to 200% excess oxygen. De-
pending on the specific case, this excess oxygen supply may
even go as high as 1000%. The liquid combustible may be a
heavy fuel oil, or a coke oven tar with low sulfur content. The
oxygen and combustible mixtures can be injected into the
refining receptacle either through a pipe, or with a blow lance
with multiple jets. In view of the high combustion tempera-
tures generated, the process permits the use of a substantial
percentage of steel scrap and chips in the charge. Ferric oxide,
lime and fluorspar are added to the molten steel in the recepta-
cle for the refining process.
-------
12
B. CONTROL METHODS
00037
B. Basse
GASES CLEANED BY THE USE OF SCRUBBERS. Blast Fur-
nace Steel Plant 1307-12, Nov. 1956.
Venturi scrubbers are among the most efficient devices availa-
ble for removal of fine fumes from gas streams. They are
especially applicable to the steel industry which, because of
the high temperature furnace reactions, produce very large
quantities of submicron metallic fume. For air pollution appli-
cations, the power required can be adjusted to meeet nearly all
local ordinance demands, or visual appearance requirements of
management. In blast furnace applications, the scrubber sup-
plies sufficiently clean gas so that secondary cleaners are not
required before burning the gas in stoves and boilers.
(Author's abstract)
00104
D. N. Kalyuzhniy
SANITARY PROTECTION AGAINST AIR POLLUTION BY
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM FERROUS METALLURGICAL
ENTERPRISES. (Sanitarnaya Okhrana Atmosfernogo Voz-
dukha ot Vybrosov predpriyatiy Chernoy CFSTI: AD 610 673
Metallurgii.) (Translated as JPRS No. 17, 984.) pp. 166-71.
Mar. 6, 1963. CFSTI: AD 402 502
This is a translation of appendices I and n, and of the Table
of Contents, of the monograph Sanitarnaya Okhrana At-
mosfernogo Vozdukha ot Vybrosov Predpriyatiy Chernoy
Metallurgii (Sanitary Protection Against Air Pollution by
Waste Products from Ferrous Metallurgical Engerprises). (Ap-
pendix I: Model Program for the Inspection of Industrial En-
terprises to Reveal and Eliminate Sources of Air Pollution;
Appendix II: Sanitary Classification of Industries and Protec-
tive Zones).
00322
C. Broman
SCRUBBING FOR CLEAN AIR. Preprint. (Presented at the
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, San
Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-99.)
To meet the competive challenge of Asian and European steel
producers, the American steel industry has initiated a continu-
ing program of technological advancement. One of the major
advances has been the utilization of ocygen in the steelmaking
process which has brought with it the attendant problem of in-
creased emissions to the atmosphere. This paper deals with the
basic problems with cleaning gases, in general, and then con-
siders, specifically, the use of a Venturi Gas Scrubber to clean
emissions from an oxygen-lanced open hearth furnace.
Although there have been mechanical and operational
problems, the results have been sufficiently encouraging to
proceed with the installation of additional units. (Author)
00323
C. M. Parker
BOP AIR CLEANING EXPERIENCES. Preprint. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc. 16, (8) 446-8, Aug. 1966. (Presented at the
San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-100.)
59th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association San
Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper No. 66-100.)
Operation of the Basic Oxygen Furnace and the two current
air-cleaning methods, employing wet scrubbers and electro-
static precipitators are discussed. Emphasis has been placed
upon the variety of mishaps that continually occur to keep
either method from operating smoothly. Each method provides
highly efficient gas cleaning but shutdowns are fairly frequent.
Dust is emitted to the atmosphere when this happens and im-
pels people to complain. No BOP is exactly like any other and
a long period of trial-and-error adjustment is necessary to
make the equipment function properly. These periods may
take a year or more. (Author's summary)
OHIO
D. L. Benz and R. Bird
CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM ELECTRIC ARC FUR-
NACES AT OREGON STEEL MILLS CO . Preprint. 1965.
The direct evacuation system installed at Oregon Steel Mills,
its operation, and its effectiveness in maintaining complete
control of electric melting furnace fumes are reviewed.
01137
G. D. Spenceley and D. I. T. Williams
FUMELESS REFINING WITH OXY-FUEL BURNERS. Steel
Times (London), 193(5115):150-158, July 29, 1966.
The use of Shell Toroidal oxygen-oil burners to refine molten
steel without producing obnoxious fumes was extensively in-
vestigated. Carbon, low alloy, and stainless steels were studied
in arc furnaces of up to 30 tons capacity. The process was
shown to be an attractive alternative to oxygen lancing for car-
bon and low alloy steels. No metallurgical drawbacks were en-
countered and virtually complete fume suppression occurred.
The applicability of the technique to stainless steel qualities
depends on the chromium content prior to refining. Trials on
17 to 20 % chromium content showed severe hydrogen pick-up
and an inability to reduce the carbon to specification (0.06%).
(Author summary)
02031
R. L. Chamberlin and G. Moodie
WHAT PRICE INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING.? Proc. (Part I)
INTERN. CLEAN AIR CONG., LONDON. 1966. (PAPER V/7).
PP. 133-5.
This paper gibes a brief description of four standard industrial
gas-cleaning tools, electrostatic precipitator, mechanical collec-
tor, high-energy scrubber and cloth filter. The application of
these collectors to air pollution problems of the power, cement
and steel industries is expalined. Finally, capital, utility, main-
tenance and amortization cost of specific gas-cleaning plants
for these industries are given. These cost studies point out ap-
proximate cost of solving these specific problems and empah-
size the need to go beyond capital costs in choosing gas clean-
ing equipment. (Author asbaract)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
13
02193
R. D. Hoak and H. C. Brammer.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. Chem.
Eng. Progr. 62, (10) 48-52, Oct. 1966.
A brief outline of steel manufacture is presented in which
sources of air and water pollution have been identified.
Methods in use for controlling air and water quality have been
identified. Methods in use for controlling air and water quality
have been described in broad terms. Many details have been
omitted in the interest of emphasizing features of interest to
those concerned with pollution abatement.
02229
P.W. Spaite, D.G. Stephen, A.H. Rose, Jr.
HIGH TEMPERATURE FABRIC FILTRATION OF INDUS-
TRIAL GASES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11, 243-7 &
58, May 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting, Air Pol-
lution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
The field of industrial filtration over 300 F is assessed in a
general way. High temperature media other than fiber glass are
not discussed. Thermal effects on equipment, media, chemical
attack and power requirements are covered. Applications to
gray iron cupolas, nonferrous fumes, perlite processing, car-
bon black production, cement kilns, and electric arc steel fur-
naces are reviewed. Potential applications and research are
discussed.
02728
A. D. Brandt
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS-STEEL IN-
DUSTRY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air
Pollution, 3rd, Washington, D.C., 1966. pp. 236-41.
Air pollution control at blast furnace operations, in general, is
excellent. The most important single contributor of paniculate
air pollutants in the steel industry today, namely, the steel-
making furnaces, is being brought under control rapidly and
effectively as a result of the change in steel-making technology
whereby uncontrolled conventional open hearth furnaces are
being replaced by Basic Oxygen Furnace equipped during con-
struction with adequate air pollution control f acuities. The na-
ture of the equipment and procedure currently employed in
making coke for the steel industry does not permit complete
control of the air pollutants created by such operations. A
technological breakthrough is essential to the attainment of
adequate and satisfactory air pollution control at coke-making
operations. Technological improvements are needed to permit
effective and practicable control of the sporadic air pollution
created when high winds blow across stock piles of coal, ore
and stone. The steel industry has made noteworthy progress in
air pollution control in recent years and presently is engaged in
a program of control which will make steel plants relatively
free from major paniculate air pollution problems by the end
of the next decade. (Author summary)
02730
H. M. Chapman
EXPERIENCE WITH SELECTED AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL INSTALLATIONS IN THE BETHLEHEM STEEL
COMPANY. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13, (12) 604-6,
629, Dec. 1963. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Detroit, Mich., June 9-13, 1963,
Paper No. 63-31.)
Various problems associated with air pollution control in the
Bethlehem Steel Company in recent years are reviewed. The
problems include the collection of dust and fume from electric
furnaces; fume collection from cold charge open hearth fur-
naces, oxygen lanced open hearth furnaces and from a hot
scarier; the collection of dust from the discharge end of sinter
lines; and the development of natural cover on an unused
tailings dam to control wind-blown dust. The method of con-
trol and the resulting experience in each case are discussed.
(Author abstract)
03206
Ddr. D. Fernschild and R. Lohse.
ADOPTION OF THE VENTURI GAS-CLEANING PROCESS
BY THE IRON METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY OF EAST
GERMANY. Einfuhrung des Venturi-Gasreinigungsverfahrens
in der Eisenhuttenindustrie Neue Hutte 11, (10) 594-600, Oct.
1966.
The development of gas cleaning in the iron-metallurgical in-
dustry, the theoretical bases of the Venturi gas-cleaning
process and the types developed, the design of a two-stage
plant and test procedure, factors influencing the content of
residual dust, and the development of a plant ready for service
are described.
03232
G. W. Thorn and A. F. Schuldt
THE COLLECTION OF OPEN HEARTH DUST AND ITS
RECLAMATION USING THE SL/RN PROCESS. Can. Mining
and Met Bull. (Montreal) 59, (654) 1229-33, Oct. 1966
The authors describe the dust collection system for iron oxide
dust from the basic oxygen hearths using electrostatic
precipitators, then removing the zinc and lead oxides and sul-
fur compounds by direct reduction in a rotary kiln using the
SL/RN Process. (SL/RN designates the two groups of compa-
nies who developed the process.) In this process bentonite is
added to the dust to form green balls. Then dolomite and
anthracite were added to the balls which were fed into the
kiln. The coal acted as a reductant and also provided energy.
The dolomite removed released sulfur. The results of kiln tests
are presented.
03677
Silverman, L.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EQUIPMENT FOR
CLEANING OF HIGH TEMPERATURE GASES. In: Trans.
of Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 21st Annual Meeting Pitt-
sburgh, Pa., 1956, p. 210-232. 15 refs.
Progress is reported on research and development at Harvard
under the sponsorship of the American Iron and Steel Institute
into inexpensive methods for removing particulate matter from
high temperature gas streams, such as the open hearth fur-
nace. A brief review of earlier developments is included. Re-
ported developments on the AISI work cover a fundamental
study of the air flow resistance characteristics of a rotary
screw agglomerator, used to provide dynamic gas treatment to
increase particle size. Efficiency of the screw as an inertia!
collector for iron oxide fume is presented. The collection effi-
ciency and resistance characteristic of slag wool fiber filters
has been extended to other aerosols and gases such as fly ash,
sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid mist The
filter (one inch thickness, five pounds per cubic foot density)
at velocities used for collecting iron fume (50 to 150 feet per
minute) showed efficiencies for SO2 of approximately 30 per
cent when moist and zero when dry. For hydrogen fluoride
dry efficiencies range from 70 to 90 percent. Wet tests are
now in progress. For fly ash, when resuspended from Cottrell
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14
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
ash, efficiencies ranged from 60 to 90 per cent, whereas when
freshly formed fly ash was created by burning powdered fuel,
efficiencies ranged from 93 to 99 per cent. A revised pilot
model slag wool filter, which is described, has been con-
structed for 750 to 1000 cfm gas flow based on previous
results. The discussion is limited to processes where tempera-
tures are in excess of 500 F with paniculate material of sub-
micron size. (Author's summary, modified)
03754
G. L. Allen, F. H. Viets, and L. C. McCabe
CONTROL OF METALLURGICAL AND MINERAL DUSTS
AND FUMES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIF. Bureau
of Mines, Washington, D.C. (Information Circular 7627.) Apr.
1952. 85 pp.
The nonferrous pyrometallurgical industry of Los Angeles has
three unusual characteristics that contribute to its difficulties
in developing suitable fume control: (1) It consists of a mul-
tiplicity of relatively small establishments subject to wide
variations in products and operating schedules; (2) operations
are largely of the secondary or reclaiming nature; and (3)
much of the industry is concentrated near the center of a city.
A difficulty inherent in most nonferrous foundries is the high
volatility of zinc and the extremely small mean particle size of
the resulting zinc oxide fume. The nonferrous industry has
found only one type of equipment that could be depended
upon to adequately remove participate matter emitted by the
larger furnaces in which the gases are characterized by heavy
dust loadings at high temperatures. This is a specially equipped
baghouse, and its first cost is rather high. For smaller fur-
naces, particularly of the crucible type, the conventional sock-
type baghouse has proved satisfactory. The inert slag cover,
which reduces emission at the source, has proved fairly effec-
tive and economical, particularly with the crucible-type fur-
nace and pouring ladle, but is successful use depends on the
skill of the operators. The gray-iron-foundry branch of the fer-
rous industries has not fared as well as the nonferrous branch,
despite extensive investigation and development of equipment
for control of cupola emissions. Appreciable progress has been
made in adapting equipment suitable technically and cost-wise
for cupola-exit gases, and development continues. Equipment
capable of producing the required clearances is available but is
not within the financial ability of many small foundries. The
baghouse equipped with specially woven glass-fabric bags, as
used commercially in the nonferrous industry, has technically
been the most successful single device to date for controlling
cupola emissions and has been proven in pilot operations.
After extensive investigation, electrical precipitation has been
adopted for cold-metal open-hearth work, and hydrodynamic
scrubbers and baghouses have been adopted for electric-steel-
furnace fumes. In addition to the fact that such equipment
removes the necessary dust, capital and operating costs were
important factors in their selection.
03998
M. J. Greaves
THE EFFECTS OF MODERN BURDENS ON BLAST FUR-
NACE DESIGN. J. Metals (Japan) 18(3):378-384, Mar. 1966.
Longer blast furnace campaigns and maximum benefits from
the use of modern burdens are possible by means of better
refractories, more effective cooling, and careful attention to
details of design and supervision of construction. For a given
ironmaking requirement, it costs less to build and operate a
blast furnace designed for about 12 psi top pressure and
operated at about 6 psi, than one designed for substantially
higher or lower top pressure. The greatest savings in blast fur-
nace labor costs may be found in the cast house where the
majority of manual labor is concentrated. The four-post fur-
nace design permits maximum use of mechanized equipment
to help realize these savings. Use of beneficiated burdens has
reduced the amount of flue dust produced per ton of hot metal
and has substantially altered the average particle size and set-
tling characteristics of the dust. Consequently, although larger
dust-catchers are not required, more efficient gas scrubbers
are essential. Three variation of gas cleaning systems are con-
sidered. 1. A fixed orifice scrubber and an automatically varia-
ble orifice scrubber, in series, with no electrostatic precipita-
tors. The dust content in the gas leaving the first scrubber
would be in the range of 0.02 to 0.03 grains per cu ft and about
0.005 grains per cu ft in gas leaving the second scrubber. 2. A
single scrubber with two precipitators. This arrangement would
reduce the dust content of the gas to about 0.001 grains per cu
ft. 3. Two scrubbers, in series, with a single precipitator. Gas
going to the boilers and bleeders would be routed there
directly from the scrubbers. Only gas for use in the stoves
would be cleaned in the precipitator. There is good reason to
consider using two high energy scrubber is series. The simple
fixed throat scrubber cools the raw blast furnace gas to about
150 degrees F, and removes most of the dust. The relatively
clean and cool gas entering the variable throat scrubber would
cause minimum wear and thermal shock on the moving parts
of this scrubber. The secondary scrubber is located
downstream from the pressure equalizing line connection
where it can use any excess pressure energy remaining in the
gas to obtain further cleaning with little or no additional cost.
04050
A. R. Orban, J. D. Hummell, and G. G. Cocks
RESEARCH ON CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM BES-
SEMER CONVERTERS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 11,
(3) 103-13, Mar. 1961. (Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting,
Air Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-
26,1960.)
This paper is a progress report of a research investigation to
establish means for control of smoke from pneumatic steel-
making processes. A 30-ton acid bessemer converter was made
available for research in smoke sampling, and the study of
dust concentration and composition. For studying the
mechanisms of smoke formation, a laboratory model of a bes-
semer converter was constructed. Among subjects included in
the investigation were: the change in quantity of smoke
emitted when changes in blowing technique were made; parti-
cle size, density, composition, and visibility of smoke; gaseous
blast additives; and state of smoke particles as they leave the
converter before being oxidized.
04227
E. R. Harris and F. R. Beiser
CLEANING SINTER PLANT GAS WITH VENTURI
SCRUBBER. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 15, (2) 46-9, Feb.
1965
The installation and operating experience on what is believed
to be the first application of a Venturi scrubber for cleaning
sinter plant gases is reported. After running pilot plant tests at
the stack, the Venturi scrubber was chosen in preference to
the dry precipitators because it was believed that this would
more effectively eliminate certain odors particular to this
plant A ruggedly built stainless steel fan with a rotor having
forwardly curved, backwardly inclined blades was selected
with extra heavy steel plate housing for quiet operation. Stain-
less steel moving parts and a rubber coated carbon steel hous-
ing were used to resist corrosion. The installation was
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
15
completed and put on the line for the first time April 9, 1963.
The discharge from the stack was only a small white plume
and the stack dust loading was far below the County require-
ments and appreciably better than the manufacturer's guaran-
tee. Vibration readings and noise level of the fan were excel-
lent and the only indication of any problem was in carry-over
through the fan of an estimated 50 to 60 gallons per minute of
dirty water. This was somewhat higher than hoped for but not
considered critical. On April 17, 8 days after start-up, a slight
increase in vibration of the fan was noticed. Cursory inspec-
tion of the damage indicated that the failure was due to abra-
sion from the dust laden water carried over from the scrubber.
Following the failure of the fan, several studies were un-
dertaken in an effort to prevent rapid deterioration of the ro-
tor. After a rebuilt rotor was put into service, an automatic
vibration cutoff was installed which would shut the fan down
in case of excessive vibration.
04367
S. Tulcinsky and A. Lemaire
COOLING AND SCRUBBING OF SMOKE EMITTED BY LD
STEEL CONVERTERS IN SIDMAR IRONWORKS. Le
refroidissement et Fepuration des fumees de convertisseurs de
1'acierie LD du complexe siderurgique Sidmar. Rev. Met. 63,
(9) 659-65, Sept. 1966. Fr.
After a review of the basic principles and of their value as
adopted for Sidmar steel plant, the development of a plan of
flues and of converted gas scrubbing is given.
04382
A. C. Elliott A. J. Lafreniere
COLLECTION OF METALLURGICAL FUMES FROM OX-
YGEN LANCED OPEN HEARTH FURNACES. Kinzoku
(Metals) (Japan) 18, (6) 743-7, June 1966. (Also published in J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc. 14, (10) 401-6, Oct. 1964.)
The facilities provided to control fume emissions from the
Steel Co. of Canada's Hilton Works and their operating ex-
periences with electrostatic precipitators are described. The
application of electrostatic precipitators to the collection of
open hearth metallurgical fumes has proven very satisfactory.
This type of equipment, properly engineered seems most suita-
ble for this operation. For this installation, no efforts were
spared to make it one of the finest possible. Dust collection in
the open hearth is not a paying proposition. To date, approxi-
mately $6 million has been spent for precipitators and necessa-
ry auxiliary equipment. The economic implications of such ex-
penditures point out that there is a practical limit to the rate
beyond which it is not economically feasible. This suggests
that total pollution control must, of necessity, be a long term
objective. In this connection it will be argued that ithe long
term goal should not be the complete elimination of pollutants.
A sounder and more likely attainable objective is the reduction
of pollutant emissions to reasonable levels which do not, in
any sense, endanger the health and welfare fo the public.
04665
G. Punch
LD AND KALDO FUME CLEANING (CONSETT DEVELOP-
MENTS). Iron Steel (London) 38, (2) 75-80, 86, Feb. 1965.
The fume cleaning installation at Consett is of particular in-
terest because it includes fume-cleaning equipment for both
Kaldo and LD converters, operating side by side, and illus-
trates very well that the processes are as different from each
other from the gas-cleaning point of view as they are metallur-
gically. The gas-cleaning equipment of the installation at Con-
sett comprises hoods for containing the fume-laden gases
emitted by the converters, gas cooling and conditioning equip-
ment, dry plate electrostatic precipitators, induced-draught
fans, interconnecting ducting and exhaust stacks. The two 100
ton LD converters each have completely separate systems but
the Kaldo units utilize a common precipitator. The gas-clean-
ing systems of the LD and Kaldo installations are similar in-
asmuch as they comprise equipment for collecting the con-
verter waste gases, and cooling and conditioning them so that
they may be cleaned in dry plate precipitators before being
discharged to atmosphere. The systems differ in detail how-
ever, and this is entriely due to the fundamental differences
between the two converter processes. In the Kaldo process,
approximately 90% of the carbon monoxide generated burns to
carbon dioxide within the vessel. On the other hand, the waste
gases leaving the mouth of an LD converter at the peak of the
blow consist of 90% carbon monoxide and 10% carbon diox-
ide. Thus, in addition ot their high sensible heat, LD waste
gases contain very large quantities of potential heat which they
release into the gas cleaning system as they burn in the secon-
dary air which is drawn into the converter hood. At Consett,
most of the useful heat of the LD gases is removed by waste-
heat boiler and evaporative cooling is only used for final ad-
justment of gas temperature and humidity. In the case of the
Kaldo units, recovery is not economic and only evaporative
cooling is used to prepare the gases for the cleaning process.
04794
W. Von Jordan
VENTURI AND RADIAL FLOW SCRUBBERS FOR COOL-
ING AND CLEANING OF inTLITY AND WASTE GASES.
Venturi- und Radialstrom-wascher zur Kuhlung und Reinigung
von Nutz- und Abgasen. Stahl Eisen (Dusseldorf) 86, (8) 399-
406, Apr. 8, 1966. Ger.
Two scrubbers are discussed in this paper: The venturi
scrubber with central jet and the radial flow scrubber. Operat-
ing experiences and results of measurement are given. Venturi
scrubbers are used in a variety of industries for gas cooling
and dust cleaning. They are used for scrubbing of gaseous
components, for instance fluorine washing. The versatile use
of the venturi scrubber, it can be operated according to need
without or with high pressure losses, has opened a wide field
of application. The operation and application by low and high
pressure losses are explained. The radial flow scrubber is an
adjustable high performance scrubber, developed for cooling
and cleaning of large gas masses, for example such from blast
furnaces. Design and construction is explained and the effect
discussed.
05091
H. P. Willett
CUTTING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS. Chem. Eng.
Progr. 63, (3) 80-3, Mar. 1967.
The purpose was to present a number of case histories where
the cost of air pollution control has been drastically reduced
by innovations in the basic process which caused the pollution
problem. Exhaust systems for electric furnaces; hoods for
basic oxygen furnaces; exhaust systems for gray-iron cupolas;
incinerators with waste heat recovery; chemical composting;
black liqour oxidation, blowers for sulfuric acid concentrators;
and automotive engine operation modification are cited as ex-
amples of some of the ways in which relatively inexpensive
changes in basic process are cutting the cost of air pollution
control.
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16
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
05118
J. Pallinger
A NEW WET METHOD FOR SEPARATION OF VERY FINE
DUST. Staub (Duesseldorf),22 (7): 270-5 (1962)1 Ger. (Tr.).
(Translated by British Iron and Steel Industry Translation Ser-
vice, No. BISI 3277.)
The increasing use of oxygen in steelmaking demands gas
cleaning methods adequate to meet clean air requirements. Ex-
periments with a new wet scrubber are reported, in which
pressure drop and water consumption are reduced to an
economic level. In the new Venturi scrubber used there are
two processes making a double scrubbing effect. The dust-
laden gas in the first instance meets at medium velocity the
water drops with approximately zero axial velocity and in the
second instance, meets at maximum velocity the reflected cur-
tain of small drops with axial velocity at least zero. In this
manner, the washing water is used with maximum efficiency.
With a dust concentration in the impure gas of 30.1 g/Ncu m
(normal temperature and pressure) of dry gas, the following
precipitation efficiencies were obtained: For pressure drops
(mm water gauge) of 100, 500, 700, and 900 the total precipita-
tion (%) was, respectively 90.48, 99.44, 99.74, 99.83. Compara-
ble total separation efficiencies are obtained for many other
difficult-to-separate very fine dusts, as for example, in clean-
ing the gases of electric-arc furnaces, both of open and closed
design. The scrubber was also effective for cleaning the waste
gas of a boiler plant with sulphite waste liquor combustion.
05307
Akerlow, E. V.
MODIFICATION TO THE FONTANA OPEN HEARTH
PRECIPITATORS. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 7 (1), 39-43
(May 1957). (Presented at the Semi-Annual Technical Con-
ference, Air Pollution Control Association, Houston, Tex.,
Dec. 3-5, 1956.)
Some of the problems of design, construction, and modifica-
tions to electrostatic precipitators are reviewed. Some impor-
tant problems were: vibration; erratic gas flow, insufficient re-
sidence time; low voltage and inadequate control of the con-
nected energy to the discharge electrode system; the sequence
and type of rapping which permitted excessive dust build-up;
and automatic power control was needed to maintain voltage
in the precipitator very close to the sparking potential during
the varying conditions of the fume in the unit. The use of
selenium rectifiers rather than mechanical rectifiers, special
collecting and discharge electrodes; special rapping
mechanisms; and the development of gas distribution ap-
paratus are among the most important modifications.
05509
M. Hunt A. T. Lawson
THE CONTROL OF DUST AND FUME EMISSIONS FROM
AN INTEGRATED STEELWORKS. Proc. Clean Air Conf.,
Univ. New South Wales, 1962, Paper 15, Vol. 2, 33p.
The steel industry has progressed in reducing the various emis-
sions as evidenced by the increase in the efficiency of fuel
usage. The types of emissions from the main sources within
the stell industry, and the choice of sampling equipment em-
ployed is discussed. A general description of the main types of
collecting equipment available (e.g. mechanical dust collectors,
wet washing dust collectors, filtration dust collectors, and
electrostatic precipitators) leads to a consideration of the ad-
vantages and disadvantages of any particular collecting unit
for a specific source in light of the information gained from
sampling and testing. It is concluded that the choice of collect-
ing equipment is affected by the available means of dust
recovery and whether this dust has a value or is only a waste
product. A general summation of the future problems in the
steel industry is also presented.
05567
L. Silverman
HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS AND AEROSOL REMOVAL
WITH FIBROUS FILTERS. Proc. Air Water Pollution Abate-
ment Conf., 1957. pp. 10-23m.
The use of a slag wool fiber filter as an inexpensive cleaner of
high temperature gases and fumes produced in open hearth
steel furnaces was described and evaluated. These fibers are
small (4 microns mean diameter) and are refractory, thus able
to withstand temperatures of 1100 F. ;or high efficiency
separation of fine aerosols, fine targets in large number are
necessary which packed slag fiber layers can provide.
Theoretical, laboratory and field studies show that slag wool
filters show efficiencies ranging from 90 to 99%, depending
upon fiber layer compositions, density, and thickness. The
chief separating mechanisms appear to be diffusion and impac-
tion. Results are presented of the air flow resistance charac-
teristics of a rotary screw agglomerator, used to provide
dynamic gas treatment to increase particle size of the efficien-
cy of the screw as an inertial collector for iron oxide fume.
The collection efficiency and resistance characteristics of slag
wool fiber filters was extended to other aerosols and gases
such as fly ash, sulfur dioxide, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric
acid mist. The filter (one inch thickness, five pounds per cubic
foot density) at velocities used for collecting iron fume (50 to
150 feet per minute) showed efficiencies for SO2 of approxi-
mately 30% when moist and zero when dry. For hydrogen
fluoride (dry and wet), efficiencies range from 70 to 90%. For
fly ash resuspended from Cottrell ash, efficiencies ranged
from 60 to 90%, whereas when feeshly formed fly ash was
created by burning powdered fuel, efficiencies ranged from 93
to 99%. A revised pilot model slag wool filter was constructed
for 750 to 1000 cfm gas flow based on results of the first field
unit.
05597
D. H. Wheeler and D. J. Pearse
FUME CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION IN STEELMAKING
PROCESSES. Blast Furnace Steel Plant 53 (12), 1125-30 (Dec.
1965.) (Presented at the 58th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, Toronto, Canada, June 20-24, 1965.)
The basic components of an instrumentation system and their
functions are briefly discussed. Typical process applications to
an L-D basic oxygen furnace, an open hearth furnace, and an
electric furnace are discussed.
05604
R. L. Schneider
ENGINEERING, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPI- TATORS ON OPEN HEARTH
FURNACES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 13(8), 348-53
(Aug. 1963). (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, Chicago, El., May 20-24, 1962.)
The origin of open hearth dust is reviewed. The stack dust was
sampled. The maximum average stack dust loading occurred
during the working period and increased when oxygen was in-
troduced. The average dust emission per heat was .9 grain/scf.
The particle size of the dust collected by the thimble is ex-
tremely fine. Ex- pressed in microns meter, approximately
50% to 55% of the collect- ed dust would fall in the range of 0
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
17
to 5 microns; 25% to 30% in the range of 5 to 10 microns; 15%
to 20% in the range of the 10 to 20 microns; and the balance
over 20 microns. This distribution is true for the major portion
of the heat cycle. The total vol- ume of waste gases was deter-
mined to be 1,135,000 cfm at 550 F. The waste gas tempera-
tures averaged 500 F after passing through the waste heat
boilers and approximately 1200 F when the waste heat boiler
was by-passed. The petrographic analysis of the pre- cipitator
dust showed that alpha-Fe2O3 (hematite) and gamma- Fe2O3
(maghemite) was present. The moisture content varies from 12
to 25 grains per cubic foot. With this engineering data availa-
ble, the electrostatic precipitators were designed. In March
1960 acceptability tests showed that the precipitators were
operating above their design conditions with efficiency in ex-
cess of its 97.5% guarantee.
06083
W. W. Campbell R. W. Fullerton
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTRIC-FURNACE DUST CON-
TROL SYSTEM. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 12 (12), 574-
7; 590 (Dec. 1962). (Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.)
When the smoke-control ordinance of Allegheny County,
Pennsylvania, was revised in 1955, intensive research was
begun on the control of emissions from electric furnaces. This
paper describes the development program, which included the
design of a hood, the operation of a pilot plant to study ex-
haust-gas cleaning, and the design and operation of a full-scale
dust-control system for a five-furnace shop. It should be of in-
terest to those associated with air pollution control as an ex-
ample of how a member of industry solved a difficult pollution
problem. Considerable time, energy, and ingenuity have been
spent in developing unique faculties to eliminate atmospheric
pollution both inside and immediately outside an electric-fur-
nace shop. The results obtained from these efforts, which led
to the design of the Duquesne facilities, have been satisfacto-
ry. However, it is hoped that continued experience in operat-
ing these facilities will produce means to further increase the
effectiveness of dust control and, if possible, to reduce operat-
ing costs. This would include, for example, determining the
optimum method of operating the baghouse to minimize the
pressure drop and determining the type of refractory that will
yield the longest service life for the expandable hood rings.
06098
R. S. Brief, A. H. Rose, Jr., D. G. Stephan
PROPERTIES AND CONTROL OF ELECTRIC-ARC STEEL
FURNACE FUMES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 6(4):220-
204 (Feb. 1957). (Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Association, Buffalo, N.Y., May 20-24,
1956.)
An attempt has been made to assess the properties and quanti-
ties of emission from the electric-arc steel melting furnaces
and to evaluate control systems in terms of these emission
characteristics. Available data concerning these emissions are
limited. There is a lack of details on process type, charge com-
position, melt-down rate, pouring temperature, and other vari-
ables associated with furnace operation. Because of this,
realistic correlations enabling accurate predictions of fume
emissions cannot be developed. At present, little is known
about the changes in fume characteristics with respect to
process phase. Chemical composition and emission rates
should be determined during different periods in the melting
cycle for various furnace processes. Such work should assist
in developing more economical fume collection systems by in-
dicating the duration of critical collection periods during which
extreme conditions are encountered. In order to treat electric-
arc steel furnace fume collection theoretically, accurate parti-
cle-size distributions for each phase of the melting cycle must
be known. Since appreciable weight fractions of fume occur in
the range below 5 microns, a more detailed breakdown in this
range would be advantageous.
06223
K. Yokomiyo
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION EQUIPMENT INSTALLED
IN MURORAN STEEL AND IRON WORKS, LTD. Clean Air
Heat Management (Tokyo) 15, (7-8) 19-28, Aug. 1966. Jap.
In 1950, a venturi scrubber was installed in the Muroran Iron
Industry. Since that time, other control equipment has been
set up in such places as the raw material factory of the pig
iron manufacturer, melting furnace, open hearth, revolving
furnace, and fire extinguishing tower of the coke furnace. In
the pig iron factory, a settling chamber and cyclone were in-
stalled for dust collection in the sintering process. The dust
collecting efficiency was 80 to 90%. The chemical composition
of the dusts is as follows: total iron 42 to 57%; CaO, 4 to 10%;
SiO2, 3 to 7%, S, less than 0.8%. The chemical composition of
the exhaust gas was: CO2, 2 to 6%; O2, 13 to 18%; SO2 and
SO3, 0.04 to 0.18%; and water 15 to 90 g/Nm3. Particle size
distribution is also given. In the melting furnace, wet collec-
tors were installed followed by venturi scrubbers, and electo-
static precipitator, and various washers (all more than 95% ef-
ficient). Chemical composition and panicle size distribution
are also tabulated. In the open hearth, dust and soot are
generated when the oxide is blown in, when raw materials are
inserted, and from incomplete combustion. The average size of
dust particles is 0.25 micron consisting of 60% Fe. An electro-
static precipitator was used here and in the revolving furnace.
Dusts from brick manufacturing are collected by bag filter.
06249
HOW STEEL COMPANY OF CANADA HAS BATTLED
AGAINST AIR AND WATER POLLUTION DURING THE
PAST 40 YEARS. Air Eng., 9(2):14-5, Feb. 1967.
Features of air and water pollution elimination at Hilton
Works of Steel Co of Canada are described. Some of the top-
ics of this brief discussion are the use of waste gas as a fuel,
and the construction of both a phenol-extraction plant and an
oil recovery system.
06392
Henschen, H. C.
WET VS DRY GAS CLEANING IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 18(5):338-342, May 1968.
(Presented at the 60th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Cleveland, Ohio, June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-149.)
Two entirely different gas cleaning systems are presently in
basic oxygen furnace service in North America. Both will do
an excellent job if properly designed. Either system will cost
in excess of $2,000,000 and will require careful control and
large amounts of electrical power. One system, the dry elec-
trostatic precipitator, requires humidification of the gas; pro-
tection against explosions; elaborate electrical controls, insula-
tors, etc; and a rugged handling system for the bone dry dust
collected. The other system, wet washing with water, is easier
to control but uses large quantities of water and electric
power. As in the case of the 'dry' system, handling the dirt
collected is a difficult problem requiring carefll study and cho-
ice of equipment. In either case the dust may be discarded or
reused, but it must be handled with care lest it become an air
-------
18
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
or stream pollution problem all over again. The choice of a
wet or dry system is not clear cut and may very well depend
on individual preference and local conditions.
06443
Wheeler, D. H.
FUME CONTROL IN L-D PLANTS. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 18(2):98-101, Feb. 1968. (Presented at the 60th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11-16, 1967, Paper 67-94.)
Complex and expensive fume control systems are required in
L-D plants due to the cyclic operation and heavy fume emis-
sion from the furnace. Evolution of gas and fume from the
furnace varies greatly throughout the blowing period, and the
blowing period is less than 50% of each cycle. Gas volume in
the hood is influenced by oxygen blowing rate, and area of
opening between furnace and hood. The principal components
of a system are: hood, ductwork, gas cooling equipment, col-
lectors, fans, instrumentation, and dust or sludge handling
equipment. Several optional designs are available and should
be evaluated in selecting a system. These include: open or
closed hoods, dry or wet collectors, steaming or cold water
hoods and dust disposal or usage. (Author's abstract)
06568
RESTRICTING DUST EMISSION IN BLAST-FURNACE
OPERATION. (Staubauswurf Eisenhuttenwerke Hochofen.)
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany. (VDI 2099.) (Feb. 1959). 23
pp. Ger. (Tr.)
The aims are to characterize the influences which create dust;
to point out measures for the reduction of dust emission; to
establsih guide lines for permissible dust emission; and to
determine the necessity for dust removal from flue gases and
to give indications for the selection of suitable dust separators.
Knowledge of the relation between emission and deposition is
important for an objective evaluation of the dust level. The
factors to be considered in specifying cloth filters, mechanical
dust separators, wet electrostatic precipitators, and stacks are
reviewed.
06587
R. C. Specht and R. R. Calaceto
GASEOUS FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY
SOURCES. Chem. Eng. Progr. 63, (5) 78-84, May 1967.
Methods of controlling the emission of fluorides from the
brick and tile, steel, aluminum, and phosphate fertilizer indus-
tries are examined. The brick and tile industry receives brief
treatment and a concluding statement mentions that a venturi
type scrubber was used in bottle manufacture with 92% effi-
ciency. In the steel industry, the emission of fluorides from
sintering plants exceeds those from open hearth furnaces and
different control measures are required. The addition of 6%
weight of ground limestone to the sintering mix reduced
fluoride emission by nearly one half. The final treatment con-
sists of the means for supplying and injecting pulverized
limestone and the final dust separation equipment. Reduction
of fluorides is estimated at 96%. The basic difference between
the treating systems of the sintering and open hearth processes
is the pressure under which they operate and the material used
as a reactant; CA (OH) 2 is used in the open hearth process.
Among the methods discussed in regard to the aluminum in-
dustry are the wetting by sprays of the hot gases escaping
through roof monitors, the use of a sieve-plate gas absorber
column, and a floating bed type of scrubber which overcomes
the tar-fouling problem and is reported to remove 95% of
fluorides. Fluoride control is achieved with cyclones and
packed towers. The effects of fluorides on vegetation, cattle,
and man are briefly discussed including the effects of inhala-
tion of HF at various concentrations.
06611
Rengstorff, G. W.
FORMATION AND SUPPRESSION OF EMISSIONS FROM
STEELMAKING PRO- CESSES. In: (Open Hearth Proc.,
Philadelphia, Pa.), 1961, Vol. 44, p. 120-147. 7 refs. (Presented
at the 44th Conf., Nat. Open Hearth Steel Conun. of the Iron
& Steel Div., Phila., Pa., April 10-12, 1961.)
Much new information delineating the effect of process varia-
bles on iron-smoke formation has been developed from experi-
ments on a 2- Ib converter. This information has been com-
bined with detailed analysis of the reactions between gases
and molten iron to provide valuable clues for understanding
the mechanism of smoke formation. Progress is being made
toward achieving this understanding. From a practical stand-
point, it appears that the possibility of adding methane to sup-
press smoke in bessemer converters has merit. The finding
that an increased gas-inlet jet velocity decreases smoke in top
blowing needs verification. If true, it will probably be of con-
siderable practical importance. (Author's conclusions,
modified)
06780
(LIMITATIONS OF EMISSIONS OF IRON METALLURGI-
CAL DUSTS (RED SMOKE.) 1. OXYGEN CONVERTER
PROCESS. Limitation des Emissions de Poussieres Siderurgie
(Fumees Rousses). 1. Precede a 1'Oxygene - Convertisseur.
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Pollution
Atmospherique, Paris, France. (1967.) 8 pp. Fr. (Rept No. CI
312.) (C.I.T.E.P.A. Document No. 24.)
The directive of the VDI Reinhaltung der Luft which describes
the emission of red smoke from oxygen converters, the availa-
ble control measures, and the recommended emission stan-
dards are summarized. The red fumes which are chiefly iron
and manganese oxides with a mixture of ash have an average
diameter of 0.01-0.1 micron. The amount of dust evolved va-
ries from 15-25 kg per ton of molten metal. The concentration
in the gas depends on the dilution by secondary air. The cho-
ice of a dust collector depends on the size and type of the in-
stallation, the properties of the dust, and the available means
of disposal of the collected dust. Among the methods evalu-
ated were wet collectors, electrostatic precipitators, and fil-
ters. A new oxygen converter for iron equipped with all of the
available control measures should not emit more than 150
mg/cu m under standard conditions.
06854
J. E. Johnson
WET WASHING OF OPEN HEARTH GASES. Iron Steel
Engr., 44(2):96- 98, Feb. 1967.
Wet scrubbing was selected as an economical means of clean-
ing waste gases from the oxygen lanced open hearth furnace in
the steel making industry. A description of the components
and operation of the venturi scrubber system and the problems
encountered with it are discussed. The bench marks of gas
flow system, recycle system, slurry system, draft control, effi-
ciency, materials of construction, and dependability are evalu-
ated; it is concluded that the venturi scrubber is an effective
control device.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
19
06936
Smith, W. M. and D. W. Coy
FUME COLLECTION IN A STEEL PLANT. Chem. Eng.
Progr., 62(7):119-123, July 1966.
The use of electrostatic precipitators for the collection of iron
oxide fumes has cut solids emission by 99.4%. A flow distribu-
tion model was the key factor in obtaining high efficiency.
Majority of operating difficulties have been with dust handling
systems and screw conveyor clogging has been most prevalent
problem. (Authors' abstract, modified)
07192
W. W. Bintzer and D. R. Kleintop
DESIGN OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A ISO-TON
ELECTRIC FURNACE DUST COLLECTION SYSTEM. Iron
Steel Engr. 44(l):77-85 June 1967.
The dry-type collecting system installed on a 22-ft diameter,
150-ton electric furnace (with a modification of the snorkel
design to provide fume pickup from the furnace) which con-
trols smoke and fume during the meltdown phase is described.
Efficient fume control can be maintained during the refining
phase if the evacuation rate is controlled when the furnace
side doors are opened. The carbon reduction phase using the
oxygen blow was not adequately solved, since the thermal
head is virtually uncontrollable. Operator-controlled conditions
and the maximum exhaust through a fume collection system
reduces the fume from around the electrodes, but does not
eliminate it. During top charging and tapping, control is non-
existent. The large smoke and fume generation occurs for 3 to
5 min every hour and amounts to 40-50 Ib per ton of steel per
heat which is not considered objectionable at the present. The
collection of smoke and fume from electric arc furnaces is dif-
ficult and 100% collection is not practical. The collection of 40
Ib of dust per ton of steel is considered to be an excellent dust
and fume control system for electric furnace steel production.
07521
Billings, C. E., L. H. Levenbaum, C. Kurker, Jr., E. C.
Hickey, and L. Silverman
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CONTINUOUS SLAG
WOOL FILTER. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(l):53-64,
May 1958. 9 refs. (Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting, Air
Pollution Control Assoc., St. Louis, Mo., June 2-6, 1957)
The second continuous slag wool pilot plant operated normally
on open hearth fume was field tested. The plant consists of a 4
ft. diam. flat circular disc of 10 gage perforated sheet steel
mounted on a vertical shaft. A slurry of the slag wool fibers in
water is used to form the filter bed. The bed advances into the
hot gas plenum where it filters 750 cfm. of gas at temperatures
over 900 deg F. An average collection efficiency of 50%, rang-
ing from 0% to 89% was indicated. A rotary screw agglomera-
tor preceding the unit gives an average efficiency for the filter
of about 55% with a range from 25% to 90%. Stationary slag
wool filters gave an average efficiency of about 90%. Re-
sistance of the normally operated continuous filter was con-
trolled by varying rotation speed and was maintained most of
the time at about 4 in. of water without difficulty. Average re-
sistance of stationary filters was about 6.5 in. of water ranging
from an initial value of 1.2 in. of water to about 10 in. of water
finally. Stationary filters operated on the average about 30
min. The rate of resistance increase for stationary filters was
30% lower when the screw agglomerator was included in series
with the filter unit. Ise of the screw agglomerator should ex-
tend fiber usage about 30%. Average resistance of the screw
agglomerator was on the order of 1.5 in. of water. Web
packing density and thickness should be more closely con-
trolled during formation. Observations on the 750 cfm. pilot
plant indicate that about 4 tons/day of slag wool would be
required for an average 250 ton open hearth furnace. Auto-
matic washing and reclaiming of slag wool fibers needs in-
vestigation to determine the optimum conditions for maximum
cleaning and minimum fiber breakage. Average dust loading to
the filter was about 0.1 gr./cu ft. Mechanical operation of the
unit and auxiliary equipment was generally good with minor
modifications in design being suggested by the field ex-
perience.
07542
G. Punch
ELIMINATION OF FUMES IN KON AND STEEL INDUS-
TRY. Steel Intern. (London), 3(12):8-18, July-Aug. 1967.
Some of the electrofilter installations made as a part of an in-
tensive program of control of the large amounts of fine fumes
of unpleasant appearance and great soiling power that have
been carried out by the British steelworks since the passage of
the Clean Air Act of 1956 are described. The installations were
among the firss of their kind, so that no design information
was available from similar applications. The installations
described include a sinter plant, an open-hearth furnace, an
electric furnace, top-blown converters including Kaldo and LD
converters. Not only must a collector be sized for the worst
conditions to be expected, but the electrofilter must function
efficiently at all times regardless of rapid and violent changes
in gas conditions. The temperature of the waste gases at the
electrofilter inlet should be safely within the range between
their dew point and the maximum permissible operating tem-
perature. Evaporation of water injected directly into the gas is
a convenient and cheap method of cooling. The collector elec-
trodes must be designed for easy rapping with the minimum
entrainment. The results of the installations described indicate
that the dry electrofilter with its low energy consumption, re-
liablility, small maintenance requirements, and the capability
of producing dry dust for immediate disposal or refuse may be
adapted to all phases or iron and steel making.
07617
Billings, Charles E.,W. David Small, and Leslie Silverman
PD1OT-PLANT STUDIES OF A CONTINUOUS SLAG-WOOL
FDLTER FOR OPEN- HEARTH FUME. V4J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 5(3): 159-166, Nov. 1955. (Presented at the 48th
Annual Meeting, Air Pollu- tion Control Assoc., Detroit,
Mich., May 22-26, 1955).
Laboratory and field results obtained on slag wool when filter-
ing iron oxide and open-hearth furnace fume are discussed.
Laboratory equipment used to test slag-wool filters consisted
of an iron oxide generator connecting ductwork, a 6 in. diam.
holder for the slag- wool test pad, a flowmeter, and a fan. Iron
oxide was generated in the laboratory by 2 different methods.
In the first, flake iron powder was injected into the air side of
an air-oxygen-acetylene flame where it was oxidized exother-
mally. In the second, iron carbonyl was burned in an oxygen
acetylene flame to provide more controlled generation.
Modified laboratory test equipment was set up on the base-
ment level of a 100-ton cold-metal open-hearth furnace. A
probe was inserted into the furnace stack below the waste-heat
boiler to withdraw furnace-gas samples. Results of this in-
vestigation are given. An additional series of tests was run on
a hot metal furnace. The test equipment was set up on the
basement level of a 250 ton open-hearth furnace. Samples
were withdrawn below the waste heat boiler. Results of this
study are reported. Collection efficiencies over 90% may be
-------
20
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
obtained with 1 in. thick pads of slag wool packed to 5 and 10
Ib. cu ft density. Resistances initially range from 2 to 8 in. of
•water, and increase to 2 to 14 in. during filtration of 0.1 gr/cu
ft of a fine iron oxide aerosol. Continuous web of slag wool
showed variations in efficiency from 10 to 90%. Filter re-
sistance was maintained near 4 in. of water during operating
periods ranging from 1/2 to 3 hr. A correlation between inlet
fume loading and furnace production was observed which in-
fluenced filter requirements. Mechanical factors in the test
unit tending to lower the efficiency of the continuous web
were determined. Based on field studies, it was found that an
average 250 ton hot metal open hearth furnace would require 1
to 3 tons of slag wool/day to filter stack gas.
07660
Davies, E. and W. T. Cosby
THE CONTROL OF FUME FROM ARC FURNACES. In:
Fume Arrestment, Special Rept. 83, London, William Lea and
Co., Ltd., 1964, p. 133 - 143. (Report of the Proceedings of the
Autumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst., London, En-
gland, No. 26-27,1963.)
Various methods are discussed for containing the fumes
formed during the production of steel in electric arc furnaces,
with particular reference to the application of the 'direct ex-
traction' technique. It is shown how this technique, while
preventing the emission of fumes completely in the neighbor-
hood of the furnace and considerably reducing the final
volume of gases to be treated by a gas cleaning unit, neverthe-
less introduces at the same time new problems which must be
resolved to produce a safe and efficient installation. The
premises are indicated on which the Brymbo extraction system
was designed, how far these were supported by practical ex-
perience and how the latter emphasized, among other factors,
the importance of maintaining adequate facilities for the igni-
tion and combustion of inflammable gases emanating from the
furnace, not only during the oxygen blow but also other
phases of the steelmaking cycle. It is concluded that, providing
attention is paid to orthodox combustion practice and en-
gineering design principles, the control of fume may be safely
and effectively achieved with a resultant appreciable saving in
the size and hence cost of gas cleaning units. The advantages
of the 'direct extraction' technique become more pronounced
as the capacity of the furnace increases.
07661
Douglas, I. H.
DIRECT FUME EXTRACTION AND COLLECTION AP-
PLIED TO A FDJTEEN TON ARC FURNACE. In: Fume Ar-
restment, Special Rept. 83, London, William Lea and Co.,
Ltd., 1964. p.144-149. (Report of the Proceedings of the Au-
tumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst;, London, England,
Nov. 26-27, 1963.)
The direct fume extraction and collection plant fitted to a 15
ton arc furnace and designed primarily to deal with the fume
produced during oxygen lancing is described. The fume is ex-
tracted through the side of the furnace shell, cooled in a water
tube heat exchanger, and cleaned in a bag filter plant; the ex-
haust gases satisfy the relevant Clean Air Regulations, and
have a solids content less than 0.05 grains/cu ft. Recommenda-
tions and legislation based on the ratio between gas exhaustion
rate and the rate of oxygen blow have been put forward. For
the plant described the ratio is approximately 6:1, although it
is stressed that the effectiveness of ratios applicable to dif-
ferent melting installations may not always be directly com-
pared, as different proportions of the oxygen available are
used for oxidizing elements other than carbon. Because of
this, in many circumstances, a better comparison can be the
ratio between peak carbon removal and the total gas extracted.
07663
Hoff, H. and J. Maatsch
CONVERTER WASTE GAS CLEANING BY THE 'MINIMUM
GAS' METHOD AT FRIED. KRUPP. In: Fume Arrestment,
Special Rept. 83, London, William Lea and Co., Ltd., 1964,
p.104-108. (Report of the Proceedings of the Autumn General
Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst., London, England, Nov. 26-27,
1963.)
Steelmaking in an oxygen converter evolves 60-80 200g/cu nm
gas / ton of pig iron, with a high CO content and about
200g/cu nm dust By the dust removal methods so far hi use,
the gas is burned before cleaning with excess air, thus produc-
ing a great quantity of heat and very much increasing the
amount of gas to be cleaned. Using the Krupp converter waste
gas cleaning sytem according to the 'minimum gas' method,
the amount of air getting into the converter gas, and sub-
sequent combustion, are very much reduced by having a suita-
ble shape of hood with a curtain of air round it and by having
controlled gas exhaustion. Without this, gas can escape around
the converter. The cooled, clean, high-CO gas can either be
burned by a torch or recovered for further use. High-pressure
scrubbers followed by differential washers with a regulated
gap for fine dust removal, offer a good solution to gas clean-
ing problems. The whole apparatus can be housed along with
the waste gas pipe and the burner in a readily inspected tower
with very small demand on space and gas lines.
07664
Holland, M. and K. B. Whitman
DHtECT FUME EXTRACTION FOR LARGE ARC FUR-
NACES. In: Fume Arrestment, Special Rept. 83, London,
William Lea and Co., Ltd., 1964, p. 150-159. (Report of the
Proceedings of the Autumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel
Inst., London, England, Nov. 26-27,1963.)
The development of a suitable fume extraction and cleaning
system for large electrical arc furnaces using tonnage oxygen
is taken in logical sequence through pilot plant trials to the
final design stage. The choice of a wet cleaning plant is in-
fluenced by the ease of hot gas conditioning and fluorine
removal, the economies due to reduced volumes at the outlet,
and an improved effluent treatment and disposal system. The
steps taken to ensure complete combustion of the gases
evolved during the furnace cycle by the use of an adjustable
sealed connection to the furnace, combined with a controlled
combustion air and ignition source, are described in detail.
Control of furnace pressure is achieved by control of speed of
the fan and a water-cooled damper in the furnace offtake.
Operational experience and plant reliability are discussed,
together with reasons for modifications found to be necessary.
07668
Mitchell, R. T.
DRY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS AND WAAGNER-
BERO WET WASHING SYSTEMS, la: Fume Arrestment,
Special Rept 83, London, William Lea and Co., Ltd., 1964, p.
80-85. (Report of the Proceedings of the Autumn General
Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst, London, England, Nov. 26-27,
1963.)
The purpose of this paper is to consider two methods of fume
cleaning. Electrostatic precipitators have been installed at
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
21
Ebbw Vale (30 ton capacity LDAC vessel) and wet washers at
Spencer Works (three 100 ton capacity LD vessels). The con-
ditions to be met in each case are defined, and the reasons for
the selection of specific equipment are explained. The two
systems are compared from the points of view of efficiency
and operating costs, and the modifications which have proved
necessary to remedy operational difficulties are detailed to
enable a more realistic assessment of comparative capital ex-
penditure. Re-use of recovered dust and new equipment are
discussed. Maximum efficiency throughout the blow with the
variable gas flow and dust loan can be achieved effectively by
electrostatic precipitation. If capital cost is the major con-
sideration then wet washing is cheaper, although, if the ex-
perience at Spencer Works can be considered applicable to
similar installations, the difference in cost between the two
processes is much narrower than would have appeared two or
three years previously.
07669
Morita, S.
OPERATION AND ECONOMY OF THE OXYGEN CON-
VERTER GAS RECOVERY PROCESS (OG PROCESS). In:
Fume Arrestment, Special Kept. 83, London, William Lea and
Co., Ltd., 1964, p. 109-115. (Report of the Proceedings of the
Autumn General Meeting, Iron and Steel Inst., London, En-
gland, Nov. 26-27, 1963.)
The equipment, installation operational results, and economy
of the oxygen converter gas recovery process are discussed.
The components and instrumentation of the process are
described. The process combines high dust collecting efficien-
cy with high-yield steelmaking operations. Operational records
are given, and the characteristics of OG dust analyzed. The
economic advantages of the process are detailed in comparison
with the waste heat boiler.
07670
Namy, G., J. Dumond-Fillon, and P. A. Young
GAS RECOVERY WITHOUT COMBUSITON FROM OX-
YGEN CONVERTERS: THE IRSID-CAFL PRESSURE REGU-
LATION PROCESS. In: Fume Arrestment, Special Rept. 83,
London, William Lea and Co., Ltd., 1964, p. 98-103. (Report
of the Proceedings of the Autumn General Meeting, Iron and
Steel Inst., London, England, Nov. 23-27, 1963.)
The recovery of CO without combustion through the control
of hood pressure is discussed. The major parameters involved,
the inherent problem of safety, and the measures adopted for
complete monitoring and control are considered. The nature of
the fume produced necessitates a high-efficiency gas cleaning
system, and the techniques introduced, including complete air
purge of the circuit after each operation, are described. The
open joint system with pressure control appears to be the one
which ensures the greatest possible independence between
metallurgy and gas cleaning (and in this it resembles process
with combustion). Unlike processes with combustion, it ap-
pears to offer a very economic method of gas cleaning while
recovering energy in a high potential form. It seems to lend it-
self especially well to the control of bath reactions by continu-
ous carbon balance.
07699
Pottinger, J. F.
THE COLLECTION OF DIFFICULT MATERIALS BY ELEC-
TROSTATIC PRECIPITATION. Australian Chem. Process.
Eng. (Sidney), 20(2):ll-23, Feb. 1967. 11 refs.
Problems encountered in the metallurgical, cement and power
generation industries which led to an extensive study of the
electrical properties of dust particles and the effects of these
properties on precipitator performance are reviewed. Electrical
breakdown and resistivity measurement are discussed and a
design of a bulk resistivity measuring apparatus is illustrated.
Negative resistivity is cited as a problem. The remedial mea-
sures in the industries cited are described in technical terms.
07925
Heighten, J.
THE SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Roy. Soc. Health
J. (London). 87(4):215-218, July-Aug. 1967. 2 refs. (London)
The air pollution problems of a group of industries which
produce: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, petroleum and petrochemi-
cals, iron and steel, copper, aluminum, gas, ceramics and elec-
tric power are reviewed. The basic technical approach is to
avoid the formation of the emission by design of the process,
then to require the treatment of any unavoidable emission, and
finally to require adequate dispersal of any residual amount
which has to be discharged. The legislation is designed to com-
promise between safeguarding of public health and amenities
and providing for a realistic acceptance with adequate control
of special processes. Although the loss of gases in the manu-
facture of sulfuric acid is limited to 2% of the sulfur burned,
the loss from a contact acid plant with a 500-ton-per-day
capacity may be considerable so that chimney heights as high
as 450 ft may be required. Acid mist from contact plants burn-
ing sulfur is a special problem as it is difficult to control and
its occurrence is unpredictable. There are two nitric acid
plants in Britain equipped with catalytic tail-gas reduction
units which should solve the problem of brown nitrous fume
emission to the air. The use of special flares is required to
control H2S and mercaptans emitted by oil refineries. In the
steel industry the development of the Fuel-Oxygen-Scrap
process is regarded as an alternative to the electric arc fur-
nace. It is claimed that melting and refining can be carried out
without exceeding a fume level of 0.05 grains per cu ft.
07931
Ertl, D. W.
ELECTROSTATIC GAS CLEANING. S. African Mech. Engr.
(Johannesburg), 16(8): 159-168, March 1967.
Electrostatic precipitators are a highly developed and efficient
means of cleaning industrial and waste gases, satisfying all
modem hygienic and industrial requirements. Each precipitator
has to fulfill two functions: (1) electrically charging the dust
and capturing it by electrodes which are at earth potential; and
(2) passing this precipitated dust, with minimum re-entrain-
ment losses, into the hoppers underneath the precipitation
field. Parameters influencing the total dust collecting efficien-
cy are: the ratio of the collecting plate area to gas flow rate,
which is a dimension of the precipitator size; the migration
velocity or the velocity by which the dust is attracted to the
collecting plate under electrical forces, which is dependent on
field intensity; the dielectric constant of the dust; the dew-
point of the gas/dust mixture, high dew-point being better
suited for precipitation than a completely dry gas. Factors ad-
versely affecting precipitation efficiency are space charges,
which develop when there are large amounts of very fine dust
in the gas, and dust resistivity, which makes precipitation dif-
ficult when the dust layers have an electrical resistance of
greater than approx. 10 to the llth power ohm/cm. Precipita-
tors are important for thermal power stations where the dust
fineness must also be taken into account in design. The use of
precipitators for blast furnaces and steel works, cement
-------
22
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
works, and in the chemical industry, is noted. Dust collecting
efficiencies of 99.5% are not exceptional and greater efficiency
is advisable in continuous operation at numerous plants. For
optimum dust collecting results, the specific dust properties
have to be taken into account during the planning stage of the
whole plant
08310
Bergmann, Paul Jesdinsky, Walter Reuter, Guido and
Werthmoller, Ewald
DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF A MODERN DUST
REMOVAL SYSTEM FOR AN ELECTRIC STEEL PLANT.
(Tiber Entwicklung und Aufbau einer meuzeitlichen Entstau-
bungsanlage fur ein Elektrostahlwerk.) Text in German. Stahl
Eisen (Duesseldorf), 87(22): 1310-1314, Nov. 2, 1967.
Four electric arc furnaces with a capacity of 2.5 tons were
equipped with a dust removal system. Special problems were
posed by intermittent operations as well as by variable gas
production during one smelting and refining cycle. Exhaust
volume needed to be regulated. The controlling variable was
gaseous pressure under the hood of the furnace. A special
non-conducting pressure sonde was developed which was in-
sensitive to the gases ionized by the arc. A scrubber was not
used since it would have frozen during winter weekends. The
pressure sonde activates baffles which regulate the pressure in
the furnace. The flue ducts of all four furnaces are combined
in a mixing chamber, which serves as pressure and tempera-
ture equalizer. From there the flue gas goes to siliconized glass
fiber filters which are located 60 to 70 m. away. Each of the
three filters is large enough to process the flue gas of one 25-
ton furnace. Filters can be selected by a switchboard. Each
filter group consists of four towers with 24 filter hoses each,
which are 9.3 m. long and 30.5 cm. wide. They are cleaned by
pressure reversal every 24 min. Residual dust content of the
flue gas is 8-12 mg./cu m.
09198
F. M. Wilkinson
'WET WASHING OF BOF GASES - LACKAWANNA.
Preprint, Bethlehem Steel Corp., Lackawanna Plant, New
York, 12p., 1966. (Presented at the AISE Convention, Cleve-
land, Ohio, Sept. 27, 1966.)
The operations of venturi scrubber equipment in a steel plant
are explained. Three venturi scrubbers are utilized for two
basic oxygen furnace (BOF) vessels with a nominal capacity
of 250 tons. Frequent testing of the dust loading of the stack
gases shows that certain unpredictable variations occur in the
quantity of dust produced from heat to heat This is true
despite maintenance of identical conditions of pressure drop
across the scrubber and water flow to the sprays. Some heats
are more active than others and produce more dirt. The
average results are best when the mechanical condition of
spray nozzles and Venturis is good. Such conditions result in
dust loadings below .05 grains/c.f. std. Spray nozzles must be
accurately positioned above the Venturis, they must be free of
excessive internal wear and the Venturis must be well sealed at
the upper flanges and free of wear holes which sometimes
develop from erosion in the upper part of the throat.
09248
Muhlrad, W.
REMOVAL OF DUST FROM BASIC-OXYGEN FURNACE
BROWN FUMES BY MEANS OF BAG FILTERS. Stahl
Eisen, 82(22):1579-1584, 1962. 9 refs. Translated from German.
Brutcher (Henry), Altadena, Calif., Technical Translations,
HB-5768, ((29))p., 1963.
A gas cooling-bag filter plant utilized for the removal of dust
from a basic oxygen furnace is described. The installation of a
bag filter for removing the dust from the brown fumes
requires the gases to be cooled reliably and quickly. The cool-
ing process allows for the cyclic generation of waste gases,
and consists of a heat storage unit in the form of a tower,
through which the gases flow downward from the top. It is
lined with a checker of refractory brick, which form vertical,
straight channels. This checkerwork is so dimensioned that gas
cooling is ensured by heat storage during the oxygen blow.
Due to the parallel flow of hot gases and cooling air in the
regenerator, it is difficult at peak times to keep the exit tem-
perature below 100 to 120 deg C (250 deg F). The cooling ac-
tion of the regenerator was therefore supplemented by a spray
cooler to stabilize the temperature by water atomization: this
is only a safety precaution, and operates for very short
periods. The bag filter consists of 22 cells, which are syste-
matically and automatically withdrawn from service and
cleaned by transverse vibrations with a simultaneous counter-
flow blast. A polyester fabric was selected as the filter materi-
al. The dust is discharged mechanically from the filter, which
is provided with automatic bagfilling equipment. The reclaimed
dust is charged in paper bags into the converter along with the
pig iron, and no visible evolution of dust takes place. The
whole of the dust removal plant operates continuously, that is
the hot waste gases and the cooling air of the regenerator flow
through the plant without interruption. The capital costs and
operating cost of the complete plant are outlined.
09270
Graue, Georg and Ronald Flossmann
SOME EXPERIENCES WITH A NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL
PLANT FOR DUST REMOVAL FROM BROWN SMOKE.
Staub (English translation), 27: (10):7-12, Oct. 1967. 5 refs. CF-
STI: TT 67-51408/10
A novel method for removing dust from brown converter
smoke has been developed which utilizes the special properties
of brown smoke and is very promising as regards economic
and technical advantages. Its principles have been fixed by
laboratory tests and in an experimental pilot plant. Earlier
results have been basically confirmed in an industrial plant of
2 x 25,000 cu m/h. However, as a result of constructional defi-
ciencies concerning gas distribution and constant electrode gap
in the filters, the method could not be tested to its maximum
capacity. The achieved dust contents of clean gas have, there-
fore, been higher than the value required by authorities, i.e.,
150 mg/cu.m. This value should, however, be reached after im-
provements in the design. (Authors' summary)
09361
Broman, Carl U. and Ronald R. Iseli
THE CONTROL OF OPEN HEARTH STACK EMISSIONS
WITH VENTURI TYPE SCRUBBER. Blast Furnace Steel
Plant, 56(2):143-148, Feb. 1968. 6 refs. (Presented at the Re-
gional Technical Meeting, American Iron and Steel Institute,
Chicago, HI., Nov. 9, 1967.)
Early attempts to suppress fuming in open hearth furnaces and
the installation and operation of an experimental venturi
scrubbing system and the subsequent installation of venturi
scrubbers on all the open hearth furnaces in one shop are
described. The decision to install the control equipment, the
gas flow system, the slurry system, operating and maintenance
experience are considered.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
23
09436
Sullivan, R. E.
AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS FOR REMOVAL OF DEPOSITS
FROM OPEN HEARTH FLUES, ROOFS, WASTE HEAT AND
FUEL FIRED BOILERS. Iron Steel Eng., 44(1):97-103, Jan.
1967.
The open hearth process for making steel produces a large
quantity of soot which clogs flues and ducts, reduces draft-fan
efficiency, and impairs heat transfer in waste-heat and fuel-
fired boilers. The operation, design, and advantages of auto-
matic soot blowing (cleaning) devices are discussed. Shot
cleaning, where steel shot is dropped through boiler tube
banks to dislodge deposits is described. Also considered are
several methods including bag houses, venturi scrubbers, and
electrostatic precipitators, for collecting participates before
stack gases are released to the atmosphere.
09796
Hammond, William F., James T. Nance, and Karl D. Luedtke
STEEL-MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. In: Air Pollution
Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 141-257, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
The two common steel-refining processes are: the basic
process wherein oxidation takes place in combination with a
strong base such as lime; and the acid process, wherein oxida-
tion takes place without the base addition. Steel-refining
processes are usually accomplished in the open hearth fur-
nace, the electric furnace or the Bessemer converter. The air
contaminants vented from steel- melting furnaces include
gases, smoke, fumes, and dust. The gaseous emissions result
from the combustion of fuels and other combustible contami-
nants in the furnace charge and from the refining process.
Smoke emissions result from incomplete combustion of the
combustibles in the furnace charge or of furnace fuel. Particu-
lates originate partially from dirt and impurities in the charge,
but the major quantity results from the refining process. Typi-
cal participates discharged from an open hearth and electric-
arc furnace are listed. These fume emissions are largely in the
form of metallic oxides, where 65 to 70 percent fall into the 0
to 5 micron size range. The methods of making open-hearth,
electric-arc and electric induction steel are reviewed. The air
pollution problems, the hooding and ventilation requirements,
and air pollution control equipment of each are discussed. Par-
ticular emphasis is devoted to design consideration of .the hood
and ventilation systems. Open hearth furnaces have been suc-
cessfully controlled by electrical precipitators. Test results of a
control system wherein a waste heat boiler and electrical
precipitator vent an open hearth furnace are shown. Baghouse
dust collectors, electrical precipitators, and water scrubbers
can be utilized to control electric arc furnace emissions. Some
of the design features of baghouses serving electric arc fur-
naces are outlined and test results of air pollution control
systems with baghouses serving electric arc steel-melting fur-
naces are shown. Operating data for two installations of elec-
trical precipitators serving electric arc furnaces are also
shown. Test results on water scrubbers serving electric arc
furnaces show that wet collectors collect only the larger parti-
cles and allow the submicron particles to be discharged to the
atmosphere. Air pollution control equipment for the electric in-
duction furnace is the same as outlined for the electric ore fur-
nace.
09915L
Meldau, R.
GAINFUL USES OF THE DUST FROM BROWN FUMES.
Translated from German. 35(3):203-208, 1964. Available from
Henry Brutcher Technical Translation, Altadena, Calif.
The brown dust produced in the basic oxygen furnaces of a
steel plant can be used as a paint pigment, plaster filler, floor
tiles material, soil conditioner, or plastic filler. Other uses in-
clude sponge iron, pressing, and molded composite sheets. The
effect of heating on particle size, and the degree of thermal
and chemical resistance are discussed. The economics of
recovery are considered.
09974
Hipp, N. E. and J. R. Westerholm
DEVELOPMENTS IN BLAST FURNACE GAS CLEANING
GREAT LAKES STEEL CORP- ORATION. Preprint, Iron
Production and Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Detroit,
Mich., ((20))p., 1967. (Presented at the A. I. S. E. Convention,
Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 27, 1966.)
Blast furnace flue gases are cleaned by passing through a
gravity settling chamber, an orifice washer, and then a packed
tower (gas cooler). The orifice washer is simply an orifice
plate directly upstream from a set of water spray nozzles. The
orifice scrubber removes 99.7 percent of the dust passing
through it.
09977
Hurst, T. B.
MEMBRANE HOOD OPERATING PERFORMANCE AND IN-
PROVEMENTS. Preprint, Association of Iron and Steel En-
gineers, Cleveland, Ohio, Boiler Div., Barberton, Ohio,
((31))p., 1966. (Presented at the Association of Iron and Steel
Engineers, Cleveland, Ohio, Sept. 26 29, 1966.)
Fumes from a basic oxygen furnace contain large quantities of
CO. A hood is proposed which collects the furnace exhaust,
burns the CO with additional air, and extracts the heat by
means of water filled tubed in the hood walls. The advantages
of this system are reduction of CO in the exhaust to very low
levels, cooling of the gas prior to electrostatic or venturi clean-
ing, and the extraction of valuable heat in the form of steam.
Hood construction, arrangement, control and operation are
discussed. Because of the operating cycle of the basic oxygen
furnace, the obtainable heat and therefore the production of
steam will vary considerably. A 200 ton furnace with a steam
generating hood produces from almost none up to about
400,000 pounds per hour of steam during oxygen blowing. To
smooth out the flow rate to a continuous level, a steam accu-
mulator is described which absorbs the heat in bursts and
releases a constant steam flow of about 70,000 pounds per
hour.
10460L
Zinuner, K. O.
DUST-LADEN WASTE GASES EMITTED IN THE BASIC
OPEN-HEARTH PROCESS WIT THE USUAL MELTING
PRACTICE AND WITH OXYGEN INJECTION: ALSO
REMOVAL OF THE DUST FROM THEM. Stahl Eisen,
84<17):1070-1075, 1964. 3 ref Translated from German. Henry
Brutcher Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif., HB-6344,
18P., 1964. Avail- able from Henry Brutche Technical Transla-
tions, Altdena, Calif.
Data are presented on the effects of various fuels, ranging
from crude tar to coke oven gas, and oxygen lancing on the
-------
24
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
volume and composition of waste gases from open hearth fur-
naces. Variations o dust leading and sulfur content of the
gases during different phase of a heat are also described. Dust
removal equipment, consisting o a waste heat boiler followed
by an electrostatic precipitator, and the economics of dust
removal are discussed.
10462L
Baum, K. and A. Hahn
REMOVAL OF DUST FROM ELECTRIC FURNACE WASTE
GASES. PART I - EXPERIENCE WITH WET DUST
REMOVAL BY VENTURI SCRUBBERS. PART H - EX-
PERIENCE WITH A DRY ELECTROSTATIC FILTER ON A
100-m TON ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE. Stahl Eisen
84(23):1497 -1500, Nov. 1964. 1 ref. Translations, Altadena,
Calif., HB-6418, lip., 1964. Available from Henry Brutcher
Technical Translations, P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali
A dry electrostatic filter and a Venturi scrubber were tested
for their ability to remove dust from electric furnace waste
gases. Th electrostatic filter system required large exhaust
ducts and a high capacity sturation system to prevent burning
and explosions of the combustible waste gas in the filter. The
Venturi scrubber worked well and required little space. The
composition and volume of wast gas is discussed with empha-
sis on the variations due to charge material, point in the heat
cycle, presence of oxygen lancing, and leaks in the furnace
openings. Exhaust systems and a method of electrode sealing
are considered.
10464L
Bruderle, E. U. and G. Urban
REMOVAL OF DUST FROM ELECTRIC FURNACE WASTE
GASES. PART m - EXTRACTION OF DUST FROM ARC
FURNACES BY MEANS OF ELECTROFELTERS. PA IV - EX-
PERIENCE WITH DRAWING OFF THE WASTE GASES
AND WITH ELECTRICA DUST EXTRACTION ON ARC
FURNACES. Stahl Eisen, 84(23):1500-1505, 196 7 refs. Trans-
lated from German. Henry Brutcher Technical Translations,
Altadena, Calif., HB-6419, 18p., 1964. Available from Henry
Brutcher Technical Translations, P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali
The operating experience, cost, and general design of a dry
electrostatic precipitator is reported for an electric arc furnace
installation. A cost comparison is made with a wet electro-
static filter system; the wet system is slightly more expensive,
but there is less chance of explosion of the combustible waste
gas. The character and quantity of waste gas are discussed in
light of how exhaust systems are affected. Pressure dif-
ferentials, excess air intake, and exhaust gas volume fluctua-
tions are considered as they affect the design and operation of
the exhaust system.
10469L
Hoff, H.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TREATMENT OF THE BROWN
FUMES FROM THE BASIC OXYGEN PROCESS. (PART
n.)Stahl Eisen, 81(9):566-571, 1961. 9 refs. Translated from
German. Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, Altadena,
Calif., HB-5276, 36p., 1961. Available from Henry Brutcher
Technical Translations, P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali
With the increased use of the basic oxygen process, the dust
removal plants for the waste gas issueing from the vessels
must als be further developed to minimize air pollution. The
starting point of the dust removal problems are the fluctua-
tions in gas formation over the blowing period in the furnace
and the volume of gas in the dust extraction installation.
Therefore, the possibilities were considered of reducing the
volume of the waste gases, and their temperature, and at the
same time of utilizing a part of their heat content. It was
further investigated what factors in the plant cou influence the
selection of the waste gas cooling and dust removal plant and
which type of plant is the most economical for specific condi-
tions. Capital and operational costs were briefly considered. In
addition, two new methods are being developed for dust
removal from the waste gases from top blown steel plants. In
one case, the waste gases are exhausted in a controlled
manner and burnt downstre of the furnace, and the burnt
waste gases are then cleaned and released into the atmosphere.
In the second method, the gas is als exhausted in a controlled
manner, followed by dust extraction witho after-burning. It
can then either be released into the open air an burnt to waste,
or can be used as fuel. (Author's summary, modifie
10477L
Morita, Sh., M. Nishiwaki, K. Tagiri, and S. Narita
OPERATING RESULTS OBTAINED IN A 130-TON BASIC
OXYGEN FURNACE EQUIPPED WITH AN OG GAS
RECOVERY SYSTEM. Tetsu To Hagane, 49(3):405-406, 1963.
Translated from Japanese. Herat Brutcher Technical Transla-
tions, Altadena, Calif., HB-5933, 6P., 1963. Available from
Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, P.O. Box 157, Al-
tadena, Calif., 91001
A waste gas recovery method, the 'Oxygen Gas' (OG)
process, was successfully employed in the operation of a
Japanese basic oxygen steel- making furnace. The process uses
a water-cooled hood for g cooling, spray and venturi scrubbers
for dust removal, and a gas holding vessel for combustible
gases released during the middle par of the oxygen blow. Ex-
plosions are prevented by purging the system with nitrogen
prior to start-up and after the heat, and nitrogen dilution is
employed when the CO to O2 ratio is near the explosive lim.it.
The process is controlled and monitored by one man. Installa-
tion and operating costs are lower than for a conventional
waste heat boiler, and the recovered gas is suitable to be used
as boiler fuel.
10479
THE FORMATION OF DUST DURING OXYGEN LANCING
ON THE OPEN-HEARTH Serokhvostov, A.L., V.F. Bogaten-
kov, and D. Ya. Povolotskii STEEL BATH. Izv. Vysshikh
Uchebn. Zavedenii Chamaya Met., No: 6:52-55, June 1964.
Translated from Russian. Henry Brutcher Technical Transla-
tions, Altadena, calif., HE-6335, Henry Brutcher Technical
Translations, P.O. Box 157, Altadena, Cali lations, P.O. Box
157, Altadena, Calif. 91001
The effect of oxygen lancing on the dust production from an
open hearth steel-making furnace was investigated. Data are
presented o the dust production without oxygen lancing and
with oxygen lancing throughout the heat The effect of lance
position on dust product! was investigated. A marked effect
was discovered; maximum dust occured when the lance was at
slag level. Lowest production occure when the lance was 6
inches above the slag, but this also reduced injection efficien-
cy.
11073
Huntington, Robert G. and Donald H. Rullman
ARC FURNACE FUME CONTROL PRACTICES. Preprint,
American Air Filter Co., Inc., Louisville, Ky., ((19))p., 1968.
(APCA Paper 68-131.)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
25
The percentage of steel produced in electric arc furnaces is ex-
pected to increase from about 10% to 15% by 1975. As air pol-
lution codes become more rigid, more new and existing arc
furnace installations will require fume control. Many of the
factors related to the growth of the electric furnace including
high power input, heavy oxygen lancing, oxifuel gas injec-
tions, and low cost scrap, all tend to increase the severity of
the fume control problem. A successful arc furnace fume con-
trol system involves consideration of four parameters. These
are - capture fumes at furnace; convey and cool gases allowing
safe passage through collector; clean gases to an acceptable
code limit; and provide a system with minimum cost and
operational interference and maximum reliability. Successful
capture technique include canopy hoods, close fitting hoods,
and direct evacuation. Satisfactory fume collection is presently
restricted by technological development, to three basic
methods: Fabric collection, high energy (venturi) scrubbing,
and high energy scrubber and electrostatic precipitation. Suita-
bility of fume capture and cleaning methods are primarily a
function of experience and analysis. Furnaces up to 10' in
diameter represent a range of operating practices which may
be compatible to both side draft or direct evacuation methods
normally combined with dry fabric collectors. Thermal outputs
from larger furnaces require accurate analysis for a safe,
adequate gas handling and cleaning system. Arc furnace
operating practices are the major influences affecting system
design parameters. Those involved in the acquisition of arc
fume control equipment should thoroughly investigate availa-
ble methods in use on similar installations.
11096
Venturini, J. L.
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROL INSTALLATION AT BETHLEHEM STEEL COR-
PORATION'S LOS ANGELES PLANT. Preprint, Bethlehem
Steel Corp., Los Angeles, ((22))p., 1968. 1 ref. (Presented at
the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion Annual Meeting, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper
68-134.)
With the advent of air pollution control regulations in 1946,
the problem encountered at Bethlehem Steel Corporation's
Los Angeles plant was to select a suitable collecting system
for its furnace operations. The new system provides a greatly
improved method of ventilating the three million cubic foot
electric furnace building. It consists of a direct roof evacuation
type of a water-cooled elbow and a spray chamber at each fur-
nace to temper the gases, damper controlled canopy hoods
which are located over the furnaces and above the overhead
cranes, and all necessary ductwork connecting collection
points. The fume is pulled through 14-foot diameter ducts on
the roof of the building and discharged into a distribution
manifold. From the distribution manifold the particle laden
smoke is diverted into the 26 individual sections of the
baghouse. A typical baghouse section contains 120 silicone-
treated, glass-fiber bags for a total of 3,120 bags in the
complete installation. The actual control equipment consists of
two large baghouses with two 1,250 hp driven air blowers.
They are operating at a total exhaust capacity of 525,000 cfm
at 10 inches of static pressure. The baghouse, operating at an
efficiency of 99 percent plus, collects over 125 tons of dust a
week. (Author's abstract, modified)
13645
Kawasaki Ironworks, Japan, Mizushima Branch Power Dept.,
Fuel Sect.
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION BY COMBUSTION
CONTROL IN MIZUSHIMA IRONWORKS. (Mizushima
seitetsusho ni okeru taikiosen boshi no tameno nensho kanri).
Text in Japanese. Netsu Kanri (Heat Engineering, Tokyo),
21(4):10-15, April 1969.
One of the most important industrial hazards to the public
produced by ironworks is sulfur oxides in their emissions. At
the Mizushima Ironworks, both dry and wet methods, includ-
ing E. P., V. S., I. C. and Multicyclone systems, have been
adopted to reduce dust concentrations. Their purification rates
range from 95 to 99.95%. Special attention is paid to proper
combustion and ventilation conditions. The combustion control
system is checked routinely for minor inadequacies and mal-
functions. The addition of 'Tenkazai' to heavy oil also reduces
the production of polluted gas caused by water-separating and
sludge-distributing effects. However, this procedure is not al-
ways economically feasible. To control smoke dispersion, the
layout of factory buildings must be considered in relationship
to local weather conditions. Buildings producing less smoke
should be constructed closer to residential areas, while those
producing large amounts should be placed perpendicular to the
direction of the wind, so that smoke from one building will
have less chance of mixing with that from another. To dis-
tribute smoke over a wider area thereby diluting the polluted
air, high chimneys, high gas temperatures, and ways of ac-
celerating smoke velocities should be considered.
13811
Singhal, R. K.
FUME CLEANING SYSTEMS USED IN THE STEEL INDUS-
TRY- PART I. Steel Times (London), 197(8):531-538, Aug.
1969.
Fumes from a small electric arc melting furnace are collected
by a full hood system without the need for cooling equipment
or a combustion chamber. A semi-direct hood system compris-
ing a main hood connected to a side door hood and port hoods
is adaptable for furnaces from 6 to 30 tons. On very large fur-
naces, direct extraction of the fume is possible with an elbow
on the furnace side or roof. Here the fume is contained in the
exhaust system before it escapes from the furnace. Electro-
static precipitators find wide application in many phases of
metallurgical industry operations. In the iron and steel indus-
try, they are used on blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces,
electric arc furnaces, converters, sinter plants, deseamers, and
cupolas. In the non-ferrous industry, they are used in smelting
on rotary and reverberatory furnaces and in the recovery of
precious metals. The removal of dust from a gas stream by
electrostatic precipitation follows three steps: (1) suspended
particles are negatively charged; (2) the negatively charged
particles then migrate and are precipitated on positively
charged collecting electrodes; and (3) precipitated particles are
dislodged by rapping or washing. Wet scrubbers bring dust-
laden gases in contact with a water film or spray. Some wet
collectors involve cyclones or centrifuges; others, multiple
sprays. Efficiency of the collectors increases with energy con-
sumption. The range of particle size, concentration, and col-
lector efficiency are plotted for various industries.
-------
26
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
13946
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Committee on Air Pollution
PROCESS FLOW SHEETS AND AIR POLLUTION CON-
TROLS. Cincinnati, American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1961, 40p. 33 refs.
A variety of industrial processes, described in the text and il-
lustrated by flow charts, are categorized according to the
odors or pollutants produced by each stage of plant opera-
tions. Appropriate primary and secondary air cleaning equip-
ment, including dry centrifuges, wet scrubbers, and fabric and
electrostatic filters, are matched to each operation and evalu-
ated as satisfactory or not satisfactory. The suggested controls
have applications for asphalt and cement plants, gray iron or
malleable foundry operations, the milling of asbestos ores, al-
falfa dehydrating plant operations, coffee processing, iron and
steel making, and scavenger-type rendering processes. Sug-
gested reference sources are included for each process.
14161
Singhal, R. K.
FUME CLEANING SYSTEMS USED IN THE STEEL INDUS-
TRY. PART 2. Steel Times (London), 197(9):605-613, Sept.
1969.
A number of wet and dry fabric filters and mechanical
cleaners are described and applications are mentioned. In the
fabric dust collectors, the dust-laden gas is passed through a
semi- porous medium which retains the dust particles and al-
lows the clean gas to pass through. Efficiency is very high and
the two main types in use are the mechanical vibration type
and the reverse flow type. Fabric filters are widely used in the
metallurgical industry and in electric arc furnace fume clean-
ing. Wet dust removers possess a number of advantages over
the cyclone and fabric filter in cases where humidity or space
requirements preclude their use. The removal of collected dust
presents no problem; it is in the form of sludge or slurry. This
is essential with explosive dusts such as magnesium alloys and
aluminum. The Medusa gas scrubber consists of a three-fold
combination of impingement, venturi and disintegration ef-
fects. Alteration to the liquid level provides flexibility for
changes in gas volume and efficiency. The Elbair gas scrubber
is noted for its high efficiency, low pressure loss, low hp
requirements, and compactness. The Tornado Flow Dust col-
lector simulates the flow patterns of a natural tornado by
setting up two rotational flows with opposite axial com-
ponents, occupies a small space and can be fitted into a chim-
ney or can be arranged horizontally in pipelines. The Western
Precipitation high-energy venturi scrubber was designed for
gas cleaning operations requiring high pressure drops. Its pri-
mary applications are for blast furnaces, cupolas, oxygen con-
verters, open hearth, and electric furnaces, and oxygen
deseamers. The American Air Filter Type R Roto-clone is a
wet centrifugal dust collector. The mam component is a series
of specially designed double- inlet tubes. In the Pangborn Type
CH-3 dust control system, the air is drawn from the dust-
producing source by means of ducts to the collector. The self-
cleaning collector operates continuously and requires no
periodic exhauster shutdown for cloth cleaning.
14889
Huysman, M. and A. Maubon
IMPROVEMENT IN THE REMOVAL OF DUST FROM
WASTE GASES OF OXYGEN STEEL CONVERTERS BY EX-
TRACTION BEFORE COMBUSTION. (Amelioration de la
technique de depoussierage des gaz residuels de convertisseurs
a 1'oxygene par captage sans combustion). Text in French.
Rev. Met. (Paris), 65(5):333-343, May 1968. 11 refs.
At the Dunkerque works, carbon monoxides are evolved when
steel is refined by blowing oxygen through the melt for about
18 min. A relatively new control technique, used for four
years, is to collect the combustible gas without letting it burn
at the converter mouth. The collector is a 'skirt' surrounding
the mouth, whose internal pressure is adjusted so that just a
little air is drawn in at the point of contact with the converter.
The temperature of the gas is about 1630 C. The skirt can be
raised during the process so that the controllers can inspect
the effluent gas. The necessary pressure drop was a few mm
of water. The rate of flow in the apparatus is large, so that at
the beginning and end of refining, a plug of completely burnt
gas separates carbon monoxide from air by intervening
between them in the flow and thus prevents explosions. The
gas is cooled in an exchanger and then scrubbed in a saturator
and washing tower using about 500 cu m of water/hr. Sludge is
decanted off, the residue is centrifuged, and the water is recy-
cled. The residual dust content is about 100 mg/N cu m. In
four years of operation, the original gas collector, with the
joint to the converter sealed with steam, was abandoned for
the movable skirt. The introduction of an oxygen injector with
three differently directed holes lessened the ejection of metal
and slag froth into the gas collector and eliminated blockage.
A refractory soot collector was substituted for the first heat
exchanger. The jets of the scrubber were redesigned to avoid
blocking by the recycled water. The carbon monoxide which
evolved from the washing water was directed away from all
the work places, however, one small explosion occurred. Old
safety valves were replaced by stainless steel valves. The
minimum pumping speed was increased to 35,000 cu m/hr.
Pumping and lowering of the skirt are never begun before ab-
sorption of oxygen has started.
15649
Hayashi, Tesshi
A SMOKE COLLECTOR. (Shuen sochi). Text in Japanese.
(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Tokyo (Japan)) Japanese
Pat. Sho 44-12249. 5p., June 3, 1969. (Appl. Aug. 5, 1966,
claims not given).
The present invention improves the operations of a smoke col-
lector employed in a tilting furnace, such as an electric fur-
nace for making steel. A fixed stationary duct is connected to
a movable duct, which leads to the smoke source. The cross-
sectional area of the stationary duct at the junction is larger
than the corresponding cross-sectional area of the movable
duct. The movable duct is connected to the stationary one in
such a way that the former can slide along the latter with a
seal between them, preventing the outside air from entering
the ducts. The device has a simple construction and is very ef-
fective in collecting smoke. These features make the present
invention attractive in industrial applications.
15886
Eberhardt, J. E. and H. S. Graham
THE VENTURI WASHER FOR BLAST FURNACE GAS. Iron
Steel Engr., 32(3):66-71, March 1965. 11 refs.
Data are presented for a pilot plant venturi blast-furnace gas
washer with a nominal capacity of 25,000 cfm and a plant
scale venturi with a nominal capacity of 85,000, as installed in
a steel co. Data for the 18-in. pilot unit indicate that the dirt
content of the cleaned gas depends on the gas pressure loss
across the venturi section; the gas pressure loss on the gas
flow rate and the water ratio (gas of water per thousand cu ft
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
27
of gas). Correlations are presented for pressure drop vs dust
loading and for pressure drop vs water ratio at seven gas flow
rates. The dust loading of the cleaned gas varies from 0.09
gr/cu ft at a pressure loss of 7 in. of water to 0.015 gr/cu ft at
a pressure loss of 24 in. of water. The thickener capacity
required for this washer is only 3-5 gal per thousand cu ft
rather than the 20 gal per thousand cu ft used in conventional
washers. The plant scale washer is generally similar to the
pilot plant; but the throat section is rectangular rather than cir-
cular, and the cooling tower contains no packing. The gas flow
rate is close to 76,000 cfm and the water flow to about 11 gal
per thousand cu ft. Pressure loss in this unit depends on fac-
tors other than gas velocity and water ratio, although pressure
loss is increased by increasing either gas velocity or water
ratio. Good cleaning is obtained with a water consumption of
about 5 gal per thousand cu ft of gas.
15887
Pettit, Grant A.
ELECTRIC FURNACE DUST CONTROL SYSTEM. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 13(12):607-609, 621, Dec. 1963. 14
refs. (Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of APCA, Detroit,
June 9-13, 1963.)
Problems encountered in operating a venturi scrubber to clean
waste gases from an electric steelmaking furnace are
described. In accordance with state regulations, water clarifi-
cation and recycling equipment is an integral part of the gas
cleaning system. When the pH of the clarified water recycled
to the scrubber is maintained at 7.0-7.6 with soda ash and the
suspended solids content of the water kept at about 125 ppm
with Seperan, the scrubber satisfactorily cleans gases at a
water flow rate of 550 gpm and a pressure drop of 28 in. How-
ever, the efficiency of the system is reduced by plugging of
the spray holes by solids. These holes are difficult to clean,
since cyclinder-driven jet reamers often fail to go through
them. In addition to the plugging, fine particles accumulate on
large surface area, making frequent sludge filtration necessary.
The sludge is filtered on a two-disc vacuum filter at an overall
filtration rate of 20 Ib wet sq ft/hr; cotton duck is used for
filter bags. The average sludge analysis is 35% Fe, 9.5% Cr,
and 2.5% Ni.
16039
Herrick, Robert A.
A BAGHOUSE TEST PROGRAM FOR OXYGEN LANCED
OPEN HEARTH FUME CONTROL. J. Air Pollution Control
Assoc., 13(l):28-32, Jan. 1963. 10 refs. (Presented at the 55th
Annual Meeting of APCA, Chicago, May 20-24, 1962.)
Tests were undertaken to determine the collection efficiency
of glass fabric filter bags for the red iron oxide fumes
produced by injecting oxygen into open hearth steelmaking
furnaces. The three basic fabric constructions tested were all-
filament fiber, bulked or texturized fill fabric, and staple fill
fabric. All tests were run at a filter velocity of approximately
two ft/min and at bag gas temperatures of about 400 F. The
primary variable used to analyze test data was filter drag, the
ratio of the pressure drop across the bags to filter velocity.
Also evaluated were four methods of removing collected dust
cake from the filters: simple collapse, sonic cleaning, pressure
jet cleaning, and bag shaking. Collection efficiency was very
high during all tests. Although on grain loading efficiency tests
were made, no dust plumes were visible and the outside of the
filter bags remained clean. While the dust-fabric combination
returned to an intermediate rather than low pressure drop after
the bag cleaning cycle, the slow rise in pressure drop during
cake buildup offset this disadvantage. The level of the pres-
sure drop after cleaning was most affected by the physical in-
tensity of the cleaning operation. No major difficulties were
encountered that would prevent the satisfactory operation of a
baghouse type dust collecto on an oxygen lanced open hearth
furnace. However, it is important to prevent condensation of
furnace gases on the bags. A slight amount of furnace leakage
is detrimental to a collapse-type cleanin method.
16146
Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan. Public
Nuisance Section
REMARKS ON THE RESULTS OF GENERAL SURVEY OF
INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC POLLUTION IN OSAKA-
AMAGASAKI AREA. (Osaka-Amagasaki chiku sangyo kogai
sogochosa ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind.
Public Nuisance), 5(8):444-447, Aug. 25, 1969.
The results of general survey on industrial air pollution con-
ducted in Osaka and Sakai from 1966 through 1968 are sum-
marized. The survey area covering 305 sq km of industrial
sites was grouped in three districts. Half of the area was al-
ready industrialized and the remaining half in the process of
industrialization. Iron-ore and petroleum refinery plants are
expected to develop in the district. The fifty plants surveyed
were those which generally consume heavy oil at 10 kl/H per
day. Present total oil consumption is 901 kl/H and estimated
consumption by 1972 is 1,433 kl/H. It is predicted that sulfur
dioxide emissions corresponding to oil consumption by 1.4 fold
will increase from 19,816 cu nm/H in 1967 to 27,400 cu nm by
1972. If countermeasures are not applied, industrial pollution
will continue to grow. Since 1965, there has been a continuous
increase in dust fall. Trial countermeasures which appear to be
applicable are the conversion of heavy oil to low sulfur- con-
tent (1.7%) oil and the construction of tall stacks. If put into
practice, there measures will reduce pollution by approximate-
ly 40-45% by 1972. Districts which have maintained ambient
air quality standards are encouraged to use 1.5% SO2- bearing
oil to compensate for estimated increases in oil consumption.
16193
Shapritskiy, V. N.
COMBATING ADR POLLUTION BY EMISSIONS FROM
FERROUS METALLURGY ENTERPRISES. (Bor'ba zagryaz-
neniyem atmosfernogo vosdukha vybrosami predpriyatiy cher-
noy metallurgii). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation Measures
Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Cities (Oz-
dorovleniya vozdushnogo i vodnogo basseynov gorodov).
Government Committee on Civil Building and Architecture
(ed.), Lecture series no. 2 Kiev, Bodivel'nik, 1968, p. 47-51. 4
refs.
The numerous basic and secondary sources of air pollution as-
sociated with various types of ferrous metallurgy installations
are reviewed, together with the attendant problems of abate-
ment. Incidental cases pertaining to this subject are cited from
the literature. Special attention is given to development of bag
filters outside of the Soviet Union. It is noted that living quar-
ters for workers at large installations must be situated at
distances of from 6 to as much as 15 km. It is estimated that
costs for pollution control will amount to 40 million rubles per
year for a plant producing 5 millions tons of steel per year.
16351
FJsenbarth, Manfred
DUST REMOVAL FROM WASTE GASES IN A STEEL
PLANT. (La depolverizzazione dei gas di scarico delle ac-
ciaierie). Text in Italian. Riv. Ing., 10(10):720-729, Oct. 1969.
-------
28
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
Four areas of the steel plant most responsible for the produc-
tion of dust-laden air are discussed: converters, electric arc
furnaces, electric reduction furnaces, and flame-hardeners.
Dust removal is analyzed in three stages: aspiration, cooling,
and purification. A cooling stage is necessary, since the waste
gases measured at the bottom of the converter are formed at a
temperature of 500-1100 C, whereas mechanical filters require
temperatures between 200 and 270 C and electric filters
operate best at 150 180 C. Cooling can be effected by
running the gases through a long length of tubing; absorbing
the heat with refractory bricks in a large reservoir (bricks are
cooled with cold air between batches); and by spraying
atomized liquid under pressure into a tower containing the gas,
so that the evaporating liquid will absorb heat of vaporization
from the gas mixture. Four possibilities exist for purification:
dry purification with mechanical filter; dry purification with
electric filters; wet purification with electric filters; and wet
purification with scrubbers. Two wet-press scrubbers are
described in detail: the venturi system and the OG process
developed by Demag. The various systems and combinations
thereof are examined in terms of cost, space requirements,
compatability with special conditions, and possible uses for
by-products.
16446
Vypov, A. I. and G. N. Makarets
PROTECTION OF THE AIR AND WATER BASINS AT
NOVOKUZNETSK. (Zashchita vozdushnogo i vodnogo bas-
seynov v novokuznetske). Text in Russian. In: Sanitation Mea-
sures Against Air and Water Pollution in the Planning of Ci-
ties. (Ozdorovleniye vozdushnogo i vodnogo basseynov
gorodov). Government Committee on Civil Building and
Architecture (ed.), Lecture series no. 2, Kiev, Budivel 'nik,
1968, p.37-38.
An overall examination of the pollution problems of Novokuz-
netsk was made in 1965-1966 by the Deputy Commission on
Natural Conservation and the Presidium of the Novokuznetsk
Branch of the Association for Natural Conservation. Dust
emission from the Kuznetsk cement plant was 260 tons per
day in 1962; it was reduced to 50 tons per day by the end of
1966, and the installation of electrofilters at two roasting fur-
naces in 1968 reduced emission to 10 tons per day. Measures
were also taken to reduce emission from the aluminum and
iron-smelting plants. Efforts at pollution control in this city are
regarded as successful and similar measures are recommended
for other Soviet cities.
16553
Narikawa, Hiroshi and Toshitaka Tsutsumi
ON THE SOOT IN TOPGAS OF OIL INJECTION BLAST
FURNACE. (Juyu fukikomi koro no rocho dasuto chu susu ni
tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku, (J. Pollution Con-
trol), 1(2):102-104, June 15, 1965.
New techniques in iron manufacturing involving the use of
liquid or granular fuel have increased production efficiency
but created a soot problem. As the result of incomplete com-
bustion of heavy oil, the topgas in an oil injection blast fur-
nace contains a large quantity of soot. The amount is closely
related to the quantity of heavy oil and combustion conditions.
The quantitative measurement of the amount is important for
the improvement of the process and the control of emissions.
Quantitative measurements at several stages of the process,
together with investigations of gas cleaning efficiency, were
evaluated. The measurements included the quantity of soot in
topgas, the change of soot quantity due to the change of
operation, the effect of various kinds of soot removers, and
the amount of soot remaining in the gas after application of
the soot removing process. The gas cleaner comprised a dust
remover, venturi scrubber, and electric dust collector. The
soot quantity of the topgas under good combustion condition
was 11%, while under poor combustion conditions is was
28.5%. The soot quantity at the outlet of the electric dust col-
lector was 91% under stable conditions and 97.8% under unsta-
ble conditions. The soot removal rate of the venturi scrubber
was 40 to 60%; that of electric dust collector, 98% under sta-
ble conditions, but only 77.5% under unstable condition.
16561
Massinon, J.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND STEEL MAKING. (Pollu-
tion atmospherique et siderurgie). Text in French. Rev. Soc.
Roy. Beige. Ingrs. Ind. (Brussels), no. 6/7:333-343, 1969.
(Presented at a Conference of the Belgians Royal Society of
Engineers and Industrialists, May 7,1969.)
The efforts made at the national level by numerous organiza-
tions engaged in fighting atmospheric pollution are reviewed.
The general sources of air pollution, their relative importance,
and their actions are examined. The measures taken by the
steel- making industry to reduce industrial emissions are re-
ported in considerable detail, and the remaining technical dif-
ficulties are pointed out. The pertinent legislative measures in
Germany, France and Belgium are likewise discussed in detail,
and desirable future developments are pointed out.
16646
Rengstorff, George W. P.
ROLE OF METHANE AND OTHER FACTORS IN CON-
TROLLING EMISSIONS FROM STEELMAKING PROCESS.
Open Hearth Proc., vol. 46:438-456, 1963. 5 refs.
Smoke evolution in a 50-lb steelmaking furnace was success-
fully suppressed in laboratory experiments by injections of 4-
15% methane, premixed with oxygen, introduced through a
water-cooled lance. The amount of methane required appears
to depend on jet velocity, characteristics of the flow of metal
under the lance, and other dynamic conditions that have not
yet been fully identified. Four percent of methane was enough
to suppress smoke completely at 2800 F; 6.7% was adequate to
suppress smoke above 2820 F. At these temperatures, the ad-
dition of 10.3% methane suppressed smoke to 2550 F.
Complete suppression at 2600 F required about 7% of
methane. It is hypothesized that the effect of methane might
result from driving hydrogen into the metal. Evolution of this
hydrogen into the fraction of an inch above the metal surface
that is critical to smoke formation might either prevent forma-
tion of FeO or cause it to become more volatile, thus stopping
the pumping of iron from the surface. Why the smoke rate is
higher at low temperatures and more difficult to suppress is
not understood.
16652
Broman, Carl U. and Ronald R. Iseli
THE CONTROL OF OPEN HEARTH STACK EMISSIONS
WITH VENTURI TYPE SCRUBBERS. Ind. Heating,
35(6):1085-6, 1088, 1090, 1092, 1094, 1096, June 1968. H PART.
Ibid. vol. 35:1985, 1486, 1488, 1490, Aug. 1968. 6 refs.
(Presented at the American Iron and Steel Inst. Technical
Meeting, Chicago, 1967.)
Designing a scrubber gas cleaning system to control open
hearth fume emissions, isokinetic sampling of the stack gases
was carried out to determine dust loadings and particle size
and composition; average stack gas dust loadings are shown in
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
29
Part I for various periods of open hearth heats. The operation
of the venturi scrubber, its location, and its design features are
described in detail, with diagrams given of the waste heat
boiler draft control system, the equipment location and the gas
flow and slurry systems. The throat section of the scrubber in-
itially installed was designed to handle a maximum flow of
70,000 scfm of dry gas at temperatures of 600 to 1500 C. The
equipment specifically called for minimum pressure drop of 30
in. of water across the venturi in order to obtain the required
cleaning efficiency. The induced draft fan constructed had a
rating of 93,000 cfm at 41 in. suction. Part n discusses the
operating and maintenance problems experienced with the gas
flow and water slurry systems. The major problem with the
gas flow system, the near-collapse of the spin vane section in
the cooling tower, was taken as proof that the common cool-
ing tower built for two gas flow systems was a. mistake. The
many problems incurred with the slurry system were attributed
in part to confining all the equipment within the lean-to area.
Discoloration of the sewer water from the red iron oxide also
occurred. Design corrections were made for later installations
of scrubbers on other furnaces in the same shop. Gas cleaning
has been excellent with greater than 99% efficiency and less
than .05 grains per standard cubic foot dust loading in the ex-
haust gases. The scrubbers have not hampered the operations
of the furnaces and may have contributed to improved per-
formance; in addition, the source of constant draft from the
scrubber induced draft fan was found to benefit furnace
operation.
16681
Willet, Howard P.
PROFIT ORIENTED SYSTEMS FOR POLLUTION CON-
TROL. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York,
N. Y., American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., American Society of
Civil Engineers, New York, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, New York,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, and
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Proc. MECAR Symp., Design and Operation for Air Pollution
Control, New York, N. Y., 1968. p. 75-85. (Oct. 24).
The development of pollution control systems that provide an
economically profitable return on control costs is described; it
is believed that such processes will enhance control activities
by establishing an economic incentive to add to the public
pressures on polluters to install control equipment. Profit-
oriented control systems are described for blast furnaces and
the basic oxygen processes in steel fabrication, for foundry
cupolas, kraft pulping, and for sulfur dioxide recovery from
power and sulfuric acid plants. Venturi scrubbers, used to
clean blast furnace gases, make it possible to obtain higher hot
blast temperatures for preheating air blown into the furnaces
and thus improve the economics of their operation. Gas take-
offs installed below the charging door on foundry cupolas
reduce the size of the gas cleaning equipment required and
permit the gas to be used as fuel for preheating air blasts to
the cupolas. A new method recently introduced from Japan,
called the OG Process, has a great profit potential in its appli-
cation to the basic oxygen process in steel-making, primarily
by collecting carbon monoxide without combustion. A series
of pollution control techniques can be applied to the kraft
pulping process to reduce capital and operating costs. An ab-
sorption system to eliminate SO2 pollution from sulfuric acid
plants and to increase plant profits is nearing completion, and
a concept called the Central Processing Approach is described,
involving the establishment of central processing plants, to
permit the profitable recovery of elemental sulfur from the
sulfur oxide emissions of both large and small power produ-
cers.
16695
Jones, William P.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VENTURI SCRUBBER. Ind. Eng.
Chem., 41(11): 2424-2427, Nov. 1949. 4 refs.
The practical application of the venturi scrubber to the
removal of dusts, mists, fumes, odors, and smoke from gas
streams is discussed. Factors affecting the scrubbing efficien-
cy of a venturi are the velocity of the gas in the throat, the
ratio of liquid to gas, and the distribution of liquid in the
throat. Of these variables the first two have an appreciable ef-
fect on the pressure drop across the scrubber. Most of the
power required for operation is expended in the gas pressure
drop, which will vary with the amount of liquid used. In
general, increased throat velocity results in higher scrubbing
efficiency with less liquid, and with somewhat less pressure
drop and fan power. A commercial venturi unit at a pulp and
paper mill is recovering 7-10 tons of sodium compounds per
day from fumes containing particles from below 0.1 to 1.5
micron. Installations on open hearth steel furnaces are achiev-
ing 97-99% efficiencies in removing smoke particles from 0.05
to 0.33 micron. Pilot plant studies indicate that the venturi
scrubber has a removal efficiency of 98-99.8% for sulfuric acid
mists and a 99.9% efficiency for coarse dust from blast fur-
nace gas.
17115
Punch,G.
GAS CLEANING IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
PART H: APPLICATIONS. In: Fume Arrestment. Iron and
Steel Inst., London (England), SR-83, p. 10-23, 1963. 34 refs.
The choice of gas cleaning techniques for various steelmaking
processes is reviewed. A dry collection system is judged most
applicable for sinter plants, the particular one depending on
specific plant needs. Fabric filter and dry plate precipitator
methods are described for waste gases from open-hearth fur-
naces; some wet methods can also be used but involve corro-
sion and other problems. The high-energy scrubber and ir-
rigated precipitator are the most obvious choices for deseam-
ing process fumes, but they create secondary liquid effluent
problems. Fume control from arc furnaces can be achieved by
using roof-mounted close-fitting hoods or equipment for direct
extraction from the furnace shell; furnace gases, once emitted,
may be cleaned to 0.05 gains/cu ft by wet or dry precipitator,
fabric filter, high-energy scrubber, or a combination scrubber-
precipitator. Wet or dry methods are applicable to both the
Kaldo and LD processes. A general summary is given of the
effect of fluctuating operating conditions on collector per-
formance, and the technical factors which must be considered
in selecting appropriate gas cleaning methods are discussed in
detail for each of the steel processes outlined above.
17118
Speer, E. B.
OPERATION OF ELECTOSTATIC PRECIPITATORS ON
O.H. FURNACES AT FAIRLESS WORKS. In: Air and Water
Pollution in the Iron and Steel Industry. Iron and Steel Inst.,
London (England), SP-6, p. 67-74, 1958.
Information on the electrostatic precipitators on 330-ton open-
hearth furnaces in a steel company is presented. The furnace
system is discussed to indicate the scope of the dust-cleaning
problem with respect to volumes, pressures, and temperatures.
Modern instrumentation enables the operator to accomplish
-------
30
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
the steelmaking process with good combustion efficiency and
minimum furnace damage. The precipitator is described by
presenting the design features of the chamber, collecting elec-
trode system, discharge electrode insulators, electrical supply
units, and safety devices. Dust collection from the precipitator
hoppers is performed by a vacuum system with hoppers, pip-
ing, primary and secondary collectors, scrubber, exhauster,
storage bin, and pug mill. Problems and solutions after four
years of operation are discussed. Design conditions of inlet
loading, draught losses, outlet loading, and efficiency are
stated. The testing procedure used to check precipitator per-
formance and the test results obtained are explained. The most
serious problems encountered have resulted from gas-velocity
increase and boil-period concentrated loading. Recent and an-
ticipated improvements of major importance to decrease outlet
loading by 100% are described as a result of data obtained to
date. Various flow diagrmas and illustrations are given.
(Author abstract modified)
17127
Gaw, R. G.
GAS CLEANING. Iron Steel Engr., 37(10):81-85, Oct. 1960.
Wet and dry process dust collection systems are evaluated for
use in steelmaking, where the use of oxygen to speed up mol-
ten bath reactions greatly increases the dust and fume genera-
tion, with the dust consisting principally of extremely fine iron
oxides. In determining the gas volume of a dust collection
system, a design volume rating of 25 scfm of waste gases per
cfm of oxygen blown is in general use for electrostatic
precipitators; for scrubber applications, a lower ratio of 20 to
1 is sometimes used. When designing gas cleaning systems for
oxygen converters, allowance should be made for future in-
creases in blowing rates. The venturi wet scrubber and the dry
electrostatic precipitator systems are described and dia-
grammed, evaluated, and their costs compared. Best available
figures indicate that the total installation cost of a wet
scrubber designed for identically sized vessels and blowing
rates would be about the same as for a dry precipitator
system. In operating and maintenance costs per ton, the wet
scrubber is rated at 140, the dry system at .080, with use of
the dry dust, which has a market value of about $15./ton. Ad-
vantages of the wet scrubber system are smaller space require-
ments, tolerance of smaller volumes of exhausted gas, and
lower installation costs; those for the dry system are smaller
operating costs, flexibility of operation, more effective clean-
ing, no excessive steam plume, the ability to by-pass gases,
the recovery value of the dust, and elimination of potentional
stream pollution problems.
17138
Coulter, R. S.
SMOKE, DUST, FUMES CLOSELY CONTROLLED IN
ELECTRIC FURNACES. Iron Age, 173(2):107-110, Jan. 14,
1954.
Smoke and fume emissions from three electric furnaces used
to make plain carbon and low alloy steels in a single-slag
process are successfully controlled by Cottrell type electrical
precipitation equipment. Gas and dusts originating in the fur-
naces are drawn off through a water-cooled vent elbow, one
end of which coincides with an opening in the furnace roof.
The gases are then drawn through a two-pass flame trap, in-
dividual duct and louvre damper, a series of spray towers, and
a motor-driven fan which pushes the gas and dust into the sin-
gle two-unit precipitator serving all three furnaces. Acceptable
precipitator efficiencies are achieved at a gas temperature
below 127 F and 49% relative humidity. At full capacity, the
fan handles 140,000 cfm of moistened dust-laden gases. The
precipitated dust is accumulated in hoppers which are emptied
by interconnecting screw conveyors. These lead to a drop pipe
that discharges into a collection tank. From 12,000 to 20,000
pounds of dust are collected daily. No visible fume or dust is-
sues from any furnace openings or roofs, even with power on
and slag doors open.
17141
Akerlow, E. V.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FONTANA OPEN
HEARTH PRECIPITATORS. Iron Steel Engr., 34(6): 131-138,
June 1957.
Design modifications required to make an electrostatic
precipitator suitable for collecting fumes from an open hearth
furnace in a steel plant are discussed; as currently manufac-
tured, precipitators are too light for open hearth service. Rein-
forcement of the precipitator and its supporting structure is
necessary to minimize vibrations which can cause arcing and
short the discharge and collecting electrical systems. Proper
gas distribution within the precipitator is achieved by placing a
distribution plate comprising three curved, perforated baskets
across the width of the precipitator. It is also important that
the arc in the precipitator be quickly quenched during high-
grain loading conditions. A saturable reactor control with
selenium rectifiers has many operating advantages, particularly
in maintaining a higher rms voltage than conventional
mechanical rectifiers. To eliminate dust buildup and reduce
corrosion, rapping of the discharge electrode system is han-
dled through outside rappers mounted on insulators which are
in turn mounted in an air-cooled chamber. Problems of con-
densation inside the precipitator are corrected by the installa-
tion of ligh-weight insulating aggregate concrete on the precip-
tator roof.
17151
Basse, Bernard
GASES CLEANED BY THE USE OF SCRUBBERS. Blast
Furn. Steel Plant, 44(11):1307-1312, Nov. 1956. 10 refs.
Venturi scrubbers can successfully handle large volumes of
the submicron fumes generated in steel and blast furnace
processes. The most practical application of the scrubber is in
cleaning blast furnace gas. Furnace top pressure is utilized to
provide power for scrubbing: except for the small pumping
requirement of 4-8 gallons per 100 cfm at 90 psig, no outside
sourcy of power is required. In most furnaces with top pres-
sures of 60-75 in wg, the venturi pressure drop runs 28-35 in
wg. These reduce dust loadings in the cleaned gas to 0.01 to
0.05 grain per Scf. A pilot study carried out with a 10,000 cfm
venturi unit indicates a 0.0019 grain per Scf loading at a pres-
sure drop of 83.5 in wg. Venturi scrubbers also reduce fumes
emitted by oxygen converter processes to a point where they
become completely invisible. Dust loadings in the gases are
reduced from 8 gr/Scf of iron oxide and graphite particles to
between 0.03 and .90 gr/Scf. When operated at 14 in wg, the
scrubbers remove over 98% of the fume from oxygen-lanced
open hearth furnaces and reduce the dust load in the gas to
less than 0.04 gr/Scf. For air pollution applications, the power
required by venturi scrubbers can be adjusted to meet nearly
all local ordinances and visibility requirements.
17152
Reid, G. E.
EXPERIENCE IN CLEANING BLAST FURNACE GAS WITH
THE ORIFICE WASHER. Iron Steel Engr., 37(8):134-139,
Aug. 1960. 2 refs.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
31
The performance of orifice washers in cleaning blast furnace
gas in a steel plant was evaluated. An orifice washer was first
placed in service on a P-6 furnace which was equipped with a
twin set of conventional tower scrubbers. The orifice, fol-
lowed by a water separation tank, was installed in the vertical
gas duct on the inlet side of each spray tower. Elaborate water
spray piping arrangements are unnecessary. The important
need is the continuous addition of spray water sufficient to
wet and ensnare the dust. In a typical gas cleaning circuit,
with the gas first being cleaned by the orifice washer and then
being scrubbed by the spray tower, practically all dust removal
is the result of orifice washer action. Results showed a clean
gas loading of 0.03 grains per cu ft. This was nearly seven
times better than that secured by the conventional method
with a clean gas loading of 0.2 grains per cu ft. Similar results
were obtained with the washer installed on a P-3 furnace. The
installation required little maintenance, and only periodic
cleaning of the orifice spray pipes. The orifice washer is rela-
tively inexpensive to construct and is compatible with existing
blast furnace facilities. A disadvantage to the system is the
added pressure loss which requires about 3% more power to
be developed by the furnace wind blowing prime movers. The
cleaner gas means that a larger percentage of ore-bearing parti-
cles can be withdrawn from the gas stream and sent to the
thickeners for reclaim, resulting in an increase in the produc-
tion of sludge available for sintering. It was estimated that the
increase in the recovery of metallics resulting from greater
sludge production averages about 3%. The abatement of at-
mospheric dust discharge coupled with other operational gains
made possible by the system, secured enthusiastic endorse-
ment of the use of the orifice washer for cleaning blast fur-
nace gas.
17154
Bishop, C. A., W. W. Campbell, D. L. Hunter, and M. W.
Lightner
SUCCESSFUL CLEANING OF OPEN-HEARTH EXHAUST
GAS WITH A HIGH-ENERGY VENTURI SCRUBBER. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., ll(2):83-87, Feb. 1961. (Presented at
the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
53rd, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 22-26, 1960.)
The operation and performance of a venturi scrubber system
installed in a full-scale open-hearth process in a steel plant was
evaluated. The open-hearth process was briefly described.
Because of considerable variability in the properties of the
stack gases and dust from the open-hearth process, it was dif-
ficult to obtain the desired high level of performance from the
gas cleaning equipment. The venturi scrubber consists essen-
tially of a gas restriction and a water-spray system at the
restriction. The turbulence created by the gas passing through
the restriction atomizes the water and permits intimate,contact
between the water droplets and the solid dust particles in the
gas stream. The wetted particles are then removed from the
gas stream as the gas passes into an inertia! type entrainment
separator. The results of the test indicated that when operating
at a pressure drop of 30 in. of water, a venturi scrubber will
satisfactorily clean open-hearth gas to 0.05 grain per standard
cu ft, and there will be little or no visible effluent in the ex-
haust gas other than the steam plume. Satisfactory operation
of the recycle scrubbing-water system was achieved by bleed-
ing 5% of the total scrubbing water, containing about 1.5%
solids by weight, to a settling basin. The test program also pro-
vided sufficient operating-cost and design information to in-
dicate that the investment and operating costs of a venturi-
scrubber system would compete very favorably with those of
a precipitator-waste-heat boiler system for cleaning the gas
from open-hearth shops that have an anticipated operating life
of no more than a few years. An economical and efficient
method for cleaning the gas from those shops that have an
operating life of longer than a few years is still sought
17158
Uys, J. M. and J. W. Kirkpatrick
THE BENEFICIATION OF RAW MATERIALS IN THE
STEEL INDUSTRY AND ITS EFFECT UPON AJR POLLU-
TION CONTROL. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 13(1):20-
27, 32, Jan. 1963. 18 refs. (Presented at the 55th Annual Meet-
ing of the Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago, Illinois,
May 20-24, 1962.)
The use of beneficiated burdens in blast furnaces has in-
creased during recent years and is expected to accelerate in
the near future. Burden beneficiation is practiced through im-
proving the physical nature of the raw material and through in-
creasing the iron content of the charge. This has led to im-
proved furnace performance, 'slips' have been reduced, dust
rates, slag volumes, and coke rates have been decreased, and
production rates increased. All these factors materially
reduced possibilities of air pollution by the steel industry.
(Author summary modified)
17234
Arai, Kenya
AIR POLLUTION SOURCES AND THEIR CONTROL IN
THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY - COUNTERMEASURES
FOR SMOKES FROM BLAST, MELTING, AND HEATING
FURNACES. (Tekko gyo ni okeru baien shori gijutsu - Koro,
yosenro, kinzuku kanetsuro nado no baien taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 2(6):379-383,
July 15, 1966.
The law of smoke control establishes smoke discharge stan-
dards for all establishments generating smoke. No establish-
ment can discharge more smoke than the standard for its
category. The standard for a blast furnace is 0.5 g per N cu m;
a cupola, 2.0; a metal heating furnace, 0.7; and a drying fur-
nace, 1.2. The law also establishes sulfur dioxide and sulfur
trioxide discharge standards. When their concentrations ex-
ceed 0.5 ppm, cooperation of the industry is demanded. A
blast furnace usually discharges about two thousand N cu m
per ton of pig iron, making it a large smog source. The exhaust
gas from a blast furnace contains from 5 to 10 grams per N cu
m of smog. A primary dust collector lowers the quantity to
below 5 gram per N cu m while a secondary dust collector
lowers it to below 0.01 gram per N cu m. The primary dust
collector utilizes inertia! force. Secondary dust collecting
methods are classified as dry or wet. The dry method uses
electrical dust collectors; the wet method uses mechanical or
electrical dust collectors after washing by cleaning columns or
venturi scrubbers. Control methods for the smoke of other fur-
naces are also reviewed. Desulfurization methods are divided
into wet and the dry methods. The wet methods involve wash-
ing by alkali or amine solutions. Their merits are low costs and
high efficiencies; their disadvantages are the lowering of gas
temperature. Dry methods are those involving absorption of
adsorption by solids.
17423
Lowe, J. R.
AN ORIFICE GAS WASHER. American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, N.
Y., Proc. Am. Inst. Mining Met. Petrol. Engrs. Conf. Blast
Furnace, Materials 1957, vol. 16:28-30.
By installing orifice washers on furnaces, a steel company
reduced the dust content delivered to the mains of its gas-
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32
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
cleaning system from 0.22 to 0.032 grains per cut ft. Each ori-
fice washer assembly consists of a 4-ft 9-in. take-off pipe from
the dust catcher to the main outlet and an 8-ft diameter tank
which serves as the washer shell. The orifice itself is in the
take-off pipe which is located only a few feet from the con-
nection to the dust catcher main. Gases from the tank are
passed to the original washer, which now serves as the cooling
tower. Necessary water for the gas cleaning is introduced one
foot above the orifice through 16 open-end pipes spaced
equally around the circumference and perpendicular to the gas
flow. Through a faulty design in the outlet gas pipe elevation,
much water from the orifice tank is carried mechanically to
the bottom of the cooling tower. This will be corrected shortly.
In addition to reducing the dust content of the gas, the orifice
washer system has brought about a fair-sized reduction in fur-
nace flue-dust rate, in addition to a slight reduction in the coke
rate and a commensurate increase in iron production.
17568
Campbell, W. W. and R. W. Fullerton
HIGH-ENERGY WET SCRUBBERS CAN SATISFACTORILY
CLEAN BLAST FURNACE TOP GAS. American Inst. of Min-
ing, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New
York, N. Y., Proc. Am. Inst. Mining Met. Petrol. Engrs. Conf.
Blast Furnace, Coke Oven, Raw Materials 1969, vol. 18:329-
335.
Data on the operation of high-energy wet scrubbers for dust-
cleaning blast furnace gas at three steel plants is summarized.
High-energy wet scrubbers, if properly designed, can clean
blast-furnace gas to a degree that is acceptable for gas-fired
auxiliaries. Also, the dust content of the resulting products of
combustion will comply with smoke-control ordinances. The
cleaned-gas dust loading varies inversely as the pressure drop
across the scrubber; the pressure drop is affected by both gas
flow and scrubbing-water rate. The effect of water rate on
pressure drop is not as pronounced for an orifice scrubber as
for a venturi scrubber. For a given pressure drop, cleaner gas
will be obtained with a venturi scrubber than with an orifice
scrubber. Operating costs (exclusive of those based on capital
expenditure) would be essentially the same for both types of
scrubbers. Little maintenance is expected for either unit. A
rate of at least 5 gal of water per 1000 cu ft of gas is required
to satisfactorily clean blast furnace gas with either type of
scrubber. Higher water rates will result in higher pressure
drops, and hence cleaner gas. The final choice between an ori-
fice and a venturi will depend on the desired gas cleanliness,
on the extent to which the top pressure of the furnace can be
increased, and on whether the extra cost of the venturi could
be offset by the lower stove and boiler maintenance costs
which it affords. (Author summary modified)
17746
Hipkin, A. S.
CLEANING OF FUME FROM ARC FURNACES. In: Air and
Water Pollution in the Iron and Steel Industry. London, Iron
and Steel Inst., 1958, p. 108-114. (SP-61.)
Brief comments are made concerning the requirements of the
Clean Air Act in relation to pollution by industrial processes.
Information collected on pollution from furnaces is reviewed.
Experience of application of equipment to arc furnaces and
types of fume-cleaning plants available are outlined. With
open-hearth furnaces, the temperatures and quantitative mea-
surements of the air-gas mixtures are known and under con-
trol. With arc furnaces, fume escapes through all openings in
the shell and roof, and also at the joint between shell and roof
ring if the furnace is not in good condition. Fume emission
also varies with different furnaces depending on their design,
operation, and the type of steel produced. Plants have been in-
stalled for extraction of the fumes emitted from arc furnaces
without any attempt to collect the solids. These plants have
proved effective in producing reasonable working conditions
but they have also transferred pollution from the melting shop
to the outside air. Whether the principle of direct extraction
when producing alloy steel is metaUurgically acceptable or not,
the advantages of fume control indicate that the method
should be carefully considered whenever possible. Types of
collectors available include simple cyclones, multi-cyclones,
wet arresters, Venturi scrubbers, bag-type filters, and electro-
static precipitators. Each has merit as a collector, but not all
are suitable for application to arc furnaces. In recognition of
the Clean Air Act, it is suggested that the cleaning of furnace
fume is a process calling for research and experience.
17825
Thomas, F. A.
VENTURI GAS SCRUBBERS. (H). J. Metals, 17(3): 264-266,
March 1965.
Several years ago, a venturi gas scrubber was placed in opera-
tion at a steel plant on an open-hearth furnace. The general
gas scrubber design, operating principles, and results obtained
on this installation are outlined. Gas cleaning in the open
hearth presents a major challenge, due to the variable dust
loading, particle size, and temperature of the exhaust gases.
The venturi gas scrubber is designed to overcome these obsta-
cles and to cleanse waste gases to a satisfactory level. The
venturi scrubber installation is illustrated. The venturi gas
scrubber will clean open-hearth waste gases to 0.05 grains/std
cu ft of waste gas with a pressure drop of 30 in. of water
across the scrubber, or to 0.01 grains/std cu ft of waste gas
with a pressure drop of 40 in. of water, and with an average
scrubbing water rate of about 14 gal/1000 std cu ft of gas.
Bleeding 5% of the total scrubbing water, containing 1.5%
solids by weight, permitted satisfactory operation of the recy-
cle water system. In the older open-hearth shops without
waste heat boilers, the venturi gas scrubber, with its ability to
handle hot gases directly, provides both satisfactory gas clean-
ing and increased furnace draft. The lower capital cost, as
compared to electrostatic precipitators, makes the scrubber an
attractive investment. Also, it is possible to design a scrubber
for an open-hearth shop so that it can be used for a future
basic oxygen steel making installation, thereby attaining a dual
benefit from one capital expenditure.
17913
Bintzer, W. W.
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A FUME AND DUST COL-
LECTION SYSTEM FOR TWO 100-TON ELECTRIC FUR-
NACES. Iron Steel Engr., 41(2):115-123, Feb. 1964.
Roof fans are not adequate to remove the dust and fumes
generated by an electric furnace. Fumes and dust are not only
a safety hazard, but also present poor working conditions. The
collection system at a steel plant and some of the unusual
modifications to make it work are discussed. The sytem is
schematically presented. The material collected has a dry den-
sity of 40 to 50 Ib/cu ft. It flows like water; however, it can
become sufficiently cohesive so as not to flow on a 45-degree
slope. About 15 Ib of material/ton of steel produced or approx-
imately 10 to 12 cu yd/day are collected. Qualitative spectro-
graph analysis of particulate as collected is tabulated. A major
problem has been extreme temperature in the ducts and the
resulting by-passing of the collector. The system was designed
to operate normally under 250 F at the bag house, but tern-
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
33
peratures of 600 F have been recorded. The high duct tem-
perature that causes this system to by-pass is produced at the
end of the water-cooled elbow. This temperature is the result
of the heat evolved by the combustion of the various gases
produced in the furnace. Even though the system will collect
over 95% of all the paniculate generated in the furnace if
reasonable charging practice and proper furnace operating
procedures are followed, the problem of electric furnace
smoke and fume formation, collection, and disposal is still far
from completely satisfactory. However, this system as in-
stalled and properly operated will satisfactorily meet the
requirements and intent of any of the present existing codes
on air pollution.
17926
Squires, B. J.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE FUME CONTROL AND GAS
CLEANING. Conf. Filtration Soc., Dust Control Air Cleaning
Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 16-21. 4 refs. (Sept. 23-25.)
Electric arc steel melting furnaces emit fumes to the at-
mosphere at several points: the furnace doors, the pouring
spout opening, the roof openings that take the electrodes, and
sometimes from the furnace roof ring. This, together with the
fact that the furnace roof generally lifts and swings clear for
charging, tilts back for slagging, and tilts forward for pouring,
presents considerable problems for dust control engineers.
Satisfactory systems for collecting the fumes into a duct
system for cleaning before discharge to the atmosphere are
canopy hoods, full hoods built directly on the furnace roof,
semidirect hood control, side draft hoods, and direct shell
evacuation. In the latter method, the fumes are drawn directly
out of an additional hole in the furnace roof instead of escap-
ing through other openings. Because the gases are practically
undiluted, the method requires the smallest volume. Since gas
cleaning costs are nearly proportional to the volume being han-
dled, this system is one of the cheapest, particularly for fur-
naces of 50 tons and over. For cleaning the gases, high tem-
perature fabric filters are used extensively in the U.K. and the
U.S. These filters have several advantages over wet scrubbers
and electrostatic precipitators: they are very simple to operate
and the fluctuating conditions from an arc furnace system do
not affect their high efficiency.
19210
Matsuda, Norikazu
ABATEMENT OF AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY
FLUORIDE. (Fukkasuiso oyobi kakushu fukkabutsu niyoru
taikiosen no taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J.
Pollution Control), 6(7):509-514, July 15, 1970. !
Sources of fluoride pollutants include aluminum refining and
phosphate fertilizer, brick, glass, glass-fiber, steel, and cement
manufacturing. Fluorides emissions from an aluminum refinery
and a phosphate fertilizer plant, both subject to large numbers
of damage claims, are shown in a block diagram. Examples of
fluoride pollution by the Showa Denko plants in Fukushima
and Chiba and Sumitomo Chemicals in Ehirne are presented.
Regulations applicable to pollutant sources in Osaka and Fu-
kushima Prefectures are noted. A common method of
processing fluorine compounds is the use of caustic soda.
Fluorine becomes sodium fluoride, which is subsequently con-
verted to calcium fluoride by lime. In aluminum refineries, the
recovery rate of fluorine by the method is over 99%. Exhaust
gas, however, shows a recovery rate of only 60-70%, even in
factories equipped with a recovery device. If the density at the
source is lowered to several ppm, the use of chimnneys
around 200-m high will reduce the ground concentration to .1
ppb. At present, the recovery of fluorides is accomplished by
wet methods, which give rise to mists such as hydrofluoric
acid. The efficient processing of the mist is a future problem.
Since the demand for aluminum is predicted to be 2,000,000
tons in 1975, an increase in aluminum refineries is expected. In
the process of construction, future refineries must be
thoroughly evaluated for fluoride pollution.
19403
VDE (Verein Deutscher Eisenhuettenleute), Duesseldorf,
Germany
DUST EMISSION CONTROL, STEEL WORKS (BROWN
SMOKE) OXYGEN-BLOWN STEEL PROCESSES, CON-
VERTER. (Staubauswurfbegrenzung Stahlwerksbetrieb
(Brauner Rauch) Sauerstoffaufblasverfahren, Konverter). VDI
(Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2112, June 1966, 36 refs.
Translated from German by H. Schneider, Isreal Program for
Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 12p. CFSTI: TT 68-50469/6
The advantages of using oxygen for steel production have led
to the development of a number of new metallurgical
processes, one of the most important being the oxygen con-
verter process wherein oxygen is blown on a metal bath that is
charged into the converter from a blast furnace or cupola.
Dust in converter gases is generally known as 'brown smoke*;
it consists mainly of vaporized iron oxides and manganese ox-
ides, as well as vaporized slag components. Measures to be
applied during the blowing period in the converter and
designed to reduce the emissions of brown smoke by modifica-
tion of charge compositions or converter operation are un-
feasible with one exception. To keep dust emissions within
desirable limits, converter waste gases must be cleaned. Three
collectors discussed are filters, electrostatic precipitators, and
wet scrubbers. The operating factors influencing the separation
efficiencies of these methods are noted. To be suitable for the
process, the collectors should have an efficiency of 98%. It is
further recommended that each converter be provided with its
own waste gas stack from which gases are led by a cooling
unit to the collector. Oxygen-blown converter plants should
also be equipped with stack flares to insure the ignition of CO-
containing waste gases.
19732
Rengstorff, George W. P.
ROLE OF METHANE AND OTHER FACTORS IN CON-
TROLLING EMISSIONS FROM STEELMAKING PROCESS.
Open Hearth Proc., vol. 46:438-456, 1963. 5 refs.
Laboratory experiments on suppression of smoke from steel
plant converters and furnaces were conducted to gain an un-
derstanding of smoke-forming mechanisms. Most of the stu-
dies were made in 2-in. diameter crucibles under one of
several blowing conditions; the rate of smoke evolution for a
given period was measured in milligrams per second. A spe-
cially-designed lance was used in which oxygen and methane
were premised in a water-cooled lance just before ejection
through a single hole in the tip. The lance proved highly suc-
cessful in suppressing smoke evolution when 4-15% methane
was added to the jet. The amount required appears to depend
on jet velocity, characteristics of the flow of metal under the
lance, and other dynamic conditions. Steam is far more effec-
tive than liquid water in suppressing smoke. Photographic
evidence was obtained of the effect of methane additions, and
emission and absorption spectrographs were made of the jet
and of the gas above the surface of the metal during blowing
with oxygen and with oxygen-methane mixtures. To study ef-
fects on a larger scale, a set of experiments was made on 50-lb
heats under different oxygen-methane ratios; motion pictures
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34
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
of the results demonstrate the complete effectiveness of 15%
methane on smoke suppression. A hypothesis of smoke sup-
pression and formation is presented, although many questions
remain to be answered. An addendum includes a discussion of
reaction kinetics by several investigators.
19792
Smith, J. H.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN OXYGEN STEELMAKING.
American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum En-
gineers (AIME), New York, N. Y., Proc. Open Hearth Steel
Conf., 1961, p. 351-357.
The air pollution control system and the results of tests and
operation at a California steel plant are described. Electro-
static precipitation had not been tested on basic oxygen steel
plants at the time the plant personnel were faced with the task
of developing a satisfactory dust cleaning system for the
proposed installation. Instead, it was necessary to rely on
theory and adaptation of past experiences with the open-
hearth electrostatic precipitators. Design specifications for
three precipitators for the oxygen furnaces were established.
Each of the three precipitators was designed to handle waste
gases having a peak rate of 202,000 std cfm or 405,000 cfm at
design operating conditions. Results of the performance tests
are enumerated. Steam is introduced into the furnace gas
stream at about 12,000 to 20,000 Ib/hr from the start of the
blow. There are seven banks of water sprays around the hood
to cool the gases and condition them for the precipitator. The
first sprays are automatically turned on at 500 F, and the last
sprays, at 560 F. It is concluded that the electrostatic
precipitators are a worthwhile investment and its use for dust
cleaning in a basic oxygen system is recommended. However,
certain design changes must be made.
20096
Hashimoto, Kiyotaka
THE POINT OF PLANNING AND ITS EFFECT ON OPERA-
TION RESULT OF AN ELECTRIC PRECIPITATOR IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRY SMOKE ABATEMENT (TV) - TREAT-
MENT FOR WASTE GAS OF KON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
(Gyoshubetsu ni mini denkishujinsochi no setsubikeikaku to
untenkoka (IV) - seitetsu seiko to sono haigasu no jogai). Text
in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 3(2):93-
102, Feb. 15, 1967. 24 refs.
The waste gas from the iron and steel industry must be
cleaned by precipitating equipment according to the properties
of smoke and dust. In the manufacture of pig iron, dust is
produced in the blast furnace, coke oven, fire extinguishing
tower, and sintering furnace. Gas from the blast furnace is
most effectively cleaned by an electrical precipitator. Today, a
wet electric precipitator is used because of its high rate of
precipitation in comparison with the dry electric precipitator.
Gas from the coke oven has a higher calorific value than that
from a blast furnace. It is cleaned by the double treatment of
hot-detarer and cold-detarer. The steel making methods of a
revolving furnace and of electricity have been replacing the
method of an open-hearth furnace. Although efficiency has in-
creased, the red-brown smoke, mainly composed of oxidized
iron, becomes thick and the quantity of waste gas increases.
The smoke produced by making steel with oxygen is mainly
composed of burned iron fume. The gas should be cooled by a
stabilizer and then gathered by a dry electric precipitator.
Fumes in the waste gas of a cupola furnace cannot be
eliminated in any other way.
20226
Behrendt, Anton
GAS CLEANING IN RELATION TO OXYGEN PRE-REFIN-
ING AND THE ROTOR PROCESS AT OBERHAUSEN. In:
Air and Water Pollution in the Iron and Steel Industry. Lon-
don, Iron and Steel Inst., 1958, p. 90-96. 2 refs.
The oxygen lancing and Rotor processes in use at Oberhausen,
Germany, and the experimental and final plants used to clean
the gases given off are described. The costs of running a bag
filter are given; these are exceeded by the value of the iron
content of the dust recovered. The differences between the
dusts from the processes are described and the reasons for
them are advanced. The different methods available for the
removal of the troublesome brown color from the gases of the
pre-refining in the ladle and in working the Rotor are shown.
In contrast to the amount of gas which results from blowing in
the converter with or without oxygen enrichment of the blast,
the quantities from both the other processes on the production
scale can be kept within controlled limits. Where high gas puri-
ty is required the Elektro-filter or the Pease-Anthony ap-
paratus could be used. The very high outlet temperature of the
Rotor calls for special protection for the gas ducts. On the
basis of the observations, the dust formed in the Rotor is esti-
mated at about 15 kg/ton of pig iron. This value is appreciably
higher than for pre-refining in the ladle, which amounts to
only 4.46 kg/ton. For cooling the gas ducts, 200-240 cu. m. of
water/hr are necessary.
20227
Hipp, Norbert E. and John R. Westerholm
DEVELOPMENTS IN GAS CLEANING-GREAT LAKES
STEEL CORP. Iron Steel Engr., 44(8):101-108, Aug. 1967.
There are many problems connected with high-energy scrub-
bers which are unsolved. The high-energy scrubber has made
it possible to clean gas efficiently at a low cost in spite of the
troublesome problems that have been encountered in the
design, maintenance, and operation of this equipment. Many
of the weaknesses of these units have been corrected by the
simple addition of cooling water, both by volume and by
distance of injection ahead of the orifice. This aids in the
wetting of the gas and the minimizing of the temperature dif-
ferences, thus decreasing the abrasiveness of the gas. Great
Lakes Steel now has three of its four furnaces equipped with
some type of high-energy scrubber and plans on the next
reline to install a variable orifice scrubber on the fourth fur-
nace. Future high-temperature operation at 2000 F or more will
necessitate the installation of high-energy burners and will
create the need for gas cleanliness in the 0.001-grain per scf
range. Variable orifice scrubbers approach the level of clean-
ing gas to the required limits. Only when the maintenance
problems are solved will it then become both an efficient and
a low- operating cost unit. (Author summary modified)
20248
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Air Pollution
Control Administration
A STATUS REPORT: PROCESS CONTROL ENGINEERING;
R & D FOR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 37p., Nov. 1969.
The various phases of the work of the Process Control En-
gineering Division of the National Air Pollution Control Ad-
ministration are described as of late 1969. These include sulfur
oxides control (dry and wet limestone processes, coal clean-
ing, and new processes such as those employing molten alkali
carbonates), industrial process control (nonferrous smelting,
iron and steel, sulfuric acid, paper-making, graphic arts, iron
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
35
foundries, aluminum smelting, etc.), combustion emissions
control (e.g., fluidized-bed combustion, nitrogen oxides), ap-
plied equipment research (wet scrubbers, fabric filters, electro-
static precipitators, incinerator control), supporting measure-
ments (detection, spectroscopy, dust- and gas-sampling analy-
sis, holographic determinations, continuous monitors, etc.),
and advisory and supporting services. A special report is also
given on the alkalized alumina process for control of SO2. A
list of 110 specific research projects and 11 services is given.
More than eleven million dollars was budgeted for the Process
Control Engineering programs in 1969. The 1970 budget is ex-
pected to be more limited, necessitating an emphasis on
sustaining rather than new programs.
20280
Hoff, Hans
APPARATUS FOR THE REMOVAL OF DUST FROM CON-
VERTER GASES. (Finna Gottfried Bischoff Bau Komp.
Gasreinigungs- und Wasserruckkuhlanlagen Kommandit-
gesellschaft, Essen (West Germany)) U. S. Pat. 3,497,194. 6p.,
Feb. 24, 1970. 18 refs. (Appl. Sept. 19, 1967, 7 claims).
An improved apparatus for removing particulate matter from
the waste gases of steel-making converters is described. A gas-
collecting tube, where the oxygen/carbon monoxide reaction is
carried out to completion, is situated above the converter. The
tube opens into a dust-separating column and directs the gas
against an impingement body. Water is sprayed into the gas
between the impingement baffle and the wall of the column.
The gas is then passed to a dust-collecting unit, such as an
electrostatic precipitator or a filter. (Author abstract modified)
20699
Celenza, G. J.
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS FACED BY THE IRON AND
STEEL INDUSTRY. Plant Eng., 24(9):60-63, April 30, 1970.
Solutions to the air pollution problems in the iron and steel in-
dustry are discussed. The steel producing process involves a
number of steps with potentially troublesome exhaust emis-
sions. Coke and sinter operations, which produce raw materi-
als for the blast furnace, contribute to the overall plant pollu-
tion problem. Coke ovens emit smoke, dust, and combustion
products. These contaminants can be lessened by isolating or
enclosing storage areas, using dust control devices, and em-
ploying proper operating techniques. The dust emissions from
sintering facilities can be controlled by using cyclone separa-
tors as primary cleaners and electrostatic precipitators as
secondary cleaners. By employing a dust catcher, wet
scrubber, and electrostatic precipitator, 96% of the dust from
the blast furnace can be eliminated. Pollution control equip-
ment for the refining furnances includes electrostatic precipita-
tors, high energy scrubbers, and bag filters. The specific ad-
vantages and limitations of each of these devices are
discussed.
21324
Kato, Yujiro
PLANS AND OPERATIONAL EXAMPLES ON FILTER TYPE
DUST COLLECTOR SYSTEM AT VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(VI). THE ROLE OF BAG FILTERS IN THE METALWORK-
ING INDUSTRY. (Gyoshubetsu ni mini rokashiki shujin sochi
no keikaku to unten jisshi rei (VI). Kinzoku kogyo ni okeru
baggu firuta). Text in Japanese. Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution
Control), 4(10):663-668, Oct. 15, 1968.
The operational conditions of bag filters used for emission
control in the metalworking industry are illustrated by exam-
ples. In the zinc refining industry, bag filters are used at vari-
ous points. The baghouse for the independent electric power
plant which is provided to allow the exhausted material to cool
down is one example. Another is the baghouse for controlling
emissions from a smelting furnace exhaust. The applications of
bag filters to the aluminum industry is illustrated by the
baghouse used to control emissions from an alumina coveying
process. In a powdered lead manufacturing plant, a complete
dust collector has to be provided since the lead dust is ex-
tremely toxic and cannot be allowed to escape into the at-
mosphere. Complete hooding is also necessary. In the nonfer-
rous metal working industry, emissions are commonly worth
recovering. High efficient dust collectors are adequate for this
purpose. In the iron and steel industry, the collected material
from the exhaust is generally of little value, but dust collectors
are necessary for air pollution control. Their use is typified by
baghouses equipped for controlling emissions from electric-arc
steelmaking furnaces and from electric furnaces for ferro-alloy
manufacture. In the metal processing industry, bag filters are
also used for controlling emissions from various processes. An
example is the baghouse equipped for controlling emissions
from the finishing process of iron casting.
21355
Peterson, H. W.
GAS CLEANING FOR THE ELECTRIC FURNACE AND OX-
YGEN PROCESS CONVERTER. American Inst. of Mining,
Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), New York, N.
Y., Proc. Am. Inst. Mining Met. Petrol. Engrs. Conf. Electric
Furnace, 1956, vol. 14:262-271.
Waste gas cleaning methods for the oxygen converter steel-
making process and 200-ton electric-arc furnaces are reviewed.
To cool the dense red smoke produced by the oxygen process
to a volume that can be handled, the gases are first cooled to
550-800 F by water sprayed in a spark box located adjacent to
the hood covering the mouth of the vessel in which the
process is carried out. The gases are then passed upward
through a gash washer's four banks of ceramic tiles. The
washer has a water spray of 2200 gpm. With 50 F water, the
gas temperature is reduced to 85 F. From the washer, the
gases are carried to a Freyn disintegrator, where the moisture
eliminator fine-cleans them prior to discharge through the
stack. The operation of the electric-arc furnaces produces fine
dust and fumes which pollute the atmosphere in the vicinity of
the melt shop. The procedure used to treat these emissions is
similar to that employed for the oxygen process. The gases are
drawn off through a water-cooled vent elbow, passed through
a spark box, where they are water cooled to 550 F, then car-
ried to the gas washer and passed upward through banks of
ceramic tiles. Twenty-two hundred gallons of water per min
pass down through the washer concurrent to the flow of gas.
In the washer, the temperature is reduced to 125 F, and most
particles larger than 5 micron are trapped. After being washed,
the gases are treated in a pressure disintegrator and moisture
eliminator.
21894
Guthmann, Kurt and Gerhard Will
TECHNICAL MEASURES OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. Commission of Eu-
ropean Communities, Luxembourg (Belgium), 71p., June 1968.
The High Authority, until mid-1967 the executive body of the
European Coal and Steel Community, headed a campaign for
the control of dust and waste-gas pollution in the sectors for
which it was responsible. It was charged with promoting
production and safe working conditions of labor. It set up
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36
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
research programs for the technological control of dusts in
mines and the iron and steel industry and has since subsidized
many studies in this field. The results achieved by this Com-
munity-aided research are summarized and some of the iron
and steel industry's difficulties are analyzed, particularly with
respect to the technological and economic aspects of air pollu-
tion control. Sixteen studies were carried out in the sphere of
dust and gas measurement. Nine of these were concerned with
the comparison and improvement of dust measurement instru-
ments and the development of new ones. Five were concerned
with measuring dust concentrations at work locations. Two re-
lated to the emission and ground level concentration of dusts
and gases. Considerable progress was made in the control of
brown fumes to which 9 studies were devoted. Brown fumes
are the waste gases produced when oxygen is blown in Bes-
semer convenors, open-hearth and electric furnaces. It is com-
posed of minute iron oxide particles of a size comparable to
tobacco smoke. Five studies were concerned with the control
of other types of air pollution. Dust control methods adapted
to the prevailing conditions proved very effective in sintering
plants, in the conveyor-loading of blast furnaces, the discharg-
ing of fine ores from special skips and car tippers, and at the
working area of the driver of the burden-charging carriage. An
extremely irritating dust problem arising in the dry granulation
of blast- furnace slag was solved in spraying the dust with
water in a special suction hood.
22138
Kobayashi, T., G. Shimada, and M. Yokoi
RESEARCH OF SULPHUR OXIDE CONTROL TEST PLANT.
(Hai gas datsoolyu no kaihatsoo kenkyu). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):70, 1969.
(Proceedings of the Japa Society of Air Pollution Annual
Meeting, 10th 1969.)
A method of sulfur oxides control in waste gas from the sin-
tering process in the steel industry was tested. The gas ab-
sorber as developed by Kanagaw Prefecture Industrial Experi-
ment Station was adopted which is a wet-process and uses a
comparatively compact device with a higher absorption rate
due to its gas-liquid contact mechanism. It is capable of dust
removal and was as an absorbent the ammonia generated at
the coke producing process. In an experiment using a small
test plant, the removal efficiency of sulfur is 90 to 95% for the
case using industrial water as an absorbent and more than 98%
for ammonia; dust removal efficiency is approximatley 90%.
In the test of a medium size plant which consists of an absorp-
tion tower, a blower, pumps, tanks, demister, a heater, and
meters, with an original amount of 800 to 1000 ppm of sulfur
dioxide, it becomes 10 to 60 ppm, regardless of pH value, for
20,000 N cu m/hr; less than 100 ppm when pH is more than
7.5, for 30,000 N cu m/hr; and less than 100 ppm when pH is
above 9, for 50,000 N cu m/hr. When sea water is used as an
absorbent, it becomes below 100 to 300 ppm, depending on the
gas load. These data will be used for the design of a larger
plant.
22940
Palen, A. G. Paul
BOLIDEN IMPROVES WORK AT RONNSKAR SMELTER.
Eng. Mining J., 139(9):54-55, 1938.
A flotation process for separating arsenopyrite and copper
pyrite from barren pyrite was developed by a Swedish smelter,
thus decreasing the tonnage of ore to be smelted and improv-
ing the metallurgical practice. The concentrator treats pyrite
ore and siliceous ore derived from mineralized wall rock. The
pyrite ore yields a smelting concentrate and a pyrite concen-
trate with about 5.5 sulfur and practically free from copper
and precious metals. The siliceous ore gives a smelting con-
centrate and waste. The ore that goes directly to the smelter is
now finer than before since it passes a screen with slots 7
times 12 mm as against 15 times 32 mm. This has greatly im-
proved the reverberatory work, especially when running on a
mixture of flotation concentrates of crushed ore. With the
decreased amount of material to be treated (700 tons daily in-
stead of 1000 tons), eight 7-m diameter roasting furnaces are
sufficient. However, the smelter has introduced wet refining
processes to recover arsenic and selenium. To protect forests
against smoke damage, sulfur dioxide in roaster gases is cata-
lytically reduced by a reducing gas to elemental sulfur.
23182
Purvance, W. T.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONTROL. Chem. Eng.
Progr., 55(7):49-53, July 1959. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah,
Sept. 1958.)
The development of measures to control fluoride emissions
from a Utah steel plant which had caused damage to local
animals is described in detail. The open hearth shop and sin-
tering plant were the major sources of emission, while the lo-
cally-mined iron ore was the raw material responsible for the
greatest quantity of fluorine. On the basis of extensive pilot
plant testing, limestone was added to the sintering mix, and
equipment for cleaning sintering waste gases were installed, in-
cluding facilities for injecting pulverized limestone into the gas
stream, a battery of mechanical cyclones, and an electrostatic
precipitator. A reduction of 96% in fluoride emissions from
this source was thus achieved, with important savings from
recycling the waste gas. For the open hearth operations, it was
decided to collect and blend the waste gas effluent from all the
furnaces in a collector main flue, from where it is passed to
individual precipitator units. Clean gases are discharged into
existing stacks; hydrated lime is the reactant in the process.
The major problems encountered were handling of the col-
lected dust, control of gas moisture, and furnace pressure con-
trol. The $9 million cost of the entire control program from
research through operation is viewed as part of the cost of
using Utah iron ore. The equipment is considered unique in
that extremely large volumes of gas are continuously undergo-
ing chemical treatment and final cleaning while the final col-
lected product is disposed of.
23245
Bothe, Rolf
PROBLEMS IN DUST REMOVAL FROM THE WASTE
GASES OF IRON ORE SINTERING PLANTS. (Probleme der
Sinterabgasentstaubung bei Eisenerzsinteranlagen). Text in
German. Stahl Eisen, vol. 88:1414-1422, Dec. 12, 1968. 10 refs.
(Presented at the Commission on Power Economics and Ther-
mal Engineering, 198th General Session, Duesseldorf, June 14,
1968.)
The evolution of processes for the removal of dust from sin-
tering gases is traced, from the earlier mechanical devices to
the present-day electrostatic filters. Practical experience with
their installation and use are presented, together with com-
ments on the influence of the filter on industrial processing
techniques, with reference to its technical possibilities and
limitations. The special problems of dust removal in older sin-
tering plants is also dealt with. A basic distinction is made
between the dust problems created by the actual sintering
process and those created by the transport of materials and
other related operations of the plant; the former problem is
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
37
dealt with here. In 1960, the first electrostatic filter was in-
stalled in Europe in a West German steel mill. At the date of
writing, there were four modern iron smelting plants in Europe
that made use of the electrostatic process for dust removal.
Electrostatic filters operate most efficiently when the electrical
resistance of the dust is in the range of 10 to the 4th power -10
to the llth power OHMS/cm. In the past few years, there has
been a dramatic change in the type of iron ore supplied to
German steel mills. Whereas previously the domestic ore
dominated the market, the amount of domestic ore now used
has shrunk to about l/9th of the total. The new supplies, com-
ing from such places as Africa, has a lower content of chemi-
cally bound water and little or no sulfur content. Both water
vapor and sulfur oxides have an influence on dust resistance.
23364
Weber, Ekkehard
ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL (SERIES 5). (Jahresuebersicht Reinhaltung der
Luft (5. Folge). Text in German. Giesserei (Duesseldorf),
56(12):372-377, June 5, 1969. 88 refs.
A survey is given of literature covering a vast scope of air pol-
lution problems, including legislation, governmental regula-
tions, measurement of the content of sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide dust fall, etc. in various parts of Germany, France,
Italy, and other countries. The emissions of dust and gases
from various industries are discussed, including the types of
equipment used for their control, such as dry and wet
processes, electrostatic filters, and bag filters. Measuring
techniques are also reviewed.
23628
Storch, Otakar
EXPERIENCE WITH THE APPLICATION OF WET COL-
LECTORS IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. (Er-
fahrungen mil der Anwendung von Nassabscheide in Eisen
und Stahlhuettenwerken). National Society for Clean Air, Lon-
don (England), International Clean Air Congress Proceedings,
London, England, 1966, Part 1, p. 119-122. (Oct. 4-7, Paper
V/2.) Translated from German. Franklin Inst. Research Labs.,
Philadelphia, Pa., Science Info. Services, 10p., Oct. 23, 1969.
Since it is impossible to prevent hardening of deposited dust
on wet collectors, they are no longer used in Czechoslovakia
for the coarse-grained, agglomerative dusts produced in iron
and steelmaking processes. For coarse dust, electrostatic
precipitators preceded by dry, mechanical separators are used.
A new type venturi scrubber has been developed with a high
efficiency for removal of metallurgical dusts in the micron and
submicron range. The collector operates economically and re-
liably even when operating conditions are unfavorable. It has
the following outstanding properties: a) It permits supply of
water simply by mud pump without use of pressure, b) It dis-
tributes and atomizes the water uniformly over the entire cross
section of the venturi tube, c) Its construction is simple, and
each component is protected against corrosion, d) It requires
no special maintenance service, since all components are
readily accessible. The collector comes in seven sizes. They
have standard capacities ranging from 3750 cu m/hr to 90,000
cu m/hr. They can operate with pressure losses from 200 to
900 kg/sq m. Ninety-eight% and 99.8% collection efficiencies
are reported for FeMnC and FeSiMn, respectively, at a pres-
sure loss of about 500 kg/sq m.
23808
Adams, Richard W.
HIGH ENERGY WET GAS CLEANING FOR THE BASIC
OXYGEN OG PROCESS. Blast Furn. Steel Plant, 58(10):751-
753, Oct. 1970. (Presented at the American Society for Metals,
Pollution Control Conference, June 9, 1970.)
OA steel company's new basic oxygen steelmaking facilities
are equipped with scrubbers that use a pressure drop of 30-60
in. of water to violently impinge particles of water against par-
ticles of dirt, thereby causing the wetted particles to ag-
glomerate and drop out of the gas stream. The Oxygen Con-
verter Gas Recovery (OG) process differs in that it uses a
moveable 'skirt' which drops down around the mouth of the
furnace, enabling the pressure inside the hood to be controlled
so that a minimum of air is allowed to enter and combust with
the gas. This greatly reduces the amount of heat generated as
well as the total volume of gases, permitting a substantial
decrease in the size of the gas cleaning equipment and the
power required to operate it. Since the OG system handles
large quantities of carbon monoxide, it is necessary to keep
the ductwork as streamlined as possible; pockets could trap
gases and accumulate an explosive mixture. A circulating
system was laid out using a cooling tower to remove the heat
in a similar fashion to those systems in use in Japan, but water
which has been partially softened with a cold lime process and
filtered through deep-bed anthracite filters was thought to be
more efficient because of its high pH. Polyethylene pillows
filled with fiberglass about six inches thick were installed in
the discharge duct after the fan to reduce the noise, while the
fans were designed with gas-tight seals around the shaft.
23955
Underwood, G.
REMOVAL OF SUB-MICRON PARTICLES FROM INDUS-
TRIAL GASES, PARTICULARLY EN THE STEEL AND
ELECTRICITY INDUSTRIES. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution
(London), vol. 6:229-263, 1962. 57 refs.
The basic theory of electro-precipitators, fiber and bag filters,
and venturi scrubbers is described, together with modern
equipment capable of dealing with submicron dust particles.
Difficulties involved in continuous operation at efficiencies
over 99% are discussed with particular reference to the steel
industry and power stations. However, the information
presented should be applicable to small particles in general,
and to any industry producing this fine dust. General conclu-
sions drawn are that electro-precipitators are very suitable for
collecting dust or fume with a resistivity between 10,000 ohm
cm and 2 times 10 to the 10th power ohm cm. To ensure good
operation, perforated distribution plates and turning vanes
must be used to keep an even flow of dust and gas. Voltage
should be maintained at its highest level by means of flat col-
lecting electrodes with stiffeners at the edges of each sheet.
Bag filters, especially those cleaned by a blow-ring and
reverse jet can handle much higher dust loadings than electro-
precipitators. Wool felt bags can handle gas up to 90 C; while
silicone-treated glass bags, up to 300 C. The pressure drop of a
bag filter can vary from 2 in. wg when clean to 6-8 in. wg
when dirty; the pressure drop through an electro-precipitator
rarely rises above 0.5 in. wg. The venturi scrubber is able to
remove dust or fume of any size with efficiencies of over
99%, but pressure drops can increase to 30 in. wg. In general,
venturi scrubbers have lower capital costs but higher running
costs than electro-precipitators and bag filters.
-------
38
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
24239
Shidara, Masao
MEASURES TAKEN BY IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY TO
PREVENT AIR POLLUTION AND SO FORTH. (Tekko
gyokai no sangyo kogai boshi taisaku). Tex in Japanese. San-
gyo Kogai (tad. Public Nuisance), 6(10):578-586, Oct. 25, 1970.
The Iron and Steel Industry Association has established the
Industrial Hazards Countermeasure Committee, which has
four special subcommittees: Air Pollution Prevention, Factory
Effluent, Industrial Wastes, and Factory Safety (which han-
dles high pressure gas, and so forth.) A joint study is being
made by more than 10 manufacturers of desulfurization equip-
ment on the desulfurization of smoke issuing from pulverized
iron ore process stacks. Joint research by iron and steel
makers is being conducted using desulfurizing equipment with
a capacity of 150,000 cu ft/hr, with a 3 million dollar research
fund. Measures taken by another steel mill include establish-
ment of a pollution prevention committee, watching of smoke,
dust collection review circle, liaison council with related or-
ganizations, and smoke control staffs. Various equipment used
by the iron and steel industry for blast furnace, sintering fur-
nace, LD converter, open hearth, and electric furnace control,
such as bag filters, coolers, cyclones, centering chambers,
dust chambers, electric dust collectors, multi-cyclones venturi
scrubbers, stabilizers, washers, wet filters, and scrubbers are
described. Chemical compositions of dust collected from these
furnaces are tabulated. Measures for the prevention of sul-
furous acid gas taken by the newly operating KM Steel Mill
are described, followed by those taken by the newest KKK
Steel Mill (first firing in August, 1970). They include not only
prevention of air pollution, but also prevention of noise,
prevention of pollution of sea water, and construction of a
green belt. Investment on anti- air-pollution spent by SY Steel
Mill up to 1968 was $33 million, with a monthly operating cost
of $133,000. The rate of investment on prevention of industrial
hazards, invested by 137 mills in iron and steel industry (as of
Oct. 1969, MITI), increased from 3.22% in 1965 to 4.44% in
1969.
24676
Egley, Billy D.
SELECTION OF GAS CLEANING EQUIPMENT FOR AN
ORE PREPARATION PLANT. Iron Steel Engr., 47(11):111-
115, Nov. 1970.
A Colorado steel corporation established a separate depart-
ment in 1966 to determine the areas of air and water pollution,
to devise methods of treatment for areas requiring some type
of pollution control, to initiate the installation of equipment
which would provide satisfactory pollution control, and to act
as the liaison between the company and the various air and
water pollution control agencies. One of the department's first
targets was the highly visible red oxide plume emitted from
the main sinter plant stack, especially evident when insuffi-
cient moisture was added to the sinter mix. A three-phase plan
was developed which consisted of stack sampling in order to
gather background information, pilot testing of a variety of gas
cleaning equipment, and selection and installation of the equip-
ment. The final decision to install an electrostatic precipitator
at the sinter plant was based on the following reasons: they
were guaranteed to meet the emission specifications of less
than 0.025 grains per dry scfm; less maintenance would be
required and, as the precipitator contains few moving parts, no
additional fans would be required because of the low pressure
drop through the unit; normal mechanical and electrical
problems could be isolated without disrupting the sinter
process while still maintaining reasonable gas cleaning efficien-
cy; cleaning of the gas electrostatically would not involve
possible contamination of the plant effluent waste water
streams.
24809
Kulikov, V. O., A. E. Prikhozhenko, and N. G. Braginets
IMPROVING THE GAS CLEANING ON 100 T OXYGEN
CONVERTERS. Steel (USSR) (English translation from Rus-
sian of: Stal'), no. 6: 495-496, 1970. 2 refs.
The original gas-cleaning system for 130-133 ton oxygen con-
verters provided for primary cleaning in 90-96 venturi tubes,
each having a throat diameter of 90 m, and final cleaning in
foam plates. The system was characterized by high moisture
loss and deposition of sludge on fan rotors and in venturi tube
atomizers. As a result the average residual dust content
amounted to 200-250 mg/cu m. By reducing the number of
tubes to 18, increasing their throat diameter to 22 mm, and
adopting evolute atomizers, residual dust content was reduced
to 85-120 mg/cu m.
24881
Kazarinoff, Andrew
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION-ITS CONTROL AND COST.
Design News, 23(14):18-24, July 5, 1968.
Power generating plants, steel mills, and cement kilns are in-
cluded in the groups that will be forced by government restric-
tions to control pollutants. The industrial air pollution control
equipment available now, the cost of pollution control to in-
dustry, and some air pollution problems for which there are
yet no practical solutions are discussed. No real innovations
have been made in control equipment for a long time; the
major devices are still electrostatic precipitators, bag filters,
cyclones, and scrubbers. Research and development is needed
on equipment that can control both particulate and gaseous
pollutants; equipment that can perform at higher efficiencies
without size and cost penalties; equipment whose efficiency
curve is relatively flat over broader ranges of particle size; and
lower-cost equipment.
25384
Wilcox, Michael S. and Roy T. Lewis
A NEW APPROACH TO POLLUTION CONTROL IN AN
ELECTRIC FURNACE MELT SHOP. Iron Steel Engr.,
45(12):113-120, Dec. 1968.
Problems encountered by an electric furnace melt shop in
Michigan concerned fume collection in and around the furnace
and fume cleaning, i.e., the separation of dust and particulate
matter from gases in which it was entrained. The total emis-
sion control system adopted by the plant meets both existing
local and presently proposed state standards. The system uses
a roof truss hood for fume collection and a baghouse for fume
cleaning. The location, design, and operation of this equipment
and related faculties are described. The cloth collector was en-
gineered and guaranteed to capture in excess of 99% by weight
of solid and particulate matter entering ductwork, while the
roof truss hood portion of the system was guaranteed to cap-
ture in excess of 65% of furnace fume emission There is every
indication that these guarantees are being met.
25500
Bothe, Rolf
NEW METHODS IN ELECTROSTATIC DEDUSTING OF
WASTE GASES WITH HIGH CO CONTENT COMING
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
39
FROM STEEL WORKS CONVERTERS. Preprint, Interna-
tional Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations, 64p.,
1970. 12 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air Con-
gress 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper EN-
34D.)
In the sixties, a series of modern oxygen converter steel plants
was built with controlled minimum gas exhaust with scrubbers
used as dust collecting equipment. In many of these cases, the
purpose was to utilize the converter gases with a high carbon
monoxide content. In the course of the last 2 years, a number
of plants were built which presented the novel feature that
they combined uncontrolled exhaust, CO-rich converter gases
and the application of economically operating wet and dry
electro-precipitators. Two are described. In a plant with un-
controlled exhaust, the inert transitory volume between the
oxygen rich and the CO-rich gas phase is sufficient to avoid
the formation of explosive mixture during the phase with a
very high CO content, provided that the whole installation is
executed under strict observance of prevailing flow conditions.
This fundamental discovery made possible the use of electro-
precipitators. In 1968 a plant was erected at Dillinger Hutten-
werk AG. It was designed for uncontrolled gas exhaust and for
a value of n equals 0.7 during the phase with the high CO con-
tent. The whole plant consists of a tube lined cooling stack, a
saturator, a wet electro-precipitator, a blower, a stack, a
hydro-cyclone for sludge water pre-cleaning and a clarifying
plant. The sludge separated in the clarifying plant is pumped
into the drum mill of the nearby sinter plant without undergo-
ing any treatment. The lifting forces in the cooling stack and in
the vertical precipitator suck off the gas at the converter
mouth and convey the gases further on. The plant built in 1969
at Huttenwerk Salzgitter AG was designed for uncontrolled
gas exhaust and a value of n equals 0.2 to 0.3 during the phase
with the high CO content. The plant consists of a tube-lined
cooling stack with a subsequent evaporation cooler, a dry elec-
tro-precipitator, a blower and a surplus gas burner. Measure-
ments were made and showed that the design data and the
guaranteed dust collection efficiency had been fully attained.
Electric current and water consumptions were modest. In the
wet-type electrostatic dedusting system, the conveyance of the
sludge from the clarifying tank to the sinter plant via a piping
system did not present any difficulty at all. Small and medium-
sized converters can be fitted with a dus collecting device that
provides for gas exhaust and conveyance by natural lifting ac-
tion. Such a device could be operated without an induced
draught system of its own. (Author abstract modified)
i
25521
Grobel, E. A.
OXY-BURNER LANCE FOR FUME SUPPRESSION. Pollut.
Eng., 3(2): 28-29, July-Aug. 1970.
A properly designed oxygen-fuel burner lance can substantially
reduce emission of contaminants in electric furnace steelmak-
ing. An inner segment carries the oxygen, the middle segment
is the natural gas carrier, and the outer shell provides water
for cooling. A 45-deg bend facilitates control of the gas
stream-metal surface impingement angle. Proper location of
the oxygen carrier with respect to the converging portion of
the throat is critical. A converging-diverging throat must be in-
corporated in the nozzle portion of the burner-lance. This
system can be constructed for as low as $2000 per furnace, de-
pending on the sophistication of the metering equipment and
burner-lance manipulator.
26003
Harada, G., S. Yamamoto, K. Osumi, H. Shimizu, and H. Omi
TREATMENT OF DUST GENERATED AT IRON MILL.
(Seitetsusho ni hasseisuru dasuto shoriho). Text in Japanese.
(Japan Magnetic Ore Screening Co.) Japan. Pat. Sho 43-29863.
3p., Dec. 21, 1968. (Appl. Feb. 1965, claims not given).
A method is described for recovering oxidized iron by adding
cement or plated lime to the fine wet iron dust particulates
from the sedimentation tank, thus making it easier to handle.
Even afte the dust from the sedimentation tank is dehydrated
with a filter, it still contains 30% water which prohibits its
reuse. However, the dust mixed with cement or lime dries and
solidifies naturally, permitting reuse for sintering. Because of
the capillary action of the small air spaces between the dust
particles as well as the water adhering to their surface,
mechanical methods are ineffective Evaporation by heat is too
expensive. Dust from sticky ores and from the stacks of the
sintering mill can also be treated by this method, thus conserv-
ing useful resources.
26018
Glinkov, M. A. and N. M. Morekhina
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FINELY-DISPERSED DUST
FORMED DURING BLOWING OXYGEN THROUGH THE
MELT IN THE HEARTH OF A STEEL FURNACE. 1ST COM-
MUNICATION. (O khimicheskom sostave melkodispersnoy
pyli, obrazuyushcheysya pri produvke kislorodom rasplava v
vanne staleplavil'noy pechi. Soobshcheniye 1). Text in Rus-
sian. Izv. Vysshikh Uchebn. Zavedenii, Chernaya Met.,
13(9):166-168, 1970. 6 refs.
A review of available data leads to the conclusion that dust,
produced by blowing oxygen through the melt in a blast fur-
nace, contains ferromagnetic gamma-Fe203 which, in time,
converts to hematite (alpha-Fe203). This may be of interest in
the development of new methods for removing magnetic parti-
cles from exhaust gases by means of a rotating electromag-
netic field.
26195
A BRIEF REVIEW OF FLUE GAS TREATMENT. Eng. Min-
ing J., 92(24): 1115-1116, Dec. 9, 1911.
For metallurgical works having long flues, satisfactory deposi-
tion of flue dust, and to a certain extent fumes, can be ob-
tained by means of cooling pans and water sprays such as
Koerting nozzles. Though not universally applicable, a more
effective method is the baghouse. The life of the bags can be
prolonged by introducing zinc oxide, or some other base, into
the flues to neutralize any acids present. When used with lead
and copper furnaces, provisions must be made to reduce the
temperature of the gases. The centrifugal scrubber finds a
large use in the metallurgy of steel, while perforated plate
scrubbers are extremely effective in removing soluble sub-
stances from gases. Another control measure is the Cottrell
system of electrolytic condensation, which depends on the ag-
glomeration of floating particles by high-potential charges. The
use of tall chimneys or lattice work stacks must be considered
of doubtful advantage.
26332
Venturini, J. L.
OPERATING EXPERINECE WITH A LARGE BAGHOUSE IN
AN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE STEELMAKING SHOP. J.
Air Pollution Control Assoc., 20(12):808-813, Dec. 1970. 2 refs.
-------
40
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
Since 1965, visible emissions from the electric furnace depart-
ment of a Los Angeles steel plant have been controlled by a
525,000 cfm baghouse system. The system collects about 185
tons of particulate matter/week, or about 30 Ib of paniculate
matter/ton of steel produced. The control equipment consists
of two large baghouses, two 1250-hp driven exhaust fans, and
ducts to form the exhaust system. The latter vents the shell of
each furnace, a leaded steel pouring line, a hot scarfing
machine, and the entire building housing the furnaces. The ex-
haust fans draw fume from each furnace into cooled elbow
and spray chambers from which the cooled fume is passed to
a distribution manifold. Particle-laden fume is diverted into the
26 individual sections of the baghouse from the distribution
manifold, each section containing 120 silicone-treated, glass
fiber bags. Outlet dust loading measured in the exhaust air to
the atmosphere from the baghouse compartments averages
0.0017-0.0047 grains/cu ft. Operational costs of the system
have been reasonable, and air pollution control legal require-
ments have been met.
26546
Inagaki, Koshiro
SMOKE AND DUST EMISSION STATUS IN AICHI PREFEC-
TURE AND CONTROL FACILITIES. (Aichi kenka no baien
hasseijokyo to boshi setsubi). Text in Japanese. Kogai (Hakua
Shobo) (Pollution Control), 4(6):286-295, Nov. 1969. 9 refs.
Dust and smoke-producing industries in Aichi Prefecture in-
clude ceramic, textile, wood fiber board, heavy chemical, and
metal industries; the emission sources include boilers, sinter-
ing, electric and blast furnaces, and open hearths. The emis-
sion data such as the type of furnace, fuel, emission quantity,
and sulfur oxides concentrations are given for various indus-
tries such as ceramic, wood fiber board, and steel; some of
the emission control facilities such as dust precipitators, gas
purifiers, and dust precipitators for open hearths are described
in detail.
26612
Talbott, John A.
BUILDING A POLLUTION-FREE STEEL PLANT. Mech.
Eng., 93(1):25-30, Jan. 1971.
At a scrap steel remelting and rolling plant, the greatest poten-
tial sources of air pollution are two electric-arc melting fur-
naces and a billet reheating furnace. Control of the temperatur
and air-fuel ratio of the gas-fired billet heating furnace has
successfully prevented objectionable emissions from this
source. Fumes from the electric furnaces are rapidly cooled
and collected by a side-draft system arranged so that carbon
monoxide emitted from the furnace is burned at the duct inlet
with a large volume of excess air. This prevents the accumula-
tion of an explosive mixture in the duct or downstream facili-
ties. For treatment of the collected fumes, a spark trap was
adopted with a multiple-module bag filter unit provided with a
fan on the discharge (or clean) side of the filter. As evidence
of the efficiency of the fume cleaning, the filtered air
discharge from the fan is at a relatively low level where visible
discharge would be readily observable. Water used for cooling
plant equipment is obtained from a cooling-water pond sur-
rounded by an earth dike and provided with a drop inlet/out-
flow to prevent overtopping. There will be no cooling-water
discharge from the mill. Slag resulting from mill operations
will be used to level irregular areas of the site.
26854
Maehara, Shigeru, Isoji Igarashi, Shigeaki Morita, Koichi
Tagiri, and Fumio Kodama
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OG METHOD.
(OG-ho no kaihatsu to batten). Text in Japanese. Seitetsu Ken-
kyu, no. 226:112-136, March 1969.
The oxygen converter gas recovery (OG) process adopted by
Yawata Iron and Steel Co., the world's first industrial-scale
non- combustion type treatment of waste gas from converter
furnaces, was developed in order to avoid the combustion-type
treatment of waste gas, especially by waste heat boilers. In
pure oxygen converter furnaces, the high-temperature exhaust
gas consists mainly of carbon monoxide. In order to cool,
reclaim, and store the gas in addition to depriving it of dust
particles at non-combustion conditions, the escape of the gas
as well as the entrance of outside air through the furnace
hatch must be prevented. The basic idea is to form an inert
gas curtain around the hatch so that there is an effective re-
sistance between the gas and outside air, and the pressure dif-
ferential can be detected and the damper in the gas conduit
can adjust the gas flow to eliminate the differential. The gas
for the curtain is nitrogen. The OG process is lower in installa-
tion and operational cost compared to the combustion-type
treatment of the waste gas. The reclaimed gas can also be used
as fuel.
27553
Ueda, Akiyoshi
PRECIPITATION OF BLAST FURNACE. (Koro no shujin).
Text in Japanese. Kagaku Kogaku (Chem. Eng.), 35(0:47-53,
Jan. 1971.
The main sources of dust and particles at blast furnace instal-
lations are the conveyor for raw materials, the casting bed,
and the blast furnace gas. A well-designed suction hood over
the conveyor will control airflow; the air itself can be cleaned
by wet collision-type cleaners or bag filters. Slurry from the
wet cleaners is disposed of by adding it to the thickener used
to purify blast furnace gas. Large-scale blast furnaces requir-
ing an airflow of more than 7000 cu m/min can employ an air
curtain to abate the wind effect and reduce dust density from
2-5 gr/cu nm to 0.2 gr/cu run. The size distribution of dust
generated by the casting bed is smaller than that of conveyor
dust; about 70% of it is less than 30 micron. In terms of quali-
ty and pollution control, the purity of blast furnace gas should
be 5-10 micrograms/cu nm. Components of the gas are carbon
dioxide (18.4%), carbon monoxide (23.5%), hydrogen (3.3%),
and nitrogen (54.6%). A dust collector will collect particles
larger than 100-300 micron. A venturi scrubber has the ad-
vantage that its slot can be varied to correspon to changes in
furnace operations. Only wet electrostatic precipitators can be
used with blast furnace gas. Their waste water is treated,
together with that from the scrubber, with a thickener.
27727
Kovach, J. Louis and David G. Hannan
COMBINED DUST, AEROSOL AND VAPOR REMOVAL EF-
FICIENCY OF PACKED ACTIVATED CARBON BEDS.
Preprint, 14p. 1970. 9 refs. (Presented at the International Dust
Conference, Bonn, West Germany, 1970.)
A combined filtration system is described which consists of a
deep, packed bed of activated carbon followed by a bank of
high efficiency particulate air filters. Conventional air cleaning
systems have high cost/efficiency ratios due to the large
amount of hardware required, as well as serious shortcomings
in the removal efficiency for submicroscopic particles and in
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
41
their fragility. Design parameters were established for a boiling
water nuclear reactor emergency standby gas filter system to
remove paniculate and gaseous fission products, particularly
iodine species. The paniculate filtration efficiency of packed
carbon beds exhibited characteristics similar to the fibrous fil-
ters, i.e., an increase in efficiency with a decrease in granule
size. Carbon, which was loaded with either fly ash or DOP
aerosol, did not show a decrease in iodine vapor adsorption ef-
ficiency. When finer carbon particles are used, both the gase-
ous and paniculate efficiency of the deep bed is higher than
with coarse granules; consideration of the pressure drop and
the wider distribution of decay heat within the adsorber favor
the use of coarse grain beds. An additional advantage of the
coarse grain beds in nuclear applications is the prevention of
flooding the bed at high water droplet loadings. The shape of
the aerosol removal curves indicates that different removal
mechanisms dominate at different carrier gas velocities.
27779
Narita, Kiichi
ON PRELIMINARY DESULPHURIZATION OF MOLTEN
PIG IRON. (Yosen no datsuryu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Tetsu to Ko (Iron Steel), 57(2):411-429, Feb. 1971. 34 refs.
Various methods of desulfurizing molten pig iron are reviewed
with respect to desulfurization efficiency and agents and
operating problems. The methods discussed include: shaking
ladle, rotary drum (Domnarfvet), mechanical stirring with
either hollow or solid stirrers, high-frequency induction fur-
naces, blow-in or injection, gas injection/stirring, soda ash,
and turbulator. When soda ash is employed as the desulfuriz-
ing agent, use of the turbulator or relayed ring methods is
recommended. Soda ash desulfurization can be made more ef-
fective by increasing the amount of soda ash added and carry-
ing out the process at about 1250 C. Corrosion of the ladle by
the soda ash is prevented by using a mixture containing 25%
soda ash, 25% fluorite, and 50% lime. Further improvements
in desulfurization require a stronger desulfurizing agent such
as CaC2. Desulfurization conditions should be such that no
graphite becomes mixed with the desulfurization dregs, thus
slowing down the reaction rate.
27783
Geny, P.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE IRON
AND STEEL INDUSTRY. (Lutte centre la pollution at-
mospherique dans 1'Industrie siderurgique). Text in French.
Ann. Mines (Paris), no. 11:55-62, Nov. 1970.
The various sources of air pollution within the French iron and
steel industry are identified, the control possibilities are out-
lined and a proposal of a law for pollution control elaborated.
The introduction of new steel making techniques has ag-
gravated the pollution problem, in that the use of oxygen in
the manufacture of steel has resulted in the emission of red
fumes. The principal pollutants are dusts of particle diameters
from 10 to 100 micron, fine dust particles containing predomi-
nantly red iron oxide particles of a diameter below 10 micron,
and sulfur dioxide from sulfur in fuels or minerals. These pol-
lutants are emitted during smelting, during steel making, dur-
ing steel rolling, during sheet metal treatment, from coke
ovens, and from auxiliary installations. Dust collectors in the
mineral agglomeration shops remove 95% dust at an invest-
ment cost of 8.5% of the total investment. Dust emitted during
steel making contains 70-72% Fe304,6-8% Fe203, 7% Fe, 10%
CaO, 2.5% P205, silica, and sulfur. The red fumes have a
median particle diameter of between 0.08 and 0.12 micron. The
purification of this emission is at present not possible because
of the enormous cost this would entail, but the dust is not
noxious.
28221
Wood, A. H.
FUME COLLECTION IN STEEL WORKS. In: Gas Purifica-
tion Processes. G. Nonhebel (ed.), London, George Newnes
Ltd., 1964, Chapt. 13, Part E, p. 573-576. 31 refs.
Oxygen steelmaking processes produce brown iron-oxide
fumes predominantly 50 millimicrons to 5 microns in size. The
volume of gases to be cleaned can be as high as 200,000 cu
ft/min. Depending on the oxygen process used, dust loadings
can be as high as 3, 8, or 10 grains/cu ft ntp. For chimney
emissions from a large steelmaking vessel to have minimum
visibility, the fume content must be reduced to 0.05 grains/cu
ft ntp. The only forms of apparatus that will meet the severe
requirements of 99-99.5% fume-removal efficiency are electro-
static precipitators, bag filters, and high energy-loss wet scrub-
bers. When large volumes of gas must be continuously
cleaned, electrostatic precipitators are the most certain to give
the required performance consistently with minimum power,
maintenance, and labor costs.
28402
FUMELESS REFINING BY OXIDE INJECTION. Brit. Steel-
maker, 36(12): 14-15, Dec. 1970.
The Steel Castings Research and Trade Association, Sheffield,
has developed a fumeless process by which steel is decarbu-
rized by injecting iron oxide powder directly into the bath. The
oxide promotes a vigorous carbon boil but there is no emission
of brown fume. Any kind of iron oxide can be used, or the
oxide of an alloying metal, while the carrier gas used is nor-
mally compressed air. The reaction is endothermic, but adjust-
ment of heat input during injection makes it possible to control
the temperature. (Author abstract)
28497
Venturini, J. L.
OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH A LARGE BAGHOUSE IN
THE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE STEELMAKING SHOP AT
BETHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION'S LOS ANGELES
PLANT. Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburg Pa.,
28p., 1970. 2 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18,
1970, Paper 70-28.)
One of the largest and most expensive control systems
designed to treat all the emissions from three electric arc fur-
naces was installed at the Bethlehem Steel Corporation's Los
Angeles plant and placed in operation early in 1965. The ex-
haust system consists of a direct roof evacuation type of
water-cooled elbow and spray chamber at each furnace to
temper the gases, damper controlled canopy hoods which are
located over the furnaces and above the overhead cranes, and
all necessary ductwork connecting the collection points. This
control system provides a method of ventilating the three mil-
lion cubic foot electric furnace building, plus a leaded steel
pouring line and a hot scarfing machine. Five years of opera-
tion are reviewed and experience to date with the fume control
system is reported in terms of operational characteristics,
development, equipment design and specifications, and cost to
maintain. After the equivalent of five years of continuous ser-
vice, only 50% of the 3120 glass fabric bags have been
replaced because of wear. Outlet dust loading measured in the
exhaust air of the atmosphere from the baghouse compart-
ments averages 0.0017 to 0.0047 grains/cu ft. Operational costs
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42
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
have been reasonable. Air pollution control legal requirements
have been met. Dust and fume has either been evacuated
direct from furnace to baghouse or evacuated from the fur-
nace building in the case of effluent from charging and
tapping. The success of the system has been established by the
fact that the fume is prevented from escaping into the open at-
mosphere outside of the furnace building. The company is
satisfied with this installation, and believes that the baghouse
collector is properly applied. The present system provides
adequate ventilation most of the time, but additional modifica-
tions may be required in future to avoid peak fume conditions
inside the furnace building. (Author abstract modified)
28547
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM OF
KAKOGAWA STEEL WORKS. (Kagogawa seitetsusho kogai
boshi taisei). Text in Japanese. Kobe Seiko Giho (Kobe Steel
Eng. Repts.), 21(l):19-28, Jan. 1971. 1 ref.
Sulfur dioxide emissions were controlled at the source by the
use of heavy oil with an extremely low sulfur content, and
iron ore with a low sulfur content. The heights of approxi-
mately 30 stacks were determined on a computer by linear
programming so that either the ground concentration for each
stack or the total did not exceed the value stipulated in the en-
vironmental standard. Wind tunnel experiment were conducted
to determine the effects of buildings and the leeward topog-
raphy around the stacks. The one-hour average of the concen-
tration obtained by the diffusion calculation and the wind tun-
nel experiment was modified by using the monthly frequency
of wind direction to predict a long-term average concentration.
As an emergency measure, 10,000 tons of extremely low sulfur
oil is constantly stored. The company has its own monitoring
stations in addition to prefectural and municipal stations. For
dusts, a wet type electrostatic precipitator was employed for
particles less than 1 micron. A multicyclone separator, a dry
type electrostatic precipitator, a fan and venturi scrubber, and
a bag filter were also used. The bag filter was limited to a
small scale, because of the difficulty in processing the cap-
tured dust. For selecting the capacity of the dust collectors, an
inlet speed of 2 to 2.5 m/sec was assumed, with a 20 to 30%
reservation. The 60 dust collectors consumed 16,000 kw. Dust
covers, water sprinklers, and yard guns were also employed.
When necessary, the surfaces of ore and coal depots were
flushed with water containing an active sponge agent.
28880
COLLECTION AND REMOVAL OF FUMES AND DUST
FROM A 30 TON ELECTRIC ARC STEEL FURNACE.
(Captage et depoussierage des fumees d'un four a arc d'acierie
de 30 t). Text in French. J. Four Elec. Ind. Electrochim.
(Paris), 74(10):259-261, Dec. 1969.
A system for the collection and disposal of dust-carrying
fumes was built and installed in a Belgian steel plant in con-
junction with a 30-ton electric furnace. The 1700 C fumes are
extracted by fans from inside the furnace directly into a long
pipeline. The rate of extraction is automatically controlled de-
pending on the pressure in the furnace. In the pipeline,
complete combustion of the carbon monoxide gases takes
place, and the fumes are cooled to 130 C by th surrounding
air, and then pushed into a chamber containing a series of
polyester tissue filters, which retain and collect the iron oxid
dust and other particles. The purified gases are released to the
atmosphere. The filters are cleaned periodically by a counter
air stream. The quantity of gas collected amounts to about 350
kg per 30-ton furnace charge, producing 150 to 200 tons per
year of iron oxide powder.
28905
Bartecek, J.
DUST REMOVAL FROM THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
IN OXYGEN INTENSIFIED OPEN HEARTH FURNACES.
Hutnik (Prague), 19(9):334-337, 1969. Translated from Czech.
British Iron and Steel Industry Translation Service, London
(England), 9p., May 1970.
The measured bulk density of dust emitted from oxygen-inten-
sified open-hearth furnaces is 1.81 tons/cu m; particles below
one micron constitute 70% of this dust. At the steel plant
described, this fine dust is recovered by first cooling com-
bustion gases in stages from 800 C to 130 C and then filtering
the dust in a 10-chamber baghouse with a capacity of 120,000
cu m/hr. The dust is collected and pelletized for charging into
the open-hearth furnace. This dust-cleaning system is guaran-
teed to keep dust emissions below the legal limit of 100 mg/cu
m.
29083
Cahn, David S.
AGGLOMERATION OF STEEL PLANT FURNACE DUST
WITH CEMENT BINDERS. Cement Technol., 2(1):15-17, 20-
24, Feb. 1971. 5 refs.
Pilot plant and laboratory tests were made on blends of steel
plant flue dust and Portland cement to determine whether the
flue dust could be pelletized for use as a source of iron in dry
process cement manufacture. Strength and setting time results
showed that an acceptable agglomerate can be made with a
Type n Portland cement binder. Abrasion-resistant and well-
sized pellets were made in a horizontal drum, using simulated
closed circuit, with a binder content of 7.5% and a moisture
content below 15%. Pellet quality was relatively insensitive to
changes in binder concentration above 5%. Simulations of
stockpiling and weathering indicate that little difficulty would
be encountered with the use of flue dust pellets in cement
plants. (Author introduction modified)
29740
Scholz, Hans-Ullrich
DEVELOPMENT OF GAS PURIFICATION INSTALLATIONS
FOR ELECTRIC MELTING FURNACES. (Die Entwicklung
von Gasreinigungsanlagen fuer Elektrostahloefen). Text hi
German. Giessereitechnik, 17(1):11-14 1971. (Presented at the
Technische Staubbekaempfung, Leipzig, East Germany, Oct.
9-10, 1969.)
In the process of steel manufacture in an electric arc furnace,
using the oxygen lance method of refining, a brown colored
waste gas develops which contains a dust with iron oxide par-
ticles, most of which are well below 5 micron, down to 0.01
micron particle size A method and equipment for removal of
the dust from these gases was developed in East Germany
since 1958, using water sprays for purification. The waste gas
exhaust piping is directly attached to the roof of the furnace,
and leads to the purification station whic may serve two fur-
naces in turn. The gas, leaving the furnace at temperatures
between 1100 and 1400 C, is cooled on its path through the
long pipe line and by abundant addition of fresh air, down to
60 to 130 C. In a typical design, the purifier consists of verti-
cally disposed large venturi pipes where the gas enters throug
the top and passes downward through an intense water
shower. The lower extensions of the venturi pipes reach into a
water bath container through which the gas will pass, leaving
behind the dust particles, and emerging into an exhaust funnel.
The suction of the gas out of the furnace and its further circu-
lation is affected by fans. The rate at which the gas leaves the
furnace is automatical! controlled by a throttle device, to en-
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B. CONTROL METHODS
43
sure that a constant underpressure of 0.5 to 1.0 mm water
column is maintained in the furnace. The water bath of the pu-
rifier is arranged to permit pierodic sludge removal and addi-
tion of fresh water. A typical recently built purification instal-
lation, designed to take care of two 18 ton electric furnaces, is
capable of purifying 40,000 cu m gas per hour.
29945
Riha, Karel
REMOVAL OF BROWN FUME FROM WASTE GASES OF
OPEN HEARTH FURNACE OXYGEN STEELMAKING
PROCESS. (Prispevek k cisteni spalin martinskych peci od
hnedeho dymu pri intenzifikaci kyslikem). Text in Czech. Hut-
nicke Listy (Prague), 26(3):165-170, 1971. 12 refs.
Field trials were made on waste gas/dust collection and utiliza-
tion in iron and steelworks. The dust clogs the off-take of the
open-hearth furnace during the blowing of oxygen into the
bath through roof lances. The dust can be collected, pelletized,
and used directly as a refining agent in a steel plant.
30018
AIR FILTRATION SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC FURNACE
SWITCH GEAR AT LUKENS STEEL. Blast Fum. Steel
Plant, 59(4):222, April 1971.
In order to achieve and maintain a clean atmosphere in two
rooms of a steel plant that contain controls for three electric
arc melt furnaces, high voltage mercury tube rectifiers, and
de-gasser controls, revolving fiberglas filters were replaced by
a system called Maxi-Filtration. This system involves bringing
all the charging air for the room through a bag filter which
utilizes a specially prepared two-part filter medium for high
grade filtration. The system is operating with practically no
maintenance or cleaning problem in the switch gear rooms.
30534
Oshima, Mamoru
NITROGEN OXIDES TREATMENT. (Chisso sankabutsu
shori). Text in Japanese. Akushu no Kenkyu (Odor Research
J. Japan), l(4):55-62, March 1971.
Nitrogen oxides are more difficult to treat than other industrial
waste gases. Because no one control method yields the
required efficiency, it is necessary to combine methods or to
proceed by stages. Treatment by ammonia or by ammonia and
chloride are especially dependable methods. Nitrogen forms
compounds with oxygen such as nitrous oxide, nitric oxide,
nitrous anhydride, and nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide and NO2
are emitted from metal surface treatment factories, such as
those which wash stainless steel with nitric acid, or eliminate
scale from copper wire. It is impossible to eliminate NO and
NO2 completely, although the following methods are now
used: washing by water or alkali; venturi scrubbers; oxidation
or reduction by catalyst; oxidation by chloride; ammonia gas
treatment; the oxidized nitrogen, chlorine, and ammonia
method; and oxidation by activated charcoal (catalyst). The
ammonia gas treatment is relatively simple, with a high
elimination rate. The oxidized nitrogen-chlorine-ammonia
method requires a venturi scrubber and cottrel to eliminate the
white smoke generated. Some acutal examples of treatment
are shown including a metal refinery that uses the activated
charcoal catalyst ammonia-chlorine method; a steel mill that
uses the activated charcoal catalyst-oxidized ammonia method;
and a company producing almite that has adopted an alkali
washing-ammonia- chlorine pouring method. It is difficult to
specify standardized design criteria elimination or costs. Total
construction cost is estimated at $22,900 for a twin-tower
system with 200 cu m/min capacity.
30583
Kuehnert, K.
STEAM PRODUCTION THROUGH WASTE HEAT UTILIZA-
TION. (Dampferzeugung durch Abwaenneverwertung). Text
in German. Tech. Mitt., 64(6):212-218, June. 1971.
Waste gases from heating furnaces and reactors frequently
have temperatures which permit the economical production of
steam. If the waste gases contain dusts, erosions might occur
at an inadequate layout of the heating surfaces. A suitable gas
speed must be found which is dependent on the type of dust,
tlie grain size, and the arrangement of the heating surfaces.
Practical experience has shown that at parallel flow a speed of
eight m/sec is necessary to avoid erosion. Low-temperature
corrosion can be avoided by limiting the heating surface tem-
peratures to 400 to 450 C. Overheating of the steam is con-
ducted in separate units. Steam production from waste heat
become more economical as the temperature of the waste gas
increases. Waste heat boilers can be economically operated in
the metallurgical industry. The dust-laden gases from steel
manufacturing must be cooled for cleaning; the heat, thus
liberated, can be used for steam production. Other examples
are the chemical and petrochemical industries.
31092
Shimada, Shoji, Kinichi Sugahara, and Yasumasu Sawamura
METHOD OF TURNING DUST FROM IRON AND STEEL
MANUFACTURE INTO PELLETS IN WATER. (Seitetsu fujin
no suichu zoryu ho). Text in Japanese (Japan Steel Co., Ltd.)
Japan. Pat. Sho 46-2736. 4p., Jan. 23, 1971. (Appl. March 30,
1966, 1 claim).
Oxidized iron powder recovered from converter or open
hearth furnaces by wet dust collectors is usually formed into
pellets by the addition of large quantities of water and
thickener, followed by the elimination of the water with filters.
Mud produced in this manner contains about 50% water and is
dried in the sun prior to processing. In the present invention,
the trapped oxidized iron powder is mixed with bentonite or
thermal plasticizing resin and high polymer coagulant. The
mixture is then put into a rotating drum where the suspension
forms pellet-like floes. About 0.15% bentonite or thermal
plasticizing resin is added to a suspension solution containing
oxidized iron powder. After the solution is stirred to distribute
the coagulant evenly, 0.01-0.1% of an organic high polymer
such as acrylnitril aery I acid or polyacryl acid soluble salts, or
their mixtues, is added. The mixture is stirred lightly to
promote contact between the coagulant and oxidized iron
powder. The suspended oxidized iron powder coagulates
rapidly and the liquid is placed in a drum which rotates for 10-
15 min at one m/min.
31195
Richard, Jablin
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AT ALAN WOOD: TECHNI-
CAL PROBLEMS, REGULATIONS AND NEW PROCESSES.
Iron Steel Engr., 48(7):58-65, Ju 1971. 7 refs.
The environmental control program adopted by the Alan Wood
Steel Co. is described. The program includes methods of con-
trolling air and water pollution. A basic oxygen furnace was
installed to replace nine open hearth furnaces. Pollution con-
trol, which is difficult in the open hearth, is easily incor-
porated into the new furnace. The blast furnace slag was pel-
letized to eliminate hydrogen sulfide emissions. Measures
taken to reduce coke oven emissions include the provision of
cleaning devices for the gas offtakes and various modifications
and additions to the mechanism of the larry car. Air pollution
control at the sinter plant comprises a. proposed baghouse for
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44
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
the discharge end of the machines and a scrubber for the
windbox end. Generally, regulations and enforcement at the
local level have been strict, but fair. Reasonableness in the ap-
plication of the regulations and compromise between the com-
pany and the agencies are necessary. By 1975, the environ-
mental problem will provide effective control of all current air
and water pollution problems.
31226
PROBLEMS OF DUST, FUME, AND EFFLUENT CONTROL
IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. J. Iron Steel Inst,
vol. 209:25-26, 28-30, 32, 34, 36-43, June 1971.
In Great Britain, air pollution arising from the main iron and
steel manufacturing processes, i.e., coking, ore preparation
and sintering, ironmaking, steelmaking, and scarfing, is regu-
lated under the Alkali and Works Regulation Act of 1906,
although these processes have only been scheduled under that
act since 1958. In common with many other industries, smoke
emissions from the fuel-burning processes in the iron and steel
industry have been dramatically reduced over the years. This
is due in part to the more efficient use of the fuels, and per-
haps to a greater extent to the change from solid fuel to oil or
gas firing in many applications. While each individual process
presents its own engineering and operational difficulties from
the point of view of clean air, the biggest challenge of all has
been the control of pollution from the oxygen steelmaking
processes. The use of high-purity oxygen for the refining of
steel gives rise to copious reddish-brown fumes of iron oxide.
The particles entrained in the waste gases are extremely fine
and very high efficiency cleaning equipment is required to
prevent objectionable emissions. Cooling and conditioning of
the gases prior to cleaning are critical. Only electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, and high energy wet scrubbers
have sufficiently high efficiencies to cope with the fume
problem. Liquid effluents are also of great importance, as well
as coke-oven effluent. Several of the major plant manufac-
turers are featured with an account of the equipment and ser-
vices they provide for the iron and steel industry in the area of
pollution control. Emissions include dust, fumes, carbon
monoxide and dioxide, and sludge. Other control equipment
mentioned include venturi scrubbers, dust collectors, multi-
cyclones, bag filters, and electrostatic precipitators.
31316
Richardson, H. L.
CONTROL OF SULPHUR EMISSIONS IN AN INTEGRATED
STEEL MILL. Iron Steel Engr., 48(7):76-78, July 1971.
The dwindling supply of low-sulfur coal and more rigid en-
vironmental standards present major problems in controlling
gaseous sulfur emissions. The two chief sulfur gases discussed
are hydrogen sulfide from coking operations and sulfur dioxide
released from power boilers. The analysis was made per one
ton of hot metal produced in the blast furnace. Although they
do not exist in these exact quantities in any mill, assumed nu-
merical values are assigned to standardize the analysis. The
collection and removal of sulfurous contamination is techni-
cally feasible. Among the process considered are the dry
removal system, the catalytic oxidation process, a combination
wet-dry process utilizing injection of limestone, and an al-
kaline carbonate system. The summary indicate a need for a
pilot plan study of these processes to establish the most
desirable solution.
31344
Nishi, Saburo
DUST CONTROL MEASURES. (Funjin taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Kinzoku Zairyo (Metals in Engineering), 11(6): 12-18,
June 1971.
Dust control measures for ironworks are discussed with spe-
cial reference to the measures adopted by the Sumitomo
Kashima ironworks which opened in February 1971. Sources
of dust generation in ironworks include the pier where iron
ores, material coal, and limestone, are unloaded from
freighters; the yard where iron ores, material coal, limestone,
cokes, and pellets are stockpiled; the belt conveyors carrying
the materials to various pretreatment processes; the crushing
and screening process; the process in which the materials are
put into respective material tanks through the conveyors and
hoppers; the sintering factory where mine fines are palletized;
the blast furnace; the converter section; the calcined lime fur-
nace; the coke manufacturing factory. Dust control measures
at the Kashima works include wet dust collectors for the
material zone; a dry electric dust collector, multicyclones and
a bag filter for the sintering zone; bag filters, a gravity- type
collector, a venturi scrubber, and a wet electric dust collector
for the blast furnace zone; quencher plus venturi scrubber and
bag filters for the converter zone; dry electric dust collector
and sealed conveyor for the limestone zone; wet dust collector
and cyclone plus venturi scrubbers for the cokes zone; and a
wet electric dust collector for the rolling zone. Based on a
field investigation, the material zone needs more dust collec-
tors if the desired level of dust removal is to be achieved.
Dust removal in the sintering zone is excellent with the
present dust collection facilities. All other zones, except the
coke furnace, show generally satisfactory levels. Also noted
are guidelines used in selecting the hoods, ducts, and blowers
that will be incorporated in the dust-control facilities.
31362
Kawamara
MTTSUBISHI-LURGI RADIAL FLOW SCRUBBER. (Mit-
subishi-Rurugi shiki rajiaru furo sukuraba). Text in Japanese.
Mitsubishi Juko Giho (Mitsubishi Heavy Ind. Tech. Rev.),
8(2):367-368, March 1971.
The radial flow scrubber of Mitsubishi-Lurgi Company (West
Germany) was recently introduced to Japanese Steel and
chemical industries. The structure, operating method, charac-
teristics, and efficiency are briefly discussed. The system em-
ploys a high efficiency cleaning apparatus set in the casing,
which automatically maintains effective gas cleaning, re-
gardless of drastic changes in gas quantity. The venturi
scrubber throat is made of two rings through which the gas
passes at a high speed. Usually, dust and high speed create
abrasion of rings, so a special abrasion-resistant cast iron is
used for the rings. Minute water drops mix with gas in the
rings and work as a cooling device. The radial flow scrubber
combines the usual two cleaning parts by operating the first
cleaning apparatus by low pressure loss and returning relative-
ly high pressure gas to the furnace top. Since the second
cleaning apparatus controls the pressure, septum valve is un-
necessary. The two-level radial flow scrubber is useful not
only for a high pressure blast furnace, but, by separating the
first process for cleaning and the second process for cooling,
as a high degree cooling system. In this case, the water waste
from the second process can be used for cleaning water for
the first process. The mixture of gas and water particles is so
complete that it can be used for gas absorption up to 95%.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
45
31486
Yokoi, Masao
MEASURES FOR DESULFURIZATION OF FLUE GAS.
(Haien datsuryu taisaku). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku Zairyo
(Metals in Engineering), ll(6):19-23, 28, June 1971.
The sintering furnace usually accounts for 50% or more of the
sulfur dioxide emissions from an ironworks. Gas from the fur-
nace is quite difficult to desulfurize because its volume is
large, its dust content high, and its SO2 density low. Of poten-
tial desulfurizing processes for sintering furnaces, a special
research committee of the Japan Iron and Steel Manufacturers
Federation considered that of the Nippon Kokan Company the
most promising method. The process is based on the effective
utilization of ammonia obtained as a by-product from coke
oven gas. In the process, which is described by a flow sheet,
gas blown into an absorption column is scrubbed with sea-
water for removal of dust and partial removal of SO2. The
latter is further removed by the ammonia water that is circu-
lating in the system. Ammonia discharged to the gas as a result
of scrubbing with wash water is absorbed by fresh wash water
in the ammonia removal zone. The circulating ammonia water
is formed by dissolving in industrial water coke-oven gas con-
taining ammonia gas. Experimental desulfurization efficiency
was satisfactorily stable for a wide range of SO2 density, pro-
vided the ammonia water was pH 8 or higher. However, the
process discharges a large quantity of effluent which should be
further treated for disposal. Another experimental study is
now underway, designed primarily for disposal of the excess
absorbent.
31589
Elliott, A. C. and A. J. Lafreniere
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A WET ELECTRO-
STATIC PRECIPITATOR TO CONTROL BILLET SCARFING
EMISSIONS. Preprint, Air Pollution Contr Assoc., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 10p., 1971. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control As-
sociation, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-
July 2, 1971, Paper 71-159.)
The control of emissions generated from a scarfing machine
used in steel production was described. A tubular type wet
electrostatic precipitator was selected to collect the fumes.
The choice of a pipe type over the plate type was made to in-
sure adequate water distribution during the washing cycle. The
precipitator installation consists of twin units in parallel
designed to handle 70,000 cfm at dust loadings of 1.0 gr/cu ft
and maximum temperature of 150 F. Actual operating condi-
tions indicate a flow of 56,000 cfm and temperatures varying
between 40 and 70 F. The equipment was described in detail.
The precipitator consists of a group of 10 in. diameter collect-
ing pipes and electrode wires, enclosed in two rectangular cas-
ings of steel plate. All the interior surfaces of the structure are
epoxy coated, and internal parts are made of stainless steel.
Voltage control is automatic. The washing system consists of
eight stainless steel full cone patterns with internal movable
vane nozzles located at the top operating floor level of the
casing. The complete wash cycle is done between scarfs and
takes approximately 42 sec to complete. It does not interfere
with the scarfing operation.
31773
Hall, H. T.
FUMELESS DECARBURIZATION FOR STEELCASTING.
Mod. Casting, 59(2):59, Feb. 1971.
As a rule, steelmakers employ oxygen lancing to promote a
vigorous carbon boil to bring down high carbon, and this ox-
ygen lancing emits copious brown fumes. By injecting pow-
dered metal oxide directly into the liquid steel bath, a new
process avoids this problem, and simultaneous decarburization
and alloying can be carried out. Phosphorus removal is also
possible, if powdered lime is mixed with the mill scale during
injection. If required, chromium and manganese contents can
also be reduced by promoting a low temperature boil.
31803
ENVIRONMENTAL FORECAST: INCREASED PRECIPITA-
TION. Chem. Week, 109(7):77-78, 80, 82, Aug. 18, 1971. 1 ref.
In the past five years, the range of application of electrostatic
precipitators has been extended from atmospheric pressure to
as high as 825 psi and from temperatures below 900 F to 1700
F. Precipitators are also being designed to handle dust concen-
trations from 0.00001 grains/std cu ft to 156 grains/std cu ft
and efficiencies over 99%. Coal-burning electric stations, the
steel industry, the pulp and paper industry, and contact sul-
furic acid plants continue to be important markets for electro-
static precipitators. Precipitators are also used in processing
cement and gypsum. New or potential fields of application in-
clude Wulff acetylene production, removal of lube oil mist
from gas pipelines, shale-oil processing, and coal gasification.
32037
Hazard, Herbert R.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING. In: The Federal R and D Plan
for Air- Pollution Control by Combustion-Process Modifica-
tion. Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, Columbus
Labs., APCO Contract CPA 22-69-147, Kept. APTD-0643, p.
IV-1 to IV-22, Jan. 11, 1971. 5 refs. NTIS: PB 198066
Combustion for thermal processing in industry, which includes
all uses of heat for processing, but does not include steam
generation, power generation, or space heating, is discussed.
The principal sources of pollutant emissions in thermal
processing are: iron production, steel production, cement and
lime production, glass melting, aluminum production, brick,
tile, and ceramics production. Emissions that are large enough
to warrant attention are combustible particulates, polynuclear
aromatics, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur oxides. Nitrogen ox-
ides are formed by oxidation of the nitrogen in the fuel and in
the combustion air, under conditions of high temperature in
the presence of oxygen. Thus, formation of NOx can be
minimized by minimizing flame temperature, burning under
reducing conditions, and two-stage burning which achieves low
flame temperatures and reducing conditions. Research and
development approaches toward reduction of NOx through
combustion modification are discussed.
32134
Hausknecht, E. G.
THE USE OF A GAS TURBINE IN WISCONSIN STEEL
WORKS SINTERING PLANT AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
INSTALLATION. Preprint, 7p., Nov. 30, 1970
Two induced draft fans, used to draw gases through an elec-
trostatic precipitator are powered by 100 hp gas turbines. Ap-
proximately 75 to 100 tons/day of flue dust, with an iron con-
tent of about 60% is collected from the precipitator and trans-
ported to the sintering plant. A new waste gas cleaning system
was installed in series with the dust collecting system. This
system was designed to limit the paniculate matter of the
stack discharge to 0.02 grains/standard cu of gas. A 180 deg
bend was installed in the old stack. The gases then pass
downward through a venturi section equipped with water
-------
46
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
sprays and into the bottom of a moisture eliminator. The gases
are drawn to the top of the eliminator by a fan, powered by
another 100 hp gas turbine, and are discharged to a new stack.
Initial installation cost and operating cost influenced the use of
a gas turbine.
32791
Yamaguchi, Takekazu
ON OG EQUIPMENT. (OG socni ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Kankyo Sozo (Environ. Creation), l(l):27-34, Aug. 1971.
In 1970, 80% of the 93 million tons of steel produced in Japan
was made by a converter method, in place of open hearth
techniques. However, pure oxygen blowing systems generate
100-150 g/N cu m oxidized iron dust and large amounts of car-
bon monoxide. Many of the converters utilize a non-com-
bustion type of dust disposal equipment. The OG equipment is
characterized by the fact that the dust is easy to collect while
there is not much gas to be disposed of. With the OG tower,
100-150 g/N cu m of dust can be reduced to .100 g/N cu m.
Smoke is made colorless and the sulfur dioxide is reduced.
Several pilot plants have been operated, and the OG system is
now being used in industry. The OG system consists of a ven-
turi scrubber, an elbow separator, a cyclone separator, a
quencher, and a bag filter.
32817
Atsukawa, Masumi, Kazumi Kamei, Naoharu Shinoda, and
Tadami Eito
DEVELOPMENT OF DESULFURIZATION EQUIPMENT OF
STACK GAS BY WET PROCESSES AND ITS PROBLEMS.
(Shisshiki haien datsuryu sochi no kaihatsu to mondaiten).
Text in Japanese. Netsu Kami (Heat Management: Energy and
Pollution Control), 23(8):9-24, Aug. 1971.
Environmental standards set in 1969 determined that the sulfur
content of fuels used in overcrowded areas must be less than
1%, and by 1978, 0.55%. In 1973, 43.4 million kl of heavy oil
will be desulfurized, equivalent to 1.7 million kl of desul-
furized stack gases. The energy demand in terms of oil will be
438.5 million kl in 1975 and 933.3-1028.9 million kl in 1985.
Sources of sulfur dioxide emissions included heavy oil burning
facilities, sintering processes in iron and steel making, non-fer-
rous metal smelting, sulfuric acid plants, and pulp plants. The
volume of SO2 produced would be equal to 10 times the 1.7
million kl of heavy oil. Various desulfurization processes are
reviewed with respect to volume capacity, secondary pollu-
tion, treatment of by-products, and interference with plant
operations. The wet-type desulfurization process which is ex-
amined consists of repeated cooling of gases, spray towers,
elimination of carbon dust, and various scrubbers. Ammonia,
lime, red mud, and oxidized manganese were used as absorb-
ing liquids.
32848
Watanabe, Tamotsu
DUST COLLECTING SYSTEM USING STATIC. (Seidenki
riyo no shujin sisutemu). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Reutiliza-
tion of Resources Technical Assoc. (Japan), 12p., 1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Reutilization of Resources
Technology, 2nd, Japan, July 12-14, 1971, Paper 9.)
A new type of electrostatic dust collection system was devised
in order to eliminate dust from railway tunnels. The tunnel it-
self can be treated as an electrode, and the principle can be
applied to foundry, cement, iron, and steel plant operations. In
order to protect the workers when drills and explosives are in
use, the new system employs an electric charge to keep air in
the tunnel as clean as in office building. Smoke produced by
open burning can also be eliminated. Disadvantages of previ-
ous equipment were that they sucked in unnecessary air, thus
requiring the equipment to be large. Advantages of electro-
static dust collection systems include easy maintenance, a
small electricity requirement, gases can have high tempera-
tures, and a wide range of dusts can be eliminated.
33040
Svidrnoch, Ladislav
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF DUST SEPARATOR
ATTACHED TO AGGLOMERATOR. (Vyhodnoceni funkce
odlucovaciho zarizeni za aglomeracnim pasem). Text in Czech.
Hutnik (Prague), 16(4):160-164, 1966.
Experiences with operation and performance of a dry dust
separator, a multi-cyclone, attached to agglomerator in an ag-
glomerating plant in Rudnany, Czechoslovakia, are surveyed.
The measurements were carried out which included determina-
tion of output and efficiency of dust separator, initial and final
concentration of dust in flue gases, their temperature and
chemical composition, and the chemical and granulometric
composition of dust. Some problems connected with dedusting
of agglomerating equipment in Czechoslovakia are considered.
Possibilities of improvement of the performance of agglomera-
tor are discussed and future development in their design out-
lined.
33081
Morcinek, P. and L. Svidrnoch
CLEANING FLUE GASES FROM A 75-TON TANDEM FUR-
NACE IN THE KLEMENT GOTTWALD STEELWORKS
(VZKG). Hutnik (Prague), 18(12):540-544, 1968. 5 refs. Trans-
lated from Czech. British Iron and Steel Industry Translation
Service, London (England), 14p., Jan. 1970.
The design, performance, and operating costs of a wet gas
cleaning plant for removal of dust, ferric oxides, and other im-
purities are described. In the cleaning plant, gases first pass
through a foam cooler, where they are cooled to 120 C. Con-
densation nuclei are formed, and a part of the dust is
separated. The gases, entirely saturated with water vapor, then
pass into a venturi washer, where their cleaning is completed.
Under favorable conditions of sediment concentration in water
and specific water rate, the foam cooler separates up to 58.5%
of the whole dust load entering the plant. Under the same con-
ditions, the efficiency of the venturi washer is 40.5%. The gas
cleaning plant will be constructed as an integral part of two 75-
ton open hearth furnaces and a 30-ton electric arc furnace.
Operating costs of the system as related to steel production,
are estimated with and without water and sludge service. With
increasing utilization of dust, the costs could be reduced.
33168
Drainer, Henry C.
POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 5(10):1004-1008, Oct. 1971. 6 refs.
All iron and steel manufacturing operations produce waste
water effluents, atmospheric emissions, and solid wastes, but
the quantities and characteristics from each source vary
greatly. A medium-sized mill may discharge 100 million gallons
of water per day. Atmospheric emissions and solid waste
generation are of similar magnitude; for example, a blast fur-
nace may use air at the rate of more than 100,000 cu ft/min
and produce slag in excess of 1000 tons/day. Principal air pol-
lution problems from coke production are sulfur dioxide
generation from combustion of coke oven gas, emissions from
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
47
ovens during charging and from door and lid leaks, and emis-
sions from waste water quenching of the incandescent coke.
Abatement measures include removing hydrogen sulfide from
the gas, oven lid and door maintenance, baffling quench
towers, using clean water for quenching, and regulating coking
times. Other methods under development include negative
oven pressures during charging, larry car scrubbers, hood ar-
rangements with collection ducts and gas cleaning equipment,
and stack gas cleaning of sulfur dioxide. Principal water pollu-
tion potentials in the coke plant operation are in ammonia still
wastes and light oil decanter wastes which average about 44
gal/ton of coal carbonized and contain phenols, ammonia, cya-
nides, chlorides, and sulfur compounds. Abatement measures
include biological treatment either on site or by cotreatment
with municipal sewage, chemical oxidation, and carbon ad-
sorption. Pollutants and abatement measures are also indicated
for blast furnace operations, steelmaking processes, rolling
mill operations, and finishing operations. Conservation and
reuse practices are discussed.
33170
Gerber, Rheinhold B.
MODERN ELECTROFILTER TECHNOLOGY AND APPLI-
CATION. (Indirizzi attuali della tecnologia nel campo della
depolverazione elettrostatica ed applicazioni). Text in Italian.
Termotecnica (Milan), 25(6):321-331, 1971.
The main features of modern electrostatic precipitator are
reviewed. The demand for increasingly efficient dust removers
has led to the construction of some great electrostatic
precipitators. Thus, a precipitator built in the U.S.A. is capable
of treating three to four million cu m of gas/hr. During the
past 10 years, a total of 335 electrostatic precipitators, having
a surface of 2,115 millions sq m capable of treating a cumula-
tive amount of 161.4 million cu m of gas/hr have been built by
the coal, cement, steel, and other industries. The main
problem encountered in the functioning of an electrostatic
precipitator is the back-discharge phenomenon (and sub-
sequent blocking of the precipitator) caused by high resistivity
dusts. Humidity, temperature, dust concentration and aggrega-
tion, the presence of soluble sulfates, carbon, and alkali in the
gas, rate of passage of the gas through the filter, dust particle
size and the design of the precipitator itself greatly affect its
efficiency. The main methods used for designing electrostatic
precipitators are Deutsch s equation and Anderson s formula
(especially in the United States). Both methods have been
modified repeatedly in order to include many of the parame-
ters which affect the functioning of an electrofilter.
33401
Yokoi, Masao
EXHAUST GAS DESULFURIZATION IN IRON MANUFAC-
TURER. (Kotetsugyo ni okeru haien datsuryu). Text in
Japanese. Ryusan (J. Sulphuric Acid Assoc., Japan), 24(5):11-
19, May 1971.
The absorption of sintering exhaust gas was studied at the
Kanagawa Prefectural Industrial Test Station. The gas absorp-
tion apparatus was designed to capacitate 3000 N cu m/hr. Ex-
haust gas from a sintering plant was taken through a flue and
led to a dust collector. After dust particulates were trapped by
a small amount of water, humidity was eliminated by an ordi-
nary mist separator. The fan sucked in the gas and sent it to
the absorption tower. The absorbent was either ordinary indus-
trial water or ammonia water produced by a coke furnace.
When using industrial water, the water temperature was high
at 34 C; although solubility of SO2 was small, as much as 90-
95% was absorbed. When using ammonia water, regardless of
the conditions, the desulfurization rate was extremely good,
achieving 98% or more at all times. Industrial water was 60
t/hr; temperature, 33-35 C; pH, 7.2-7.4; ammonia water, 30
t/hr; temperature, 36-41 C; pH 8.4-8.6; and the concentration
of SO2 at the entrance, 1,400-2,000 ppm. An intermediary size
test system was constructed in the Oshima area for Japan
Kokan (Steel Pipe) Co., and desulfurization tests were carried
out between January and December 1969. A long run operation
was started this year in order to test the endurance and deteri-
oration of the material. The SO2 concentration at the absorp-
tion emission exit is 40 - 80 ppm at all times, testifying to the
efficiency of the apparatus. The capacity of the apparatus is
30,000 N cu m/hr gas treatment; size, 4.6 by 4.6 by 12.0 mH;
gas blower capacity, 50,000 N cu m/hr; the capacity of the am-
monia and sea water circulation tanks, 23 cu m each; ammonia
water circulation pump capacity, 200 cu m/hr, and the capacity
of the sea water circulation pump, 150 cu m/hr.
33416
Noda, Hiroshi and Shigeo Asano
DRIVE MECHANISM OF AIR BLOWER FOR DUST COL-
LECTOR. (Shujin yo sofuki no kudo sochi). Text in Japanese.
(Daido Seiko K. K. (Japan)) Japan. Pat. Sho 46-24545. 2p.,
Aug. 24, 1972. (Appl. Nov. 13, 1968, claims not given).
The capacity of an air blower incorporated in a dust collector
is usually determined by the maximum volume of gas handled.
To reduce operating costs, blower suction volume is reduced
when exhaust gas volume is below the maximum. This adjust-
ment in suction volume is usually achieved with a damper
system or by controlling blower rpm. A new blower-drive
mechanism features two electric motors with different poles.
The motors are connected in series, one being the main motor
with larger output and the other the auxiliary motor with
smaller capacity. The main motor is operated when gas volume
is large and the auxiliary motor when volume is low. The two-
motor system is used most advantageously with dust collectors
for steelmaking arc furnaces, where gas emission fluctuates
drastically and can generally be classified into two volume
levels. An air blower with a 4-p 170-kw main motor and a 6-p
75-kw auxiliary motor will reduce the annual operating cost for
an arc-furnace dust collector with a capacity of 1200 cu m/mm
substantially below that of the damper (vane controller) and
rpm control systems. Electric power costs are estimated to be
$5208.00 for the two-motor system; $7112.00 for the damper
system, and $6132.00 for the rpm control system.
33438
Zdenek, Zdenko
PURIFICATION OF CONVERTOR FLUE GASES IN AN OX-
YGEN STEEL WORKS OF EAST SLOVAKIAN IRON
WORKS IN KOSICE. (Cisteni konvertorovych spalin v
kyslikove ocelarne VSZ Kosice). Text in Czech. Hutnik
(Prague), no. 8:373-375, 1968. 8 refs.
The purification of dust from converter gases is described
which is based on combustion of converter gases and cooling
of flue gases followed by the purification of dust in two
stages. Detailed description of the design of the gas purifica-
tion equipment is given and technical data are presented. The
two-stage purification of dust consists of a dust chamber or
stabilizer, where larger particles are separated, and of an elec-
trofilter for fine particle purification. The properties of the col-
lected converter dust were analyzed. Both chemical and granu-
lometric composition varied depending on where the sample
was collected. The average composition of the dust was 65-
75% ferric oxide, 15-19% ferrous oxide, 1.2-2.2% manganese
oxide, and five to six percent calcium oxide. Magnetic com-
-------
48
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
ponents formed 89-94%. Average granulometric composition of
the dust was determined. The fraction 0.01-0.04 mm was the
largest (38%). About 10-12 kg dust is formed per ton of steel.
The problem of its liquidation has not been satisfactorily
solved so far. Possibilities of dust processing into brickets or
its recycling into a converter are mentioned.
33548
Brough, John R. and William A. Carter
ADR POLLUTION CONTROL OF AN ELECTRIC FURNACE
STEELMAKING SHOP. Preprint, Air Pollution Control As-
soc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 31p., 1971. 4 refs. (Presented at the Air
Pollution Control Association, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic
City, N. J., 1971, Paper 71-158.)
The selection of dust collection equipment was explained.
General shop production requirements were established at 100
tons of steel/hr. A conventional swing roof furnace design was
selected for the pair of furnaces in the shop. The concept of
total emissions control was adopted as the goal. Fume collec-
tion methods were studied, and a double collection system was
chosen. Roof truss hoods were installed to control all general
emissions to the shop atmosphere. The hoods are located
directly over each furnace, above the service crane travel
area. Each hood is partitioned into three sections to permit lo-
calized concentration of the draft over a particular fume
generating area. The second collecting method is by direct
evacuation from the furnace shell through a water-cooled duct
system. The hot furnace gas in the ducts is cooled by mixing
with ambient shop air. Gases from the hoods and the dust are
mixed together and drawn into large induced draft fans. The
fans blow the gases into a baghouse where the dust is filtered
out, and the cleaned gases escape to the atmosphere. Tem-
perature of the gases entering the baghouse is closely con-
trolled by regulating the amount of ambient air admitted
through the roof truss hoods and the air valves along the
ducts. An emergency bypass stack protects the baghouse from
system control failure. Dust is processed in a rotating drum
where it is mixed with just enough water to cause it to ag-
glomerate into pellets. The pellets are used for landfill. The
quantity of dust collected averages about 30 Ib/ton steel. Emis-
sions from the shop are negligible and the environment within
the building is quite good. (Author abstract modified)
33897
Braginets, N. G.
REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC DUSTINESS. (Snizheniye
zapylennosti vozdushnogo basseyna). Text in Russian. Metal-
lurg, no. 11-12:40-41, 1969.
Some improvements in the purification of flue gases in con-
verter production of steel are discussed. The gas purifier TTsP
was provided with 18 venturi pipes which were wetted by jets.
Two blade separators followed the pipes. Using venturi pipes
of a larger diameter than 221 mm stabilized the process of gas
purification during the converter operation. Flue gases from
open hearth furnaces (remaining dustiness was 100-150 mg/cu
m) was achieved by combination of wet gas purifiers, a small
number of venturi pipes with cyclones, and scrubbers with a
4400 mm diameter. The addition of 40% lime and fluorite to
the cast iron scrap decreased the amount of dust carried away
by convection.
33918
Okumura, Eijiro and Hiroyasu Matsumoto
DESIGN OF FLOATING SCRUBBER AND TURBULENT AB-
SORBER. (Shisshiki shujin oyobi gasu kyushu sochi no sekkei
- Furotingu sukurabba, taburento abusoba ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Kagaku Sochi (Plant and Process), 9(10):ll-22, Oct.
1967. 4 refs.
The Floating Scrubber (FBWS), wet type dust collection
device, and the Turbulent Absorber (TCA), a gas absorption
device, were discussed including their basic mechanisms, con-
struction, and design theories. Practical applications include
dust removal in iron manufacturing plants; dust removal, sul-
fur dioxide recovery, and gas absorption in pulp factories;
dust removal in steel manufacturing dust removal in sulfuric
acid manufacturing plants; absorption of SO2 from waste gas
in H2SO4 manufacturing plants; recovery of fluoride com-
pounds from waste gas phosphoric acid manufacturing indus-
try and from waste gas in aluminum manufacturing industry.
Both the FBWS and TCA are scrubber columns filled with
lightweight plastic balls between two grids. The washing liquid
is sprayed through a nozzle from above and the gas to be
treated is fed in from below; the gas causes a violent turbulent
motion as it ascends to contact the wash liquid. Since the gas-
liquid contact system occurs in the space between the two
grids, the balls contact the media, float with the gas and liquid.
Since the gas-liquid contact system occurs in the space
between the two grids, the balls contact the media, float with
the gas and liquid, revolve, and hit each other, thus causing
stirring. This keeps the surface of the balls clean so that a new
liquid film can form. Also, the area of contact between the gas
and the liquid is enlarged for effective dust collection and gas
absorption. The constant stirring keeps the grid meshes free
from viscous or other substances formed by the absorption
reaction. This is known as self-cleaning. Both FBWS and TAC
are patented to UPO of the U.S.A. and feature no clogging,
even with viscous substances; low pressure loss compared
with its high gas velocity; higher contact effect resulting in
higher efficiency; and stable and long-life performance.
33952
Vacek, A. and A. Schertler
WASTE-GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS AT OXYGEN STEEL
PLANTS. Iron Steel Inst., London, Spec. Kept., no. 61:82-89,
1958. (Presented at the Iron and Steel Institute, Air Pollution
Meeting, London, England, Sept. 25-26, 1957.)
The L. D. oxygen steelmaking process consists of oxygen
blown through a tuyere onto the surface of the hot metal in a
refractory-lined vessel. Outgoing reaction gases continue to
bum in the flue at temperatures up to 3632 F. Current types of
gas-cleaning systems, however, will only tolerate a maximum
gas temperature of about 392 F. The difficult problem of cool-
ing the waste gases was solved when a fume-cleaning system
was combined with a waste-heat boiler system. Preliminary
work is described, as well as trials with chemical dust collec-
tion, soft water, Theisen disintegrators, Baum venturi scrub-
bers, and the Waagner Biro wet cleaning system. The latter
system, comprises an eddy-type washer with direct and
counter gas flow. An electrostatic precipitator is connected to
the system. Dry cleaning systems which were tested included
slag-wool filters, coke filters, electromagnetic filters, and elec-
trostatic filters. The waste-heat boiler and the Lurgi electro-
static precipitator system are described, as well as processes
in use elsewhere.
34071
Hashimoto, Haruhiko
ON TECHNOLOGY OF UTILIZATION OF DUST FROM
STEEL MAKING. (Sangyo haikibutsu dearu seiko enjin no
shigenka gjjutsu ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Reu-
tilization of Resources Technical Assoc. (Japan), 5p., 1971.
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B. CONTROL METHODS
49
(Presented at the Seminar on Reutilization of Resources
Technology, 2nd, Japan, July 12-14, 1971.)
A process is described which uses the dust from the produc-
tion of steel for the smelting of zinc and lead. The dust col-
lected from open hearth or electric furnaces is too fine for
reclamation and, if not handled properly, may be the cause of
secondary pollution. It contains too many other metals to be
suitable for a raw material in the production of steel or non-
ferrous metals. However, taking advantage of the fact that
most of the valuable metals in the dust are oxides and, utiliz-
ing the difference in pressure of these metals, zinc and lead
have been successfully recovered to avoid secondary pollu-
tion. The dust is pelletized, and the appropriate amount of
reaction controlling reagent and coking coal are mixed before
being charged into a rotating kiln. Foreign bodies such as
scrap iron and fire-proof refractory materials should be
eliminated from the dust before processing it. A special
method is described to eliminate the accretion of materials in
the rotating kiln to improve its operating efficiency.
34079
Brooks, S. H. and W. J. Calvert
EXTERNAL POLLUTION FROM AN IRON AND STEEL-
WORKS AND MEASURES TOWARDS ITS REDUCTION.
Iron Steel Inst., London, Spec. Rept., no. ,61:5-15, 1958. 17
refs. (Presented at the Iron and Steel Institute, Air Pollution
Meeting, London, England, Sept. 25-26, 1957.)
Emissions from iron and steelworks are examined with respect
to specific sources, control methods, and annual costs.
Cokemaking, ore preparation, ironmaking, steelmaking, reheat-
ing and heat treatment, boilers, locomotives, and steam
cranes, along with their various individual processes, emit
smokes, dusts, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur in stack gases, iron
oxide fumes, sulfur oxides, and grit. The control measures al-
ready in use or proposed for future installation included
process and constructional modifications, the dry coke
quenching technique, cyclone separators, cooling, drying,
secondary cleaners (bag filters and electrostatic precipitators),
settling chambers, high stacks, venturi scrubbers, continuous
slag-wool filters, fuel desulfurization, and monitoring
techniques. Data on emissions correlated to source, amount,
control method, annual cost, and efficiency are included.
34082
Granville, R. A.
THE CAPITAL COSTS OF SOME WASTE-GAS CLEANING
PLANTS FOR USE IN DXON AND STEELWORKS. Iron Steel
Inst., London, Spec. Rept., no. 61:23-30, 1958. 11 refs.
(Presented at the Iron and Steel Institute, Air Pollution Meet-
ing, London, England, Sept. 25-26, 1957.)
The capital costs of control methods for emissions from vari-
ous equipment and processes in iron and steel works are ex-
amined. The sources of emissions included the open-hearth
furnace, emitting iron oxide fumes, scale and slag particles,
and waste gases containing sulfur oxides; the sinter plant,
emitting sulfur oxides and dust; electric arc furnaces;
deseamers; pulverized fuel fired furnaces; crushing, grinding,
and sieving plants emitting dusts. Dry and wet electrostatic
precipitators, automatic fabric filters, and wet scrubbers were
analyzed as controls with respect to inlet gas temperature and
pressure, dust concentration, efficiency, plant capacity, and
approximate costs.
34084
Septier, Louis G.
A PILOT PLANT FOR THE REMOVAL OF mON-OXTOE
DUST FROM THE FUMES ARISING IN THE PRE-REFEVING
OF IRON WITH OXYGEN. Iron Steel Inst London, Spec.
Rept, no. 61:74-81, 1958. (Presented at the Iron and Steel In-
stitute, Air Pollution Meeting, London, England, Sept. 25-26,
1957.)
For the ladle refining of iron, particularly when using oxygen
for pre-refining iron and steel, a pilot plant was developed for
the precipitation of iron oxide particles, which would be
troublesome if discharged into steelwork sheds or the at-
mosphere. The pilot plant for dust removal consists of a dry
and wet cleaner in series, the essential features of the latter
being a venturi scrubber. The largest particles are collected
and the fumes are cooled during the preliminary dry purifica-
tion. The purifier is composed of 49 cells of honeycomb form;
each compartment has a vane at the entrance, giving a cen-
trifugal motion to the thin streams of gas. In addition to the
venturi, the wet purification utilizes a washing tower and a
cyclone. Measurement of concentrations of solid particles in
the fumes presents a difficult problem on account of the high
temperature, and has made it necessary to devise a special ap-
paratus.
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50
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
10461
Antipin, V. G.
DUST FORMATION IN THE MELTING CHAMBER OF
LARGE-CAPACITY OPEN- HEARTH FURNACES. Izv.
Vysshikh Uchehn. Zarecknii Chernaya Met, No. 2:39-44, Feb.
1961. 6 refs. Translated from Russ- ian. Henry Brutcher
Technical Translations, Altadena, Calif. HB-5150, 9p., 1961.
Available from Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, Al-
tadena, Calif.
A rapid, portable measurement instrument has been developed
for detenning the amount of dust in waste gases from open
hearth fur- naces. The method is based on turbidity measure-
ments of glycerin after bubbling through it a measured volume
of stack gas. Samples may be crawn and the dust content
determined in three minutes. The old method, employing fil-
ters, required more than three hours per determination. Data
are presented on the variations in quan- tity and composition
of dust given off during an iron production heat. The effect of
fuel and mode of its combustion on the dust load is
established for the open hearth furnace.
14774
Maatsch, Jurgen, Horst Achterfeld, and Hartmut Kamphaus
METHOD OF AN APPARATUS FOR THE AUTOMATIC OB-
SERVATION AND REGENERATION OF DEVICES FOR THE
SAMPLING OF WASTE GASES. (Beteiligungs- und Patent-
verwaltungs G.m.b.H., Essen, Germany) U. S. Pat. 3,457,787.
5 p., July 29, 1969. 6 refs. (Appl. Aug. 2, 1966, 22 claims).
A method is described for sampling dust-containing gas from
an oxygen-blowing steel production process where the sampler
includes a conduit leading from the process, a filter in the con-
duit, and analyzers for determining the composition of the
sampled gas. The steps in the method comprise feeding a gas
sample stream through the conduit; sensing the flow condition
of the gas through the conduit; adjusting the feeding of sample
gas to maintain a substantially constant rate; observing the
state of charge of the filter by detecting variations in the flow
conditions; and regenerating the filter by passing pressurized
gas through the filter in a reverse direction when the state of
charge of the filter exceeds a predetermined value.
15940
Wakamatsu, Shigeo
DETERMINATION OF ZINC IN STEELMAKJNG DUST.
(Seikoro dasuto chu no aen no teiryo). Text in Japanese. Tetsu
to Hagane, 54(7):787- 795, June 1968. 45 refs.
A simple chelatometric titration method was developed for the
determination of zinc in dust generated by steel-making
processes. Zinc forms a negatively charged chloride complex
which is adsorbed by the strongly basic anion exchange resion.
Maximum adsorption of zinc is obtained in 2N HCL. In this
medium, most elements with which zinc is associated in dust
are not adsorbed by the resin. Therefore, it is possible to
separate zinc from iron, aluminum, manganese, calcium, mag-
nesium, chromium, and nickel. Zinc is then eluted from the
resin with 0.3N HN03 and titrated with EDTA, with EBT used
as the indicator. A subsequent titration procedure obviates in-
terference from adsorbed iron, copper, tin, lead, or arsenic.
While having the same accuracy as gravimetric methods, the
proposed method has the advantage of speed. (Author abstract
modified)
17425
Carney, D. J., A. J. Deacon, and T. L. Batina
CONTINUOUS ANALYSIS OF IRON BLAST FURNACE TOP
GAS. American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum
Engineers (AJME), New York, N. Y., Proc. Am. Inst. Mining
Met. Petrol. Engrs. Conf. Blast Furnace, Materials 1954, vol.
13:142-157. 7 refs.
Variations in blast furnace top gas composition were deter-
mined with a continuous gas analyzer installed on two modern
28-ft hearth furnaces; an attempt was made to correlate the
variations with blast furnace operation. In the three-year stu-
dy, blast furnace operating data were obtained from blast fur-
nace records and were averaged daily. Gas samples were
withdrawn periodically at the analyzer and their composition
was determined by the Orsat method. The average carbon
monixide content varied from 20 to 24%; carbon dioxide, from
12 to 17%; and hydrogen, from 1.2 to 3.0%. One of the few
direct relationships observed was the correlation of iron-
production rate with top gas composition. Production was
greater when the CO/CO2 ratio was low (1.5 to 1.7) than when
the ratio was high (2.0 to 2.2). A direct relationship between
moisture in the blast and hydrogen in the top gas was also ob-
tained for from 1 to 12.5 grains of moisture per cu ft of blast.
Top gas composition calculated by a modification of the
Joseph technique agreed reasonably well with actual measured
composition.
20434
Foumenteze, J. L.
DIFFICULTIES OF GAS SAMPLING FOR ITS CONTINUOUS
ANALYSIS. (Les difficultes de la prise de gaz en vue de son
analyse continue). Text in French. Rev. Met. (Paris), 64(1):61-
71, Jan. 1967. 6 refs. (Presented at the Journee des Mesures en
Siderurgie, 1'Association Technique de la Siderurgie, March 3,
1966, Paris.)
The present needs of the steel industry for continuous
analyses of the composition of gas originating in blast-, coke-,
or iron-ore agglomerating furnaces, gas generators, and the
like are considered. Three types of continuous analysis are
presented: one involves merely a continuous sampling of these
gases and their chemical analysis by traditional methods or
those made by an Orsat apparatus; one involves continuous
sampling and the use of automatic recording analyzers provid- j
ing current information regarding the process to a human
operator in control of the process; one involves continuous
sampling, automatic analysis, and automatic control without
the intervention of a human operator. In every individual case,
the design of the sampling equipment and procedure depends
on the nature of the gases to be analyzed and on the peculiari-
ties and scope of their analysis. Three sources of error are
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
51
described: faulty sampling locations; malfunctioning of the
sampling equipment due to coarse or fine dust, water or water
vapor, high temperature of the sampled gases; and improper
handling of the gas samples. The need for utilization of per-
tinent theoretical knowledge is stressed and, as well as the
need for full and honest collaboration between user and maker
of continuous sampling equipment in all stages of its design
and installation.
22934
Flux, J. H., D. J. Smithson, and R. N. Smithson
SIMPLIFIED DUST SAMPLING APPARATUS FOR USE IN
IRON- AND STEELWORKS. J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), vol.
206, part 12: 1188-1193, Dec. 1968. 7 refs.
The development of a simple but reliable probe which operates
within a gas duct or stack is described. Although designed to
meet the specialized requirements of iron- and steelworks, the
equipment and techniques could find applications in other in-
dustries. The entire apparatus, which is schematically illus-
trated, can be passed through a two-in. bore valve and the
probe fitted with a sleeve to screw into a standard piece of
pipe. When not required for sampling, the pipe is plugged to
ensure that the sampling point remains gas tight. The sampling
of dust and fumes in gases is divided into four basic states:
gas velocity and temperature measurements; dust loading
determination; particle size analysis; and particle shape analy-
sis. The dust loading measurements are required to obtain an
assessment of the weight of solid to be collected by the
proposed gas cleaning plant. Particle shape and size analyses
are essential to ensure that the correct type of unit is em-
ployed. Velocity measurements are made with pilot tubes,
while the temperature of the gas is measured by an ap-
propriate thermocouple and galvanometer. Gas volumes are
recorded by a Rotameter and stopwatch, except when fluctua-
tions in flow are experienced. Then a dry gasmeter is used to
integrate the total flow. Dust load is determined in a long
straight section of pipe upstream and downstream. Particle
size is analyzed with the Alpine jet sieve (for sizes down to 20
micron m) or the Coulter counter (for the range 1-50 microns
m). Particle shape is examined with an electron microscope.
33045
Triplett, Gary
ESTIMATION OF PLANT EMISSIONS. Preprint, p. 15-27.
1970 (?). 21 refs.
There are times when it is not possible or practical to deter-
mine emission rates by stack sampling; in these cases emission
rates may be estimated by utilizing available emission factors.
An emission factor is the statistical average of the mass of
contaminants emitted/unit quantity of material handled,
processed, or burned. The emission factor may also be ex-
pressed as the quantity of contaminant/unit quantity of final
product or effluent volume. These factors have been
developed through stack testing or by material balance calcula-
tions. Emission factors are normally given in terms of uncon-
trolled emissions. Therefore, the type and effectiveness of
control equipment must be considered when calculating emis-
sions from controlled sources. Particle size distribution and ef-
fective stack height should also be considered. Emission fac-
tors are given for coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and wood burning;
solid waste disposal; incinerators; paint manufacturing; the
food and agriculture industry; primary metallurgical processing
including iron and steel manufacturing, open hearth furnaces,
basic oxygen furnaces, electrical arc furnaces, and blast fur-
naces; smelting and foundries for aluminum, brass, lead mag-
nesium, steel, and zinc; mineral processing of asphalt, calcium
carbide, cement, concrete, glass and lime; petroleum produc-
tion, and the kraft pulp industry. (Author abstract modified)
33953
Jackson, R. and R. A. Granville
MEASUREMENT OF DUST IN FLUE GAS. Iron Steel Inst.,
London, Spec. Rept., no. 61:119-128, 1958. 7 refs. (Presented
at the Iron and Steel Institute, Air Pollution Meeting, London,
England, Sept. 25-26, 1957.)
Principles of dust sampling are reviewed, and the design of
sampling equipment is discussed. The primary object in most
dust measurements is to determine the amount of dust passing
through a selected cross-sectional area of a duct. The equip-
ment consists of a probe tube carrying, at the sampling end, a
small high-efficiency cyclone with a removable dust hopper.
Many of the iron and steelmaking processes, particularly those
involving the use of oxygen, generate an iron oxide fume
which is carried out of the system in a stream of hot gas.
Since these particles of fume are mainly submicron in size and
cannot be collected by a cyclone sampler, equipment has
therefore been designed which will permit rapid isokinetic
fume sampling in hot corrosive gases. Dust measurements of
emissions from batch-type and continuous sinter plants are
described, as well as from producer-gas cleaners and open-
hearth furnaces. Results from field tests are presented. Dust
samples collected in various tests were sized by sieving down
to 53 microns.
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52
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
00038
J. Cholak, L.J. Shaffer, D. Yeager
AIR POLLUTION NEAR AN IRON SLAG PROCESSING
PLANT. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Quart., 15(3):220-225, Sept.
1954.
The plant involved in this investigation made a serious effort
to reduce the emissions of dust, but when complaints con-
tinued to be received, a survey was made to appraise the con-
ditions in the area. The survey is of interest because it illus-
trates some of the procedures and equipment useful in the in-
vestigation of problems of this type. All of the evidence in-
dicated that the contribution of the plant to the pollution of
the area, as measured by the quantities of settled dust and by
the quantities of matter suspended in the atmosphere, was
considerable, although, the total pollution was not excessive as
compared to that of other industrial cities.
05145
J. L. Sullivan
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF POLLUTION BY METAL-
LURGICAL INDUSTRIES IN PORT KEMBLA (PART I OF
AIR POLLUTION BY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES).
Australia Dept. of Public Health, Sydney, Division of Occupa-
tional Health. 1962. 62 pp.
Air pollution was surveyed in a metallurgical town, Port Kem-
ble, located on the coast of Australia. Iron and copper ores are
smelted and the major emissions consist of solid particulates
and sulphur dioxide gas. The presence of the latter is most
noticeable in the wake of the plume of the stack of the copper
smelter during the north-east winds which prevail in summer.
In winter the prevailing winds cause industrial pollution to be
blown seawards. Tests for sulphur dioxide were made by daily
volumetric sampling instruments and a Thomas automatic
recorder. The section of the town most severely affected con-
sisted of a swathe of about 200 yards wide and extending to a
point where habitation ceased about 0.6 mile from the 200 feet
high stack of the copper smelter. Daily readings of the gas
were not spectacular and the highest result was 0.62 part per
million. During a little more than three years 24 hour readings
of 0.2 part per million or more were measured on 39 days.
However, a different picture was obtained from the continu-
ous recorder. This showed that high concentrations of sulphur
dioxide tended to occur in episodes of a few hours each.
Peaks of greater concentration than 5 parts per million were
recorded on numerous occasions and the maximum for the
sampling period was 13.5 parts per million at a point 0.45 mile
from the source. Complaints of respiratory distress were made
frequently and most householders had ceased to try to grow
vegetables. Dust-fall rates measured as water insoluble solids
by a deposit gauge consisting of a six inch diameter conical
glass funnel and bottle were high by normal standards.
Average annual rates varied between 17.9 and 86.1 tons per
square mile per month. In some locations within a half mile
from the edge of the steel industries summer dust-fall rates
were found to exceed 100 tons per square mile per month. At
one point a mile and a half from the steel industries the
monthly rate during 1960 varied between 13.6 and 43.4 tons
per square mile. Smoke densities were found to be low by
comparison with other cities in New South Wales despite
frequent evidence of haze. The introduction of oxygen lancing
on open-hearth furnaces, without control measures, had little
or no effect on smoke density levels. (Author abstract
modified)
05623
E. C. Tabor and J. E. Meeker
EFFECTS OF THE 1956 STEEL STRIKE ON AIR POLLU-
TION LEVELS IN SEVERAL COMMUNITIES. Proc. Air Pol-
lution Control Assoc., 51st, Philadelphia, Pa., 1958. pp. 24/1-
24/20.
This paper reports the results of a study conducted in several
steel producing communities during and immediately following
the steel strike of July, 1956. The study was limited to the fol-
lowing communities: Homestead, McKeesport, Pittsburgh, and
Donora, Pa.; East Chicago, Ind.; and Birmingham, Ala. A con-
tinuous sampling program for the collection of suspended par-
ticulate matter was set up in all communities. Lower levels
were found while the steel mills were shut down as a result of
the strike than after the mills resumed operation. No dif-
ferences in levels of Sb, Ba, Be, Co, molybdenum, and nitrate
were observed during the two periods. Statistical analysis of
data for iron, zinc, manganese, lead, sulfates and copper
demonstrated that significantly lower values were found during
the strike period in the following instances: Fe and Zn in all
communities; Mn in Birmingham and Donora; Pb in Donora
and East Chicago; sulfates in Allegheny County and Donora;
Cu in none of the communities. In Donora, it was found that
the soiling power of the air during the strike period was half
that of the post strike period. The occurrence of occasional
high levels of pollutants during the strike period indicates that
there are sources contributing to pollution of the air which
may not be obvious in the presence of an industry which is
frequently looked upon as the major offender.
07406
Terabe, M.
PUBLIC NUISANCE BY AIR POLLUTION. Text in Japanese
Kuki Seijo (Clean Air-J. Japan Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo),
2(4):l-6, 1965. 6 refs.
The changes in air pollution problems and pollution by soot,
dust, and SO2 are discussed. While soot and dust fall
presented the greater problem in the past, SO2 is the present
menace. In Yokkaichi city, 90% of the fuel used is petroleum
and 400 tons of SO2 gas are emitted each day. A maximum
peak of SO2 concentration was recorded at more than 1 ppm
in the city. Another problem is automobile exhaust gas. In the
past 10 years the number of cars has increased seven-fold. The
chemical composition of the air in Tokyo and in Los Angeles
are tabulated. The concentrations of CO and SO2 are higher in
Tokyo. Measurements of dust and soot fall were made in
Kawasaki, Tokyo, and Yokohama. The maximum value was
61.2 tons/sq. km. month in Kawasaki and 56.0 tons/sq. km.
month in Tokyo. The biggest generators of dust and soot are
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
53
the power plants, iron, steel, and cement industries. Dust par-
ticles 10 microns in size are radiated to 50 km from a chimney
80 m high by a wind velocity of 3.6 m/sec. The amount of sul-
fur in heavy oil used in industry is tabulated. Yokkaichi
asthma has become an issue since 1962. About 10% of the
citizens over SO has asthmatic disease in 1963 in Isazu in Yok-
kaichi city. Asthmatic disease increases when SO2 reaches a
concentration above 0.3 ppm. Yokohama-Tokyo asthma is also
mentioned. SO2 concentration in Kawasaki is higher than in
Tokyo. In 1964, the average range was 0.010 to 0.094 ppm in
Tokyo and 0.041 to 0.115 ppm in Kawasaki.
10618
George Graue, and Helmut Nagul
DETECTION AND REMOVAL OF FLUORINE IN THE
WASTE GASES OF A STEELWORKS AND MEASURING
AIR QUALITY IN ITS SURROUNDINGS. Staub (English
translation), 28(1):9-17, Jan. 1968. 5 refs. CFSTI: TT 68-
50448/1
Air-quality measurements of fluorides were taken near a large
steelworks for a period of three years. They revealed that the
positioning of the measuring devices is of decisive importance.
For example, gross errors are liable to occur if ore dust en-
trained near ground level is included. After eliminating such
errors the total precipitation of fluoride in the course of 3
years was established as between 2 and 6 mg/sq.m./day. No
free fluorine is emitted by steelworks, although gaseous
fluoride compounds can occur. Downstream of metallurigcal
furnaces, particularly where 'brown smoke* is emitted, this
fluorine is partically completely adsorbed on the dust. Con-
sequently, even when using excessive quantities of fluorite, it
is retained by the dust collectors just like the dust itself. It is
irrelevant whether wet or dry collectors are used. Accordingly,
there is no reason to avoid the use of fluorite in steel making,
provided efficient collecting units are used. Emission of coal-
fired boiler plants is less governed by the fluoride content of
coal than by the more or less basic character of the ash. Emis-
sion of this origin can be largely prevented by dust collection.
(Authors' conclusions, modified)
23391
Heller, A.
REPORT ON THE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH OF THE
INSTITUTE FOR WATER, SOIL AND AIR-HYGIENE IN
THE FEDERAL HEALTH OFFICE OF THE TOWN DIS-
TRICT OF DUISBURG DURING THE YEARS 1954/1956.
World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark), Regional
Office for Europe, Proc. Conf. Public Health Aspects Air Pol-
lution Europe, Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 284-296. (Nov. 6-14.)
Following complaints about air pollution from the ironworks,
coal mines, and chemical plants in the town of Duisburg, dust
and waste gas emissions inside and outside factories and
plants were measured from 1954-1956. In 1954, 35 mg sulfur
was recorded 300 m from a sulfuric acid plant and 20 mg in
the vicinity of another chemical plant. By 1956, the values
were lower due to more effective acid-washing processes. A
comparison of the results of the interior and outdoor measure-
ments showed that the effect of waste gas in general reaches
only about 3 km downwind under normal weather conditions.
However, smoke and waste gas streams in the Duisburg area
are often superimposed on each other, since the plants are
crowded into a narrow zone. The result is a nuisance to the
population, despite numerous measures taken by the firms to
control air pollution. Zoning laws are needed to prevent the
construction of new factories in residential districts. Where ex-
isting plants are in close proximity to residences, the effect of
emissions should be reduced by buffer strips. New residential
communities should not be built in the prevailing downwind
direction from industries producing smoke, dust, odors, or
discharging sour gas. In some cases, the construction of tall
chimneys may be required to protect the population from im-
moderate waste gas concentrations.
24227
Randerson, Darryl
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MN AND BR IN AN URBAN AREA
AS REVEALED THROUGH ACTIVATION ANALYSIS. At-
mos. Environ., 4(3):249-257, May 1970. 8 refs.
In an attempt to identify some of the components of air pollu-
tion in Houston, fifteen high-volume samplers were operated
continuously for 24-hr periods. The major industries in
Houston consist of oil refineries and petrochemical plants as
well as secondary manufacturers such as steel mills, fertilizer
companies, and paper mills. Filter papers from one day of
sampling were irradiated in a thermal neutron flux and the
resulting radio- nuclides were identified. Manganese and
bromine were detected. The primary source of Mn compounds
probably would be process losses from cement companies,
chemical companies, and a steel mill located upwind from the
sampling stations, while it is proposed that the Br compounds
may have originated from ethyl fuel combustion. During one
24-hr period, the concentrations of Mn ranged from 0.02 to
0.56 micrograms inverse cu m while those of Br ranged from
0.04 to 1.09 micrograms inverse cu m. The spatial distributions
of these two elements were related to the meteorological con-
ditions. Patterns of concentration appeared to be related to the
predominant direction of wind. Depending on the elements to
be detected, the average cost per sample is estimated to be
between $50 and $100. (Author abstract modified)
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54
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
08439
R. A. Nishchii, I. A. Brazgin
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE
OF SMELTING DUSTS. ((Primenenie metoda elektronnoi
difraktsii dlya izucheniya strukturnogo sostova plavil'nykh
pylei.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.),
32(4-6):236-241, April-June 1967. 2 refs. CFSTI: XT 67-51409/2
A detailed study of the structure of dust by electron diffrac-
tion was made. By means of a rotary device, samples were
taken directly from the smoke column (above the arc furnace),
and from the steelworkers' breathing zone. The diffraction
patterns of the samples were studied by electron microscope.
The diffraction image is formed because of the wave character
of the electrons. When it encounters the lattice atoms, the
electron wave is diffracted and reproduces the diffraction of
the atoms of chemical compounds on a photographic plate. By
electron diffraction and microdiffraction it was possible to
determine the composition of industrial dust discharged into
the aerial medium from the electric-arc furnaces. Dust
generated by the manufacture of refractory alloys and steels
consists mainly of compounds with a complex physico-chemi-
cal structure, including complex silicates of iron, aluminum,
chromium, manganese, etc. The chemical composition of
smelting dust depends upon several factors, such as the grade
of steel, the technological process, the smelting stage, etc.
With the method proposed for the study of the structural com-
position of dust, it is possible to apply the electron diffraction
method to hygienic investigations.
08572
Sunavala, P. D.
COMPUTATIONS ON INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION J.
Mines, Metals Fuels (Calcutta), 15(8):242-244, Aug. 1967.
Incomplete combustion found in the use of equipment such as
blast furnaces, cupolas, gas producers and partial oxidation
processes for the manufacture of synthesis gas was mathe-
matically analyzed from: (1) CO2 max relations; (2) extension
of earlier calculations on complete combustion; and (3) direct
elemental balances. The utility of the CO2 max relation arises
from the fact that it can be calculated both from the fuel gas
as well as the flue gas compositions. Equations for calculating
the carbon monoxide content in the flue gases from the carbon
dioxide and oxygen analysis are provided in a table. For mixed
gas practices in steel plants, the volume ratio of blast furnace
gas to coke oven gas, can be evaluated by using CO2 max
relations. The direct elemental balances method employs the
development of equations for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen balances in the fuel gas and the flue gases in terms of
the unknown parameters which can be evaluated. The ratio of
nm to the third power blast furnace gas to nm to the third
power coke oven gas in mixed gas practice can be calculated.
Fro the straight combustion of any fuel gas, relations ob-
tained, depending on the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, as
well as the carbon and nitrogen balances, ar e given. Equa-
tions are provided for the air/fuel and flue and flue gas/fuel
gas ratio by volume, if the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
balances are employed.
10473L
Kosaka, M. and S. Minowa
EFFECT OF RATE OF CARBON ELIMINATION UPON THE
FORMATION OF OXIDE FUMES IN THE OXYGEN BLOW-
ING (OF STEEL). Tetsu to Hagane,50(ll:17 1738, 1964. 8 refs.
Translated from Japanese, Henry Brutcher Technical Transla-
tions, Altadena, Calif., HB-6413, 10p., 1964. Available from
Henry Brutcher Technical Translations, P. O. Box 157
Alatadena, Calif. 91001
The reaction kinetics and mechanism of carbon elimination
and iron oxide fume formation in steelmaking were studied in
a laboratory scale oxygen-lance furnace. The elimination rate
of carbon was fou to be an erratic function of the carbon con-
tent in the melt. Iron oxide fume production was found to be
very small for carbon content of 1.5 to 2.05, proportional to
carbon content between 2.0 and 3.55 carbon, and irregular to
contant when carbon content was above 3.5. The effect of
melt surface area on fume production was small, leadi to the
assumption that reaction is localized to the region directly
below the oxygen lance. An equation is presented relating the
fume formation to the conditions prevailing in the system.
10717
Woehlbier, F. H. and G. W. P. Rengstorff
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF GAS FORMATION DURING
BLAST-FURNACE SLAG GRANULATION WITH WATER.
Preprint, Batelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, Ohio, (12)p., 1968.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 26, 1968, Paper 68-
136.)
The reactions between liquid slag and water or steam were
studied in the laboratory and by thermochemical analysis. The
experimental approach was to melt 100 grams of slag in a gra-
phite crucible and to drop the liquid slag into a closed con-
tainer partially filled with water. After the slag had been
granulated in this way, the gas in the granulating chamber was
analyzed. The experimental procedures were designed to study
the gas-forming chemical reaction rather than simulate plant
practice in the granulation of slag. The experimental results,
which were shown to be well reproducible indicate that major
gaseous reaction products include hydrogen and H2S. Under
these particular experimental conditions, very little SO2 was
formed. A 300 F decrease in slag temperature prior to granula-
tion decreases the amount of H2S formed by about one order
of magnitude. The amount of H2S formed is directly propor-
tional to the amount of hydrogen formed. The characteristics
of the quenching process, e.g., the amount of water used,for
granulation, have an effect on H2S formation. A water-slag
reaction mechan- ism is proposed according to which a reduc-
ing H2-H2O film is developed at the slag-steam interface in
which the H2S can form and in which it is dept from burning
to S/2. Before it reaches more oxidizing areas outside the H2-
H2O layer, the H2S is then cooled below the critical reaction
temperature by the quenching action of the water. Introducing
oxygen into the slag before granulation appears to prevent the
formation of H2S. The propos- ed slag-water interaction model
suggests several ways by which H2S formation during blast-
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F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
55
furnace slag granulation might be suppressed but more
research is needed to determine their validity. (Au- thors' sum-
mary, modified)
13084
Richardson, F. D. and J. H. E. Jeffes
THE THERMODYNAMICS OF SUBSTANCES OF INTEREST
IN IRON AND STEEL MAKING, m. SULFIDES. J. Iron Steel
Inst. (London), vol. 171:165-175, June 1952. 66 refs.
A survey was made of available data on the thermodynamics
of sulfides and gaseous sulfur compounds of interest in iron
and steel making. The results are plotted on free energy vs
temperature diagrams, and equations and likely accuracies are
quoted for each substance. One free energy diagram includes
those gaseous sulfides of interest in furnace or laboratory in-
vestigations. The metal sulfide free energy diagram includes a
number of metals which are not of direct interest in iron and
steel making, such as platinum, indium, and molybdenum,
because their behavior limits their use as containers and heat-
ing elements in laboratory investigations in sulfide systems.
The non-stoichiometry of metal sulfides is discussed.
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56
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
00021
J. J. Schueneman, M. D. High, and W. E. Bye
AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF THE IRON AND STEEL IN-
DUSTRY. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air
Pollution. (999-AP-l.) June 1963. 34 pp.
This report is a summary of published and other information
on the air pollution aspects of the iron and steel industry, in-
cluding coke plants incident thereto. Processes, equipment,
and raw materials are briefly described. Air pollutant emis-
sions and means for their control are discussed in detail, with
respect to sintering; coke production; blast furnaces; oipen
hearth, Bessemer, electric, and basic oxygen steek-making fur-
naces; and other operations. The effects of pollutants on com-
munity air quality are described, and knowledge of health
aspects of pollutants is summarized. Laws regulating pollutant
emissions are given, and control equipment and measures
needed to comply with certain laws are listed. (Author)
05146
A. Bell
THE EFFECTS ON THE HEALTH OF THE RESIDENTS OF
EAST PORT KEMBLA (PART D OF AIR POLLUTION BY
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES). Public Health Dept., Syd-
ney, Australia, Div. of Occupational Health, 1962. 153pp.
948 residents East Port Kembla were asked a standardized
questionnaire in order to determine the prevalence of chronic
bronchitis. Smaller numbers of people underwent a pulmonary
function and sputum test. Individual findings for the regions of
high and low pollution were compared. Residents were specifi-
cally questioned to determine the prevalence of nasal catarrh,
whether head colds 'settled on the chest', number of times
they were confined to bed because of chest illnesses, wheeze,
cough, phlegm, and dyspnoea. Out of the 471 people who
agreed to participate in the tests designed to determine how
many have sputum, 333 were found to be so affected. The na-
ture of the samples returned suggests that the bronchitis
present in the area is of a mild type. The results of the pulmo-
nary function tests did not show important differences
between the residents in the separate areas. It does not appear
that the longer a person lives in any of the three areas, the
more likely he or she may develop a lower pulmonary function
value. Of the people examined in January, 160 were requested
to undergo a second lung test in August. The results found on
the two occasions differed very little. Out of the people inter-
viewed 6.7% were diagnosed as suffering from chronic
bronchitis.
07472
Roshchin, I. V.
THE EFFECT ON THE ORGANISM OF THE AEROSOL
LIBERATED BY THE BESSEMER PROCESS. ((Aerozol1,
obrazuyushchiisya pri konvertemom peredele chuguna, i ego
gigienicheskaya otsenka.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit.), 32(l):31-36, Jan. 1967. CFSTI: TT67-51409/1
Over a period of several years, the dust factor was studied in
the course of all the principal operations involved at a smelter.
The dust concentrations in the vicinity of the converter, mixer
and crane operators were very considerable; the dust concen-
tration in the air of the shop was stable. The largest quantity
of aerosol came from the converter necks. Less dust was
generated in the course of mixing, pouring the pig iron, charg-
ing the ore and discharging the semi-finished products and
slags. Electron microscopy showed that in the disperse phase,
spherical particles, characteristic of a condensation aerosol,
predominated. Chemical analysis of 20 samples of the dust
aspirated from the air and deposited on the equipment showed
3.4 to 5.2% of total SiO2 and 1 to 2.1% free SiO2 in the
disperse phase, while the carbon content reached 1%. The
content of the other admixtures, -chromium, manganese and
vanadium and sulfur-did not exceed 0.5% each. As the
chromium, manganese and vanadium in the dust are trivalent,
their toxicity is relatively low. About 85-93% of the disperse
phase is made up of iron oxides. On X-ray examination pneu-
moconiosis was found in 7 workers and suspected pneu-
moconiosis in 3 workers. Four workers showed stage JJ pneu-
moconiosis, while in the rest it was in the first stage. The
capability of aerosol from the converter shops to cause pneu-
moconiosis was confirmed by intratracheally administering 50
mg portions of settled dust, in the form of a suspension, to 30
albino rats weighing 180 to 230 g. The animals were kept under
observation for about 15 months. Groups of animals were
killed at 3-month intervals and their organs were microscopi-
cally examined. Animals autopsied three months after adminis-
tration of the dust showed a mild acinous emphysema and
small subpleural accumulations of dust. Animals killed after 6
months showed increased pulmonary emphysema, and after 15
months this was still more marked. No pathological changes
were found in other internal organs. It is recommended that
the maximum permissible dust level in converter shops should
be 6 mg/cu m.
08232
SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN THE AIR. Brit. Med. J., No. 5432, p.
339-400, Feb. 13, 1965.
One of the main contaminants of the atmosphere in Great
Britain is sulphur dioxide. It is released whenever car-
bonacesous fuels con- tabling sulphur, such as coal, coke, and
oil, are burnt, and it has irritant and corrosive properties. Con-
centrations of sulphur dioxide in the city of London have
averaged 0.11 p.p.m. in the summer and 0.17 p.p.m. in winter.
The highest recorded concentration of sulphur dioxide in the
London smog of 1962 was 1.98 p.p.m. measured over one
hour. Since the introduction of the Clean Air Act in 1956 the:
concentration of smoke in smoke-control areas has fallen appr-
ciably, but the concentration of sulphur dioxide has not fol-
lowed suit because the technical difficulties are such that is
has been considered impractible to impose restrictions on its
emission. At present there is no single way of removing
sulphur dioxide, but much can and should be done to keep the
concentration of this corrosive and possibly harmful gas in the
atmosphere as low as possible.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
57
08441
Egorova, T. S.
SOME DATA CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF LOW AT-
MOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF SILICON DIOXIDE
ON CHILD HEALTH. ((Nekotorye dannye o vliyanii malykh
kontsentratsee dvuokisi kremniya v atmosfemom vozdukhe na
zdorov'e detskogo naseleniya.)) Hyg. Sanit. (English transla-
tion of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32(4-6):280-284, April-June 1967. 5
refs. CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The determination of th e level of atmospheric pollution by sil-
ica around a factory manufacturing ferrosilicon alloys and its
effect on child health was attempted. The atmospheric dust
content was studied at the level of human respiration. Air sam-
ples were taken within a radius of 3 km by means of a truck
aspirator on filters AFA-18. The samples (136) were tested for
total dust concentration, concentration of free silica, and the
percentage content of the latter in the dust. The effect of in-
dustrial discharges was studied by health statistical analysis of
disease incidence in children, based on data of pediatric medi-
cal consultations, clinical examination of children and data on
their physical development, and a special questionnaire for the
population concerned with the effects on health and living
conditions of the discharges. For comparability of data on the
health of children residing in the area with polluted air and in
the control district, studies were made of the livin g and
dwelling conditions of the children and the economic means of
their families. In the absence of special installations for the
treatment of gases, these gases caused considerable at-
mospheric pollution. Concentrations of finely dispersed dust
were 1.75 to 3.1 mg/cu m, considerably in excess of the max-
imum permissible concentration of 'nontoxic dust.' Some of
the determinations revealed the presence of 30-66% of free sil-
ica which is the most toxic component of the discharges. At-
mospheric pollution by the discharges has an unfavorable ef-
fect on the health of children, causing an increased overall
morbidity and a higher incidence of respiratory infections and
otorhinological disorders; moreover, the children's physical
development lagged as compared to controls. Industrial
discharges have an unfavorable effect on the sanitary and liv-
ing conditions of the population. These finding proved the
necessity for installations for the treatment of atmospheric
discharges from furnaces producing ferrosilicon alloys and for
a sanitary-protective zone separating the plants and the re-
sidential area.
08575
Mazina, D. V.
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING DURING SHUT-OFF OF
THE BURNER BLOWERS OF THE AIR HEATERS IN
BLAST FURNACES. ((Otravleniya okisyu ugleroda pri
ostanovke ventilyatorov gorelok vozdukhonogrevatelei domen-
nykh pechei.)) Text in Russina. Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya (Moscow), 10(12):54-55, Dec. 1966.
Three cases of carbon monoxide leakage causing 2 fatalities
and 5 heavy and medium poisoning of blast furnace personnel
occurred in the Zaporozhiestal and Dneprostal Steel Plants
within the past 8 years. The incidents were caused by discon-
nection of the blowers in the air heaters when the gas nozzles
were fully open. To prevent similar accidents, a control
system was installed which automatically turns off the gas
nozzles when the blowers stop. Such measures are recom-
mended also for Cowper heaters in other plants.
10396
R. V. Borisenkova, T. A. Kochetkova, A. V. Kozlova
THE PROBLEM OF THE INTERMITTENT ACTION OF
DUST. (K voprosu ob intermittiruyushchem deistvii pyli.)
Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya 12(2):6-
13, 1968. 5 refs.
Six groups of albino rats were exposed to ore dust containing
69.5% Si02, 14.7% Z1203. 5.46% iron oxides, etc. The groups
were exposed to different concentrations, ranging from 50 to
500 mg./cu m, and for different periods of time. The product
of exposure time and concentration was the same for all
groups so that groups exposed at a high concentration were
exposed for a shorter time and conversely. Determination of
pulmonary collagen lipids, and dust contents as well as micro-
scopic examination, showed that 6-12 months after the inhala-
tions the histochemical changes were similar in all groups. In
particular, the group exposed to a lower concentration for a
longer period of time exhibited more pronounced pneu-
moconiotic symptoms. The group exposed to higher concentra-
tions for a shorter period of time exhibited more pronounced
pneumoconiotic symptoms. The group exposed to higher con-
centrations for a shorter period of time exhibited more severe
changes in the upper respiratory tract.
11575
Laurence, K. M., C. O. Carter and P. A. David
MAJOR CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MALFORMATIONS
IN SOUTH WALES. I. INCIDENCE, LOCAL VARIATIONS
AND GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS. Brit. J. Prv. Soc. Med.,
21:146-160, 1967. 47 refs.
The total births, 1956-62, for 12 areas in South Wales are
given in a table. The incidence per 1,000 total births of anen-
cephaly, spina bifida, and hydrocephalus (and the number of
cases) is given in a table for the 12 areas studied. The bulk of
the population lives in townships which are mostly industrial
and in straggling industrial communities and villages. Certain
towns with light industry and an average population density of
4.8 persons/acre have incidences of malformations of about
11.7/1000 live births. In a relatively flat agricultural area (three
small country towns with a total population of less thn 7000)
with a population density of less than 0.6/acre the malforma-
tion incidence was 5.6 and 4.3 in the two districts studied.
There seemed to be a rural-urban gradient in incidence. In Port
Talbot, with a large steelworks, the incidence in wards which
do not get the prevailing winds from the steelworks was
5.0/1000 live births while in the remaining wards it was
8.0/1000 live births. The local incidence, population density,
type of locality (industrial, agricultural,), area, number of
cases, total births, population density, and incidence/1000
births are all given in a table. Local variations are discussed in
the light of geological background, water supply, rainfall,
sunshine, background radiation, radioactive fallout, population
density, and urban/rural areas. None seems to explain the
local differences.
16113
Kuroda, S. and K. Kawahata
ON THE OCCUPATIONAL ORIGIN OF LUNG CANCER IN
GAS-GENERATOR WORKERS. Z. Krebsforsch., 45(l):36-39,
1936. Translated from German by Z. Knowles, National In-
stitutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., Div. of Research Services,
5p., Feb. 15, 1969.
The origin and clinical aspects of lung cancer in gas-generator
workers in steel plants were discussed. Twelve cases of lung
cancer were found in three years in gas-workers. The average
-------
58
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
age of the patients was 42.5 years and the average length of
occupation as a gas worker was 15.5 years. Early signs of lung
cancer were an irritating cough, a feeling of anxiety, a pain in
the side, cardialgia, headaches, bloody sputum, and facial
edema. During the course of the illness, all patients com-
plained of throat irritation. In the majority of cases, the tumor
was found in the upper lung levels on the right side. Gas-
generator workers are in close vicinity to the furnace and are
forced to inhale the hot brownish gas and fine dust that
usually contains large amount of tars known to contain car-
cinogens. The carcinogenic substances in tar were being ex-
plored.
22118
Bell, Alan and John L. Sullivan
AIR POLLUTION BY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES.
Public Health Dept., Sydney (Australia), Air Pollution Control
Branch, 203p., 1962. 83 refs.
Tests for sulfur dioxide were made in Port Kembla, Australia,
where iron and copper ores are smelted, and 947 residents
were sent a questionnaire to determine the prevalence of
chronic bronchitis, with smaller numbers undergoing a pulmo-
nary function and sputum test. An eastern section of town, in
the vicinity of the copper smelter, was the major source of
SO2. Gas readings were not spectacular by daily volumetric
sampling and an automatic recorder, but a continuous recorder
showed that high concentrations of SO2 occurred in episodes
of a few hours each. The highest result was 0.62 ppm by the
former method, while peaks of concentrations greater than 5
ppm were recorded by the latter approach. Prevailing winds
produced higher concentrations during the summer months
when they blow frequently from a north-east direction, while
pollution is blown seawards during the winter months when
westerly winds prevail. When measured as water insoluble
solids by a deposit gauge consisting of a six inch diameter
conical glass funnel and bottle, summer dust-fall rates ex-
ceeded 100 tons per square mile/month within a half mile from
the steel industries, but smoke densities were low by com-
parison with other cities in New South Wales despite frequent
evidence of haze. A larger percentage of people living in the
area of high pollution considered that they were suffering from
either chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma than in the case
of the low pollution area, and only a few people complained of
symptoms unrelated to the respiratory tract. Differences
between the findings for the two areas were statistically sig-
nificant, 7 times for women and 3 times for men, when
questioned to the prevalence of nasal catarrh, whether head
colds settled on the chest, number of times they were confined
to bed because of chest illnesses, wheeze, cough, phlegm, and
dyspnea. A higher percentage of men wheezed and were af-
fected by cough and phlegm tha was the case for a small
group of Englishmen who never worked in the dusty occupa-
tions, although this was not the situation when compared with
English foundry employees. Out of the 333 sputa collected in
East Port Kembla, 84.7% were mucoid and 15.3% of a mu-
copurulent nature, while pulmonary function tests showed no
statistically significant differences between the two areas, ex-
cept for females aged 70-84. Dental evidence suggested that
some external influence might be exerting a harmful effect on
the gingival tissues of young people living in the area of high
pollution.
24212
AIR ALERT: PART 1. Sciences, 10(10):5-8, 34-36, Oct. 1970.
9 refs.
Related to demography, climate, human and plant physiology,
politics and law as well as economics, air pollution control is
more complex than most other environmental problems. It is
estimated that each year up to 1 times 10 to the 12th power
tons of emissions from natural and man-made sources enter
the global atmosphere. The most prolific single source of pol-
lution is automotive vehicles, contributing 90.5 million tons of
a total 213.8 million tons of emissions yearly. The National Air
Pollution Control Administration, is compiling a list of some
30 pollutants that, it believes, must be abated because of their
relative abundance and toxicity. In the presence of sunlight
and air, these fairly simple chemicals produce the secondary
pollutants ozone, nitrogen dioxide, the aldehydes, singlet ox-
ygen and peroxyacetyl nitrate which make up photochemical
smog. The cost of respiratory illnesses aggravated, if not
caused, by air pollution has recently been estimated at $2 bil-
lion a year. Damage from such airborne pollutants as carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone,
polynuclear hydrocarbons, peroxyacyl nitrates, fly ash, lead,
vanadium, and other trace metal is just beginning to be as-
sessed, but a link has already been established between air
pollution levels and increased death rates from coronary heart
disease and strokes. A close relationshi was found between
continuing exposure to air pollution and asthma and eczema in
children under 15, especially boys under five. Two New York
City researchers have been studying the link between deaths in
the city and sulfur dioxide levels. Airborne asbestos particles
are doubly dangerous pollutants because they absorb
molecules of such gases as SO2. As the result of a collective
air clean-up program by citizens, industry and local govern-
ment, the nation's steelmaking center has become one of the
country's cleaner industrial cities. Before the clean-up, Pitt-
sburgh was showered with 170 tons of fine particulates per
square mile a month; visibility was so poor that street lamps
were turned on at noon. This year, a new law went into effect,
more firmly restricting smoke and dust emissions and, for the
first time, limiting the amount of sulfur that can be discharged
into the atmosphere. Alert warning and emergency procedures
have been established; when meteorologists predict an inver-
sion period of 36 hours or more, industry is warned to cut
back on emissions.
24586
Wefring, K.
PNEUMONIA IN THE AREA OF THE SAUDA FACTORIES
OF RYFLYKE. Tidsskr. Norske Laegeforen., vol. 49:553-568,
602-612, 1929. Translated from Norwegian. 25p.
A description is provided of an investigation in a Norwegian
town wherein the residents were blaming a high incidence of
pneumonia accompanied by an abnormally high mortality rate
on the smoke from a local ferromanganese plant. It is con-
cluded that the function of the plant in the spread of the dis-
ease is to provide the point of contact for the contageous
transfer of a highly virulent strain of pneumococcus; no case
could be presented for causation by the smoke or any of its
constituents. The remedy suggested is innoculation of the in-
habitants and isolation of pneumonia patients.
26136
Tauda, F.
PRESENT SITUATION AND OUTLOOK OF FLUORIDES
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY-TACK-
LING WITH ALUMINUM SMELTING POLLUTION. (Fuk-
kabutsu ni yoru taiki osen boshi gijutsu no genjo to tenbo -
arumi seiren kogai ni torikumu). Text in Japanese. Kinzoku
(Metals) (Tokyo), 41(1):122-125, Jan. 1 and 15, 1971. 9 refs.
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
59
Sources of fluoride pollution and the effects of fluorides on
man and plants are reviewed. Aluminum electrolysis uses
cryolite which is 54% fluoride. Raw materials containing
fluorides are also used in the production of phosphate fertil-
izers and iron and steel. Raw materials containing smaller
amounts of fluorides are required for the production of glass
fibers, bricks, tiles, cement, and porcelain. Coal burned by
thermal power stations can be a problem since coals contain
20-295 ppm of fluorides, averaging 120 ppm. Fluorides affect
plants more than any other atmospheric pollutant, accumulat-
ing in a large number of species in polluted areas. Fluorides
affect man in two ways, directly through air pollution or in-
directly through contaminated vegetation. They are present in
considerable amounts in both green vegetables and rice. Symp-
toms of chronic fluoride poisoning in man are abnormal
hardening of bones and spots on teeth. Cases of chronic
poisoning have appeared among workers exposed to cryolite
dust and among individuals whose drinking water contains
more than 6 ppm fluorides Existing technology, the use of
scrubbers for controlling fluoride emissions from aluminum
electrolysis or electric furnaces, is effective only with concen-
trations up to 1 ppm. New production technologies should be
developed which dispense with the use of raw materials con-
taining fluorides.
26577
Suzuki, Y.
ON ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION BY MANGANESE. (Man-
gan ni yoru kankyo osen ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Sangyo
Igaku (Jap. J. Ind. Health), 12(ll):529-533, Dec. 1970. 11 refs.
The effects of manganese on the central nervous system have
been frequently observed in Japan, and manganese poisoning
is considered an occupational disease. However, cases of Mn-
induced pneumonia have not been reported. In the present stu-
dy, the incidence of pneumonia among workers at a ferro-
manganese factory was 0.41% compared to 0.019% for other
enterprises. The number of pneumonia patients in a hospital
near a factory handling Mn was higher than in a control
hospital (5.00% for those living within 1.8 km of the hospital
and 4.90% for those living within 1.5 km of the control
hospital). Of the steel-mill workers surveyed, 20% had had
pneumonia in the past, most of whom had worked in the elec-
tric furnace shop. The amount of Mn in the workshop at-
mosphere was less than 1.9 mg/cu nm. The incidence of pneu-
monia among railroad workers near an Mn factory was 10.7%
in contrast to 2.7% for other railroad workers. These findings
suggest that comprehensive studies should be undertaken of
the relationship between Mn and pneumonia.
28042
Baetjer, Anna M.
CHRONIC EXPOSURES TO ADR POLLUTANTS AND
ACUTE INFECTIOUS RESPIRATOR DISEASES. Arch. Ind.
Hyg. Occupational Med., 2(4):400-406, Oct. 1950. 23 refs.
(Presented at the U. S. Technical Conference on Ai Pollution,
Health Panel, Washington, D. C., May 4, 1950.)
A brief summary is given of knowledge of the effects of air
pollutants on susceptibility to acute infectious diseases of the
respiratory tract, on the basis of published data on occupa-
tional exposures and animal experimentation. Nontoxic dusts,
smoke, irritant gases and fumes, and carbon monoxide are
discussed. Data obtained from studies of the health of persons
who have been exposed to specific chemical contaminants of
the air have not yielded any definite evidence that chronic in-
halation of such chemical contaminants in low concentrations
affects susceptibility to acute infections of the respiratory
tract. Similarly, the few experiments which have been per-
formed on laboratory animals have yielded chiefly negative
results. However, the data available at present are entirely in-
sufficient to enable one to draw any definit conclusions. The
need for fundamental research on physiologic effects, effects
on susceptibility to infectious diseases, industri morbidity, and
epidemiological patterns is stressed.
28556
Adler, P., W. D. Armstrong, Muriel E. Bell, B. R. Bhussry, W.
Buettner, H. D. Cremer, V. Demole, Y. Ericson, I. Gedalia,
H. C. Hodge, G. N. Jenkins, S. S. Jolly, E. J. Largent, N. C.
Leone, T. G. Ludwig, A. E. Martin, G. Minoguchi, J. C.
Muhler, E. R. Schlesinger, A. H. Siddiqui, L. Singer, A.
Singh, F. A. Smith, G. K. Stookey, D. R. Taves, P.
Venkateswarlu, J. C. Weatherell, S. M. Weidmann, and I.
Zipkin
FLUORIDES AND HUMAN HEALTH. (Fluoride und
menschliche Gesundheit). Text in German. Oeffentl. Gesund-
heitswesen (Stuttgart), 33(3):173- 182, 1971. 3 refs.
Fluorides present in atmospheric dust and gases are an impor-
tant health hazard, since fluoride ions are almost completely
retained in the lung. The world consumption of calcium
fluoride (for steel production and other purposes) amounts to
more than 2 million tons per year. Several times 200,000 tons
of CaF2 are produced in the United States alone. Since long-
term exposure to high fluorine concentrations is harmful,
elimination by the body is of importance. Fluorides are
eliminated by the feces, urine, sweat, and in small quqntities
by skin. Most of the fluorine is discharged with the urine. A
long-term intake of more than 2 to 8 mg/day fluoride causes
abnormal density of bones.
31664
Yoshizaki, Kazuko
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE CITIZEN IN
PETROLEUM CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CITIES AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PART 1. ECOLOGICAL AND
GENERAL STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVING EN-
VIRONMENT OF THE INHABITANTS IN TOKUYAMA
HEALTH CENTER DISTRICT FROM A VIEWPOINT OF
MORTALITY BY MAJOR CAUSES. (Sekiyukagakukogyo
toshimin no hokendoko to kankyoosen. Dai 1 pen. Shuyoshiin-
betsu shiboritsu kara mita Tokuyama hokensho kannai jumin
no hokendoko to seikatsu kankyo to no kankei ni tsuiteno
seitaigakuteki gaikanteki kosatsu). Text in Japanese.
Yamaguchi Sangyo Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Soc. Yamaguchi
Ind. Health), no. 17:48-61, Dec. 1970. 72 refs. The following
matters were considered: deaths by major causes of about
220,000 inhabitants in three cities and three towns within the
jurisdiction of Tokuyama Health Center during 1958-1965; the
relation between death rates for major diseases, soil, and air
pollution; and the relation between the growth of school chil-
dren from six to 17-years-old as of 1965 with local environ-
mental conditions, mainly of soil. Regions studied were di-
vided into petrochemical industrial cities, steel and iron indus-
trial cities, and agricultural-mountainous villages. Major causes
of death were divided into two categories, that is, ectogene-
ous, infectious diseases (tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis,
diarrhea, and enteritis) and endogeneous, constitutional dis-
eases (cerebral hemorrhage and cancer). Regional alteration in
the death rate for each category was investigated for an earlier
period (1958-1961) and a later one (1962-1965). Consequently,
regional differences in death rates for both categories did not
alter too much annually, and regional accumulation was ob-
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60
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
served in death rates. A marked degree of regional accumula-
tion was noted in the category of endogeneous, constitutional
diseases. Distribution of deaths from endogeneous, constitu-
tional diseases was close connected with soil reactions. Com-
parison of alteration in regional death rates during the earlier
and the later periods indicated decrease in deaths from both
disease categories in the petrochemical industrial cities, where
air pollution has rapidly decreased since 1964, and in agricul-
tural-mountainous villages, where air has not been polluted.
Formerly, both regions had high mortality rates. In the steel
and iron industrial cities, where air pollution has increased
recently, a yearly alteration different from any other regions
was observed for every disease. For example, the death rate
by pneumonia increased in Kudamatsu City and Hikari City,
and the death rate by bronchitis increased in Kudamatsu City.
32079
Cholewa, Loen, Wieslaw Jedrychowski, Marian Sosin, and
Julian Zabicki
CHRONIC NONSPECIFIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN
CRACOW. XIII. A PILOT FIELD STUDY IN AN INDUSTRI-
AL ESTABLISHMENT. Epidemiol. Rev. (English translation
from Polish of: Przeglad Epidemiol.), 24(2):135-139, 1970. 7
refs NTIS: TT 70-55001/2
An epidemiologic study was conducted to investigate the rela-
tions between the prevalence of nonspecific respiratory dis-
eases, especially chronic bronchitis, and working environment
and occupation. Pilot studies, in conjunction with periodic
health checks, were carried out in the steel mill and railway
transport departments of the Lenin Metallurgical Establish-
ment in Krakow. The analysis covered respiratory symptoms,
past diseases, smoking habits, and occupational health
hazards. Cough and phlegm production were more frequent in
the steel mill workers. Effort dyspnea was rare in the trans-
port workers and more frequent in the steel mill. In both
groups, smoking and chronic bronchitis were correlated, espe-
cially in the steel mill. Comparison of past diseases showed
that chronic bronchitis was more frequent in the steel mill
workers. Pneumonia occurred more often in the transport wor-
kers, but diseases of the nose were more frequent in the mill
workers. In the transport department, 60% of the persons were
employed under conditions harmful to health; in the steel mill
the number was 93.5%. Transport workers were exposed only
to atmospheric factors during work, and very little to the vari-
ous occupational hazards of work in the steel mill.
32842
McCaull, Julian
BUILDING A SHORTER LIFE. Environment, 13(7):2-15, 38-
41, Sept. 1971. 48 refs.
Cadmium pollution of the environment is reviewed with
respect to basic characteristics, emission sources, uses, con-
centration levels, and effects on human health. Cadmium dust,
fumes, and mist are emitted during the refining of zinc,
copper, and lead, as well as during extraction of cadmium.
These processes released an estimated 2.1 million pounds (45%
of total emissions) into the air in 1968. The single largest
source was the roasting and sintering of zinc concentrates. In-
cineration or disposal of cadmium-containing products con-
tributed 52% of total emissions. The processes included elec-
troplating, recycling of scrap steel, melting down scrapped au-
tomobile radiators, and incineration of solid wastes. Cadmium
concentrations in the waterways, tap water, food, vegetation,
soils, and certain commercial products (fertilizers) were deter-
mined. The toxicity of cadmium, levels of ingestion and reten-
tion in the body, and correlation with hypertension, liver
damage, bone disease, emphysema in industrial workers,
cancer, and kidney impairment are examined.
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61
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
07553
Yocom, John E.
THE DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS IN POLLUTED AT-
MOSPHERES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(3):203-208,
Nov. 1958. 34 refs. (Presented at the 14th Annual Conference
and 1958 Exhibition, National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers,
San Francisco, Calif., March 20, 1958.)
A group of spcific air pollutants known to produce deteriora-
tion of materials, the principal sources of these pollutants, and
the most likely mechanisms by which deterioration of a variety
of materials can occur are discussed. Specifically, the pollu-
tants are carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, ozone and solid particu-
lates.
24417
Yuzvenko, Yu. A., A. F. Tereshchenko, and V. A. Gavrish
ABRASIVENESS OF BLAST-FURNACE FLUE DUST. Steel
(USSR) (English translation from Russian of: StaT), no. 8:695-
697, Aug. 1969. 6 refs.
The abrasion of samples of type 45 steel and sormite-deposited
alloy no. 1 by flue-dust grains from 9 blast furnaces was stu-
died in the laboratory at a stream temperature of 400, impinge-
ment angles of 10 and 45 deg, stream velocity of 480-510 m/s,
and pressure of 3.0 atm. Wear was evaluated from weight loss
of the specimens. Wear of the steel 45 samples increased with
decreasing grain size, reaching a maximum at particle sizes
below 0.1 mm. The abrasiveness of quartz-sand mixtures for
sormite no. 1 alloy increased almost linearly up to a sand con-
tent of 50-60%; addition of 12% sand to the dust raised its
abrasiveness about threefold. In the case of the hard alloy,
abrasiveness was also related to impingement angle, increasing
several times when the angle increased from 10 to 45 deg. The
angle of impingement ha far less effect on carbon steel. The
abrasive power of the dusts tested varied widely, dusts from
one plant abrading carbon steel at 10 and 45 deg impingement,
respectively, at rates 71 and 81% lower than those dusts from
another plant. Abrasiveness, which generally was close to or
exceeded that of sand, was greater where raw ore was smelted
than where sinter was smelted. The findings explain variations
in the service life of parts on the top of blast furnaces operat-
ing under similar conditions.
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62
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
08689
ECONOMICS OF GAS COOLING AND GAS CLEANING
SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BOF PROCESS. Com-
bustion, 39(5):31-35, Nov. 1967.
Several fumehood designs are discussed and compared on a
cost basis. A shop with a typical set of conditions was used
for the study. The total cost for each scheme includes; the
fume hood gas cleaning system, the operating charges, payout
time and the cost of a package boiler. After a discussion of the
various schemes are completed, the effect of including or
eliminating the boiler is outlined. A comparison is made of: the
estimated first costs, operating costs and total costs of each
scheme.
09313
THE RISING COSTS. Mach. Des., 39(17):23-24, July 20, 1967.
Damage from air pollution both direct and indirect has been
estimated at 65 dollars per person per year, or 11 billion dol-
lars annually. Agricultural losses are estimated at 325 million
dollars annually. A single day of smog in California a few
years ago reportedly ruined an entire lettuce crop. On the east-
ern seaboard, pollution is said to destroy 18 million dollars of
crops each year. Atmospheric corrosion from sulfuric-acid
mist has been reported to do about 6 million dollars damage
per year in New York City alone. The costs of control,
although a small per- centate of the 11 billion dollars total, are
also significant. The petroleum industry is reported to spend
18 million dollars annually on air pollution control out of a
total capital outlay of 350 million dollars. The major steel
manufacturers in the Chicago area entered into a 8-yr agree-
ment with the local re- gulatory agency to prevent some 88,000
tons of dust annually from entering the atmosphere. The esti-
mated total cost of the program is 50 million dollars. Research
efforts into better detection and control seem pitifully small in
comparison to the total damage estimate. Federal Government
research allocations will approach 18 million dollars in 1968.
The anticipated expenditures at the Federal level to achieve
goals in reduction of pollutant levels and in establishing air
quality criteria are estimated at 130 million dollars over the
next several years.
21300
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE fflK DUISBURG: IN NORDR-
HEIN WESTFALEN 2300 MILLIONS OF DEUTSCHE MARK
HAVE BEEN EXPENDED FOR AHt POLLUTION CONTROL.
(Untersuchung der IHK Duisburg: In Nordrhein-Westfalen
wurden 2,3 Milliarden DM fuer die Luftreinhaltung aufge-
wandt). Text in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 13(10):387-388,
Oct. 1969.
North-Rhine Westphalia spent 2.3 billion German Marks (.575
billion dollars) in the period between 1955 and 1968 in an ef-
fort to maintain clean air. Industries increased expensitures for
air pollution control from 23.9% in 1964/65 to 27.1% in 1969.
Research costs in the field declined from 8.6 million German
Marks (2.15 million dollars) to 7 million German Marks (1.75
million dollars) per year. This is due to the fact that several
research projects have been completed: the problem of brown
smoke has been solved and the study of sulfur dioxide
removal has been completed with the development of the so-
called 'double contact process'. The iron and steel industry
has made the major investment in air pollution control, fol-
lowed by the chemical industry. The money went primarily
into improving existing air pollution control systems.
21968
LJnsky, Benjamin
CASE STUDIES OF COSTS (QUALITY Am-LUXURY OR
INEXPENSIVE NECESSITY). Virginia Polytechnic Inst.,
Blacksburg, Water Resources Research Center, Seminar on
the Economics of Air and Water Pollut., Blacksburg, Va.,
1969, p. 195-208.
A series of case studies relating pollution control costs, equip-
ment, and effects are discussed. A breakdown of the con-
sumers dollar in terms of what air and water pollution actually
cost him is included. A system of concepts and phrases used
in considering air pollution is presented. Proposals, reports,
and local ordinances relevent to the discussion are included.
Estimated costs for air pollution control for the gray iron
foundry cupola (afterburners, scrubbers, baghouses, and elec-
trostatic precipitators), steel plant (scrubbers, baghouses, and
electrostatic precipitators), and chemical drying operation (pri-
mary cyclone, secondary multiple cyclones, secondary wet
scrubbers, and baghouses) are subdivided into the following
breakdown: air pollution emissions (participates and droplets,
gases); collection efficiency or recovery; and cost (capital in-
vestment, operating costs, and plant investment).
24155
MacDonald, Reynold C.
SHOW AND TELL. Iron Steel Engr., 47(7):59-65, July 1970.
(Present at the American Iron and Steel Institute General
Meeting, 78th, New York, May 27-28, 1970.)
By the end of 1970, steel companies will have spent more than
$1,000,000,000 in the past 20 years on environmental control
equipment. But even this has not been enough to restore the
balance of nature or to deflect criticism of the industry. To
meet these challenges, steel companies must demonstrate a
continued willingness to attack pollution, each company or-
ganizing for pollution control activities as it does for other im-
portant company functions. The industry must also accelerate
its own research and development programs on control equip-
ment and techniques. Chances are that costs can be minimized
and efforts maximized if these activities are coordinated in the
future. However, the cost of technology that can reduce pollu-
tion to measurable proportions will be considerable; it will not
be diminished by slowing down production or the American
economy. The consequences of such an action would create
higher prices, more unemployment, and a reduced standard of
living. Hopefully, once it is informed of these consequences,
the public will be willing to pay the bill for environmental
quality.
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J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
63
24543
Rowe, A. D., H. K. Jaworski, and B. A. Bassett
WASTE GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS FOR LARGE CAPACI-
TY BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE PLANT. Preprint, United
Nations Industrial Development Organization, 35p., 1968. 13
refs. (Presented at the Interregional Symposium on the Iron
and Steel Industry, 2nd, Moscow, USSR, Sept. 19-Oct. 9,
1968, Paper ID/WG.14/53.)
A comparison is made of the comprehensive capital and
operating costs for the gas cleaning systems suitable for 300-
ton-capacity basic oxygen furnaces. The systems are a dry
plate electrostatic precipitator equipped with a pressurized
hood system, a variable-throat venturi wet scrubber equipped
with a pressurized hood system, and the Yawata oxygen gas
(O.G.) recovery process. Each system has shown itself to be
both technically feasible and economically viable for oxygen
steelmaking. Capital costs (given in US dollars) of the three
systems are within 10% of each other. The precipitator system
has substantially lower operating costs due to the low electri-
cal power requirements for the I.D. fan. The O.G. system has
a similar power requirement, but this, advantage is offset by
the cost of the nitrogen gas required. If nitrogen is replaced by
steam, as appears likely, operating costs of the O.G. and
precipitator will be similar.
26623
POLLUTION CONTROL. Iron Steel Engr., 48(l):D-56 to D-
60, Jan. 1971.
By mid-1970, domestic steel companies had authorized expen-
ditures of more than $385,000 for air and water quality im-
provement projects to be completed in 1970 or later. The ex-
tent of those programs is illustrated by a review of abatement
facilities being acquired by several major steel producers, par-
ticularly as they relate to cost. On occasion, pollution control
devices become prematurely obsolete, as exemplified by one
company which replaced a $1,500,000 wet venturi scrubbing
system with a $3800,000 electrostatic precipitator.
29186
Vinokurov, I. S., S. T. Zolotukhin, G. R. Ostanovskii, E. I. Ol
khovskaya, A. Z. Ryzhavskii, L. N. Rahman, and Yu. M.
Yudovich
TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF DRY AND
WET GAS CLEANERS FOR CONVERTERS WORKING
WITH COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF CARBON MONOX-
IDE. Steel (USSR) English translation from Russian of: Stal),
no 11:925-926, Nov. 1970. 3 refs.
Operating, capital, and corrected costs are calculated for three
gas cleaning systems for a steelmaking plant with three 130-ton
oxygen converters. The three systems compared are as fol-
lows: (A) dry electrostatic precipitator; (B) bag filters (with
preliminary cooling of gas in a scrubber (Bl) and in a
regenerator (B2); and a venturi scrubber with a variable 330
times 301 mm throat and film-jet spraying head. Variants B2
and A have clearcut advantages over C in terms of operating
costs; the additional capital investments they require will be
recovered 4.1 yrs and 1.6 yrs, respectively. Variant Bl is
uneconomical. In view of the lack of experience in the use of
bag filters, electrostatic precipitators are to be recommended.
29923
Schreiber, Michael
THE COSTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. THE IN-
FLUENCE OF SOCIAL COSTS ON THE SELECTION OF AN
INDUSTRIAL SITE. (Kosten der Luftreinhaltung. Der Ein-
fluss der social costs auf die industrielle Standortwahl). Text
in German. Wasser Luft Betrieb, 15(4):145-148, 1971. 27 refs.
Because of the cost of eliminating brown smoke emissions,
Thomas converters were replaced by oxygen lancing conver-
ters. An 80-ton Thomas converter emits about twice as much
waste gas as an oxygen lancing converter of the same capaci-
ty. Similar changeovers to processes with less waste gas
production were made i the chemical industry to save waste
gas cleaning costs. Sulfur emissions are reduced mainly by
switching to low-sulfur fuels, a much less expensive means
than desulfurization of the fuel or the flue gases. Such steps
are not always possible. In many cases investment in dust col-
lectors, electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers are unavoida-
ble. The economy of such units depends on the ratio between
collection efficiency and maintenance costs. For electrostatic
precipitators investment costs rise proportionally to the degree
of collection in the efficiency range between 80 and 95%. A
collection efficiency of 95 to 98% requires facilities which are
50% larger, increasing costs by 35% and more. The aluminum
industry spends an estimated $50/ton of aluminum of its an-
nual production for facilities to eliminate fluorine emission.
The annual operating costs per ton of aluminum are estimated
at $8.40. Metallurgical plants spent similar amounts for reduc-
tion of their emissions.
30696
LeSourd, D. A., M. E. Fogel, A. R. Schleicher, T. E.
Bingham, R. W. Gerstle, E. L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SPECD7TED ADR POLLU-
TION SOURCES TO ASSESS THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF
ATR QUALITY STANDARDS. VOL. I. (FINAL REPORT).
Research Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research
and Economics Div., APCO Contract CPA 70-60, RTI Proj.
OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, 395p., Dec. 1970. 328 refs. NTIS:
PB 197647
Air pollution control costs for mobile sources are presented on
a national basis and in terms of unit investment and annual
operating and maintenance costs as well as total annual operat-
ing and maintenance costs. The analyses cover the estimated
emissions and control costs for new cars for Fiscal Year 1967
through Fiscal Year 1976. Control costs for each stationary
source, except for residential heating, are shown for 298
metropolitan areas by investment and annual expenditures by
Fiscal Year 1976. The impact of control on selected industries
and the Nation are also determined. Finally, an extensive
bibliography is included. The pollutants from mobile sources
selected for analysis are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen oxides and particulates. The six pollutants for which
control cost estimates are made for stationary sources are par-
ticulates, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
fluorides, and lead. Emission standards applied are considered
stringent in comparison with many currently in use throughout
the Nation. Mobile sources include automobiles and light and
heavy-duty trucks. Stationary sources studied include solid
waste disposal, commercial and institutional heating plants, in-
dustrial boilers, residential heating plants, steam- electric
power plants, asphalt batching, brick and tile, coal cleaning,
cement, elemental phosphorus, grain handling and milling
(animal feed), gray iron, iron and steel, kraft (sulfate) pulp,
lime, petroleum products and storage, petroleum refineries,
phosphate fertilizer, primary non-ferrous metallurgy (alu-
minum, copper, lead and zinc), rubber (tires), secondary non-
ferrous metallurgy, sulfuric acid, and varnish. Data essential
for defining metropolitan areas, emission control standards,
and relevant process and air pollution control engineering
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64
IRON AND STEEL MILLS
characteristics required to support the cost analyses for each
source and the cost impact on each industrial process are
presented and analyzed in separate appendixes to this report.
(Author abstract modified)
30951
Japan Development Bank
TREND IN INVESTMENT ON PUBLIC NUISANCE CON-
TROL FACILITIES. (Kogai kankei setsubi toshi no doko).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(5):261-262, May 1971.
Questionnaires were sent to 893 industries with a working
capital of more than $280,000 concerning their spending plans
for 1970 and 1971 for installation of pollution control facilities.
The 844 which replied comprised 94.5%. The total spending
plan for 1970 was $479,640,000, a 58% increase from 1969 and
$767,480,000 for 1971, a 60% increase. A classification break-
down shows that the steel, electric, chemical, petroleum refin-
ing, non-steel metals, and paper-pulp industries share 80% of
the total spending for both 1970 and 1971. For production of
anti- pollution products (improvement of products),
$30,240,000 was spent in 1970 and $64,120,000 in 1971 of
which the major portion was shared by automobile manufac-
turers and petroleum refining companies. The ratio of spending
for pollution control in relation to working capital for 1971 is
6.3% as compared to 4.7% in 1970 and 4.6% in 1969. Industries
with high-ratio investments for pollution control devices in
1971 are petroleumm refining (15%), paper-pulp (11%), non-
steel metal (10%), steel (7%), and chemical (7%). The break-
down of spending by classification of pollution types (except
for spending for improvement of products) for both 1970 and
1971 is air pollution, 65-66%; water, 27-28%; and others, 7-8%.
A geographical breakdown shows that the Tokyo-Yokohama-
Chiba coastal area shares 23% of the total spending for 1971;
the Nagoya-Yokkaichi-Hamamatsu coastal area, 18%; and the
Osaka-Kobe area, 19%. Thus, the three major industrial areas
of Japan share 60% of the total industrial anti-pollution spend-
ing of Japan (58% in 1970).
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65
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
16228
VDI (Verien Deutscher Ingenieure) Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft, Duesseldorf, Germany
EMISSION CONTROL BLAST FURNACE OPERATION: ORE
SINTERING PLANTS (INDUCED-DRAFT PAN AND MOV-
ING-GRATE INSTALLATIONS. (Auswurfbegrenzung
Hochofenbetrieb Erzsinteranlagen (Saugzugpfannen und Ban-
danlagen). VDI (Ver. Deut. Ingr.) Richtlinien, no. 2095, 7p.,
Feb. 1963. 13 refs. Translated from German by H. Schneider,
Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. CFSTT:
TT 68-50469/1
The generation of dustlike and gaseous emissions from ore sin-
tering plants and the possibility of reducing flue dust and sul-
fur dioxide emissions are discussed. About 0.7% of total sinter
production is lost as flue dust, while the total amount of the
sulfur dioxide content of sintering plant waste gas is about 0.4
vol% (11.7 g SOS/cu m STP). The criteria for limiting dust-like
emissions are the permissible pollutant deposition quantities in
the area of the plant and the dispersal conditions given by
stack height, neighboring emittents, orographic position, etc.
Dust collection plants should be designed for a guaranteed
value of 150 mg/cu STP of waste gas for normal operating
conditions. In continuous operation, the dust content of sinter-
ing gas must not exceed 300 cu mg. Attainable total collection
efficiency and clean dust content of centrifugal collectors in
continuous operation are 75-95% and 0.400 g/cu m STP. For
electrostatic precipitators, they are 98% and 0.150 g/cu m STP.
concentrations of air pollutants above ground and the dust
disposition on the ground can be reduced by high stacks,
utilization of thermal plume rise, and high flue-gas exit
velocity at the stack mouth.
33815
FUME CONTROL OF THE ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE.
Brit. Steelmaker, 37(8):20, Aug. 1971.
Arc furnace fume control brings together two major factors in
modern steelmaking, the shift toward electric melting of scrap
and the growth of legislation controlling pollution of the en-
vironment. For purposes of arrestment plant design, the stan-
dard of fume emission from steel refining processes may be
taken as not more than 0.05 g/cu ft.
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66
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
06733
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS - STEEL IN-
DUSTRY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 90th Congress 'Air
Pollution-1967, Part IV (Air Quality Act)' Senate Committee
on Public Works, Washington, D.C., Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution, May 15-18, 1967. (Presented at the National
Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, D.C., December 13,
1966.) p. 2390-6.
Many of the operations involved in steel-making and
processing impair the quality of the air used in some degree.
Therefore, air treatment or air pollution control equipment is
now used extensively in the steel industry. The major sources
of air pollutants are divided into the following five groups, and
each is discussed: (1) Coke Ovens. (2) Blast Furnaces (includ-
ing Sinter Plants). (3) Steel-making Furnaces. (4) Boiler
Houses. (5) Miscellaneous.
06863
E. A. B. Birse
ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND ANNUAL REPORT ON AL-
KALI &C. WORKS, 1965. Ministry of Housing and Local
Government, Edinburgh, Scotland, Dept. of Scottish Develop-
ment (Feb. 28, 1966). 91 pp.
The 102nd annual report on alkali and works was given to the
Secretary of State for Wales, and to the Minister of Housing
and Local Government, also to the Secretary of State for
Scotland. The report, which is on the work done during the
year 1965, in the reduction of air pollution by industrial
processes, covers the following areas: (1) chemical and allied
industries, (2) metal industries, (3) fuel industries and, (4) a
group of miscellaneous works. Statistical information is in-
cluded in appendices.
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67
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
15567
Creer, Ralph Nuttall
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE
PERCEPTION OF AIR POLLUTION AS AN ENVIRONMEN-
TAL HEALTH PROBLEM. Utah Univ., Salt Lake City, Dept.
of Sociology, Thesis (MS), Aug. 1968, 45p. 53 refs.
A survey was made to determine if high economic dependence
on a source of air pollution creates such dissonance and strain
in an individual that he perceives a less serious air pollution
problem than individuals with little or no economic depen-
dence on the source. The data comes from a random sample
of residents of American Fork, Utah, where a high proportion
of the population is employed by a steel plant. If an individual
was employed by the plant, he was considered to have high
economic dependence; if not, he was considered to have low
economic dependence. To avoid biasing the findings, age, sex,
and education were controlled. The data were analyzed first in
terms of simple proportions and then by a unique method of
the chi square test for a significant association, an extension
of the Mantel-Haenszel chi square procedure. The findings in-
dicate that respondents with low economic dependence are
slightly more prone to recognize or be aware of a pollution
problem than are those with high economic dependence. Age
also appears to have a significant influence on the ability to
recognize the seriousness of a pollution problem, with females
44 years or younger the most perceptive. On the other hand,
level of education has little influence on the perception of an
environmental health problem.
18022
UNION OFFICIALS LEARN ABOUT AIR POLLUTION. En-
viron. Sci. Technol., 3(5):429-430, May 1969.
The first union sponsored, national conference on air pollution
was held in Washington, D. C. by the United Steelworkers of
America in cooperation with federal officials of the National
Air Pollution Control Administration. A primary purpose for
the conference was to inform the district and local union offi-
cials present of the role they, and their respective unions and
communities, play in U. S. pollution abatement The con-
ference stressed the idea that more responsible citizen par-
ticipation is a must in curbing air pollution, and that the union
officials are in a key position to encourage such participation.
26303
Creer, Ralph N., Robert M. Gray, and Michael Treshow
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES TO AIR POLLUTION AS AN
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM. J. Air Pollution
Control Assoc., 20(12):814-818, Dec. 1970. 8 refs.
An attempt was made to determine what influence, if any,
economic dependence would have upon one's perception of a
pollution problem relative to its seriousness and perceived
control effort. The stud is based upon the proposition that the
public, in the final analysis, is going to play a major role in
determining future programs for dealing with air pollution as
well as other environmental health problems. Central to this
premise is the notion that people must first recognize a given
condition as a problem before they can be expected to respond
accordingly, and that their value judgments concerning the
problem will affect their willingness to support programs
designed to prevent such a condition. Principles of cognitive
dissonance were used to predict how individuals would per-
ceive a given problem based on the amount of dissonance or
strain they experience as a result of economic dependence
upon a local source of air pollution. As propounded by Fest-
inger, the theory of cognitive dissonance states that prolonged
inconsistency between the actions and beliefs of a human
being creates strain or dissonance which in turn tends to affect
one's perception, causing him to selectively perceive or
misperceive the various aspects of a problem situation. A
small Utah community of approximately 7000 people was
selected, since it was only a short distance from a large steel
plant which employed an estimated 40% of the town's popula-
tion. Eighty percent in the low economic dependence group of
a random sample of the population were highly 'bothered'
compared to only 19% in the high economic dependence
group.
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68
N. GENERAL
03341
PERTINENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IRON AND
STEEL INDUSTRY AS RELATED TO AREA REDEVELOP-
MENT. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 60 pp., Nov.
1964 GPO, 0-753-200
Study represents an initial effort at determining specific
characteristics for a specific industry (iron and steel industry)
under consideration by the area redevelopment program. The
main points of the study are: markets and growth factors;
capacity utilizatio(; employment characteristics of the Steel In-
dustry; Steel Industry Location; Product Groups and; Implica-
tions for the Area Redevelopment Agency Policy on Iron and
Steel Projects.
06146
W. Rayher* and J. T. Middleton
THE CASE FOR CLEAN AIR (SPECIAL REPORT). Mill Fac-
tory 80,(4) 41-56, Apr. 1967.
The introduction in the form of a series of questions put to Dr.
Middleton is of special interest in indicating the forward thrust
of the Federal government in air pollution control since he is
the Director of the National Center for Air Pollution Control
which has the responsibility for the administration of the
Federal air pollution control laws and regulations. His answers
indicate vigorous activity by the Federal authorities where
local authori- ties fail to act. The major provisions of the
proposed Air Quality Act of 1967 are outlined as well as the
existing Federal authority under the Clean Air Act of 1963.
With this back- ground of increased Federal activity and espe-
cially with the issuance of emission standards, this definitive
review continues with an outline of the various types of air
pollutants, their sources, and the accepted methods of control.
In the section covering what is being done by industry today,
examples are given of the control measures in effect at a
rubber processing plant, a cement plant, steel plant, and a
foundry.
21287
MAINTENANCE OF CLEAN AIR. (Reinhaltung der Luft).
Text in German. Oel Gasfeuerung, 14(10):1020-1024, 1969.
The major sources of air pollutants are industries, vehicles,
and domestic heating. In the industrial sector, power plants,
cement kilns, steel plants, and the chemical industry are the
primary sources for pollution. Air pollutants may affect hu-
mans, animals, and plants. The harmfulness of dusts is deter-
mined by their composition, grain size, and shape. Fine dust
particles which penetrate into the lungs are particularly dan-
gerous. Soot requires special attention because it may be a
carrier of toxic and carcinogenic substances. The most dan-
gerous gaseous pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur diox-
ide, fluorine, chlorine, and unbumed hydrocarbons. The
federal government is sponsoring a program of air monitoring
and research and development; it took legal measures to avoid
or reduce air pollution. Large industrial plants must fulfill
stringent regulations laid down in the 'Technical Directives for
the Maintenance of Clean Air'. The federal law on preventive
measures for the maintenance of clean air requires the installa-
tion of automatic measuring stations in industrial centers. Au-
tomobile exhausts, too, will soon be subject to regulations.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
69
ABDEL'RAZIK, F A-10466
ACHTERFELD H C-14774
ADAMS R W 'B-23808
ADLER P 'G-28556
AGATA Y A-17252
AKERLOW E V 'B-17141
AKERLOW, E. V. 'B-05307
ALLEN, G L 'B-03754
ANTIPIN V G A-13261
ANTIPIN, V G 'C-10461
ARAI K 'B-17234
ARMSTRONG W D G-28556
ASANO S B-33416
ATSUKAWA M 'B-32817
AVER F A J-30696
B
BABA T A-17299
BAETJER A M 'G-28042
BARNEA M *A-14799
BARNES T M A-28604
BARTECEK J *B-28905
BASSE B *B-17151
BASSE, B 'B-00037
BASSETT B A J-24543
BATINA T L C-17425
BAUM, K "B-10462
BEHRENDT A *B-20226
BEIGHTON, J *B-07925
BEISER, F R B-04227
BELL A 'G-22118
BELL M E G-28556
BELL, A «G-05146
BENZ, D L *B-01110
BERGMANN, P 'B-08310
BHUSSRY B R G-28556
BILLINGS, C E *B-07521, *B-07617
BINGHAM T E J-30696
BINTZER W W *B-17913
BINTZER, W W *B-07192
BIRD, R B-011IO
BIRSE, E A B 'L-06863
BISHOP C A 'B-17154
BLASKOWSKI, H J 'J-08689
BOGATENKOV V F A-13261
BOGATENKOV, V F B-10479
BOGDANDY, L V 'A-10463
BORISENKOVA, R V 'G-10396
BOTHE R "B-23245, 'B-25500
BRAGINETS N G B-24809, 'B-33897
BRAMER H C *B-33168
BRAMER, H C B-02193
BRANDT, A D 'B-02728
BRAZGIN, I A F-08439
BRIEF, R S "B-06098
BROMAN C U 'B-16652
BROMAN, C »B-00322
BROMAN, C U »B-09361
BROOKS S H 'B-34079
BROUGH J R 'B-33548
BROWER M A A-26166
BRUDERLE, E U *B-10464
BUETTNER W G-28556
BYE, W E G-00021
CAHN D S 'B-29083
CALACETO, R R B-06587
CALVERT W J B-34079
CAMPBELL W W B-17154, »B-17568
CAMPBELL, W W 'B-06083
CARNEY D J 'C-17425
CARTER W A B-33548
CARTER, C O G-11575
CELENZA G J 'B-20699
CHAMBERLIN, R L 'B-02031
CHAPMAN, H M *B-02730
CHOLAK, J 'D-00038
CHOLEWA L 'G-32079
CLENDENIN, J D 'A-08392
COCKS, G G B-04050
COLCLOUGH T P *A-24928
COSBY, W T B-07660
COULTER R S 'B-17138
COY, D W B-06936
CREER R N 'M-15567, "M-26303
CREMER H D G-28556
D
DAVID, PA G-11575
DA VIES, E "B-07660
DEACON A J C-17425
DEMOLE V G-28556
DOUGLAS, I H 'B-07661
DUKELOW, D A A-04001
DUMOND FILLON, J B-07670
DUPREY, R L -A-09686
EBERHARDT J E 'B-15886
EGLEY B D *B-24676
EGORICHEV A P 'A-29021
EGOROVA, T S *G-08441
EISENBARTH M 'B-16351
EITO T B-32817
ELLIOTT A C 'B-31589
ELLIOTT, A C 'B-04382
ERICSON Y G-28556
ERTL, D W *B-07931
ETTERICH, O A-10471
FERNSCHILD, D 'B-03206
FLOSSMANN, R B-09270
FLUX J H "C-22934
FOGEL M E J-30696
FOUMENTEZE J L *C-20434
FUKUOKA S A-17252
FULLERTON R W B-17568
FULLERTON, R W B-06083
G
GAVRISH V A 1-24417
GAW R G 'B-17127
GEDALIA I G-28556
GEDGAUDAS M J *A-12396
GENY P «B-27783
GERBER R B 'B-33170
GERSTLE R W J-30696
GIEVER P M "A-32489
GLINKOV M A 'B-26018
GORMAN P G A-27501
GRAHAM H S B-15886
GRANVILLE R A 'B-34082, C-33953
GRAUE, G 'B-09270, 'D-10618
GRAY R M M-26303
GREAVES, M J 'B-03998
GROBEL E A 'B-25521
GUTHMANN K "B-21894
H
HAHN, A B-10462
HALL H T *B-31773
HAMMOND, W F 'B-09796
HANGEBRAUCK, R P 'A-05005
HANNAN D G B-27727
HARADA G S 'B-26003
HARHAI, J G 'A-04001
HARMS, F 'A-10467
HARRIS, E R *B-04227
HASHIMOTO H *B-34071
HASHIMOTO K 'B-20096
HAUSKNECHT E G »B-32134
HAYASHIT 'B-15649
HAZARD H R *B-32037
HEISCHKEIL W 'A-28062
HELLER A 'D-23391
HENSCHEN, H C 'B-06392
HERRICK R A *B-16039
HICKEY, E C B-07521
HIGH, M D G-00021
HILL E L J-30696
HIPKIN A S 'B-17746
HIPP N E 'B-20227
HIPP, N E *B-09974
HOAK, R D 'B-02193
HOFF H 'B-20280
HOFF, H 'B-07663, 'B-10469
HOLLAND, M 'B-07664
HUMMELL, J D B-04050
HUNT, M 'B-05509
HUNTER D L B-17154
HUNTINGTON, R G *B-11073
HURST, T B 'B-09977
HUYSMAN M 'B-14889
IGARASHI I B-26854
IMANO S A-17252
INAGAKI K *B-26546
ISELI R R B-16652
-------
70
ISELI, R R
ISHINISHI N
B-09361
A-17299
JACKSON R 'C-33953
JAWORSKI H K J-24543
JEDRYCHOWSKIW G-32079
JEFFES J H E F-13084
JESDINSKY, W B-08310
JOHNSON, J E *B-06854
JONES W P 'B-16695
JORDAN W VON 'B-04794
K
KAHNWALD, H 'A-10471
KALYUZHNIY, D N 'B-00104
KAMEI K B-32817
KAMPHAUS H C-14774
KARZARINOFF A 'B-24881
KATO Y »B-21324
KATORI Y A-17299
KAWAHATA K G-16223
KAWAMURA 'B-31362
KIRKPATRICK J W B-17158
KLEINTOP, D R B-07192
KNOP W 'A-17471
KOBAYASHIT »B-22138
KOCHETKOVA, T A G-10396
KODAMA F B-26854
KODAMA Y A-17299
KOSAKA, M 'F-10473
KOVACH J L 'B-27727
KOYANO T A-11974
KOZLOVA, A V G-10396
KRAUSE U A-30613, 'A-31919
KUEHNERT K *B-30583
KULIKOV V O 'B-24809
KUNITAKE E A-17299
KUNST A A-23977
KURKER, C JR B-07521
KURODA S 'G-16223
LAFRENIERE A J B-31589
LAFRENIERE, A J B-04382
LAURENCE, K M 'G-11575
LAWSON, A T B-05509
LEMAIRE, A B-04367
LEMKE E E 'A-32351
LESOURD D A M-30696
LEVENBAUM, L H B-07521
LEWIS R T B-25384
LIGHTNER M W B-17154
LINSKY B *J-21968
LOHSE, R B-03206
LOWE J R 'B-17423
LOWNIE H W JR 'A-28604
LUEDTKE, K D B-09796
M
MAATSCH J 'C-14774
MAATSCH, J B-07663
MACDONALD R C *J-24155
MAEHARA S 'B-26854
MAKARETS G N B-16446
MARKOV B L A-13261
MASEK V "A-26321, *A-28371
MASEK W «A-30598
MASSINON J *B-16561
MATSUDA K A-11974
MATSUDA N 'B-19210
MATSUMOTO H B-33918
MAUBON A B-14889
MAZINA, D V *G-08575
MCCABE, L C B-03754
MEEKER, J E A-05005, D-05623
MELDAU, R "A-10474, 'B-09915
MIDDLETON, J T N-06146
MILLER, C E *A-09572
MINOWA, S F-10473
MIQAWI, M 'A-10466
MITCHELL, R T 'B-07668
MOODIE, G B-02031
MORCINEK P »B-33081
MOREKHINA N M B-26018
MORITA S B-26854
MORITA, S 'B-07669, 'B-10477
MUHLRAD, W 'B-09248
MURAKAMI M A-17516
N
NAGEL, H D-10618
NAKAMURA K 'A-31935
NAMY, G 'B-07670
NANCE, J T B-09796
NARIKAWA H *B-16553
NARITA K 'B-27779
NARITA, S B-10477
NEUHOF G *A-23458
NIKAMI K *A-11974
NISHCHH, R A 'F-08439
NISHI S 'B-31344
NISHIWAKI, M B-10477
NODA H 'B-33416
O
ODAIRA T *A-17252
OKUMURA E *B-33918
OL KHOVSKAYA E I J-29186
OMI H B-26003
ORBAN, A R *B-04050
OSHIMA M *B-30534
OSHIO T *A-17199
OSTANOVSKH G R J-29186
OZOLINS, G *A-09737
PALEN AGP 'B-22940
PALLINGER, J *B-05118
PARK W R A-27501
PARKER, C M 'B-00323
PEARSE, D J B-05597
PERBDC, G W 'A-04000
PETERSON H W *B-21355
PETRY J K *A-31737
PETTIT G A *B-15887
POTTINGER, J F «B-07699
POVOLOTSKH, D Y B-10479
PRIKHOZHENKO A E B-24809
PUNCH G *B-17H5
PUNCH, G *B-04665, *B-07542
PURVANCE W T *B-23182
R
RAJTMAN L N J-29186
RANDERSON D *D-24227
RAYHER, W *N-06146
REHMANN, C A-09737
REID G E *B-17152
RENGSTORFF G W P *A-20414,
•B-16646, 'B-19732
RENGSTORFF, G W *B-06611, F-10717
REUTER, G B-08310
RICHARD J 'B-31195
RICHARDSON F D 'F-13084
RICHARDSON H L 'B-31316
RIEMANN, W A-10467
RfflA K 'B-29945
RONDIA D 'A-33279
ROSE, A H JR B-02229, B-06098
ROSHCHIN, I V *G-07472
ROWE A D 'J-24543
RULLMAN, D H B-11073
RUMP G 'A-23977
RYZHAVSKH A Z J-29186
SALLEE E E A-27501
SARUTA N 'A-17299
SAWAMURA Y B-31092
SCHERTLER A B-33952
SCHLEICHER A R J-30696
SCHNEIDER, R L *B-05604
SCHOLZ H U 'B-29740
SCHREIBER M *J-29923
SCHUENEMAN, J J *G-00021
SCHULDT, A F B-03232
SEBESTA W 'A-30446
SEFCIK, A J J-08689
SEPTIER L G 'B-34084
SEROKHVOSTOV, A L 'B-10479
SHAFFER N R *A-26166
SHAFFER, L J D-00038
SHANNON L J A-27501
SHAPRITSKIY V N *B-16193
SHJJDARA M *B-24239
SHIMADA G B-22138
SHJMADA S *B-31092
SHIMIZU H B-26003
SHINODA N B-32817
SILVERMAN, L *B-03677, *B-05567,
B-07521, B-07617
SINGHAL R K «B-13811, *B-14161
SMALL, W D B-07617
SMITH J H *B-19792
SMITH, W M 'B-06936
SMITHSON D J C-22934
SMITHSON R N C-22934
SNOWBALL, A F 'A-04946
SOSIN M G-32079
SPAJTE, P W 'B-02229
SPECHT, R C 'B-06587
SPEER E B *B-17118
SPENCELEY, GD *B-01137
SPLIETHOFF H 'A-29348
SQUIRES B J »B-17926
STARITSKH V I A-29021
STEPHAN, D G B-06098
STEPHEN, D G B-02229
STORCH O "B-23628
SUGAHARA K B-31092
SULLIVAN J L G-22118
SULLIVAN R J 'A-22000
SULLIVAN, J L *D-05145
SULLIVAN, R E *B-09436
SUMIN L M A-29021
SUNAVALA, P D «F-08572
SUZUKI Y 'G-26577
SVIDRNOCH L "B-33040, B-33081
TABOR, E C *D-05623
TAGIRIK B-26854
TAGIRI, K B-10477
TALBOTT J A «B-26612
TALDYKIN I A A-13261
TAUDA F *G-26136
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
71
TERABE, M 'D-07406
TERESHCHENKO A F 1-24417
TEWORTE W 'A-30296
THOM, G W 'B-03232
THOMAS F A 'B-17825
THOMAS G A-32351
TRESHOW M M-26303
TRIPLETT G 'C-33045
TSUTSUMIT B-16553
TULCINSKY, S *B-04367
u
UEDA A 'B-27553
UNDERWOOD G 'B-23955
URBAN, G B-10464
UYS J M 'B-17158
VACEK A 'B-33952
VANDERGRIFT A E *A-27501
VARGA J JR "A-30698
VENTURINI J L 'B-26332, 'B-28497
VENTURINI, J L *B-11096
VIETS, F H B-03754
VINOKUROV I S 'J-29186
VISHKAREV, A F A-10466
VON LEHMDEN, D J A-05005
VORONOV F D 'A-13261
VYPOV A I 'B-16446
W
WAKAMATSU S *C-15940
WANGERIN, D D 'A-04345
WASILEWSKA J 'A-30613, A-31919
WATANABE G *A-17516
WATANABE T 'B-32848
WEBER E *B-23364
WEDIN B *A-26929
WEFRING K *G-24586
WERTHMOLLER, E B-08310
WESTERHOLM J R B-20227
WESTERHOLM, J R B-09974
WHEELER, D H 'B-05597, *B-06443
WHITMAN, K B B-07664
WILCOX M S *B-25384
WILKINSON, F M "B-09198
WILL G B-21894
WILLET H P »B-16681
WILLETT, H P 'B-05091
WILLIAMS, D I T B-01137
WOEHLBIER, F H 'F-10717
WOOD A H 'B-28221
YAMAGUCHI T 'B-32791
YAMAMOTO K O B-26003
YAMAWAKI K A-17516
YASUI T A-11974
YAVOISKU, V I A-10466
YEAGER, D D-00038
YOCOM, J E '1-07553
YOKOI M B-22138, 'B-31486, 'B-33401
YOKOMIYO, K 'B-06223
YOSHIZAKI K 'G-31664
YOUNG, P A B-07670
YUDOVICH YU M J-29186
YUZVENKO YU A '1-24417
ZABICKI J G-32079
ZDENEK Z 'B-33438
ZIMMER, K O 'B-10460
ZIPKIN I G-28556
ZOLOTUKHIN S T J-29186
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
73
ABATEMENT A-29021, A-32351, B-11096,
B-16193, B-31195, B-31226, G-24212,
J-09313, J-21300, J-2415S, J-26623,
J-30951, M-18022, N-06146
ABSORPTION A-26929, B-16351, B-33918,
D-10618, N-06146
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-16681,
B-17234, B-22138, B-32817, B-33401,
B-33918
ACETYLENES B-07925, B-31803
ACID SMUTS B-16695
ACIDS A-04946, A-09686, A-09737,
A-17471, A-27790, A-30296, A-31935,
A-32351, B-05091, B-05567, B-06587,
B-07925, B-07931, B-20248, B-31316,
B-33918, D-05145, G-08232, G-28042,
1-07553, J-09313, J-30696
ACUTE G-28042, G-32842
ADHESIVES B-31092
ADMINISTRATION A-02146, A-04946,
A-09737, A-17299, A-27790, A-28604,
A-29021, A-32351, B-00104, B-02193,
B-06249, B-11096, B-16146, B-16446,
B-16561, B-20096, B-20248, B-31195,
B-32037, D-05145, D-05623, D-23391,
J-09313, J-21300, J-24155, J-26623,
J-30951, L-06863, M-15567, N-06146
ADSORPTION B-27727, D-10618, N-06146
ADSORPTION (GENERAL) B-17234
AEROSOL GENERATORS B-09974
AEROSOLS B-03677, B-05567, B-07521,
B-27727, G-07472
AFRICA B-07931
AFTERBURNERS B-07663, B-07925,
B-10469, J-21968, N-06146
AGE G-08441, G-31664, M-15567
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES A-32351,
G-24212
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
A-27501
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-09737, A-17299,
A-27790, A-32351, B-16146, D-05145,
D-05623, M-15567
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-04946, A-05005, A-09737, A-10467,
A-10471, A-12396, A-17299, A-22872,
A-26321, A-27501, A-27790, A-28371,
A-28604, A-30598, A-30613, A-31919,
B-01110, B-04050, B-06780, B-07669,
B-09248, B-10460, B-10462, B-23364,
B-26018, B-26546, B-33040, B-33438,
C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
F-08439, F-10473, G-00021, G-07472,
G-08441, G-22118
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-32351,
B-06780, G-08232
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-33930, B-03754,
B-26612, F-08572
AIRCRAFT A-32351
ALABAMA D-05623
ALCOHOLS B-02193
ALDEHYDES A-09686, G-24212
ALERTS A-32351, G-24212
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS B-06611,
B-07925, B-16646, B-19732, B-31803
ALKALINE ADDITIVES B-17234,
B-20248, B-23182, B-31316, B-31486,
B-32817
ALUMINUM A-09686, A-17471, A-26166,
A-30296, A-31935, B-03754, B-06587,
B-07925, B-16446, B-19210, B-20248,
B-21324, B-33918, C-33045, G-26136,
J-29923, J-30696
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-26321,
A-32489, B-07925, B-20248, F-13084
ALUMINUM OXIDES A-17471, A-28371,
B-05604, B-09796, B-20248, F-08439,
G-00021, G-10396
AMMONIA A-09686, B-07699, B-30534,
B-31486, B-32817, B-33401
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-04946,
A-09686, B-07699, B-30534, B-31486,
B-32817, B-33401
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-04000,
A-05005, A-22000, B-10460, B-20248,
B-32791, B-33168, B-34079, C-14774,
C-15940, D-00038, D-05145, D-10618,
D-24227, 1-07553
ANIMALS A-31737, A-31935, B-06587,
G-00021, G-07472, G-08232, G-10396,
G-28042, G-32842
ANNUAL A-09737, A-27790, A-31919,
B-34079, G-31664, G-32842
ANTHRACENES A-05005
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS B-09796
AREA SURVEYS A-09737, A-17299,
A-27790, A-32351, B-16146, D-05145,
D-05623
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS B-07925
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS A-28371
ASBESTOS B-03754, B-13946, G-24212
ASHES A-04345, B-07925, D-05145
ASIA A-11974, A-17199, A-17252,
A-17299, A-17516, A-27790, A-31935,
B-07669, B-10477, B-13645, B-15649,
B-16146, B-16553, B-17234, B-19210,
B-20096, B-21324, B-22138, B-24239,
B-i26003, B-26546, B-26854, B-27553,
B-28547, B-30534, B-31092, B-31344,
B-31362, B-31486, B-32791, B-32817,
B-32848, B-33401, B-33416, B-33918,
B-34071, C-15940, D-07406, F-08S72,
F-10473, G-16223, G-26136, G-26577,
G-31664, G-32842, J-30951
ASPHALT A-05005, A-09686, A-32351,
B-13946, C-33045, J-30696
ASPIRATORS A-30598, B-10460
ASTHMA D-07406, G-05146, G-22118,
G-24212
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-04946,
A-27790, A-32351, D-00038, D-0514S,
D-05623, D-23391, D-24227, G-11575,
G-22118
ATTACK RATES G-08441
AUSTRALIA B-07699, D-05145, G-05146,
G-22118
AUTOMATIC METHODS C-14774,
G-22118
AUTOMOBILES A-05005, A-09686,
A-32351, D-07406, G-24212. J-30696,
N-21287
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-32351, A-33930, B-03754, B-05091,
B-26612, F-08572, J-30696
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-05005,
A-09686, A-17299, A-32351, D-07406,
D-24227, N-21287
B
BAFFLES B-06854, B-09270, B-33168,
N-06146
BAG FILTERS A-02146, A-17252,
A-26166, B-01110, B-02031, B-02229,
B-02730, B-03754, B-06083, B-06098,
B-06223, B-06568, B-06780, B-07192,
B-07661, B-07925, B-08310, B-09248,
B-09436, B-09796, B-10469, B-11096,
B-15887, B-16039, B-16193, B-17746,
B-20226, B-20699, B-21324, B-21894,
B-23364, B-23955, B-24239, B-24881,
B-25384, B-26195, B-26332, B-26612,
B-27553, B-28221, B-28497, B-28547,
B-28905, B-31195, B-31226, B-31344,
B-32791, B-33548, B-34079, D-10618,
G-00021, J-21968, J-29186
BARIUM COMPOUNDS B-09796
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-04000,
A-04001, A-04345, A-09686, A-09737,
A-11974, A-22000, B-00323, B-02728,
B-03232, B-04367, B-04665, B-05091,
B-05509, B-05597, B-06392. B-06780,
B-07542, B-07661, B-07663, B-07668,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-09198,
B-09248, B-09270, B-09915, B-09977,
B-10460, B-10462, B-10469, B-10477.
B-17127, B-19732, B-19792, B-20699,
B-23808, B-31195, B-31226, C-33045,
D-10618, F-10473, G-00021, J-08689,
J-24543, L-06733, N-03341
BATTERY MANUFACTURING G-32842
BELGIUM A-33279, B-04367, B-16561,
B-21894
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
A-05005, D-05623
BENZENES B-07925
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-05005, A-28371,
A-30598, A-33279
BENZOPYRENES A-05005, A-26929,
A-28371, A-30598, A-33279
BERYLLIOSIS A-04000, B-00322,
B-01110, B-03232, B-04050, B-06223,
B-07664,D-00038,G-00021
BESSEMER CONVERTERS A-09686,
A-20414, A-23977, B-04050, B-06611,
B-07542, B-07699, B-09796, B-17115,
B-19732, B-20699, B-21894, B-26854,
B-32791, C-33045, G-00021, G-07472,
N-03341
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
MEASUREMENT G-05146,
G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-08575,
G-10396, G-11575
-------
74
BIRMINGHAM.ALABAMA D-05623
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION A-04345,
B-05091
BLAST FURNACES A-04345, A-09572,
A-09686, A-09737, A-23977, A-28371,
A-30613, A-33279, B-00037, B-02193,
B-02728, B-03998, B-04794, B-06S68,
B-07931, B-09974, B-13811, B-1S886,
B-165S3, B-16681, B-16695, B-17151,
B-17152, B-17158, B-17234, B-17423,
B-17568, B-20096, B-20226, B-20227,
B-20699, B-21894, B-24239, B-26018,
B-26546, B-27553, B-31092, B-31195,
B-31316, B-31362, B-33168, C-17425,
C-33045, D-00038, F-08572, F-10717,
G-00021, G-08575, 1-24417, K-16228,
L-06733
BLOOD PRESSURE G-32842
BLOWBY A-323S1
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
G-05146, G-08232, G-08441, G-10396,
G-11S7S
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
B-06587, G-05146, G-07472, G-08232,
G-08441, G-08575, G-11575
BOILERS A-04345, A-05005, A-23977,
A-32351, B-02728, B-04665, B-05091,
B-05118, B-07699, B-07925, B-09436,
B-10460, B-10469, B-26546, B-30583,
B-31316, B-33952, B-34079, D-10618,
J-08689, J-30696
BONES A-31935, G-28556, G-32842
BREATHING G-05146, G-32079
BRICKS B-06587, B-19210, B-32037,
1-07553, J-30696
BROMINE D-24227
BRONCHI G-10396
BRONCHITIS A-27790, G-05146, G-22118,
G-31664, G-32079
BUBBLE TOWERS B-07925
BUDGETS B-20248, J-09313, J-30951
BUSES D-07406
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-30296,
B-02193, B-03232, B-07668, B-07669,
B-07670, B-09915, B-10477, B-16681,
B-19210, B-22940, B-26003, B-26854,
B-28905, B-29083, B-29945, B-30583,
B-31092, B-31316, B-33081, B-33168,
B-33438, B-33548, B-34071
CADMIUM A-22872, L-06863
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-17471,
A-22872, G-32842
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-04001,
A-26321, A-28371, A-30296, A-31919,
B-01110, B-05604, B-06098, B-09248,
B-09796, B-26003, B-33438, D-00038,
F-13084, G-00021, G-28556
CALCIUM SULFATES D-00038
CALIFORNIA A-32351, B-03754, B-05307,
B-11096, D-07406, J-09313
CANADA A-04946, B-06249, B-31589
CANCER A-33279, G-16223, G-31664,
G-32842
CARBIDES A-10466
CARBON BLACK A-05005, A-08392,
A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
A-30613, B-02229, B-10469, B-10479,
B-27727, B-31773, B-33170, F-10473,
G-07472
CARBON DIOXIDE A-10467, A-10471,
A-11974, A-32489, B-04367, B-06392,
B-06611, B-07660, B-07661, B-07664,
B-07670, B-09248, B-10469, B-27553,
B-31226, C-17425, F-08572, F-10473,
G-00021, 1-07553
CARBON DISULFIDE B-07925, F-13084
CARBON MONOXIDE A-09686, A-09737,
A-10463, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
A-11974, A-29348, A-32351, A-32489,
B-04367, B-04665, B-05091, B-06392,
B-06611, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
B-07664, B-07669, B-07670, B-09198,
B-09248, B-09977, B-10462, B-10469,
B-10477, B-14889, B-16681, B-20280,
B-23364, B-23808, B-25500, B-26612,
B-26854, B-27553, B-28880, B-31226,
B-32791, C-17425, D-07406, F-08572,
F-10473, F-10717, G-00021, G-08441,
G-08575, G-24212, G-28042, J-09313,
J-30696, N-06I46, N-21287
CARBONATES A-31919, B-03232,
B-20248, B-26003, 1-07553
CARBONYLS B-07617
CARCINOGENS A-33279, B-01110,
D-00038, G-00021
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES G-24212,
G-31664
CASCADE SAMPLERS A-17252
CATALYSIS A-05005, B-22940
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS B-07925,
N-06146
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-04345,
B-05091, B-30534, B-31316, N-06146
CATTLE A-31935, B-06587
CELL GROWTH G-31664
CEMENTS A-08392, A-09737, A-26929,
A-27501, B-02031, B-02229, B-07699,
B-07931, B-13946, B-16446, B-19210,
B-23364, B-24881, B-26003, B-29083,
B-31803, B-32037, B-32848, B-33170,
C-33045, D-07406, D-24227, J-30696,
L-06863, N-06146, N-21287
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-02146,
A-05005, A-09686, A-29021, B-03754,
B-06587, B-07521, B-10469, B-11073,
B-13946, B-17746, B-20699, B-23182,
B-23364, B-24239, B-24881, B-26546,
B-31226, B-31344, B-32791, B-33040,
B-33438, B-33897, B-34079, C-33953,
J-21968, J-26623, K-16228, N-06146
CERAMICS A-09686, A-30296, B-06587,
B-07925, B-26546, B-32037
CERIUM COMPOUNDS F-13084
CHAMBER PROCESSING B-07925,
D-05145
CHARCOAL A-08392, A-10467, B-10469,
B-30534
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-04946,
A-05005, A-10467, A-10471, A-26321,
A-28371, A-30598, A-30613, A-31919,
B-04050, B-07669, B-09248, B-10460,
B-10462, B-26018, B-33040, B-33438,
D-05623, D-07406, F-08439, F-10473
CHEMICAL METHODS A-04000, B-10460
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-04345,
A-04946, A-05005, A-08392, A-09686,
A-09737, A-17199, A-26929, A-27790,
A-30296, A-32351, B-02728, B-04794,
B-05091, B-07925, B-07931, B-16681,
B-20248, B-26546, B-30583, B-31362,
B-31803, B-32817, B-33918, C-33045,
D-05145, D-23391, D-24227, G-31664,
1-07553, J-09313, J-21300, J-21968,
J-29923, J-30951, L-06863, N-21287
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-10463,
A-10466, A-10471, A-10474, A-17252,
A-32351, B-02229, B-07192, B-09796,
B-09915, B-10469, B-20280, B-22940,
B-30534, B-32037, F-08439, F-08572,
F-10473, F-10717, N-06146
CHICAGO J-09313
CHILDREN G-08441, G-24212, G-31664
CHLORIDES A-32489
CHLORINE A-09686, B-30534
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-32489,
N-21287
CHLOROPLASTS B-03754
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-05005, 1-07553
CHROMIUM A-10471, B-07661, F-08439,
L-06863
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS B-07661,
B-09796, B-15887, B-31773, F-08439,
G-07472,1-07553
CHRONIC A-27790, G-10396, G-26136,
G-28042, G-32079, G-32842
CITRUS G-00021
CITY GOVERNMENTS A-27790
CLEAN AIR ACT B-07542, B-07925,
G-08232, N-06146
COAL A-05005, A-08392, A-09572,
A-09686, A-09737, A-13261, B-02031,
B-03232, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
B-31226, B-31344, B-31803, B-33170,
C-33045, D-10618, G-08232, G-26136,
1-07553, J-30696
COAL CHARACTERISTICS A-09737
COAL PREPARATION A-08392, B-20248,
B-31803
COAL TARS G-16223
CODES B-06780, B-11073
COFFEE-MAKING A-09686, B-13946
COKE A-05005, A-08392, A-09572,
A-09737, A-28604, A-30446, A-33930,
B-02193, B-02728, B-07925, B-31195,
B-31226, B-31316, B-31344, B-33168,
B-34079, F-08572, G-00021, G-08232,
L-06733
COLLECTORS A-02146, A-05005,
A-09686, A-29021, A-31919, A-31935,
B-01110, B-02031, B-03754, B-05509,
B-06223, B-06443, B-06568, B-06587,
B-06854, B-06936, B-07521, B-07542,
B-07664, B-07669, B-09270, B-10469,
B-10477, B-11073, B-11096, B-13946,
B-14161, B-14889, B-15649, B-16553,
B-17234, B-17746, B-17913, B-20280,
B-20699, B-21324, B-23182, B-23245,
B-23364, B-23628, B-24239, B-24881,
B-25384, B-26546, B-27553, B-27783,
B-28880, B-29945, B-31092, B-31226,
B-31344, B-32791, B-33040, B-33168,
B-33401, B-33416, B-33438, B-33548,
B-33897, B-34079, C-33953, D-00038,
D-10618, J-21968, J-26623, J-29923,
K-16228, N-06146
COLORIMETRY D-05145
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY A-05005
COMBUSTION
A-24928,
B-07660,
B-28880,
COMBUSTION
B-05091,
B-09977,
COMBUSTION
A-09686,
A-11974,
A-24928,
A-30613,
A-33930,
B-04050,
B-06223,
B-07660,
A-05005, A-10474,
A-29348, B-05597, B-06223,
B-07663, B-07699, B-10469,
F-08572, F-10473
AIR A-04345, A-33930,
B-06780, B-07664, B-09796,
B-26612, B-29740, B-32037
GASES A-04946, A-05005,
A-09737, A-10467, A-10471,
A-14799, A-17252, A-17516,
A-29021, A-29348, A-30446,
A-30698, A-31919, A-32489,
B-01137, B-03677, B-03754,
B-04227, B-04794, B-05567,
B-06611, B-06780, B-06854,
B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
75
B-07925, B-07931, B-09796, B-09974,
B-09977, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
B-10469, B-10477, B-13645, B-14889,
B-16553, B-17152, B-17154, B-17746,
B-17825, B-20096, B-20226, B-20280,
B-20699, B-22138, B-22940, B-23182,
B-24239, B-24676, B-26018, B-26195,
B-26546, B-26854, B-28547, B-29083,
B-29740, B-29945, B-30534, B-30583,
B-31226, B-31316, B-31486, B-32134,
B-32817, B-33040, B-33081, B-33168,
B-33170, B-33401, B-33438, B-33897,
B-33918, B-33952, B-34079, B-34082,
C-10461, C-14774, C-33045, D-0514S,
D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, F-08572,
G-08441, G-32842, 1-07553, 1-24417,
J-2I300, J-26623, K-16228
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-02146,
A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-09686,
A-09737, A-10467, A-10471, A-11974,
A-14799, A-17252, A-17516, A-24928,
A-29021, A-29348, A-30446, A-30613,
A-30698, A-31919, A-32489, A-33930,
B-00037, B-01137, B-03677, B-03754,
B-04050, B-04227, B-04794, B-05567,
B-06223, B-06392, B-06611, B-06780,
B-06854, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
B-07664, B-07925, B-07931, B-09796,
B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-13645,
B-14889, B-16553, B-16561, B-17152,
B-17154, B-17746, B-17825, B-20096,
B-20226, B-20280, B-20699, B-22138,
B-22940, B-23182, B-24239, B-24676,
B-26018, B-26195, B-26546, B-26854,
B-28547, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
B-30534, B-30583, B-31226, B-31316,
B-31486, B-32037, B-32134, B-32817,
B-33040, B-33081, B-33168, B-33170,
B-33401, B-33438, B-33897, B-33918,
B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, C-10461,
C-14774, C-33045, D-05145, D-07406,
D-10618, D-23391, F-08572, G-08441,
G-32842, 1-07553, 1-24417, J-21300,
J-26623, K-16228
COMMERCIAL AREAS A-17299
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-00322,
B-01110, B-16681
COMMERCIAL FIRMS A-02146, B-16681,
B-24239, B-31195, J-30951
COMMON COLD G-05146, G-22118
COMPLAINTS D-23391
COMPOSTING B-05091
COMPRESSION B-07660
COMPUTER PROGRAMS A-04001
CONCRETE A-09686, A-32351, B-03754,
C-33045
CONDENSATION A-10463, B-07660,
B-33081
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
D-05145, G-08232
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-05005,
A-08392, A-09686, A-09737, A-26929,
A-27501, A-32351, B-02031, B-02229,
B-03754, B-06587, B-07699, B-07931,
B-09915, B-13946, B-16446, B-19210,
B-23364, B-24881, B-26003, B-29083,
B-31803, B-32037, B-32848, B-33170,
C-33045, D-07406, D-24227, 1-07553,
J-30696, L-06863, N-06146, N-21287
CONTACT PROCESSING B-07925,
B-07931, B-31803
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-05005,
B-07669, B-07925, B-20248, B-34079,
C-14774, C-17425, C-20434, D-05145,
D-24227, G-22118
CONTROL AGENCIES A-27790
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-02146,
A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
A-09686, A-10471, A-17252, A-22000,
A-26166, A-28604, A-29021, A-30296,
A-30446, A-31919, A-31935, A-32489,
B-00037, B-00322, B-00323, B-01110,
B-02031, B-02193, B-02229, B-02730,
B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
B-03998, B-04227, B-04367, B-04382,
B-04665, B-04794, B-05091, B-05118,
B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
B-06392, B-06443, B-06S68, B-06587,
B-06780, B-06854, B-06936, B-07192,
B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07699, B-07925,
B-07931, B-08310, B-09198, B-09248,
B-09270, B-09361, B-09436, B-09796,
B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-11073,
B-11096, B-13645, B-13811, B-13946,
B-14161, B-14889, B-15649, B-15886,
B-15887, B-16039, B-16193, B-16351,
B-16446, B-16553, B-16652, B-16681,
B-16695, B-17115, B-17118, B-17127,
B-17138, B-17141, B-17151, B-17152,
B-17154, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
B-17746, B-17825, B-17913, B-17926,
B-19210, B-19403, B-19792, B-20096,
B-20226, B-20227, B-20248, B-20280,
B-20699, B-21324, B-21355, B-21894,
B-22138, B-23182, B-23245, B-23364,
B-23628, B-23808, B-23955, B-24239,
B-24676, B-24809, B-24881, B-25384,
B-25500, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
B-26612, B-27553, B-27727, B-27783,
B-28221, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
B-28905, B-29740, B-29945, B-30018,
B-30534, B-31092, B-31195, B-31226,
B-31344, B-31362, B-31486, B-31589,
B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
C-10461, C-14774, C-33045, C-33953,
D-00038, D-10618, G-00021, G-26136,
1-07553, J-08689, J-21968, J-24543,
J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, K-16228,
N-06146
CONTROL METHODS A-04345, A-04946,
A-08392, A-09572, A-09686, A-23458,
A-26166, A-26929, A-28604, A-29021,
A-30296, A-30446, A-30598, A-30698,
A-32351, A-33279, A-33930, B-00037,
B-00104, B-01137, B-02193, B-02730,
B-03232, B-03677, B-03754, B-04227,
B-04382, B-0466S, B-05091, B-05307,
B-05597, B-05604, B-06098, B-06392,
B-06443, B-06611, B-06780, B-07192,
B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
B-07663, B-07664, B-07668, B-07669,
B-07670, B-07925, B-07931, B-09361,
B-09796, B-09915, B-09974, B-09977,
B-10462, B-10477, B-11096, B-13645,
B-13946, B-16146, B-16193, B-16351,
B-16561, B-16646, B-16652, B-16681,
B-17118, B-17152, B-17158, B-17234,
B-19210, B-19732, B-20248, B-20699,
B-21894, B-22138, B-22940, B-23182,
B-23364, B-24239, B-26003, B-26546,
B-26612, B-26854, B-27727, B-27779,
B-27783, B-28402, B-28497, B-28547,
B-28905, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
B-30534, B-30583, B-31092, B-31195,
B-31316, B-31486, B-31773, B-31803,
B-32037, B-32791, B-32817, B-32848,
B-33081, B-33168, B-33401, B-33438,
B-33548, B-33918, B-34071, B-34079,
C-14774, D-10618, F-08572, J-21300,
J-24543, J-29923, J-30696, K-33815,
N-06146
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-04946,
B-00104, B-02193, B-06249, B-11096,
B-20096, B-20248, B-31195, J-09313,
J-21300, L-06863, N-06146
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES B-30018
CONVECTION B-10469
COOLING A-10471, A-23977, B-01110,
B-02229, B-04367, B-04665, B-07661,
B-07669, B-07931, B-09248, B-09796,
B-10469, B-10477, B-23808, B-25521,
B-26612, B-28905, B-31362, B-33081,
B-33438, B-33952, B-34079, J-08689
COPPER A-09686, A-17471, B-03754,
B-07925, C-33045, D-05145, G-05146,
G-22118, G-32842, 1-07553, J-30696,
L-06863
COPPER ALLOYS B-03754, C-33045
COPPER COMPOUNDS B-05604, B-07925,
B-09796, F-13084, G-00021
CORE OVENS 1-07553
CORONA B-09270
CORROSION A-31737, B-30583, G-08232,
1-07553
COSTS A-09572, A-28062, A-28604.
A-30698, B-01110, B-02031, B-05091,
B-05509, B-06443, B-07192, B-07668,
B-09248, B-09436, B-09977, B-10460,
B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-16193,
B-16351, B-16681, B-17127, B-17154,
B-20226, B-23182, B-23955, B-24239,
B-24881, B-2S521, B-26854, B-27783,
B-28497, B-30534, B-32134, B-33081,
B-33416, B-34079, B-34082, D-24227,
J-08689, J-09313, J-21300, J-21968,
J-24155, J-24543, J-26623, J-29186,
J-29923, J-30696, M-18022, N-03341,
N-06146
COTTONS 1-07553
COUGH G-05146, G-32079
CRACKING 1-07553
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-32351
CRITERIA B-19403, N-03341, N-06146
CROPS B-02730, G-32842, J-09313
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE B-09915, F-08439
CUPOLAS A-09737, A-32351, A-32489,
B-02229, B-03754, B-04794, B-05091,
B-07925, B-13811, B-16681, B-20096,
C-33045, F-08572, J-21968
CZECHOSLOVAKIA A-04000, A-04001,
A-26321, A-28371, B-04050, B-23628,
B-28905, B-29945, B-33040, B-33081,
B-33438, D-00038
D
DATA ANALYSIS G-11575, M-15567
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS A-04001,
G-11575, M-15S67
DECREASING A-32351
DENSITY A-30613, B-27553, B-31803,
B-33170
DEPOSITION B-06568, N-21287
DESIGN CRITERIA A-23977, B-02193,
B-05118, B-05509, B-06443, B-07660,
B-07664, B-07925, B-09248, B-09270,
B-09436, B-09796, B-09977, B-10464,
B-10469, B-14161, B-15649, B-158S6,
B-16652, B-17115, B-17118, B-17138,
-------
76
B-17141, B-17154, B-17423, B-17568,
B-17825, B-17913, B-17926, B-19792,
B-20096, B-20226, B-20227, B-20280,
B-23245, B-23808, B-23955, B-24809,
B-2S384, B-25521, B-27727, B-28497,
B-29740, B-31362, B-33081, B-33170,
B-33416, B-33918, B-34084, C-20434,
C-22934, J-08689, J-24543
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
A-08392, B-16146, B-20248, B-31803,
B-32817, B-34079
DIAGNOSIS G-OS146, G-16223
DIESEL ENGINES A-05005, A-09686,
A-32351
DIFFRACTION F-08439
DIFFUSION A-10463
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM G-05146, G-08441,
G-32842
DIOLEFINS B-0792S
DISCOLORATION A-22000, 1-07553
DISPERSION A-10463, A-17199, A-26929,
A-30598, A-32489, B-OI110, B-06568,
B-13645, D-05I45, D-23391
DISTILLATE OILS A-09737, A-33279
DIURNAL A-32351
DOMESTIC HEATING A-05005, A-08392,
A-09737, G-08232, J-30696, N-21287
DONORA D-05623
DROPLETS A-10463, B-051I8, 1-07553
DRY CLEANING A-32351
DRYING B-26003, B-34079
DUMPS A-09737
DUST FALL A-04946, A-26321, B-23364,
D-00038, D-05145, D-07406, D-10618,
G-00021, G-07472
DUSTS A-02146, A-04345, A-05005,
A-10463. A-10467, A-10471, A-13261,
A-17471, A-26166, A-27790, A-28371,
A-30598, A-30613, A-31919, A-32489,
B-00323, B-OniO, B-02031, B-02728,
B-02730, B-03206, B-03232, B-03754,
B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04382,
B-04794, B-05118, B-05509, B-05604,
B-06083, B-06223, B-06392, B-06443,
B-06568, B-06780, B-06854, B-06936,
B-07192, B-07542, B-07661, B-07663,
B-07664, B-07669, B-07699, B-07925,
B-07931, B-08310, B-09248, B-09361,
B-09436, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
B-10477, B-10479, B-11096, B-13645,
B-13811, B-13946, B-14161, B-14889,
B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16351,
B-16446, B-16695, B-I7127, B-I7138,
B-17151, B-17152, B-17154, B-17158,
B-17423, B-17568, B-17746, B-17913,
B-19403, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
B-20227, B-20280, B-20699, B-21355,
B-21894, B-22138, B-23245, B-23628,
B-23955, B-24239, B-24809, B-25384,
B-25500, B-26003, B-26018, B-26195,
B-26332, B-26546, B-27553, B-27727,
B-27783, B-28221, B-28497, B-28547,
B-28880, B-28905, B-29083, B-29740,
B-29945, B-30018, B-30583, B-31092,
B-31226, B-31344, B-31486, B-31589,
B-31803, B-32134, B-32791, B-32848,
B-33040, B-33081, B-33170, B-33401,
B-33416, B-33438, B-33548, B-33897,
B-33918, B-33952, B-34071, B-34079,
B-34082, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
C-15940, C-22934, C-33953, D-00038,
D-05145, D-07406, D-10618, D-23391,
F-08439, F-10473, G-00021, G-08441,
G-10396, G-22118, G-28042, G-28556,
G-32842, 1-24417, K-16228, N-06146,
N-21287
DYE MANUFACTURING A-31737
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-27790, B-09436,
J-09313, J-21968
ELECTRIC CHARGE B-07699, B-07931
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-09686,
A-10467, A-10471, A-17252, A-32351,
A-32489, B-01110, B-02229, B-02728,
B-02730, B-03754, B-05091, B-05509,
B-05597, B-06083, B-06098, B-07192,
B-07542, B-07660, B-07661, B-07664,
B-07925, B-08310, B-097%, B-10462,
B-10464, B-11073, B-11096, B-15649,
B-15887, B-17115, B-17138, B-17746,
B-17913, B-17926, B-21355, B-21894,
B-24239, B-25384, B-25521, B-26332,
B-26546, B-26612, B-28497, B-28880,
B-29740, B-33081, B-33416, B-33548,
B-34071, B-34082, C-33045, D-10618,
F-08439, G-00021, G-08441, G-26577,
K-33815, L-06733, N-06146
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-05005, A-08392, A-09737, A-17199,
A-26929, A-27501, A-27790, A-32351,
B-02031, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
B-09977, B-10469, B-16681, B-21324,
B-23955, B-24881, B-27727, B-31803,
B-32817, D-07406, D-10618, G-08232,
J-30696, J-30951, N-21287
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES B-05307,
B-07699, B-07931, B-09270, B-23955,
B-32848, B-33170
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE B-07699,
B-07931, B-33170
ELECTROCONDUCnVITY ANALYZERS
D-05145
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY A-30598,
F-08439
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-02146, A-05005, A-09686, A-22000,
A-26166, A-29021, A-31919, B-00323,
B-02031, B-02730, B-03232, B-03754,
B-03998, B-04382, B-04665, B-04794,
B-05307, B-05597, B-05604, B-06098,
B-06223, B-06392, B-06443, B-06568,
B-06780, B-06936, B-07542, B-07664,
B-07668, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
B-09270, B-09796, B-09974, B-09977,
B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
B-11073, B-11096, B-13645, B-13811,
B-13946, B-16351, B-16446, B-16553,
B-17115, B-17118, B-17127, B-17138,
B-17141, B-17746, B-19403, B-19792,
B-20096, B-20248, B-20280, B-20699,
B-21894, B-23182, B-23245, B-23364,
B-23628, B-23955, B-24239, B-24676,
B-24881, B-25500, B-26195, B-27553,
B-28221, B-28547, B-31226, B-31344,
B-31589, B-31803, B-32134, B-32848,
B-33170, B-33438, B-33952, B-34079,
B-34082, D-00038, D-10618, G-00021,
J-08689, J-21968, J-24543, J-26623,
J-29186, J-29923, K-16228, N-06146
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-09737,
A-12396, A-22872, A-27501, A-28604,
B-26546
EMISSION STANDARDS A-32351,
B-06780, B-07542, B-17234, J-30696,
K-16228, K-33815, N-06146
EMPHYSEMA G-32842, J-09313
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES B-31195
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-05005, A-09686,
A-32351, D-07406, N-21287
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-33930, B-03754, B-05091, B-26612,
F-08572
EPIDEMIOLOGY G-24212, G-24586,
G-28042, G-32079
EQUIPMENT CRITERIA B-19403,
N-03341
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS K-16228
ESTERS B-09248
ETHYLENE B-07925
EUROPE A-04000, A-04001, A-04345,
A-10463, A-10466, A-10467, A-10471,
A-10474, A-13261, A-14799, A-17471,
A-23458, A-23977, A-26321, A-26929,
A-28062, A-28371, A-29348, A-30296,
A-30598, A-30613, A-31737, A-31919,
A-33279, B-00037, B-00104, B-01110,
B-02229, B-02730, B-03206, B-04050,
B-04367, B-04665, B-04794, B-05118,
B-06223, B-06568, B-06780, B-07542,
B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
B-07670, B-07925, B-07931, B-08310,
B-09248, B-09270, B-09915, B-10460,
B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10479,
B-13811, B-14161, B-14889, B-16193,
B-16351, B-16446, B-16561, B-17115,
B-17746, B-17926, B-19403, B-20226,
B-20280, B-21894, B-22940, B-23245,
B-23364, B-23628, B-23955, B-24809,
B-25500, B-26018, B-27783, B-28221,
B-28402, B-28880, B-28905, B-29740,
B-29945, B-30583, B-31226, B-31773,
B-33040, B-33081, B-33438, B-33897,
B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
C-10461, C-14774, C-20434, C-22934,
C-33953, D-00038, D-10618, D-23391,
F-08439, F-13084, G-07472, G-08232,
G-08441, G-08575, G-10396, G-11575,
G-24586, G-28556, G-32079, 1-24417,
J-21300, J-24543, J-29186, J-29923,
K-16228, K-33815, L-06863, N-21287
EXCESS AIR A-33930, B-09796, B-26612,
B-29740
EXCRETIONS G-28556
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-04345, A-10471,
B-01110, B-04367, B-04665, B-05091,
B-05597, B-06083, B-06098, B-07192,
B-07660, B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,
B-07669, B-07670, B-08310, B-09198,
B-09248, B-09436, B-09796, B-09977,
B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
B-11073, B-11096, B-13811, B-1711S,
B-17746, B-17913, B-17926, B-20699,
B-23808, B-25384, B-26332, B-26612,
B-27553, B-28497, B-29945, B-31344,
B-32134, B-33168, B-33416, B-33548,
J-08689, J-24543
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-04000,
B-03677, B-09270
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-04000,
A-10467, D-10618, F-10473, G-10396
EXPLOSIONS A-32489, B-10477, B-32848
EXPOSURE METHODS G-10396
EYE IRRITATION A-32351
EYES G-08232
FALLOUT G-11575
FANS (BLOWERS) B-01110, B-04665,
B-05091, B-05597, B-07192, B-09248,
B-09436, B-11096, B-17913, B-20699,
B-23808, B-26332, B-26612, B-29945,
B-31344, B-32134, B-33416
FARMS G-11575, G-31664
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-09915
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SUBJECT INDEX
77
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS B-07925,
G-08232, J-09313, N-06146, N-21287
FEMALES G-05146, M-15567
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-26929, A-31935, B-19210, D-24227,
G-26136
FERTILIZING A-04946, A-08392, B-02730,
B-06587, B-09915, G-32842
FIELD TESTS A-10467, A-10471, B-07521,
B-07617, B-09974, B-10462, B-10477,
B-10479, B-29945, C-33953, D-10618
FILTER FABRICS A-05005, A-0%86,
A-30296, B-02229, B-03677, B-03754,
B-05567, B-06083, B-06780, B-07617,
B-08310, B-09796, B-U073, B-11096,
B-14161, B-16039, B-19210, B-20248,
B-23955, B-26332, B-28497, B-31226,
B-32037, B-33952, B-34079, B-34082,
C-33045, G-00021, I-075S3
FILTERS A-02146, A-05005, A-08392,
A-09686, A-17252, A-22000, A-26166.
A-29021, A-30296, B-01110, B-02031,
B-02229, B-02730, B-03677, B-03754,
B-05567, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
B-06568, B-06780, B-07192, B-07521,
B-07617, B-07661, B-07925, B-08310,
B-09248, B-09436, B-09796, B-10464,
B-10469, B-11073, B-11096, B-13946,
B-14161, B-15887, B-16039, B-16193,
B-16351, B-17115, B-17746, B-17926,
B-19210, B-19403, B-20226, B-20248,
B-20280, B-20699, B-21324, B-21894,
B-23245, B-23364, B-23955, B-24239,
B-24881, B-25384, B-26195, B-26332,
B-26612, B-27S53, B-27727, B-28221,
B-28497, B-28547, B-28880, B-28905,
B-30018, B-31195, B-31226, B-31344,
B-32037, B-32791, B-33548, B-33952,
B-34079, B-34082, C-10461, C-14774,
C-33045, D-10618, G-00021, 1-07553,
J-21968, J-29186, N-06146
FIRING METHODS A-04345, A-09572,
A-33930, B-01137, B-05091, B-06780,
B-07664, B-07925, B-09796, B-09977,
B-26612, B-29740, B-32037
FLAME AFTERBURNERS B-07925,
B-10469, N-06146
FLARES B-04367, B-07925
FLOW RATES A-04345, B-01110,
B-02730, B-05604, B-07670, B-23628,
B-25500, B-27727, B-30583, B-31589,
B-33170, C-22934, C-33045, 1-24417
FLOWERS B-09915
FLOWMETERS A-10471
FLUID FLOW A-04345, B-01110, B-02730,
B-04665, B-05118, B-05307, B-05597,
B-05604, B-07670, B-09270, B-09361,
B-23628, B-25500, B-27727, B-30583,
B-31589, B-33170, C-22934, C-33045,
1-24417
FLUORANTHENES A-05005
FLUORIDES A-17471, A-30296, A-31935,
B-06587, B-07664, B-09796, B-19210,
B-23182, B-33918, D-10618, G-00021,
G-26136, G-28556, 1-07553, J-30696
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-30296
FLUORINE B-04794, B-07664, J-29923
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-17471,
A-30296, A-31935, B-06587, B-07664,
B-07925, B-09796, B-19210, B-23182,
B-33897, B-33918, D-10618, G-00021,
G-26136, G-28556, 1-07553, J-30696,
N-21287
FLUOROSIS B-06587, G-26136, G-28556
FLY ASH A-04345, A-09686, B-03677,
B-05567, B-07699, B-07925, G-24212
FOG G-08232
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-09686, B-13946, C-33045, J-30696
FOODS G-32842
FORESTS A-26929
FRANCE A-04001, B-14889, B-16561,
B-27783, B-28880, B-34084, C-20434
FRUITS G-00021
FUEL CHARGING A-09572, A-33930
FUEL EVAPORATION A-32351
FUEL GASES A-05005, A-08392, A-09737,
A-23977, A-32351, B-07925, B-10460,
B-25521, B-31226, C-33045, F-08572
FUEL OILS A-05005, A-09737, A-27790,
A-32351, A-33279, A-33930, B-05604,
B-07925, B-09796, B-16146, B-31226,
B-32817, C-33045, D-07406, G-08232,
1-07553
FUEL STANDARDS B-32817
FUELS A-04345, A-05005, A-08392,
A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-13261,
A-23977, A-24928, A-27790, A-28062,
A-28604, A-30446, A-30698, A-32351,
A-33279, A-33930, B-02031, B-02193,
B-02728, B-03232, B-05509, B-05604,
B-07699, B-07925, B-07931, B-09796,
B-10460, B-16146, B-25521, B-26546,
B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
B-31803, B-32817, B-33168, B-33170,
B-34079, B-34082, C-10461, C-33045,
D-07406, D-10618, F-08572, G-00021,
G-08232, G-26136, 1-07553, J-30696,
L-06733, L-06863
FUMES A-04345, A-10463, A-10466,
A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-26166,
A-32489, B-00037, B-00322, B-00323,
B-01110, B-01137, B-02229, B-02728,
B-02730, B-03677, B-03754, B-04367,
B-04382, B-04665, B-05091, B-05509,
B-05597, B-06098, B-06443, B-06936,
B-07192, B-07521, B-07542, B-07617,
B-07660, B-07661, B-07664, B-07668,
B-07670, B-07699, B-07925, B-09248,
B-09361, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
B-10479, B-11073, B-11096, B-13811,
B-14161, B-16039, B-16652, B-16695,
B-17115, B-17127, B-17138, B-17141,
B-17151, B-17746, B-17913, B-17926,
B-19792, B-20096, B-20699, B-21894,
B-23955, B-25384, B-25521, B-26195,
B-26332, B-26612, B-28221, B-28402,
B-28497, B-28880, B-29945, B-31226,
B-31589, B-31773, B-33548, B-33952,
B-34079, B-34082, B-34084, C-22934,
C-33953, D-10618, F-10473, G-00021,
G-28042, G-32842, J-08689, K-3381S,
N-06146
FUNGI 1-07553
FURNACES A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
A-04345, A-05005, A-09572, A-09686,
A-09737, A-10463, A-10467, A-10471,
A-11974, A-13261, A-17252, A-20414,
A-22000, A-23977, A-26166, A-28062,
A-28371, A-29348, A-30446, A-30613,
A-32351, A-32489, A-33279, A-33930,
B-00037, B-00322, B-00323, B-01110,
B-01137, B-02031, B-02193, B-02229,
B-02728, B-02730, B-03232, B-03677,
B-03754, B-03998, B-04050, B-04367,
B-04382. B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
B-06392, B-06443, B-06568, B-06587,
B-06611, B-06780, B-06854, B-06936,
B-07192, B-07521, B-07542, B-07617,
B-07660, B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,
B-07668, B-07669, B-07670. B-07699,
B-07925,
B-09248
B-09796
B-10460,
B-10477,
B-13811
B-16039,
B-16681,
B-17127.
B-17152,
B-17423,
B-17913,
B-19792,
B-20280,
B-23182,
B-25384,
B-26546,
B-28497,
B-29740,
B-31195,
B-31362,
B-33081,
B-33897,
B-34084,
C-20434,
D-07406,
F-10473,
G-08232,
1-24417,
J-29186,
N-03341
B-07931, B-08310,
, B-09270, B-09361,
, B-09915, B-09974,
B-10462, B-10464,
, B-10479, B-11073,
, B-15649, B-15886,
B-16553, B-16646,
B-16695, B-17115,
, B-17138, B-17141,
B-17154, B-17158,
B-17568, B-17746,
B-17926, B-19403,
B-20096, B-20226,
, B-20699, B-21355,
B-23808, B-24239,
B-25521, B-26018,
B-26612, B-26854,
B-28880, B-28905,
B-29945, B-30583,
B-31226, B-31316,
, B-31486, B-32037,
B-33168, B-33416,
B-33952, B-34071,
C-10461, C-14774,
C-33045, C-33953,
,D-10618, F-08439,
F-10717, G-00021,
, G-08441, G-08575,
J-08689, J-21968, J-
K-16228, K-33815,
, N-06146
G
B-09198,
B-09436,
B-09977,
B-10469,
B-110%,
B-15887,
B-16652,
B-17118,
B-17151,
B-17234,
B-17825,
B-19732,
B-20227,
B-21894,
B-24809,
B-26332,
B-27553,
B-29083,
B-31092,
B-31344,
B-32791,
B-33548,
B-34082,
C-17425,
D-00038,
F-08572,
G-07472,
G-26577,
-24543,
L-06733,
GAS SAMPLING A-05005, B-04050,
B-20248, C-14774, C-17425, C-20434,
D-05145
GAS TURBINES B-32134
GASES A-04946, B-00037, B-02229,
B-04794, B-05118, B-07660, B-07663,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07931, B-17151,
B-20227, F-08572, F-10717, G-28042,
G-28556, 1-07553, J-08689, N-06146
GASIFICATION (SYNTHESIS) A-08392,
B-31803
GASOLINES A-05005, A-09737
GERMANY A-10463, A-10466, A-10467,
A-10471, A-10474, A-17471, A-23458,
A-23977, A-28062, A-29348, A-30296,
B-03206, B-04794, B-05118, B-06568,
B-06780, B-08310, B-09248, B-09270,
B-09915, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
B-10469, B-16351, B-16561, B-19403,
B-20226, B-20280, B-23245, B-23364,
B-25500, B-29740, B-30583, C-10461,
C-14774, D-10618, D-23391, G-28556,
J-21300, J-29923, K-16228, N-21287
GLASS FABRICS A-05005, A-09686,
A-30296, B-02229, B-03754, B-06083,
B-08310, B-09796, B-11096, B-16039,
B-19210, B-26332, B-28497, B-32037,
C-33045, 1-07553
GOVERNMENTS A-27790, B-07542,
B-07925, B-16446, B-31195, G-08232,
J-09313, L-06863, N-06146, N-21287
GRAIN PROCESSING J-30696
GRAPHITE B-17151, F-10473
GRASSES B-02730
GRAVITY SETTLING A-09686, B-09974
GREAT BRITAIN B-04665, B-07542,
B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
B-07670, B-07925, B-13811, B-14161,
B-17115, B-17746, B-17926, B-23955,
B-28221, B-28402, B-31226, B-31773,
B-34079, B-34082, C-22934, C-33953,
-------
78
F-13084, G-08232, G-11575, 3-24543,
K-33815, L-06863
GUINEA PIGS G-08232
H
HALOGEN GASES A-09686, B-04794,
B-07664, B-27727, B-30534, D-24227,
J-29923
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-30296
HAZE D-05145
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT D-07406,
G-05146, G-08441, J-09313
HEALTH STATISTICS G-11575
HEARINGS L-06733
HEAT CAPACITY A-23977
HEAT OF COMBUSTION B-10469
HEAT TRANSFER A-10471, A-23977,
B-01110, B-02229, B-04367, B-04665,
B-07661, B-07669, B-07670, B-07931,
B-09248, B-097%, B-10469, B-10477,
B-23808, B-25521, B-26612, B-28402,
B-28905, B-31362, B-33081, B-33438,
B-33952, B-34079, J-08689
HEIGHT FINDING A-17516, C-33045
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-05005, D-24227
HIGHWAYS A-17299
HOURLY G-22118
HOUSTON D-24227
HUMANS A-22000, A-31737, G-05146,
G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-08575,
G-11575, G-16223, G-24212, G-24586,
G-26577, G-28042, G-31664, G-32079,
G-32842, M-15567
HUMIDITY B-33170, 1-07553
HYDROCARBONS A-05005, A-09686,
A-09737, A-26321, A-26929, A-28371,
A-30598, A-32351, A-32489, A-33279,
B-06611, B-07925, B-16646, B-19732,
B-31803, B-32037, J-30696, N-06146,
N-21287
HYDROCHLORIC ACID B-06587,
G-28042
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-17471,
A-30296, A-31935, B-05567, G-28042
HYDROGEN A-10466, B-06611, B-07670,
B-27553, F-08572, F-10717, G-00021
HYDROGEN SULFIDE B-02728, B-07925,
B-31195, B-31316, B-33168, B-34079,
F-10717, F-13084, 1-07553
I
ILLINOIS J-09313
IMPINGERS A-22000, G-00021
INCINERATION A-02146, A-05005,
A-09686, A-09737, A-32351, B-05091,
B-20248, C-33045, G-32842, N-06146
INDIANA A-09737, D-05623
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-14799, A-17199,
A-17299, A-27790, A-28371, B-16146,
D-05145, G-00021, G-07472, G-08441,
G-11575, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
J-30951
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-02146, A-04000, A-04001, A-04345,
A-04946, A-05005, A-08392, A-09572,
A-09686, A-09737, A-10463, A-10466,
A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-11974,
A-12396, A-13261, A-14799, A-17199,
A-17252, A-17299, A-17471, A-17516,
A-20414, A-22000, A-22872, A-23458,
A-23977, A-24928, A-26166, A-26321,
A-26929, A-27501, A-27790, A-28062,
A-28371, A-28604, A-29021, A-29348,
A-30296, A-30446, A-30598, A-30613,
A-30698, A-31737, A-31919, A-31935,
A-32351, A-32489, A-33279, A-33930,
B-00037, B-00104, B-00322, B-00323,
B-01110, B-01137, B-02031, B-02193,
B-02229, B-02728, B-02730, B-03206,
B-03232, B-03677, B-03754, B-03998,
B-04050, B-04227, B-04367, B-04382,
B-04665, B-04794, B-05091, B-05118,
B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
B-06249, B-06392, B-06443, B-06568,
B-06587, B-06611, B-06780, B-06854,
B-06936, B-07192, B-07521, B-07542,
B-07617, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
B-07664, B-07668, B-07669, B-07670,
B-07699, B-07925, B-07931, B-08310,
B-09198, B-09248, B-09270, B-09361,
B-09436, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
B-09977, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
B-10469, B-10477, B-10479, B-11073,
B-11096, B-13645, B-13811, B-13946,
B-14161, B-14889, B-15649, B-15886,
B-15887, B-16039, B-16146, B-16193,
B-16351, B-16446, B-16553, B-16561,
B-16646, B-16652, B-16681, B-16695,
B-17115, B-17118, B-17127, B-17138,
B-17141, B-17151, B-17152, B-17154,
B-17158, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
B-17746, B-17825, B-17913, B-17926,
B-19210, B-19403, B-19732, B-19792,
B-20096, B-20226, B-20227, B-20248,
B-20280, B-20699, B-21324, B-21355,
B-21894, B-22138, B-22940, B-23182,
B-23245, B-23364, B-23628, B-23808,
B-23955, B-24239, B-24676, B-24809,
B-24881, B-25384, B-25500, B-25521,
B-26003, B-26018, B-26195, B-26332,
B-26546, B-26612, B-26854, B-27553,
B-27727, B-27779, B-27783, B-28221,
B-28402, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
B-28905, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
B-30018, B-30534, B-30583, B-31092,
B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
B-31362, B-31486, B-31589, B-31773,
B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
B-33952, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
B-34084, C-10461, C-14774, C-15940,
C-17425, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
G-08232, G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
G-11575, G-16223, G-22118, G-24212,
G-24586, G-26136, G-26577, G-28042,
G-28556, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
J-21300, J-21968, J-24155, J-24S43,
J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, J-30696,
J-30951, K-16228, K-33815, L-06733,
L-06863, M-15567, M-18022, M-26303,
N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
INFANTS G-11575
INFECTIOUS DISEASES G-08441,
G-31664
INGESTION G-32842
INORGANIC ACIDS A-04946, A-09686,
A-09737, A-17471, A-27790, A-30296,
A-31935, A-32351, B-05091, B-05567,
B-06587, B-07925, B-07931, B-20248,
B-31316, B-33918, D-05145, G-08232,
G-28042, 1-07553, J-09313, J-30696
INSTRUMENTATION B-05597, C-10461
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-05005, A-08392, A-09686, A-32351,
B-05091
INVERSION A-04946, 1-07553
IODINE B-27727
IONIZATION B-07699, B-07931, B-09270,
F-08439
IONS B-07931, F-08439
IRON A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
A-11974, A-12396, A-13261, A-14799,
A-17199, A-17252, A-17299, A-17471,
A-17516, A-20414, A-22000, A-22872,
A-23458, A-23977, A-24928, A-26166,
A-26321, A-26929, A-27501, A-27790,
A-28062, A-28371, A-28604, A-29021,
A-29348, A-30296, A-30446, A-30598,
A-30613, A-30698, A-31737, A-31919,
A-31935, A-32351, A-32489, A-33279,
A-33930, B-00037, B-00104, B-00322,
B-00323, B-01110, B-01137, B-02031,
B-02193, B-02229, B-02728, B-02730,
B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04367,
B-04382, B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
B-05118, B-05307, B-05509, B-05567,
B-05597, B-05604, B-06083, B-06098,
B-06223, B-06249, B-06392, B-06443,
B-06568, B-06587, B-06611, B-06780,
B-06854, B-06936, B-07192, B-07521,
B-07542, B-07617, B-07660, B-07661,
B-07663, B-07664, B-07668, B-07669,
B-07670, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
B-08310, B-09198, B-09248, B-09270,
B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-09915,
B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-10479,
B-11073, B-110%, B-13645, B-13811,
B-13946, B-14161, B-14889, B-15649,
B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16146,
B-16193, B-16351, B-16446, B-16553,
B-16561, B-16646, B-16652, B-16681,
B-16695, B-17115, B-17118, B-17127,
B-17138, B-17141, B-17151, B-17152,
B-17154, B-17158, B-17234, B-17423,
B-17568, B-17746, B-17825, B-17913,
B-17926, B-19210, B-19403, B-19732,
B-19792, B-20096, B-20226, B-20227,
B-20248, B-20280, B-20699, B-21324,
B-21355, B-21894, B-22138, B-22940,
B-23182, B-23245, B-23364, B-23628,
B-23808, B-23955, B-24239, B-24676,
B-24809, B-24881, B-25384, B-25500,
B-25521, B-26003, B-26018, B-26195,
B-26332, B-26546, B-26612, B-26854,
B-27553, B-27779, B-27783, B-28221,
B-28402, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
B-28905, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
B-30018, B-30534, B-30583, B-31092,
B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
B-31362, B-31486, B-31589, B-31773,
B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
B-33952, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
B-34084, C-10461, C-14774, C-15940,
C-17425, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
G-08232, G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
G-11575, G-16223, G-22118, G-24212,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
79
G-24586, G-26136, G-26577, G-28042,
G-285S6, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
J-21300, J-21968, J-24155, J-24543,
J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, J-30696,
J-30951, K-16228, K-33815, L-06733,
L-06863, M-15567, M-18022, M-26303,
N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
IRON COMPOUNDS A-04946, A-10463,
A-22000, A-26321, A-30446, A-31919,
B-05604, B-07521, B-07617, B-07661,
B-07925, B-10460, B-15887, B-22940,
B-27783, C-10461, D-05623, F-08439,
G-00021, G-10396
IRON OXIDES A-04000, A-09572,
A-10463, A-10466, A-10474, A-13261,
A-17471, A-20414, A-26321, A-28371,
A-30613. B-03232, B-04382, B-05091,
B-05604, B-06098, B-06611, B-06780,
B-06936, B-07521, B-07617, B-07661,
B-07664, B-07699, B-07925, B-09198,
B-09248, B-09270, B-09796, B-09915,
B-10460, B-16039, B-16652, B-17127,
B-17151, B-24676, B-26018, B-27783,
B-28221, B-28402, B-28880, B-29083,
B-29740, B-31092, B-31226, B-32791,
B-33081, B-33438, B-34079, B-34082,
B-34084, C-33953, F-08439, F-10473,
G-00021, G-07472, G-10396, 1-07553
J
JAPAN A-11974, A-17199, A-17252,
A-17299, A-17516, A-27790, A-31935,
B-07669, B-10477, B-13645, B-15649,
B-16146, B-16553, B-17234, B-19210,
B-20096, B-21324, B-22138, B-24239,
B-26003, B-26546, B-26854, B-27553,
B-28547, B-30534, B-31092, B-31344,
B-31362, B-31486, B-32791, B-32817,
B-32848, B-33401, B-33416, B-33918,
B-34071, C-15940, D-07406, F-10473,
G-16223, G-26136, G-26577, G-31664,
G-32842, J-30951
JET AIRCRAFT A-32351
K
KEROSENE A-33279
KIDNEYS G-32842
KILNS A-08392, B-03232, B-07699,
B-07925, B-07931, B-24881, B-31773,
B-32037, B-33897, C-33045, N-21287
KRAFT PULPING A-04345, A-09686,
B-05091, B-16681, B-20248, B-31803,
C-3304S
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-00021,
G-07472, G-08232, G-10396, G-28042,
G-32842
LABORATORY FACILITIES B-07617
LANDFILLS A-09737, B-33548
LARYNX G-08441
LEAD A-04946, A-09686, A-26166,
B-03754, B-21324, C-33045, G-32842,
J-30696, L-06863
LEAD ALLOYS B-03754
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-04946, B-01110,
B-03232, B-34071, D-05623, J-30696
LEATHER 1-07553
LEAVES A-31935
LEGAL ASPECTS A-26166, A-27790,
A-32351, B-06780, B-07542, B-07925,
B-11073, B-11096, B-16561, B-17234,
B-23364, B-31195, B-31226, D-23391,
G-00021, G-08232, K-33815, L-06733,
N-06146, N-21287
LEGISLATION A-27790, A-32351,
B-07542, B-07925, B-16561, B-17234,
B-23364, B-31226, G-00021, G-08232,
K-33815, N-06146
LIGHT RADIATION G-11575
LIGHT SCATTERING B-04050
LIME A-08392, B-07699, B-07931,
B-31773, B-32037, B-33897, C-33045
LIMESTONE B-06587, B-07521, B-23182,
B-31344, B-32817, D-10618, 1-07553
LIPIDS G-10396
LIQUIDS B-05118, B-05604, B-07542,
B-09248, B-20280, B-23245, B-26003,
B-31486, B-33081, F-10717, 1-07553
LITHIUM COMPOUNDS B-09796
LIVER G-32842
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS B-07542,
B-16446, B-31195, N-06146
LONDON G-08232
LOS ANGELES B-03754, B-11096,
D-07406
LUNG CANCER G-16223
LUNG CLEARANCE G-32079
LUNGS G-08441, G-10396, G-28556
M
MAGNESIUM B-03754, C-33045
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS A-26321,
A-28371, B-01110, B-05604, F-13084
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
A-32351
MAINTENANCE B-05604, B-06443,
B-07192, B-07542, B-09361, B-10462,
B-16652, B-17118, B-17152, B-32848,
B-33168, B-33918, C-14774, J-30696
MALES G-05146, M-15567
MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL A-02146
MANGANESE B-06780, B-07661, F-08439.
G-07472, G-24586, G-26577, L-06863
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-04000,
A-04001, A-26321, A-28371, B-01110,
B-05604, B-06780, B-07661, B-09796,
B-31773, B-32817, B-33438, D-24227,
F-08439, F-13084, G-00021, G-07472,
G-26577
MANGANESE SULFATES B-09796
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-22000,
A-31737, B-04227, B-30583, G-08232,
1-07553, 1-24417
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES A-10463,
B-07699, B-07931, B-28547, B-33170,
C-33045, F-08439, F-08572, F-10473
MATHEMATICAL MODELING A-10463,
F-10473
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION G-08232
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-05005,
A-10467, A-22000, B-04050, B-07664,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-10460,
B-20248, B-21894, B-23364, B-28547,
B-34079, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
C-17425, C-20434, C-33045, D-05145,
D-10618, D-24227, G-22118
MEETINGS M-18022
MERCAPTANS B-07925
METAL COMPOUNDS A-04000, A-04001,
A-04946, A-09686, A-10463, A-17471,
A-22000, A-22872, A-26321, A-28371.
A-30296, A-30446, A-31919, A-32489,
B-01110, B-03232, B-03998, B-05604,
B-06098, B-06780, B-07521, B-07617,
B-07661, B-07925, B-09248, B-09796,
B-10460, B-15887, B-20248, B-22940,
B-26003, B-27783, B-31773, B-32817,
B-33438, B-34071, C-10461, C-15940,
D-00038, D-05623, D-24227, F-08439,
F-13084, G-00021, G-07472, G-08232,
G-10396, G-24212, G-26577, G-28556,
G-32842, 1-07553, J-30696
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-08392, A-09737, A-17199, A-17471,
A-22872, A-26929, A-28371, A-30446,
A-30613, A-31935, A-32351. A-32489,
B-02229, B-03206, B-03754. B-07925,
B-16681, B-20248, B-21324, B-27783,
B-30534, B-32037, B-32848, B-33168,
C-33045, D-07406, G-28042, G-32842,
J-21968, J-29923, J-30696, N-06146
METAL POISONING G-32842
METALS A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
A-11974, A-12396, A-13261, A-14799,
A-17199, A-17252, A-17299, A-17471,
A-17516, A-20414, A-22000, A-22872,
A-23458, A-23977, A-24928. A-26166,
A-26321, A-26929, A-27501, A-27790,
A-28062, A-28371, A-28604, A-29021,
A-29348, A-30296, A-30446, A-30598,
A-30613, A-30698, A-31737, A-31919,
A-31935, A-32351, A-32489, A-33279,
A-33930, B-00037, B-00104, B-00322,
B-00323, B-01110, B-01137, B-02031,
B-02193, B-02229, B-02728, B-02730,
B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04367,
B-04382, B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
B-05118, B-05307, B-05509, B-05567,
B-05597, B-05604, B-06083, B-06098,
B-06223, B-06249, B-06392, B-06443,
B-06568, B-06587, B-06611, B-06780,
B-06854, B-06936, B-07192, B-07521,
B-07542, B-07617, B-07660, B-07661,
B-07663, B-07664, B-07668, B-07669,
B-07670, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
B-08310, B-09198, B-09248, B-09270,
B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-09915,
B-09974, B-09977, B-10460, B-10462,
B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-10479,
B-11073, B-11096, B-13645, B-13811,
B-13946, B-14161, B-14889, B-15649,
B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16146,
B-16193, B-16351, B-16446, B-16553,
B-16561, B-16646, B-16652, B-16681,
B-16695, B-17115, B-17118, B-17127,
B-17138, B-17141, B-17151, B-17152,
B-17154, B-17158, B-17234, B-17423,
B-17568, B-17746, B-17825, B-17913,
B-17926, B-19210, B-19403. B-19732,
B-I9792, B-20096, B-20226, B-20227,
B-20248, B-20280. B-20699, B-21324.
B-21355, B-21894, B-22138, B-22940,
B-23182, B-23245, B-23364, B-23628,
B-23808, B-23955, B-24239, B-24676,
B-24809, B-24881, B-25384, B-25500,
B-25521, B-26003, B-26018, B-26195,
B-26332, B-26546, B-26612, B-26854,
B-27553, B-27779, B-27783, B-28221,
B-28402, B-28497, B-28547, B-28880,
B-28905, B-29083, B-29740, B-29945,
B-30018, B-30534, B-30583, B-31092,
B-31195, B-31226, B-31316, B-31344,
B-31362, B-31486, B-31589, B-31773,
-------
80
B-31803, B-32037, B-32134, B-32791,
B-32817, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
B-33168, B-33170, B-33401, B-33416,
B-33438, B-33548, B-33897, B-33918,
B-33952, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
B-34084, C-10461, C-14774, C-15940,
C-1742S, C-20434, C-22934. C-33045,
C-339S3, D-00038, D-0514S, D-05623,
D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
G-08232. G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
G-11575, G-16223, G-22118, G-24212,
G-24586, G-26136, G-26577, G-28042,
G-28556, G-31664, G-32079, G-32842,
1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
J-21300, J-21968, J-24155, J-24543,
J-26623, J-29186, J-29923, J-30696,
J-30951, K-16228, K-33815, L-06733,
L-06863, M-15567, M-18022, M-26303,
N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
METEOROLOGY A-04946, A-27790,
A-32351, B-33170, D-00038, D-05145,
D-05623, D-10618, D-23391, D-24227,
G-08232, G-11575, G-22118, 1-07553
METHANES B-06611, B-16646, B-19732
MICROORGANISMS G-24586, 1-07553
MINERAL PROCESSING A-04946,
A-08392, A-09737, A-22872, A-26929,
A-27501, A-27790, A-30296, A-31935,
A-32351, B-02031, B-03754. B-07699,
B-07925, B-07931, B-13946, B-16446,
B-19210, B-23364, B-26546, B-27783,
B-31344, B-31803, B-32037, B-32848,
B-33170, B-34079, C-33045, D-23391,
G-08441, G-10396, G-26136, J-30696,
L-06863, N-06146
MINERAL PRODUCTS B-03754, B-06587,
B-07521, B-13946, B-17151, B-23182,
B-31344, B-32817, D-10618, F-10473,
G-10396, G-24212, 1-07553, L-06863
MINING A-04946, G-10396
MISSOURI B-02229, B-02730, B-03998,
B-04050
MISTS B-05567, B-07925, B-16695,
G-32842, J-09313, N-06146
MOBILE A-32351, J-30696
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS B-09796,
F-13084
MONITORING A-05005, B-07664,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-20248,
B-28547, B-34079, C-14774, C-17425,
C-20434, D-05145, D-24227, G-22118
MONTHLY D-05145
MORBIDITY G-08441, G-26577, G-28042
MORTALITY A-31737, G-08575, G-24586,
G-28042, G-31664
MOUNTAINS G-31664
MOUTH G-05146
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-05005
N
NATURAL GAS A-09737, A-32351,
B-25521, C-33045
NERVOUS SYSTEM G-11575
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
D-24227
NEW YORK CITY J-09313
NEW YORK STATE J-09313
NICKEL F-08439
NICKEL COMPOUNDS B-09796, B-15887,
F-08439
NITRATES G-24212, N-06146
NITRIC ACID A-09686, B-07925
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) B-30534, F-10717
NITROGEN A-10466, A-10471, A-32489,
B-07661, B-07664, B-10477, B-26854,
B-27553, B-30534, F-08572, G-00021
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-09686,
B-30534, D-05145, G-24212, N-06146
NITROGEN OXIDES A-09686, A-09737,
A-32351, B-07925, B-30534, B-32037,
D-05145, F-10717, G-24212, G-28042,
J-30696, N-06146
NITROUS OXIDE (N2O) B-30534
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-04946, A-05005, A-08392, A-09686,
A-09737, A-27501, A-29021, A-31737,
B-02730, B-05091. B-06392, B-06587,
B-07521, B-07670, B-09915, B-20227,
B-29740, B-31195, B-31226, B-32848,
B-33081, B-33168, B-33548, C-33045,
G-08232, G-32842, 1-07553, J-26623,
J-30696, J-30951, N-21287
NON-URBAN AREAS A-27790, G-11575,
G-31664
NOSTRILS G-10396, G-32079
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS B-27727
NUCLEATION A-10463
NYLON 1-07553
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-33279,
B-32848, G-07472, G-08232, G-08575,
G-16223, G-26577, G-28042, G-32079,
G-32842
ODOR COUNTERACTION B-01137,
B-04227, B-13946
ODORS A-30446, A-32489, B-13946,
B-16695, N-06146
OIL BURNERS B-01137
OIL RESOURCES A-09737
OLEFTNS B-07925, B-31803
OPEN BURNING A-05005, A-09686,
A-09737, B-32848
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-02146,
A-04345, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
A-32351, A-33930, B-00037, B-00322,
B-02193, B-02728, B-02730, B-03232,
B-03677, B-03754, B-04382, B-05307,
B-05509, B-05567, B-05597, B-05604,
B-06223, B-06587, B-06854, B-06936,
B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07699,
B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-10460,
B-10479, B-11096, B-13811, B-16039,
B-16652, B-16695, B-17115, B-17118,
B-17141, B-17151, B-17154, B-17746,
B-17825, B-19732, B-19792, B-20699,
B-21894, B-23182, B-24239, B-26546,
B-28905, B-29945, B-31092, B-31195,
B-33081, B-33897, B-34071, B-34082,
C-10461, C-33045, C-33953, F-10473,
G-00021, L-06733, N-03341
OPERATING CRITERIA N-03341
OPERATING VARIABLES A-04001,
A-10474, A-20414, A-29348, A-30446,
A-30698, B-06443, B-10460, B-10479,
B-15887, B-16351, B-16652, B-16695,
B-17115, B-17118, B-17913, B-19403,
B-19792, B-20096, B-21324, B-23245,
B-239S5, B-25384, B-26332, B-28497,
B-31362, B-31589, B-32817, B-33040,
B-33081, B-33168, B-33170, B-33401,
B-33897, B-33952, B-34071, B-34082,
B-34084, C-17425, C-33953, D-10618
OPINION SURVEYS M-26303
OREGON B-01110
ORGANIC ACIDS A-09686
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
B-07925
ORSAT ANALYSIS C-20434
OXJDANTS A-32351, N-06146
OXIDATION A-10463, A-10466, A-10471,
A-10474, A-17252, B-07192, B-09796,
B-09915, B-10469, B-32037, F-08439,
F-08572, F-10473
OXIDES A-04000. A-04946, A-09572,
A-09686, A-09737, A-10463, A-10466,
A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-11974,
A-13261, A-14799, A-17199, A-17471,
A-17516, A-20414, A-26321, A-27790,
A-28371, A-29348, A-30613, A-31919,
A-32351, A-32489, B-01110, B-01137,
B-02728, B-03232, B-03754, B-04367,
B-04382, B-04665, B-05091, B-05567,
B-05604, B-06098, B-06223, B-06392,
B-06611, B-06780, B-06936, B-07521,
B-07617, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
B-07664, B-07669, B-07670, B-07699,
B-07925, B-07931, B-09198, B-09248,
B-09270, B-09796, B-09915, B-09977,
B-10460, B-10462, B-10469, B-10477,
B-13645, B-14889, B-16039, B-16652,
B-16681, B-17127, B-17151, B-20248,
B-20280, B-23245, B-23364, B-23808,
B-24676, B-25500, B-26003, B-26018,
B-26546, B-26612, B-26854, B-27553,
B-27783, B-2822I, B-28402, B-28880,
B-29083, B-29740, B-30534, B-31092,
B-31226, B-31773, B-32037, B-32791,
B-32817, B-33081, B-33168, B-33438,
B-33918, B-34071, B-34079, B-34082,
B-34084, C-17425, C-33953, D-00038,
D-05145, D-05623, D-07406, D-10618,
F-08439, F-08572, F-10473, F-10717,
F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-07472,
G-08232, G-08441, G-08575, G-10396,
G-22118, G-24212, G-28042, 1-07553,
J-09313, J-30696, K-16228, L-06733,
N-06146, N-21287
OXYGEN A-04000, A-10463, A-10467,
A-10471, A-10474, A-29348, A-32489,
A-33930, B-06611, B-07660, B-07669,
B-07670, B-10460, B-10477, B-19732,
B-20280, B-28221, B-33952, F-08572,
F-10473, G-00021, 1-07553
OXYGEN LANCING A-09686, A-10466,
A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-11974,
B-03232, B-06098, B-07192, B-07660,
B-07661, B-07664, B-09198, B-09361,
B-09436, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
B-10477, B-10479, B-16039, B-19732,
B-20226, B-23808, B-25521, B-29740,
B-29945, F-10473, J-24543, J-29923
OZONE A-32351, G-24212, 1-07553
PACKED TOWERS B-03754, B-06587,
B-09974, B-21355, B-23808, B-27727
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-09686,
A-32351, C-33045, G-32842
PAINTS B-09915, 1-07553
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY 1-07553
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-04345,
A-09686, A-27501, B-16695, B-26546,
B-31803, B-33918, D-24227, J-30951
PARIS A-04001
PARTICLE GROWTH A-10463, A-10474,
B-03677, B-07J21, B-09915, B-33170
PARTICLE SHAPE A-17252, C-22934
PARTICLE SIZE A-09572, A-10463,
A-172S2, A-28371, A-30598, A-30613,
A-31919, A-32489, B-00322, B-03677,
B-04050, B-05118, B-05604, B-06098,
B-06223, B-06780, B-07617, B-07669,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
81
B-07699, B-09248, B-09270, B-09796,
B-16695, B-17151, B-23628, B-23955,
B-27553, B-27727, B-27783, B-29740.
B-33170, B-33438, C-10461, C-22934,
C-33045. C-33953, D-07406, F-10473,
1-24417
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-09572,
A-10463, A-17252, A-28371, A-30598,
A-30613, A-31919, A-32489, B-00322,
B-03677, B-04050, B-05118, B-05604,
B-06098, B-06223, B-06780, B-07617,
B-07669, B-07699, B-09248, B-09270,
B-09796, B-16695, B-17151, B-23628,
B-23955, B-27553, B-27727, B-27783,
B-29740, B-33170, B-33438, C-10461,
C-22934, C-33045, C-33953, D-07406,
F-10473,1-24417
PARTICULATE SAMPLING B-04050,
B-20248, C-10461, F-08439
PARTICULATES A-02146, A-04345,
A-04946, A-05005, A-09686, A-09737,
A-10463, A-10466, A-10467, A-10471,
A-10474, A-13261, A-14799, A-17299,
A-17471, A-20414, A-234S8, A-26166.
A-26321, A-27501, A-27790, A-28371,
A-30446, A-30598, A-30613, A-30698,
A-31919, A-32351, A-32489, B-00037,
B-00322, B-00323, B-01110, B-01137,
B-02031, B-02229, B-02728, B-02730,
B-03206, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04367,
B-04382, B-04665, B-04794, B-05091,
B-OS118, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06223,
B-06392, B-06443, B-06568, B-06611,
B-06780, B-06854, B-06936, B-07192,
B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07699. B-07925,
B-07931, B-08310, B-09198, B-09248,
B-09270, B-09361, B-09436, B-09796,
B-09915, B-09974, B-10460, B-10462,
B-10464, B-10469, B-10477, B-10479,
B-11073, B-11096, B-13645, B-13811,
B-13946, B-14161, B-14889, B-15649,
B-15886, B-15887, B-16039, B-16351,
B-16446, B-16553, B-16646, B-16652,
B-16695, B-17115, B-17127, B-17138,
B-17141, B-17151, B-17152, B-17154,
B-17158, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
B-17746, B-17913, B-17926, B-19403,
B-19732, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
B-20227, B-20280, B-20699, B-21355,
B-21894, B-22138, B-23245, B-23628,
B-23955, B-24239, B-24809, B-24881,
B-25384, B-25500, B-25521, B-26003,
B-26018, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
B-26612, B-27553, B-27727, B-27783,
B-28221, B-28402, B-28497, B-28547,
B-28880, B-28905, B-29083, B-29740,
B-29945, B-30018, B-30583, B-31092,
B-31226, B-31344, B-31486, B-31589,
B-31773, B-31803, B-32037, B-32134,
B-32791, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
B-33170, B-33401, B-33416, B-33438,
B-33548, B-33897, B-33918, B-33952,
B-34071, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
C-10461, C-14774, C-15940, C-22934,
C-339S3, D-00038, D-05145, D-05623,
D-07406, D-10618, D-23391, F-08439,
F-10473, G-00021, G-07472, G-08232,
G-08441, G-10396, G-22118, G-24212,
G-24586, G-28042, G-28556, G-32842,
1-07553, 1-24417, J-08689, J-09313,
J-26623, J-30696, K-16228, K-33815,
N-06146, N-21287
PATHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
G-07472, G-10396
PENNSYLVANIA B-06083, D-05623
PERMEABILITY B-02730
PEROXIDES G-00021
PEROXYACETYL NITRATE G-24212,
N-06146
PEROXYACYL NITRATES G-24212,
N-06146
PERSONNEL A-02146
PESTICIDES A-31737
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION A-32351
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-09737,
A-17199, A-32351, B-07925, B-16146,
D-24227
PETROLEUM REFINING A-04345,
A-05005, A-09686, A-09737, A-17199,
A-26929, A-32351, B-07925, B-30583,
B-31803, D-24227, G-31664, 1-07553,
J-09313, J-30951
PH B-23808, B-31486
PHENOLS B-02193
PHOSPHATES A-04946, B-06587, D-OS145
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-09686, B-06587,
B-33918
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-04946,
B-05604, B-06587, B-07661, B-09248,
B-09796, B-31773, D-05145, G-00021
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-32351, N-06146
PHYSICAL STATES A-04946, A-32489,
A-33279, B-00037, B-02229, B-04794,
B-05118, B-05597, B-05604, B-06611,
B-07542, B-07660, B-07663, B-07669,
B-07670, B-07931, B-09248, B-17151,
B-20227, B-20280, B-23245, B-26003,
B-27727, B-30583, B-31486, B-33081,
F-08572, F-10717, G-28042, G-28556,
1-07553, J-08689, N-06146
PILOT PLANTS A-10471, B-03677,
B-07521, B-07617, B-07664, B-07670,
B-09270, B-15886, B-22138, B-24676,
B-29083, B-32791, B-34084
PITTSBURGH D-05623
PLANNING AND ZONING D-23391
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-02146,
A-04946, A-09737, A-17299, A-27790,
A-32351, B-00104, B-02193, B-06249,
B-11096, B-16146, B-16446, B-20096,
B-20248, B-31195, D-05145, D-05623,
J-09313, J-21300, J-26623, L-06863,
M-15567, N-06146
PLANT DAMAGE A-31935, B-06587,
D-05145, D-10618, G-08232, J-09313
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-26929, A-31737,
A-31935, B-02730, B-09915, D-10618,
G-00021, G-08232, G-26136, G-32842,
J-09313
PLASTICS B-09248, B-31092, B-33918,
G-32842
PLATING G-32842
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-32489, B-01110,
D-05145
PNEUMOCONIOSIS G-07472, G-10396
PNEUMONIA G-24586, G-26577, G-31664,
G-32079
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-05005,
A-26321, A-26929, A-28371, A-30598,
A-33279, B-32037
PORTABLE C-10461
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS B-03998,
B-09796
POWER SOURCES A-05005, A-08392,
A-09686, A-32351, B-05091, B-32134.
B-34079
PRECIPITATION D-05623, D-10618,
G-11575
PRESSURE A-10467, A-23977, B-02229,
B-02730, B-03998, B-05118, B-05597,
B-06083, B-07521, B-07617, B-07664,
B-07668, B-07670, B-08310. B-10469,
B-10477, B-17118, B-17151, B-23628,
B-27727, B-28880, B-31803, B-33168,
B-34082
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-02146, A-04000,
A-04001, A-04345, A-04946, A-05005,
A-08392, A-09572, A-09686, A-09737,
A-10463, A-10466, A-10467, A-10471,
A-10474, A-11974, A-12396, A-13261,
A-14799, A-17199, A-17252, A-17299,
A-17471, A-17516, A-20414, A-22000,
A-22872, A-23458, A-23977, A-24928,
A-26166, A-26321, A-26929, A-27501,
A-27790, A-28062, A-28371, A-28604,
A-29021, A-29348, A-30296, A-30446,
A-30598, A-30613, A-30698, A-31737,
A-31919, A-31935, A-32351. A-32489,
A-33279, A-33930, B-00037, B-00104,
B-00322, B-00323, B-01110, B-01137,
B-02031, B-02193, B-02229, B-02728,
B-02730, B-03206, B-03232, B-03677,
B-03754, B-03998, B-04050. B-04227,
B-04367, B-04382, B-04665, B-04794,
B-05091, B-05118, B-05307, B-05509,
B-05567, B-05597, B-05604. B-06083,
B-06098, B-06223, B-06249, B-06392,
B-06443, B-06568, B-06587, B-06611,
B-06780, B-06854, B-06936, B-07192,
B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
B-07661, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07699, B-07925,
B-07931, B-08310, B-09198, B-09248,
B-09270, B-09361, B-09436, B-09796,
B-09915, B-09974, B-09977, B-10460,
B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
B-10479, B-11073, B-11096, B-13645,
B-13811, B-13946, B-14161, B-14889,
B-15649, B-15886, B-15887, B-16039,
B-16146, B-16193, B-16351, B-16446,
B-16553, B-16561, B-16646, B-16652,
B-16681, B-16695, B-17115, B-17118,
B-17127, B-17138, B-17141, B-17151,
B-17152, B-17154, B-17158, B-17234,
B-17423, B-17S68, B-17746, B-17825,
B-17913, B-17926, B-19210, B-19403,
B-19732, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
B-20227, B-20248, B-20280, B-20699,
B-21324, B-21355, B-21894, B-22138,
B-22940, B-23182, B-23245, B-23364,
B-23628, B-23808, B-23955, B-24239,
B-24676, B-24809, B-24881, B-25384,
B-25500, B-25521, B-26003, B-26018,
B-26195, B-26332. B-26546, B-26612,
B-26854, B-27S53, B-2T779, B-27783,
B-28221, B-28402, B-28497, B-28547,
B-28880, B-28905, B-29083, B-29740,
B-29945, B-30018, B-30534, B-30583,
B-31092, B-31195, B-31226, B-31316,
B-31344, B-31362, B-31486, B-31589,
B-31773, B-31803, B-32037, B-32134,
B-32791, B-32817, B-32848, B-33040,
B-33081, B-33168, B-33170. B-33401,
B-33416, B-33438, B-33548, B-33897,
B-33918, B-33952, B-34071, B-34079,
B-34082, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
C-15940. C-17425, C-20434. C-22934,
C-33045, C-33953, D-00038. D-05145,
D-05623, D-07406. D-10618, D-23391.
D-24227,F-08439, F-08572,F-10473.
F-10717. F-13084, G-00021. G-05146,
-------
82
G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-08575,
G-10396. G-11575, G-16223, G-22118,
G-24212, G-24586, G-26136. G-26577,
G-28042, G-28556, G-31664, G-32079,
G-32842, I-075S3, 1-24417, J-08689,
J-09313, J-21300, J-21968, J-24IS5,
J-24543, J-26623, J-29186, J-29923,
J-30696, J-30951, K-16228, K-33815,
L-06733. L-06863, M-15567, M-18022,
M-26303, N-03341, N-06146, N-21287
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-04345,
A-09S72, A-33279, A-33930, B-01137,
B-05091, B-06611, B-06780, B-07660,
B-07664. B-07925. B-09796, B-09977,
B-16681, B-171S8, B-19732, B-26612,
B-28402, B-29740, B-31195, B-32037,
B-33168, B-34079
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT A-32351
PROPOSALS A-29021, B-16146, D-2339]
PROTEINS G-10396
PUBLIC AFFAIRS D-23391, M-18022,
M-26303
PUBLIC INFORMATION M-18022
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-05146,
G-22118
PULVERIZED FUELS A-09572, B-07699,
B-34082
PYRENES A-05005, A-26929, A-28371,
A-30598, A-33279
QUARTZ G-10396
QUENCHING B-32791, B-33168, B-34079
QUESTIONNAIRES G-05146
R
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION B-27727,
G-11575
RADIOGRAPHY G-07472, G-08441
RAIN D-05623, G-11575
RAPPING B-04382, B-04665, B-05307,
B-07931
RATS G-07472, G-10396
REACTION KINETICS A-10463, B-19732,
F-10473
REACTION MECHANISMS A-10463,
A-10474, A-20414, B-09796, F-10473
REACTORS (NUCLEAR) B-27727
REDUCTION A-17252, B-22940, B-30534
REFRACTORIES A-10463, A-29021,
B-03998, B-09436
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS A-27790,
N-06146
REGULATIONS A-26166, B-11073,
B-11096, B-23364, B-31195, N-21287
RENDERING A-32351, B-13946
REPRODUCTION G-11575
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES A-08392,
A-12396, A-30698, B-04050
RESEARCH PROGRAMS A-28604,
B-16561, B-32037, J-09313, J-21300,
N-06146
RESIDENTIAL AREAS D-23391, G-05146
RESIDUAL OILS A-09737, A-27790,
B-05604, B-32817
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-27790,
D-07406, G-05146, G-07472, G-08232,
G-08441, G-10396, G-22118, G-24212,
G-24586, G-26577, G-28042, G-31664,
G-32079, G-32842, J-09313
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS A-22000,
B-06568, G-05146, G-08232, G-22118,
G-32079, N-21287
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM G-05146,
G-08232, G-08441, G-10396, G-28556,
G-32079
RETENTION G-28556, G-32842
RUBBER B-04227, 1-07553, J-30696
RUBBER MANUFACTURING N-06146
SAFETY EQUIPMENT A-23977, G-08575
SALTZMAN METHOD D-05145
SAMPLERS A-05005, A-17252, A-22000,
A-30598, B-05509, B-07617, B-10460,
C-33953, D-24227, G-00021
SAMPLING METHODS A-05005, A-10467,
A-17252, A-22000, A-30598, B-04050,
B-05509, B-07617, B-10460, B-20248,
B-24676, B-34084, C-10461, C-14774,
C-17425, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-10618,
D-24227, F-08439. G-00021
SAMPLING PROBES B-07617, C-22934,
C-33953
SCRUBBERS A-02146, A-04946, A-05005,
A-09686, A-29021, A-31935, B-00037,
B-00322, B-00323, B-02031, B-03206,
B-03754, B-03998, B-04227, B-04367,
B-04794, B-05091, B-05118, B-05509,
B-05597, B-06098, B-06223, B-06392,
B-06443, B-06568, B-06587, B-06780,
B-06854, B-07663, B-07664, B-07668,
B-07669, B-07670, B-07925, B-07931,
B-09198, B-09248, B-09361, B-09796,
B-09974, B-09977, B-10462, B-10469,
B-11073, B-13645, B-13811, B-14161,
B-14889, B-15886, B-15887, B-16351,
B-16553, B-16652, B-16681, B-16695,
B-17115, B-17127, B-17151, B-17152,
B-17154, B-17234, B-17423, B-17568,
B-17746, B-17825, B-19403, B-20227,
B-20248, B-20699, B-21355, B-21894,
B-22138, B-23628, B-23808, B-23955,
B-24239, B-24809, B-24881, B-25500,
B-26195, B-27553, B-27727, B-28221,
B-28497, B-28547, B-29740, B-30534,
B-31195, B-31226, B-31344, B-31362,
B-31486, B-32134, B-32791, B-32817,
B-33081, B-33168, B-33897, B-33918,
B-33952, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
G-00021, G-26136, J-08689, J-21968,
J-24543, J-26623, J-29186, J-29923,
N-06146
SEASONAL A-27790, A-32351, B-09248,
D-05145, G-08232, G-22118
SECONDARY AIR B-06780
SEDIMENTATION A-09686, A-30598,
B-09974, B-26003, B-33081
SELENIUM COMPOUNDS A-31737
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-03754,
B-06223, B-31344, B-34079, N-06146
SETTLING PARTICLES A-02146,
A-04345, A-05005, A-10463, A-10467,
A-10471, A-13261, A-17299, A-17471,
A-26166, A-26321, A-27790, A-28371,
A-30598, A-30613, A-31919, A-32489,
B-00323, B-01110, B-02031, B-02728,
B-02730, B-03206, B-03232, B-03754,
B-03998, B-04050, B-04227, B-04382,
B-04794, B-05118, B-05509, B-05604,
B-06083, B-06223, B-06392, B-06443,
B-06568, B-06780, B-06854, B-06936,
B-07192, B-07521, B-07542, B-0766I,
B-07663, B-07664, B-07669, B-07699,
B-07925, B-07931, B-08310, B-09248,
B-09361, B-09436, B-09796, B-09915,
B-09974, B-10460, B-10462, B-10464,
B-10469, B-10477, B-10479, B-11096,
B-13645, B-13811, B-13946, B-14161,
B-14889, B-15886, B-15887, B-16039,
B-16351, B-16446, B-16553, B-16695,
B-17127, B-17138, B-17151, B-17152,
B-17154, B-17158, B-17423, B-17568,
B-17746, B-17913, B-19403, B-19792,
B-20096, B-20226, B-20227, B-20280,
B-20699, B-21355, B-21894, B-22138,
B-23245, B-23628. B-23955, B-24239,
B-24809, B-25384, B-25500, B-26003,
B-26018, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
B-27553, B-27727, B-27783, B-28221,
B-28497, B-28547, B-28880, B-28905,
B-29083, B-29740, B-29945, B-30018,
B-30583, B-31092, B-31226, B-31344,
B-31486, B-31589, B-31803, B-32134,
B-32791, B-32848, B-33040, B-33081,
B-33170, B-33401. B-33416, B-33438,
B-33548, B-33897, B-33918, B-33952,
B-34071, B-34079, B-34082, B-34084,
C-10461, C-14774, C-15940, C-22934,
C-33953, D-00038, D-05145, D-07406,
D-10618, D-23391, F-08439, F-10473,
G-00021, G-08441, G-10396, G-22118,
G-28042, G-28556, G-32842, 1-24417,
K-16228, N-06146, N-21287
SEWAGE B-20227, B-29740, B-31226,
B-33081, 1-07553
SEWAGE TREATMENT 1-07553
SHIPS A-08392, A-32351, B-31344
SIEVE ANALYSIS A-28371. C-33953
SILICATES B-07521, F-08439, G-10396
SILICON COMPOUNDS B-01110,
B-06587, B-07521. B-07661, B-08310,
F-08439, G-07472, G-08441, G-10396
SILICON DIOXIDE A-26321, A-28371,
A-30613, A-31919, B-05604, B-06223,
B-09248, B-09796, D-00038, F-08439,
G-00021, G-07472, G-08441, G-10396
SILVER COMPOUNDS B-09796
SIMULATION A-04000, B-04050, B-06611
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-05005
SINTERING A-02146, A-04946, A-09737,
A-17471, A-17516, A-30446, B-04227,
B-06587, B-07542, B-09915, B-20096,
B-20699, B-21894, B-22138, B-23182,
B-24239, B-24676, B-26003, B-26546,
B-31195, B-31344, B-31486, B-32134,
B-32817, B-33401, B-34082, C-33953.
D-10618, G-00021, G-32842, J-26623,
K-16228, L-06733
SKIN CANCER A-33279
SLUDGE B-20227, B-29740, B-31226,
B-33081
SMOG A-32351,1-07553, J-09313, N-06146
SMOKEMETERS B-04050
SMOKES A-05005, A-10466, A-10474,
A-13261, A-17299, A-20414, A-23458,
A-32489, B-04050, B-04367, B-06611,
B-06780, B-07192, B-07542, B-07925,
B-09270, B-09796, B-11096, B-13645,
B-13946, B-15649, B-16646, B-16695,
B-17138, B-17234, B-17746, B-17913,
B-19732, B-20096, B-20699, B-21355,
B-24239, B-26546, B-31226, B-32791,
B-32848, B-34079, D-05145, G-00021,
G-08232, G-24586, G-28042
SMOKING G-05146, G-32079, G-32842
SOCIAL ATTITUDES J-24155, M-15567
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS G-24212,
J-21968, J-24155, J-30696, M-15567,
M-26303
SODIUM CHLORIDE G-08232
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
83
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-03998,
B-09796, F-13084, G-08232
SOILING 1-07553
SOILING INDEX D-05623
SOILS A-31737, G-31664, G-32842
SOLAR RADIATION G-M575
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-05005,
A-09737, B-05091, B-31195, B-33168,
B-33548. C-33045, J-30696
SOLIDS 1-07553
SOLVENTS A-32351
SOOT A-04345, A-17299, A-26321,
A-28371, A-30598, B-09436, B-16553,
B-34079, C-10461, D-07406, N-21287
SOOT FALL D-07406
SOURCE SAMPLING B-24676, B-34084,
C-17425, C-22934, C-33045, C-33953
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) B-07521, B-07617,
B-16561, B-16681, B-17234, B-20248,
B-22138, B-22940, B-23182, B-26546,
B-31316, B-31486, B-32791, B-32817,
B-33168, B-33401, B-33918, B-34079,
J-21300
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-05005,
A-08392, A-09686, B-05091
SPECTROMETRY A-05005, A-22000,
B-20248, D-00038
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-22000,
B-32791, B-33168, B-34079
SPRAY TOWERS A-05005, B-06587,
B-07663, B-07669, B-07670, B-09248,
B-09974, B-13811, B-17152, B-28497,
B-32817, B-34084
SPRAYS N-06146
ST LOUIS B-02229, B-02730, B-03998,
B-04050
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-04946.
1-07553
STACK GASES A-04946, A-09686,
A-10471, A-14799, A-17516, A-24928,
A-29021, A-30613, A-31919, A-32489,
B-01137, B-03677, B-03754, B-04227,
B-04794, B-06223, B-06611, B-06780,
B-07660, B-07661, B-07663, B-07664,
B-07925, B-07931, B-09974, B-09977,
B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
B-17746, B-20280, B-20699, B-22940,
B-23182, B-24239, B-24676, B-26018,
B-26195, B-26546, B-28547, B-29083,
B-30534, B-31226, B-31486, B-32134,
B-32817, B-33040, B-33081, B-33168,
B-33170, B-33401, B-33438, B-33897,
B-33918, B-33952, B-34079, B-34082,
C-10461, C-3304S, D-05145, D-07406,
D-10618, D-23391, F-08572, G-08441,
G-32842, 1-24417, J-26623, K-16228
STACK SAMPLING B-24676, B-34084,
C-33045
STACKS A-04946, A-17516, B-04665,
B-06568, B-06780, B-06854, B-07925,
B-16146, B-26195, B-32134, B-34079,
D-05145, J-26623
STANDARDS A-32351, B-06780, B-07542,
B-17234, B-32817, G-08232, J-30696,
K-16228, K-33815, N-06146
STATE GOVERNMENTS N-06146
STATISTICAL ANALYSES D-05623,
G-05146, G-31664, J-30696
STEAM B-05597, B-06611, B-30583,
J-08689
STEAM ENGINES B-34079
STEAM PLANTS A-08392, A-09737,
A-32351, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
B-09977, B-10469, D-07406, D-10618,
G-08232
STEEL A-02146, A-04000, A-04001,
A-04345, A-04946, A-05005, A-08392,
A-09572, A-09686, A-09737, A-10463,
A-10466, A-10467, A-10471, A-10474,
A-11974, A-123%, A-13261, A-14799,
A-17199, A-17252, A-17471, A-20414,
A-22872, A-23458, A-23977, A-24928,
A-26166, A-26321, A-26929, A-27501,
A-27790, A-28371, A-28604. A-29021,
A-29348, A-302%, A-30446, A-30598,
A-30613, A-30698, A-31737, A-31935,
A-32351, A-33279, A-33930, B-00037,
B-00104, B-00322, B-00323, B-01110,
B-01137, B-02031, B-02193, B-02728,
B-02730, B-03232, B-03677, B-03754,
B-04050, B-04227, B-04367, B-04382,
B-04665, B-04794, B-05091, B-05118,
B-05307, B-05509, B-05567, B-05597,
B-05604, B-06083, B-06098, B-06249,
B-06392, B-06443, B-06587, B-06611,
B-06854, B-06936, B-07192, B-07521,
B-07542, B-07660, B-07661, B-07663,
B-07664, B-07668, B-07669, B-07670,
B-07699, B-07925, B-07931, B-08310,
B-09198, B-09248, B-09270, B-09361.
B-09436, B-09796, B-09915, B-09977,
B-10460, B-10462, B-10464, B-10469,
B-10477, B-10479, B-11073, B-11096,
B-13811, B-13946, B-14161, B-14889,
B-15649, B-15886, B-15887, B-16039,
B-16351, B-16561, B-16646, B-16652,
B-16681, B-16695, B-17115, B-17118,
B-17127, B-17138, B-17141, B-17151,
B-17152, B-17154, B-17158, B-17234,
B-17423, B-17568, B-17746, B-17825,
B-17913, B-17926, B-19210, B-19403,
B-19732, B-19792, B-20096, B-20226,
B-20227, B-20248, B-20280, B-20699,
B-21324, B-21355, B-21894, B-22138,
B-23182, B-23364, B-23628, B-23808,
B-23955, B-24239, B-24676, B-24809,
B-24881, B-25384, B-25500, B-25521,
B-26018, B-26195, B-26332, B-26546,
B-26612, B-26854, B-27553, B-27783,
B-28221, B-28402, B-28497, B-28547,
B-28880, B-28905, B-29083, B-29740,
B-29945, B-30018, B-30534. B-30583,
B-31092, B-31195, B-31226, B-31316,
B-31362, B-31589, B-31773, B-31803,
B-32037, B-32134, B-32791, B-32817,
B-32848, B-33081, B-33168, B-33170,
B-33401, B-33416, B-33438, B-33548,
B-33897, B-33918, B-33952, B-34071,
B-34079, B-34082, C-10461, C-14774,
C-15940, C-20434, C-22934, C-33045,
C-33953, D-05145, D-05623, D-07406,
D-10618, D-24227, F-08439, F-08572,
F-10473, F-10717, F-13084, G-00021,
G-05146, G-07472, G-08232, G-08441,
G-08575, G-11575, G-16223, G-24212,
G-26136, G-26577, G-28042, G-28556,
G-31664, G-32079, G-32842, 1-07553,
1-24417, J-08689, J-09313, J-21300,
J-21968, J-24155, J-24543, J-26623,
J-29186, J-29923, J-30696, J-30951,
K-33815, L-06733, L-06863, M-15567,
M-18022, M-26303, N-03341, N-06146,
N-21287
STONE A-09686, A-27501, B-03754,
B-31803,1-07553
STRONTIUM COMPOUNDS B-09796
SULFATES A-32489, B-33170, D-05623
SULFIDES A-04946, A-32489, B-02728,
B-07925, B-31195, B-31316, B-33168,
B-34079, F-10717, F-13084, 1-07553
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-04001,
A-04946, A-24928, A-30698, A-32351,
A-32489, B-02728, B-02730, B-03232,
B-05604, B-07925, B-09248, B-10460,
B-16681, B-27779, B-31195, B-31316,
B-33168, B-33170, B-34079, D-05623,
D-23391, F-10717, F-13084,1-07553,
J-29923
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-04946, A-09686,
A-14799, A-17199, A-17471, A-17516,
A-31919, A-32351, A-32489, B-02728,
B-03754, B-05567, B-06223, B-07521,
B-07617, B-07925, B-10460, B-23364,
B-26546, B-27783, B-33168, B-33918,
D-05145, D-05623, D-07406, D-10618,
F-10717, F-13084, G-05146, G-08232,
G-22118, G-24212, G-28042, 1-07553,
J-09313, K-16228, L-06733, N-21287
SULFUR OXIDES A-04946, A-09686,
A-09737, A-14799, A-17199, A-17471,
A-17516, A-27790, A-31919, A-32351,
A-32489, B-01110, B-01137, B-02728,
B-03754, B-05567, B-06223, B-07521,
B-07617, B-07699, B-07925, B-07931,
B-09796, B-10460, B-13645, B-23245,
B-23364, B-26546, B-27783, B-32037,
B-33168, B-33918, B-34082, D-05145,
D-05623, D-07406, D-10618. F-10717,
F-13084, G-00021, G-05146, G-08232.
G-22118, G-24212, G-28042, 1-07553,
J-09313, J-30696, K-16228, L-06733,
N-06146, N-21287
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-04946,
A-08392, A-09572, B-07521, B-07617,
B-16146, B-16561, B-16681, B-17234,
B-20248, B-22138, B-22940, B-23182,
B-23364, B-24239, B-26546, B-28547,
B-31316, B-31486, B-31803, B-32791,
B-32817, B-33168, B-33401, B-33918.
B-34079, J-21300, J-29923
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-09686, A-32489,
B-01110, B-06223, B-07617, B-07699,
B-07931, B-09796, F-13084, G-00021,
G-08232, G-28042, 1-07553
SULFURIC ACID A-04946, A-09686,
A-09737, A-27790, A-31935, A-32351,
B-05091, B-05567, B-06587, B-07925,
B-07931, B-20248, B-31316, B-33918,
D-05145, G-08232, G-28042, 1-07553,
J-09313, J-30696
SUPERSATURATION B-20226
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-08392, A-09686, J-30696
SURFACE COATINGS A-09686, A-32351,
B-09915, 1-07553, J-30696
SURFACE PROPERTIES A-10463,
A-26321, A-30598, B-30583, B-33918,
F-08439
SURVEY METHODS M-15567
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-04345,
A-05005, A-09686, A-10463, A-10466,
A-10467, A-10471, A-10474, A-13261,
A-17299, A-20414, A-23458, A-26166,
A-26321. A-32351, A-32489, B-00037,
B-00322, B-00323, B-01110, B-01137,
B-02229, B-02728, B-02730, B-03677,
B-03754, B-040SO, B-04367, B-04382,
B-04665, B-05091, B-05118, B-05509,
B-05567, B-05597, B-06098, B-06443,
B-06611, B-06780, B-06936, B-07192,
B-07521, B-07542, B-07617, B-07660,
B-07661, B-07664, B-07668, B-07670,
B-07699, B-07925, B-09248, B-09270,
B-09361, B-09796, B-09915, B-09974,
B-10462, B-10464, B-10469, B-10477,
B-10479, B-11073, B-11096, B-13645,
-------
84
B-13811, B-13946. B-14161, B-15649,
B-16039, B-16646. B-16652, B-16695,
B-1711S, B-17127, B-17138, B-17141,
B-171S1, B-17234, B-17746, B-17913,
B-17926, B-19732, B-19792, B-20096,
B-20699, B-21355, B-21894, B-23955,
B-24239, B-2S384, B-25521. B-26195,
B-26332, B-26546. B-26612, B-28221,
B-28402, B-28497. B-28880, B-29945,
B-31226, B-31589, B-31773, B-32791,
B-32848, B-33548, B-33952, B-34079,
B-34082, B-34084, C-22934, C-33953,
D-00038, D-05145, D-OS623, D-10618,
F-10473, G-00021, G-08232, G-24212,
G-24586, G-28042, G-32842, 1-07553,
J-08689, J-09313, K-3381S, N-06146
SWEDEN A-04000, A-04345, A-26929,
B-00037, B-01110, B-02229, B-02730,
B-04050, B-04367, B-06223, B-22940
SYNERGISM A-26929, G-08232
SYNTHETIC FIBERS B-09248, B-09796,
1-07553
SYNTHETIC RUBBER I-07S53
TAR A-33930, B-05604
TEMPERATURE A-10463, A-10467,
A-10471, A-10474, A-23977, A-29348,
A-32489, A-33930, B-02229, B-02730,
B-04050, B-05597, B-05604, B-06098,
B-06611, B-07192, B-07S42, B-07617,
B-07660, B-07664, B-07699, B-08310,
B-09248, B-09796, B-10462, B-10469,
B-11073, B-11096, B-16646, B-17118,
B-J7913, B-28880, B-29740, B-30583,
B-31S89, B-31803, B-32037, B-32848,
B-33081, B-33170, B-33401, B-33548,
B-33952, B-34082, C-22934, F-08439,
F-10473, F-10717
TEMPERATURE SENSING
INSTRUMENTS A-10471, A-28604,
F-10473
TESTING FACILITIES B-07617
TEXAS D-24227
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-09686,
B-26546
TEXTILES B-03677, B-05567, B-09248,
B-09796, B-26546, 1-07553
THERMAL RADIATION B-10469
THERMODYNAMICS A-04000, F-13084
TIN COMPOUNDS B-09796
TISSUES G-10396
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS B-09796,
F-08439
TOKYO D-07406
TOLUENES B-07925
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-17516, A-26929, 1-07553
TOXIC TOLERANCES B-06587
TOXICITY A-31737, G-07472, G-08441,
G-08575. G-32842
TRACE ANALYSIS D-00038
TRACHEA G-10396
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS M-18022
TRAINS A-08392, A-32351, B-32848,
B-34079, G-26577
TRANSPORTATION A-05005, A-08392,
A-09686, A-09737, A-17299, A-32351,
B-05091, B-31344, B-32134, B-32848,
B-34079, D-07406, G-24212, G-26577,
J-30696, N-06146, N-21287
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) A-05005
TREATED FABRICS B-08310, B-11096
TREATMENT AND AIDS G-05146,
G-07472, G-08441, G-16223
TREES A-26929, B-02730, G-32842
TRUCKS A-05005, D-07406, J-30696
TUBERCULOSIS G-31664
TUNNELS B-32848
TURBIDIMETRY C-10461
U
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
A-05005
UNITED STATES M-18022
URBAN AREAS A-09737, A-14799,
A-17199, A-17299, A-27790, A-28371,
A-32351, B-16146, B-16446, D-05145,
D-07406, D-23391, G-00021, G-05146,
G-07472, G-08232, G-08441, G-11575,
G-31664, G-32079, G-32842, J-30696,
J-30951
URINALYSIS G-00021
USSR A-13261, B-00104, B-10479,
B-16193, B-16446, B-24809, B-26018,
B-33897, F-08439, G-07472, G-08441,
G-08575, G-10396, 1-24417, J-29186
UTAH M-15567
VALLEYS 1-07553
VANADIUM F-08439, G-07472
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS B-09796,
F-08439, G-07472
VAPOR PRESSURE A-23977
VAPORS A-32489, A-33279, B-05597,
B-06611, B-27727, B-30583, F-10717,
J-08689
VARNISHES J-30696
VEGETABLES G-32842, J-09313
VEHICLES A-05005, A-08392, A-09686,
A-09737, A-17299, A-32351, B-32848,
B-34079, D-07406, G-24212, G-26577,
J-30696, N-06146, N-21287
VENTILATION B-09796, B-09977,
B-11096, B-13645, B-20699, B-28497
VENTURI SCRUBBERS A-29021,
B-00037, B-00322, B-00323, B-03206.
B-04227, B-04367, B-04794, B-05091.
B-05118, B-06223, B-06587, B-06780,
B-06854, B-07668, B-07669, B-07670,
B-07931, B-09198, B-09361, B-09977,
B-10462, B-10469, B-11073, B-13645,
B-13811, B-14161, B-15886, B-15887,
B-16351, B-16553, B-16652, B-16681,
B-16695, B-17127, B-17151, B-17154,
B-17568, B-17746, B-17825, B-20699,
B-23628, B-23808, B-23955, B-24239,
B-27553, B-28547, B-29740. B-30534,
B-31226, B-31344, B-31362, B-32134,
B-32791, B-32817, B-33081, B-33897,
B-33952, B-34079, B-34084, J-24543,
J-26623, J-29186
VIRUSES G-24586
VISIBILITY B-01110, B-04050, B-06780
VOLTAGE B-05307, B-07699, B-23955
w
WASHOUT D-10618
WATER B-05118, B-05604, B-07542,
B-09248, B-20280, B-23245, B-26003,
B-31486, B-33081, F-10717
WATER POLLUTION A-29021, A-31737,
B-06392, B-31195, B-33168, G-32842,
J-26623, J-30951
WET CYCLONES A-02146, B-00322,
B-00323, B-04794, B-06223, B-06392,
B-06587, B-06780, B-13645, B-13811,
B-14161, B-24239, B-28547, B-31344,
B-34084
WETTING B-17154, B-20227
WIND ROSE D-00038, D-05145, D-05623
WINDS A-04946, A-27790, A-32351,
D-00038, D-05145, D-05623, D-23391,
D-24227, G-11575, G-22118
WOOD B-26546, C-33045
WOOLS B-03677, B-05567, 1-07553
XYLENES B-07925
YOKOHAMA D-07406
ZINC A-04946, A-09686, A-17471,
A-22872, A-26166, B-03754, B-03998,
B-21324, C-33045, G-32842, J-30696,
L-06863
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-04946, A-32489,
B-01110, B-05604, B-06098,
-- U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1972—I|81t-lt87 (335)
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