Air Pollution Aspects of Emission  Sources:
     PETROLEUM  REFINERIES-
     A Bibliography with Abstracts
    U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

-------
      AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
        OF EMISSION SOURCES:
     PETROLEUM REFINERIES -
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
            Air Pollution Technical Information Center
          ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                Office of Aii Pio.nrums
            Research Tnanale Palk, Xoitli Carolina
                   July 1972

-------
The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Informa-
tional  Services Division  of the Office  of Administration for the Office of Air  Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, to report the  results of scientific and engineering studies,
and information of general interest in the field of air pollution.  Information reported in this
series  includes  coverage of  intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in
conjunction with  state and local agencies, research institutes,  and industrial organizations.
Copies of AP reports are  available free  of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and  grantees,  and nonprofit  organizations - as  supplies permit - from the  Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Environmental  Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park,
North  Carolina 27711 or for  the  cost  indicated  on the title page from the Superintendent of
Documents.
                                 Publication Number AP-110
                                              11
                For sale by the Superintendent ol Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20102

-------
                                    CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION	    v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
     A.  Emission Sources	    1
     B.  Control Methods	    13
     C.  Measurement Methods	    20
     D.  Air Quality Measurements	    23
     E.  Atmospheric Interaction	    28
     F.  Basic Science  and Technology	    29
     G.  Effects  - Human Health	    30
     H.  Effects   Plants and Livestock	    34
      I.  Effects   Materials	    36
      J.  Effects   Economic	    39
     K.  Standards and  Criteria	    42
     L.  Legal and Administrative	    43
     M.  Social Aspects	    50
     N.  General	    5Z
AUTHOR INDEX	    55
SUBJECT INDEX	    57
                                           111

-------
                  AIR  POLLUTION ASPECTS


                     OF EMISSION  SOURCES:


                  PETROLEUM  REFINERIES  -


          A  BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS



                              INTRODUCTION


   Petroleum refineries contribute  significantly to the overall air pollution level in the
United States. To aid efforts to improve air quality, the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center (APTIC) has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its solution.

   The abstracts included  have been selectively screened from the contents of APTIC's
information storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in the table of
contents.  The compilation  is intended to be representative of available literature, and no
claim is made to all-inclusive ness.

   Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC accession
number.  Generally, higher accession numbers, representing the latest acquisitions, cover
the most recent material.

   All  documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the  Air  Pollution Technical
Information Center, Environmental  Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711.  Readers outside the Environmental Protection Agency  may seek duplicates
of documents directly from libraries, publishers,  or authors.

-------
                               A.  EMISSION  SOURCES
01838
T. D. Nevens and F. A. Rohnnan
GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM SHALE
OIL OPERATIONS.   Preprint. (Presented at the  American
Chemical Society Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1966.)
World-wide and domestic demands for hydrocarbons tend to
seek the most economical and convenient sources for potential
exploitation. It has been said that the oil shale deposits of the
world constitute many times the total of the world's reserves
of liquid petroleum. The vast shale oil industry is nearly upon
us as the problems  of  finding new economical sources of
liquid petroleum are becoming more acute. The next 5 or 10
years could see the emergence of shale oil industry  producing
a million or more barrels  a day in this small area of the Rocky
Mountains. Any  ripples  of unfavorable prices on imported
crude or finished products  could cause  abrupt waves of deci-
sion as to the tim e of arrival of this industry. It is hoped that
all operations involving a future shale  oil industry will take
cognizance of the potential air pollution problem. To disregard
air pollution at the early stages of development may  require
later intensive and extensive  engineering  at a much  higher
cost.

03154
N. E. Flynn and W. R. Grouse
REPORT ON NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE BAY AREA Affi
POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT.  Preprint 1964.
Total oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in the Bay Area Air
Pollution  Control District for 1963  are  estimated  at  515
tons/day. A summation of emissions of oxides of nitrogen by
general source categories is presented.  Transportation at 323
tons/day is the major source category of nitrogen oxides emis-
sions and accounts for 63% of all oxides of nitrogen emissions
for the Bay Area. Combustion operations at 150 tons/day are
the second largest source category  and  contribute 29%  of the
nitrogen oxides emissions. Emissions from small, medium, and
large stationary sources  with incinerations, agriculture, and
transpotation  sources grouped separately,  are  presented.
(Author summary modified)                          1

03420
A. H. Rose, Jr., H. H. Black, R.C. Wanta
AIR  AND WATER POLLUTION  STUDHCS  RELATED TO
PROPOSED PETROLEUM  REFINERY FOR SAND ISLAND -
OAHU, TERRITORY OF HAWAII (KREPORT TO BOARD
OF HEALTH, TERRITORY OF HAW AH).  Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. Dec. 1955. 60 pp.
HEW
The objective of the atmospheric pollution phase of this study
was na evaluation of the possible effect on the atmosphere of
the City of Honolulu which may result from the operation of a
24,000-barrel-per-day modern fluid catalytic cracking refinery.
Two factors were investigated, first the extent and  causes of
the current atmospheric pollution level, and second the poten-
tial impact on the pollution level which may result from the
refinery operation. Process design  for the proposed refinery
was  tentative in that only process flow and major process
units  were fixed; interflow of components between process
units and their elements had not been finalized. Data covering
the operation of and atmospheric contaminant discharge from
existing industrial operations were relatively meager. Data on
the concentrations of specific contaminants in the Honolulu at-
mosphere  were not available.  Only published climatological
data were  available . The quantity of specific atmospheric con-
taminants  from both existing sources  and  the  proposed
refinery are presented as determined from the best available
data.

03871
L. B. Hitchcock
Am POLLUTION AND  THE OIL  INDUSTRY.  Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst., Sect. IV. 35, 150-4, 1955. (Presented at the spring
meeting, Pacific  Coast  District,  American  Petroleum Inst.
Division of Production, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 28, 1955.)
While  most of Los  Angeles'  air pollution is traceable to
petroleum products, by far the largest  share arises from the
use to which these products are put. Motor-vehicle exhaust ac-
counts for the largest single source of pollution. Fuel  oil  and
gas also contribute. Incineration of refuse and metallurgical
and miscellaneous industrial emissions account for most of the
balance. The public, through its motor vehicles and rubbish
burning, contributes more than half the total pollution.  The oil
industry, indispensable to the community's growth, has done
more than all the rest of the area in developing and adopting
corrective measures, and has reduced its emissions very sub-
stantially.  Petroleum production in Los Angeles County con-
tributes a  very minor part to air pollution. Hydrocarbons  and
nitrogen oxides in combination produce smog effects, although
neither alone, at concentrations found, is known to be deleteri-
ous.  Cleaner air costs money, but less than smog.  Intevsive
application of science and engineering to the overall problem
is the only road to success. (Author abstract)

040261
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,  National Center for
Air Pollution Control. Jan. 1967. 21 pp.
SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES IN SIXTY-NINE
STANDARD METROPOLITAN  STATISTICAL AREAS WITH
EMPHASIS ON SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS .
This survey presents estimates of a number of parameters  that
contribute  to  an area's air pollution problems. The Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was selected as the  unit
of study. The parameters presented  here are consumption of
fuels, sales of gasoline,  and production of steel, petroleum,
and cement. The method  used to estimate the various parame-
ters is an  abbreviated form of the Ozolins-Smith technique.
Further investigation is planned with a view toward reliably
predicting  sulfur pollution problems from emission estimates
based on community parameters.

-------
                                        PETROLEUM REFINERIES
04345
D. D. Wangerin
WASTE-HEAT  BOILERS  - PRINCIPLES AND APPLICA-
TIONS. Proc. Am. Power Conf. (Presented at the 26th Annual
Meeting, American Power Conference, Chicago, HI., Apr. 14-
16, 1964.) 26, 682-91, Apr. 1964.
The special problems which the waste-heat boiler designer en-
counters are reviewed. Some of the more recent improvements
in the utilization of waste by-products for steam generation are
illustrated.  The  types  of  waste-heat boilers available  are
discussed. The discussion is limited to  the utilization of the
principal waste products available in three major industries -
pulp and paper,  steel, and petroleum. All of the waste fuels
considered have characteristics that require special equipment-
design considerations. Waste fuels are extremely poor when
compared with the usual prime fuels. Many byproduct fuel or
waste gases contain sufficient heat energy to make it economi-
cally feasible to  generate steam for power and process use.
Each  waste fuel has a different characteristic, requiring  a
boiler of special  design. But, all have very low heating values
when  compared  with the usual prime fuels. In many cases,
multiple-fuel-fired boilers can be designed to dispose of the
waste product while minimizing the burning of the prime fuels.
So, with cost of prime fuels steadily rising over the years,
waste products are more and more harnessed to  provide part
of industry's steam demands.

04785
D. A.  Kendall and A. J. Neilson
ODOR PROFILE STUDIES OF EFFLUENT WASTE WATERS
FROM SEVEN REFINERIES. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst 44, (Sec.
3) 62-7,  1964. (Presented before a Session on  Controlling
Refinery Wastes, 29th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum
Inst Division of Refining, St. Louis, Mo., May 11,1964.)
Currently  odor measurement must rely on human  sensory
analysis as there are no instruments which have a comparable
response or sensitivity. In many instances, chemical analyses
and instrumental techniques can provide supporting informa-
tion which is helpful in expanding, confirming, and interpret-
ing subjective odor data. The human nose is an extremely con-
venient and useful instrument in providing both qualitative and
quantitative information about odor, if, as is done by the odor
profile method, adequate controls are exercised in presenting
samples and in carrying out the analyses, and appropriate ex-
ternal  reference standards  are  used. In  profiling  effluent
wastes from a variety of refineries operating on various types
of crude oil and with various treating facilities, in general, the
effluents from the API gravity separator are quite similar in
odor components, and in strength of odor generally fall within
a range of a factor  of 10  in threshold odor  number. Each
refinery appears to have specific odor characteristics by which
it can  be identified, as well as minor variations in the  odor
character from day to day or even hour to hour.

05005
R. P. Hangebrauck, D. J. von Lehmden, and I. E. Meeker
SOURCES OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS IN  THE
ATMOSPHERE.  Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control. (PHS PubL No. 999-
AP-33.) 1967. 48 pp.
Rates of emissions of polynuclear hydrocarbons were mea-
sured at several sources considered  likely to produce  such
emissions. The  sources included heat generation by com-
bustion of  coal,  oil,  and gas; refuse burning; industrial
processes;  and  motor vehicles.  The annual emissions  of
benzo(a)pyrene in the United States were estimated for each
of the sources surveyed, to provide a rough gauge of the im-
portance of each source.  Small, inefficient residential  coal-
fired furnaces appear to be a prime  source  of  polynuclear
hydrocarbons; other sources may be  of  local  importance.
Production of polynuclear hydrocarbons was generally as-
sociated with conditions of  incomplete combustion.  (Author
abstract)

07623
Larson, Gordon P., John C. Chipman, and Erwin K. Kauper
DISTRIBUTION  AND  EFFECTS  OF  AUTOMOTIVE EX-
HAUST GASES IN  LOS ANGELES.  In: Vehicle Emissions,
SAE Tech. Progress Series, Vol. 6, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, New York, 1964.  p. 7-16.  12 refs. (Presented at the
Annual Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, Jan. 1955)
Hydrocarbons or gasoline  vapors are known to be an impor-
tant factor in producing several of the  deleterious effects  of
smog, however, one question to be answered is whether or not
the removal of hydrocarbons from all other  sources in the
community would relieve the burden on the air sufficiently to
avoid any control measures on auto exhaust. The measure-
ments of  the quantity of  hydrocarbons emitted  by  internal
combustion engines another source of hydrocarbons contribut-
ing to the buildup were explored. The areas of exhaust gas
concentration buildup were determined  by a study of Los An-
geles traffic.  Studies now clearly show that removal  of all
other sources of hydrocarbons from refineries and from the
distribution of gasoline  will not  lower the concentration  of
hydrocarbons in downtown Los Angeles area  and the north-
central section of the County sufficiently to relieve the eye ir-
ritation, crop damage effects, and high ozone  content of the
air in those areas. The Air Pollution Control District recom-
mends that engineering studies seeking to remove hydrocarbon
vapors from  exhaust gases. should strive for  a  90% overall
removal under conditions  of operation  experienced in heavy
traffic.

07963
Rohrman, F. A., B. J. Steigerwald, and J. H. Ludwig
POWER PLANT  AND  OTHER  SULFUR  DIOXIDE  EMIS-
SIONS;  1940-2000.  Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution, ((13))p., ((1965)). 21 refs.
Major sources, potential sources, estimated annual emissions
and the effects of probable control efforts of Sulfur Dioxide to
the year 2000 are discussed. The major sources include power
plant operation (coal and oil); other combustion of coal; com-
bustion  of petroleum products (excluding power plant oil;
wmelting  of  ores;  petroleum  refinery  operation;   coke
processing; sulfuric acid plants; coal refuse banks; and refuse
incineration). Annual emission of Sulfur Dioxide is 76.0 million
tons. To indicate  a  range  of estimated future sulfur dioxide
emissions, two control schedules were selected for application
to the major sources of SO2 from the current year to the year
2000. Maximum S02 emissions will probably  occur between
1975 and 1985 for the range of control schemes postulated].

08393
John M. Ryan
UTILIZATION   OF  PETROLEUM    AND   PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS.   Am. Chem.  Soc., Pittsburg,  Pa., Div.  Fuel
Chem., Preprints,  9(2):223-230, 1965. 6 refs. (Presented at the
149th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Division
of  Fuel  Chemistry,  Symposium  on  Fuel  and  Energy
Economics, Detroit, Mich., April 4-9,1965.)

-------
                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
In discussing utilization of petroleum, the existing or potential
technology of oil consumption must be considered, also the ef-
fects of potential changes in  supply and of new competitive
forces. The  demand for petroleum products in the U. S. will
probably grow at a rate of 2 or 3 per cent a year. Abroad the
annual growth rate will be perhaps twice as great as the rate in
the U. S. 50% of all the oil consumed in the U. S. is used in
the transportation sector. The growth rate  will be limited by
the growth of  the market. General industry and power plant
use constitute  a second market, accounting for  7% of steam
and electric  power plant fuel, and 13% of the manufacturers'
heat and power market. Another  major market  is residential
and commercial consumption  in which oil supplies about one
third of the total energy consumed. Resources will not be a
limiting factor  either in the  U. S. or the free world and there
should be no  significant shift in relative  fuel prices  in  the
foreseeable  future. It is unlikely that oil demand  will be in-
creased appreciably in  the U. S.  through research  in utiliza-
tion.  Research  on improved  exploratory  and  productive
techniques will  probably have a greater influence on domestic
oil demand than will research on oil utilization. The changes in
oil utilization which appear most probable will  not alter the
growth rate of oil demand in the Y.S. so much as its composi-
tion. Finally, some research is being conducted  today on the
supposition that crude oil is in limited supply and hence that
refined product prices are likely to rise in the near future rela-
tive to prices of competing fuels.

08524
Kapkaer, E. A., L. V. Trofimova, N. A. Evikeeva, and A. K.
Monkevich
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF SOME PETROCHEMICAL IN-
DISTREES.   ((Gigienicheskaya  otsenka nekotorykh  neftek-
himiches- kykh proizvodstv.)) Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), 10(ll):22-28, Nov. 1966. 10 refs.

Deficiencies in planning and actual operation of petrochemical
plants  are  responsible  for  the  discharge of  acetylene,
polyethylene, phenol, acetone, methylstyrene, isoprene, divi-
nyl and other toxic  complexes which are products of decom-
position, oxidation,  and hydrolysis.  Desorption of toxic sub-
stances from construction materials  (concrete brick) plays an
important part.  The authors recommend methods for improv-
ing working .conditions  in petrochemical production facilities.
(Authors summary, modified)

08701                                               j
GIANT STACK  WILL  VENT  SULFUR  OXIDES ABOVE
SMOG CEILING. Chem. Eng., 74(17):104, Aug. 14, 1967.
A 800 ft. smoke stack at a pertoleum refinery in The Nether-
lands that will discharge sulfur-bearing flue gases is described.
The structure will conduct the sulfurous flue gases to above
the meteorological inversion layers that often form and act as
a ceiling for the atmospheric layer below.

09298
Holland, H. R.
A REVIEW  OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN THE CON-
TROL OF POLLUTION IN THE OIL REFINING INDUSTRY
IN CANADA. In: Pollution and Our Environment: Conference
Background  Papers, Vol. 2, Montreal, Canadian Council of
Resource Ministers, Paper B18-5, p. 1-18,  Jan.  1967. 6 refs.
(Presented at the National Conference, Canadian Council of
Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct. 31-Nov.  4,1966.)
The available techniques for controlling potential pollution in
the  production,  refining,  and  distribution  of  petroleum
products are outlined. Generally, these are adequate to meet
present and immediately predictable objectives of environmen-
tal cleanliness. Development of better and cheaper processes
will be required to meet future requirements efficiently. Con-
trol processes which have proved satisfactory in practice are
listed but there is no attempt to specify the optimum combina-
tion  or  sequence  of treatment  for any  specific situation.
Methods are outlined for the following pollutants: sulphur ox-
ides,  hydrogen  sulphide and  mercaptans;  carbon  monoxide;
other fuel odours; light hydrocarbons; nitrogen oxides; particu-
late matter; and volatile acids.

09686
R. L. Duprey
COMPILATION OF  AIR  POLLUTANT  EMISSION  FAC-
TORS.   Public  Health Service,  Durham,  N. C., National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Publication No.  999-AP-42,
67p.,  1968.126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
and  industries:  fuel  combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
cals,  food  and  agriculture,  metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp and paper solvent evaporation  and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).

09737
Ozolins, G. and C.  Behmann
AIR    POLLUTANT    EMISSION    INVENTORY    OF
NORTHWEST  INDIANA. (A PRELIM-  INARY  SURVEY,
1966.) Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Center
for Air Pollution Control, APTD-&4, 36p., April 1968.
Sources of air pollutant emissions were surveyed to quantify
the total pollution load emitted to the air over the Northwest
Indiana communities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and
Whiting.  The emissions are reported  on an annual basis and
subdivided into the five major pollutants: particulates,  sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
The four major source catagories that were utilized in report-
ing emissions  from area and point  sources are:  fuel  com-
bustion in stationary  sources, fuel combustion  in  mobile
sources,  combustion of refuse, and industrial process losses.
The results of this survey are reported by city and illustrated
on the grid system established by the Northwest Indiana Air
Resource Management Program. (Authors' abstract)

09785
Dickinson, Janet, Robert L. Chass, and W. J. Hamming
AIR CONTAMINANTS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 11-21, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
The parameters of an air pollution problem, particularly the
problem  in  Los  Angeles County;  the measures taken to
eliminate the problem; and control measures still needed are
described.  The  air  contaminants  include:  organic  gases
(hydrocarbons,  hydrocarbon  derivatives);  inorganic  gases
(NOx, SOx, CO);  miscellaneous inorganic gases (NH3,  H2S,
C12, F2); particulates (carbon or soot particles, metallic oxides
and salts, oily or tarry droplets, acid droplets, metallic fumes).
Each is discussed indicating the sources and significance in the
air pollution problem.

-------
                                         PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
12299
Samoilovich, L. N. and Yu. R. Red'Kin
AIR    POLLUTION    WITH    3,4-BENZPYRENE    BY
PETROCHEMICAL ENTERPRISES. (Zagiyaznenie atmosfer-
nogo   vozdukha  3,4-benzpirenom  predpriyatiyami  neftek-
himicheskoi promyshlennosti). Hyg. Sanit, 33(7-9):320-325,
July-Sept. 1968. 7 refs.
Air quality measurements were made in the vicinity of an oil-
chemical industrial complex to determine 3,4-benzpyrene con-
centrations, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Over a
three-year period, 210 analyses were performed. A 3,4-benz-
pyrene pollution of 0.15  - 2.2 mkg/100 cu m was found within
a 2-km radius of the plants. The heaviest pollution  came from
the coking and pyrolysis shops. The experimental data are ap-
plicable to the determination of required width of the sanitary-
protective zone around petroleum processing plants.

13699
MacDonald, H. E.
FLUORIDE AS AIR POLLUTANT. Fluoride Quarterly, J. In-
tern. Soc. Fluoride Res.,  2(1):4-12, Jan. 1969. 31 refs.
Fluoride compounds reach the air from  two sources: volcanic
action and  man's industrial activities. The  two greatest acute
air pollution episodes occurred in Belgium's Meuse  Valley and
in Donora,  Pa. In both disasters,  there was evidence of acute
fluoride poisoning. The sources of industrial fluoride pollution
are coal, clay,  cryolite, fluorspar, hydrogen  fluoride,  and
phosphate rock. About half the bituminous coal consumption
in the United States for 1963 was utilized by electric power
utilities. Vegetation in several counties in California has been
adversely affected by fluoride emissions from brick, tile, and
pottery  factories. Cryolite, used in  the production  of alu-
minum, has been traced  as a source of  damage to vegetation,
livestock, and human health. Fluorspar and hydrogen fluoride
are used in steel production, and the latter  is also used in the
production  of high-octane gasoline. Many cases of eye irrita-
tion were recorded shortly after a Los Angeles refinery began
using hydrogen fluoride.  Fluoride emissions from the produc-
tion of phosphate fertilizer, phosphoric  acid, and phosphorus
have been responsible for damage to vegetation and livestock,
and respiratory ailments in people. Control of fluoride emis-
sion may be achieved by a variety of scrubbers and electro-
static precipitators.

17199
Oshio, Toshiki
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN JAPAN  (I).  (Wagakuni ni
okeru taiki osen  to sono  mondaiten (I)).  Text in  Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4): 197-208, April 15,
1968.
It is known that air pollution grows more serious where vari-
ous types of industries  are concentrated  in one  area. The
coastal industrial area in Japan is typical in this respect: the
recent  tendency of plants to locate on, or adjacent to the
coastline is particularly  reflected in locations  of petroleum
refineries and  petrochemical plants associated with iron and
steel refineries or with thermal power plants for whom coastal
areas provide shipping advantages. The  difficulty of shoreline
air pollution control lies in the diversity of industries involved.
Factors associated with  different pollutants generated by in-
dividual plants must be investigated to determine the collective
effect of combined pollutants. For example, where heavy oil is
burned, the determination of the  air-pollution load in the im-
mediate area is based on  multiple  density, which is the product
of the  total quantity of  exhaust  gas emission and respective
density of each pollutant. In addition, several major types of
effects of the concentration of air pollutants after they leave
emission sources  should be taken into consideration. Disper-
sion of pollutants depend on the effective emission height of
the chimney, efflux velocity, wind speed, and other geographi-
cal conditions which complicate the behavior of atmospheric
pollutants in coastline areas. The  major sources of sulfurous
gases are  the thermal power plants,  iron-steel refineries,
petroleum refineries and petro chemical plants, but there are
additional pollutants which make the pollution density thicker.
Since sulfurous gas alone may be less important in qualitative
and quantitative respects, other combustion products, such as
metal sulfides or  sulfates generated in iron-steel plants, need
to be considered in shoreline pollution abatement programs.

17603
Miner, Sydney
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE. A LITERATURE REVIEW.  Litton Systems, Inc.,
Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH
22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-37, 91p., Oct. 1969.  148 refs.
CFSTI: PB 188068
The literature on effects, sources, abatement,  economics, and
methods  of  analysis  of  atmospheric hydrogen  sulfide is
reviewed, with an appendix of tabular material from selected
references. Hydrogen sulfide gas is very toxic to humans and
at concentrations over 1,000,000  micrograms/cu m,  quickly
causes death by paralysis of  the  respiratory  tract. At lower
concentrations, it  has an obnoxious odor and causes conjunc-
tivitis with reddening and lachrymal secretion, respiratory tract
irritation, pulmonary edema, damage to heart muscle,  psychic
changes,  disturbed equilibrium, nerve paralysis, spasms, un-
consciousness, and circulatory collapse. It also tarnishes silver
and copper and  combines with heavy metals  in paints to
discolor  or  darken the paint  surface. The  primary natural
sources of H2S is biological decay of protein material in stag-
nant water. Among the many industrial sources are kraft paper
mills, oil refineries, natural gas plants, and chemical plants, as
well as sewage and sewage disposal plants. Average concentra-
tions of  H2S in urban atmospheres  range from  1-92  micro-
grams/cu m. Emissions can be controlled by black liquor ox-
idation   systems,   scrubbers,  and   incineration   devices.
Hydrogen sulfide  corrosion of silver has required substitution
of gold  contacts in electrical appliances  at an estimated in-
creased  cost of $14.8 million during  1963. Abatement of air
pollution from the pulp and paper industry, in which H2S is a
major factor, has  cost approximately $10 million per year and
is predicted to increase. Major expenditures have been made
by refineries and natural gas plants to remove H2S from sour
gases and to recover sulfur as a valuable byproduct Analytical
techniques based on the methylene blue and molybdenum blue
methods are available for laboratory analysis of H2S. The spot
method, based on tiles or paper impregnated with lead acetate,
is also widely used. (Author abstrac modified)

17604
Stabi, Quade R.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF SELENIUM
AND ITS COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW.  Litton
Systems,  Inc., Silver Spring,  Md.,  Environmental  Systems
Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA  Pub. APTD 6*47, 76p.,
OcL 1969. 135 refs. CFSTI: PB 188077
The literature' on  the  human  and animal  effects,  sources,
abatement, economics, and methods  of analysis of selenium
and its compounds as air pollutants is reviewed, with an ap-
pendix of tabular  material from selected references. Selenium

-------
                                           A.  EMISSION  SOURCES
compounds in the atmosphere are known to cause irritation of
the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract in humans, and,
under conditions of prolonged exposure, gastrointestinal disor-
ders. In animals, there are indications that selenium ingestion
may cause cancer of the liver, and  it is known to produce
pneumonia and degeneration of liver and kidneys. Although no
studies were found on the effects of atmospheric selenium on
plants, species  which  are classed as primary indicators or
secondary selenium absorbers are  discussed.  Sources of at-
mospheric selenium include combustion  of industrial  and re-
sidential fuels, refinery waste gases and fumes, and incinera-
tion of  wastes  including paper products which  contains as
much as 6 ppm selenium. Little data is available on concentra-
tions of selenium in  the air; one report indicated an  average
value of 0.001  microgram/cu  m in  the  vicinity of  Boston,
Mass. Electrostatic precipitators and  water scrubbers are ef-
fective in controlling emissions of selenium hi industrial opera-
tions. No information has been found on the  economic costs
of selenium air pollution,  or on the  costs of its abatement.
Methods are  available for the analysis of selenium  in the at-
mosphere,   including   neutron   activation   analysis   and
colorimetry. (Author abstract modified)

20553
Sullivan, Ralph I.
PRELIMINARY  AIR POLLUTION SURVEY  OF ODOROUS
COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW.  Litton Systems,
Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental  Systems Div., Con-
tract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTP 66-42, 244p., Oct. 1969.
443 refs. CFSTI: PB 188089
Odors may cause mental and physiological effects in humans,
such as nausea, headache, loss of sleep, loss  of appetite,  im-
paired breathing, and in some cases allergic reactions. Commu-
nity and personal pride and status may be adversely affected.
No information on the effect of odorous air pollutants on the
health or behavior of domestic, commercial,  or experimental
animals was found in the literature. The petroleum industry,
petrochemical plant complexes, chemical industry, pulp  and
paper mills, coke  ovens, coal, iron-steel industry and  foun-
dries, food processing, meat industry  (including livestock
slaughtering,  inedible   rendering  of  animal matter,  fish
processing, tanneries, etc), combustion processes  (including
diesel engines), and sewage are listed as sources of odors. The
literature contains no quantitative data on the  odor concentra-
tion in ambient air. Surveys have been made, but they show
only the detective disagreeable odors  and not their intensity.
Abatement methods fall into  several categories: combustion,
absorption, adsorption, odor masking,  odor removal, chemical
control, biological control,  and containment  Combustion is
generally accepted as the best way to deodorize malodorous
gases. Oxidation at 1,200 F or above usually gives satisfactory
results.  Economically,  odor  pollution   depresses  property
values. The human nose is the only reliable detector, and
several laboratory and field methods  (organoleptic methods,
such as the vapor dilution technique  and the  syringe  dilution
technique) and instrumental methods (such as  gas chromatog-
raphy) have been deveolped to quantify human observations.

23745
Devorkin, Howard and Bernard J. Steigerwald
EMISSIONS  OF  AIR  CONTAMINANTS FROM BOILERS
AND PROCESS HEATERS.  Los Angeles County Air Pollution
Control District,  Calif., California Dept  of  Public  Health,
Berkeley, Public Health Services Washington,  D. C., Commu-
nity Air Pollution Program, Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los
Angeles, Calif.,  Air  Pollution Control Committee, Kept. 7,
29p., June 1958. 9 refs.
Combustion of fuel oil and gas is a source of emissions to the
atmosphere. The techniques and results of a stack sampling
study to determine the extent of  these emissions  from com-
bustion in  oil refinery boilers  and heaters  in  Los Angeles
County are presented. A total of 21 stacks were sampled,
using standard sampling procedures and methods. The results
were evaluated in the form  of total emissions and average
emission factors. The average emission factors per unit of fuel
used were calculated for  each contaminant for combustion of
both  oil  and  gas.   The  contaminants   measured  include
hydrocarbons, as hexane; sulfur dioxide; oxides of nitrogen,
as nitrogen dioxide;  particulate matter; sulfur  trioxide; am-
monia;  aldehydes; and organic  acids, as  ascetic acid. Emis-
sions of sulfur oxides are a direct function of the composition
of the fuel, while the emission of the other contaminants are
primarily  influenced  by  combustion  temperature,   heater
design, or  air-fuel ratio  rather  than  fuel composition.  Com-
parison of  the analysis of stack gases for SO3 with the mea-
sured SO2 emissions from these units gave an average ratio of
SO3 to total sulfur as SO2 of 0.03. Of  the 20 tests made for
CO  14 were negative, five  showed a trace less  than 0.001%,
and  one showed a concentration  of 0.003%; the emission of
CO from boilers and process heaters was negligible.

23865
Mammarella, Luigj
EVALUATION  OF POLLUTION EMISSIONS  IN ITALY.
(Valutazione  delle effluenze inquinanti  in  Italia).  Text in
Italian. In:  L'inquinamento atmosferico in Italia. Kept. 27, p.
70-95, 1970.110 refs.
An attempt is made to estimate the development of the pollu-
tion problem  in  the  near future on  the basis  of  current
statistics. Figures are given on the responsibility of the main
sources of  pollution for the various types of pollutants found
in the atmosphere. The emission of materials related to air pol-
lution is given for six of the main industrial sources and for 4
types of fuel used. Meteorological conditions are summarized
for 7 important areas of Italy: Turin,  Milan, Venice, Bologna,
Rome, Naples and Taranto. This  is correlated with the  con-
sumption of fuel oil and gasoline,  and a hypothesis is worked
out for predicting possible pollution levels up to the year 1980.
It is estimated that in the period 1970-1980, one could expect
an average  annual increase for all types of pollutants of 6.7%.

23881
Mammarella, Luigj
PRINCIPLE SOURCES OF POLLUTION.  (Le principali fonti
di inquinamento).  Text  in  Italian.  In: L'inquinamento at-
mosferico i Italia. Rept. 27, p. 7-145,1970.110 refs.
Air pollution sources are summarized under the headings of
home heating, industrial sources (cement industry, thermoelec-
tric plants, petroleum  industry, metallurgical  plants, chemical
industries), and motor traffic. Due to the frequent  occurrence
of inversions in the Milan area, the sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion  in the lower layers  of the atmosphere itensify  as one
reaches the center of the  city, where the average  monthly
figures reach 0.4 ppm, with occasional values above 1.5 ppm.,
which  is experienced  with  more frequency than in Paris or
London. At Turin, the values range between 0.2 and 0.4 ppm
in the winter, while the summer value is 0.01. The concentra-
tions at Padua are in the range of 0.4 - 0.2 ppm.  Concentra-
tions at Rome during the winter are in the range  0.07-0.1 ppm,
while at Salano there is practically no SO2 in the air at any
time of the year. Italy has 120 cement plants, with a heavy
concentration in  the Po Valley. There are 347 thermoelectric
plants, ranging in output from 1 MW to 600 MW. Figures for
1967 give 38 petroleum refineries with a total capacity of more

-------
                                         PETROLEUM REFINERIES
than 140 million tons.  An estimate based on parallel statistics
from the USA  gives a figure of 86 million tons of pollution
created by automotive traffic in the year 1966, which would
constitute about 60% of total emissions.

24370
Stuewe, A. Howard
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE:  WHERE IT GOES, HOW IT'S
MADE, WHY  IT'S GROWING.   Chem.  Eng. News.,  vol.
36:34-38, 57, Dec. 22,1958.
Consumption of  hydrogen  fluoride is expected  to reach
215,000 tons in 1963. Grouped under four major categories, the
principal market for HF are primary aluminum production,
fluorocarbons (refrigerants aerosols), uranium production, and
petroleum alkylation (in the production of high octane blending
components for gasoline). All HF production is dependent on
the reaction of sulfuric acid with fluorspar, domestic reserves
of which could  become exhausted by the end of the century.
Fractional distillation is employed to remove high-boiling im-
purities (sulfuric acid  and  water) and lower-boiling impurities
(silicon tetrafluoride, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) from
HF.

24524
Palmer, R. K. and B. I. Steigerwald
WASTE WATER SEPARATORS AND  PROCESS  DRAINS.
In: Emissions to  the  Atmosphere from Eight  Miscellaneous
Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles County Air Pollution
Control District,  Calif., California Dept.  of Public  Health,
Berkeley,  Bureau of  Air  Sanitation, Public Health Service,
Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution  Program, and
Western Oil and Gas  Assoc., Los Angeles, Calif., Air Pollu-
tion Control Committee, Rept. 8,  Section 5, p. 32-38, 50-51,
June 1958. 9 refs.
As a result of various refinery operations, hydrocarbons and
hydrocarbon-contaminated water may reach the drains and
waste  water separators;  as the  mixture flows through the
system, hydrocarbons are evaporated from the surface and
may escape to the atmosphere through vents. A complete field
testing program was not conducted because  of the small mag-
nitude  of the emissions from this  source. However, the total
emissions  of hydrocarbons from the separators an drains  is
estimated at about three tons per day, compiled from Los An-
geles Air Pollution Control District survey figures;  this figure
is in agreement  with information gained during inspection trips
made of the systems in county refineries for the present pro-
ject.  Of the component sub-systems, the collection systems
frequently appear to  afford  a greater  opportunity for the
escape of hydrocarbons than either the interceptor systems or
the oil-water separators.  In other areas, where oil-water
separators are not covered, the greatest hydrocarbon emis-
sions might occur from the separators.

24525
Bonamassa,  F.
EXHAUSTS OF  GAS  COMPRESSOR INTERNAL   COM-
BUSTION ENGINES.  In: Emissions to  the Atmosphere from
Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California Dept.
of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program,  and  Western Oil and Gas Assoc.,  Los Angeles,
Calif.,  Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept 8, Section 6, p.
39-42, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
Atmospheric  emissions  were determined  from the  internal
combustion engines used to drive gas compressors in refinery
operations; the engine is usually a four-cycle gas engine fueled
by natural gas. Operating data were  obtained from  the  six
major companies operating 95% of the gas compressor engines
in Los Angeles County refineries. Hydrocarbons  were mea-
sured in exhaust gases by mass spectrometry,  infrared spec-
trophotometry,  or gas chromatography. Oxides  of nitrogen
were  determined  by the phenoldisulfonic  acid method, am-
monia by  the Kjeldahl method, and aldehydes by  a modified
sodium bisulfite method. The hydrocarbons, generally over
95% methane and  ethane, amount to 6.5 tons per day. Total
oxides of nitrogen, as NO2, account for 4.5  tons per day.
Small amounts of ammonia, and aldehydes are also  emitted.

24526
Sussman, V. H.
WASTE GAS  FLARES.  In: Emissions to  the Atmosphere
from Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los An-
geles  County Air  Pollution Control District, Calif., California
Dept. of  Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air  Sanitation,
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.,  Community Air
Pollution Program, and Western Oil and Gas  Assoc., Los An-
geles, Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept.  8, Sec-
tion 7, p. 43-46, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
Two types of waste gas flares, both of the smokeless type, are
used  in refineries located in  Los Angeles  County for the
disposal of excess gas  production and hydrocarbon vapors
from  certain  refinery operations: the air-inspirating  venturi
flare is used by most of the smaller independent plants, while
the steam-injected  flare is  used  by  all major  refineries.
Although actual field testing of flares  was not feasible, it is
concluded on the basis of the smokeless operation and certain
data available from a flare test in another  county  that essen-
tially complete combustion occurs in the flares, and that emis-
sions of organic vapors and particulate matter from  this source
are negligible. Depending on the composition  of the waste gas
and the temperatures in the combustion zone, oxides of sulfur
and oxides of nitrogen  may be released as a result of the
operation of these flares.

24527
Lunche, R. G.
VACUUM JETS. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere  from Eight
Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles  County
Air Pollution  Control  District, Calif.,  California Dept.  of
Public Health,  Berkeley,  Bureau of  Air  Sanitation,  Public
Health Service, Washington,  D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program,  and Western  Oil  and Gas  Assoc.,  Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept. 8, Section 8, p.
47-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
A steam-driven vacuum ejector or jet, consisting of  several
ejector stages in series with interstage condensers, is the com-
mon method for  producing and  maintaining  a  vacuum in
refinery process equipment.  Malodorous hydrocarbon  emis-
sions were vented to the atmosphere as non-condensable gases
from the last stage of the vacuum jet system. These emissions
decreased progressively from 17 tons in 1951 in Los Angeles
County to zero in 1957 as a result of  control installations,
which condense as much of the vacuum jet effluent as  is prac-
tical and recover  the remaining gases  and  vapors, which are
then vented to a fume incinerator or firebox. The  liquid con-
densate can be separated into water and hydrocarbon. No test-
ing program was conducted,  since all known refinery jets are
under control.

-------
                                           A. EMISSION SOURCES
24601
Bonamassa, F.
LOADING FACILITIES.  In: Emissions to the Atmosphere
from Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los An-
geles County Air Pollution  Control District, Calif., California
Dept. of Public  Health, Berkeley,  Bureau  of Air Sanitation,
Public  Health Service,  Washington, D.  C., Community  Air
Pollution Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los An-
geles, Calif., Air Pollution  Control Committee,  Rept. 8, Sec-
tion 3, p. 19-24, 50-51, June  1958. 9 refs.
Calculations were made to determine hydrocarbon vapor emis-
sions to the atmosphere from final product filling of vessels
(railroad  tank cars,  tank  trucks and trailers,  or  drums) at
refineries  in Los Angeles County;  emissions from loading at
bulk stations or marine terminals located outside the refineries
are not included. Questionnaires were completed by the refine-
ries on the average daily amounts of products shipped, divided
into  four categories by Reid  vapor  pressure. Vapor recovery
systems on loading facilities are in widespread use; all of the
liquefied petroleum gas, almost all the motor and  aviation
gasolines, and about 30% of  the other distillates (vapor pres-
sure 1-4 Ibs) are loaded under vapor recovery. The total emis-
sions of  hydrocarbons  from loading  operations  in  county
refineries  amounted to 1800 Ibs/day. If vapor recovery were
not used, an additional 22,700 Ibs/day would be emitted.

24602
Palmer, R. K. and B. J. Steigerwald
TURNAROUNDS,  EQUIPMENT   MAINTENANCE,  AND
SLOWDOWN SYSTEMS.   In:  Emissions to the Atmosphere
from Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los  An-
geles County Air Pollution  Control  District, Calif., California
Dept. of Public  Health, Berkeley,  Bureau  of Air  Sanitation,
Public  Health Service,  Washington, D.  C., Community  Air
Pollution Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los  An-
geles, Calif., Air Pollution  Control Committee,  Rept. 8, Sec-
tion 4, p. 25- 31, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
Estimates were made of hydrocarbon emissions from start-up
and  shut-down  refinery  unit procedures ('turnaround')  and
equipment and storage tank  maintenance at oil refineries in
Los  Angeles County.  Calculations were made on the basis of
field surveys and a questionnaire to the  refineries. The max-
imum atmospheric emissions  from  turnarounds are calculated
as 254 tons per year, an average of 0.7 ton  per day; however,
since 60% of all  shutdowns  occur on Sunday and Monday, the
weekend (Sun. and Mon.) emissions are 152 tons per year, or
an average of 3  tons per weekend. Maximum emissions from
tank cleaning average 1.3 tons per day  of hydrocarbo vapors,
with tank cleaning operations spread more or less uniformly
throughout the week.

24721
Palmer, R. K.
BLIND CHANGING.  In: Emissions to the  Atmosphere from
Eight Miscellaneous  Sources  in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles
County Air  Pollution  Control District,  Calif., Calif. Dept of
Public  Health,  Berkeley,  Bureau  of Air  Sanitation, Public
Health  Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program, and Western Oil and Gas Association, Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept 8, Section 2, p.
14-18, 50-51, June 1958.  9  refs. (Joint District, Federal and
State Project for the Evaluation of Refinery Emissions.)
Blind changing,  or the closing off  of unused feeder lines in
single refinery  pipes  that  carry several different products,
results  in spillage of hydrocarbons.  A questionnaire  was
prepared  sent  to the  13 Los Angeles refineries that change
blinds requesting that they keep an accurate 2-month record
on all changes on lines carrying products with volatilities as
high or  higher than kerosine along with sufficient data to per-
mit a reasonably accurate evaluation of hydrocarbon emissions
to the atmosphere. The resulting data are presented. Assuming
an average  specific gravity of 0.75, the  emission to  the at-
mosphere of 2000 gallons of hydrocarbons for a 61-day period
indicates emissions of 200 Ibs/day

24723
Sussman, V. H.
AIR BLOWING.  In: Emissions to the Atmosphere from Eight
Miscellaneous Sources  in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley,  Bureau  of Air Sanitation, Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program, and  Western  Oil and Gas Association, Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept 8, Section 1, p.
6-13, 50-51,  June 1958. 9 refs. (Joint District, Federal and State
Project  for the Evaluation of Refinery Emissions.)
Atmospheric emissions from air blowing, a minor operation in
which air is  blown through petroleum fractions for removal of
turbidity  due  to  moisture  and for  agitation  during treating,
were measured  in the three Los Angeles  County refineries
which employ the process  The  effluent  from  the operation
contains hydrocarbon vapors and aerosols. The total emissions
from air blowing in the County are  relatively small compared
to the total  of all hydrocarbon emissions from refinery opera-
tions. The units tested, location of sampling points, sampling
and  analytical methods, and calculations are described. The
concentration  of  hydrocarbons in the mine sampling tube as
determined  by an infrared spectrophotometer 10-30 ppm (as
hexane) for  all units tested. Total emission rate was 35 Ibs/day
for five of the seven units tested; the rate for the sixth was 2
Ib/day,  and for the seventh,  scheduled  for  discontinuation,
was 905 Ib/day.

25197
Hidy, G. M. and S. K. Friedlander
THE NATURE OF THE LOS ANGELES AEROSOL.  Preprint,
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations,
42p., 1970. 43 refs. (Presented at the  International Clean Air
Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper CP-
13C.)
Two classes of mechanisms for the introduction of aerosols
into an  urban  atmosphere  are identified, one primary and the
other secondary in nature. Primary production implies genera-
tion at  the  source, while  the secondary mechanism involves
chemical reactions of pollutant gases  within the atmosphere.
Taking Los Angeles as  an example, the significance of aerosol
production by chemical means in highly reactive urban at-
mospheres is documented based on limited available evidence.
Several  characteristic features of the Los  Angeles  aerosol are
considered in the light of the changing nature of sources in the
past few years, as well as the local background material, and
meteorology.  Evidence  suggests   that  the  bulk   of  the
anthropogenic aerosol produced in Los Angeles is below a few
micron in diameter. This material represents at least twice the
mass of  the natural background from  the Pacific maritme at-
mosphere. Based on a preliminary inventory, it appears that
atmospheric  chemical reactions may account for one-third of
the anthropogenic aerosol  observed in the Los Angeles area.
The  effect of these aerosols  on visibility is discussed. For
development of predictive  models of aerosol dynamics in pol-
luted atmospheres, both the local meteorology and the chemi-
cal kinetics  have to  be known with better certainty than is
presently available. (Author abstract'modified)

-------
                                         PETROLEUM REFINERIES
25213
ffidy, G. M. and J. R. Brock
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE GLOBAL SOURCES OF TROPO-
SPHERIC AEROSOLS.  Preprint,  International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention  Associations,  41p.,   1970.  30  refs.
(Presented  at the International  Clean Air  Congress,  2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11,1970, Paper ME-26A.)
Based  on current knowledge of the  sources and production
mechanisms of tropospheric  aerosols, an assessment is made
of the  relative contribution of  material from natural  and
anthropogenic origins. The survey indicates  that more than
half  of the aerosol presently in the lower atmosphere comes
from 'secondary* processes such as chemical reactions in the
gas phase. The principal  known or suspected participants in
such reactions are volatile hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, am-
monia, and  sulfur compounds  such as  hydrogen sulfide and
sulfur  dioxide. The  man-made   contribution  at  this  time
amounts  to about 6% of the total production rate, which is set
at approximately 10 to the seventh power tons/day. A projec-
tion  of  the  expected production rate assuming middle  1960
control methods suggests that the anthropogenic portion will
increase the total aerosol  concentration in the troposphere by
about 11% through the year 2000. This increase will reduce the
visibility by a corresponding amount, and it  may reduce the
amount of solar radiation reaching the  earth's  surface about
2% in the middle latitudes. (Author abstract modified)

27070
Dickey, S. W. and C. W. Phillips
AIR  POLLUTION CONTROL  FEATURES OF A MODERN
REFINERY.  American Chemical  Society, Div. of Petroleum
Chemistry Inc. and American  Chemical Society, Pittsburgh,
Pa.,  Div. of Water,  Air, and Waste Chemistry, American
Chemical and Society Joint  Symposium on Experience with
Pollution Control Equipment, Chicago, m,, 1967, p. A41-A42.
(Sept 11-15.)
Of the rules  and regulations established by the Los  Angeles
Air Pollution Control District, more than a dozen now directly
affect oil refining in the area. The  12 most important rules are
listed and briefly described. Included are  rules limiting the
discharge of  smoke of No. 2 Ringelmann or above to three
minutes in any one hr; the sulfur content of gaseous fuel to 50
grains per 100 cu ft,  calculated as hydrogen  sulfide; and the
discharge of sulfur compounds  to 0.2% volume, calculated as
SO2. Other rules pertain to permits for equipment, storage of
petroleum products, mandatory vapor control systems on oil-
effluent  water separators,  emission  of  dust  and  fumes,
gasoline loading into trucks and trailers, and the control of sol-
vents.

27082
Marier, Jean and N. Letourneau
TWENTY ONE % O2 PLUS 79% N2 EQUALS BREATHABLE
Am... MAY rr STILL REMAIN IN MONTREAL.  (21% 02
plus  79% N2 equal air respirable...  s'il en reste encore a Mon-
treal). Text  in French.  Ingenieur (Montreal),  54(227):14-20,
Feb. 1968.
Like all large cities favored by the abundance and proximity
of industry,  Montreal is plagued by air pollution. Most  large
American cities spend an average of .10 per capita in their bat-
tle against pollution. If Montreal set a mean of .20 per capita,
it would have to devote approximately $400,000 per year. It is
absolutely impossible for Montreal  to limit its atmospheric pol-
lution control to a local plan. It is  necessary for the Montreal
region to obtain with the help of the Ministry of Health of
Quebec the jurisdical and  administrative  tools  for control on a
metropolitan area scale. The amount of hydrocarbons, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen vapors, aldehydes, acids, and solids are tabu-
lated for automobiles, electric power production, incineration,
and refineries are tabulated.

27293
Winthrop, S. O:
AN OVERVIEW ON AIR POLLUTION.   Chem. in Can.,
23(2):21-25, Feb. 1971.
In 1966, the five air pollutants accounting for 98% of all emis-
sions in the U. S. were carbon monoxide (52%), sulfur oxides
(18%), hydrocarbons (12%), particulates  (10%), and nitrogen
oxides (6%). By far the greatest source of the pollutants is the
combustion of fossil fuels. Other important sources are indus-
trial  activities such as  iron  and  steel manufacturing, metal
smelting,  oil  refining,  pulp   and  paper,  chemical,  and
petrochemical  operations. The adverse  health  effects  as-
sociated with air pollutants are noted, as are their effects on
vegetation and  their possible effects on  climate and global
ecology. The ultimate control of air pollution will require the
application of science  and a greatly increased research  and
development effort by governments, universities, and nidus-
tries.

28976
Bajusz, Alex J.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE.  Pollut. Eng., 3(1):17, Jan.-Feb. 1971.
Hydrogen sulfide is present in most petroleum and natural gas
deposits; it is a by-product of petroleum refinery operations;
coal-coking operations; and the manufacture of carbon disul-
fide, viscose rayon, and  kraft pulp.  The gas is extremely
hazardous because of its  toxicity and explosive  nature; the
maximum safe toxic concentration is about 10 ppm while the
explosive range of hydrogen sulfide in air is 4.3-45% at  an igni-
tion temperature of 250 C. Hydrogen sulfide can be measured
continuously with an electrolytic titrator and removed by ab-
sorption into an alkaline solution or by wet and dry oxidation
methods. The first type of process is used for gas streams con-
taining large amounts of H2S with little or no carbon dioxide.
The second group  of processes treat gas  streams with small
amounts of H2S and a high proportion of CO2.

29599
Okuno, Toshihide, Masahiko Tsuji, and Kokei Takada
PROBLEMS OF  PUBLIC NUISANCE CAUSED BY BAD
ODORS IN HYOGO PREFECTURE.  (Hyogo kenka ni okem
akushu kogai no mondaiten). T in Japanese. Hyogo Prefecture,
Kobe (Japan), Environmental Science Inst., Rept.  2, p. 18-24,
Feb. 1971.
Hyogo factories which generated bad odors included fish bone
and waste treatment plants, oil and fat manufacturing, petrole-
um refineries, nitrogenous superphosphate of lime manufactur-
ing plants synthetic resin processing plants,, and sewage treat-
ment plants. The odorants were amine ammonia, low fatty
acids, sulfur compounds,  including mercaptan and hydrogen
sulfide,  olefin,  paraffin hydrocarbons, 'and polycyclic aro-
matics.  In a nitrogenous  superphosphate  of lime fertilizer
manufacturing plant, most odors  were produced during the
processing  stages where the nitrogenous  superphosphate of
lime completely matured in the reactor, was taken out, was
carried over to the dryer by a  belt conveyor, and was dried.
The odorants of the matured superphosphate of  lime in the
stock room were aldehyde (0.04-0.63 ppm) and amine (0.004-
0.252 ppm). The quantity  of the aldehyde and amine varies
with the amount of  ammonium sulfate added and with the

-------
                                           A.  EMISSION SOURCES
heating temperature. When measured under weather conditions
of 15 C and wind velocity of 1-2 m/sec, the density of the al-
dehyde was 50-200 ppb at a spot 500 m away and 240-460 ppb
100 m away, while the amin  was 100-150 ppb and 150-210 ppb
respectively. The lowest odor producing  density was 0.066
ppm for  acetaldehyde and 0.7-0.4 ppm and 1.0-0.8 ppm for n-
butylamine. Thus, the odor can be smelled as far away as 1400
m, depending on weather conditions. A fish bone and waste
processing plant and a synthetic resin  processing plant were
similarly   studied. Since  the odor-producing  substances  are
discharged at various stages  of the production process, it is
difficult to lead all the odorants into an odor treatment  device.
It is also economically impractical to seal or encase the entire
building and then treat all the air hi the building. The lowest
odor producing density of the odorants is very low, indicating
the technical difficulty of the deodorization. Also, it is doubt-
ful  that  the problem can be solved  by increasing chimney
height. A possible solution is a sealed plant equipped with both
a continuous scrubber to wash the exhaust gas  and chemical
treatment or a Cottrell system.

29786
Becker, Karl H.
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Physikalisch- chemische probleme der Luftverunreinigung).
Text in German. Chem. Unserer Zeit, 5(1):9-18,  Feb. 1971. 46
refs.
Principal  air pollutants are  reviewed. Carbon  monoxide is
generated by the incomplete  combustion of fossil fuels, for in-
stance in an automobile engine which emits 0.5 to one ton of
carbon monoxide per automobile per year. Since CO  is con-
verted to the harmless carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures
only, it can stay in the atmosphere for two to three years. Sul-
fur dioxide is produced when heavy fuel  oils and coal, con-
taining sulfur in various concentrations are burned. When in
the air, sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide, which can
combine with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and can cause
the formation of smog which disappears from the atmosphere
with rain. Hydrocarbons are emitted by petrochemical industri-
al plants and are also components of automobile exhausts. Au-
tomobile  exhausts also emit nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Halides as pollutants usually  occur in small concentrations, ex-
cept in some areas of steel  and aluminum producing plants
where greater concentrations of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric
acids may occur. The incineration of scrap synthetic materials,
such as polyvinyl chloride and teflon also cause pollution from
the chlorine and fluorine compounds. Other  pollutants men-
tioned are carcinogens such  as  benzpyrene and other poly-
cyclic hydrocarbons contained in the  soot emitted by diesel
engines and lead compounds  present in automobile exhaust
gases, if gasoline containing tetraethyl lead as  antiknock agent
is used.

30513
Kobaysshi, Yosbitaka
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES
IN FACTORY. (Kojo ni okeni kogai boshi taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc., Tokyo (Japan),
22p., 1970. (Presented at the Association of Safety Engineering
Seminar,  19th, Yokohama, Japan, Nov. 26-27,1970.)
Various forms of environmental pollution for which industrial
activities  are primarily responsible are discussed, including the
results of a survey of measures taken by 2512 plants to com-
bat industrial pollution. With regard to air pollution, several
major cities in the U. S. are compared with Tokyo in terms of
sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbon,  oxidant,  carbon  monoxide, and
nitric oxide. Sources of industrial pollution are tabulated to in-
dicate types of  air  pollutants  discharged  from  particular
branches of industry; for instance,  SO2 from power genera-
tion, iron and steel manufacturing, oil refining and petrochemi-
cal operations. Of the 2512 plants surveyed in February 1970,
only 1089 attempted to check industrial pollution. AntipoUution
measures being taken by representative firms are also listed by
individual firms. The effects of sulfur oxides on human health
is shown by a graphic representation of the case of Yokkaichi
asthma; according  to the graph, significant health effects are
seen when  man is exposed to air with an SO2 density of even
less than 0.02 ppm for about a year, or to air with 1.0 and 2.0
ppm SO2 for a few minutes.  The atmospheric density of CO
(ppm) and  rate  of carboxyhemoglobin  in  blood  (%) are
discussed in relation to human health. A table of chemical sub-
stances with their critical density for offensive odors is given
as well as a diagram indicating lead  density by month in rela-
tion to rainfall and wind velocity. Another diagram  indicates
photochemical process  in an  experimental  case   and still
another shows the relationship between lead density  and cad-
mium density in the atmosphere.

31880
Steigerwald, Bernard J. and A. H. Rose
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM PETROLEUM  REFINE-
RIES. A GUIDE  FOR MEASUREMENT AND  CONTROL.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio Div. of Air Pollution,
PHS Pub.-763, 56p., 1960. 11 refs. NTIS: PB 198096
The process of petroleum refining and atmospheric emissions
from oil refineries were discussed. General information on the
processes and equipment used in oil refineries to manufacture
petroleum products was given. Crude oil distillation, conver-
sion by cracking, catalytic reforming, polymerization, alkyla-
tion,  isomerization, treatment with  hydrogen and chemicals,
and blending were also briefly described. Sources of  emission
from oil refineries  include storage tanks, catalyst regeneration
units,  pipeline  valves and flanges, pressure  relief valves,
pumps and compressors,  compressor engines, cooling towers,
loading facilities, waste water separators, blowdown  systems,
boilers, process heaters,  vacuum jets, sampling, air  blowing,
and acid  treating.  The  main emissions are sulfur oxides,
nitrogen  oxides,  hydrocarbons,   carbon   monoxide,  and
malodorous materials. Lesser emissions include particulates,
aldehydes,  ammonia, and organic acids. The most important
factors affecting refinery emissions are crude oQ capacity, air
pollution control measures, general  level of maintenance and
good housekeeping in the refinery, and the processing scheme
employed. The estimation of  atmospheric emissions  from oil
refineries was demonstrated.

31882
Blokker, P. C.
AIR POLLUTION BY THE OIL INDUSTRY.  (Luchtbezoedel-
ing door de olie-industrie). Text in  Flemish. Meded. Vlaam.
Chem. Ver., 32(6):203-212, Nov./Dec. 1970.14 refs.
The main potential sources of air pollution from the petroleum
industry, excluding the petrochemical industry, are given. The
emissions  are compared  with  those from  power  stations,
domestic fuel, and motor traffic. Emissions of nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons,  carbon monoxide, and  particulates from the
petroleum industry are low in comparison with  those arising
from other sources. The industry s most important pollutants
are sulfur dioxide  and odorous gases.  Dispersion from high
stacks is often an effective means of solving local pollution by
sulfur  dioxide. For odor  abatement, prevention is  the best
method; examples are given.  The problem of abatement cost

-------
 10
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
 and norms are briefly discussed. Where health is not impaired,
 the aim should be a low cost/benefit ratio. The industry is not
 averse to reasonable norms provided that the level and main-
 tenace  are  similar in different countries.  (Author abstract
 modified)

 31883
 Sherwood, R. J.
 TRENDS IN THE  REFINERY ENVIRONMENT.  Med. Bull.
 Standard Oil,  New  Jersey, 31(2):142-156,  July  1971.  (Also:
 Petrol. Rev., Feb. 1971.)
 The universal  requirement for planning authorization ensures
 that environmental factors  are  considered in the location,
 planning, and  operation of new refineries. In almost all en-
 vironmental matters,  the principle criterion is amenity, not
 health. .Sometimes it may concern  economy (for example,
 damage to growing crops or fisheries), and a simple economic
 criterion can then be developed. Where the basis for environ-
 mental control is clearly that of human health, this will trans-
 cend economic considerations and considerable attention must
 be given to  effective evaluation and control. Amenity aspects
 are more difficult  to assess and are likely to become  more
 stringent with  rising living standards; they are particularly in-
 fluenced by the situation of any particular refinery. Potential
 problem  areas in the external and internal environment of a
 refinery are identified. Among the former are air  pollution,
 neighborhood noise,  flares, water and  ground pollution, and
 accidental   discharge  of  hazardous  substances.  Internal
problems include exposure of the isolated worker to toxic sub-
 stances and noise, lighting, and thermal  conditions.

 32351
 Lemke, Eric E., George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher
 PROFILE OF AIR  POLLUTION  CONTROL IN LOS AN-
 GELES COUNTY.  Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif., 66p., Jan.  1969.
 A profile of air pollution sources, the  effectiveness of the con-
 trol program, and a projection for the  future in  Los Angeles
 are presented. The Federal Clean Air Act of  1967  figures
prominently in the future projections,  because it is assumed
 that California will set motor vehicle emission standards more
 stringently than the Federal standards.  About 13,500 tons of
 air  contaminants   are still  being emitted daily,  primarily
because of automobile emissions which  comprise approximate-
ly 90% of the uncontrolled emissions. Major sources are listed
with data on type and amounts of particulates emitted, and the
amounts  prevented.  Motor vehicle sources include exhaust,
blowby,  and evaporation in  gasoline-powered  engines  and
diesel-powered  engines;  the prevention methods  for  motor
vehicle  emissions  include  crankcase  and  exhaust control.
Other sources  include organic solvents (surface  coating, dry
cleaning, and degreasing), chemicals (sulfur and  sulfuric acid
plants), incineration, non-ferrous  metal production, cupolas,
electric steel furnaces, open hearths, mineral production (in-
cluding  asphalt),  and petroleum  (refining,  marketing,  and
production). Rule  62  prevents  contamination  from power
plants  and other fuel combustion  processes. Jet and  piston
driven aircraft, ships, and railroads are  also sources. Contami-
 nants  include nitrogen oxides,  sulfur dioxide, carbon monox-
 ide, hydrocarbons,  and particulates. The distribution of chemi-
 cal processing equipment, boilers, heaters,  paint bake ovens,
 incinerators, metal melting  equipment,  concrete batch plants,
 petroleum  processing equipment, rendering equipment, and
 power plant boilers are shown. Daily emissions from fuel oil,
 natural gas, and refinery make gas are shown. Also, steam and
 electric power plants are discussed. When motor vehicle ex-
                    haust reacts with the air, photochemical smog can be formed
                    which causes eye irritation; the California Pure Air Act has set
                    standards which should  eliminate  this. Stationary and mobile
                    sources, air monitoring stations, seasonal changes, ozone con-
                    centrations, wind effects, daily concentration levels, oxidant
                    levels, and alerts are also discussed.

                    32465
                    Gondim, Pedro M.
                    CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO  AIR POLLUTION.
                    (Contribuicao da industria para a poluicao  do ar). Text  in
                    Spanish. Rev. Service Especial Saude Pub., 16(1):69-91, 1971.
                    13 refs.
                    Petroleum refineries, metallurgical  processing, and the produc-
                    tion of cement are examples of industrial sources of air pollu-
                    tion. These are stationary sources.  Mobile sources of air pollu-
                    tion, in particular, the automobile, are becoming an increasing
                    source of problems in urban areas. Automobiles  are a product
                    of industry, and industry should be responsible for the control
                    of their emissions. Crankcase and fuel evaporation emissions
                    are under control in the United States,  but thermal and cata-
                    lytic afterburners do  not yet satisfactorily  control exhaust
                    emissions. In developing countries, such as Brazil, industry is
                    needed, but there are good reasons for also starting an air pol-
                    lution control  program.  Pollutants  such  as sulfur oxides,
                    hydrocarbons,  nitrogen  oxides, particulates, aldehydes, am-
                    monia, odors, and carbon monoxides are emitted by industry.
                    (Author summary modified)

                    32475
                    Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
                    REPORT OF SURVEY  OF THE SPECIFIED  POISONOUS
                    SUBSTANCES  AND  THE  PREVENTION OF  OFFENSIVE
                    ODOR. REPORT 4.  (Tokutei.yugaibusshitsu narabini akushu
                    boshi ni kansuru chosa kenkyu hokokusho (Dai 4 po)). Text in
                    Japanese. 67p., Aug. 1969. 14 refs.
                    The kraft pulp and petro-chemical industries were examined  as
                    sources of offensive odors and the actual cotdition of the of-
                    fensive odor was analyzed. The present state of odorous emis-
                    sions from  these industries, problems,  and countermeasures
                    are  discussed. The offensive  odors produced in the digester
                    process of a kraft pulp industry in  Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefec-
                    ture  were measured by  a sense organ  method, obtained by
                    modifying the odorless chamber. The odors were analyzed by
                    the  salt-balanced method, the glass beads  tube  (selective ad-
                    sorption of offensive odors), and the low temperature adsorp-
                    tion method (concentration of  the odor by liquid oxygen). The
                    volumes of dimethyl-disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan,
                    and dimethyl sulfide in the  odor were great. Odors analyzed
                    from the  recovery boiler hi  the kraft pulp factories in Miyagi
                    Prefecture contained  1-4 ppm methyl mercaptan, 20-300 ppm
                    hydrogen sulfide, and approximately 1 ppm dimethyl sulfide.
                    The volume of  gas emitted at that time was 290,000  cu m.
                    About 1% of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide was de-
                    tected from  the  turpentine  tank.  Odors from petro-chemical
                    factories in Yamaguchi Prefecture were measured by gas chro-
                    matography. The odors were composed of vinyl  chloride, 1,3-
                    butadiene, propylene oxide, acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, and
                    ethylene dichloride.

                    33207
                    Elkin, Harold F.
                    PETROLEUM  REFINERY EMISSIONS.   In: Air Pollution.
                    Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic
                    Press, 1968, Chapt. 34, p. 97-121. 23 refs.

-------
                                           A. EMISSION  SOURCES
                                                      11
The common air pollutants emitted during the petroleum refin-
ing process are discussed. Oil refining technology is explained
and flow diagrams of typical refineries are included. Individual
refineries vary greatly in the  character  and quantity of emis-
sions. Controlling factors include crude oil capacity, type of
crude processes, type and  complexity  of the processing, air
pollution control measures  in use, and the degree  of main-
tenance and good housekeeping procedures in force. Refining
emissions may be classified as smoke and  particulate matter,
hydrocarbons,  and other gaseous compounds, principally sul-
fur and  nitrogen oxides.  In crude separation,  the use of
barometric  condensers can  release  noncondensable hydrocar-
bons to the atmosphere. Regeneration of catalyst in cracking
by controlled combustion can release unburned hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, ammonia,  and sulfur oxides.  Smokes and
particulate matter are controlled by cyclones and electrostatic
precipitators. Most of the gaseous emissions can be controlled
by scrubbing and efficient combustion operations. The blend-
ing and hydrodesulfurization  of petroleum  products are  also
described.

33883
Rayzacher, B.
THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVDXONMENT.  Stichting
Concawe, The  Hague (Netherlands), RepL  8/70, 17p., April
1970.15 refs.
The initial  step in oil production,  recovery of the  crude oil
from its  natural deposits, does not have any appreciable ad-
verse environmental  effects. Transport  by  ocean tanker,
pipeline,  and road and river tankers does often cause pollution
of the soil, land and  surface, and of ground  and surface
waters. Malodorous emissions during the refining process are
complicated by the  numerous  points,   some a  considerable
distance from the ground, where leakages may occur, and by
the human  olfactory sense  which can detect the presence of
some compounds at extremely low concentrations. Good main-
tenance and constant equipment control are required. Sulfur
emissions in the refining process stem  from the frequent use
of high-sulfur fuels for various plant operations and from  flare
burn-off. Control methods  in the former case include desul-
furization and dispersion by  tall stacks. Water pollution and
noise problems from refining are  also  discussed. Wrong or
negligent use  of  petroleum  products   contribute  to air and
water pollution, but here  correction rests  to a large degree
with the  individual user. For example,  by  correct adjustment
of the carburetor and ignition, automotive  exhaust emissions
can be reduced by up to  50%. The costs  of producing unleaded
no-knock gasolines,  of  desulfurizing fuel  oils, and  of using
naturally low-sulfur fuels are discussed.              ,

33931
Amero, R. C.
FUELS   FOR   TRANSPORTATION.    Preprint,  American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Fuels Div.;  Inst
of Fuel,  London (England);  Inst  of  Combustion and  Fuel
Technology  of  Canada,  Ottawa (Ontario),  8.1-8.28,  1970. 38
refs. (Presented at the North American  Fuel Technology Con-
ference, Ottawa, Ontario, May 31- June  3,1970, Paper ASME-
NAFTC-3.)
Liquid hydrocarbon fuels supply energy for almost all of the
world s transportation. The principal exception is natural gas
used to power compressor stations  on pipelines,  if gas trans-
mission is considered a sector of transportation. For  50 years,
refinery development has  meant increased yield and octane
rating of gasoline.  Demand  for  distillate  (jet,  diesel,  and
marine gas  turbine  fuel),  though  smaller, is now  growing
faster. Refiners have great technical versatility for converting
widely different crudes into specification fuels. The technolo-
gy has been extended to produce the same kinds of fuels from
tar sands. Technology now being developed should be availa-
ble when needed to convert shale oil and coal into conven-
tional fuels. Air pollution controls and new engines may alter
the distribution of  products from  the petroleum barrel, but
electric automobiles, nuclear ships and other non-hydrocarbon
systems are not expected to supply a large share of transporta-
tion in the foreseeable future. Fuel consumption is discussed
for trucks,  buses,  automobiles, trains, aircraft, and ships.
(Author abstract).

34023
Brief, Richard S., Jack W. Blanchard, Robert A. Scala, and
Jerome H. Blacker
METAL CARBONYLS IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY.
Arch. Environ. Health, 23(5):373-384, Nov. 1971. 29 refs.
Metal carbonyl formation through reaction of carbon monox-
ide with free materials under certain conditions of temperature
and pressure  in  the petroleum industry is  reviewed with
respect to operating conditions, toxicity and hazard of metal
carbonyls, exposure limits, personnel protection, and recom-
mended analytical methods for the determination of metal car-
bonyls. Utilizing  the  chemical  reaction  thermodynamics of
metal  carbonyls,  nomographs  were  constructed  for  the
equilibrium  formation of nickel, cobalt, and  iron carbonyls.
Acute exposures  to low  concentrations  of  metal  carbonyls
produced  acute  pulmonary distress   as  a characteristic
response; chronic  exposures to  nickel  carbonyl  were as-
sociated with carcinogenic activity.  For evaluation of potential
exposure to Ni(CO)4, urinary monitoring was effective. Wet
chemical  methods (colorimetry  and spectrophotometry) were
recommended  for  the  analysis  of Ni(CO)4.  Colorimetric
methods  were also used for  the determination of  cobalt
hydrocarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl.

34165
Reed, Robert D.
STACK PLUMING  FACTORS.  Preprint, National Petroleum
Refiners Association, Washington, D. C., 4p., 1970. (Presented
at the National Petroleum Refiners Association, Western Re-
gional Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 22-23, 1970, Paper
WR-70-63.)
Many petroleum refinery stack plumes are not innocent water
vapor but rather are potential air polluters. The vent-stack of
cat-crackers is typical; the constituents of the plume may be
hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oils, synthesized
organic  compounds,  sulfur  compounds, water  vapor,  and
catalyst fines. The solution to controlling plume material lies in
the application of a specific  burner design and utilization im-
mediately at  the point where the cat-cracker  gases  are
discharged to  the atmosphere. Sulfur trioxide plumes can be
controlled by direct firing of fuel into the stack for tempera-
ture elevation high enough to allow an adequate state of diffu-
sion into the atmosphere prior to dew-point temperature.

34177
Struth, Bert W.
THE IMPACT OF  NEW GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS ON
REFINERIES OF THE FUTURE.  Preprint, American Inst of
Chemical Engineers, New York, 26p., 1971. (Presented at the
American Institute of Chemical  Engineers, National Meeting,
68th, Houston, Tex., Feb. 28-March 4,1971.)

-------
12                                      PETROLEUM REFINERIES

Normal growth, a  changing natural  resources  picture,  ob-    balance. Future trends are cited. Isopentane separation from
solescence, and pollution control will result in refinery expan-    the light straight run, followed by isomerization of the nor-
sion of over  10 billion  dollars  over the next decade. The    majS) appears to be the first step in upgrading the low-octane
refinery  processing  resulting  from  anticipated changes  in    naphthas. j^  carbon_6 to carbon_9 aromatics are by far the
gasoline specifications due to pollution control regulations is        t        ...     .. ..  ,   .     .      __   -  . ,
discussed. The major question facing the industry is how to    most economically available hydrocarbons. The feed for cata-
replace  the  leaded  octane numbers. Advantages and disad-    l?tic reformers will change drastically. Next to aromatics, al-
vantages  connected  with  catalytic  cracking,  alkylation,    kylate made of isobutane and  C2 to C5 olefins offers  the
hydrocrackling, residuum  upgrading processes, and catalytic    refiner the next highest research octane value component. The
reforming are  considered,  as  well as  the   supply/demand    effect of lead removal is discussed.

-------
                                                                                                                13
                               B.   CONTROL   METHODS
00107
S. S. Griswold
CONTROL  OF  STATIONARY  SOURCES  (TECHNICAL
PROGRESS REPT.  VOLUME 1).   Los Angeles County  Air
Pollution Control District, Calif. Apr. 1960. 191 pp.
As a result  of  the  intensive  source  control measures  ad-
ministered  in  Los Angeles  County,  Virtually  all industrial
operations have been brought within the scope of the air pollu-
tion control program. From the melting of metal to the paint-
ing of manufactured goods, specific industrial processes and
equipment have been subject to air pollution control measures.
This  volume  provides  individual  discussion  of  control
techniques applied to the most significant stationary sources of
air contamination. Certain source emission problems,  such as
those traceable to the operation of railroad locomotives and
ships, are not discussed in this volume in view of the current
unimportance of the source. The  material  reported in this
volume generally contains only those developments occurring
subsequent to the publication  of the Second Technical and Ad-
ministrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los Angeles
County, 1950-51. (Author)

00975
M. I. Weisburd, (Compiler and Ed.)
AIR  POLLUTION   CONTROL   FIELD   OPERATIONS
MANUAL (A GUIDE FOR  INSPECTION AND ENFORCE-
MENT).  Public Health Service, Washing- ton, D. C., Div. of
Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
Author discusses sources, control methods, training techniques
and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an excellent
source for specific information on equipment being used in air
pollution control. Pictures, diagrams,  schematics and charts
are given.

01134
H. Juntgen
PROCEDURE  FOR  THE  DRY  SEPARATION OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE FROM WASTE GASES.  Verfahren zur Trockenen
Abscheidung  von Schwefeldioxid  aux  Abgasen. Chem. Ing.
Tech. (Weinheim) 38(7):734-736, My 1966.
In the dry processes for separating sulphur dioxide from waste
gases, the SO2 is bound by adsorption  onto carbon-containing
substances, or chemically by reacting with metallic oxides  or
carbonates in the presence of oxygen to form sulphates. The
regeneration of the  sulphates involves  a considerable outlay
and usually proceeds via various intermediate stages, whereas
the SO2  can be  removed relatively simply from the  carbon-
containing absorbents either by washing out with water or by
applying heat (Author summary)

01537
ELIMINATING SMELL  FROM A REFINERY.   Petroleum
(London) 29(4):148-150, Aug. 1966.
The methods  used for eliminating smell from a refinery are
described. Even after use of an elaborate water purification
system, schematically presented in this article, odor remained.
The odor was traced to the waste water collection pit. It was
found  that a triple layer of Allplas polypropylene  45 mm
diameter balls spread over the surface of the water in the col-
lecting pit eliminated the odors. A single layer of balls reduced
the amount of fuel  needed to maintain a given solution tem-
perature by 70%, and reduced evaporation by 88%.

02017
M.A. Termeulen
AHt POLLUTION CONTROL BY OIL REFINERD2S.  Proc.
(Part I) Intern.  Clean Air Cong., London, 1966 (Paper IV/5).
pp. 92-5.
Stichting CONCAWE has been established by the Oil Compa-
nies' International Study Group for Clean Air and Water Con-
servation  (Western   Europe).  Its Working Group  on At-
mospheric Dispersion is active in the field of abatement and
control of air pollution originating from both domestic and in-
dustrial complexes.  Major air-borne contaminations, from oil
refining operation but not petrochemical  operations, such a
hydrocarbons, mercaptans,  carbon monoxide,  hydrogen sul-
phide and  sulphur oxides other than from refinery flue gas, are
discussed. Most common sources of the  above contaminants
are discussed, together with the general refinery practices for
preventing or reducing emission of these contaminants. The ef-
fectiveness of modem refinery processes in reducing air pollu-
tion is reviewed and examples of local conditions and the way
they affect the setting  of practical  limits of  emissions are
discussed. In  conclusion, the general  oil industries views with
respect to the air pollution problem are summarized.  (Author
abstract modified)

03128
C. Padovani
METHODS  OF REDUCING  POLLUTION  CAUSED BY
SPECD7IC  INDUSTRIES (CHAPTER V.  OH,  INDUSTRY).
European Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg. 1964. pp 323-36.
One general observation that can be made concerning the na-
tional reports received is that the information they  contain is
not full enough  or specific enough particularly as regards pol-
lution statistics, the cost of anti-pollution equipment  and the
results obtained. Furthermore, as regards  sources of pollution
and methods  of control, the reports  mention  nothing which
cannot be found in technical literature. Recent years  have seen
enormous  refinery development in Europe owing to a steady
increase in consumption and the transfer of processing plants
from the areas where the crude oil is obtained to those where
petroleum  products  are consumed. There are also signs of a
tendency  to  concentrate  production  in  increasingly  large
refineries and of a continuous increase in secondary or vertical
refining processes as compared with primary or horizontal
refining processes. The pollution problem has  naturally been
aggravated by the tendency to bring  refineries closer to con-
sumption areas.  By their very appearance, the  enormous size
of the storage tanks, the tall distillation towers, the flares for
burning the surplus gases, petrol refineries make a strong im-
pression on the public at large and give rise to suggestions out

-------
 14
PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
of  all proportion to  the  actual threat  presented to public
health. It should further be pointed out that the European oil
industry was almost completely reconstructed after the second
world war and that, even in the field of pollution control, it is
in the van of progress. However, the oil industry still needs to
improve on the measures it has adopted.

04599
R. L. Chass
THE  STATUS OF ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE FOR  THE
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Conf.  Air Pol-
lution, Washington, D. C., 1962. pp. 272-80. 1963.
Control programs are discussed and particular the control pro-
gram  of  Los  Angeles  County,  also  its  demography, urban
growth which is paralelled by increase in automobiles. Los An-
geles, in spite of stringent air pollution regulations, has con-
tinued to increase its industries and to expand existing indus-
tries.  In spite of the growth pattern,  the engineering and en-
forcement functions of the District have resulted in preventing
4,500 tons of air contaminants from stationary sources,  from
entering the  Los Angeles atmosphere  each  day.  As  it is
pointed out in this paper, the air pollution  problems  can be
solved, using sound technical and engineering approaches cou-
pled with enlightened administrative and legislative action.

06006
Chass, R. L., C. V. Kanter, and J. H. Elliott
CONTRIBUTION OF SOLVENTS TO Am POLLUTION  AND
METHODS FOR CONTROLLING THEIR EMISSIONS. J. Air
Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  13(2):64-72,  96,  Feb.   1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Chicago, DL, May 20-24, 1962.)
A breakdown of the emissions of organic solvent vapors by
category of industry in Los Angeles  County shows that air-
craft  manufacturing,  dry  cleaning,  automobile  assembling,
rubber production,  toto-gravure printing,  and furniture manu-
facturing are the major categories of  industry responsible for
approximately  30% of the total. No one  industry contributes
more  than 8% of the total.  Solvent usage contributes about
17% of all aliphatic and  aromatic  hydrocarbon  vapors and
about 70% of other emissions of origin. Application of oil-
based  surface  coatings in  all industrial,  commercial  and
domestic activities accounts for about 55% of the total emis-
sions  from organic solvent usage. This paper summarizes the
total organic emissions from solvent uses  entering the Los An-
geles County atmosphere each day and presents the results of
an engineering development program conducted by the Los
Angeles County APCD to  determine the  engineering  and
economic feasibility of controlling solvent emissions from pro-
tective coatings operations. Uncontrolled operations involve
95% of the solvent usage in the Los Angeles County. The con-
trol of solvent emissions can theoretically be accomplished by
one or more of the following processes: condensation by  cool-
ing or compression,  absorption, chemical modification includ-
ing incineration,  and adsorption. Control or recovery of or-
ganic  vapors by adsorption appeared  to be the most feasible
approach for the low concentrations involved and was there-
fore selected for the experimental work.  Activated  carbon
proved to  be effective and economically feasible for the con-
trol of solvent vapors from spray  finishing operations.  The
operational costs,  including maintenance expense,  and in-
stalled costs for each of the systems were  estimated.
                   07242
                   THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1964 OF THE SUPERVISING
                   OFFICES FOR TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Aus dem Jahresbe-
                   richt 1964  der Gewerbeaufsicht.  Reinhaltung  der Luft  in
                   Nordrhein-Westfalen. (2), 19-38 (1965) Ger.
                   In 1964, the supervising offices for trade and industry (Gewer-
                   beaufsichtsamter) in North-Rhine-Westfalia  dealt with  10,262
                   cases where air pollution problems were  involved. Tables
                   present some statistics as to the actions taken in each case.
                   Although the capacity  of steam boiler plants  had doubled in  10
                   years,  the dust emission dropped by 34%. Many small waste
                   burners had to  be shut down since they could not meet stan-
                   dard emission limits. The output of cement kilns rose 250%
                   from 1950 to 1964. In the same time dust emission dropped  to
                   28% of its original value.  Both dry and wet electrofliters are
                   mostly used. Photographs  of chimneys in operation document
                   the  favorable results. Dust emission from  brick works was
                   greatly  reduced by  replacement of tunnel furnaces with ring
                   furnaces.  Similar results  are true for earthenware factories.
                   Measures for reducing the brown smoke of steel converters
                   are reported. Dust emission control for cupola furnaces is still
                   in its  beginning stage.  Costs of  various  methods of dust
                   removal are estimated; some preliminary results are reported.
                   Electroplating  plants  remove acid fumes by  spraying with
                   neutralizing solutions.  Methods of air pollution control in the
                   chemical industry, nonferrous metal industry, petroleum indus-
                   try,  paint factories, and some other selected industries are also
                   briefly mentioned. Comments on current air pollution legisla-
                   tion conclude this report.

                   07925
                   Beighton, J.
                   THE SPECIAL  INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.  Roy. Soc. Health
                   J. (London). 87(4):215-218, July-Aug. 1967. 2 refs. (London)
                   The air pollution problems of a group of industries  which
                   produce: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, petroleum and petrochemi-
                   cals, iron and steel, copper, aluminum, gas, ceramics and elec-
                   tric  power are  reviewed. The basic technical approach is  to
                   avoid the formation of the emission by  design of the process,
                   then to  require the treatment of any unavoidable emission, and
                   finally to  require adequate dispersal of any residual amount
                   which has to be discharged. The legislation is designed to com-
                   promise between safeguarding of public health and amenities
                   and  providing for a realistic acceptance  with adequate control
                   of special processes. Although the loss  of gases in the manu-
                   facture  of sulfuric acid is  limited to 2% of the sulfur burned,
                   the  loss from  a contact  acid plant with a 500-ton-per-day
                   capacity may be considerable so that chimney heights as high
                   as 450 ft may be required.  Acid mist from contact plants burn-
                   ing sulfur is a special  problem as it is difficult to control and
                   its  occurrence  is unpredictable. There are two  nitric acid
                   plants  in  Britain equipped with  catalytic tail-gas reduction
                   units which should solve  the problem of brown nitrous fume
                   emission to the air. The  use of  special flares is required  to
                   control  H2S and mercaptans emitted by oil refineries. In the
                   steel industry  the  development  of  the Fuel-Oxygen-Scrap
                   process is regarded as an alternative to the electric arc fur-
                   nace. It is claimed that melting and refining can be carried out
                   without exceeding a fume level of 0.05 grains per cu ft.

                   08071
                   Gammelgard, P. N.
                   CURRENT  STATUS   AND   FUTURE   PROSPECTS   ~
                   REFINERY  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL.   Preprint,  13p.,
                   ((1966)). (Presented  at the National Conference on Air Pollu-
                   tion, Washington, D. C., Dec. 13,1966.)

-------
                                          B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                     15
The oil industry has been engaged in air conservation research
and practice for almost two decades, both through the efforts
of individual companies and through programs of its trade as-
sociation,  the American  Petroleum Institute. The present
status  and  prospective   methods  for controlling smoke,
hydrocarbons, oxides  of sulfur,  particulates,  and  carbon
monoxide in the petroleum industry are discussed briefly.

08711
Jensen, D. A., and I. R. Scanlin
METHODS OF REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY IN-
TERNAL COMBUSTION  ENGINE (MOTOR VEHICLES).
Bull. D'Infonnation due  C.I.D.I.T.V.A., Aspects Techniques
de la Securite Routiers, ((No. 4.),  29p., (Presented at the Eu-
ropean Conference on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, France, June
1964, by  Dr. John T.  Middleton, Director Air Pollution
Research Center, Univ. of Calif.)
A brief status report of the methods of  reducing pollution
caused by internal combustion engines is given. Photochemical
reaction in  the atmosphere is discussed. Crankcase  emission
control de- vices, exhaust controls, diesel control,  oxides of
nitrogen con- trol and evaporative losses are considered. The
solution to  the  automobile air pollution problem will evolve
and be based on  the following three points;  (1) The problem
will be solved through a step by step approach. (2) There is
every  reason for  optimism,   based   on  the well  proven
technological record of American indus- try in resolving motor
vehicle engineering  problems over the  last 60 years, and (3)
The reason for optimism rests most importantly with the peo-
ple of the State of California themselves. The

09784
Danielson, John A. (comp. and ed.)
AIR  POLLUTION ENGINEERING MANUAL. (AIR POLLU-
TION CONTROL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES.)
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, National Center for Air Pollu-
tion  Control,  PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,  999-AP-40,  892p.,  1967.
((314)) refs. GPO:  806-614-30
The control of air pollution at individual sources peculiar to
the Los Angeles area is considered. The practical engineering
problems of design and operation for many sources of air pol-
lution are emphasized. There are  11  chapters, each by dif-
ferent authors, and 4 appendixes. The chapter titles are: (1) In-
troduction;  (2) Contaminants; (3)  Design  of Local Exhaust
Systems; (4) Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulate
Matter;  (5)  Control Equipment for Gases and Vapors; (6)
Metallurgical Equipment; (7) Control Equipment; (8) Incinera-
tion; (9) Combustion Equipment;  (10) Petroleum Equipment;
and  (11) Chemical  Processing  Equipment. The introduction
discusses the Los Angeles Basin, rules and regulations in Los
Angeles County, and the use of the manual.  The appendixes'
titles  are:  (A)  Rules and Regulations;  (B) Odor-Testing
Techniques; (C)  Hypothetical Available Heats from Natural
Gas; and (D) Miscellaneous Data.

09833
Walsh, Robert T.
BOILERS, HEATERS, AND STEAM GENERATORS.  In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control Dis- trict,
County of Los Angeles.) John A.  Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Cen- ter for
Air Pollution Control,  PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 525- 558,  1967.
GPO: 806-614-40
Boilers, heaters, and steam plants  which burn fossil fuels (oil
or gas) produce large quantities of particulates oxides of sulfur
and nitrogen, and  acid mist due to hydrolysis  of SO3. Particu-
late emission during normal operation and tube cleaning is
discussed. The  formation, reactions, kinetics, and  equilibria
for NOx and SOx  are presented which  form the  basis for
recommendation on firebox temperatures, combustion oxygen
concentrations,  and burner design for optimum performance.
Pollution control equipment, such as cyclones, filters, electri-
cal precipitators, alkaline  additives, metal oxide  and carbon
filled  adsorbers, afterburners,  and  various  scrubbers  are
described and  evaluated.  Experimental  data  is given  for
several  methods  of  control. Lowering excess air,  catalytic
decomposition  of NOx,  reducing  flame temperatures,  and
eliminating air  preheat are also discussed. Consideration is
given to the economics of emission control, especially SOx,
and to thermal efficiency.

09835
Walters, Donald F.
WASTE-GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.  In: Air Pollution  En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control  District, County of
Los Angeles.)  John A. Danielson (comp.  and  ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control,  PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 565-606,  1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Petroleum  refineries  must  dispose  of  large  quantities  of
hydrocarbon vent, waste, blowdown,  and emergency pressure
release  gases. Types, design, instrumentation, and  operating
practices for gas disposal flares are presented. These include
elevated and ground level flares, burner design, steam injec-
tion, ignition and pilot light systems, flare sizes and capacities,
removal of entrained mists, and provision for emergency over-
loads. Pressure relief systems are also thoroughly discussed.
Commonly used terms dealing with relief systems  are defined.
Design  methods and operating procedures for safety valves
(standard and  balanced),  rupture  discs, vent  lines,  vent
headers, and vent gas scrubbers are discussed and  illustrated.

09836
Murray, Robert C.
STORAGE VESSELS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Ageles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40,  p. 606-629,1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Various  types  of storage vessels  for  liquid and gaseous
petroleum products are  described  and discussed in light of
vapor emission problems (evaporation and breathing), pressure
(advantages and tank design limitations), solar heating,  and
design of vessels and vapor seals.  The types of vessels con-
sidered  are: pressure; fixed, floating, and  vapor seal roof;
open top; reservoirs, pits, and ponds; and floating microsphere
foam  roof  tanks. Specific emissions are  vapors, mists,  and
odors. These are due to evaporation from wet vessel walls
during draining  operations, entrainment of material by winds,
evaporation from the bulk caused by solar heating, and tank
breathing due to diurnal  temperature changes. Quantitative
methods for determining the extent  of  these emissions are
presented  and   illustrated.  Emission control  devices  and
methods included are vapor seals for floating-roof vessels,
vent  scrubbers,  floating  plastic  blankets, vapor  recovery
systems, vapor  conservation  vessels,  and vapor balance
systems where various tank vents are connected. Graphs of in-
stalled  cost for various  types and sizes  of  vessels  are
presented.

-------
 16
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
 09838
 Cuffe, Stanley T.
 CATALYST REGENERATION. In: Air Pollution Engineering
 Manual.  (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
 geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
 vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
 trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 642-652,1967. GPO: 806-614-30
 The regeneration of catalysts employed in petroleum refining
 processes,  such as fluid and Thennofor catalytic cracking, is
 accomplished by burning coke and sulfur deposits  from the
 catalyst surface. Combustion gases from regeneration include
 the pollutants CO, SOx, NOx, NH3, hydrocarbons, and par-
 ticulate matter. Tables of data collected in 1956 are presented
 which  specify  pro- cess flow rates, catalyst circulation rates,
 regenerator air rates,  coke bum-off rates, flue gas tempera-
 tures, paniculate losses, hydrocarbon emission and analysis,
 and stack  gas  composition and  volumes. Pollution control
 methods  presented and discussed are: wet and dry cyclones,
 carbon monoxide waste heat boilers, and elec- trical precipita-
 tors. The economy of a CO boiler depends  on the catalyst
 regenerator flue  gas  volume, temperature,  fuel  value, and
 CO2/CO  ratio. An analysis of flue gases from CO waste heat
 boilers is presented for cases where ammonia has and has not
 been injected  into  the  gas stream before the electrostatic
 precipitator.

 09839
 Kinsey, Robert H.
 OIL-WATER EFFLUENT SYSTEMS.  In:  Air  Pollution Con-
 trol Dis- trict,  County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
 (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
 tional Cen- ter for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,
 p. 652-659 1967. GPO:  806-614-30
 Oil-water effluent systems  found  in the petroleum industry
 collect and separate wastes recover valuable oils, and remove
 undesirable contaminants before  discharge of  the  water  to
 ocean, rivers, or channels. The type of liquid wastes may be
 classified as waste water with: Oil present as  free oil,  emul-
 sified oil, or as ofl coating on suspended matter; and chemicals
 include acids, alkalies, phenols, sulfur  compounds, clay, and
 others. The oil-water  separator design must provide for effi-
 cient inlet construction, sediment collection mechanisms, and
 oil  skimmers. Clarification of  final-effluent water streams is
accomplished by filtration, chemical flocculation, and biologi-
 cal  treatment.  The most objectionable Contaminants emitted
from  liquid waste  streams  are hydrocarbons, sulfur com-
pounds,  and   other  malodorous  materials.   The  method
presented may be used to estimate the hydrocarbon loss from
oil-water separators. The most effective means of control of
hydrocarbon emissions from oil-water separators has been the
covering of forebays or primary separator sections with fixed
roofs or floating roofs. Isolation of certain odor-and chemical-
bearing liquid  wastes at their source  for treatment  before
discharge of the water to the  refinery  waste-water gathering
system is an effective and economical means of minimizing
odor and  chemicals  problems.  Principal  streams  that  are
treated separately are oil-in-water emulsions, sulfur-bearing
waters, acid sludge, and spent caustic wastes. Gravity-type oil-
water separators  are  ineffective in breaking the oil-in-water
emulsions. Meth ods of separation include direct application of
heat, distillation, centrifuging,  filtration, use  of  an electric
field coagulating chemicals,  air flotation systems, and biologi-
cal  treatment. Sulfide  -and mercaptan bearing  water may be
 steam stripped, or the sulfides  may be oxidized to  form ac-
ceptable  thiosulfates,  will  produce  H. S.  Acid  sludge  is
dumped,  burned, or processed to recover acid or to produce
                    byproduct. Spent caustic wastes are generally dumped, or can
                    be used in the neutralization of acid wastes.

                    09840
                    Kinsey, R. H.
                    PUMPS.  In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution
                    Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A.  Danielson
                    (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
                    tional Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p.
                    659-665,1967. GPO: 836-614-30
                    Pumps are used in every phase of the petroleum industry and
                    are available in wide variety of models, sizes, capacities and
                    materials used for construction. All  the common machinable
                    metals and  alloys, as well as plastics, rubber, and  ceramics,
                    are used. Pumps may be classified under two general headings,
                    positive displacement  and  centrifugal.  Positive-displacement
                    pumps have as their principle of operation the displacement of
                    the liquid from the pump case  by reciprocating  action of a
                    piston or diaphragm, or rotating action of a gear, cam, vane,
                    or screw. Centrifugal pumps operated by the principle of con-
                    verting velocity pressure generated  by centrifugal force  to
                    static pressure. Velocity is imparted to the fluid by an impeller
                    that is rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters at the center of
                    the impeller that is rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters  of
                    the impeller and is discharged from  its periphery. Power for
                    driving the  various types of pumps is  usually derived from
                    electric motors, internal combustion engines, or steam drives.
                    Any  leak  in  the  pumping  equipment  causes  emission   of
                    hydrocarbon  vapors  and  malodorous  sulfur   compounds.
                    Several means  have been  devised  for sealing  the annular
                    clearance between pump shafts and fluid casings  to  retard
                    leakage. For  most refinery applications, packed seals  and
                    mechanical  seals  are  widely  used.  Typical  packed seal
                    generally consist of a stuffing box filled with sealing material
                    that encases the moving shaft. Lubrication of the  contact sur-
                    faces  of the packing and shaft is effected by a controlled
                    amount of product leakage to the atmosphere.  The second
                    commonly used means of sealing is the mechanical  seal. This
                    type of seal can be used only in pump that have a rotary shaft
                    motion. A simple  mechanical  seal consists  of two rings with
                    wearing surfaces at right angles  to the shaft. One ring is  sta-
                    tionary while  the  other is attached to the shaft  and rotates
                    with it. A spring and the action of fluid pressure keep the two
                    faces in contact. Lubrication of  the wearing faces is effected
                    by a thin film of the material being pumped. The wearing faces
                    are precisely finished  to  ensure perfectly  flat  surfaces. For
                    cases not feasible to control with mechanical seals, specialized
                    types of pumps, such as canned, diaphragm, or  electromag-
                    netic,  are  required.  A  pressure-seal-type application  can
                    reduce packing gland leakage. A liquid, less volatile or gan-
                    gerous  than the product being pumped, is introduced between
                    two sets of packing at a higher pressure  than the product.
                    Volatile vapors that leak past a main seal may be vented  to
                    vapor recovery by using dual

                    09841
                    Kinsey, Robert T.
                    VALVES.  In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual (Air Pol-  lu-
                    tion Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Daniel-
                    son (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
                    National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub- 999-AP-
                    40, p. 669-672,1967. GPO: 806-614-30
                    The petroleum industry  employs numerous valves in its opera-
                    tions. Many of these valves leak causing emission of  hydrocar-
                    bon vapors averaging 12 per cent of the total process emission.
                    Data  on valve leakages in Los  Angeles County refineries  is

-------
                                           B. CONTROL  METHODS
                                                      17
presented (1958). The proposed emission control method for
flow control valves is frequent inspection  and maintenance.
Rupture  discs can be used to eliminate pressure  relief  and
safety valve leaks.

09842
Murray, Robert C.
COOLING TOWERS.  In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 672-675, 1967. GPO: 806-614030
Cooling towers are major items of heat-transfer equipment in
the petroleum and petrochemical industries. They are designed
to cool,  by air, the water  used to cool industrial  processes.
Cooling of the water by air involves evaporation of a portion
of the water into the air so that the remaining water is cooled
by furnishing heat for this evaporation  process. This cooled
water is used,  in turn, in  heat-exchange  equipment to cool
other liquids and gases. The tower is  packed with  an open
checker  work of wood or metal. Hot water splashes down
over the  packing into a pool at the bottom. Air, by either natu-
ral, forced, or induced draft, contacts the water counter  cur-
rently. Performance of the tower  is at a maximum  at water
rates of  2 to 3 gallons per minute per square foot of ground
area. General aspects of tower design are discussed. Cooling
towers  used  in  conjunction  with  equipment   processing
hydrocarbons and their derivatives are potential sources of air
pollution because of possible contamination of water. A  sur-
vey of the oil refineries operating in Los Angeles County in-
dicated hydrocarbon concentrations of approximately 20  per-
cent in the cooling  water of  the cooling towers. Individually
the emissions varied from 4 to 1,500 pounds per cooling tower
per day.  The amount of hydrocarbon present in the water de-
pends upon the state of maintenance of the process  equip-
ment, particularly the heat- exchange equipment, condensers,
and coolers through which the water is circulated. The control
of hydrocarbon discharges  or of release of odoriferous com-
pounds at the cooling tower is not practical. Instead, the con-
trol must be at the point where  the contaminant  enters the
cooling water. Hence,  systems of  detection of contamination
in water, proper maintenance, speedy repair of leakage from
process equipment and piping, and good housekeeping pro-
grams in general are necessary to minimize the air pollution
occurring at the cooling tower. Greater use of fin-fan coolers
can  also control the emissions   indirectly by  reducing or
eliminating the volume of  cooling water to be aerated in  a
cooling tower.

09843
Kinsey, Robert H.
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES.  In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual.  (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los  An-
geles.) John A.  Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 675-678, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
A number of  relatively minor sources of  air  pollution con-
tribute approximately  10 percent  of  the  total hydrocarbon
emissions to the atmosphere from refineries.  Six of these
sources,  not discussed elsewhere  in this manual, include  air-
blowing,  blind changing, equipment turnaround, tank cleaning,
use of vacuum  jets, and compressor engine exhausts. In  cer-
tain refining operations, air is blown through heavier petrole-
um fractions for the purpose of removing moisture or agitating
the product. The exhaust  air is saturated with hydrocarbon
vapors or aerosols. Emissions from airblowing for removal of
moisture,  or for agitation of products  may be minimized by
replacing the airblowing equipment with mechan- ical agitators
and  incinerating the  exhasut  vapors.  Refinery op-  erations
frequently require  that a pipeline be used for more than one
product. To prevent leakage and contamination of a particular
product,  other product-connecting and product-feeding lines
are customarily 'blinded off by inserting  of a flat, solid plate
between  two  ranges  of a pipe connection.  In  opening,  or
breaking, the flanged connection to insert  the blind, spillage of
product in that portion of the pipeline can occur. Emissions to
the atmosphere from the changing of blinds can be minimized
by pumping out the pipeline and then  flushing the line  with
water before breaking the flange. Spillage resulting from blind
changing can also be minimized by use of 'line' blinds in place
of the common 'slip* blinds.  Line blinds  do not  require  a
complete break of the flange connection  during the changing
operation. Data indicate that slip blinds spill an average of 5
gallons per change compared with line blind valves, which spill
an average of  2 gallons per change. A major phase of a main-
tenance program is the shutting down and starting up of the
various units,  usually called a turnaround. Vapors removed
from equipment prior to  maintenance or cleaning  should be
condensed, recovered, or burned. Vacuum jet exhausts must
also be treated if hydrocarbon vapors are present.

09857
D'lmperio, Joseph
OIL AND SOLVENT RE-REFINING.  In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual.  (Air Pollution Control District, County  of
Los Angeles.) John  A.  Danielson (comp. and  ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for  Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 799-801, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Used lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and solvents are purified to
produce  usable products  by re-refining techniques. Because
the profit margin is small there is very little effort or money
spent on  pollution control in re-refining plants. Odors and
hydrocarbon vapors are frequently released without control. A
simple control technique is to enclose all emission sources and
incinerate the exhaust gasses in boiler fireboxes.

09922
Bumhouse, W. A.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND MERCAPTANS AS AIR POLLU-
TANTS.  American Petroleum  Institute, Detroit, Mich., Com-
mittee for Air and Water Conservation, ((16))p., 1966. 8 refs.
(Presented at the American Petroleum Institute, American In-
stitute of  Chemical  Engineers National Meeting,  Detroit,
Mich., Dec. 8, 1966.)
The emissions of  hydrogen  sulfide  and  mercaptans from
petroleum operations and  methods for control are  given  a
general discussion. The specific sources of both compounds in
refining operations are discussed. The control processes used
for  hydrogen  sulfide  include;  scrubbing  processes,  heat
regenerative methods,  and absorption with various solutions.
Several of these methods  currently being used are discussed.
There  are  many processes for removing  mercaptans from
petroleum products for which a very brief discussion is given.
The  recovery of sulfur as a control process is described. The
cost of sulfur control to the petroleum industry is discussed.

11740
Schaefer, Manfred
NEW REFINERY IN THE SAAR. ((Die Saarland-Raifinerie.))
Text in German. Erdoel Kohle  (Hamburg), 21(6):331-334, June
1968.

-------
 18
PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
Prevention of water  and air pollution is one of the subjects
discussed briefly in a detailed description of the new refinery
erected in 1967 near Saarbrucken, German. The refinert is a
top-distillation plant with a capacity of 1 million tons per year,
producing straight-run  gasoline, light and heavy  fuel  oils,
diesel oil, and refinery gas. In order to protect the neighbor-
hood, the smoke from the tubular still (which has a capacity of
30 million kcal./hr.) is  voided  through a 90-meter  stack, the
height being calculated  on the basis of the use of fuel oil with
a sulfur content of 2.5%; in actual practice, the fuel oil  used
contains  less sulfur,  and gas from  the  stabilizing  column is
also used as fuel  for the furnace. Escape of hydrocarbons is
prevented by connecting the safety  valves of the still to the
discharge or torch system of the furnace. The more volatile
products are  stored in tanks with floating roofs. The waste
water is also treated to remove volatile compounds, which are
burned in the furnace, and is then led to a closed API separat-
ing tank

17943
Belov, K. A. and L. N. Petrova
REDUCING BENZOLE HYDROCARBON LOSSES TO AT-
MOSPHERE.  Coke Chem. (USSR) (English translation from
Russian of: Koks i khim.), no. 9:32-36, 1968.
The saturated vapor pressures  and volality of crude benzoles
and rectification products at two coke  and chemical works
were  experimentally  determined.  The saturated  vapor pres-
sures  were determined at temperatures between -15 and +30
C. A  three-neck flask  was used which  was controlled by a
thermostat to maintain a  constant  temperature. When  the
required temperature  was reached, 10 ml of the test substance
injected into the flask and the  pressure change recorded. The
relationship between saturated vapor pressure and temperature
was described by  the equation  IgP equals A - B/T, where P is
the pressure of the saturated vapor in mm Hg, T the tempera-
ture in degrees Kelvin,  and A and B are constants which were
found experimentally. Benzene  hydrocarbon losses through the
breather  valves in storage tanks are largely governed by the
rate at which the latter  are charged and the speed at which the
air space in the tanks becomes impregnated with hydrocarbon
vapors. To determine the quantity of these losses,  250 ml of
benzene was poured into a vessel, the proper temperature was
adjusted, and atmospheric air was allowed to enter. The escap-
ing hydrocarbon vapors were  caught by activated charcoal.
The increase of weight of the activated carbon divided by the
volume of air expelled by the vapors from the vessel yields
the amount of hydrocarbons lost from the container. The error
of this method did not exceed 0.5%.

26506
Tan, Soen H.
FLARE  SYSTEM DESIGN  SIMPLIFIED.     Hydrocarbon
Process., 46(1): 172-174, Jan. 1967.
A flare facility, particularly the flare burner, must have a sta-
ble flame capable  of burning hydrocarbon vapors released dur-
ing a major operational failure.  In addition, the vapors must be
sufficiently freed  from liquid  droplets  before entering  the
stack,  the smoke  minimized by injection  of  steam into the
flame,  and the stack located at a safe distance from personnel
and equipment. Finally, the flare system  must be purged with
inert gas to prevent flash flashback. Equations are given for
computing flare stack and knockout drum size, flame radia-
tion, and  steam rate  and purge gas  rate. Nomograms are in-
cluded to speed these design calculations.
                    27719
                    Hopper, W. C. and B. Rayzacher
                    THE IMPACT OF THE OIL INDUSTRY ON THE ENVTRON-
                    MENT,  2ND  EDITION.    Stichting  Concawe, The Hague
                    (Netherlands), Rept. 4/70,  19p., March 1970. 12 refs.
                    The  environmental  impact of  refining operations  and  oil
                    products  is assessed.  While super tankers represent a very
                    great potential for pollution, the industry is generally careful
                    to  minimize  oil losses during  transportation-both at sea and
                    overland. The problem of  odors can be reduced by good main-
                    tenance and should gradually diminish with the introduction of
                    modern refining techniques  and engineering innovation. Many
                    refineries are reducing sulfur dioxide emissions by recovering
                    sulfur from hydrogen-sulfide gas streams. The sulfur-free gas
                    is used to recover butane  or for reforming to domestic gas or
                    for the production of liquefied petroleum gas. The problems of
                    refinery  water effluent and refinery noise are complex, the
                    former sometimes calling  for  biological oxidation or cooling-
                    water recycle  systems and air cooling. Noise is difficult to
                    mask  since most  refinery equipment,  for safety reasons, is
                    operated  in the open air.  New engineering solutions  must be
                    found. With  respect to petroleum products, there is already a
                    steady downward trend in the sulfur content of fuel oils. This
                    is due to the increasing availability of low-sulfur crudes and
                    gradual changes in the refining pattern in response to changing
                    demands for products.

                    28501
                    Shalamberidze, 0. P. and S. E. Partskhalava
                    SANITIZING THE Am IN THE GEORGIAN SSR. Gigjena i
                    Sanit, no 4:96-98, 1970. Translated from Russian. Joint Publi-
                    cations Research Service, Washington, D. C., 5p., June 11,
                    1970. NTIS: JPRS 50713
                    The  rapid industrial  growth  of the Georgian Republic has
                    created serious air pollution problems. Air  quality measure-
                    ments initiated in the  early 1950's showed excessive emissions
                    of  various pollutants from, for example, a metallurgical plant
                    complex a chemical complex producing  nitrogen fertilizer and
                    caprolactum, a ferroalloy  plant, and an oil refinery. Nitrogen
                    dioxide and carbon monoxide  concentrations as far as 2000 m
                    from the chemical plant were higher than single and average
                    daily maximum permissible levels. There was evidence  that
                    emissions from all these plants were having adversive effects
                    on the health of children  living nearby, and steps were taken
                    to  reduce the pollution with varying degrees of effectiveness.
                    Air quality studies in the capital city of Tbilisi showed that
                    control measures (e.g., removal of some industrial plants to
                    sites outside  the city,  conversions to natural gas, tree planting)
                    did succeed  in reducing the sulfur dioxide, dust, and soot in
                    the city 2- to 2.5-fold. The occurrence and effects of 3,4-benz-
                    pyrene in settling dust were studied, and maximum permissible
                    concentrations for various compounds were established.  The
                    present  air  pollution control program  includes systematic
                    monitoring, preventive inspection, enforcement  checks, con-
                    version of heating and power units to natura gas, and installa-
                    tion of control equipment in  industrial and public buildings.
                    Nevertheless, numerous shortcoming and omissions in the pro-
                    gram remain  to be corrected for more effective control.   [

                    28874
                    THE TREND TOWARD HIGH CHIMNEYS RELIES ON THE
                    TECHNIQUE OF INSULATIO TO ENSURE EFFECTIVENESS
                    AND SAFETY.  (La tendence au cheminees hautes compte sur
                    les techniques d'isolation  pour assurer 1'efficacite et la secu-
                    rite).  Text  in French.  Chalevr  et  Climats,  (Waterloo),
                    34(406):125-128, Oct. 1969.

-------
                                           B. CONTROL METHODS
                                                      19
A 150 m tall chimney was built for a refinery which turns out
petroleum products at the rate of over 750,000 barrels per day.
Th chimney takes care of the waste gases emanating from the
refinery, the  sulfur plant, the hydrogen unit, and the steam
generating  system. The waste  gases contain carbohydrates,
sulfur dioxide, and water vapor. They enter the bottom of the
chimney through  three inlet ducts.  The throughput of waste
gases is about 1,350,000 cu m per hour at an entrance tempera-
ture  at the bottom of the chimney of 375 C, with a tempera-
ture  drop of 16 C  between bottom and top. The insulating
material must be incombustible and resistant to the wast gases,
to ensure that no cracks occur which would allow corrosive
gases to pass through to the outer chimney concrete structure.
A cellular glass was selected as insulating material. The chim-
ney  wall, proceeding radially from outside  to inside,  is com-
posed of reinforced concrete, hydrasphalte, glass insulation,
an empty space of 1 cm, and an  internal lining of refractory
bricks. The construction provides for 11 expansion joints for
lateral  heat expansion. The  total  weight of the chimney ex-
ceeds 6000 tons, 5000 tons of which are in the outer concrete
construction.

29628
LAW-MAKERS SAY: CLEAN UP OR SHUT DOWN.  Can.
Chem. Process., 55(4):47-50, April 1971.
The  major push by  the Canadian government to control air
pollution will surely  come once Parliament approves Bill C-
224,  the Clean Air Act. Under the Act, air polluters may be
fined up to $200,000  per instance of violating one or more of
the emission  standards to be set by the Federal government.
Also, the Act will empower federal authorities to fine any pol-
lution source regardless of location; this is a major departure
from current federal/provincial division of powers. Controlling
the fumes from coking is mentioned, as well as regulations
pertaining to  the emissions from petroleum refineries, lead-in
gasoline, automotive emissions, and aircraft exhaust smoke.
Processes for the removal of sulfur dioxide are listed tabu-
larly. The British Columbia government has offered a prize of
$250,000 for the first individual or company to come up with a
device to eliminate air pollution and odor of pulpmills.

-------
20
                        C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
02980
L. Grupinski
THE APPLICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO THE  DETERMINATION
OF AIR POLLUTANTS.   Staub (English TRANSL.) 25, (11)
41-4, NOV. 1965. CFSTITT66-51040/11
The  application of  gas  chromatography  and infrared spec-
troscopy is described with practical examples of analysis  of
emissions from a pipestill chimney of a mineral oil refinery.
The emissions were concentrated by a modern method. Quan-
titative determinations can be carried out successfully with the
help of a thermal conductivity detector.  Infrared spectroscopy
is  particularly suitable for identifying  mixtures. Because  of
good results obtained in practice it is proposed to increase the
application  of gas chromatography  and  infrared spectroscopy
to the analysis of air pollutants. (Author  summary)

04324
EMISSIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM STATIONA-
RY SOURCES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY (REPORT NO. 1)
(A JOINT DISTRICT, FEDERAL,  STATE AND INDUSTRY
PROJECT).  Los Angeles County Air Pollution  Control Dis-
trict, Calif. Feb. 1960. 55 pp.
This is the first of a series of joint project reports of work and
findings on the oxides of nitrogen. The need and  the recog-
nized importance of the role of oxides of nitrogen in smog for-
mation led to a survey of available data on the emissions  of
NO from stationary sources. One of the  objectives of this pro-
ject was to determine the rate of  discharge of  oxides  of
nitrogen from each type of equipment under varying operating
conditions. Various analytical procedures for the determination
of oxides of nitrogen were reviewed.  Sampling and analytical
procedures  are discussed. The phenoldisulfonic acid method
was selected because of its reliability, reproducibility, and  its
suitability for field test-  ing. Forms used for recording  field
data, analytical results and  calculations are contained in the
appendix.

04514
G. Burkert
THE MEASUREMENT OF ADX QUALITY  STANDARDS.
Instr. Pract. (London) 19, (9) 831-4, Sept. 1965.
Our knowledge of air pollution is based on the experience  of
other countries and while it may be  expected that these results
could be applied  to any area.the  climate and  geographical
situation are prin cipal factors thus  necessitating individual
measuring  standards. This paper is concerned with measure-
ments  from  California  and  Western  Germany  and  also
describes air pollution  equipment for  some components of in-
terest The  relationship between air quality and control stan-
dards is compared. (Author abstract)

04889
J. M. Lepper
PORTABLE INFRARED  REMOTE  S02 SENSOR  (THIRD
QUARTERLY S02 REPT.) Dahno Victor Co., Washington,  D.
C. Apr. 10,1967 9 pp.
This is a report of work concerning the present state of SO2
Sensor system, demonstrated  capability,  and problems. The
SO2 Sensor has been operational for the past month  and a
half. During the month of January the internal computer was
checked out and found to meet the requirements described in
the Second  Quarterly Report. The  IR filters  are all within
specification and behave as predicted.  The test tank was
completed and  the  sensor system coefficient determination
was started. Coefficient calculations were  made for 2, 3, or 4-
vector problems; i.e., spectral situations where 2, 3, or 4 com-
ponents are in the field of view. The 2-vector situation is real-
ized in practice when looking at plumes from natural gas burn-
ing power plants where the spectrum is dominated by C02 and
H2O with only 150 PPM of SO2 present. An example of the 3-
vector problem in the field would be a fuel oil burning system
with moderate amounts of SO2 being present. The 4-vector
problem occurs when viewing coal burning sources with the
fourth spectral  component due to  flyash.  Field tests were
begun in early March with a 2-vector calculation being done
on the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's natural gas burning
power plant. Further two-vector work was done at several oil
refineries, primarily  for signal-to-noise measurements. At this
writing the equipment is disassembled for primarily  optical
alignment. This optical alignment consists of precision machin-
ing of the optical chassis. Although the IR  optics involves only
2 mirrors and the detector, accurate alignment is necessary to
insure  on-axis  operation. Also,  alignment  of the  sighting
telescope to the IR telescope is necessary.

09208
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,
N. Y.
A  LABORATORY  STUDY  OF  A  LEAD-ACETATE-TILE
METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN SULFEDE. At-
mospheric Pollution Tech. Bull. 15, 47p., Aug. 1962.
A  simple, qualitative  method for hydrogen sulfide  utilizing
lead acetate on the surface of a ceramic tile was evaluated on
a quantitative basis  in an apparatus in which low concentra-
tions  of  hydrogen sulfide were maintained. The effects  of
hydrogen sulfide exposure, air turbulence,  relative humidity
dimethyl sulfide,  dimethyl disulfide, methyl  mercaptan and
several possible interferences upon the rate  of formation  of
colored lead sulfide  on  the tile  surface, were investigated.
Slightly exposed tiles  can show a measurable response to a
hydrogen sulfide concentration of 0.1 over a 6 minute time in-
terval. The accuracy of the lead-acetate-tile method has been
found to depend upon at least three factors: (a) the position of
the average absorbance of the tile surfaces on the darkening
curve, (b)  the  degree of air movement under which  the
hydrogen sulfide exposure is carried out, and (c) the fading of
the lead sulfide color. To establish whether or not a tile sur-
face has been overexposed, the difference  between whether or
not a tile surface  has been  overexposed,  the difference
between the reflectance spectrums on the curve, may be util-
ized.  An increase in turbulence in  the laboratory  detention
chamber has been found to  increase significantly the rate of
darkening. Under outdoor conditions the  turbulence level in

-------
                                      C.  MEASUREMENT  METHODS
                                                     21
the exposure chamber must be either standardized by an air
mover or reduced to a minimum by louvering. Outdoor fading
tests performed in a louvered, light-protected chamber indicate
that in an 8-hour exposure period the maximum loss of Expo-
sure Units would be in the order of 20 percent. A similar loss
in Exposure Units under conditions unprotected  from  direct
sunlight and  wind would require  approximately  10 minutes.
The extremely high fading rate of darkening tiles exposed to
direct sunlight and wind shows that  hydrogen-sulfide-exposed
tiles must  be protected after  removal from  the  exposure
chamber as well as during exposure. The sources, effects, at-
mospheric concentrations and the methylene blue  and A.I.S.I.
sampler methods for the  determination of  H2S  are also
reviewed.

11745
INSTRUMENT SURVEY.  Brit.  Chem.  Eng. SuppL, 13(5): 13,
15-17, 19-23, May 1968.
On-stream process control depends on the rapid measurement
and adjustment of process variables. A  survey of instruments
used in  process control is presented. The analytical areas ex-
amined  include: viscometry, x-ray  spectrography,  paramag-
netic oxygen analysis, cloud and pour point analysis, gas  chro-
matography,  infra-red  gas  analysis,  thermal conductivity,
vapor pressure measurement, electrolytic conductivity,  elec-
trolytic hygrometry, liquid density measurement, pH measure-
ment  and control, ultra- violet analysis, smoke density  mea-
surement, and boiling point measurement. For the instruments
applicable to  each area the information  presented is: variable
measured, principle of  measuring instrument,  features  of an
on-line control instrument, and application examples.

16016
Marsh, K. J.
THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  AIR  POLLUTATION AROUND
OIL REFINERIES.   British Petroleum  Co., Middlesex, En-
gland, Rept.  of the Working Group 'Stack Height  and At-
mospheric Dispersion',  Concawe, The  Hague, Netherlands,
15p., Jan. 1968.13 refs.
Principles of air pollution measurements are  summarized to
guide oil refineries in planning emission measurements and
analyzing emission data.  Pollutants considered are sulfur  diox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, smoke, solids  such as grit
and acid smuts, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,  ozone, and
other oxidants. The advantages  of using new  commercial in-
struments for continous or consecutive measurements at  fixed
sites are contrasted with discontinuous methods using discrete
samples. To determine the long-term pollution pattern around
a refinery, data must be accumulated for a number of  years
and cumulative frequency curves derived for various concen-
trations  of a pollutant at each measuring point. Such a curve
can be used to determine the 'dosage'  at each point and the
damage  caused by pollution. The effect of wind direction on
pollution measurements must also be determined.  To do this,
measurements at each- point are grouped  according to the prin-
ciple wind directions, a cumulative frequency curve is derived
for each group, and concentrations  obtained from the  curve
are plotted on vector diagrams  similar  to wind roses. These
vector diagrams will  tell whether changes in  frequency dis-
tribution of pollutants are due to refinery operations or varia-
tions in weather.

17468
SOURCES  OF  ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DIOXIDES  AND
MEASUREMENT METHODS. (Taikichu no iousankabutsu no
hasseigen  to  sokuteihoho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo  Kogai
(Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(10):612-620, Oct. 25,  1969. 62 refs.
Atmospheric  sulfur dioxide  exists in various  chemical  and
physical forms; under normal  conditions, it  is in a gaseous
state  containing  some volatile  sulfuric mist and sulfate. If
gaseous sulfur dioxide were the only atmospheric pollutant, its
measurement would not be so  difficult. The existence of sul-
furic mist and sulfate and other interfering substances  in the
atmosphere make  analytical  procedures intricate. Some  dif-
ficulties in analytical assessment of atmospheric S02 are also
correlated with the limits involved in technical methods, some
of which,  like the West-Gaeke or electroconductivity methods,
are subject to error due to the existence of atmaospheric inter-
fering elements at variance with the substantial characteristics
of SO2. Therefore, in evaluating measurements obtained from
applied methods and laboratory techniques, allowance must be
made for sequential and accidental errors.  Atmospheric values
obtained with the different methods are apt to vary. The wide-
ly used analytical  procedure for SO2 determination involves
separating mist from  sulfuric mist and measuring the sulfur in
the sulfate contained  in the air  sample. The quantity of SO2 is
determined   simultaneously    with   the   measurement   of
suspended sulfate is an aerosol state or contained in dust fall.
In 1965, the  amount  of sulfurous  acid gas emitted to the at-
mosphere  was  23,400,000  t.  In 1966,  the  amount was
28,600,000 t  of which 58.2% came from  coal combustion in
thermal power plants; 19.6%, from oil combustion; 5.5%, from
petroleum refinery processes;  12.2%,  from mine  refinery
processes; 1.9%, from sulfuric acid production; and the rest,
0.4%,  from  waste  incineration.  Various   types  of  SO2
analyzers, including  currently  improved  U.  S.  models, are
presented.

20460
Yamamoto, Tadashi, Shozo Matsuda, Toshihide Okuno,
Hideki Tanaka, and Masahiko Tsuji
OFFENSIVE  ODORS.  5.  ANALYSIS  OF  THE   CON-
STITUENTS  OF   OFFENSIVE ODORS  EMITTED  FROM
PETROLEUM REFINERIES.  Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J.  Japan
Soc. Aii Pollution), 2(l):48-59,1967. Translated from Japanese.
3p-
An analysis  of the  offensive  odors  emitted by  petroleum
refineries  is  discussed. The samples which were analyzed in-
cluded liquid fractions of  petroleum  collected and separated
from an ejector drain of a reduced pressure distillation device;
contact tower  drainings  from  the  sulfuric acid  washing
process; and  odor constituents collected by active carbon ad-
sorption. Gas chromatography was used for the analyses. The
first two samples were heated to 40 C, and a definite quantity
of the gas in the container was directly introduced into the gas
chromatograph  for  qualitative  analysis.  More   than   30
hydrocarbons were identified.  For the confirmation of these
components,  the elimination process  with H2S04 and other
chemicals  was conducted  at the same  time. A comparative
analysis of the gas volumes evolved at different temperatures
of the sample was  conducted by varying the heating tempera-
ture. The  third sample was also analyzed by gas  chromatog-
raphy, and when compared with the other constituents,  a cor-
relation was  found between the  detected constituents. The
low-boiling hydrocarbons showed qualitative agreement,  but
the high-boiling ones gave inconclusive results.

21859
Okita, T., R. Sugai, and I. Kifune
SAMPLING  AND  ANALYSIS  BY FDLTER METHOD  OF
MALODOROUS GASES  IN THE ATMOSPHERE.  (Akooshu

-------
22
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
no sokootei V Loshishiki sampler ni yoloo yuM ioh kagohboot-
soo  no hoshu boonsekihon no kentoh  narabini ryukasooiso
oyobi aldehyde rooi sokootei eno  ohyoh). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.  Air Pollution), 4(1):118,
1%9. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air  Pollution An-
nual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
To determine malodors in the environment, filter type sampler
for sampling organic  sulfur compounds using mercury  com-
pounds was earlier introduced. Since then, the following items
on sampling and analysis, by means of gas chromatography, of
ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, and  dimethyl sulfide were
examined. In the process of the analysis (sampling, separation,
and  concentration), moisture should be  removed before con-
centrating the sample with potassium carbonate and soda lime.
The  velocity in concentrating the sample with liquid oxygen is
0.2 1/min. The retention time of each sample gas can be  re-
markably  reduced if  the  column  temperature  is 47  C, the
flowrate of a carrier gas (N2) 30 1/min, and the column length
2.25  m. The  reproducibility of this method  is approximately
6%   in  terms of variation coefficients. Filters  compared
(Tohyoh No. 6 filter, AAWP millipore filter,  and glass fiber A
filter) show the collection efficiency from 44%  to 100%, de-
pending on the gases. This  method is applied for gases in the
water and the air polluted by waste from pulp and petroleum
refining industries to show 6.0-7.8  ppb of methyl mercaptan,
2.9-3.7 ppb ethyl  mercaptan, and 5.1-7.2 ppb of dimethyl sul-
fide  in river water and 4.0-5.2 ppb of methyl mercaptan and
2.3-3 ppb dimethyl sulfide in the air.

22108
Seidman, Edwin B.
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR OXIDES IN STACK GASES.
Anal. Chem., 30(10): 1680-1682, Oct. 1958. 9 refs.
One  existing method of determining the sulfur dioxide and sul-
fur trioxide content of combustion gases requires absorption
of the gas sample in a known amount of industrial base. After
absorption, excess base is titrated and total  sulfur oxides are
obtained by the  difference.  The sulfur   trioxide is  then
precipitated as benzidine sulfate, redissolved, and titrated. Sul-
fur  dioxide is determined  by  the  difference. Ammonia and
nitrogen  oxides present in catalytic  cracking gases interfere
with the  sensitivity of the method. Even when  no interfering
substances are present, the method is  difficult to apply  to
refinery stack gases since the colorimetric filiation end point is
frequently obscured by dark-colored  oxidation products  from
inhibitors present in the absorber solution. Also the solubility
of benzidine sulfate in water severely curtails washing of the
                    precipitate. In an improved method, sulfur trioxide in stack
                    gases as low as 0.001% gas volume can be determined in as
                    much as 0.3%  gas  volume  sulfur dioxide. Ammonia and/or
                    nitrogen  oxides do  not interfere. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed
                    quantitatively in an  80% isopropyl alcohol solution, which in-
                    hibits oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The sulfate is titrated with
                    0.01  N  barium chloride  in a  solution  of  80% isopropyl
                    alchohol, with Thorin used as the indicator. The end point is
                    sharp and reproducible, and the titration is rapid. A modifica-
                    tion of this procedure is suitable for the determination of total
                    sulfur oxide.

                    22958
                    Wohlers, Henry C.
                    ODOR INTENSITY  AND ODOR TRAVEL  FROM INDUSTRI-
                    AL SOURCES.  Intern. J.  Air Water Pollution (London),  vol.
                    7:71-78,1963. 4 refs.
                    Odor surveys were completed of stack effluents and in the
                    vicinity of a petroleum coking plant, a kraft-paper mill, an
                    onion and garlic dehydrating plant, and a retrogravure printing
                    plant.  Gas  samples  were  taken  by  the  evacuated  bulb
                    technique or by passing sufficient stack gas through a bottle to
                    replace the original  air in the bottle. Threshold measurements
                    were made with an osmoscope consisting  of two telescoping
                    metal tubes complexly arranged for odor dilution with clean
                    air. The odor intensity in the environs of the industrial plant
                    was determined subjectively while driving in a car at constant
                    speed (30-35 mph) with the wind-wing of the driver's window
                    open so that the oncoming air was directed at the face of the
                    observer. When the  extent of the odor travel from these plants
                    was  compared with the calculated  threshold  dilution  of the
                    stack gases according to Sutton's equation, the odor measure-
                    ments at the stacks  did not agree in all cases with the calcu-
                    lated dilutions at the distances in the field where the  odors
                    were noted. Unless  the diffusion  coefficients are experimen-
                    tally  determined, the Sutton equation should not be used for
                    distances greater than 2 miles; at distances greater than 1 or 2
                    miles under unstable conditions,  the  stack  height, the  exit
                    velocity, and the temperature of the exhaust gases no longer
                    seriously   affect  the  plume  axis   concentrations.   The
                    osmoscope, which assumes the validity of the Weber-Fechner
                    law,  had an  error  of no  larger than about 25%. The  con-
                    sequence of the logarithmic relation of this law is that a 10-
                    fold  reduction in odor concentration makes a  scarcely per-
                    ceptible alteration in  the strength of the odor.  This relation
                    must be  considered in making field odor  surveys. It is sug-
                    gested that these results are another example of only partially
                    diluted stack gases  moving as discrete eddies through the at-
                    mosphere. (Author abstract modified)

-------
                                                                                                                23
                   D.  AIR  QUALITY  MEASUREMENTS
03170
VISIBILITY AT MUNICIPAL AND FAIRFAX AIRPORTS
(KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY).  Public Health Ser-
vice,  Washington,  D.C.,  National Center  for Air Pollution
Control. Jan. 1967. 78 pp.
An investigation of air pollution and its effects upon visibility
in the vicinity  of Kansas  City Municipal and Fairfax airports
was  conducted in  Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City,
Kansas during  the summer of 1966. The survey area includes
those portions of Platte, Clay and Jackson Counties in Missou-
ri, and of Wyandotte County in Kansas which lie within about
3 miles  from the airports. The air quality  survey of this in-
vestigation  include  measurement  of the  concentrations  of
suspended particulates and  soiling index at  four locations in
the vicinity of  the two airports. The average concentration of
suspended particulates was about  100 micrograms  per cubic
meter and the  average soiling index was about 0.6  COH unit
per 1000 feet.  Earlier investigations reported by others have
shown the average annual concentrations of particulates hi the
Kansas City metropolitan area to be greater than the concen-
trations  observed in the summer season. Records of observa-
tions made at the two airports show occurrences of smoke and
of reduced visibility in which smoke is a factor. Records  of
meteorologic conditions show winds from  all  directions and
the movement of polluted  air from either state to the other. An
inventory of emissions of particulate pollutants in the survey
area surrounding the airports was made. From this inventory it
is estimated that more than 55,000,000 pounds of particulate
pollutants are emitted each year from sources in the  survey
area. Approximately  four-fifths of this total is  emitted from
sources  in  Kansas and one-fifth from sources in Missouri.
Twenty-one point sources  account for almost 85 percent of the
total particulate emissions from all sources in the survey area.
Mathematical application of diffusion and transmittance theory
to data on source emissions and meteorologic parameters yield
results consistent with observed visibility reductions and show
the relative impact of individual sources. (Author summary)

03404                                           '
D. S. Mathews J.J. Schueneman
MANAGEMENT OF DADE COUNTY'S AIR RESOURCES.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollu-
tion. (In  cooperation with Florida State Board of Health and
Dade County Dept. of Public Health, Fla.) Oct. 1962. 43 pp.
HEW
Metropolitan Dade  County has a  long  history of being a
desirable area in which to live, work, and play. A great sub-
tropical  agricultural industry abounds. Tourism is one of the
largest income producing industries  in this area.  Population
and urban  development are increasing rapidly. In general,
these  trends have to reduce agricultural income. Due to the
dominance of  tourism and  agriculture, economic  return has
been somewhat uncertain  ahd has not been balanced equally
throughout the year. To compensate for this situation, a sig-
nificant effort is being put forth to bring new kinds of income
producing activities into Dade County. A specific proposal has
been made to construct and operate a petroleum refinery near
Homsestead as part of an extensive industrial  development.
The Dade County Manager and the Dade County Department
of Public  Health requested technical assistance  from Florida
State  Board of Health and the  United  States Public Health
Service in reviewing the refinery proposal, evaluating it spossi-
ble environmental  effects  and in  planning a long range  air
resource management program. Air pollution aspects are con-
sidered and presented herein. (Author introduction modified)

03451
BI-STATE STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CHICAGO
METROPOLITAN AREA.  Indiana State Board  of Health, Il-
linois Dept.  of Public Health, Springfield and Purdue Univ.
Lafayette, Ind. 1959.151 pp.
The population of the Chicago area, as a whole,  has evidently
not yet experienced great inconvenience because of air pollu-
tion. However, with  the  increased growth of the  area both
population-wise and industrially it is important that knowledge
of the present conditions be  obtained to protect the  public
well-being and to prevent future conditions that may have an
adverse effect upon the citizens of the area. Some of the con-
clusions resulting from the Bi-State Study of Air Pollution in
the Chicago Metropolitan Area are: (1) The Chicago Area is an
extensive  heterogeneous area consisting  of a complexity of
domestic,  commercial, and industrial activities which emit a
variety of foreign materials to the atmosphere;  (2) Air pollu-
tion problems may transcend local boundaires and require in-
tercommunity cooperation for then- solution; (3) Prior studies
show an early awareness of the presence of foreign materials
in the atmosphere in  concentrations varying with  local and
meteorological conditions; (4) The probable major contributors
of material to the  air in the Chicago Metropolitan Area and
their  probable  major emissions are:  (a)  Poor community
housekeeping - wind-generated particulate matter; (b) Burning
of refuse  in open dumps and backyard incinerators-products
from incomplete combustion of organic and inorganic matter;
(c) Residential  and small commercial and  industrial heating
plants - products from incomplete combustion  of coal; (d) Au-
tomobile exhaust - products from combustion of gasoline; (e)
Electric utilities - combustion products;  (f) Domestic and in-
dustrial combustion of fuel oil - combustion products; (g) Pri-
mary  metals industry - particulate matter; and (h) Petroleum
refineries and gasoline handling faculties - hydrocarbons.

03454
W. C. Cope, Chairman.
SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION -  NEW YORK - NEW JER-
SEY.  Interstate Sanitation Commission, New York City. Feb.
1958, 95 pp.
Pollution in the metropolitan area was studied by: aerial recon-
naissances and photography; and surveys in the  communities.
Significant information was   collected on: relationships  of
meteorology, visibility and pollution; interstate movement of
pollution as indicated by releasing tracer dust in one state and
collecting  in the other; amount of vehicle exhaust fumes and

-------
24
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
other organic materials in the air; sulfur dioxide concentration
on Stolen Island, and ozone on Staten Island and in Carteret,
N.J.; effects of the polluted atmosphere on health, vegetation,
materials and transportation; and a study  and evaluation was
made of  existing laws in the State of New York, New Jersey
and Connecticut, and other jurisdictions. Air pollution originat-
ing in regions of New York and New Jersey within the New
York  Metropolitan  Area is interstate  in character,  affects
public health and comfort adversely, and damages property.
While the control and abatement of air pollution at its sources
is the primary obligation of the states, counties or municipali-
ties in which it originates, the problems of interstate air pollu-
tion cannot be solved wholly by governmental agencies inde-
pendently of one another. The abatement of existing interstate
air pollution and the control of future interstate air pollution is
of prime  importance to the persons living and industry located
in  the area affected thereby, and can best  be accomplished
through the cooperation of the states involved, by and through
a common agency or instrumentality. An interstate instrumen-
tality, employing the administrative practices followed by the
Interstate Sanitation Commission  in  the abatement  of  in-
terstate water pollution, should be created  to deal with the
problems of interstate air pollution. Drafts  of proposed legisla-
tion  to meet the situation described in  this report  should
reflect fully the opinions and needs of many agencies, local
governing bodies, members of the  Legislatures, representa-
tives of industry, and of the public. There has been insuffi-
cient time between the  completion of the  study and the sub-
mission of this report to afford opportunity to interested agen-
cies to express their views on the form which legislation to
abate interstate air pollution should take.

03505
M. D. Homedo and J. H. Tillman
AIR POLLUTION IN THE EL PASO, TEXAS AREA. El Paso
City - County Health Unit, Texas. 1959. 104 pp.
The primary purpose of this study was to obtain basic  scien-
tific air pollution  data concerning the type, extent, source, and
effect of  the waste from industry and other air pollution in the
El Paso area. Another purpose was to determine the need and
nature  of a permanent air pollution  control  program. The
scope of the program was limited by two factors; the gathering
of those samples  which were within our means to analyze and
the collection of pollutants commonly found in any city.

07830
Popov, V. A.
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDANTS IN THE  ATMOSPHERE OF
CERTAIN TOWNS IN THE U.S.S.R. ((Prisultstvie oksidantov
v atmosfernom vozdukhe nekotorykh gorodov SSSR.)) Text in
Russian.  Engl. transl.  Hyg.  Sanit,  31(1-3): 3-8,  Jan.-March
1966.
Oxidants  in the air of certain towns of the Soviet Union were
measured  by the  phenolphthalein method.  The standard color
scale was a mixture of an alcoholic-aqueous solution (3:2) of
phenolphthalein and  1% borax solution. The maximum concen-
tration of oxidants on the highways of Moscow and Baku  on
sunny days was as high as 0.1 mg/cu m, and on cloudy days
did  not exceed 0.03 mg/cu m. A study of this type of pollu-
tants in Baku revealed their presence in the area of oil refine-
ries at concentrations within 0.15 mg/cu m. On the other hand,
the  maximum value of  oxidants in the vicinity of Batumi  oil
refinery was considerably lower (0.04 mg/cu m).
                   08198
                   Stankevich, B. E. and M. I. Isaeva
                   SELECTION OF AIR INTAKE POINTS FOR VENTILATION
                   OF PREMISES IN PETROLEUM PROCESSING PLANTS.  Gi-
                   giena i Sanit, No. 8:27-34, 1954. Translated from Russian by
                   B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
                   lated Occupational Dis- eases, Vol. 4, p.  202-208,  Aug. 1960.
                   CFSTI: TT 60-21913
                   Previous investigators had concluded that even under most un-
                   favorable conditions  of refinery building location with regard
                   to hydrogen sulfide accumulation, the air  intakes located 18 -
                   20 m above the ground could supply air sufficiently pure for
                   practical ventilation.  In an effort to disprove this conclusion,
                   studies  were made at  two  petroleum refineries. Air samples
                   taken simultaneously at 5, 10 and 15 m above the ground were
                   analyzed for the content of hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons,
                   carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. It was found that the in-
                   stallation of air intakes at 15 - 20 m fails to improve the quali-
                   ty of ventilation air, and in many cases  might worsen it. In
                   view of the  complexity  and specific  conditions which may
                   exist in some modern  oil refineries, the choice  of  necessary
                   sanitary measures can be made only on an individual basis by
                   taking into consideration actually existing conditions.

                   09591
                   Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
                   Air Pollution Control
                   NEW YORK - NEW  JERSEY  AIR POLLUTION ABATE-
                   MENT  ACTIVITY:  PARTICULATE MATTER.  PHASE  H.
                   PRE-CONFERENCE  INVESTIGATIONS.   206 p. Dec. 1967.
                   ((15)) refs.
                   An investigation of paniculate matter air  pollution conducted
                   in the New York - New Jersey metropolitan area in 2966 and
                   1967 is reported. The report includes these topics:  History of
                   Abatement Action; Description of Study  Area;  Climatology;
                   Project Design; Air Quality Data; Particulate Emission Inven-
                   tory; Meteorological Representativeness; Impact of Particulate
                   Pollution on Study Area; Summary of Particulate Air Pollution
                   Standards, Criteria, and  Objectives; Comparison of Current
                   Levels with Standards or Objectives; Anticipated Reductions
                   in Particulate Emissions; Conclusions  and Recommendations
                   of  Interstate Air Pollution    New  York     New  Jersey
                   Metropolitan Area, January  1967; Aerometry Operations and
                   Techniques;  Emissions Inventory  Procedure; and Pollutant
                   Measurement Data.

                   10128
                   G. Swanson
                   MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS  OF  SUSPENDED PARTICU-
                   LATES  IN DENVER AIR POLLUTION.   In: Further  Studies
                   of Denver Air Pollution. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins,
                   Colo., Dept.  of Atmos- pheric  Science, AS-105, p. 109-145,
                   Dec. 1966.  14 refs.
                   Results of  microscopical analysis of suspended particulates in
                   the Denver air are discussed. The study was a preliminary on
                   in to evaluate the feasibility of identification of suspended par-
                   ticulates in situ. The  major sampling site was located close to
                   the center  of the city of Denver. The greatest density of po-
                   tential sources lies in a northerly and northeasterly direction
                   from the sampling site. Located in the area are pulverized-fuel
                   users, refinery operations, ceramic tile manufacturers, feed
                   pro- cessing operations, fertilizer plants, paint manufacturers,
                   oil combusters, and  paper processing plants. Suspended at-
                   mospheric  particulates  were collected on  a 47 mm (960 mm2
                   effective area, Millipore ADM-30, 1966) membrane filter, pore

-------
                                   D.  AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     25
size 0.45 micron. The filter was retained in a stainless steel
'open-type' filter holder containing a 10 liter per minute limit-
ing orifice. The analysis relied on morphological identification
and simple chemical microscopical techniques. It was found
that wind changes and inversion conditions affect the composi-
tion of sample as well as the size distribution.

10306
P. Sutton
AIR POLLUTION IN PETROLEUM REFINING. (PART  3.)
Chem. Process Eng., 49(4):103-106, April 1968.10 refs.
A method for calculating ground level  concentration from
stack emissions is discussed in detail. Graphs are presented to
aid in the  calculation, and factors such as emission rate, wind
speed, stack  height, plume rise, stack gas temperature, and
distance from emission point are considered. Apparatus  for
measuring S02 in the air are described including lead candle,
multi-port, and continuous analyzers.

10517
Robinson, E.  and R. C.  Robbins
SOURCES, ABUNDANCE,  AND FATE OF  GASEOUS AT-
MOSPHERIC   POLLUTANTS   (FINAL  REPORT.)Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif.,  SRI-P 6755,  123p., Feb.
1968.120 refs.
An analysis of the sources, abundance, and fate of gaseous at-
mospheric pollutants is presented, considering three families
of compounds: sulfurous, nitrogenous, and organic; and two
inorganic  carbon compounds: carbon  monoxide and carbon
dioxide. With  the  exception of  CO2, similar patterns  of
analyses  of these  materials  a followed and rather detailed
analyses are produced.  The presentati  of C02 is only a brief
review of  the current state of thinking  Included are estimates
of annual  world-wide emissions  of pollutants SO2, H2S, CO,
NO2, NH3,  and organics.  The  magnitudes  of  the  nature
emanations of a variety of materials have also been con-
sidered, although the means of estimating these emissions  are
very crude because so little study has been made of  emissions
from other than urban air  pollution   sources. Sulfur  com-
pounds, in the form of  S02,  are currently the most  topical of
the numerous air pollutants.  Sulfur enters the atmosphere as
air pollutants  in the form of SO2, H2S, H2SO4, and particu-
late  sulfates;  and as natural  emanations in the form of H2S
and  sulfates.  Among the various sources of CO, automobile
exhaust accounts for more than 805 of the estimated worl wide
CO emission.  The major sources  for the gaseous nitrogen com-
pounds are biological action and organic decomposition in the
so and perhaps in the  ocean. Aerosols containing NH4 ions
and  NO3  ion are formed by atmospheric reactions  involving
the various gases. Major contributions of hydrocarbons  in-
clude natural  CH4 emissions from flooded paddy areas, ter-
pene-class organics evolved by vegetation, and pollutant emis-
sions. A brief review of present understanding of CO2 in the
atmosphere indicates a clear example of situation where pollu-
tant emissions are  significant  enough to cause  measurable
changes in the ambient concentrations.

17096
Selegean, Elena, M.  Cucu, C. Anghelescu, I. Ardeleanu, C.
Botezatu, M. Dargenta, A. Lucinescu, Olimpia Popa, Zamfira
Stanescu, and N. Manea
INVESTIGATIONS  ON THE OXIDIZING POTENTIAL OF
THE AIR  IN  4 TOWNS IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF
RUMANIA.   (Cercetari cu  privire la  potentialul oxidant al
aerului din 4 orase din Republica Socialists Romania). Text in
Romanian. Igjena (Bucharest), 15(9):533-539, 1966. 16 refs.
The oxidizing potential of the air in 4 towns in Rumania was
investigated over a period of 3 years. In 2 towns with large oil
refineries, high 03  concentrations were found, particularly on
sunny,  summer  days. This  was probably  due  to  the
photochemical oxidation of the pollution emitted into the at-
mosphere. (Author summary modified)

17285
DENSITY OF SULFUR OXIDES IN  ATMOSPHERE.  (lou san-
kabutsu no taiki chu nodo).  Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
and. Public Nuisance), 5(ll):670-679, Nov. 25, 1969. 32 refs.
Sulfur dioxide measurements near the point sources in steam
power plants, petroleum refineries, and  blast furnaces  are
described. The effect of sulfur oxides on  the acidity of rain-
water  and granular substances in  the  atmosphere are  also
discussed. The  density of  sulfur dioxide in air was  continu-
ously measured in 8 cities in America. The sulfur dioxide con-
centration in Los Angeles and San  Francisco was lower than
in the East. The data were arranged by  time intervals into
mean values for five time  periods:  1 hour, 8  hours, 1 day,  1
month, and 1 year. The data were  also arranged into several
terms, which included maximum value in a  year, geometric
average,   standard  geometric   deviation,   maximum  and
minimum value, and efficient data percentage. The measuring
period was from 1962 to 1967. Air  pollution was strongest in
cities in the following order: Chicago, Philadelphia, Washing-
ton,  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Los  Angeles,  Denver,  and San
Francisco. The plants  emitting large quantities of sulfur diox-
ide were described as the point sources. The  density changes
were determined according to the change in wind, production
quantity, and  temperature. The  relationship  between sulfur
dioxide density and sulfur trioxide density  was also described.
Sulfur trioxide density became high on a foggy day.

19508
Omicbi, S. and M. Ito
THE   MEASUREMENT  OF  HYDRO-CARBON   IN  AT-
MOSPHERE BY GAS  CHROMATOGRAPH.  (Gas chromato-
graph ni yoloo taikichu no tanka sooiso no sokootei-Sekiyo com-
binahto chitai  ni okeloo tanka sooiso  (Dai 1 poh).  Text in
Japanese.  Taiki Osen  Kenkyn (J. Japan Soc.  Air  Pollution),
4(1):42, 1969. (Proceedings of The Japan Society of Air Pollution
Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
Hydrocarbon measurements were performed at a point near a
petroleum refinery, a point on a highway, and a point in  a
commercial and residential  area in the Ichihara sea-side indus-
trial  area located along the east of Tokyo Bay, to know  the
present pattern of its distribution. By means of gas chromatog-
raphy, 17 lower boiling hydrocarbons were separated from the
C3 to C5 hydrocarbons (propane, propylene, isobutane, n-bu-
tane,   cis-2-butene,  n-pentane,  3-methyl-l-butene,   1.3-bu-
tadiene, 1-pentene,  2-methyl-l-butene,  trans-2-pentene, cis-2-
pentene, 2-methyl pentene, and n-hexane.) No significant  dif-
ferences  in a  distribution  pattern of hydrocarbons at these
three points were found. Only 8 hydrocarbons were found in
the commercial and residential area in the night; these showed
low concentrations.

21192
Yoshida, Katsumi, Yoshikazu Takatsuka, Hidehiko Oshima,
and Masayuki Imai
EVALUATION  AND EFFECTS OF AIR  POLLUTANTS IN
SPECIAL  AREA. ON THE  CASE  OF PETROLEUM-COM-
BENATE.  (Tokushu chiiki ni okeru taiki osen busshitsu no
hyoka to eikyo. Sekiyu kogai no baai). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(2):138-140, Aug.
31,1968. 7 refs.

-------
26
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
A survey of air pollution in Yokkaichi indicated that the total
volume of  falling dust particles in the  area was  not  always
large compared to that of  other industrial areas and that the
percentage  of soluble components  in the total volume had in-
creased. The increase is due mainly to the sharp rise of SO4
values  in the air. Since 1961 pH values in deposited rainwater
in Yokkaichi have continued to decrease. High SO2 emissions
from various industries, including a petroleum combine, are
responsible for the  strong acidification of the air and con-
tribute  to chronic bronchitis and bronchial  asthma. The analy-
sis of atmospheric sulfur oxide by the glass fiber filter method
showed that 64% of SO2 in the air was  gathered by filter; al-
most all of this was recovered as SO4(-2). Sulfur trioxide is
present in  the air  mainly  as an  isolated  sulfuric acid  mist
Chronic bronchitis was in parallel relationship with dust fall in
a limited area, while bronchial asthma  was parallel with the
SO2 level.  Yokkaichi  asthma differs from asthma in other
areas in its allergic properties. There were  also many cases of
chronic bronchitis without  asthmatic symptoms in Yokkaichi.
The frequency  of high-density SO2 and  by the  correlation
between sulfuric acid  mist and air pollution are  phenomena
peculiar to  Yokkaichi. Other  pollutants  observed  included
vanadium, nitrogen dioxide, and pentachlorophenal.

26563
Hamamura, Norikatsu, Ayamichi Sigeta, Yoicbi Takaya,
Motoichi Kondo, Hirokatsu Okada, and Sadako Komatsubara
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION OF NEW DEVELOPING IN-
DUSTRIAL CITY MIZUSHIMA, OKAYAMA PREFECTURE.
(Okayama-ken minami shinsangyotos   Mizushima chiiki  ni
okeru taiki  osen). Text in Japanese. Okayama-Ken Eisei  Ken-
kyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Hyg. Lab. Okayama Prefect.), no.
15:123-145,  March 1968.
Mizushima  area in Okayama Prefecture  is  a newly developed
industria city with a petroleum chemistry  and iron and steel
factory area on the side of the sea; the south-south-western
wind blows often.  The direction  of the wind of  6 m/sec is
mostly  from the sea. This  area is  under such bad conditions
that the wind blows  in limited direction for several hours con-
tinuously. A survey was made on the amount of  falling soot
and dust (British standard  deposit gauge was used) and con-
centration of sulfur dioxide (by lead dioxide method)  from
1965 through 1967.  Falling soot and dust is abundant  from
spring to summer; its average was 5.8 t/sq km/month. Concen-
tration  of SO2 was high  from spring  through summer and
generally it was low  in autumn. It is increasing year after year:
0.38 SO3 mg/day/100 sq cm in 1965; 0.48 SO3 mg/day/100 sq
cm in 1966; and 0.51 SOS mg/day/100 sq  cm in 1967.

27673
Hiroshima Prefectural Government (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AIR POLLUTION IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE. 1ST RE-
PORT.  (Hiroshima- ken ni okeru taikiosen. Dai 1 po). Text in
Japanese. 374p., Feb. 1970.
Air pollution caused by soot and dust has become a social
problem in Hiroshima Prefecture,  both  in Otake city  (where
the main industries  are paper manufacturing and petrochemi-
cals) and in Kure city (with iron and steel and shipbuilding in-
dustries). Environmental investigations were carried out by the
municipal authorities concerned,  and fundamental investiga-
tions by the prefecture! authorities, in order to designate the
polluted areas as defined under the anti-pollution  law. Based
on the results  of these  investigations,  Otake  city  was
designated as suffering from air pollution from March 1968,
and Kure city from March 1969. The extent of air pollution
has subsequently been kept under continuous surveillance.
This report describes the results of the fundamental survey of
                   the designated areas carried out by the prefectural authorities,
                   and the basic survey  of air pollution carried out by the mu-
                   nicipal authorities, divided into regional groupings of 8 dis-
                   tricts in  Hiroshima  Prefecture  (Otake,  Kure, Fukuyama,
                   Mihara, Hiroshima, Onomichi, Takehara, and Fuchu city). The
                   results of controls established under the anti- pollution law and
                   a survey of specific harmful substances are also given.

                   28325
                   Murata, Motohiko, Hiroshisa Shima, T. Matsui,  Hiroshi
                   Hirobe, Tsuyoshi Kanamaru, and Kuniaki Naka
                   AHt POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI CITY. PART ffl. ON SUL-
                   FUR OXIDES IN SUSPENDED DUSTS.  (Yokkaichi no taiki
                   osen. Dai-3-po. Fuyufunjinchu  no iosankabutsu nitsuite). Text
                   in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc.  Air Pollution),
                   5(1): 199, 1970. 2 refs. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
                   Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
                   Sulfur oxides  in  suspended  dusts were measured in the
                   Shiohama district of Yokkaichi where petrochemical industries
                   are  a source  of air pollution.  Air was sampled by a high-
                   volume air sampler for 24 hours, collected on glass-fiber fil-
                   ters, and analyzed. The amount of sulfuric acid in the sulfate
                   ion was measured by the Commins method. In addition, sulfur
                   oxides were collected in a special saltwater solution, and 24-
                   hour average concentrations of sulfur dioxide and the sulfate
                   ion were calculated by Watanabe's method. Except for one lo-
                   cation, sulfuric acid in the sulfate ion was about 30%. The sul-
                   furic acid-sulfate ion ratio was in percentage multiplied to the
                   sulfate ion value obtained from the saltwater collection, and
                   correlated with the sulfate ion  value. A correlation at 1% sig-
                   nificance level as found for two locations.

                   28326
                   Murata, Motohide, Hiroshisa Shima, T. Matsui, Hiroshi
                   Hirobe, Tsuyoshi Kanamaru, and Kuniaki Naka
                   AER POLLUTION IN  YOKKAICHI CITY.  PART H. RESULT
                   OF INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED DUSTS.   (Yokkaichi
                   no taiki osen. Dai-2-ho. Fufyufunjin no chosakekka ni tsuite).
                   Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
                   tion), 5(1): 198, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan  Society of Air
                   Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
                   Suspended dusts in Yokkaichi were analyzed for metallic ele-
                   ments  and  their  general distribution. Items  studied  were
                   average, maximum, and minimum values (micrograms/cu m) of
                   total suspended dust, the sulfate ion,  the nitrate ion, iron,
                   manganese, lead, copper, titanium, vanadium, and phosphorus.
                   The nitrate ion was not found in sufficient quantity to be of
                   concern. The nitrate ion was not found in sufficient quantity
                   to be of concern. Lead averaged 0.4 micrograms/cu m in the
                   area of  heaviest traffic volume. Phosphorus  had only one
                   emission source and was convenient for observing distribution.
                   In  general,  concentration  decreased with  distance from the
                   source. The sulfate ion and vanadium had a similar distribu-
                   tion, and both were relatively high in one location, the vicinity
                   of a petrochemical complex.

                   28835
                   Yamaguchi Prefecture Research Inst of Health (Japan)
                   ON THE ADJ  POLLUTION  IN WAKI,  KUGA COUNTY.
                   PART IV. (Kuga-gun Waki-mura no taiki osen ni tsuite. Dai-4-
                   po). Text  in  Japanese.  Yamaguchi-Ken  Eisei Kenkyusho
                   Nenpo (Ann. Rept Yamaguchi Prefect. Res. Inst of Health),
                   no. 11:4*49, Aug. 1968.
                   Air quality  data obtained in Waki, Japan, from January to
                   December 1968 are presented. The maximum value of sulfur

-------
                                   D. AIR  QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
                                                     27
dioxide was 1.31  mg SOS/day/100  sq  cm lead peroxide, ob-
tained  in April  at Waki  Junior  High  School. The annual
average  sulfur dioxide concentration  was 0.78 mg. Settling
dusts,  on the other hand,  were at  the maximum, 8.9 tons/sq
km/month, in July at Waki Junior High School, and the annual
average was a relatively low 5.3. It is concluded that air pollu-
tion in Waki is mainly of the petrochemical industry type, and
is very similar to that in the neighboring city of Iwakuni.

30860
Murphy, R. P.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN  NEW SOUTH WALES.
Preprint, Dept. f Public Health, Sydney (Australia), Air Pollu-
tion Control Branch, 20p., 1970 (?).
All Australian  state  governments, with  the exception of
Tasmania, have  passed air pollution legislation. The federal
Clean Air Act established an Advisory Committee, fees, ad-
ministration,  regulations setting up emission standards, and
licenses. An Air Pollution Control Branch was established with
10 engineers,  four chemists, two technical officers, seven field
assistants, and one laboratory attendant to implement the Act,
monitor pollution, and research the problem. Stacks were sam-
pled and analyzed by chemistry,  spectroscopy, chromatog-
raphy, and other means. New monitors have been developed
including  a  sulfur dioxide colorimeter  and a  portable gas
calibration apparatus. Three Clean Air Conferences have  taken
place, and a Clean Air Society was formed. Air pollution was
monitored in Sydney  and nearby  cities. Dust fall  improved
over the years, while smoke  density and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations have  varied.  Insoluble  solids  ranged  from four
tons/sq mi/month at purely residential sites  to up to 60 tons sq
mi/month at industrial sites. Average daily  values of S02 and
smoke density were determined by hydrogen peroxide and
paper tape clamps, respectively, at a series of monitoring sta-
tions. Also, continuous SO2 monitors were installed operating
on  the conductivity principle, but  these were unsatisfactory
for low  concentration measurements. Hourly  smoke  haze
results between  1960 and 1967  showed a reduction in the
frequency of smoggy  days and in the maximum hourly and
daily values. Automobile exhaust was monitored close to Syd-
ney traffic lanes; carbon  monoxide ranged from .2% to 10%
and could be  lowered by adjusting the idling speed; aldehydes
(formaldehyde), nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead,  hydrocar-
bons (as methane), and other particulates were also measured.
The cost of  air  pollution  control in New South Wales was
determined by a survey of various industries. The total expen-
diture for five years (1963-1968) was 39,910,000. Iron and steel
companies spent 34.2% of the total and electric power sup-
pliers spent 28.2%. The cost  per person per year was $1.89.
Other  industries   included  boilers,  cement,  metallurgical,
milling, chemical,  oil  refining, and gas. Various factors  in-
fluencing  pollution dispersion were studied  including inver-
sions, seasons, topographical interactions, and so on. The ef-
fect of weather conditions on smoke in die Sydney area was
studied; air pollutants emitted to the west of Sydney during in-
versions increased the maximum values recorded at Sydney or
extended the  period during which high values occurred.  Vari-
ous analytical instruments are listed.
30970
Oita Prefectural Government (Japan), Public Nuisance Section

MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION. (Taikiosen no soku-
tei). Text in Japanese. In: The Outline of Policy Against En-
vironmental Pollution in Oita City.  1969 Fiscal year. (Oita-shi
kogai gyosei no gaiyo.  Showa 44  nen). Oita, Japan, March
1970, Chapt. 5, p. 42-89.
Measurements of the concentration of sulfur dioxide and the
amount of  dust fall in  1969 are reported. The monthly mean
concentration of sulfur  dioxide at six measuring points ranged
from 0.02 ppm to 0.03 ppm by the conductometric method. Ac-
cording to  the monthly  changes, a high concentration  was
shown in summer, especially in July. When the concentration
was over 0.2 ppm, the wind direction was from the sea, almost
northerly,  and was relatively slow at 1.5   3.7 m/sec; con-
sequently, gentle wind  pollution occurred. A monocyclic  pat-
tern with a peak in the day and stable through the night  was
observed. The mean concentration of sulfur dioxide at 15 mea-
suring  points was 0.34  mg/day by the lead peroxide method.
The concentration  of sulfur dioxide increased compared with
the previous year due to the operation of a petroleum combine
(industrial groups) and power plant. The mean dust fall at eight
measuring points ranged from 4.15 t/sq km to 9.05 t/sq km by
the deposit gauge method. Dust fall was most frequent from
spring to early summer. The mean dust fall was 6.20 t/sq km in
1967; however, it was 7.60 t/sq km  in 1968 and 7.0 t/sq km in
1969 and is still increasing. The effects of soot and smoke
from many factories in the littoral district are mainly affected
by  the direction and speed of the  wind; in the  case of Oita
city, they are strongly affected by a sea wind from the north.
However, the measurement revealed that a land wind from the
south was frequent throughout the year in Oita city.

31275
Miyahara, Atsuo, Hiroshi Matsumura, K. Yamamoto, and
Kiyoshi Nishimura
RESULTS   OF  AIR  POLLUTION   INVESTIGATION   IN
TOKUYAMA AND NANYO AREAS: SULFUR DIOXIDE GAS
AND SUSPENDED DUSTS.  (Tokuyama. Nanyo chiku okeru
taiki osen chosa seiseki ni tsuite. Aryusan gasu to fuyu baijin).
Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi-ken  Eisei  Kenkyusho  Nenpo
(Ann. Rept Yamaguchi Prefect. Res. Inst. Health), no. 11:51-
53, Aug. 1968.
To  prevent future air pollution problems, air quality tests were
conducted in the Tokuyama and Nanyo districts of Yamaguchi
Prefecture,  each of which is designated  a  special industrial
area.  Sulfur dioxide  was  measured  by the pararosaniline
method and dusts were collected by  a high-volume air sampler.
In the Tokuyama area,  stations in the neighborhood of the ofl
refinery in  the central-eastern  part of the city and a station
near the soda-cement factory in the  western  part had the
highest  average  concentration  of sulfur dioxide (about 0.04
ppm). A similar  concentration was  recorded in the neighbor-
hood of a soda factory in the eastern part of Nanyo. Measure-
ments of suspended dusts did  not  show any daily variations
identical to  that of sulfur dioxide.  The highest concentration of
dusts in Tokuyama was at point near the soda- cement factory
in the western part of the city.

-------
28
                    E.  ATMOSPHERIC  INTERACTION
03875
D. E. Loudon
REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFE DISCHARGE OF HYDROCAR-
BONS TO ATMOSPHERE. Proc. Am. Petrol Inst., Sect. m.
43, 418-33, 1963. (Presented at the  28th Midyear Meeting,
American Petroleum Inst. Division of Refining, Philadelphia,
Pa., May 15,1963.)
Current knowledge, opinion, and service experience relative to
the disposal  of  released hydrocarbons,  is  assembled  with
emphasis on atmospheric discharge. Potential hazards to per-
sonnel and equipment associated with the release of hydrocar-
bon vapor to the atmosphere include: 1, ignition of  outflow,
either immediate or delayed; 2, explosive release of energy
from delayed ignition; 3, flame radiation; 4,  condensation of
vapor;  5, noise; and,  6, pollution.  The present  state  of
knowledge relative  to these hazards is discussed. This leads
directly  to   an  appreciation  of  aspects  where   general
knowledge, experience data, or fundamentals are inadequate
or totally lacking. The individual  subjects requiring attention
are summarized. (Author abstract modified)

16846
Mosher, J. C., W. G. MacBeth, M. J. Leonard, T. P. Mullins,
and M. F. Brunelle
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE  LOS
ANGELES  BASIN  RESULTING  FROM  ATMOSPHERIC
REACTIONS AND TRANSPORT.  J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 20(l):35-42,  Jan. 1970.11 refs.
Different techniques of data analysis have been  successfully
applied to Los Angeles County air monitoring  data to delineate
major  source  areas  for  carbon  monoxide,  sulfur  dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and ozone; to develop contaminant transport
patterns;  and to  demonstrate the progress of photochemical
reactions in the Los Angeles atmosphere. The heavily industri-
alized South Coastal, Southwest Coastal, and East San Fer-
nando Valley  areas  are most affected by contaminants derived
from fuel combustion at stationary sources.  Emissions from
mobile  sources are  heavily concentrated in some of the above
source  areas and also in the Central area. Seasonal variations
hi weather affect the total contaminant emissions as well as
the distribution, transport, and ultimate fate of the individual
contaminants. More frequent  surface inversions in  winter,
combined  with  greater quantities  of  emitted  contaminants,
result in  whiter time atmospheric  concentrations of primary
contaminants  (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide,
and  participates) more  than twice as high  as  comparable
summer time concentrations.  Stronger on-shore  breezes  of
longer  duration  transport  contaminated air parcels farther
across the County during summer. Longer, more  effective ir-
radiation  and  low persistent inversions result in higher ozone
concentrations in summer. Air monitoring data  confirm the
photochemical formation of ozone during transport of air par-
cels  along  the  most common 'pathways' of transport—the
prevailing  wind flows  from coast to inland areas.  (Author's
Abstract)
24492
Davies, Richard W.
LARGE-SCALE DIFFUSION FROM AN OIL  FERE. Advan.
Geophys.,  vol. 6:413-415, 1959.
Observations  relating to the  diffusion  of  oil  smoke from a
refinery fire  on a day  when  atmospheric conditions  were
unusually favorable are reported. A side view of the smoke
plume gave the impression that it was shaped like a cone. It
seemed reasonable to assume that the turbulence was approxi-
mately isotropic.  However,  the smoke tended to  diffuse
laterally rather than  vertically. The smoke was  confined
mainly to altitudes ranging from 2500 ft to 11,500 ft over a 120
mile length. The wind velocities were very light up to 3000 ft.
The vertical rise of the smoke shows that there was no low-
level wind at  all. From 4000 ft, the velocity increased almost
linearly with altitude up to 12,000 ft where the magnitude was
about 50 kts.  The temperature gradient in this altitude range
was approximately two-thirds the adiabatic lapse rate. The set-
tling pattern of oil-smoke and droplets indicated that the ener-
gy in small-scale vertical velocity fluctuations was appreciable.
Weather reports and interviews provided the information to
trace the smoke for 120 miles. The plume widths were deter-
mined to within 5% over  the  first 20 miles. However, the
meteorological data and the altitude measurements are less ac-
curate, so  that the diffusion coefficients are only accurate to
within 20%.

32371
Council of Ministers (USSR), Voeykov Main Administration
and Inst. for Industrial  Buildings and Construction (USSR)
Central Scientific Research and Experimental Project
RECOMMENDATIONS  FOR  THE  CALCULATION   OF
DISPERSION   IN  THE  ATMOSPHERE   OF NOXIOUS
AGENTS (DUST AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE), CONTAINED IN
THE EFFLUENTS FROM INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS.
Gidrometeorolog. IzdaL,  1967. Translated from Russian. Na-
tional Lending Library  for Science and Technology (England),
49p.
A procedure  for calculating dispersion  in the atmosphere of
dust and  sulfur dioxide discharged by industrial installations
and  boiler plants is presented. Meteorological coefficients,
ground level  emissions,  maximum allowable  concentrations,
the gas-air mixture in the flue gases,  and topographic charac-
teristics are examined.  Single sources and groups of emission
sources are considered  and recommendations are given for cal-
culating  the background pollution of the air  basin of a  re-
sidential area and determining  the boundaries of the health
protection  zone. Proposals  for basic  measures for protecting
the air basin from pollution with the operation of industrial in-
stallations  and boiler plants are presented. (Author abstract
modified)

-------
                                                                                                               29
              F.  BASIC   SCIENCE  AND  TECHNOLOGY
10759
Kirsch, F. W., J. D. Potts, and D. S. Barmby
A NEW ROUTE TO OLEFTNS ALKYLATION.  Oil Gas J.,
66(29):120-124,127, July 15, 1968.
Alkylation of isobutane and C3-C5 olefins into a high-octane
motor-fuel component has conventionally made use of sulfuric
acid and  hydrogen  fluoride catalysts.  Based  on research
discussed  in  this paper, it appears that cation-exchanged
zeolite, or  crystalline aluminosilicate, catalysts also can be
used to effect this reaction. The products  are similar but not
identical to those obtained by the conventional route. Among
the  notable differences with the solid catalysts are a lack of
acid-sludge formation,  desirably  low 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
content of normal butane alky late, and some ability to alky late
normal butane.

23255
Setser, D. W. and D. H. Stedman
CHEMICAL  APPLICATION  OF METASTABLE ARGON
ATOMS. IV. EXCITATION AND RELAXATION OF TRIPLET
STATES OF NITROGEN. Preprint, Kansas State Univ., Man-
hattan, Dept. of Chemistry, 42p., 1969. 44 refs.
An  argon flow  system containing about 0.01% of metastable
argon atoms in the  absence  of other  energy  carriers is
described and characterized. The reaction of these metastable
atoms with nitrogen gives a range of  nitrogen radiative  transi-
tions. Absolute  intensity  measurements, high resolution spec-
tra,  and  pressure  dependence  data show  that  the  direct
production of two excited states of nitrogen takes place.  The
mechanism for  the anomalous rotational intensity alternation
in one of the excited states is discussed, and rotational relaxa-
tion is shown to take place at a rate, with slower electronic
quenching. Similar results are presented for a second excited
state. (Author abstract modified)

32491
Romankov, P. G.
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
(Tendentsii razvitiya khimicheskoy tekhniki). Text in Russian.
Vestn. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 40(4):22-30, 1971. 9 refs.
The development  trends  in  chemical  engineering hi  the
U.S.S.R. are discussed. The enlarged  scale of chemical  indus-
try, crude oil processing, and related  industries brought about
the  need  to build apparatuses of higher production capacity
and, at the  same time, to build machines for mechanical,
hydromechanical, heat-and  mass-exchange processes of much
larger dimensions. One of the main trends of modern chemical
industry   is   intensification  of  individual   technological
processes, e.g., increased rate of flow of gases and liquids in
absorption and rectification columns, which requires new con-
structional designs. Application of new technology  (for exam-
ple, low-temperature plasma) in chemical production calls for
development of new equipment. The development of new con-
tinuous vacuum driers for  paste-like  materials will help with
the recovery of volatile solvents. A nitric  acid production plant
is  mentioned which  uses  catalytic disintegration of nitrogen
oxides to prevent air pollution.  Production tends  to  be or-
ganized in closed cycles to minimize waste.

33863
Miles, F. W.
URBAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CENTER STUDY: ESTIMATES
OF PROCESS STEAM CONSUMPTION  BY MANUFACTUR-
ING  INDUSTRIES IN  THE UNITED  STATES  FOR THE
YEAR 1980.   Oak  Ridge National  Lab.,  Tenn., Chemical
Technology Div. and Oak Ridge National  Lab.,  Tenn., Reactor
Div.,  Dept. of Housing  and Urban Development Contract W-
7405-eng-26,19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs. NTIS: ORNL-HUD-2
Estimates were made of the consumption of process steam by
manufacturing industries in the Unites States for the year 1980
as part of a program for  evaluating the  usefulness of urban
nuclear energy centers.  Perazich-type assumptions were made
with respect to the use of steam by the selected  industries,
which included the food operations industry, paper manufac-
turing, chemicals industry, petroleum refining, rubber  and
miscellaneous plastic products, and their  related fields. Steam
consumption in 1962 was estimated by several methods from
fuel consumption data in  the Census  of Manufacturers. The
values were projected to  1980 by using  energy consumption
projections. The estimates of steam consumption varied from
67.6 times 10 to the 14th  power Btu to  95.4 times 10 to the
14th power Btu, depending on the methods and assumptions
employed. This estimated consumption of steam by manufac-
turing industries is approximately equal to the 92 times 10 to
the 14th power Btu of  electrical  energy  estimated to be
required in 1980. Therefore, a significant amount of thermal
energy from an urban nuclear energy center  would be  con-
sumed by manufacturing industries if  the area served by the
center had a fraction of the country  s steam-using industries
equal  to its fraction  of  the country s population. (Author ab-
stract modified)

-------
 30
                        G.   EFFECTS-HUMAN  HEALTH
05379
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Heating, Piping,
Air Conditioning 39 (3), 179-94 (Mar. 1967).
This report reflects present thinking and progress in industrial
air pollution control, beginning with the problems, especially
those stemming from sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fly
ash emissions and ending with how these problems are faced
in various industries today. A comprehensive list of industrial
pollutants with  corresponding manufacturing sources, typical
industries in which they occur,  and damaging  effects  they
cause to humans, animals, plants, and property is presented.
Control of particulates, equipment  selection considerations,
and general problems concerning air quality criteria and stan-
dards are reviewed. A table depicting participate emissions be-
fore collection from three major sources (utilities, industry,
and residential)  for the years  1940, 1960, 1980,  and 2000 and
the amount of emissions from the  four types of firing (pul-
verized coal, stoker coal, cyclone coal, and oil) expressed in
millions is included.

11828
D. R. Lamb, R. D. Shriner
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCKY  MOUNTAIN REGIONAL
CONFERENCE  ON AK POLLUTION (NOVEMBER 15-17,
1967.) Wyoming Univ., Laramie, CoD. of Commerce and Indus-
try,110p.,1967. ((140)) refs.
The purpose of the Conference was to bring together represen-
tatives of government, industry, and research for a meaningful
discussion of air pollution and its causes, effects, and cures.
The following topics were discussed: Industrial Gases, Particu-
lates, Industrial Solid Waste Management, The Internal Com-
bustion Engine and Smog, Banquet Session, Air Pollution Ef-
fects on Meteorology and Visibility, Air Pollution Effects on
Humans, Air Pollution Effects on Animals, Air Pollution Ef-
fects Plants, Air Pollution Effects on Materials, Economics of
Air Pollution, Air Pollution Control by Feed Lots, Air Pollu-
tion  Control by Petroleum Plants,  Air Pollution Control by
Power Plants, Air Pollution Control by Wood Products Plants,
and Air Pollution Control by Mineral Processing Plants.

11833
L.L. Braginskaya, V. A. Polyanskii
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND
PHYSICAL STRESS ON  THE PERFORMANCE CAPACITY
AND  ENERGY METABOLISM  IN THE MUSCLES  AND
LIVER  OF ALBINO MICE.   ((O kombinirovannom deistvii
toksicheskikh    veshchestv   i   fizicheskoi   nagruzki   na
rabotosposobnost' i  energeticheskiye protsessy v myshtsakh i
pecheni belykh  myshei.)) Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda  i
Prof. Zabolevaniya, 12(8):46-50, Aug. 1968.16 refs.
In experiments  on  male  albino mice  subjected to physical
stress (forced to run in rotating cages, 10 minutes on and 10
minutes off, for 1-3 hours daily), simultaneous exposure to
low concentrations of craching (0.07 mg/liter of  saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons plus 0.01  mg/liter  of H2S) for 6
hours daily over the course of 9 months resulted in a marked
decrease in  muscular strength, performance  and endurance.
Chemical analysis of  the muscles and liver  revealed an in-
crease in  lactic  acid  and decreases  in glycogen, ATP and
creatine phosphate as a  result of chronic poisoning. These
results indicate that further automation of the refining industry
is advisable.

19512
Yoshida, K., H. Oshima, and M. Imai
Affi POLLUTION  BY SULFUR  ACID  GAS (I). ON YOK-
KAICHI TYPE  OF Am POLLUTION.  (Aryusangasu niyoru
taitiosen (I). Yokkaichi-gata no osen). Text in Japanese.  San-
gyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu (Report Inst. Ind.  Med.),
no. 3:56-64, June 1, 1969. 18 refs.
Some characteristics of Yokkaichi type of air pollution, which
is  a distinctive type caused predominantly by sulfur dioxide
from  petrochemical plants, and three problems in evaluating
the air pollution  are discussed with regard to respiratory dis-
ease.  The first problem  is whether respiratory disease is in-
fluenced more by SO2 average density or peak density. The
second  problem  relates  to the lack of  discussion about at-
mospheric SO3, while SO3 constitutes only 3-5% fo the sulfur
oxides generated by oil combustion, the H2SO4-mist produced
by the absorption of SO3 in atmospheric water is 20 times as
noxious as SO2, and has a more severe effect. Finally, the ef-
fect of sulfur oxides on respiratory organs varies according to
its state, (aerosol, gas, or mist) and to  the type  of physical
reaction  with  coexisting  atmospheric  substances.  Some
findings on the relationship between SO2 pollution and chronic
bronchitis in Yokkaichi city are outlined.

19514
Fujino, T., K, Yoshida, K. Miyachi, M. Yoshii, H. Oshima,
and M. Imai
STUDY OF MANAGEMENT  SYSTEM  OF RESPIRATORY
DISEASES  FROM AIR  POLLUTION.    (Taikiosen  niyoru
kokyuki shikkan no kanrihoshiki ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu (Report  Inst.
Ind. Med.), no. 3:1-47, June 1, 1969.
The results of a 2-yr medical survey which was conducted to
study the relationship between air pollution  and respiratory
disease in three polluted areas of Yokkaichi City are presented
in  the form of tables and graphs. The data demonstrate the ef-
fect of air pollution  on humans,  especially with respect to
respiratory diseases. The contents are divided into two catego-
ries: one concerned with epidemiological aspects of  the Yok-
kaichi type of air pollution, of which the major constituent is
sulfur dioxide, and one concerned with clinical hematological
studies. Significant findings are that the  highest death rate
from respiratory disease occurred in the most heavily polluted
area of Yokkaichi and that the death rate has tended to in-
crease since the advent of a petrochemical plant. It is  con-
cluded that most cases of chronic nonspecific bronchitis are
related to bronchus asthma, and that cases of lung emphysema
have  developed  from bronchus asthma rather than chronic
bronchitis.

-------
                                      G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                     31
20521
Mamedov, A. M.
THE VITAMIN C AND Bl  LEVELS  IN THE BODIES  OF
ADOLESCENTS   EXPOSED  TO   THE   ACTION   OF
HYDROCARBONS.     (Sostoyanie   C   i  Bl  vitaminnoi
obespechennosti     organizma     podrostkov,     podver-
gayushchikhsya vozdeistviyu uglevodorodov).  Hyg.  Sanit.,
29(3):46-51, March 1964.15 refs.
Studies were conducted on a group of adolescents undergoing
occupational training in an oil-refinery installation to determine
the influence  of low hydrocarbon  concentrations  on  the
vitamin  C and Bl levels of the body. Quantitative vitamin
analysis was accomplished by testing the urinary excretion on
a fasting stomach an  hour after  the first urination. Thiamin
content  was determined by  the  Jansen thiochrome method,
and  ascorbic  acid content was  determined by  the  Jezler-
Niederberger method utilizing the  Levinson and Ratner modifi-
cation. Adolescents  exposed to  hydrocarbons  excreted  less
vitamin C and Bl  in urine than a  control group; seasonal fluc-
tuations were noted, with excretion of these  vitamins lower in
spring than in winter. Accumulated data  from these  studies
revealed that the effects of low hydrocarbon concentrations on
the vitamin C and Bl levels of the body are reversible. Thus it
is possible to reduce the toxic effects of the hydrocarbons by
the additon of vitamin  supplements to the students' diets. This
supplement increases the body's resistance to the unfavorable
effects of the hydrocarbons.

21414
Miyachi, Kazuma and Hideo Kashiwagi
AIR  POLLUTION AND  RESPERATORY DISEASE OF YAK-
KAICHI DISTRICT: THE TYPE OF YOKKAICffl ASTHMA.
(Yokkaichi  chiiki ni  okeru  taikiosen  to kokyuki shikkan:
iwayuru  Yokkaichizensoku  no   byokei  ni  tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Igaku  Kenkyusho Gyosekishu (Report Last.
Ind. Med.), no. 3:69-80, June 1,1969. 25 refs.
The relationship  between the Yokkaichi type of asthma  and
Yokkaichi air pollution, of which the major constituent is  sul-
fur dioxide from petrochemical plants, are discussed, together
with characteristics of the pollution and its effects on respira-
tory organs. It has been widely accepted that lung emphysema
develops primarily from simple chronic bronchitis. This theory
is contradicted by a Yokkaichi study which grouped patients
with respiratory disease into those (group A) who had the  dis-
ease before the construction of the petrochemical plants  and
those (group B) who  did not develop it until after the  plants
were in operation. Group A had a higher incidence of lung
emphysema than  group  B, which tended more toward  non
specific  bronchial asthma. The findings are  accounted to the
difference in  the length  of exposure to polluted environment
by sulfurous acid gas  from the  plants, namely, non specific
bronchial asthma in group A developed into  lung emphysema
after more  than eight  years of exposure.  The fact that more
bronchial asthma  was  found in group  B  underlines the high
probability of the group  passing  through the same process as
group A. This type of  process is  construed to be distinctively
representative  of  the effect of Yokkaichi air pollution. It is
concluded that chronic bronchitis  is not predominantly respon-
sible for lung  emphysema where  Yokkachi type air pollution
exists.

26053
Yokaichi, Ishikai
STUDIES ON  RESPHtATORY TRACT DISEASES CAUSED
BY Affi  POLLUTION -SURVEY OF  PUBLIC NUISANCES
GRANT BY THE HEALTH AND WELFARE MINISTRY, IN
1967.  (Taiki osen ni yoru kokyuki shikan ni kansuru kenkyu-
Showa 42 nendo Koseisyo kogai chosa kenkyu itaku). Text in
Japanese.  Nippon  Ishikai Zasshi (J.  Japan.  Med. Assoc.),
61(7):805-835, April 1969.
Results of a survey on respiratory tract diseases affected by
air pollution in oil combine in Yokkaichi City,  Mie Prefecture
consisted of the  following two points: (1) statistical survey of
some  obstructive respiratory tract disease by  regional group
and month (bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary
emphysema, and asthma-like bronchitis) which were diagnosed
by members of the Medical Association in Yokkaichi City; and
(2) actual conditions of the disease which were recognized as
caused by air pollution by medical centers of Yokkaichi City
and the Medical Association. Survey included the following
seven points, conducted in January, May, and August in 1967:
(1) number of medical institutions where the survey was con-
ducted; (2) the  survey  of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-
eases;  (3) occurrence rate of patients by clinics; (4) distribu-
tion of patients by residence; (5) classification of patients by
regional groups;  (6) age distribution, and (7) ratio of men and
women who were older than 55 years of age and younger than
10. Results were described in figures and tables; in this report,
data are interpreted but not analyzed. Survey (2)  reported the
number of patients who were recognized by medical centers of
Yokkaichi City Medical Association the number of patients
who consulted at medical centers, and the number of patients
who underwent physical examination for respiratory tract dis-
eases in a period from June 1967 to March 1968 at the Medical
Center of Yokkaichi City. These results were shown in tables
classified  by residential  areas,  age,  and  sex.  Analysis  is
presented of 65 cases of patients who were older than 16 with
special reference to chronic obstructive pulmonary  disease, a
case of Yokkaichi asthma (male, 64 years) is presented.

27920
Mie Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Control Bureau
THE SPECIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT ON AHt POLLU-
TION IN YOKKAICHI AREA. THE REPORT  OF THE SUB-
COMMITTEE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION.
PUBLIC  NUISANCE MATERIAL NO. 14.  (Yokkaichi  chiku
taiki   osen   tokubetsu  chosa  ekigaku  chosa   shoiinkai
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 44p., March 1964.
The effects of air pollution in Yokkaichi were investigated and
the results were tabulated in diagrammatical and tabular form.
Perception of school children concerning air pollution showed
that complaints  against bad odor were  overwhelmingly  nu-
merous. Questionnairs presented  to the residents in polluted
and control areas  showed  distinct differences in  conscious
sympotoms.  In  order  to  see the effects of air pollution on
healthy persons, pulmonary function tests were conducted by
means  of Wright-peak- flow meter on school children, and
peak-flow values were compared for different areas. In the
polluted area, the peak-flow values were distinctly lower for
boys. In a similar test conducted on the elderly, for both men
and women, the values were lower in the polluted area. Other
items included the morbidity of the residents,  as well as the
mortality,  and  the  effects  of  air pollution on  specially
designated pollution victim patients. Of the 31  persons whose
asthmatic symptoms had  become worse, most of the symp-
toms had started to appear around five years previously, right
after the petrochemical complex had moved into the area.

-------
32
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
30640
Committee of Mie Prefectural Medical Insurance on Public
Nuisance (Japan)
CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF RESPIRATORY
DISEASES   PATIENTS  DUE  TO  AIR  POLLUTION.
(Taikioseni ni yoru kokyukishikkan no rinsho- byotaigakuteki
kenkyu). Text in Japanese. 10p., March 1%8.
Examinations were performed on 126 patients of Yokkaichi
City, and their clinical picture was observed. The  observation
was made by dividing the patients into two groups: A group of
27 who became ill before 1959, before the oil complex began
operation, and B group of 97 who became ill after 1960. In B
group,  64 persons had  bronchial  asthma,  23 had  chronic
bronchitis, 10  had  emphysema, and six of  the 10 who had
emphysema also had bronchial asthma. Emphysema is derived
from bronchial asthma in Yokkaichi  City. Bronchial asthma
occurred mainly in  those between the ages of 20 and 40 in A
group, and in  B  group, mainly in those over  50. It was  ob-
served that pulmonary function in A group patients was worse
than that in B group patients. This is probably due to the fact
that those in A group had a longer history of illness. The posi-
tive rates of CRP  were markedly higher in the pulmonary
emphysema patients of  the A group  being  50%,  and in  the
bronchial asthma patients of the B group, being 30%, respec-
tively. The chronic bronchitis patients  of groups A and B, and
the emphysema patients  of group A had a  somewhat higher
level of the alpha 2 fraction. In all illness types and patterns,
17-OHCS was decreased during seisure. A significant decrease
of serum cholinesterase occurred in bronchial asthma patients.
In bronchial asthma patients, plasma histamine increased to
twice the normal amount when not in  seizure, and even more
during seizure.

31311
Ueki, Kamezo and Massahi Tanaka
RELATIONSHIP  BETWEEN ENVHIONMENETAL POLLLU-
TION AND DISEASES - AIR POLLUTION IN OTAKE CITY.
(Kogai to shippei tono kankei. Otake-s no taikiosen ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Koshu Eisei Joho (Public Health Inform.),
1(1):23, April 1971.
The air pollution conditions and the pulmonary function values
of school children  were measured in  the Otake district in
Hiroshima Prefecture, a petroleum refining area. The subjects
were the school children of the Kuba district, where air pollu-
tion has not advanced, and those of highly polluted Otake and
Ogata districts. The mean of dust fall was 7.35 in Otake and
5.81 in Ogata; the mean of the level of sulfur dioxide was 0.90
in Otake, 0.91 in Ogata, and 0.38 in Kuba. In  a previous study,
the value obtained by multiplying vital capacity by height was
significantly higher  in one half of the grades  of the schools in
the Kuba district than in the other schools. Completely dif-
ferent results were  obtained in the present study. To examine
the reason for this, the two were compared by Rohrer s and
Kaup s indices, which indicate the  level of physical substan-
tiality. No difference was observed, suggesting that pulmonary
function has no effect on the level of physical substantiality.
The correlation coefficient of vital capacity/height with age
was 0.657 for males and 0.587 for females in Otake, 0.721  for
males and 0.727 for females in Ogata, and 0.698 for males and
0.703 for females in Kuba,  showing highly significant correla-
tions.  No fixed  tendency  was observed among the three
schools for mean expiratory flow rates.  The regression equa-
tions of vital capacity in  the three schools are shown accord-
ing to sex.
                   31664
                   Yoshizaki, Kazuko
                   TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE CITIZEN IN
                   PETROLEUM  CHEMICAL  INDUSTRY CITIES AND  EN-
                   VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PART 1. ECOLOGICAL AND
                   GENERAL STUDY ON  THE RELATION BETWEEN THE
                   TREND OF COMMUNITY  HEALTH AND LIVING  EN-
                   VIRONMENT  OF  THE  INHABITANTS  IN TOKUYAMA
                   HEALTH  CENTER DISTRICT FROM A  VIEWPOINT OF
                   MORTALITY BY MAJOR  CAUSES.   (Sekiyukagakukogyo
                   toshimin no hokendoko to kankyoosen. Dai 1 pen. Shuyoshiin-
                   betsu shiboritsu kara mita Tokuyama hokensho kannai jumin
                   no hokendoko  to seikatsu kankyo to no kankei  ni tsuiteno
                   seitaigakuteki   gaikanteki  kosatsu).   Text   in   Japanese.
                   Yamaguchi Sangyo Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Soc. Yamaguchi
                   Ind.  Health), no. 17:48-61, Dec. 1970. 72 refs. The following
                   matters were considered: deaths by major  causes of about
                   220,000 inhabitants in three cities and three towns within the
                   jurisdiction of Tokuyama Health Center during 1958-1965; the
                   relation between death rates for major diseases, soil, and air
                   pollution; and the relation between the growth of school  chil-
                   dren from six to 17-years-old as of 1965 with local environ-
                   mental  conditions, mainly of soil.  Regions studied were di-
                   vided into  petrochemical industrial cities, steel and iron indus-
                   trial cities, and agricultural-mountainous villages. Major causes
                   of death were divided into two categories, that is, ectogene-
                   ous,  infectious  diseases (tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis,
                   diarrhea, and enteritis) and  endogeneous, constitutional  dis-
                   eases (cerebral hemorrhage and cancer).  Regional alteration in
                   the death rate for each category was investigated for an earlier
                   period (1958-1961) and a  later one (1962-1965). Consequently,
                   regional differences in death rates for both categories did not
                   alter too much annually, and regional accumulation was ob-
                   served in death rates. A marked degree  of regional accumula-
                   tion was noted in the category of endogeneous, constitutional
                   diseases. Distribution of  deaths from endogeneous, constitu-
                   tional diseases was close connected with soil reactions. Com-
                   parison of alteration in regional death rates during the earlier
                   and the later periods indicated decrease in deaths from both
                   disease categories in the petrochemical industrial cities, where
                   air pollution has rapidly decreased since 1964,  and in agricul-
                   tural-mountainous villages, where air has not  been polluted.
                   Formerly,  both regions had high mortality rates.  In the steel
                   and iron industrial  cities, where air pollution has increased
                   recently, a yearly alteration different from any other regions
                   was observed for every disease. For example, the death  rate
                   by pneumonia increased in Kudamatsu City and Hikari City,
                   and the death rate by bronchitis increased in Kudamatsu City.

                   31665
                   Yoshizaki, Kazuko
                   TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE CITIZEN IN
                   PETROLEUM CHEMICAL  INDUSTRY CITIES  AND  EN-
                   VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.  PART 2.  ECOLOGICAL
                   STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TREND OF
                   COMMUNITY HEALTH  AND LIVING  ENVIRONMENT OF
                   INHABITANT TOKUYAMA CITY FROM A VIEWPOINT OF
                   MORTALITY  BY  MAJOR  CAUSES.    (Sekiyukagakuko-
                   gyotoshimin  no  hokendoko  to kankyoosen.  Dai  2  hen.
                   Shuyoshiinbestu shiboritsu  kara  mita Tokuyamasimin  no
                   hokendoko to  seikatsukankyo  tono   kankei ni  tsuiteno
                   seitaigakuteki kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi Sangyo
                   Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Soc. Yamaguchi Ind. Health), no.
                   17:62-78, Dec. 1970.19 refs.
                   Death records for 70,000 residents of  Tokuyama City were
                   analyzed to determine death rates for two categories of dis-

-------
                                       G.  EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
                                                      33
eases:    endogeneous,    constitutional   diseases   (cerebral
hemorrhage, cancer, and heart disease) and ectogeneous, in-
fectious  diseases (pneumonia and  bronchitis). Further, the
death rate for each category was compared with national death
rates for the periods 1958-1969 and 1962-1965. The relationship
between death  rates and quality of soil, water, and air was
considered. In Tokuyama City and  throughout Japan, deaths
attributable to ectogeneous, infectious diseases are declining
while those due to endogenous, constitutional diseases are in-
creasing. The tendency  is especially noticeable in Tokuyama
City. In all years, decrease in air pollution was  associated with
decreased mortality from pneumonia and  bronchitis in two
sensitive groups: infants and  children  up to four years of age
and adults over 40 years. With respect to  their influence on
death rates,  dust fall and sulfur dioxide  are in direct propor-
tion to each other.

34194
Miyaji, K., S. Yamazaki, H. Kashiwagj, S. Takahashi, and A.
Watanabe
ASTHMATIC DISEASES IN YOKKAICffl AREA - CLINICAL
STUDIES.   (Yokkaichi  chiku  ni okeru  zensokuyo shikkan
rinshozo o chushin  to  shite). Text  in  Japanese.  Naika,
21(5):850-858, May 1968. 6 refs.
Air quality measurements correlated with respiratory diseases
were studied for the Yokkaichi area. Atmospheric concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide,  sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mer-
captans, hydrocarbons, and settling particulates increased. The
SO2 content fluctuated sporadically and drastically  between
zero and  high peaks of  0.5-1.0 ppm.  Based on  reports of
government health insurance cases, the  values for pharyngitis
and bronchial asthma increased annually since April 1961, with
twice as many cases in the polluted areas  as in the non-pol-
luted areas. Bronchial asthma  cases were especially prevalent
among patients under five and over 50 years old. Influenza
and bronchitis  increased in the polluted areas, and  cases of
lung cancer rose suddenly between  April 1964 and March 1965.
The number of chronic  bronchitis cases  increased from 1.63%
in 1959 to  8.0% in 1967, correlated with an oil industry com-
plex which started operation in 1962; bronchial asthma cases
increased  from 3.14% in 1962 to 7.4%  in  1961. Most  of the
cases attending the clinic after 1962 were ambulatory, but 60%
of all the cases were bronchial  asthma patients.

-------
34
              H.  EFFECTS-PLANTS   AND  LIVESTOCK
01640
M. Katz
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NA-
TURE OF  AHt POLLUTION.   World  Health  Organization
Monograph Ser. (Air Pollution). No. 46 1961. pp. 97-158.
This chapter of the WHO  Monograph reviews works on air
pollution accomplished within the last ten to IS years. The
subject of the physical and chemical nature of air pollution is
so broad and covers  many fields of physics, chemistry and
medicine that  only the  most  important works have been
highlighted.  Discussed  among others  were the  following
problems:   The  development  of  improved methods  and
techniques for the measurement, separation and identification
of air contaminants, the  standardization  of methods of sam-
pling and analysis of common air pollutants, the application of
meteorological concepts and diffusion theory to the study of
the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, the formation
of smog and the prediction of pollution levels,  the develop-
ment  of improved analytical  techniques, instrumentation and
studies of motor vehicle  exhaust gas  composition under vari-
ous operating conditions and the development of catalytic and
other  exhaust gas system control devices, the study of the ac-
tion of  sunlight  on motor  vehicle and traffic gas and  of
photochemical atmospheric reaction in general, the determina-
tion of the  health and other effects of irradiated gaseous and
vapour pollutants,  the continued  study  of carcinogenic and
other toxic substances presented in the urban environment and
the evaluation  of  their effects on health,  and the  study  of
radioactive  pollutants and their effects in connection with the
development of industrial uses of nuclear  energy for power
and transportation.

01930
E. Brennan, I. A. Leone,  and R. H. Dairies
INVESTIGATION OF SO2 EFFECTS ON  RUBBER TREES AS
A  MEANS OF FORESTALLING  INJURY  TO  MALAYAN
PLANTATIONS FROM REFINERY EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc. 14, (6) 229-33, June 1966.
A study of  the effects of SO2 concentrations  on rubber trees,
subjected to short- and  long-term fumigations at increasing
SO2 concentrations in  a  test fumigation  chamber was made.
Results of the tests led  to the following conclusions: Four-
hour fumigations of dry rubber trees under conditions simulat-
ing the climate of Malaya did not produce injury until the con-
centration of 0.78 SO2 ppm was reached.  Fifteen-minute expo-
sures of the trees failed to cause injury until the concentration
of 75 to 100 ppm SO2 was reached. When rubber plants having
wet leaves were fumigated for a four-hour period, slight injury
was produced at 0.40 ppm SO2. Total sulfur determinations of
composite dry leaves showed  no significant increase  over that
in  untreated checks until the  concentration of 0.70 ppm SO2
was reached. Trees which were fumigated wet showed a sig-
nificant increase in total  sulfur content over dry check trees
even at the lowest SO2 concentration of 0.13 ppm. Old leaves
consistently had a higher  total sulfur content than did younger
leaves. In young  leaves a considerable part of the  absorbed
sulfur (up to 30%) could  be washed off the surface, whereas
old leaves or composite samples failed to show any decrease
in sulfur content on washing. This might be used as a criterion
for exposure of foliage to atmospheric SO2. A total sulfur con-
tent of the foliage sufficient to cause injury when accumulated
at a rapid rate failed to injure when accumulated over a three
week period. Respiration studies failed to  indicate the possi-
bility of hidden injury occurring during this prolonged fumiga-
tion. Rubber trees respond similarly to other woody species to
the presence of SO2, being injured at much higher concentra-
tions than were most of the herbaceous species tested.

06967
PREVENTION OF AIR  POLLUTION IN THE  STATE  OF
NORTH RHINE- WESTPHALIA.  Ministry of Labour and So-
cial Welfare, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)). (Report to
the Congrss on the 'Prevention of Air Pollution', Duesseldorf,
Germany, Apr. 5-7, 1965.) 78p. Translated from German.
A survey of the activities in North Rhine-Westphalia  for the
prevention of air pollution is reported and the results are sum-
marized. The report included: (1) history, legal basis, adminis-
trative organization,  smogwaming network,  and economic
problems; (II) Report of the Factory Inspection Dept.  (Enter-
prises subject to approval and other enterprises  and working
places); and (HI) report of the State Institute for Air Pollution
Control and  Land Utilization  (monitoring of air pollution,
techniques for measuring immissions, relationship between
emission  and immission, technical steps for the restriction of
emissions, and the effect  of air pollution on soil, vegetation
and animals

22491
Kucherov, E. V. and B. E. Fedorako
EFFECT   OF  INDUSTRIAL   POLLUTANTS   ON  THE
VEGETATION OF BASHKIR A.S.S.R. In:  American Institute
of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Ef-
fects and Symptoms  of Air Pollutes on Vegetation; Resistance
and  Susceptibility  of  Different  Plant  Species  in  Various
Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts  and
as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), vol. 2, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1969, p. 19-
23. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR Ural. Filial. Ural. Gos. Univ. im
A.  M. Gor'kogo Okhrana prirody na Urale. (Sverdlovsk),
4:163-168, 1964.)
Most plants,  particularly conifers, are very sensitive to  gas
pollution  which causes arrested growth and changes in  the
color of leaves and foliage. At small gas concentrations, the
edges of leaves curl  and foliage yellows, while at higher con-
centrations burns appear; leaves  turn brown and wilt. This
causes premature, partial, and complete defoliation. In 1950,
various  species of trees  and  shrubs were planted  on  the
grounds of a Russian refinery. Red ash showed a  high gas re-
sistance;  although its leaves curl, it gives an annual height in-
crement.  The leaves  of little leaf linden yellow and curl,  and
those of the European white birch yellow prematurely.  Balsam
poplar leaves yellow, turn brown,  and  drop  prematurely.
Under conditions of prolonged gas pollution of low concentra-

-------
                                 H.  EFFECTS-PLANTS  AND  LIVESTOCK
                                                     35
tion, all deciduous trees are more resistant than conifers. It is
recommended that protective plantings be established near in-
dustrial enterprises, in open areas between them, and directly
on  their grounds. These plantings  should consist of thick,
multi-stage trees  and shrubs, such  as poplar,  linden,  apple,
hedgerow rose, Siberian pea shrub, Tartar honeysuckle, rasp-
berry,  and black  currant. Such  plantings  will change the gas
composition of the air for the better.

22585
Kulagin, Yu. Z.
SMOKE  RESISTANCE  OF  WOODY  PLANTS  AS  AN
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM.  In: American Institute of Crop
Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Effects and
Symptoms of Air  Pollutes  on Vegetation; Resistance and
Susceptibility of Different Plant Species in Various Habitats,
In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and as Biolog-
ical Indicators.  M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), vol. 2, Silver Spring,
Md., American Institute  of Crop  Ecology, 1569,  p. 32-34. 2
refs. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ural. Filial. Komis. po Ok-
hrane Prirody. Rastitel' nost' i promyshlennye zagryazneniya.
Okhrana prirody na Urale. V (Sverdlovsk, 1966), p. 25-27.)
The ecological factor of smoke resistance in woody plants was
the  basis  of investigations in areas surrounding metallurgical
and petroleum refineries. Conditions of smoke pollution  should
be distinguished by considering the physico-chemical proper-
ties of the toxic components of the  smoke, the intensity of gas
and dust effects, the frequency of their occurrence during the
growing period, and their annual  recurrence. This ecological
concept requires a recognition of the critical periods when the
sensitivity to toxic components is greatest. The critical periods
are  connected with weak morphological  defense of  tender
shoots; inability to  regenerate leaves; and injury followed by
unfavorable  weather   conditions.  The   critical   period for
conifers dusted with magnesium oxide is early summer, when
the  needles are being formed. A sulfur dioxide  attack in early
or midsummer is  lethal for pine, spruce, lilac, and other spe-
cies with a weak leaf regeneration capacity. A late summer ex-
posure to SO2 is  not injurious.  Smoke from industrial plants
should be considered as an ecological factor The degree of
toxicity of industrial gases depends greatly on the surrounding
atmospheric conditions. The survival and regeneration of tree
is determined by  the  maturity  of  the shoots and their re-
sistance to the subsequent weather conditions.

23257
Skye, Erik and Ingemar Hallberg
CHANGES  IN  THE  LICHEN  FLORA  FOLLOWING  AIR
POLLUTION. Oikos, 20(2):547-552, 1969. 8 refs.
Lichen flora on tree trunks around a  shale oil  works were
analyzed  with  regard  to composition  and  distribution in
1951/1953 and in  1967/1969.  Changes  in lichen  distribution
were observed and attributed to increased levels of atmospher-
ic sulfur dioxide that persisted until production at the shale oil
works was terminated in 1966. Between 1953 and 1967, lichen
species  normally  connected with  acid barks increased mar-
kedly.  Their appearance on trees  that  normally have  only
moderately acid bark indicates that the substrate is obviously
being acidified within the investigation area. Bark originally of
relatively high pH needs a longer time or more intensive expo-
sure to acid chemicals to reach a pH level within the tolerance
of  lichens normally  found  on  acid  bark.  Probably  direct
poisoning  of the lichens also plays a part in these changes. By
the summer of 1967, some signs of recovery were observed in
certain lichen species, in particular strong  lobe growth in
lichen thallus.
23583
SchoU, G.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE  RECOGNITION PROBLEM OF
PLANT DAMAGE INDUCED  BY EMMISSIONS. (Bin Beitrag
zum Problem  der  Erkennung von immissionsbedingten Pfan-
zenschadigungen).  Schriftenreihe  Landesanstalt  Immissions-
und Bodennutzungsschutz Lands  Nordrhein-  Westfalen  (Es-
sen), 1969:73-79.  Translated  from German.  Belov and  As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 15p., July 1, 1970.
Turnips, barley, and trees growing on farms bordering a fertil-
izer manufacturing plant and  a refinery exhibited disturbed
growth, partial defoliation, and leaf discoloration. When sulfur
dioxide emissions in the area were determined to be of a mag-
nitude  sufficient to cause plant damage, the question of emis-
sion effect on the fertility  of soil was clarified in  correspond-
ing  soil   investigations.  Soil  analyses  revealed  a 30-50%
decrease  in 'root  soluble' nutrients, significantly lower pH
values, and a decreased base activity that correlated with an
abnormally high sulfate content in the soil as  well as in spring
water and rivers. These results show that the  acidifying action
of sulfur dioxide can have an adverse influence on the alkaline
balance of light soil.

30637
Chiba Prefecture (Japan)
AIR POLLUTION AND PLANT DAMAGE WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE  TO THE  DAMAGES OF PEAR  TREES IN
ICmHARA DISTRICT, CHIBA PREFECTURE. (Taikiosen to
shokubutsu higai -Chiba-ken Ichihara chiku no nashi no higai o
chushin toshite). Text in Japanese.  158p., March 1968.
The causes of plant damage between 1965 and 1966 in Ichihara
City, Chiba Prefecture were investigated and countermeasures
were examined. Damage was  seen in pear  orchards,  street
trees,  and shrubs located near  an oil-refinery, petroleum
chemical factories, and a steam-power plant, which mainly use
heavy  oil.  Damage to peaches was frequent at the time of
flowering and expansive growth, when the resistance to sulfur
dioxide was  greatest. The time  that the  damage occurred
agreed with the time when the concentration of SO2 was high
Therefore, damage was mainly due  to S02.  Damage to pear
trees sprayed  with the coal  Bordeaux mixture was also ob-
served. However, damage by agricultural chemicals had never
been seen, so the  relationship between such  phenomena  was
investigated. Decidious broad-leaved trees are easily affected,
and evergreen broad-leaved  trees are  relatively resistant. A
correlation was  observed between the  damage and  the
direction of flying contaminated substances. The damage  was
heavy in the cases  of a north wind, rainy weather, smog, stag-
nant air current, and successive fine weather. The relationship
between damage and these elements was investigated. The oc-
currence of damage in 1965 and 1966,  possible causes, coun-
termeasures, and results were discussed.

-------
36
                              I.  EFFECTS-MATERIALS
07553
Yocom, John E.
THE DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS IN POLLUTED AT-
MOSPHERES.  J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(3):203-208,
Nov. 1958. 34 refs. (Presented at the 14th Annual Conference
and 1958 Exhibition, National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers,
San Francisco, Calif., March 20, 1958.)
A group of spcific air pollutants known to produce deteriora-
tion of materials, the principal sources of these pollutants, and
the most likely mechanisms by which deterioration of a variety
of materials  can  occur are discussed. Specifically, the pollu-
tants  are carbon dioxide,  sulfur  dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, ozone and solid particu-
lates.

20820
COMMUNITY  AIR  QUALITY GUIDES: SULFUR   COM-
POUNDS.  Am.  Ind. Hyg. Assoc.  J.,  31(2):253-260,  March-
April 1970. 26 refs.
The major sulfur compounds detected in the atmosphere are
sulfur  dioxide,  sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid,  sulfates, and
hydrogen sulfide. The  chief  effects  of  SO2  are eye and
respiratory tract irritation, and increased pulmonary resistance.
At concentrations of 87 mg/cu m for 2.75 hours, SO3  proved
fatal to guinea pigs. Hydrogen sulfide is a respiratory and eye
irritant at low concentrations, and at high  concentrations can
cause respiratory  paralysis. It  is believed that sulfur com-
pounds produce a more severe effect when they are adsorbed
on a particle small enough to penetrate the  lung. Sulfur oxides
and hydrogen sulfide can also damage vegetation. Materials
such as metals, paper, leather, textiles, paint, and ceramics are
also damaged by sulfur compounds. It is  suggested that the
sulfur oxide concentration in the air kept as low as possible to
prevent damage to vegetation, deterioration of materials, and
to avoid  the presumed adverse health effects. Methods for
sampling  sulfur compounds  and their physical and chemical
properties are also included.

33597
Naruse, Gen
EROSION SPLIT OF STEAM STRIPPER OH LINE.  (Steam
Stripper OH line no fushoku ware ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Preprint,  Japan Petroleum Institute, Tokyo, p. 75-77,  1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desulfurization Ap-
paratus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,1971, Paper lOb.)
Cracks discovered on the UOP Isomax at  an oil refinery one
week initial operation were investigated. Three cracks on bead
of welded connections and  one on an elbow of the  stream
stripper overhead line were determined. Operating conditions
of temperature, pressure, material construction, liquid com-
position, flow speed, and volume of hydrogen sulfide was ex-
amined. The elbow was not heat-treated by the manufacturer.
Microscopic  sulfur print tests of the cracks revealed sulfur
particles. A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide, high
residual stress, such as vibration  due to an earthquake, and
imperfect  welding  were determined as the causes  of the
damage. The carbon steel was repaired and since then the cor-
rosion rate has been extremely low (0.35 mm/year).

33598
Irie, Masao
EROSION OF HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATOR EMERGENCY
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE.  (Koatsu separeeta kinkyuyo
atsuryoku kontororu barubu no fushoku). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan  Petroleum  Institute, Tokyo,  p.  79,  1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desulfurization Ap-
paratus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22,23, 1971, Paper lOc.)
Corrosion in a high pressure separator of an oil refinery was
investigated. An  emergency pressure control valve damaged
three month after start of operations. Localized damage 0.2
mm deep was  determined on the plug, the curved line under
the seat, and the seat ring. The entrance and  exit pressures
wore 91  and 0 kg/sq cm, and the temperature was 60  C.
Severe and drastic damage was caused by the slight leakage of
corrosive gas between the plug and the  seat ring, intensified
by  the angular shape  of the valve, and  due  to  its  usually
closed state. Severe corrosion due to sulfur dioxide was deter-
mined in the reducer around the pressure control valve in the
low-pressure seperator. Corrosion treatment  included careful
selection of material and anti-corrosion treatments when desig-
ning the apparatus.

33599
Niwa, Kiyoshi
HEAVY  OIL  DESULFURIZATION PLANT  REACTION
TOWER EFFLUENT AIR COOLER. (Juyu datsuryu puranto
hannoto efumento kuki reikyakuki no fushoku to mondaiten).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum Institute, Tokyo,
p. 61-63, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar Heavy  Oil Desul-
furization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23, 1971, Paper
9c.)
Corrosion of carbon steel effluent condenser pipes of reactor
in  the desulfurization system  of  an  oil refinery  was in-
vestigated.  Maximum  corrosion  of 0.7-0.9  mm/month was
determined on condenser u-bend tubes. Straight pipes  showed
normal wear, with some localized  corrosion as high as 2.8
mm/year. When the u-bends were replaced by T-shape bends,
corrosion of 0.5-0.7 mm/month still occurred. Almost all corro-
sion occurred in the bends of lower tubes (condensed area),
but the locations of eroded tubes in relation  to the tube bun-
dles were irregular, and the ratio of corroded tubes to the total
number of tubes was small A high speed flow  (more than 20
ft/sec) was determined as the cause of corrosion, affected by
flow irregularity. Change of flow direction at  the bend and
solution of welding bead caused localized corrosion. An inhibi-
tor was effective in reducing corrosion to 0-0.2 mm/month.
Corrosion treatment and reduction  included decreasing flow
speed, even flow distribution, pipes made of high corrosion-re-
sistant  material ferrite-type steel, and monitoring of chlorine
content.

-------
                                          I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
                                                     37
33600
Naito, MasayuM, Tetsunosuke Hashimoto, and Tatehiko
Kihara
STRESS CORROSION CRACKS OF SOFT STEEL  OF GAS
REFINING APPARATUS.   (Gasu  seisei-soshi (dattansan)  ni
okeru nanko no oryoku  fushoku  ware).  Text in Japanese.
Preprint,   Japan  Petroleum  Inst.,  Tokyo,  p.  47-51,  1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desulfurization Ap-
paratus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,1971, Paper 8.)
Stress corrosion cracks which developed on soft steel instru-
ments of the decarburization system of gas refining apparatus
were investigated. The process consisted of arsenic oxidized
material added to  the refining solution  and heat-activated
potassium  carbonate. Cracks by transgranular corrosion  ap-
peared on the regenerator, solution heat exchanger, and  the
surrounding  pipe system.  Tests  performed to  reconstruct
similar cracks  caused by residual stress confirmed the corro-
sion and  the  effectiveness of  stress elimination heat treat-
ments.  Pitting seemed  to contribute to the appearance  of
cracks, which were deterred by contact with different metals.

33602
Ikkai, Shunkei, Yasuo Ishimaru, and Kenichi Takanashi
HEATING-TIME RELATIONSHIP  IN PADDING AND WELD-
ING PART  TRANSFORMATION.   (Nikumori yosetsubu  no
aknetsu jiko henka). Tex in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petrole-
um Inst., Tokyo, p. 43-46, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar  on
Heavy Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March
22-23, 1971, Paper 7.)
The influence  of time and temperature on the decarburized
layer of foreign material in a desulfurization plant reactor was
examined.  In order to eliminate stress, decarburization and ce-
mentation  occur in the padded welding section after the heat
treatment.  The welded part further deteriorates under the  in-
fluence of extended heating and in  the environment of sulf uric
material ultimately developing cracks. Decarburization and ce-
mentation  decreased in proportion to the amount of chromium
in the molybdenum  steel. Stretch,  shock, and  bend were
tested.  Stress concentration was 1.6. The reduction  of absor-
bent energy with the increase of heat treatment was extreme.
Stretch in  relation to heating time  was determined. The bend-
ing test determined micro-cracks  in  the  side-bend for heat
treatments of 650 C for more than 10 hours.

33611
Jida, Wataru                                      '
PROBLEMS  IN  REACTION  TOWER   EFFLUENT AIR
COOLER.   (Hannoto efurento kuki reikyakuki no  mondaiten).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan  Petroleum Inst., Tokyo,  p.
55-57, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desul-
furization  Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,  1971, Paper
9a.)
Corrosion  of heavy oil desulfurization apparatus in an   oil
refinery was investigated. Leakage on the pipe system of the
reactor condenser, corrosion at the welded sections  of tubes,
and the principles of the flow process are examined. Corro-
sion, localized inside the elbow, occurred without scale form-
ing. The constant exposure to highly concentrated hydrogen
sulfide and ammonia solution was determined as the cause.
The damages due to corrosion were treated by slowing down
the flow rate, using corrosion-resistant ferrules, applying anti-
corrosion resin lining, and covering vulnerable materials with
stainless steel.
33612
Mizuno, Kazuhiko, Tatsuo Iwamizu, and Hiroji Takeuchi
PROBLEMS IN WET H2S CLASS MACHINES AND PIPE IN-
STALLATION.  (Shitsu-H2S kei kiki, haikan no mondaiten).
Text in Japanese. Preprint,  Japan Petroleum Inst.,  Tokyo,  p.
71-73,  1971. (Presented at the Seminar  on Heavy Oil Desul-
furization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23, 1971, Paper
lOa.)
Corrosion of the heat converter, cooler,  and separators of the
desulfurization apparatus of an oil refinery was investigated.
Localized corrosion, as deep as 9.0 m/m, on the valve near the
exit nozzle and the shell of the effluent after-cooler  was re-
lated with a whirlpool of liquid  in the vicinity. Corrosion on
the surface of the separator  overhead condenser tube occurred
as a hole caused by metal  loss  in the direction of the flow.
Similar corrosion  was  determined  in   the  separator.  The
damages were correlated with the stopping of the liquid flow.
The  corrosion inhibitor failed to form  a coating  inside the
tubes.

33643
lida, Wataru
SPLIT  IN  REACTOR  ENTRANCE  ELBOW   FOREIGN
MATERIAL WELDING.  (Hannoto iriguchi erubo izai yosetsu-
bu no ware).  Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan  Petroleum
InsL, Tokyo, p. 103-105, 1971. (Presented at  the Seminar on
Heavy Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo Japan, March 22-
23, 1971, Paper  12b.)
Cracks discovered on the reactor entrance elbow after eight
months operation  of  desulfurization  equipment  were  in-
vestigated. The  thickness and construction were examined for
differences between the welded part and the reactor material.
Corrosion due to hydrogen  sulfide solution and stress  caused
locally by the  elbow shape and welding residue were deter-
mined. Heat-resistant coating was applied as temporary treat-
ment. The entire elbow was later reconstructed of chromium-
molybdenum (2  1/4-1) and welded with the same material.

33651
Irie,  Masao
CORROSION  AND  TREATMENT  OF DECOMPRESSION
LIGHT OIL DESULFURIZING SYSTEM. (Genatsu keiyu dat-
suryu sochi no fushoku to taisaku). Text  in Japanese. Preprint,
Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo, p. 59-60, 1971. (Presented at the
Seminar  on Heavy  Oil Desulfurization Apparatus,  Tokyo,
Japan, March 22-23, 1971, Paper 9b.)
Corrosion of tubes  and  pipes  in the  apparatus  of  an ofl
refinery  was   investigated. The  conditions  under  which
hydrogen sulfide corrosion occurred are examined with respect
to desulfurized  solution, temperature,  pressure, and hydrogen
and hydrogen sulfide content.

33674
Iwanaga, Tatsuo, Kazuhiko Mizuno, and  Hiroji Takeuchi
PROBLEMS OF CORROSION IN HYDROGEN MANUFAC-
TURING SYSTEM.  (Suiso seizo  sochi no fushoku ni yoru
mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum Inst,
Tokyo, p. 115-119, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Heavy
Oil Desulfurization  Apparatus, Tokyo,  Japan, March 22-23,
1971, Paper 13b.)
Corrosion in the  hydrogen  manufacturing system of an ofl
refinery was investigated. Pressure differences on valves were
determined as the cause of leakage. The difference of pres-
su -es at the globe valve was 20 kg/sq cm. An additional valve

-------
38
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
was added and the pressure was distributed. The size and type
of a control valve was changed. Anti-corrosive additive used
in the system was effective where the corrosion rate was less
than 0.2 mm/year. The  corrosion resistant coating  could not
form where flush occurred due to pressure change.  Corrosion
of parts  of  the pipe system and on a  stainless  steel heat
exchanger was due to carbon dioxide.

35034
Kitahama, Kunio
EROSION OF DESULFURIZESG SYSTEM  H2S STRIPPER
CONDENSER TUBE. (Datsuryu sochi H2S Stripper  condenser
tube no fushoku). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan  Petroleum
Inst, Tokyo, p. 85-87, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar Heavy
Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,
1971.)
A condenser tube of the hydrogen  sulfide stripper of Mono
                   ethanol amine  scrubber at  the  Mizushima  Refinery  was
                   damaged by corrosion. But, in this case, the corrosion was not
                   caused by H2S. Fuel gas and MEA hydrogen sulfide absorbent
                   are sent to the H2S stripper. The vapor is cooled and the H2S
                   is separated in the overhead accumulator. The duplex tube s
                   outer diameter is 19  mm, the material for the outer layer is
                   STB 30, 1.25 t, the inner layer is BSTF 2,  1.25 t. A cross sec-
                   tion of the tube showed that the inner BSTF 2 was locally cor-
                   roded by  sea water around the H2S gas inlet nozzle,  and the
                   outer material STB 30 was exposed to seawater and the  STB
                   layer received galvanic corrosion. The corrosion had evidently
                   started from the inside in the grain boundary because of local-
                   ized high  temperature in the  tube. For treatment, the outer
                   layer was replaced with SUS 28 which has ajrigh H2S re-
                   sistance rate and the inner layer was exchanged with CNTF 1
                   for its resistance against seawater and against hot  spot corro-
                   sion.

-------
                                                                                                                  39
                               J.  EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
01546
J.J. Hanks H.D. Kube
INDUSTRY ACTION TO COMBAT POLLUTION.  Harvard
Bus. Rev., 44(5):49-62, Oct. 1966.
The responsibilities of individual corporations in air pollution
abatement are emphasized. Sources of pollution discussed in-
clude the paper,  steel,  electric  power, transportation and
petroleum industries. Principal  equipment for removal of
aerosols  and particulates is described. It is  concluded that
although air pollution equipment increases costs in certain in-
dustries, recovery  of pollutant,  such as fly ash, may help to
offset the costs. Government activities  in  air pollution pro-
grams are summarized.

09313
THE RISING COSTS. Mach. Des., 39(17):23-24, July 20, 1967.

Damage from air pollution both direct and indirect has been
estimated at 65 dollars per person per year, or 11  billion dol-
lars annually. Agricultural losses are estimated at 325 million
dollars annually. A single day  of smog in California a few
years ago reportedly mined an entire lettuce crop. On the east-
ern seaboard, pollution is said to destroy 18 million dollars of
crops each  year.  Atmospheric  corrosion  from sulfuric-acid
mist has been reported to do about 6 million dollars  damage
per  year in  New York  City  alone. The  costs  of control,
although a small per- centate of  the 11 billion dollars total, are
also significant. The  petroleum  industry  is reported to spend
18  million dollars  annually  on air pollution control out of a
total capital outlay of 350 million dollars. The  major steel
manufacturers in the Chicago area entered  into a 8-yr agree-
ment with the local re- gulatory agency to prevent some 88,000
tons of dust annually from entering the atmosphere. The esti-
mated total cost of the program  is 50 million dollars. Research
efforts into better detection and  control seem pitifully small in
comparison to the  total damage  estimate. Federal Government
research allocations will approach 18 million dollars in 1968.
The anticipated expenditures at the Federal level  to  achieve
goals in  reduction of pollutant  levels and in  establishing air
quality criteria are estimated at 130 million dollars over the
next several years.

20536
McClanahan, Roger B.
MORE MONEY FOR POLLUTION CONTROL. Conf. Board
Record,  5(9):26-29, Sept. 1968. 3  refs.
Two-hundred and  one companies in 16  industries were sur-
veyed and found to have increased their capital expenditures
for pollution control from $397 million in 1967 to $547 million
in 1968.  In addition, the companies will spend over $31 million
for antipollution research and engineering in 1968 as  against
$30 million in 1967. Textile mills reported the largest increase
(up to 400%) in control expenditures. Rises exceeding 250%
are indicated for wood products, scientific and controlling in-
struments, and electrical machinery. Producers of fabricated
metal products, rubber, and  plastics are more than doubling
their outlays. Only aircraft and parts and food products show
decreased expenditure. Almost  two-thirds of the total  1968
budget is allocated to water pollution. Industries that have ear-
marked  considerably  more  for  water  pollution  include
fabricated metals,  scientific and controlling equipment,  food
products,  and nonelectrical machinery.  For firms engaged in
primary iron and steel, chemicals, and petroleum refining, ex-
penditures are more evenly divided between air and water con-
trol. Companies making stone, clay, and glass products,  elec-
trical machinery, and aircraft  and parts  will devote the major
part of their abatement expenses to air pollution.

21241
Fogel, M. E., D. R. Johnston,  R. L. Collins, D. A. LeSourd,
R. W. Gerstle, and E. L. Hill
COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC COST  STUDY OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL COSTS  FOR  SELECTED INDUSTRIES
AND  SELECTED  REGIONS. (FINAL REPORT).   Research
Triangle  Inst., Durham,  N.  C., Operations Research  and
Economics Div., NAPCA Contract CPA  22-69-79, RT1  Proj.
OIM55, 414p., Feb. 1970. 360 refs. CFSTI: PB 191054
Costs are estimated for controlling emissions of particulates,
sulfur  oxides,  hydrocarbons, and carbon  monoxides  from
twenty-two sources within 100 metropolitan areas, through the
Fiscal period 1970-1975; data  defining relevant processes and
air pollution control engineering characteristics required to
support the analyses are presented. Sources for which control
cost estimates were made are  solid waste disposal, steam-elec-
tric generating plants,  industrial boilers, commercial  and in-
stitutional heating  plants, residential heating plants, and the
following industrial categories: kraft pulp, iron and steel, gray
iron foundry,  primary  and secondary nonferrous metallurgy,
sulfuric acid, phosphate fertilizer, petroleum refining, cement,
lime,  coal cleaning, petroleum  products  and storage, grain
milling and handling, varnish, and rubber tires. The total in-
vestment cost includes $221  million, $1.29 billion, and $1.13
billion to control emissions from solid waste disposal, stationa-
ry combustion, and industrial process  sources,  respectively,
while the metropolitan  areas for which cost estimates are the
highest include the very  large, highly industrialized, more
northern  cities of  Chicago, New York, Pittsburgh, Philadel-
phia,  Cleveland, Detroit,  and St. Louis.  Assuming the  1967
emissions  as a baseline, calculations are performed to deter-
mine the pollutant removal efficiencies  required to bring the
emissions  into compliance   with  the   standards  assumed.
(Author abstract modified)

24309
Mammarella, Luigi

26326
Japan Industrial Machine Engineering Assoc.
ACTUAL PRODUCTION  OF  INSTRUMENTS PREVENTING
INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC NUISANCE IN 1969.  (Showa 44 nendo
sangyo kogai  boshi sochi seisa jisseki). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(11):916-917, Nov.
1970.

-------
40
PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
Based on answers received from 98 out of 110 companies sur-
veyed, a table is compiled of the amount invested by industry
and government in 1969 in each of six categories of air pollu-
tion  control equipment. The  categories  are dust  collectors,
heavy oil desulfurization equipment, exhaust gas desulfurizers,
other exhaust gas purifying devices, high stacks (above 70 m),
and connection instruments (?). Statistics are also presented
for export sales in each category. The following types of in-
dustries are represented: food, pottery, paper-pulp, petroleum
refining,  chemical  and petro-chemical, synthetic fiber,  non-
iron  refineries, sulfuric acid,  fertilizer,  electric power, and
construction.

27506
Graef, A. F., L. E. Gressingh, and  F. E. Miller
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND/OR IMPROVED AQUE-
OUS PROCESSES  FOR  REMOVING  SO2  FROM FLUE
GASES, FINAL REPORT, VOL IL Aerojet- General Corp., El
Monte, Calif., Air Pollution Control Dept., Contract PH 86-68-
77, 173p., Oct. 1970. NTIS: PB 196781
Results are presented of  laboratory studies on the ability of
zinc  oxide  and magnesium oxide to  remove sulfur dioxide
from gas streams in fluidized bed systems. Special attention is
given to the conditions required for minimizing the oxidation
of SO2, preventing the formation of sulfate, and effecting the
decomposition of zinc sulfite and  magnesium  sulfite.  Also
discussed are inhibitors and complexing agents for preventing
inadvertent sorbent oxidation. Capital and operating costs are
presented for an optimized fluidized zinc oxide process as ap-
plied to a new 1400 MW power plant installation. Capital  costs
are estimated for a magnesium-base slurry  scrubbing system
for a 1400 MW plant.

30329
CONFERENCE ON THE PUBLIC ACTION AGAINST POL-
LUTION.  (Convegno sul tema L intervento  pubblico control 1
inquinamento). Text in  Italian. Riv. Combust., 24{10):453-454,
Oct. 1970.
A brief summary is given of a  meeting held June 18-19, 1970 hi
Rome, sponsored by two corporations, on the responsibility of
the public in  pollution  control.  A  175-page report  was
presented to the public, and the meeting was thrown open to
discussion. The thrust of the presentation indicated  that the
two corporations expect the public  to shoulder most of the
financial burden  for pollution  control, since it is  the public
which primarily benefits from  the preservation of the environ-
ment. Estimates of the cost of eliminating the principle forms
of air and water pollution in Italy called for an investment cost
of 609 billion lire (about one billion dollars) in 1970, decreasing
to 243.7 billion hie (389 million dollars) in 1980. The operating
and maintenance costs are 47.6 billion lire (76 million dollars)
for  1970,  increasing  to  a  projected  714.3 billion  lire
($1,143,000,000) or 888.8 billion lire  ($1,422,000,000) by  1985,
according to two differing estimates. One criticism of  these
figures is that they assume the immediate  implementation of
certain measures that the industries  involved do not consider
feasible at present. For instance, the plan calls for the use of
catalytic afterburners and lead-free gasoline  hi the automotive
and petroleum industries, both of which consider these im-
provements unattainable at the moment The study assumes an
investment for catalytic exhaust manifolds  and the additional
annual  cost of lead-free gasoline. Investment costs are also
given for the metallurgical industries, nonmetallurgical indus-
tries related  to  mining,  chemical industries, thermoelectric
plants,  and domestic heating. The figures for domestic heating
assume that the heating plants  are already adequately equipped
with pollution controls in accordance with the Italian  anti-
smog law (No. 615).
                    30951
                    Japan Development Bank
                    TREND  IN INVESTMENT  ON PUBLIC  NUISANCE  CON-
                    TROL FACILITIES.  (Kogai kankei setsubi toshi no doko).
                    Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind.  Public  Nuisance),
                    7(5):261-262, May 1971.
                    Questionnaires were sent to 893  industries with a  working
                    capital of more than $280,000 concerning their spending plans
                    for 1970 and 1971 for installation of pollution control facilities.
                    The 844 which replied comprised  94.5%. The  total spending
                    plan for 1970 was $479,640,000, a 58% increase from 1969 and
                    $767,480,000 for 1971, a 60% increase. A classification break-
                    down shows that the steel, electric, chemical, petroleum refin-
                    ing, non-steel  metals, and paper-pulp industries share 80% of
                    the total spending for both 1970 and 1971. For production of
                    anti-   pollution   products   (improvement   of   products),
                    $30,240,000 was  spent in 1970 and $64,120,000  in  1971  of
                    which the  major portion  was shared by automobile manufac-
                    turers and petroleum refining companies. The ratio of spending
                    for pollution control in relation to working capital for 1971 is
                    6.3% as compared to 4.7% hi 1970 and 4.6% in 1969. Industries
                    with high-ratio investments  for pollution control devices  in
                    1971 are petroleumm refining  (15%), paper-pulp (11%), non-
                    steel metal (10%), steel (7%), and  chemical (7%).  The break-
                    down of spending by  classification of  pollution types (except
                    for spending for improvement of products) for both 1970 and
                    1971 is air  pollution, 65-66%; water, 27-28%; and others, 7-8%.
                    A geographical breakdown shows that the Tokyo-Yokohama-
                    Chiba coastal  area shares 23% of the total spending for 1971;
                    the Nagoya-Yokkaichi-Hamamatsu  coastal area,  18%;  and the
                    Osaka-Kobe area,  19%. Thus, the three major industrial areas
                    of Japan share 60% of the total industrial anti-pollution spend-
                    ing of Japan (58% in 1970).

                    31814
                    Anderson,  H. S., R. E. Paddock, R. O.  Lyday, M. E. Fogel, E.
                    L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
                    USER S MANUAL AUTOMATED PROCEDURES FOR  ESTI-
                    MATING CONTROL COSTS AND  EMISSION REDUCTIONS
                    FOR SPECIFIED AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. (FINAL RE-
                    PORT).  Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N.
                    C., Operations Research and Economics Div., APCO Contract
                    CPA 70-60, RTI Proj. OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, APTD-0665,
                    352p., Dec. 1970. NTIS: PB 198779
                    A user s manual is presented enabling other researchers to use
                    and modify the  computer programs  developed within this
                    research project  for estimating the costs and  emissions  of
                    specified industrial air pollution sources. The output from each
                    source program consists  of emission  estimates, both before
                    and after control, as well as required control costs on a plant
                    by plant basis. The manual describes the input requirements,
                    operational characteristics, and output  characteristics for each
                    program.  A  master  report  generating program  was  also
                    developed. This program uses as input the  output from one,
                    all, or any combination of source programs; it generates sum-
                    mary data in the form of a single industry or multiple industry,
                    and sums  within  a range of desired geographical areas. The
                    area may be a single or  combinations of Air Quality Control
                    Regions  or states. Again  the  manual describes  the  input
                    requirements,  operational characteristics, and output charac-
                    teristics of the report generating program so that the user has
                    maximum flexibility in the use  of the  present system and, in
                    addition, has the ability to redesign the system to his specific
                    needs. Computer  programs are presented for petroleum refin-
                    ing, phosphate fertilizer,  kraft pulping, foundry  operations,
                    sulfuric  acid,  primary nonferrous  metallurgy, steam-electric
                    power plants, and other industries. (Author abstract modified)

-------
                                           J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
                                                      41
33642
Utsu, Motoo
PROBLEMS   IN   SECURITY   OF   EFFLUENT   HEAT
EXCHANGER.   (Efuruento  netsuko no  hozenjo no  mon-
daiten). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan  Petroleum  Inst.,
Tokyo, p. 107-109, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Heavy
Oil Desulfurization Apparatus,  Tokyo,  Japan, March 22-23,
1971, Paper 12c.)
Over-size refinery  apparatus,  especially heavy oil desulfuriza-
tion  equipemnt, is reviewed for cost of maintenance, opera-
tion, and protection from corrosion. An overhaul of a heat
exchanger can cost as much as  $8000. The operation of over-
hauling consumes many man-hours, due  to the bolt sizes. The
unit  cost of a bolt can reach $560. Since most  apparatus is
made of austenite steel, it is susceptible to corrosion from
polythionic acid.  One  protection  against corrosion  may  be
cleaning with 5% soda ash solution.

34370
PERSPECTIVE.  Chem. Age (New York), 103(2725):11-12, 20,
Oct.  8, 1971.
The removal of lead from gasoline should have little long-term
effect  on the European chemical industry, although ethylene
and aromatics prices may fluctuate between  1975-1980.  How-
ever, the flexibility of European refineries and improvements
in reforming  technology  could  allow  increased  aromatics
production at present costs. Demand for naptha as feed for
catalytic  reformers may result in a slight tightening of supply.
For  the  petrochemicals industry, this will be offset by the
reduced  value of low octane  light naptha likely to  be offered
to the  industry. Reduction in  lead levels  will  create a $50 mil-
lion/yr market for catalytic  exhaust afterburners and also
major opportunities for processes and catalysts to produce al-
ternate octane boosting components. Legislation is being en-
forced or is impending to control or reduce the amount of lead
in gasoline in Sweden, West Germany, France, and the USSR.
There are still no lead-free fuels on sale in Europe and only a
few reduced  leaded fuels, as higher-octane and higher-priced
products have been the main priority of oil companies.

34828
Culberson, S. Frank, T. E. Ware, Jr., and John R. Dosher
PRODUCTION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE.  Pace Co. Con-
sultants and Engineers, Houston, Tex., 121p., July 8, 1970. 2
refs. NTIS: COM-71-00566
Increased costs  of  producing reduced-lead  or   unleaded
gasoline were derived for seven combinations of reduced lead
and/or octanes for each of three refining situations: a 200,000
barrels-per-stream-day  Gulf  Coast  refinery; a  15,000  B/SD
mid-continent refinery;  and  an  80,000  B/SD  west  coast
refinery. Economics were also developed for two new refine-
ries  producing high  yields of present specification  gasoline
(with lead) and 90 research octane number unleaded gasoline,
respectively,  in order to determine the cost of producing extra
volumes of gasoline that would be needed  for certain exhaust
emission control strategies, e.g., thermal converters and lower-
octane gasoline. In general, the costs of reduced-lead gasoline
are lower for the 80,000 B/SD refinery, most expensive in the
15,000 B/SD  refinery, and intermediate for the 200,000 B/SD
refinery. The amount of aromatics and  the  motor octane
number of  unleaded gasoline are  important factors  affecting
cost changes. The high production  costs in a small refinery
would put small refiners  at a severe competitive disadvantage
and possibly force some closings.

-------
42
                      K.  STANDARDS  AND  CRITERIA
06861
K. Yoshida, H. Oshima and M. Imai
Am  POLLUTION AND  ASTHMA IN YOKKAICHI.   Arch.
Environ. Health 13 (12), 763-8 (Dec. 1966).
In Yokkaichi (in the central part of Japan along the  Pacific
coast)  where  electric power stations,  oil  refineries, and
petrochemical  plants  exist, growing numbers of bronchial
asthma patients have been observed since the plants were put
in operation. At Isozu district, where air  pollution is the most
severe, the prevalence of bronchial asthma involved 2.3%  of
the total population and 7.1%  of inhabitants over 40. Studies
covering the whole of Yokkaichi reveal that the average value
of sulfur dioxide by the  lead-peroxide method in 13 districts
was  directly proportional  to the prevalence of bronchial
asthma. The results of skin tests (house dust) showed positive
reactions for only 6.4% of the asthmatic patients in contrast to
classical asthma, in which positivity is 50%-90% in  Japan.
These results suggest that Yokkaichi asthma differs from clas-
sical asthma. As for chronic bronchitis, increasing numbers of
cases were found by mass screening  techniques in polluted
districts. There were two to six times as many as in nonpol-
luted districts. The number of cases of obstructive impairment
among the inhabitants was also increased  two to six times.

07491
Takaoka, Y.
STANDARD FOR STACK GAS EMISSION. Text in Japanese.
J. Jap. Petrol. Inst (Tokyo), 7(2):100-102,  Feb. 1964.
The regulations for air pollution established in 1962 are studied
from the point of view of the petroleum industry. The regula-
tion calls for a maximum allowable concentration of dust from
heating furnaces of 0.7  g/cu. m.  and from catalytic  regenera-
tive furnaces of 1.0 g/cu. m., both using a cyclone for dust col-
lection. The regulated concentration of SO2 or S03 gases is
0.28%. The relation between SO2 production and the quantity
of excess air required to bum liquid fuel is graphed. Data for
gaseous  fuels are given indicating that for crude petroleum gas
and for the gas given off by apparatus designed for improving
the quality  of gases, an air pollution problem  does not exist,
but the gas emitted from contact decomposition equipment or
H2S-producing equipment causes problems.  The  diffusion
theory is explained briefly with a graph showing the relation
between wind velocity and concentration and includes a table
showing the relation between velocity, temperature, and effec-
tive chimney height for an actual  height of 45.7 m.

08038
GUIDEPOSTS ON AIR  QUALITY CRITERIA FOR SULFUR
OXIDES. Air Eng., 9(6:24-27, June 1967.
Guide-posts issued by the Department of Health, Education
and Welfare to determine the levels of sulfur  oxides concen-
tration that will prevent  harm to health are reviewed. The data
show that if sulfur oxides  concentrations are reduced to levels
that  will protect health,  the  effects on vegetation will  be
eliminated,  visibility will be appreciably improved, and damage
to materials will be markedly reduced.

-------
                                                                                                                  43
                    L.  LEGAL   AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
05571
F. N. Frenkiel
AIR POLLUTION IN THE GROWING COMMUNITY.  Proc.
Symp. Cleaner Air  Urban Areas, Philadelphia, Pa.  pp.  1-15
(1956).
Like  any  living being, a living community breathes. Its au-
tomobiles, railroads, home heaters,  rubbish disposals, indus-
try, power plants....all inhale  air and exhale polluted air into
the atmosphere. Here, Dr. Frenkiel discusses methods for stu-
dying the relative contributions of various pollution sources to
a community's pollution problem, the increase of pollution in a
growing community, and  the effectiveness of certain methods
for reducing pollution. He explains how a mathematical treat-
ment can  clarify the interplay among the many features of a
community that contribute to  its general air pollution problem
- the location and density of pollution sources,  meteorological
conditions, community geography, and control  measures. The
main object of these mathematical studies, he points out, is to
determine the probable patterns that pollution  will  take, and
the contribution of each source to the pollutant concentration
at any given location. He cites a study of  this sort made using
as an example of  Los Angeles County. This mathematical
treatment, or  'model', then helps determine what measures
must  be taken when atmospheric pollution threatens to reach
emergency levels,   how  effective various pollution control
plans might be, what effect a new source might have on the
pattern  of concentration, forecasts of  patterns that would
result from contemplated urban expansion, and the effect of
urban planning on predicated pollution levels.

07235
R. Langmann
CLEAN AIR MABSTENANCE-A TASK FOR THE OFFICE OF
PUBLIC HEALTH.  Die Reinhaltung  der Luft als Aufgabe des
Gesundheitsamtes. Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen (Stuttgart) 29
(3), 126-34 (Mar. 1967). Ger.
Government regulations request that the office of public; health
pays attention to the maintenance of clean air. More specifi-
cally, it must screen projected industrial  enterprises as to the
degree of their expected air polluting emissions and the even-
tual impact on the health of the employees and the neighboring
inhabitants. In cases where the office of public health through
its investigations finds evidence of  health hazards, it must
recommend various ways of avoiding or eliminating the pollu-
tion of air. A large number of pollutants are discussed, such as
dust,  toxic gas- es, and  obnoxious  vapors and odors. Their
sources  and methods for their  elimination are discussed in
detail and represented by examples. Particular emphasis is
placed on  proper city planning, zoning,  and a more stringent
application of regulations concerning the  construction of new
plants, especially their chimneys.  Further investigations into
possibilities of remote heating and of  substituting gas and elec-
tricity for  coal  are recommended. Finally, the importance of
educating the public on the consequences of air pollution is
stressed.
08299
Aral, Kenya
TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL AIR  POLLUTION  IN THE
PETROLEUM  REFINERIES.    Text  in Japanese.  Nenryo
Kyokaishi (Tokyo), 46(485):669-679, Sept. 1967.
The problem of air pollution has become very troublesome.
Plant operators, engineers, smoke-control officers, executives
and others, are doing their best to abate and control air pollu-
tion. Air pollution control in petroleum refineries is described.
The law for air pollution control and administrative guidelines
for investigations dealing with the control of industrial public
nuisances are stated. The  main sources of air pollution from
petroleum refining as well as sulphur balance at these refine-
ries are described.  Desulfurization and sulphur recovery are
discussed.

08686
Harris, D. N.
REDUCING SULFUR EMISSIONS.  Combustion, 39(5):36-38,
Nov. 1967.
The status is presented of the following programs carried out
by APIs Subcommittee on Sulfur: stack removal of SO2; reac-
tions of sulfur oxides in stack plumes, ambient air monitoring
and data analysis; engineering  study of New York  City  air
quality situation; and desulfurization costs - residual fuel oil.
The conclusions reached from each program are summarized.

08888
Katz, M.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES-AIR.  In: Pollution and Our  Environ-
ment:  Conference   Background  Papers.  VoL  3,  Montreal,
Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Paper D23-2, p. 1-34,
1967. 26 rets. (Presented at the National Conference, Canadian
Council of Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct 31-Nov.  4, 1966.)
Available from the Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, 620
Dorchester Boulevard  West,  Montreal,  Canada, $10.00 per
volume.
Advances that  have taken place in a  number  of European
countries, U.S.S.R. and  the United States  in research  on
methods of  sampling  and analysis  of air pollutants, in the
isolation and identification of complex  chemical substances
from the polluted urban environment, in engineering control
procedures and in  the accumulation of knowledge on the ef-
fects of pollutants on materials, vegetation, animals  and hu-
mans are reviewed. Standards for sources of emission and for
ambient  air  quality are being  established in  an  increasing
number of countries on the basis of criteria concerning the
harmful effects of pollutants at various concentration levels
and  conditions of exposure. However, re- search in the vari-
ous  environmental  sciences that are encompassed within the
broad field of air pollution and its control is being conducted
in Canada on a very limited and inadequate basis. Recommen-
dations for the  role of  the federal government and urgent
problems that require investigation are presented with the
hope that constructive action to remedy  the  situation wfll
develop.

-------
44
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
09289
Williams, N.
AIR    POLLUTION    UNDER    GOVERNMENT     OF
SASKATCHEVAN. In: Pollution and Our Environment: Con-
ference Background Papers. Vol. 2, Montreal, Canadian Coun-
cil  of  Resource Ministers, Paper B8-2, p. 1-7, Jan.  1967.
(Presented at the National Conference, Canadian Council of
Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct. 31-Nov. 4,1966.)
The Air Pollution  Control  Act, 1965, essentially divides
responsibility for air pollution control between the provincial
and municipal authorities. Municipalities are given responsibili-
ty for the control of the simpler sources of air pollution - fuel
burning equipment, incinerators,  and open fires - while  the
province has responsibility for the control of industrial sources
of air pollution. If a municipality fails to meet its obligations,
the  province can enforce its regulations. The Act was drafted
in such a manner that the various parameters of air  pollution
would be defined in the form of regulations. The Act also per-
mits regulations to be made concerning submission  of plans,
and the control of air pollution from motor vehicles. The Oc-
cupational Health Branch, is the agency at the provincial level
made responsible for air pollution control. At the time of writ-
ing  there are no organized programs in operation other than
dustfall studies in Regjna and Saskatoon. The full air  pollution
control program will be started as soon as the necessary staff
has been obtained. Most of the laboratory and field equipment
necessary to implement the approved air pollution control pro-
gram has been obtained.

09294
Katz, Morris
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL.  In: Pollution and
Our En- vironment: Conference Background Papers. Vol. 2,
Montreal, Canadian Council of Resource Ministers,  Paper B-
17-2-2, p. 1- 18, Jan. 1967. 6 refs. (Presented at the  National
Conference Canadian  Council  of Resource Ministers,  Mon-
treal, Oct. 31- Nov. 4,1966.)
Canadian experience with  the control  of major  air  pollution
prob- lems has been based on regional rather than local con-
siderations. Although there is a growing awareness in Canada
of the import- ance of air pollution control research on criteria
and standards of air quality is sadly lacking. Presently the best
that can be done is to use as guides the standards adopted by
other countries. Such practice has serious deficiencies as stan-
dards developed in other countries may not be applicable to
Canadian problems.

09351
Watson, John H.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
 Conf. Board Re- cord, 4(9):27-30, Sept 1967. (1) ref.
Capital expenditures of 392 companies show that, in the ag-
gregate, they invested 171 million dollars in pollution abate-
ment equipment in 1966, and expect to invest about 291 mil-
lion dollars in  1967. Expenitures for air pollution control was
49.6 percent of the total expenditure for air and qater pollution
control in 1966. In the durable goods industries,  substantially
higher commitments were made for air control in 1966 by com-
panies  in these groups: primary nonferrous metals, machinery
(except electrical), motor vehicles and equipment,  transport
(excluding motor vehicles), stone clay  and glass, instruments
and photographic equipment.
                   09687
                   P. Sutton
                   AIR POLLUTION  IN  PETROLEUM  REFINING.   Chem.
                   Process Eng., 49(0:36-38, Jan. 1968. 9 refs.
                   The statute law relatint to air pollution is wide in coverage but
                   not too onerous in its requirements. The author discusses com-
                   mon law as it affects  the pollution of air, and considers in
                   detail the two statutes applicable in petroleum refining-the Al-
                   kali and the Clean Air Acts.

                   09702
                   Indianapolis Common Council, Indiana
                   GENERAL ORDINANCE NO.  109, 1967: AIR  POLLUTION.
                   (AN ORDINANCE  FOR  THE  CONTROL OF  THE AT-
                   MOSPHERE IN THE INDIANAPOLIS AREA.)  48p., Dec. 15,
                   1967.
                   Permitting  or causing  the  emission into  the outdoor at-
                   mosphere of air contaminants in such quantities and of such
                   duration as to be injurious to humans, plant or animal life, or
                   to property, or  which  unreasonably  interfere  with the  com-
                   fortable  enjoyment of life and property is prohibited. Scope
                   and  definitions,   administrative   procedures,   legislative
                   procedures, equipment, fees,  emergency  procedures,  rule-
                   regulations, standards and penalties are stipulated.

                   10689
                   Mckee, Herbert C.
                   PREFERENTIAL TAX  TREATMENT  FOR  POLLUTION
                   CONTROL EXPENDITURES: ENGINEERING  CONSIDERA-
                   TIONS.  J. Air Pollution Assoc.,  18(9):596-599, Sept.  1968.
                   (Presented  at the 61st  Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
                   Control Association, St Paul, Minn.,  June 23-27, 1968, Paper
                   68-101.)
                   Preferential tax treatment has been advocated as a means of
                   reducing the cost to industries for installation of air and water
                   pollution control equipment, and several states have already
                   adopted such tax rates. Decisions of this nature should be mat-
                   ters of public policy, to be decided by the appropriate legisla-
                   tive bodies at state and federal levels. However, several en-
                   gineering considerations should enter into a determination of
                   such policies. Preferential  tax rates are  usually proposed
                   because  many industries are now faced with large  expendi-
                   tures for pollution control which  possibly  should have  been
                   made gradually over the past several years. This policy can be
                   justified  on a short-term basis to decrease the immediate cost
                   to the industries involved. In addition, the long-term effects of
                   such a policy should also be considered. Most of the present
                   or proposed laws apply only to filters, scrubbers, precipita-
                   tors, and other  supplementary devices  for pollution control,
                   but do not apply to process modifications which prevent pollu-
                   tion problems and make such supplementary devices unneces-
                   sary. Therefore, the long-term effect  of preferential tax rates
                   may be to  increase the total cost of producing various manu-
                   factured items. Such rates may also  act to subsidize 'process
                   changes which enhance a company competitive position in the
                   industry. Such rates may also be undesirable from the stand-
                   point of conserving natural resources. Specific examples are
                   given to illustrate these considerations. (Author's abstract)

                   11074
                   Chass, R. L., Krenz, W. B., and Dickinson, J. E.
                   AN  APPRAISAL OF RULE 66  OF THE LOS  ANGELES
                   COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT. Preprint,
                   Los Angeles County Air Pollu- tion Control District,  22p.,

-------
                                    L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     45
1968. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27,  1968,
Paper 68-46.)
Emissions of organic solvents to the atmosphere of  Los An-
geles County Air Pollution  Control District (APCD)  are cur-
rently estimated at 600 tons per day. In order to reduce these
emissions Rule 66 was enacted on July 28, 1966, after more
than a year of joint effort by industry and the  APCD. The
provisions of rules 66,  66.1, and 66.2 are explained as well as
how their enforcement will affect industry and the entire com-
munity, and discusses the methods being  utilized by industry
to bring its various operations into compliance. (Authors' ab-
stract, modified)

11242
M. C. Manderson
SULFUR OUTLOOK INTO  THE EARLY 1970'S.   Preprint,
Arthur  D. Little,  Inc.,  Cambridge,  Mass., ((28))p.,  1968.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, Symposium on Sulfur, Sulfuric Acid and
the Future, Part I, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 1-5, 1968, Paper
5-A.)
In 1967, the United States consumed 9.3 million long tons of
sulfur equivalent. Ninety percent of the total amount  of sulfur
consumed was in the form sulfuric acid. The major  end uses
of  sulfuric acid  were used in producing nitrogenous and
phosphatic fertilizers. The Free World increase in sulfur con-
sumption has been higher than that of the United States since
1950, 51% per  year compared with 3.6% per year. Over the
next seven years Free World consumption is expected to grow
at 5% per year, from the 1967 level to 36 million long tons to
39 million long tons. About 5.5 million long tons of new sulfur
capacity will emerge outside the United Sates over the next 2
1/2 years. Sulfur production  in U. S.  will  grow from  the 1967
level of 9.3 million long tons to 14.1 million long tons by 1970
and to 15.8 million long tons by 1975. The amounts  of sulfur
from lower cost sources will be adequate to meet U.S. needs
by 1970, including net exports of one million tons per year. It
is believed that sulfur prices will seek lower levels which are
more in line with mimimum return requirements.

11352
Public Health Service, Arlington, Va., National Air Pollution
Control Administration
REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE METROPOLITAN
LOS ANGELES AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION.  79p.,
Nov. 1968. 45 refs.
A report on a study of the  Metropolitan  Los Angeles urban
area is presented. Data on topographic features and meteorolo-
gy are given. Studies on the locations of emission sources and
the kinds and quantities of pollutants emitted are reported. In-
formation on current  industrial, commercial, and residential
land use,  transportation systems, and  population density is
presented. An evaluation of estimated patterns of future trends
in land use and population density is made.

14144
Amero, R. C. and R. P. Foster
IMPACT OF THE FAST-GROWING GAS TURBINE  MAR-
KET ON REFINERY FUTURES. Proc. Am. Petrol. InsL, Sect
m, vol. 49:281-308, 1969. 26 refs.
The  purpose of the study is  to alert the petroleum refiner to
the importance  of  including flexibility into future  process
design so that not only gasoline but also the expanding turbine
fuel requirements can be satisfied. Gas turbines are the domi-
nant power plant in the  expanding  aircraft industry and are
also well accepted as prime movers for electrical generators,
pumps, and compressors. The experimental  stage of marine
application is ending and commercial acceptance is starting.
Increased use of gas turbines for mobile equipment will fol-
low, starting first with large equipment  such as commuter
trains, mining and logging equipment, and  trucks. A 1980 mar-
ket for 500,000 barrels per day of distillate fuel for nonaircraft
gas turbines is likely.  This number  was  predicted primarily
from utility peaking plants and marine use, but includes total
energy, transportation,  pumping, and other industrial uses. In-
stallations using several hundred barrels per day will not be
unusual, where the turbines will be tailored to some degree to
burn heavier or more  aromatic  distillates or other fuels  that
offer a price advantage. In the U. S., the  large turbines using
natural gas, blast furnace gas, and other fuels will outnumber
those using distillate fuel. In sizes below 1000 hp, the 1980 gas
turbine count will still  be less than  2% of the diesel and gas
engine population. Fortunately, the engines and turbines both
prefer clean-burning fuels of low aromatic content, and this is
also the direction that  distillate fuel quality will take because
of air pollution controls.

14798
Liedmeier, G. P.
PREVENTION   OF   ATMOSPHERIC  POLLUTION  IN
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. (La prevention de  la pollution
atmospherique dans les raffineries de petrole). Text in French.
Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), ll(Special):3-8, Feb. 1969.
A review of atmospheric pollution and problems in controlling
it in  the  refineries of  Europe  is  presented. The author
discusses the founding  of CONCAWE (Conservation of Clean
Air and Water— Western Europe), which is a group of oil com-
panies and societies representing 80% of the refining capacity
in Western  Europe. Its functions  are to process  information
pertaining to pollution by refineries and the joint study of pol-
lution  problems. It now has working groups  in the  following
areas:  study of the height of chimneys and atmospheric disper-
sion; liquid effluents; petroleum pipelines;  subterranean migra-
tion of petroleum; and noise abatement. The sources  and ef-
fects  of refinery pollution, particularly by sulfur  oxides,
hydrocarbons, and malodorous gases are reviewed. Paniculate
matter and  nitrogen oxides are  considered of secondary im-
portance. A brief review  of methods for combatting pollution
is also included.

17927
Thayer, J. M.
THE CONTROL OF GRIT, DUST, AND  FUME EMISSIONS
FROM  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSES.   Conf.  Filtration Soc.,
Dust Control Air Cleaning Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 10-15.
8 refs. (Sept 23-25.)
Atmospheric pollution from industrial sources in England and
Wales are controlled in part by the Clean Air Acts  of 1956 and
1968 and the Alkali Act of 1906.  The 1956 Clean  Air  Act
prescribes standards for the emission of smoke from chimneys
and prohibits smoke darker than Ringelmann 2, except for cer-
tain specified periods. The 1968 Act adds to this by prohibiting
the emission of dark smoke from industrial and trade premises
as distinct from  chimneys. The 1956 Act deals  with dust and
soot only in general terms. The 1968 Act, covering emissions
of grit  and dust from furnaces, applies to a wide range of fur-
naces burning solid, liquid, or gaseous matter, excluding small
domestic boilers. The  recommended standards for furnaces
burning fuel equivalent to 100 to 50,000 Ib per hour of coal are
illustrated graphically. Recommendations are  also  offered for

-------
46
PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
reducing grit and dust emissions from cold  blast cupolas  at
iron foundries. These involve minimizing emissions by suitable
arresters fitted at the top  of the shaft or dispersing fumes
from chimneys not less than 120-ft high. The Alkali Act is a
measure to control emissions from  virtually all the heavy
chemical industries,  the  fine  chemical industry, petroleum
refining, and petro-chemicals, nonferrous metallurgy, iron and
steel production, power stations, coke and gas works, and cer-
tain ceramic and lime works. The  Act provides  for the
establishment of grit,  dust,  and fume emission standards and
requires suitable equipment for obtaining these standards. Ar-
restment to a specific  standard by dispersal of waste gases  at
inadequate  height is given in some detail for cement works,
iron and steel works, lead works, and electricity works.

19336
Hockin, L.  E.
PRESENT LEGISLATION AND POSSIBLE FUTURE TRENDS
IN ABR POLLUTION CONTROL.  Preprint, Inst.  of Mechani-
cal  Engineers, London, (England), 7p., 1968. 4 refs. (Presented
at the Symposium of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
London, England, Oct 17-18, 1968.)
Air pollution legislation in England and Wales is reviewed with
special reference to the Alkali Acts, the first of which was
passed in 1868, to control the discharge of hydrochloric acid
from  the Leblanc process  for manufacturing  sodium  car-
bonate. Over the years, the act was extended to include more
processes and more noxious or offensive gases, the extensions
resulting in the Alkali & Works Regulation Act of 1906 and the
Alkali & Works Order of 1966. At the end of 1967, 1828 works
involving 3031 separate processes were registered under the
act. The essence of the act is that all scheduled  works must
use the best practicable means to curb emissions; plants are
judged not by the measures they have taken but by the degree
of success they achieve in practice. Inspection of a registered
works  is carried  out continually and usually without notice.
The other main  acts controlling air pollution are the Public
Health Act  of 1936, which empowers local authorities to speci-
fy abatement procedures  for a specific emission  source, and
the  Clean Air Act of  1956, which gives local authorities the
right to control emissions of smoke, dust,  and grit from fuel
combustion, to control chimney height, and to set up smoke
control areas.  A Clean Air Bill currently before Parliament
would bring a wider range of furnaces under the control of the
grit and dust provisions of the Clean Air Act and establish a
more comprehensive  system of controlling  chimney height
New Alkali & Works  Orders will likely have specific provi-
sions for oil refineries and petrochemical processes, mineral
processing, odors from the  processing of animal  wastes, and
primary aluminum smelting.

23562
Damon, W. A.
THE TREATMENT OF WASTE GASES IN CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY.  Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London),  31(l):26-35,
1953. 16 refs. (Presented at the  Institute of Chemical En-
gineers, Midlands Branch Meeting, England, Ian. 31, 1953.)
Statutory control of  the  atmospheric pollution arising from
certain  industrial processes  is considered, and  the possible
means  of implementing the requirements of the Alkali Act are
discussed. Processes are described in which the control of pol-
lution is difficult, and  the means adopted to mitigate their ef-
fects are explained. The  rate at which a gas diffuses when
travelling downwind from  its point of emission depends on the
turbulence of the atmosphere, and this in turn is  affected by
the  wind speed and the temperature gradient. Calculations of
                    Bosanquet and Sutton relating to maximum ground concentra-
                    tions and chimney discharges are cited. Cement manufacture,
                    pollution by sulfur gases, petroleum refining, requirements for
                    lead works, and various unregistered processes are discussed.
                    Great difficulty has been experienced in the case of a plant for
                    the recovery of magnesia from sea  water, by reason of the
                    discharge of a very foggy emission  from the kiln chimneys.
                    The discharge of fluorine compounds, coal combustion, pollu-
                    tion by  coke ovens, and  burning spoilbanks are also con-
                    sidered.

                    24949
                    Behle, Calvin A.
                    INDUSTRY-THE VIEWS  OF  THE REGULATED.   Arizona
                    Law Rev., 10(1): 74-80, Summer 1968. 19 refs.
                    Scientific evidence is brining home the fact that perhaps one-
                    fifth  or  less of  the  principal  atmospheric pollutants in the
                    United State is released from manufacturing plants, including
                    electric power generating  complexes. However, industry has
                    shared the irresponsibility of the rest  over the decades, and
                    the law books contain many interesting  reports of the litigation
                    which hammered out the available legal remedies. In addition
                    to invocation of the law of nuisance, other remedies available
                    and effectively employed were actions sounding in trespass for
                    damage to real property, trespass on the case, and the newer
                    and somewhat more difficult but flexible  action of negligence.
                    Among the principal considerations involved in the choice of
                    remedies would be the applicable statute of limitations in the
                    particular forum. Cases are cited which pertain to smelters, oil
                    refineries,  aluminum interest, and many other lawsuits arising
                    out of mining and earth processing operations. The National
                    Association of Manufacturers feels that the federal role should
                    emphasize the necessary research and development to prevent
                    and control air pollution,  making possible the establishment,
                    scientifically, of  criteria to  define which levels of pollutants
                    are harmful.  Then, the executive branch of  the government
                    should have the responsibility of 'leading' rathe than 'driving'
                    the states and communities to abate and control air pollution.

                    25305
                    Graaf, H. de and J. W. Tesch
                    AHt POLLUTION IN AN AREA OF RAPID INDUSTRIALIZA-
                    TION.  World Health Organization,  Copenhagen  (Denmark),
                    Regional Office for Europe Proc. Public Health Aspects Air
                    Pollution Europe, Milan, Italy,  1957,  p. 208-218. 3 refs.  (Nov.
                    6-14.)
                    Complaints about  air  pollution hi  Rotterdam  led to the
                    establishmen of the Rotterdam Soil, Water and Air Committee
                    with special subgroups to investigate  emissions from fluoride-
                    producing industries, incinerator plants, oil refineries, smoke-
                    producing  installations,  and small industries and restaurants.
                    Each group advises  management about the possible hazards
                    posed by emissions and suggests appropriate control measures.
                    Other activities of the Committee include regular pollutant
                    measurements, rainwater analyses, twice  weekly air sampling,
                    hourly smoke sampling, mortality  studies, clinical studies of
                    patients with chronic bronchitis, and examinations of diseased
                    cattle and damaged vegetation.  Despite measures of eliminate
                    fluorides from stack gases, their presence in  even  small con-
                    centrations is harmful to plants. Since rain-gauge samples near
                    two phosphate plants contained less fluorides than samples
                    collected in the center of Rotterdam, the presence  of another
                    source of  fluoride pollution is  suspected. Investigations are
                    under way to determine if it is  the coal used by power plants
                    and several industries.

-------
                                    L. LEGAL  AND  ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                     47
27184
Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
POLLUTION PREVENTION CONTRACTS L  (Kogai boshi
keiyaku dai 1 pen). Text in Japanese. Yokohama Center for
Public Nuisance Kept. no. 25:1-119, May 1970.
Since not much authority is given local autonomous bodies, all
they can  do in preventing pollution  is  give  administrative
guidance to  the enterprises, without, however,  binding force.
Yokohama city decided to sign a contract with the enterprises.
The important item common in these contracts  is that the en-
terprises shall take sufficient measures  in preventing pollution.
When pollution does occur, despite these measures, solutions
must be made on the responsibility of the enterprise. The city
can direct the enterprise on preventing pollution.  When no
directive is given, th city will take measures on behalf of the
enterprise, and the expens shall be borne by the enterprise.
Since the start of this  system,  the citizens'  movement has
quieted down. Correspondence between th mayor and the en-
terprises,  numbering  IS,  including  power  generation  oil
refinery, gas, chemical and industrial,  and the agreements
signed between the mayor and the enterprises are included in
the pamphlet, as  well as the sales contract of the reclaimed
land at Yokohama harbor, signed by more than 200 enterprises
concerned in order to prevent pollution such as noise, vibra-
tion, filthy water, effluent, smoke, dust, gas, and odor. The
exchange of  correspondence indicates the proposal made by
the city and counterproposals, and pledges made by the enter-
prises. The first contract was with a thermal power generating
station, the construction of  which started a citizens' campaign
against it. Yokohama city, since  1956, has measured dust fall
and sulfur dioxide, and dealt with complaints concerning pollu-
tion from May 1961, entrusted by the prefectural  government.
In April 1964, the Pollutions Subsection  became independent.
When the subsection proposed to change the site of the ther-
mal power station, arguments were stirred up. Since then, the
city requested the cooperation of scholars and the meteorolog-
ical station,  and was fully armed with  pertinent and scientific
data when proposals on  contracts with enterprises came to be
made and agreed to.

27185
Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
ON FACTORY POLLUTION. (Kojo kogai o kangaeru). Text
in Japanese. Yokohama  Center for Public  Nuisance Kept., p.
1-13, June 1970.
In the Tokyo-Yokohama area, there are nearly  100,000 facto-
ries, including heavy  industry,  such  as  automobiles, metal
products, and iron and steel. In 1968, there were 520 cases of
pollution reported: 245 on noise; 92 bad odor; 71 sooty smoke;
47 poisonous gas; 28 vibration; 18 waste liquid;  9 dust; and 10
others. They were handled by the Pollution Center and Public
Health Clinic. The National government has authority over
power generating stations, city gas manufacturing, and almost
all authority over the oil refinery and petro-chemical industry;
local government has only limited authority for  other types of
factories. Kanagawa prefectur is responsible for planning a
pollution prevention program for a special  area in the prefec-
ture, and under the Air Pollution Prevention Law, under  spe-
cial circumstances, it is responsible  for  supervising factories
which have smoke emitting facilities, as  well as control over
high pressure gas. For certain waters, the prefecture is respon-
sible for maintaining water quality under  the Water Quality
Control Law. The prefecture is responsible for maMn big  fac-
tories  take urgent measures on fuel control, but Yokohama
city is responsible for watching the  situation of air pollution
constantly, controlling poison gas spreading on the ground,
noise, and boiler and exhaust gas from automobiles. Twenty
employees work at the City's Pollution Center. Yokohama city
became famous for first signing the agreement with factories
which may be sources of^pollution, as well as establishing the
constant checking  system  and  centralized  control system.
Citizens were invited to see some of  the surveys being con-
ducted.  Experience gained enabled the city to forecast pollu-
tion, so that  the predicted air pollution by sulfur dioxide was
close to the actual one, under certain conditions. A few cases
of noise and  waste liquid from a plating factory are cited. The
city, after being consulted  by the citizens, acted as a inter-
mediary in the solution of these cases.

29420
Yoshida, Katsumi
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION  IN YOKKAICffl: ON THE
PROBLEMS  OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION AND ITS
CONTROL IN JAPAN. Mie Med. J.,  20(1):1-20,  1970. 3 refs.
(Presented at the Training Program of Regional Development,
2nd, Chubu Centre, U. N. (Nagoya, Japan), Jan.-May 1970 and
to the Science Council, Committee on Environmental Disrup-
tion, Yokkaichi, Japan, March 1970.)
Kogai is the legal and popular word for public nuisance, refer-
ring to almost all the undesirable side-effects in the environ-
ment. The problem of public nuisance  was brough out in 1962
with the problem of Yokkaichi asthma which was caused by
severe air  pollution originating in the Yokkaichi  petroleum
production and refining industry. Residual heavy oil was wide-
ly used instead of  coal. Also, chimneys were not high enough
to  attain  satisfactory gas  diffusion.  Increases in bronchial
asthma, chronic bronchitis,  and emphysema have occurred, as
well as water pollution. Several control  acts and a relief act
for  sufferers  of  obstructive   lung  diseases  have   been
established. Both local  and federal governments have passed
regulations  and  ordinances. The  relationship  of various
petroleum combines to seasonal wind directions, districts, ob-
structive lung diseases, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, and
ground  concentrations  are  discussed. Automatic  monitoring
stations for SO2 have  been set up using  electroconductivity
estimations,  and pollution  alarms can be given. Air quality
criteria  must consider ages and sicknesses.  Also,  the relief
measures from medical damage has become a social problem.
Laws, regulations,  and standards are given for the ambient air
quality,  emission  controls,  prevention,  smokes, chimney
height, automobile exhaust, sulfur oxides, and water. Desul-
f urization of stack gas and heavy oil and the calculation of dif-
fusion are also mentioned.

30908
Vogel, Hans
MAN,  fflS  ENVIRONMENT AND  THE TECHNOLOGY.
PARTS  n AND HI.  (Der Mensch, seine Umwelt und die
Technik).  Text in German. Chem. Rundschau  (Solothurn),
24(15):305, 307, April 14,  1971. and 24(16):322, 324-325, April
21, 1971.
In 1970, President  Nixon created  the three-member Commis-
sion for Environmental Protection and assigned^ the task of
working out legal and administrative measures fona better en-
vironment. By 1980 air polluting  automobile exhausts will be
reduced by 93%. In August  1970, a  Commission  tor Com-
batting Air Pollution was created in Tokyo. NATO established
a council in 1969 to study the effects of technology on the en-
vironment and man. An international academy for the protec-
tion of life and the environment will be created in Luxemburg
later in  1971. In West Germany, a cabinet subcommittee for
environmental problems,   under  the  chairmanship of  the
Minister of the Interior^  was created. Presently,  West Ger-

-------
48
PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
many spends $1.5 million to combat air pollution. As of Janua-
ry 1, 1972, refineries in West Germany must reduce the lead
content of gasoline to 0.4 g/1. Postponement to 1975 is likely,
however, if  reduction becomes too costly or too complicated
for the refineries. Environmental protection concerns not only
governments and industries, but requires the cooperation  of
the public. The subject should be included n school curricula.

31059
Glazer, Norman
EMERGENCY SOURCE ABATEMENT PROCEDURES FOR
A HIGH POLLUTION PERIOD, CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 18p.,
1971. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-123.)
The city of Philadelphia is in the process of formalizing action
plans for various pollution sources designed to produce a swift
but orderly stabilization or reduction of the pollutant buildup.
Those sources of pollution for  which action plans are being
formalized include the public utilities, major industries such  as
oil refineries, chemical plants, and metal processors, municipal
operations, mobile sources, and  residential  and commercial
sources. Among the  actions recommended  are reduction  of
electrical and heating demands, minimization of incineration,
minimization of vehicular traffic and, should the situation in-
crease in severity, shutting down all major industrial emission
sources. All  safety requirements must be followed and indis-
criminate actions must be avoided so as not to jeopardize the
safety of either workers or equipment. Where possible, sub-
stitutions such as gaseous for liquid fuels or in the  case  of
electrical generation,  maximized  usage  of hydroelectric  or
combustion turbine power are emphasized. The Air Manage-
ment Program in Philadelphia is  aimed at minimising daily
emissions to the atmosphere to the limit of current technology.
It is  hoped that by accomplishing this, abatement procedures
for High Pollution Periods win never be needed. (Author ab-
stract modified)

327%
Wada, Masaru
ON ENACTMENT OF OFFENSIVE ODORS CONTROL LAW.
 (Akushu boshiho no  sentei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai
to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):780-787, Sept. 1971.
The statistics of complaints made against bad odors in  1969 in-
dicate that 38.0% of the total was made against stockfarming,
animal offal treatment and fishmeal plants; 36.6% against oil
chemical factories and  Kraft  pulp  mills; and  8.6% against
sewage  treatment plants  and  waste disposal incinerators.
Detailed tables of statistics  are included. The Odor  Control
Law, issued on June 1, 1970, its purpose, odor producing
materials, definition of odor producing areas, and other items
in the law  are  reviewed.  Currently available  deodorizing
methods include the gas cleansing method, effective for water,
ammonia,  low molecule amines,  low molecule  fatty acids,
acidic alkalines,  hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides and
high  molecule  amine  fats,  applicable  to  agriculture and
stockfarming, sea products manufacturing, and urban sanita-
tion  facilities.  The ozone  oxidation method  is effective for
nonsaturated organic chemicals, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
amines, aldehyde-sulfides and is  applicable to sewage treat-
ment plants.  The direct combustion method is effective for oil
refineries and oil and fat treatment factories. The catalytic ox-
idation method is effective for hydrocarbons and applicable  to
paint-varnish solution mixing, oil-fat processing, pharmaceuti-
cals, resin manufacturing, animal cadaver incinerators, and
                    sewage treatment plants. The adsorption method is effective
                    for  alcohols,  fats, acids, benzene, mercaptans, and oil, ap-
                    plicable  to  fishmeal plants,  fertilizer  plants,  pharmaceutical
                    plants, propane gas filling plants, and vacuum cars. The air ox-
                    idation method is good for hydrogen sulfide and is used at oil
                    refineries. The soil oxidation method is good for ammonia and
                    amines,  and is applicable to poultry farms. The ion exchange
                    resin method is effective for sewage treatment plants.

                    32893
                    Hattori,  Taira
                    OFFENSIVE ODOR CONTROL ADMINISTRATION TODAY
                    AND TOMORROW. (Akushu kogai gyosei no genjo  to tenbo).
                    Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste),  13(8):957-
                    961, Aug. 1971.
                    The  provisions  of the Offensive Odors Prevention Law in
                    Japan, enacted June 1, 1971, and the controversies  surround-
                    ing  it are reviewed.  The law  designated criteria to  control
                    respective substances contributing to offensive odors but not
                    the odors themselves,  since unpleasant odors  are generally a
                    complex combination  of two or more odorous components.
                    The sources of the offensive odors (oil industry, paper pulp in-
                    dustry, stock raising) are easily specified, and  the representa-
                    tive  odor generating  substances  are also easily determined;
                    control of these substances, e.g., methyl mercaptan  or  am-
                    monia, effects a control of  the  odors. Controls of specific
                    components rather than general odors are more effective with
                    respect to legal factors. Evaluation of an offensive odor by a
                    human panel is not irrefutable evidence in a law suit, but in-
                    strumental analysis of  a known odor-causing substance is ac-
                    cepted.

                    33786
                    Stephenson, R. J.
                    THE  FIGHT  AGAINST  AIR  POLLUTION  IN   GREAT
                    BRITAIN.  (La  lotta  control 1 inquinamento  atmosferico in
                    Gran Bretagna). Text in Italian. Ingegnere (Milan), 45(4):346-
                    349, April, 1971.
                    The administrative, social, and technical aspects of the air pol-
                    lution fight  in Great Britain are reviewed. The public aware-
                    ness  in the city of London after the smog alerts from the early
                    1950s contributed to the fact that this metropolis  could be
                    referred  to  as the smoke-free city in 1955. The Clean Air Act
                    approved in 1956 allowed the creation of sections of smoke
                    emission control throughout the country. This  act was ex-
                    tended in 1968 when sale of bituminous combustibles became
                    prohibited and the height of smoke emission  from  chimneys
                    came under contol. None of the two laws, however, provided
                    action against  sulfur dioxide, except that the increased bight of
                    the funnels decreased  its noxious effects.  Monitoring of  air
                    pollution is being performed in more than  1200 locations in
                    Great Britain; the information is then coordinated by the War-
                    ren Spring Laboratory  and the data on smoke and sulfur diox-
                    ide is summarized and published  monthly. As  opposed' to the
                    Clean Air Acts,  the activity dictated by the Alkali Acts' is car-
                    ried out  by  inspectors which are designed by the Construction
                    Ministry. Three main groups of industrial plants, the  chemical,
                    metallurgical and fuel industries are under direct control of the
                    Alkali Act.  The  contribution of automotive traffic exhausts to
                    air  pollution  through  sulfur dioxide,  carbon monoxide,
                    hydrocarbons  and nitrogen oxides is negligible.  Their control is
                    provided by standards in terms of admitted smoke limits im-
                    posed upon the automotive exhaust Attempts in the design of
                    new engines for automotive vehicles are in course.

-------
                                    L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
                                                      49
34013
Verleger, Philip K.
THE ENGINEER VS. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST: THE PLACE
OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN THE REGULATION OF
AIR POLLUTION.  Environ. Affairs, l(2):360-366, June 1971.
19 refs.
From the beginning, both in its regulations and in the exercise
of the permit power, the Los Angeles District has aimed, basi-
cally, at getting the maximum of control available, within the
limits of available engineering skills, for any operation carried
on  within the District. It did not attempt first to determine
what the level of emission was  that caused the problem, and
then to adopt regulations directed at bringing emissions down
to a level below that. Nonetheless, it embarked on a vigorous
program of  regulation, adopting rules restricting emission of
combustion  contaminants, regulating  the  sulfur content  of
fuels  burned, and,  with the development  of  the theory  of
photochemical smog,  restricting the escape of vapors from
refining and distribution of gasoline and the use of  solvents.
With  the  discovery  of that theory regulatory emphasis  in
California gradually passed from the County to the State level,
and  at that  point,  the concept  of standards was  first
developed.   Paralleling this  work at the  regulatory level,
pathologists, lexicologists, and other medical researchers were
more or less continually attempting to find ways of detecting
effects of various gases at lower and lower levels. It will be
necessary  to depart from the  idea  of  using  any effect  as
criterion and that some appraisal of the significance of the ef-
fect will be needed.

34033
Bermingham, P. E.
CURRENT EMISSION STANDARDS AND THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY.  American Petroleum Inst., New  York, Div. of
Refining, Proc. Am. Petrol.  Inst. Div. Refining, vol. 51:587-
610, 1971. 86 refs. (Presented at the Midyear Meeting, 36th,
San Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Environmental laws and  regulations applicable to petroleum
refining are discussed  from a legal point of view.  Effluent
discharges as affected by the Water Pollution Control Act and
its amendments are discussed, as well as oil spills affected by
the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 and impediments
to navigation affected by the Refuse Act of 1889. Pending 1971
water pollution amendments are indicated. Refinery emissions
into the ambient air as affected by the Clean Air Act and its
amendments are considered. National standards are cited for
major pollutants and new stationary sources. Fuel composition
including lead in gasoline is discussed. Citizens suits, noise,
odors, flares and glares, and thermal pollution are  mentioned.
(Author abstract modified)

34688
California State Dept. of Public Health, San Francisco, Calif.,
Air Pollution Study Project
CLEAN AHt FOR CALD7ORNIA. (INITIAL REPORT).  60p.,
March 1955.128 refs.
Based on its initial review of the body of knowledge presently
available  about  the  growing problem  of polluted  air, the
California State Department of Public Health recommends that
a measurement and control program be developed to  remedy
the problem of air pollution, with its health aspects paramount.
The history of air pollution in California is reviewed, with par-
ticular reference to the characteristic effects of smog in Los
Angeles. Motor vehicles,  oil refineries,  fuel oil and  gas,
gasoline marketing and distribution, refuse  incineration and
disposal, chemical  processing, and other sources of pollution
are cited.  Dust storms  and other rural air  pollution problems
are also listed. Meteorological and topographical factors are
considered for various areas of California. Mortality  data,
hospital admissions, industrial  absenteeism,  and mortality
statistics are presented.  Critical thresholds  are cited. Toxic
substances and their physiological effects are discussed. Zon-
ing, substitution of materials and methods, improving  ventila-
tion, neutralizing the pollutants, and other control methods are
listed. Measurement methods are  also indicated.

-------
50
                                  M.  SOCIAL  ASPECTS
00336
G. Ozolins and R. Smith
A RAPID SURVEY TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING COM-
MUNITY AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS.  Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution. Oct. 1966. 83
pp. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Assoc., San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper
No. 66-11.)
A technique has been developed for surveying pollutant emis-
sions within a community or metropolitan area in 3 to 6 man-
weeks. The methods for  conducting  such a survey are
described in this paper. An  important feature of this technique
is the concept of reporting  zones. The quantities of pollutants
released can be assessed not only for the total community but
also  for different subdivisions of the area. The  results are
emission maps of a community depicting emission of pollu-
tants in quantities per unit area. Seasonal variations in pollu-
tant concentrations are considered, and emission rates of pol-
lutants can  be  calculated for specified times of the year. The
four major source categories  considered are combustion of
fuels in stationary and in mobile sources, combustion of refuse
material, and industrial process losses. Each category is con-
sidered in detail relative to sources of information, seasonal
variation in emissions, methods for estimating pollutant emis-
sions by areas, and use of emission factors. Results obtained
by application of this technique in  two metropolitan areas are
summarized. (Author)

14491
Ohira, M., H. Maruya, and T. Nagjra
A  STUDY  OF AWARENESS  AND OPINION OF THE RE-
SIDENTS ABOUT PUBLIC NUISANCES  IN  MIZUSHIMA
(NEWLY DEVELOPED  INDUSTRIAL AREA).   (Mizushima
chiku jumin no kogai ni  tsuite no ishiki jokyono chosa). Text
in  Japanese.  Nippon  Eiseigaku  Zasshi  (Japan  J.  Hyg.),
24(1):99, April 1969.
Air pollution has been  intensified in Mizushima, due to the in-
troduction of the steel and  oil  industries. A survey of subjec-
tive symptoms and opinion on  air pollution was conducted
among 182  households in the area regarded  as most polluted
(called area A) and 88 households in apartments owned by one
of companies regarded as a polluter in this area (area B). Com-
plaints such as eye irritation, frequent coughing and expectora-
tion, and malodorous air were heard more frequently at A than
at  B. People from area A,  who  once welcomed the introduc-
tion of industry, are much more displeased with it than people
from area B, who belong to the industry. However, the former
are becoming reconciled to  this pollution. They do not believe
that the local government or industry will control air pollution.
Furthermore, they have  little  confidence in the ability of a
civic association to eliminate  public  nuisances  and would
rather move out of  the  area than oppose pollution. On the
other hand, people working in the offending industry pay little
attention to nuisances. It is concluded that the  opposition of
residents to public nuisances should be supported by physi-
cians, scientists, and other actively  concerned persons.
15760
Lindvall, Thomas
THE NUISANCE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS.  (Luft-
foeroreningars olaegenhetseffekter). Text  in Swedish. Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), no. 3:99-115, March 1969. 11 refs.
Annoyance reactions from odorous and particulate air pollu-
tants were regarded as medico-hygienic  problems  in Sweden.
Legislation in Sweden permits intervention based solely upon
subjective annoyance reaction to some extent. Nuisances from
industrial plants are usually caused by odors and particulate
matter. Complaints were reported in 78% of urban  and 27% of
rural communities. The medico-hygienic evaluation  of nuisance
from air pollution includes studies of the  dose-response rela-
tionship between the pollutant in the ambient air and the ex-
tent and strength of the annoyance reaction. The  description
of the dose is often complicated by the fact that many odorous
substances are hard to detect while they still have odor. There-
fore, the concentration in the ambient air is often based upon
analysis at the source combined with meteorological spreading
calculations. From a statistical point of view, there is often a
satisfying correlation between predicted and actual concentra-
tions in the ambient air. The organoleptic principle of analysis
of odorous emission was used more frequently during the last
few years. Odor threshold determinations were successfully
used in testing odor abatement equipment and in dose descrip-
tion around pulp mills. The frequency is calculated by which a
certain concentration is exceeded at different distances from
the source.  The description of the dose was  satisfactorily
worked out by the use of standardized,  sociological inquiries
with special attention to certain effects of interaction, such as
disquising  of or differences in attitude. Response studies were
undertaken in Sweden around  pulp mills and oil refineries.
(Author summary modified)

30896
Miyoshi, H., A. Fukuda, and T. Mizuki
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL  CASE  STUDY ON  COMPLAINTS  OF
ODOR. (Akushu kujo jirei no ekigakuteki kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen  Kenkyu (J.  Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1): 143, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
Questionnaires were  sent out to  the citizens of Tokuyama
City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in  July 1967 and November 1969
as a result of an average of 150 complaints a year against the
odor created by the city s petroleum chemical industrial1 com-
plex. Investigations by monitors and reports on  complaints
were studied in detail. A total of 42 complaints were reported
in January to June in 1969; 112, from July to December 1969;
and 63, from January to June in 1970. In each case, time, geo-
graphical conditions, descriptions of odor and physical effects,
wind velocity, and  the  emission  sources were investigated.
Studies were sent to the management of the industry. Requests
were  made  to  avoid repetitious  offenses, maintenance  of
repairs, and prevention of gas  leakage,  and for a better un-
derstanding and recognition of air pollution among the factory
workers. The city of Tokuyama is offering the results of these

-------
                                            M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
                                                     51
investigations as basic data for industrial complex administra-
tion and for gas analyses in the future.

33904
Perrine, R.  L.
OIL AND ECOLOGY - THE NEED FOR A NEW OUTLOOK.
  Preprint,  American Inst.  of Mining,  Metallurgical,  and
Petroleum Engineers, Inc., Dallas,  Tex., Society of Petroleum
Engineers,  12p., 1970. 39 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute  of Mining, Metallurgical,  and Petroleum Engineers,
Society of  Petroleum Engineers,  Annual Fall Meeting  45th,
Houston, Tex., Oct. 4-7,  1970, Paper SPE 2952.)
The nature of the  air pollution problem  as it pertains to the
petroleum industry is considered,  and a  new  educational
framework which may make the solution of  future problems
easier is described. Photochemical air pollution in Los Angeles
and the effect of automobile emissions are cited.  Automotive
emission reduction, the removal of lead from gasoline,  and
cost estimates for lead removal are considered. The need for a
new breed of problem-solver is  seen.  A Doctor of Environ-
mental Science and  Engineering is suggested, which would
combine physical, earth, and biological sciences with engineer-
ing. There must be  an extensive internship program, with work
under guidance on important  problems in the real, industrial
world.

-------
52
                                           N.  GENERAL
04052
R. Haddad and J. I. Bloomfield
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN LATIN  AMERICA.  Bol.
Ofic. Sanit. Panam. 58, 241-9, Sept. 1964. Sp. (Tr.) (Presented
at the Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria for  Air Quality
and Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-
12,1963.)
Latin America is an area which is experiencing a very rapid
population and  industrial expansion. Although this growth is
very irregular, the cities which exceed a million inhabitants
and the industrial concentration  in them is  growing  yearly.
This phenomenon has resulted in serious problems  of air pollu-
tion in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile, Mexico City, Mex-
ico, which are in need of further investigation and control as
quickly  as possible. There are potential problems in Buenos
Aires, Argentina, and  in all  those large metropolitan centres
which are growing and industrializing rapidly. The situation
created  in  Lima, Peru, because  of  the fishmeal  industry,
seems to be fairly well controlled. The greatest necessity is to
train personnel capable of conducting  studies in measuring air
quality and controlling the contamination of the air. There is
also a necessity to create a consciousness of the  seriousness
of the problem among government authorities and the public in
general. It is hoped that the future development of the In-
stitute of Occupational Health and Air  Pollution Research in
Santiago, Chile, will contribute effectively to achieve these ob-
jectives.

04649
Blifford, I. H., Jr. and G. O. Meeker
A FACTOR ANALYSIS MODEL OF LARGE SCALE POLLU-
TION.  Atmos. Environ. 1(2):147-157, March 1961.
Based on data obtained from the U.S. Public Health Service
National Air Sampling Network for the years 1957-1%1, factor
analysis techniques were used to produce  a  pollution model
for 30 U.S. cities. Orthogonal models  obtained from Varimax
and Quartimax solutions and an oblique solution (Oblimax)
were similar. The  first four principal factors were tentatively
assigned to pollution from heavy industry, automobiles, fuel
burning, and petroleum refining on the basis of their chemical
composition. These four factors account for about 70 percent
of the variance while another 20 per cent appears to be due to
widespread use of plating materials. Regression of  the derived
factors (factor scores) on the 30  sampling locations indicates
general agreement with the known character of the sites and
with  other   studies  of individual  pollution components.
(Authors' abstract)

06744
T.Suzuki
AIR  POLLUTION IN JAPAN.  Kuki Seijo  (Dean Air - J.
Japan. Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 2, (2) 1-4,1964. Jap.
The nature of air pollution in Japan has been  changing. Pollu-
tion from the chemical industry, petroleum processing, and au-
tomobiles has become more prevalent than dust and soot from
coal and heavy fuel oil. At present, the degree of air pollution
is indicated primarily by the amount of dust and soot fall and
concentration of SO2 and floating dust, and secondarily by the
concentration  of  carbon  monoxide,  nitrogen  oxides,  and
hydrocarbons. Use of heavy oil and coal of very low grade
makes the situation worse. General considerations of the ef-
fects of pollutants on the human body are given. Studies made
by the Yamaguchi Medical School on floating dust and SO2 in-
dicate  a correlation  between concnetration and death  rate.
Mention is made of the now familiar 'Yokohama Asthma'. It
was found that in Yokkaichi city,  air pollution is especially
heavy when the wind velocity is greater than 5 m/sec and S02
is  highly concentrated. The  death  rate from lung cancer in
Hokkaido for 1950 to 1960 was 1.6 times as great as the mean
value  for the rest of Japan. Maximum allowable concentrations
of various  pollutants are  tabulated for the United States,
Soviet Union, and West Germany.

09310
Kalika, Peter W.
THE GROWING PROBLEM. Mach. Des.,  39(17):19-21, July
20, 1967.
The facts, figures, and concern about the national problem of
air pollution are covered. Past air pollution episodes, sources
and types of pollutants released  in the atmosphere,  and the
mechanisms  and characteristics of temperature inversions are
reviewed.

150%
Bassetti, P.
AIR,  WATER, AND SOIL POLLUTION  AFFECTING THE
CITY AND PROVINCE OF  MILAN.  (L'inquinamento dell-
'aria,  dell'acqua e del suolo, nei riguardi di Milano e del suo
Territorio). Text in Italian. Ing. Sanit, 16(2):88-101,  Jan. - Feb.
1968. 7 refs.
Air pollution derives from three principle sources: oil refining
and petrochemistry (20%), home heating (60%), and motor
traffic (20%). In Milan and Turin, smog in the atmosphere has
reduced the lifetime of automobile finishes by 50%. Italy has
only  recently confronted the air pollution problem,  and few
Italians  realize the high cost  of its prevention. A company in
the city of Comigliano has spent 1.5 billion  dollars for equip-
ment to combat air pollution.  Proper adjustment of home heat-
ing equipment would diminish smog by 40% and  would give a
20-25% saving on fuel oil. The Italian law of July 13, 1966 di-
vides  the entire nation into two control zones: (1) communities
in  north central Italy with 70-300 thousand inhabitants or spe-
cial air pollution problems, and insular  Italian communes with
populations ranging from 300,000 to one million; (2) communi-
ties of north central Italy of 300,000 or more and of southern
Italy with one million or more. Factories and plants  are sub-
ject to regulation when their power output is more than 30,000
kcal/hr. No limitations are made on combustible liquids  and
gases; petroleum distillates such as kerosene and  gasoline with
10% or less sulfur; coke with 2% or less of volatile materials
and 1% or less sulfur; or coal with 13% or less volatile materi-
als and  2% or less sulfur. Wood  and charcoal are  prohibited.

-------
                                                   N. GENERAL
                                                       53
Limitations are placed on combustible fluids with more than 5
Engler degrees of viscosity at 50 C and 3% or less  sulfur con-
tent. Plants  must conform  to these regulations by December
31, 1969. More than 75% of this article is concerned exclusive-
ly with water  pollution and the establishment of a 'Po Valley
Authority' to  deal with water and soil pollution problems of
that geographical area.

20548
Dreisbach, Robert H.
AIR POLLUTION.  In: Handbook of the San  Francisco Re-
gion. Palo Alto, Calif., Environment Studies, 1969, p.  284-309.
29 refs.
The major types of air pollutants in the  San Francisco Bay
area,  and  their  sources  and  effects,  are  discussed.  Such
respiratory  diseases  as bronchitis,  emphysema, influenza,
pneumonia,  and tuberculosis have a close relationship  with the
level of air pollution. A strong correlation of lung cancer exists
in men who  smoke, and the incidence of lung cancer in
California  has   increased  from  15/100,000   in   1950   to
26.7/100,000 in 1967. Automobiles are the largest  source  of
carbon monoxide. The presence of CO in the  blood reduces
the availability of oxygen to the tissues in two ways: by direct
combination  with  hemoglobin  to  reduce  the  amount  of
hemoglobin available to carry oxygen, and by preventing the
release of some of the oxygen at the low oxygen partial pres-
sure present in body tissues. It is believed that long-term expo-
sure to CO may  contribute to chronic disease. Missile fuels,
explosives, cigarettes, and agricultural wastes liberate nitrogen
oxides. Long exposure to 50 ppm nitrogen dioxide has caused
inflammatory changes in the lungs, and higher concentrations
have been fatal. Sulfur oxides come from fuel oil combustion,
petroleum  refining, and from the chemical and metallurgical
industries. Hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial action  on
sewage effluents  containing large amounts  of  sulfur com-
pounds, and it can cause eye  irritation and sensory loss. The
constituents present in particulate matter include lead, berylli-
um, carbon,  other  metals, and organic particulates. Their
sources and effects on human health are also discussed.

-------
                                      AUTHOR  INDEX
                                                                                                             55
AMERO R C   'A-33931, *L-14144
ANDERSON H S  M-31814
ANGHELESCU C   D-17096
ARAI, K  *L-08299
ARDELEANU  I   D-17096
AVER F A    J-31814


                 B

BAJUSZ A J   'A-28976
BARMBY, D S   F-10759
BASSETTIP   *N-15096
BECKER K H   'A-29786
BEHLE C A   'L-24949
BEIGHTON, J   *B-07925
BELOV K A   'B-17943
BERMINGHAM P E  *L-34033
BLACK, H H   A-03420
BLACKER J H   A-34023
BLANCHARD  J W   A-34023
BLIFFORD, I H JR  *N-04649
BLOKKER P C  'A-31882
BLOOMFIELD, J J   N-04052
BONAMASSA F   *A-24525, *A-24601
BOTEZATU C   D-17096
BRAGINSKAYA, L L   *G-11833
BRENNAN, E   *H-01930
BRIEF R S   *A-34023
BROCK J R    A-25213
BRUNELLE M F   E-16846
BURKERT, G  *C-04514
BURNHOUSE, W A  *B-09922
CHASS, R L   A-09785, *B-04599,
     *B-06006, L-11074
CHIPMAN, J C   A-07623
COLLINS R L    J-21241
COPE, W C   'D-03454
CROUSE, W R   A-03154
CUCU M   D-17096
CUFFE, S T   «B-09838
CULBERSON S F  *J-34828
D'IMPERIO, J
DAINES, R H
DAMON W A
DANIELSON, J
DARGENTA M
DAVIES R W
DEVORKIN H
DICKEY S W
DICKINSON, J
DICKINSON, J
DOSHER JR
DREISBACH R
DUPREY, R L
    D

 •B-09857
 H-01930
 •L-23562
 A   'B-09784
  D-170%
 •E-24492
 •A-23745
 •A-27070
 •A-09785
E   L-11074
 J-34828
H   'N-20548
 •A-09686
                          ELKIN H F  'A-33207
                          ELLIOTT, J H   B-06006
                          EVIKEEVA, N A   A-08524
                          FEDORAKO B E   H-22491
                          FLYNN, N E   «A-03154
                          FOGEL M E   'J-21241, J-31814
                          FOSTER R P   L-14144
                          FRENKIEL, F N  *L-05571
                          FRIEDLANDER S K   A-25197
                          FUJINO T  'G-19514
                          FUKUDA A    M-30896
GAMMELGARD, P N   'B-08071
GERSTLE R W   J-21241
GLAZER N   »L-31059
GONDIM P M   'A-32465
GRAAF H D  *L-25305
GRAEF A F  »J-27506
GRESSINGH L E   J-27S06
GRISWOLD, S S  'B-00107
GRUPINSKI, L   *C-02980


                 H

HADDAD, R  'N-04052
HALLBERG I   H-23257
HAMAMURA N  «D-26563
HAMMING, W J  A-09785
HANGEBRAUCK, R P   'A-05005
HANKS, J J  'J-01546
HARRIS, D N   *L-08686
HASHIMOTO T   1-33600
HATTORIT  'L-32893
HIDY G M   'A-25197, *A-25213
HILL E L   J-21241, J-31814
HIROBE H   D-28325, D-28326
HITCHCOCK, L B  *A-03871
HOCKIN L E   'L-I9336
HOLLAND H R   *A-09298
HOPPER W C   'B-27719
HORNEDO, M D  *D-03505
                 I
UDA W   *I-33611, *I-33643
KKAIS  '1-33602
IMAI M   D-21192, G-19512, G-19514
IMAI, M   K-06861
IRIE M  *I-33598, *I-33651
ISAEVA, M I   D-08198
ITO M   D-19508
IWAMIZU T   1-33612
IWANAGA T  '1-33674
                                      JENSEN, D A   'B-08711
                                      JOHNSTON D R   J-21241
                                      JUNTGEN, H  'B-01134
                                                                                K
                                      KALIKA, P W
                                      KANAMARU T
                                      RANTER, C V
                                      KAPKAEV, E A
                                      KASHIWAGI H
              •N-09310
                D-28325, D-28326
               B-06006
                •A-08524
                G-21414, G-34194
KATZ, M  'H-01640, 'L-08888, 'L-09294
KAUPER, E K   A-07623
KENDALL, D A   'A-04785
KIFUNE I   C-21859
KIHARA T   1-33600
KINSEY, R H  *B-09839, 'B-09840,
      •B-09841, *B-09843
KIRSCH, F W  'F-10759
KITAHAMA K  '1-35034
KOBAYSSHI Y   *A-30513
KOMATSUBARA S   D-26563
KONDO M   D-26563
KRENZ, W B  'L-11074
KUBE, H D  J-01546
KUCHEROV E V   'H-22491
KULAGIN YU Z  'H-22585
                                                                LAMB, D R  'G-U828
                                                                LANGMANN, R   'L-07235
                                                                LARSON, G P  'A-07623
                                                                LEMKE E E   'A-32351
                                                                LEONARD M J   E-16846
                                                                LEONE, I A   H-01930
                                                                LEPPER, J M 'C-04889
                                                                LESOURD D A   J-21241
                                                                LETOURNEAU N   A-27082
                                                                LIEDMEIER G P  'L-14798
                                                                LINDVALL T  'M-15760
                                                                LOUDON,D  E
                                                                LUCINESCU A
                                                                LUDWIG, J H
                                                                LUNCHE R G
                                                                LYDAY R O
               •E-03875
                D-170%
               A-07963
              'A-24527
             J-31814
                 M

MACBETH W G   E-16846
MACDONALD H E  'A-13699
MAMEDOV A M  'G-20521
MAMMARELLA L   'A-23865, 'A-23881,
     •J-24309
MANDERSON, M C   'L-11242
MANEA N  D-17096
MARIER J  'A-27082
MARSH K J  'C-16016
MARUYA H   M-14491
MATHEWS, D S   'D-03404
MATSUDA S    C-20460
MATSUI T  D-28325, D-28326
MATSUMURA H   D-31275

-------
56
 PETROLEUM REFINERIES
MCCLANANHAN R B   'J-20536
MCKEE, H C   »L-10689
MEEKER, G 0   N-04649
MEEKER, J E   A-05005
MILES F W  'F-33863
MILLER F E    J-27506
MINER S  »A-17603
MIYACHI K   G-19514, »G-21414
MIYAHARA A   'D-31275
MIYAJI K  'G-34194
MIYOSHI H  'M-30896
MIZUKIT    M-30896
MIZUNO K  *I-33612, 1-33674
MONKEVICH, A K   A-08524
MOSHER J C   «E-I6846
MULLINS T P   E-16846
MURATA M  'D-28325, *D-28326
MURPHY R P  »D-30860
MURRAY, R C   'B-09836, «B-09842


                 N

NAGIRA T   M-14491
NAITO M  '1-33600
NAKA K   D-28325, D-28326
NARUSE G  *I-33597
NEILSON,  A  J   A-04785
NEVENS, T D  *A-01838
NISHIMURA  K   D-31275
NIWA K   «l-33599


                 o

OHIRA M  'M-14491
OKADA H    D-26563
OKITA T   'C-21859
OKUNO T   'A-29599, C-20460
OMICHI S  'D-19508
OSHIMA H   D-21192, G-19512, G-19514
OSHIMA, H   K-06861
OSHIO T   'A-17199
OZOLINS, G   'A-09737,  'M-00336
PADDOCK R E   J-31814
PADOVANI, C  'B-03128
PALMER R K   'A-24524, 'A-24602,
     'A-24721
PARTSKHALAVA S E   B-28501
PERRINE R  L   'M-33904
PETROVA L N   B-17943
PHILLIPS C W   A-27070
POLYANSKH, VA   G-11833
POPA O   D-17096
POPOV, V A   'D-07830
POTTS, J D   F-10759
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

                 R
•D-09591
RAYZACHER B  'A-33883, B-27719
RED KIN Y R    A-12299
REED R D   'A-34165
REHMANN, C   A-09737
ROBBINS, R C   D-10517
ROBINSON, E   'D-10517
ROHRMAN, F A   A-01838, 'A-07963
ROMANKOV P G  'F-32491
ROSE A H   A-31880
ROSE, A H JR   'A-03420
RYAN, J M   'A-08393
                 S

SAMOILOVICH L N  'A-12299
SCALA R A   A-34023
SCANLIN, J R   B-08711
SCHAEFER, M   'B-11740
SCHOLL G  'H-23583
SCHUENEMAN, J J  D-03404
SEIDMAN E B   'C-22108
SELEGEAN E   'D-17096
SETSER D W    'F-23255
SHALAMBERIDZE  O P   »B-28501
SHERWOOD R J  'A-31883
SfflMA H  D-28325,  D-28326
SHRINER, RD   G-11828
SIGETA A   D-26563
SKYE E  'H-23257
SMITH, R   M-00336
STAHL Q R  'A-17604
STANESCU Z    D-17096
STANKEVICH, B E   'D-08198
STEDMAN  D H  F-23255
STEIGERWALD B J  A-23745, A-24524,
     A-24602, 'A-31880
STEIGERWALD, B J   A-07963
STEPHENSON R J  'L-33786
STRUTH B W   'A-34177
STUEWE A H   'A-24370
SUGAI R  C-21859
SULLIVAN R J   'A-20553
SUSSMAN V H   'A-24526, 'A-24723
SUTTON, P   'D-10306, 'L-09687
SUZUKI, T  'N-06744
SWANSON, G   'D-10128
TAKADA K   A-29599
TAKAHASHI S  G-34194
TAKANASHI K   1-33602
TAKAOKA, Y   'K-07491
TAKATSUKA Y   D-21192
TAKAYA Y   D-26563
TAKEUCHI H    1-33612, 1-33674
TAN S H  'B-26506
TANAKA H   C-20460
TANAKA M   G-31311
TERMEULEN, M A   'B-02017
TESCH J W   L-25305
THAYER J M  'L-17927
THOMAS G   A-32351
TELLMAN, J H   D-03505
TROFIMOVA, L V   A-08524
TSUJI M   A-29599, C-20460
                              u
             UEKIK
             UTSU M
         •G-31311
         •J-33642
             VERLEGER P K   'L-34013
             VOGEL H  'L-30908
             VON LEHMDEN, D J   A-05005


                             W

             WADA M  'L-32796
             WALSH, R T   'B-09833
             WALTERS, D F  'B-09835
             WANGERIN, D D   'A-04345
             WANTA, R C    A-03420
             WARE T E JR   J-34828
             WATANABE A   G-34194
             WATSON, J H   'L-09351
             WEISBURD, M I   'B-00975
             WILLIAMS, N   'L-09289
             WINTHROP S 0   'A-27293
             WOHLERS H C  'C-22958
             YAISHIMARU Y    1-33602
             YAMAMOTO K    D-31275
             YAMAMOTO T   'C-20460
             YAMAZAKI S   G-34194
             YOCOM, J E  '1-07553
             YOKAICHII  'G-26053
             YOSHIDA K  'D-21192, 'G-19512,
                  G-19514, 'L-29420
             YOSHIDA, K   'K-06861
             YOSHD M   G-19514
             YOSHIZAKI K  'G-31664, 'G-31665

-------
                                          SUBJECT  INDEX
                                                                                                                         57
ABATEMENT  A-20S53, A-27082, A-31882,
      A-31883, A-32351, A-32465, B-28501,
      D-09591, D-30860, J-09313, J-20536,
      J-30329, J-30951, L-05571, L-08299,
      L-09351, L-09687, L-11352, L-24949,
      L-2S305, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
      L-30908, L-31059, L-32796, L-32893,
      L-33786, L-34013, L-34033, L-34688
ABSENTEEISM   L-34688
ABSORPTION  A-20553, A-28976, B-06006,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09836, B-09922,
      C-04324, C-16016, D-10517, F-32491,
      L-08888
ABSORPTION (GENERAL)   B-01I34,
      B-09833
ACETALDEHYDE  A-32475
ACETIC ACID   A-23745, A-32475
ACETONE   A-08524
ACETYLENES   A-08524, B-07925
ACID SMUTS  C-16016
ACIDS   A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-09785, A-23745, A-23865, A-24370,
      A-27082, A-29599, A-29786, A-31880,
      A-32351, A-32475, B-00975, B-07925,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09839, C-20460,
      D-09591, D-10517, D-21192, D-28325,
      F-10759, F-32491, G-19512, H-06967,
      1-07553, 1-20820, J-09313, J-33642,
      K-08038, L-09687, L-11242, L-29420,
      N-04052, N-20548
ACUTE   A-34023, 1-20820
ADMINISTRATION  A-04026, A-07963,
      A-09737, A-09785, A-25197, A-31883,
      A-32351, A-32465, B-00975, B-04599,
      B-08071, B-28501, C-04324, C-04514,
      D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-09591, D-30860, D-3I275,
      G-05379, G-19514, H-06967, J-01546,
      J-09313, J-30329, J-30951, K-08038,
      L-07235, L-08299, L-08686, L-08888,
      L-09289, L-09294, L-09351, L-09702,
      L-11352, L-24949, L-25305, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-31059,
      L-33786, L-34688, M-00336, M-30896,
      M-33904, N-04052, N-04649, N-09310,
      N-15096
ADSORPTION  A-20553, B-01134, B-06006,
      B-09784, B-09833, C-20460, L-08888,
      L-32796
ADULTS   G-31665
ADVISORY SERVICES  D-30860, L-30908
AEROSOL GENERATORS  B-09833
AEROSOLS   A-07623, A-09785,  A-23865,
      A-24723, A-25197, A-25213, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-04599, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09842,
      B-09843, C-17468, D-10517, H-01640,
      J-01546, J-24309
AFRICA   L-11242
AFTERBURNERS   A-17603, A-24526,
      A-32465, B-07925, B-08711, B-09784,
      B-09838, B-26506, J-01546, J-21241,
      J-30329, J-34370, L-11074
AGE   G-26053, G-27920, G-30640, G-31311,
      G-31664, G-31665, G-34194, L-29420
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES   A-32351,
      B-09922, L-29420, L-31059, L-33786,
      N-09310
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
      A-23865, H-06967, L-27185
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA   D-09591,
      K-08038, L-08686, L-11352, L-29420
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
      PROGRAMS  A-04026, A-09737,
      A-25197, A-32351, B-28501, C-04324,
      D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-09591, D-30860, D-31275,
      G-19514, K-08038, L-07235, L-08686,
      L-09289, L-27184, L-29420, L-33786,
      L-34688, M-00336, N-04052, N-04649,
      N-09310
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
      A-03154, A-04026, A-05005, A-07623,
      A-09737, A-09785, A-12299, A-23745,
      A-23881, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
      A-27082, A-29599, A-30513, B-00975,
      B-04599, B-06006, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-28501, C-04324, C-04514, C-04889,
      C-09208, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
      D-09591, D-10306, D-10517, D-17096,
      D-17285, D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
      D-27673, D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
      D-30860, D-30970, D-31275, G-11828,
      G-31311, G-34194, H-01640, H-01930,
      K-06861, K-08038, L-07235, L-08888,
      L-09294, L-27184, L-29420, L-32893,
      L-33786, L-34688, N-04649, N-06744
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS   A-28976,
      A-32351, B-00975, B-04599, B-09833,
      B-09922, B-28501, C-04514, D-09591,
      E-32371, H-01640, L-11352, L-34013,
      N-06744
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
      L-23562, L-31059, L-34688
AIR-FUEL RATIO  A-23745
AIRCRAFT   A-03154, A-09785, A-25197,
      A-32351, A-33931, B-29628, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-09591
AIRPORTS  ' D-03170, D-03404
ALASKA   D-10517
ALCOHOLS  A-08524, A-09298, A-09785,
      L-32796
ALDEHYDES  A-09686, A-09785, A-23745,
      A-23865, A-24525, A-27082, A-29599,
      A-31880, A-32465, A-32475, B-00975,
      B-02017, D-03505, D-30860, G-05379,
      H-01640, L-32796
ALERTS  A-32351, L-29420, L-31059,
      L-33786
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS  A-03420,
      A-08524, A-09298, A-09785, A-23745,
      A-24723, A-29599, A-32475, A-34177,
      B-07925. B-08711, B-09835, B-11740,
      C-11745, D-03505, D-30860, F-10759,
      G-11833, H-01640, J-34370, L-11074
ALKALINE ADDITIVES   A-09298,
      B-09833, L-23562
ALKALIZED  ALUMINA (ADSORPTION)
      G-05379, L-08686
ALLERGIES  A-20553
ALTITUDE   A-25213, E-24492, E-32371,
      L-23562, L-29420
ALUMINUM  A-09686, A-24370, B-00107,
      B-07925, B-09784, L-24949
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
      B-07925, F-10759
ALUMINUM OXIDES  B-09833
ALUMINUM SILICATES   F-10759
AMINES   A-29599, L-32796
AMMONIA  A-09686, A-09785, A-23745,
      A-23865, A-24525, A-25213,  A-29599,
      A-31880, A-32465, A-33207,  B-09833,
      B-09838, C-11745, D-10306, G-05379,
      1-33611, L-32796, L-32893
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS   A-09686,
      A-09785, A-23745, A-23865,  A-24525,
      A-25213, A-29599, A-31880,  A-32465,
      A-33207, B-09833, B-09838, C-11745,
      D-10306, G-05379, H-06967,  1-33611,
      L-32796, L-32893
ANALYTICAL METHODS  A-05005,
      A-07623, A-17603, A-17604,  A-24525,
      A-24723, A-32475, A-34023,  B-00975,
      C-02980, C-04324, C-04514, C-09208,
      C-11745, C-16016, C-17468, C-20460,
      C-21859, C-22108, D-07830, D-10128,
      D-10306, D-19508, D-30860,  D-30970,
      D-31275, F-23255, 1-07553, 1-20820,
      K-08038, L-08686, L-08888,  L-33786
ANIMALS   A-13699, G-11828, G-11833,
      H-06%7, 1-20820
ANNUAL   A-09737, A-24602, D-28835,
      D-30860, D-30970, F-33863, G-31664,
      G-31665, G-34194, L-11352
ANTHRACENES   A-05005
ANTIBODIES   K-06861
ANTICYCLONES  D-09591, E-03875
ANTIGENS   K-06861
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
      L-07235
AREA SURVEYS  A-04026, A-09737,
      A-25197, A-32351, B-28501. D-03170,
      D-03404, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
      D-09591, D-30860, D-31275, G-19514,
      L-33786, M-00336, N-04052
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS   A-08524,
      A-09785, A-29599, A-34177, B-07925.
      B-09839,  B-17943, H-01640, J-34370,
      J-34828, L-11074, L-32796
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS   B-00975,
      B-09833,  G-05379, 1-33600
ARSINE   B-00975, G-05379
ASHES   A-04345, B-07925, B-09833
ASIA  A-17199,  A-29599,  A-30513.
      A-32475,  C-17468, C-20460, C-21859,
      D-17285,  D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
      D-27673,  D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
      D-30970,  D-31275, G-19512, G-19514,
      G-21414,  G-26053, G-27920, G-30640,
      G-31311,  G-31664, G-31665, G-34194,
      H-01930, H-30637, 1-33597, 1-33598,
      1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
      1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
      1-35034, J-26326, J-30951, J-33642,
      K-06861,  K-07491, L-08299, L-0

-------
58
 PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
      L-11242, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
      L-30908, L-32796, L-32893, M-14491,
      M-30896, N-06744
ASPHALT   A-05005, A-09686, A-09785,
      A-32351, B-00107, B-09784. B-09836,
      B-28874, D-09591
ASTHMA   A-30513, D-03454, D-21192,
      G-19S14, G-26053, G-27920, G-30640,
      G-34194, K-06861, L-29420, N-06744
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS   A-01838,
      A-03420, A-09785, A-29599, A-30513,
      A-32351, B-00975, B-09836, C-16016,
      D-03I70, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-09591, D-10128, D-10306.
      D-26563, D-30970, E-03875, E-16846,
      E-24492, E-32371, H-30637, K-07491,
      L-07235, L-08686, L-23562, L-29420,
      N-06744
AUSTRALIA   D-30860
AUTOMATIC METHODS   B-00975,
      C-09208, D-30860,' L-08686, L-08888,
      L-29420
AUTOMOBILES   A-05005, A-07623,
      A-09686, A-09785, A-23865, A-23881,
      A-27082, A-29786, A-31882, A-32351,
      A-32465, A-33931, B-00975, B-08711,
      C-04514, D-07830, D-30860, H-01640,
      J-01546, J-30329, L-09294, L-27185,
      L-29420, L-30908, M-00336, M-33904,
      N-04649, N-06744, N-20548
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
      A-23745, A-32351, B-08711, C-04514,
      G-11828, J-34828, M-33904
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS   A-03420.
      A-05005, A-07623, A-09686, A-09785,
      A-24525, A-29786, A-32351, A-32465,
      B-00975, B-04599, B-08071, B-08711,
      B-28501, B-29628, C-04514, D-03404,
      D-03451, D-03454, D-07830, D-10517,
      D-28326, D-30860, E-16846, G-11828,
      J-01546, L-05571, L-07235, L-08888,
      L-09702, L-29420, L-30908, M-00336,
      M-33904, N-06744, N-09310, N-15096,
      N-20548
                  6
BACTERIA  A-04785
BAFFLES  B-09835
BAG FILTERS   B-00107, B-07925,
     B-09833, L-23562
BARIUM COMPOUNDS   A-09785
BASIC  OXYGEN FURNACES   A-04345,
     A-09686, A-09737, B-07925, J-01546
BATTERY MANUFACTURING   A-09785,
     C-09208
BELGIUM   B-28874, N-09310
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
     A-0500S, D-03505, D-19508, N-04649
BENZENES   B-07925, B-17943, L-32796
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE   A-05005, A-12299,
     B-28501, N-04052
BENZOPYRENES  A-05005, A-12299,
     A-29786, B-28501, N-04052
BERYLLIOSIS   A-03154, B-00975,
     C-02980, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
     D-03454, D-03505, H-01640, H-01930
BERYLLIUM  D-09591
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS  D-09591,
     N-20548
BESSEMER CONVERTERS   A-09686
BIOCLIMATOLOGY  L-34688
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
     MEASUREMENT  G-11833,
     K-06861, K-08038, N-04052, N-06744
BISMUTH  D-09591
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS   D-09591
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION  A-04345,
     A-17603
BLAST FURNACES   A-04345, A-09686,
     A-09737, D-17285, E-32371, H-01640
BLENDING   A-33207
BLOOD CHEMISTRY   G-30640
BLOWBY   A-32351, B-08711, N-20548
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
     C-09208, G-11833, K-08038
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
     A-04785, A-08524, B-09922, C-09208,
     D-10128, D-10517, G-11833
BOILERS   A-03154, A-04345, A-05005,
     A-08701, A-23745, A-32351, A-32475,
     B-00107, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
     C-04324, D-30860, E-32371, J-21241
BREATHING   G-31311
BRICKS   A-08524, 1-07553
BROMIDES   A-09785, A-29786
BROMINE COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
     A-29786, B-00975
BRONCHI  G-34194
BRONCHITIS  D-21192, G-19512,  G-19514,
     G-21414, G-26053, G-30640, G-31664,
     G-31665, G-34194, K-06861, L-29420,
     N-04052, N-20548
BUBBLE TOWERS  B-07925
BUDGETS   B-08071, J-01546, J-09313,
     J-30951, L-09351
BUILD-UP RATES   A-07623
BUILDINGS  B-09784, D-03454, J-24309
BUSES   A-33931, B-00975, M-00336
BUTADIENES  A-08524, A-32475
BUTANES   A-34177, B-09835
BUTENES   F-10759
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY  A-03420,
     A-09298, A-17603, B-08071, B-09833,
     B-09922, B-27719, F-32491, J-01546,
     L-08299, L-08888, L-10689, L-11242
CADMIUM   D-09591
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS  A-30513,
     D-09591
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
     B-09833, D-10128
CALCIUM SULFATES   B-09833, D-10128
CALIBRATION METHODS  C-04324
CALIFORNIA   A-03154, A-03871, A-07623,
     A-09785, A-24524, A-24525, A-24526,
     A-24527, A-24601, A-24602, A-24721,
     A-24723, A-25197, A-27070, A-32351,
     B-00107, B-00975, B-04599, B-06006,
     B-08711, B-09784, B-09833, B-09838,
     B-09841, B-09842, B-09843, C-04324,
     C-04514, E-16846, H-01640, J-09313,
     L-05571, L-08888, L-11074, L-11352,
     L-34013, L-34688, M-33904, N-20548
CANADA   A-03154, A-09298, A-27082,
     A-27293, B-00975, B-29628, C-09208,
     D-03454, E-03875, H-01930, L-08888,
     L-09289, L-09294, L-11242
CANCER  A-17604, G-31664, G-31665,
     G-34194, N-06744, N-20548
CARBON BLACK  A-05005, 1-33597,
     1-33599
CARBON DIOXIDE   A-23865, A-24370,
     A-28976, A-29786, B-00975, C-04324,
     C-04514, C-04889, 1-07553, 1-33674,
     L-08888, N-04052
CARBON DISULFIDE  B-07925, C-09208,
     H-06967, L-23562
CARBON MONOXIDE  A-03420, A-09298,
     A-09686, A-09737, A-09785, A-27293,
      A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-31882,
      A-32351, A-32465, A-33207, A-34023,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-02017, B-04599,
      B-08071, B-08711, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-09835, B-09838, B-28501, C-04324,
      C-04514, D-03404, D-03505, D-08198,
      D-09591, D-30860, E-16846, G-11828,
      H-01640, H-06967, J-01546, J-09313,
      J-21241, L-07235, L-08888, L-11352,
      L-33786, M-00336, N-04052, N-06744,
      N-09310, N-20548
CARBONATES   B-09833, 1-07553, 1-33600,
      L-09687
CARBONYLS   A-34023
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN   A-30513,
      N-20548
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
      B-08711, D-03404, L-08888, N-20548
CARCINOGENS   A-34023, B-00975,
      D-03170, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
      H-01640, H-01930
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES   G-31664,
      G-31665, K-08038, L-07235, N-20548
CASCADE SAMPLERS   B-00975
CATALYSIS   A-05005, A-34165, A-34177,
      B-09833, B-09838, D-10128, F-10759,
      F-32491
CATALYSTS   A-34177, B-09833, B-09838,
      D-10128, F-10759
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY   A-34165,
      B-09833, B-09838
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS  A-32465,
      B-07925, B-08711, J-30329, J-34370,
      L-11074
CATALYTIC OXIDATION   A-04345,
      A-17603, A-28976, B-08711, L-08686,
      L-32796
CATTLE  A-13699
CELL GROWTH   G-31311, G-31664
CEMENTS   A-04026, A-09737, A-23865,
      A-23881, A-25213, A-32465, B-09784,
      B-09833, C-04514, D-10128, D-30860,
      D-31275, J-24309, L-17927, L-23562
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS  A-05005,
      A-09686, B-08071, B-09833, B-09838,
      J-21241, K-07491, L-23562
CERAMICS   A-09686, B-00107, B-07925,
      B-09840, C-09208
CHAMBER PROCESSING  B-07925
CHARCOAL   B-06006, L-33786
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION    A-05005,
      A-07623, A-23745, A-24723, B-06006,
      C-04514, D-03454, D-03505, D-19508,
      L-32893, L-33786, N-04649
CHEMICAL METHODS  A-17603,
      C-09208, C-16016, D-07830, D-10128,
      D-10306, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
      K-08038
CHEMICAL PROCESSING   A-01838,
      A-03154, A-03420, A-03871, A-04026,
      A-04345, A-04785, A-05005, A-07623,
      A-07963, A-08393, A-08524, A-08701,
      A-09298, A-09686, A-09737, A-09785,
      A-12299, A-13699, A-I7199, A-47603,
      A-17604, A-20553, A-23745, A-23865,
      A-23881, A-24370, A-24524, A-24525,
      A-24526, A-24527, A-24601, A-24602,
      A-24721, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
      A-27070, A-27082, A-27293, A-28976,
      A-29599, A-29786, A-30513, A-31880,
      A-31882, A-31883, A-32351, A-32465,
      A-32475, A-33207, A-33883, A-33931,
      A-34023, A-34165, A-34177, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-01134, B-01537, B-02017,
      B-03128, B-04599, B-06006, B-07242,
      B-07925, B-08071, B-09784, B-09833,

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                 59
      B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
      B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-17943,
      B-26506, B-27719, B-28501, B-28874,
      B-29628, C-02980, C-04324, C-04514,
      C-04889, C-09208, C-11745, C-16016,
      C-17468, C-20460, C-21859, C-22108,
      C-22958, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
      D-09591, D-10128, D-10306, D-10517,
      D-17096, D-17285, D-19508, D-21192,
      D-26563, D-27673, D-28325, D-28326,
      D-28835, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
      E-03875, E-16846, E-24492, E-32371,
      F-10759, F-32491, F-33863, G-05379,
      G-11828, G-11833, G-19512, G-19S14,
      G-20521, G-21414, G-26053, G-27920,
      G-30640, G-31311, G-31664, G-31665,
      G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06967,
      H-22491, H-22585, H-23257, H-23583,
      H-30637, 1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597,
      1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,
      1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651,
      1-33674, 1-35034, J-01546, J-09313,
      J-20536, J-21241, J-24309, J-26326,
      J-30329, J-30951, J-31814, J-33642,
      J-34370, J-34828, K-%861, K-07491,
      K-08038, L-05571, L-07235, L-08299,
      L-08686, L-08888, L-09289, L-09294,
      L-09351, L-09687, L-09702, L-10689,
      L-11074, L-11242, L-11352, L-14144,
      L-14798, L-17927, L-19336, L-23562,
      L-24949, L-25305, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-29420, L-30908, L-31059, L-32796,
      L-32893, L-33786, L-34013, L-34033,
      L-34688, M-00336, M-14491, M-15760,
      M-30896, M-33904, N-04052, N-04649,
      N-06744, N-09310, N-15096, N-20548
CHEMICAL REACTIONS   A-07623,
      A-08524, A-09785, A-25197, A-25213,
      A-29786, A-30513, A-32351, B-04599,
      B-08711, B-09833, B-09836, B-09839,
      D-03454, D-17096, F-10759, H-01640,
      1-33600, K-08038, L-05571, L-11074,
      L-32796, L-34013, M-33904, N-09310
CHEMISTS   D-03404, D-30860
CHICAGO   D-03451, J-09313
CHILDREN  B-28501, G-27920, G-31311,
      G-31664, G-31665
CHLORIDES  A-09785, A-29786, A-32475.
      B-09833, B-09838, B-09839, G-05379,
      N-04052
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-09785, A-32475
CHLORINE  A-09686, A-09785, B-09839
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
      A-29786, A-32475, B-00975, B-09833,
      B-09838, B-09839, G-05379,1-33599,
      N-04052
CHROMATOGRAPHY  A-05005, A-24525,
      A-32475, C-02980, C-04514, C-11745,
      C-16016, C-20460, C-21859, D-19508,
      D-30860, 1-07553, L-08888
CHROMIUM  D-09591, 1-33602, 1-33643,
      N-04649
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
      D-09591, 1-07553, N-04649
CHRONIC   A-34023, G-11833, G-260S3,
      G-30640, 1-20820, L-29420, N-20548
CIRCULATORY  SYSTEM   A-17603
CITIZENS GROUPS   B-00975, D-30860,
      L-27184
CITY GOVERNMENTS   D-27673, L-09289,
      L-09294, L-09702, L-25305, L-27184,
      L-27185
CLEAN AIR ACT   B-07925, L-09687,
      L-34033
CLOUDS   C-11745, D-10517
COAL   A-04026, A-05005, A-07963,
     A-09686, A-09737, A-25213, A-29786,
     A-33931, B-07925, B-09833, C-04889,
     C-17468, D-03451, D-09591, D-10128,
     D-10517, G-05379, 1-07553, 1-20820,
     K-08038, L-07235, L-08686, L-09294,
     L-09351, L-33786, M-00336, N-06744
COAL CHARACTERISTICS   A-09737
COAL PREPARATION   B-09839, L-10689
COBALT COMPOUNDS  A-34023
CODES   H-06967, L-08299, L-09702
COFFEE-MAKING   A-09686, N-04052
COKE   A-04026, A-05005, A-09737,
     B-07925, B-09838, B-29628, D-03451
COLLECTORS   A-05005, A-09298,
     A-09686, A-24524, B-08071, B-09784,
     B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
     H-01640, J-01546, J-21241, J-26326,
     K-07491, L-08888, L-23562
COLORADO   A-01838, D-10128
COLORIMETRY   A-17604, A-34023,
     C-04324, C-09208, C-16016, C-17468,
     C-22108, D-07830, D-30860, 1-20820,
     K-08038, L-08686
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY   A-05005

COMBUSTION    A-05005, A-09298,
     A-20553, A-23745, B-09833, B-09835,
     B-09838, D-03404, D-03451, D-10128,
     E-03875, H-01640, L-08686, L-11352
COMBUSTION AIR   A-04345, B-09833,
     B-09835, K-07491
COMBUSTION GASES  A-03420, A-05005,
     A-07963, A-08701, A-09298, A-09686,
     A-09737, A-09785, A-23745, A-3246S,
     A-33883, A-33931, A-34165, B-00107,
     B-01134, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
     B-09835, B-09838, B-11740, B-26506,
     B-29628, C-02980, C-04324, C-04889,
     C-22108, C-22958, D-10306, D-10517,
     D-30860, E-32371, H-06967, H-22491,
     1-07553, 1-20820, J-01546, J-26326,
     J-27506, K-07491, K-08038, L-07235,
     L-08686, L-09294, L-14798, L-17927,
     L-23562, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
     L-34013
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS   A-03420,
     A-04345, A-05005, A-07963, A-08524,
     A-08701, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
     A-09785, A-17604, A-23745, A-3246S,
     A-33883, A-33931, A-34165, B-00107,
     B-00975, B-01134, B-07925, B-09784,
     B-09833, B-09835, B-09838, B-11740,
     B-2650,6, B-29628, C-02980, C-04324,
     C-04889, C-22108, C-22958, D-09591,
     D-10128, D-10306, D-10517, D-30860,
     E-32371, G-05379, G-11828, H-06967,
     H-22491, 1-07553, 1-20820, J-01546.
     J-21241, J-26326,  J-27506, K-07491,
     K-08038, L-07235, L-08686, L-08888,
     L-09294, L-14798, L-17927, L-23562,
     L-27184. L-27185, L-29420, L-33786,
     L-34013, N-09310
COMMERCIAL AREAS  A-08393,
     D-09591, D-19508, D-30860, L-07235,
     L-11352, M-00336
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT  B-00107,
     B-00975, B-09835, B-09840,  B-09843,
     J-01546
COMMERCIAL FIRMS  B-11740, J-30329,
     J-30951, L-09351, L-29420
COMPLAINTS   B-00975, G-27920,
     L-09289, L-27184, L-27185,  L-32796,
     M-15760, M-30896
COMPRESSED GASES   A-24601, B-09836,
     B-27719
COMPRESSION   B-09836
COMPUTER PROGRAMS   J-31814,
      N-04649
CONCRETE   A-08524, A-08701, A-09686,
      A-32351, B-00107, B-09784, B-09836,
      B-28874
CONDENSATION   A-24527, B-09833,
      B-09836, E-03875
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
      C-11745, D-10517, H-01640
CONNECTICUT  D-03454
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS   A-04026,
      A-05005, A-08524, A-08701, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-09785, A-23865, A-23881,
      A-25213, A-32351, A-32465, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-09784, B-09833, B-09836,
      B-09840, B-28874, C-04514, D-09591,
      D-10128, D-30860, D-31275, 1-07553,
      1-35034, J-24309, L-17927,  L-23562
CONTACT PROCESSING   B-07925,
      E-32371, J-31814, L-23562
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
      PROGRAM (CAMP)   K-08038
CONTINUOUS MONITORING    A-05005,
      A-28976, A-29599, B-07925, C-04889,
      C-09208, C-17468, D-10306, D-27673,
      D-30860, D-30970, K-08038, L-07235,
      L-08686, L-08888, L-29420, L-33786
CONTRACTING  L-27184
CONTROL AGENCIES   B-28501, D-03454,
      D-30860, L-09289, L-09702, L-31059,
      M-00336
CONTROL EQUIPMENT    A-03420,
      A-04345, A-04785, A-05005, A-09298,
      A-09686, A-17603, A-17604, A-24524,
      A-24526, A-24527, A-24601, A-29599,
      A-31880, A-32465, A-33207, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-01537, B-03128, B-04599,
      B-06006, B-07925, B-08071, B-08711,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09836,
      B-09838, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
      B-09843, B-09922, B-11740, B-26506,
      B-28501, C-16016, C-21859, D-03170,
      D-10128, D-10306, E-03875, G-05379,
      H-01640, H-06967, 1-07553, J-01546,
      J-21241, J-26326, J-27506,J-30329,
      J-34370, K-07491, L-07235, L-08888,
      L-10689, L-11074, L-23562
CONTROL METHODS   A-03420, A-04345,
      A-04785, A-09298, A-09686, A-17603,
      A-20553, A-23745, A-24370, A-24527,
      A-24602, A-28976, A-29599, A-29786,
      A-31880, A-31882, A-32351, A-33207,
      A-33883, A-33931, A-34165, A-34177,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-01537,
      B-02017, B-03128, B-06006, B-07242,
      B-07925, B-08071, B-08711, B-09784,
      B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09841, B-09842. B-09843,
      B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-27719,
      B-28501, B-29628, C-04324, C-04514,
      C-16016, C-20460, D-03170, D-08198,
      D-09591, D-10517, F-32491, G-05379,
      G-11828, H-01640, H-06967, H-30637,
      1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
      1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
      1-35034, J-01546, J-26326, J-27506,
      J-30329, J-31814, J-33642, J-34828,
      K-07491, L-07235, L-08299, L-08686,
      L-08888, L-10689, L-11074, L-11242,
      L-23562, L-29420, L-30908, L-32796,
      L-33786, L-34013, L-34688, M-30896,
      M-33904
CONTROL PROGRAMS   A-07963,
      A-09785, A-31883, A-32465, B-00975,
      B-04599, B-08071, B-28501, D-03451,
      D-30860, G-05379. H-06967. J-01546,
      J-09313, J-30329, L-08299,  L-08686.

-------
 60
 PETROLEUM REFINERIES
      L-08888, L-09289, L-09294, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-31059, L-34688, M-00336,
      M-33904, N-15096
 CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES  C-09208
 CONVECTION  B-09833
 COOLING  B-09833, B-09842
 COPPER   A-09686, B-00107, B-07925,
      D-09591, D-10517, 1-07553, N-04649
 COPPER ALLOYS  B-00107
 COPPER COMPOUNDS   A-09785, B-07925,
      B-09839, D-09591, D-28326, N-04649
 CORE OVENS   B-00107, B-09784, 1-07553
 CORROSION  B-09833, B-09841, 1-07553,
      1-20820, 1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600,
      1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33651,1-33674,
      1-35034, J-33642
 COSTS   A-08393, A-08701, A-17603,
      A-27082, A-31882, A-33883, B-03128,
      B-04599, B-06006, B-07242, B-09833,
      B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09922,
      D-03505, D-30860, G-11828, H-06967,
      J-01546, J-09313, J-20536, J-21241,
      J-26326, J-27506, J-30329, J-31814,
      J-33642, J-34370, J-34828, L-08686,
      L-09351. L-10689, L-30908, M-33904
 COTTONS  1-07553
 COUGH   M-14491
 COUNTY GOVERNMENTS   B-00107,
      B-09784, L-34013
 CRACKING  A-17603, C-09208, 1-07553,
      1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33600, 1-33602,
      1-33643
 CRANKCASE EMISSIONS  A-32351,
      A-32465, B-08711, L-08888, N-20548
 CRITERIA  D-09591, K-08038, L-08686,
      L-11352, L-24949, L-29420
 CROPS   J-09313
 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE   D-10128
 CUMULATIVE METHODS   C-09208,
      C-16016, D-10306, D-28835, D-30970
 CUPOLAS   A-09737, A-32351, B-00107,
      B-07242, B-07925, L-17927, L-23562
 CYANIDES   A-09298, G-05379
 CZECHOSLOVAKIA   B-00975,  C-02980,
      C-09208, D-03170, D-03454, N-04649
                   D
DATA ANALYSIS   E-16846, N-04649
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS   B-00975,
      E-16846, J-31814, N-04649
DECOMPOSITION   A-08524, B-09833,
      B-09839
DECREASING   A-09785, A-32351,
      B-04599, B-06006, B-09784, L-09294,
      L-11074
DENSITY  A-29599, A-30513, C-1I745,
      D-17285
DEPOSITION   D-10128, D-10517
DESIGN CRITERIA   B-07925, B-09784,
      B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
      B-09840, B-09842, B-26506, B-28874,
      J-31814
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
      A-09298, A-33207, A-33883, A-34177,
      B-03128, B-08071, B-09839. 1-33599,
      1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611, 1-33612,
      1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034,
      J-01546, J-26326, J-33642, L-07235,
      L-08299, L-08686, L-10689, L-29420,
      L-34013
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
      B-09784, D-10128
DETROIT  H-01640, L-09294
DIESEL ENGINES   A-03154, A-05005,
      A-08393, A-09686, A-20553, A-29786,
      A-32351, A-33931, B-08711, D-09591,
      N-04052
DIFFUSION   A-33883, C-22958, D-03170,
      D-10306, E-03875, E-16846, E-24492,
      E-32371, K-07491, L-23562, L-29420
DIFFUSION MODELS   D-10306, E-32371
DIGESTERS   A-32475, B-09839
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  A-17604, G-11833
DIOLEFINS  A-08524, A-32475, B-07925,
      C-11745
DISCOLORATION   A-17603, C-09208,
      1-07553, 1-20820
DISPERSION  A-17199, A-29599, A-33883,
      A-34165, B-00975. C-22958, D-03170,
      D-09591, D-10128, D-10306, D-17285,
      D-30860, E-03875, E-16846, E-24492,
      E-32371, H-01930, K-07491, L-05571,
      L-08686, L-14798, L-23562, L-29420
DISPERSIONS   B-09839
DISSOCIATION   A-08524
DISTILLATE OILS   A-08393, A-09737,
      B-09836, D-09591, H-23257, L-08686,
      L-14144, M-00336
DIURNAL   A-01838, A-24602, A-32351,
      B-04599, B-09836, D-09591, D-26563,
      D-28325, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
      E-16846, L-11352, L-31059
DOMESTIC HEATING   A-03871, A-05005,
      A-08393, A-09737, A-09785, A-17604,
      A-23881, B-09833, C-04324, D-03454,
      D-09591, D-10517, G-11828, J-01546,
      J-21241, J-30329, L-07235, L-33786,
      M-00336, N-04052, N-09310, N-15096
DONORA   N-09310
DROPLETS   A-09785, B-09833, B-09836,
      B-26506, E-24492, 1-07553
DRY CLEANING  A-09785,  A-32351,
      B-04599, B-06006, B-09784, D-03451,
      L-07235
DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS  B-06006,
      L-07235, L-09294
DRYING  A-29599, B-09836, F-32491
DUMPS  A-01838, A-09737, D-03451
DUST FALL   B-00975, D-03170, D-03451,
      D-03505, D-09591, D-21192, D-26563,
      D-27673, D-30860, D-30970, G-31311,
      H-01640, K-06861, L-07235, L-08888,
      L-27184, N-06744
DUSTS   A-01838, A-03420, A-04345,
      A-05005, A-09785, A-25213, A-33207,
      B-07242, B-07925, B-09784, B-09838,
      B-28501, C-04514, C-17468, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
      D-28325, D-28326, D-30860, D-31275,
      E-32371, G-31665, H-06967, H-22491,
      H-22585, J-01546, J-26326, K-06861.
      K-07491, L-07235, L-09294, L-09702,
      L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-34688, N-04052, N-06744,
      N-09310
DYE MANUFACTURING  C-09208
ECONOMIC LOSSES  A-17603, B-00975,
     D-03454, H-06967, J-09313, J-24309
EDUCATION  M-33904
ELECTRIC FURNACES   A-09686,
     A-32351. B-00107, B-07925, C-04324,
     E-32371
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
     A-01838, A-05005, A-07963, A-08393,
     A-09737, A-09785, A-13699, A-17199,
      A-23881, A-25213, A-27082, A-27293,
      A-30513, A-31882, A-32351, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-04599, B-07242, B-07925,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-28501, C-04324,
      C-04514, C-04889, C-17468, D-03454,
      D-09591, D-10517, D-17285, D-30860.
      D-30970, G-05379, G-11828, H-01640,
      H-06967, H-30637, J-01546, J-21241,
      J-26326, J-27506, J-30329, J-30951,
      J-31814, K-06861, K-08038, L-11242,
      L-11352, L-17927, L-23562, L-25305,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-31059, N-04052,
      N-09310
ELECTRIC PROPULSION   A-08393
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES   C-11745,
      F-23255
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE   C-11745
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
      C-16016, D-30970
ELECTROCONDUCnVITY ANALYZERS
      C-17468, D-10306, D-30860, D-30970,
      L-29420
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
      A-03420, A-05005, A-09298, A-09686,
      A-17604, A-33207, B-00107, B-07925,
      B-08071, B-09784, B-09833, B-09838,
      G-05379, H-06967, J-01546, J-21241,
      L-08888, L-10689, L-23562
EMISSION INVENTORIES   A-03154,
      A-04026, A-09737, A-25213, A-27082,
      A-29599, A-30513, B-00975, B-04599,
      B-06006, C-04324, D-03170, D-09591,
      D-10517
EMISSION STANDARDS   A-32351,
      L-09702, L-10689, L-17927, L-29420,
      L-32893, L-33786, L-34013, L-34033
EMPHYSEMA  G-19514, G-21414,
      G-26053, G-30640, J-09313, L-29420.
      N-20548
EMULSIONS  B-09839
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES   B-00975,
      B-28501, B-29628, L-09702, L-27184,
      L-31059
ENGINE EXHAUSTS  A-03420, A-05005,
      A-07623, A-09686, A-24525, A-32351,
      A-32465, B-08711, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-07830, D-10517, D-28326, D-30860,
      E-16846, G-11828, J-01546, L-08888,
      L-29420, L-30908, M-33904, N-20548
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES  D-30860
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
      A-23745
ENGINEERS  D-03404, D-30860, L-34013
ENZYMES  G-30640
EPIDEMIOLOGY   G-19514, G-21414,
      G-27920, K-06861, L-34013
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS  C-04514
ESTERS   A-32475
ETHYLENE  B-07925, C-11745, F-10759,
      J-34370
EUROPE   A-01838, A-0434S. A-08524,
      A-08701, A-12299, A-23865, A-23881,
      A-29786, A-31882, A-33883, B-00975,
      B-01537, B-03128, B-07242, B-07925,
      B-11740, B-17943, B-27719, B-28501,
      B-28874, C-02980, C-04514, C-09208,
      C-16016, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
      D-03454; D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
      D-17096, E-03875, E-32371, F-32491,
      G-11833, G-20521, H-01640, H-01930,
      H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, H-23257,
      H-23583, J-24309, J-30329, J-34370,
      L-07235, L-08888, L-09687, L-11242,
      L-14798, L-17927, L-19336, L-23562,
      L-25305, L-30908, L-33786, M-15760,
      N-04649, N-09310, N-15096
EXCESS  AIR  B-09833, K-07491

-------
                                                  SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                               61
EXHAUST SYSTEMS   A-04345, B-09784,
      B-09842, B-09843
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT  A-04785
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS   A-04785
EXPLOSIONS  A-28976, E-03875
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS  C-09208,
      G-11833, H-01930
EXPOSURE METHODS   G-11833
EYE IRRITATION  A-07623,  A-13699,
      A-17603, A-17604, A-32351, C-04514,
      C-09208, 1-20820, M-14491, N-20548
EYES   C-09208, 1-20820, N-20548
FADING   C-09208
FALLOUT  D-03505
FANS (BLOWERS)   B-09784, B-09842
FARMS   G-31664
FEASIBILITY STUDIES   B-06006, J-27506

FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS  B-07925,
      B-29628, J-09313, K-08038, L-08888,
      L-10689, L-17927, L-24949, L-27185,
      L-29420, L-30908, L-32893
FEES   D-30860
FEMALES  G-26053, G-27920, G-31311
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
      A-13699, A-29599, B-28501, H-23583,
      J-21241, J-24309, J-26326, J-31814,
      L-25305, L-32796
FERTILIZING   D-10128, L-11242
FIELD TESTS   B-00975, B-09833, B-09840,
      B-09841
FILTER FABRICS  A-05005, A-09686,
      B-00107, B-09784, B-09833, D-03170,
      D-10128, 1-07553, L-07235
FILTERS   A-04785, A-05005, A-09686,
      B-00107, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-09839, C-16016, C-21859, D-03170,
      D-10128, H-06967, 1-07553, J-01546,
      J-21241, L-07235, L-08888, L-10689,
      L-23562
FIRING METHODS    A-04345, A-34165,
      B-07925, B-09833, B-09835, K-07491,
      L-07235
FLAME AFTERBURNERS   A-32465,
      B-07925, B-08711, B-09838, B-26506
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
      C-04514, L-08888
FLARES   A-03420, B-03128, B-07925,
      B-09835, B-09836, B-09840, B-09843,
      B-11740, D-10306, E-03875
FLORIDA   D-03404
FLOW RATES   A-04345, A-08701,
      B-09833, B-09841, B-09842, B-26506,
      C-09208, F-32491, 1-33597, 1-33599
FLOWERS  A-03420, H-06967
FLUID FLOW   A-04345, A-08701, B-09833,
      B-09841, B-09842, B-26506, C-09208,
      F-32491, 1-33597, 1-33599, 1-33611,
      1-33612
FLUORANTHENES   A-05005
FLUORESCENCE   A-12299
FLUORIDES   A-09785, A-13699, A-29786,
      H-01640, 1-07553, L-25305
FLUORINE  H-06967
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      A-13699, A-23865, A-29786, B-07925,
     H-01640, H-06967, 1-07553, L-07235,
     L-23562, L-25305
FLY ASH   A-01838, A-03871, A-04345,
     A-09686, B-00107, B-02017, B-07925,
      B-09833, C-04889, D-10128, G-05379,
     J-01546, L-07235, L-09702
FOG   D-10517
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
     A-09686, A-20553, A-25213, B-09784,
     C-22958, D-03170, D-03451, D-10128,
     F-33863, G-11828, H-06%7, J-26326,
     L-08888, L-09289, L-09351, L-32796,
     L-32893, N-04052
FORESTS   D-10517
FORMALDEHYDES   D-30860
FRACTIONATION  A-24370, A-34165
FRANCE   B-03128
FROTH FLOATATION  B-09839
FRUITS   D-03404, H-06967, H-30637
FUEL ADDITIVES   A-29786, A-34177,
     J-30329, J-34828, L-30908
FUEL CELLS  A-08393
FUEL CHARGING   B-09835
FUEL EVAPORATION  A-32351, A-32465,
     B-08071, B-08711, D-03404, L-08888,
     N-20548
FUEL GASES  A-05005, A-09737, A-09785,
     A-17603, A-23745, A-24525, A-24601,
     A-25213, A-28976, A-32351, A-33931,
     B-00107, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
     B-09922, B-27719, B-28501, C-04889,
     C-09208, C-17468, D-03404, D-03451,
     D-09591, D-10517, K-07491, L-05571,
     L-07235, L-09294, L-14144, L-34688
FUEL OIL PREPARATION   A-09298,
     A-33207, A-33883, B-03128, 1-33674,
     1-35034, L-08686
FUEL OILS  A-01838, A-05005, A-07963,
     A-08393, A-09737, A-09785, A-23745,
     A-25213, A-29786, A-32351, A-33883,
     A-33931, B-00107, B-07925, B-08071,
     B-09784, B-09833, B-09836, B-11740,
     B-27719, C-04889, D-03404, D-03451,
     D-09591, D-10128, D-10517, E-24492,
     H-23257, H-30637, 1-07553, 1-33602,
     1-33611, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
     1-35034, J-33642, K-07491,  K-08038,
     L-05571, L-07235, L-08686, L-09294,
     L-10689, L-14144, L-29420, L-34688,
     M-00336, N-06744, N-20548
FUEL STANDARDS   A-34177,  L-33786
FUEL TANK EVAPORATION   B-08071,
     B-08711, L-08888, N-20548
FUELS  A-01838, A-04026, A-04345,
     A-05005, A-07623, A-07963, A-08393,
     A-09686, A-09737, A-09785, A-17603,
     A-23745, A-23865, A-24525, A-24601,
     A-25213, A-27293, A-28976, A-29786,
     A-31880, A-31882, A-32351, A-33883,
     A-33931, A-34177, B-00107, B-00975,
     B-07925, B-08071, B-09784, B-09833,
     B-09836, B-09838, B-09922, B-11740,
     B-27719, B-28501, B-29628, C-04889,
     C-09208, C-17468, D-03404, D-03451,
     D-09591, D-10128, D-10517, E-24492,
     F-33863, G-05379, H-23257, H-30637,
     1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33602, 1-33611,
     1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034,
     J-30329, J-33642, J-34370, J-34828,
     K-07491, K-08038, L-05571, L-07235,
     L-08686, L-09289, L-09294, L-09351,
     L-09702, L-10689, L-11352, L-14144,
     L-23562, L-29420, L-30908, L-33786,
     L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, M-00336,
     M-33904,. N-04052, N-04649, N-06744,
     N-20548
FUMES  A-04345, A-09785, A-17604,
     B-00107, B-01537, B-07925, B-08071,
     B-09784, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
     B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09842,
     B-09843, B-09857, D-09591, J-01546,
     L-09687, L-09702, L-17927, N-06744,
     N-09310
FUMIGATION  H-01930
FUNGI  H-23257, 1-07553
FURNACES   A-03154, A-04345, A-05005,
      A-08701, A-09686, A-09737, A-32351,
      A-34165, B-00107, B-00975, B-04599,
      B-07242, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-11740, C-04324, D-17285, E-32371,
      G-05379, H-01640, H-06967, J-01546,
      K-07491, L-07235, L-09702, L-17927,
      L-19336, L-23562
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY  A-24525,
      A-32475, C-02980, C-04514, C-11745,
      C-16016, C-20460, C-21859, D-19508,
      L-08888
GAS SAMPLING   A-04785, A-05005,
      B-09784, C-04324, C-20460, D-07830,
      L-08888
GAS TURBINES   A-33931, L-14144
GASES  A-01838, A-24527, A-24601,
      B-00975, B-09833, B-09836, B-09838,
      B-09841, B-09843, B-27719, F-32491,
      1-07553, 1-33598
GASOLINES  A-05005, A-07623, A-09737,
      A-09785, A-24601, A-25213, A-33883,
      A-33931, A-34177, B-08071, B-09836,
      B-29628, D-09591, D-10517, J-30329,
      J-34370, J-34828, L-08686,  L-09294,
      L-09702, L-30908, L-34033, L-34688,
      M-33904, N-04052
GERMANY  A-29786, B-01537,  B-07242,
      B-11740, C-02980, C-04514, H-06967,
      H-23583, L-07235, L-30908
GLASS FABRICS  A-05005, A-09686,
      B-00107, B-09784, D-03170, D-10128,
      1-07553
GLUE MANUFACTURING  C-09208
GOVERNMENTS  B-00107, B-00975,
      B-04599, B-07925, B-09784, B-29628,
      D-03404, D-27673, D-30860, J-09313,
      K-08038, L-07235, L-08888, L-09289,
      L-09294, L-09702, L-10689, L-11352,
      L-17927, L-24949, L-25305, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-32893,
      L-34013, L-34688
GRAIN PROCESSING  B-09784
GRAPHITE   B-09840
GRAVITY SETTLING  A-09686, B-09839,
      L-08888
GREAT BRITAIN  B-07925, C-16016,
      H-01640, L-0%87, L-17927, L-19336,
      L-23562, L-33786, N-09310
GROUND LEVEL   E-32371, L-23562,
      L-29420
GUINEA PIGS   1-20820


                   H

HALOGEN GASES   A-09686, A-09785,
      B-09833, B-09839, H-06967
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
      A-09785, A-32475
HAWAII  A-03420
HAZE  H-01640
HEADACHE  A-20553
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT   A-13699,
      A-20553, B-00975, B-28501, D-03454,
      G-05379, J-09313, J-24309, K-08038,
      L-07235
HEALTH STATISTICS  G-34194, L-34688
HEAT CAPACITY   1-33602, 1-33643
HEAT TRANSFER  B-09833, B-09842,
      E-03875, F-32491
HEIGHT FINDING   D-10306
HEMATOLOGY   A-30513, G-19514,
      G-30640, N-20548

-------
62
 PETROLEUM REFINERIES
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
      SAMPLERS   B-00975, C-09208
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS  N-20548

HEXANES   A-23745, A-24723
HI-VOL SAMPLERS  A-05005, D-09591,
      D-31275
HIGHWAYS   D-07830, D-19508
HISTAMINES  G-30640
HOT SOAK  L-08888
HOURLY  D-03451, D-30860, D-30970,
      L-OSS71
HUMANS   A-09785, A-13699, A-30513,
      A-31883, A-34023, B-28501, C-09208,
      G-11828, G-11833, G-20521, G-26053,
      G-27920, G-30640, G-31311, G-31664,
      G-31665, G-34194, 1-20820, K-06861,
      K-08038, L-07235, L-29420, L-34688
HUMIDITY  A-01838, C-09208,1-07553
HYDROCARBONS  A-01838, A-03420,
      A-03871, A-04785, A-05005, A-07623,
      A-08393, A-08524, A-09298, A-0%86,
      A-09737, A-09785, A-12299, A-23745,
      A-24524, A-24525, A-24526, A-24527,
      A-24601, A-24602, A-24721, A-24723,
      A-25213, A-27082, A-27293, A-29599,
      A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-32351,
      A-32465, A-32475, A-33207, A-33931,
      A-34177, B-00107, B-00975, B-02017,
      B-03128, B-04599, B-07925, B-08071,
      B-08711, B-09784, B-09833, B-09835,
      B-09836, B-09838, B-09839, B-09840,
      B-09841, B-09842, B-09843, B-09857,
      B-11740, B-17943, B-26506, B-28501,
      C-04324, C-04514, C-11745, C-16016,
      C-20460, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-07830, D-08198, D-19508,
      D-30860, E-03875, E-16846, F-10759,
      G-11828, G-11833, G-20521, G-34194,
      H-01640, J-01546, J-21241, J-24309,
      J-34370, J-34828, L-05571,  L-07235,
      L-08888, L-11074, L-11352, L-14798,
      L-32796, M-00336, N-04052, N-06744,
      N-09310, N-20548
HYDROCHLORIC ACID   A-09298,
      A-29786, L-09687
HYDRODESULFURIZATION   A-09298,
      A-33207, 1-33674, 1-35034
HYDROFLUORIC ACID   A-09298,
      A-24370, A-29786, F-10759, N-04052
HYDROGEN   B-09833, D-30860, 1-33651
HYDROGEN  SULFIDE   A-03420, A-09298,
      A-09785, A-17603, A-23865, A-25213,
      A-28976, A-29599, A-32475, A-33207,
      B-00975, B-02017, B-07925, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09922, C-09208, C-16016,
      D-03505, D-08198, D-09591, G-05379,
      G-11833, G-34194, H-06967,1-07553,
      1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33611, 1-33643,
      1-33651, 1-35034, L-07235, L-09289,
      L-10689, L-23562, L-32796, N-04052,
      N-20548
HYDROLYSIS  A-08524, B-09839
HYDROXIDES   B-09833
HYGROSCOPIOTY  B-09833
                   I
ILLINOIS   D-03451, J-09313
IMMUNOLOGY   K-06861
IMPINGERS   B-00975, C-04324
INCINERATION   A-03154, A-03420,
      A-05005, A-07963, A-09298, A-0%86,
      A-09737, A-09785, A-17604, A-23865,
      A-25213, A-27082, A-29786, A-32351,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-04599, B-06006,
      B-08071, B-09784, B-09835, B-09836,
      B-09838, B-09839, B-09843, B-09857,
      B-09922, B-11740, C-17468, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
      D-10517, K-08038, L-05571, L-07235,
      L-08888, L-09289, L-09294, L-09702,
      L-25305, L-31059, L-327%, L-34688,
      M-00336, N-04052
INDIANA  A-09737, D-03451, L-09702
INDUSTRIAL AREAS  A-17199, B-09838,
      B-28501, D-07830, D-09591, D-19508,
      D-21192, D-26563, D-27673, D-28325,
      D-28326, D-30860, D-31275, G-26053,
      G-31664, H-30637, J-21241, J-30951,
      L-07235, L-09702, L-11352, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
      M-14491
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      A-01838, A-03154, A-03420, A-03871,
      A-04026, A-04345, A-04785, A-05005,
      A-07623, A-07963, A-08393, A-08524,
      A-08701, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-09785, A-12299, A-13699, A-17199,
      A-17603, A-17604, A-20553, A-23745,
      A-23865, A-23881, A-24370, A-24524,
      A-24525, A-24526, A-24527, A-24601,
      A-24602, A-24721, A-24723, A-25197,
      A-25213, A-27070, A-27082, A-27293,
      A-28976, A-29599, A-29786, A-30513,
      A-31880, A-31882, A-31883, A-32351,
      A-32465, A-32475, A-33207, A-33883,
      A-33931, A-34023, A-34165, A-34177,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-01537,
      B-02017, B-03128, B-04599, B-06006,
      B-07242, B-07925, B-08071, B-09784,
      B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09842,
      B-09843, B-09857, B-09922, B-11740,
      B-17943, B-26506, B-27719, B-28501,
      B-28874, B-29628, C-02980, C-04324,
      C-04514, C-04889, C-09208, C-11745,
      C-16016, C-17468, C-20460, C-21859,
      C-22108, C-22958, D-03170, D-03404,
      D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-07830,
      D-08198, D-09591, D-10128, D-10306,
      D-10517, D-17096, D-17285, D-19508,
      D-21192, D-26563, D-27673, D-28325,
      D-28326, D-28835, D-30860, D-30970,
      D-31275, E-03875, E-16846, E-24492,
      E-32371, F-10759, F-32491, F-33863,
      G-05379, G-11828, G-11833, G-19512,
      G-19514, G-20521, G-21414, G-26053,
      G-27920, G-30640, G-31311, G-31664,
      G-31665, G-34194, H-01640, H-01930,
      H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, H-23257,
      H-23583, H-30637,1-07553, 1-20820,
      1-33597, 1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600,
      1-33602, 1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33643,
      1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034, J-01546,
      J-09313, J-20536, J-21241, J-24309,
      J-26326, J-27506, J-30329, J-30951,
      J-31814, J-33642, J-34370, J-34828,
      K-06861, K-07491, K-08038, L-05571,
      L-07235, L-08299, L-08686, L-08888,
      L-09289, L-09294, L-09351, L-09687,
      L-09702, L-10689, L-11074, L-11242,
      L-11352, L-14144, L-14798, L-17927,
      L-19336, L-23562, L-24949, L-25305,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-29420, L-30908,
      L-31059, L-327%, L-32893, L-33786,
      L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, M-00336,
      M-14491, M-15760, M-30896, M-33904,
      N-04052, N-04649, N-06744, N-09310,
      N-15096, N-20548
INERTIAL SEPARATION   L-08888
INFANTS  G-31665
INFECTIOUS DISEASES   G-31664,
      G-31665
INFLUENZA   G-34194, N-20548
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY  C-02980,
      C-04324, C-04514, C-04889, C-11745,
      L-08888
INORGANIC ACIDS  A-09298, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-09785, A-23865, A-24370,
      A-29786, A-32351, B-00975, B-07925,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09839, C-20460,
      D-09591, D-10517, D-21192, D-28325,
      F-10759, F-32491, G-19512, 1-07553,
      1-20820, J-09313, K-08038, L-09687,
      L-11242, L-29420, N-04052, N-20548
INSPECTION   B-09841, B-28501, H-06967,
      L-33786
INSPECTORS  B-00975, D-03404
INSTRUCTORS   B-00975
INSTRUMENTATION  B-00975, C-04324,
      C-04514, C-04889, C-11745, L-08888
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
      A-03154, A-05005, A-07623, A-08393,
      A-09686, A-20553, A-24525, A-29786,
      A-32351, A-33931, B-08711, B-09843,
      D-07830, D-09591, G-11828, N-04052,
      N-20548
INTERNATIONAL   A-31882, L-08888,
      L-09294
INVERSION  A-01838, A-09785, A-23881,
      B-00975, B-02017, D-03404, D-03505,
      D-10128, D-30860, E-03875, E-16846,
      E-32371, H-01640, 1-07553, J-01546,
      L-07235, L-08686, L-11352, N-09310
IODIDES   A-29786
IODIMETRIC METHODS    A-17603,
      C-09208, C-16016, K-08038
IODINE COMPOUNDS  A-29786
IONS  D-28325, D-28326
IRON  A-04026, A-04345,  A-05005,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-17199, A-32351,
      B-07925, B-09784, B-09833, B-09836,
      C-04514, D-09591, D-26563, D-27673,
      D-30860, G-31664, 1-07553, 1-33597,
      1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
      1-33643, 1-33674, J-09313, J-30951,
      J-33642, L-09294, L-17927, N-04649
IRON COMPOUNDS  A-09785, A-34023,
      B-07925, D-09591, D-10128, D-28326,
      N-04649
IRON OXIDES   B-07925,  B-09833, 1-07553,
      J-01546
ISOBUTANES   A-34177
ITALY   A-23865, A-23881, J-24309,
      J-30329, N-15096
JAPAN   A-17199, A-29599, A-30513,
      A-32475, C-17468, C-20460, C-21859,
      D-17285, D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
      D-27673, D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
      D-30970, D-31275, G-19512, G-19514,
      G-21414, G-26053, G-27920, G-30640,
      G-31311, G-31664, G-31665, G-34194,
      H-30637, 1-33597, 1-33598, 1-33599,
      1-33600, 1-33602, I-3361I, 1-33612,
      1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034,
      J-26326, J-30951, J-33642, K-06861,
      K-07491, L-08299, L-08888, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-32796,
      L-32893, M-14491, M-30896, N-06744
JET AIRCRAFT   A-32351, A-33931
                   K
KANSAS   D-03170

-------
KEROSENE   A-25213, D-10517
KETONES   A-08524, A-09785
KILNS   A-03154, A-29599, B-07242,
      B-07925, L-07235, L-23562
KRAFT PULPING   A-04345, A-09686,
      A-17603, A-2S2I3, A-28976, A-32475,
      B-29628, C-09208, C-21859, C-22958,
      G-05379, G-11828, J-21241, J-31814,
      L-32796, L-32893, N-09310
LABORATORY ANIMALS  G-11833,
      1-20820
LABORATORY FACILITIES   L-09289
LACHRYMATION   A-17603
LACQUERS   L-11074
LAKES  L-09294
LANDFILLS  A-09737, D-03451. D-09591
LAPSE CONDITION   E-24492
LAUNDRIES   B-09833, L-31059
LEAD  A-09686, B-OOI07, D-09591,
      D-10517, L-17927, L-23562, N-04649
LEAD COMPOUNDS   A-09785, A-29786,
      A-30513, A-34177, B-29628, D-09591,
      D-28326, D-30860, J-30329, J-34370,
      J-34828,  L-07235, L-08888, L-30908,
      L-34033, M-33904, N-04052, N-04649,
      N-20548
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE   C-16016,
      D-10306, D-28835, D-30970
LEATHER   B-09840, 1-07553
LEAVES   H-01930, H-22491, H-22585
LEGAL ASPECTS   A-27070, A-31883,
      A-32351, A-34177, B-00107, B-00975,
      B-07242, B-07925, B-09784, B-29628,
      D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-27673,
      D-30860, E-32371, H-06967, J-34370,
      L-05571, L-07235, L-08299, L-08888,
      L-09289, L-09294, L-09687, L-09702,
      L-10689, L-11074, L-17927, L-19336,
      L-23562, L-24949, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-29420, L-32796, L-32893, L-33786,
      L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, N-04052,
      N-15096
LEGISLATION  A-32351, B-00975,
      B-07242, B-07925, B-29628, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-27673, D-30860, H-06967,
      J-34370,  L-08299, L-09289, L-09687,
      L-09702, L-10689, L-17927, L-19336,
      L-23562, L-27185, L-29420, L-32796,
      L-32893, L-33786, L-34033, L-34688
LIGHT RADIATION  A-25213, B-09836,
      C-09208, D-07830, F-23255, N-09310
LIME   A-29599, L-07235
LIMESTONE   B-09833, D-10128, 1-07553
LINE SOURCES  E-32371
LIQUIDS   A-33931, B-09833, B-09836,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09842,
      B-09843, C-11745, F-32491, 1-07553,
      1-35034
LITIGATION   L-09687, L-24949, L-27185,
      L-34033
LIVER   G-11833
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS   B-00975,
      D-03404, L-27185, L-29420
LONDON   L-33786, N-09310
LOS ANGELES  A-03871, A-07623,
      A-09785, A-24524, A-24525, A-24526,
      A-24527, A-24601, A-24602, A-24721,
      A-24723, A-2S197, A-27070, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-04599, B-06006, B-08711,
      B-09784,  B-09833, B-09838, B-09841,
      B-09842, B-09843, C-04324, C-04514,
      E-16846, H-01640, L-05571, L-08888,
      L-11074, L-11352, L-34013, L-34688,
      M-33904
        SUBJECT INDEX

LOWER ATMOSPHERE   A-25213, E-24492

LUBRICANTS  B-09857
LUNG CANCER  G-34194, N-06744,
      N-20548
LUNGS  N-20548


                  M

MAGNESIUM  B-00107
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      B-09833, D-10128, H-22585, J-27506,
      L-08888
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
      A-32351
MAINTENANCE   A-24602, A-31880,
      A-33883, B-08071, B-09833, B-09840,
      B-09841, B-09842, B-09843, J-30329,
      J-33642, M-30896
MALES  G-11833, G-26053, G-27920,
      G-31311
MANGANESE  D-09591, N-04649
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
      D-09591, D-28326, N-04649
MAPPING   D-10517
MASS SPECTROMETRY   A-24525,
      D-03454
MATERIALS DETERIORATION   A-17603,
      B-00975, B-09833, B-09841, C-09208,
      1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33598,
      1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
      1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
      1-35034, J-24309, J-33642
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES  B-26506,
      C-22958, D-03I70, D-10306, G-31311,
      L-05571, N-04649
MATHEMATICAL MODELING  D-10306,
      L-05571, N-04649
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
      CONCENTRATION   A-28976,
      B-00975, B-04599, B-09833, B-09922,
      B-28501, E-32371, H-01640, N-06744
MEASUREMENT METHODS  A-04785,
      A-05005, A-20553, A-28976, A-29599,
      A-32475, B-00975, B-07925, B-09784,
      B-28501, C-04324, C-04889, C-09208,
      C-11745, C-16016, C-17468, C-22958,
      D-07830, D-09591, D-10306, D-27673,
      D-28835, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
      H-06967, K-08038, L-07235, L-08686,
      L-08888, L-29420, L-33786, L-34688,
      M-30896
MEDICAL PERSONNEL   L-07235
MEETINGS   J-30329, L-05571
MEMBRANE! FILTERS  0-10128
MEMBRANES  K-08038
MERCAPTANS   A-03420, A-09298,
      A-29599, A-32475, B-020I7, B-07925,
      B-09922, C-09208, C-16016, C-21859,
      D-09591, G-34194, L-32796, L-32893
METABOLISM   G-11833, G-20521
METAL COMPOUNDS   A-09686, A-09785,
      A-29786, A-30513, A-34023, A-34177,
      B-07925, B-09784, B-09833, B-09839,
      B-29628, D-09591, D-10128, D-28326,
      D-30860, F-10759, H-06967, H-22585,
      1-07553, 1-33600, J-27506, J-30329,
      J-33642, J-34370, J-34828, L-07235,
      L-08888, L-30908, L-34033, M-33904,
      N-04052, N-04649, N-20548
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
      A-03154, A-09737, A-17199, A-20553,
      A-27293, A-32351, A-32465, B-00975,
      B-06006, B-07242, B-07925, B-09784,
      B-28501, C-17468, D-03170, D-03451,
      H-01640, J-20536, J-21241, J-26326,
                                     63

      J-31814, L-07235. L-09294, L-09351,
      L-09702, L-11352, L-27185, L-31059
METALS   A-04026, A-04345, A-05005,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-17199, A-24370,
      A-32351, B-00107, B-07925, B-09784,
      B-09833, B-09836, B-09840, C-04514,
      D-09591, D-10517, D-26563, D-27673,
      D-30860, G-31664, 1-07553, 1-33597,
      1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,1-33611,
      1-33643, 1-33674, J-09313, J-30951,
      J-33642, L-09294, L-17927, L-23562,
      L-24949, N-04649
METEOROLOGY  A-01838, A-03420,
      A-09785, A-25197, A-27293, A-29599,
      A-30513, A-32351, B-00975, B-02017,
      B-09836, C-09208, C-11745, C-16016,
      D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-09591, D-10128, D-10306,
      D-10517, D-17285, D-21192, D-26563,
      D-30860, D-30970, E-03875, E-16846,
      E-24492, E-32371, G-11828, H-01640,
      H-06967, H-30637, 1-07553, K-07491,
      L-05571, L-07235, L-08686, L-23562,
      L-29420, L-34688, N-04052, N-06744,
      N-09310
METHANES   A-29599, D-30860
MEUSE VALLEY   N-09310
MICE  G-11833, 1-20820
MICHIGAN  H-01640, L-09294
MICROORGANISMS   A-04785,  H-23257,
      1-07553
MICROSCOPY   D-10128
MINERAL PROCESSING    A-01838,
      A-09737, A-23865, A-23881, A-25213,
      A-32351, A-32465, B-00107, B-00975,
      B-07925, C-04514, C-09208, D-03170,
      D-03451, D-03505, D-30860, D-31275,
      G-11828, J-20536, J-21241, J-24309,
      J-26326, J-30329, L-08888, L-09702,
      L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-24949
MINERAL PRODUCTS  A-09785, A-13699,
      A-24370, B-00975, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-09840, D-09591, D-10128, 1-07553
MINING   A-01838, C-09208, J-30329
MISSILES AND ROCKETS   N-20548
MISSOURI   A-01838, D-03170, E-03875
MISTS   B-07925, B-09833, B-09835,
      B-09836, B-09838, B-09840, B-09841,
      B-09842, D-09591, J-09313, L-09702,
      L-29420, N-09310
MOBILE   A-32351, A-32465, C-04514,
      L-08686
MOLYBDENUM   D-09591, 1-33602,
      1-33643
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      D-09591
MONITORING   A-05005, A-28976,
      A-29599, B-07925, B-28501, C-04889,
      C-09208, C-17468, D-10306, D-27673,
      D-30860, D-30970, H-06967, K-08038,
      L-07235, L-08686, L-08888, L-29420,
      L-33786
MONTHLY   A-23881, A-30513, D-09591,
      D-26563, D-30860, D-30970, G-26053,
      L-11352
MORBIDITY   G-260S3, G-27920, K-08038
MORTALITY  G-19514, G-27920, G-31664,
      G-31665, 1-20820, K-08038, L-34688,
      N-04052, N-06744, N-20548
MOUNTAINS   G-31664, L-09294
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
      A-05005, B-09784, M-00336

-------
64
 PETROLEUM REFINERIES
                   N
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
      (NASN)  D-034S1, D-03505, D-09591,
      N-04649, N-09310
NATURAL GAS  A-09737, A-09785,
      A-17603, A-23745, A-24525, A-25213,
      A-28976, A-32351, A-33931, B-00107,
      B-09922, B-28501, C-09208, D-03404,
      D-09591, D-10517
NAUSEA   A-20553
NERVOUS SYSTEM   A-17603
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
      A-17604
NEW JERSEY   D-03454, D-09591
NEW YORK CITY  D-03454, D-09591,
      J-09313, L-08686, N-09310
NEW YORK STATE   C-09208, D-03454,
      D-09591, J-09313, L-08686, N-09310
NICKEL   D-09591, N-04649
NICKEL COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
      A-34023, B-09833, D-09591, N-04649
NITRATES   D-28326, N-04649
NITRIC ACID  A-09686, A-23865, B-07925,
      F-32491, L-11242
NITRIC OXIDE (NO)  A-09785, A-29786,
      A-30513, B-00107, B-00975, B-09833,
      D-30860, E-16846, H-06967
NITROGEN  A-01838, A-29599, C-09208,
      F-23255
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)   A-03420,
      A-0%86, A-09785, A-23745, A-23865,
      A-24525, A-29786, A-30513, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-09833, B-28501, D-30860,
      E-16846, H-01640, H-06967, L-05571,
      M-00336
NITROGEN OXIDES  A-03154, A-03420,
      A-03871, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-09785, A-23745, A-23865, A-24525,
      A-24526, A-25213, A-27082, A-27293,
      A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-31882,
      A-32351, A-32465, A-33207, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-02017, B-04599, B-07925,
      B-08711, B-09784, B-09833, B-09835,
      B-09838. B-09843, B-28501, C-04324,
      C-04514, C-16016, D-03404, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-07830, D-30860, E-16846,
      F-32491, G-05379, G-11828, H-01640,
      H-06967, J-01546, J-24309, L-05571,
      L-08888, L-11352, M-00336, N-04052,
      N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
      A-01838, A-03154, A-03420, A-03871,
      A-04785, A-05005, A-07623, A-08393,
      A-0%86, A-09737, A-09785, A-17603,
      A-17604, A-20553, A-23881, A-24524,
      A-29599, A-31883, A-33883, B-00975,
      B-04599, B-09784, B-09833, B-09839,
      B-09842, B-09922, B-27719, C-04324,
      C-09208, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
      D-10517, E-16846, E-24492, G-11828,
      H-06967, 1-07553, J-01546, J-20536,
      J-21241, J-30329, J-30951, K-08038,
      L-05571, L-07235, L-09289, L-09294,
      L-09702, L-11242, L-11352, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-32796, L-33786,
      L-34033, L-34688, M-00336, N-04052,
      N-09310, N-15096, N-20548
NON-URBAN AREAS   D-10517, G-31664,
      L-34688, M-15760
NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES  F-33863
NYLON   1-07553
                                                              o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH   A-31883,
      A-34023, G-11833
OCEANS   D-10517
ODOR COUNTERACTION  A-04785,
      A-09298, A-17603, A-20553, A-24527,
      A-29599, A-31882, A-33883, B-01537,
      B-02017, B-09836, B-27719, L-32796,
      M-30896
ODORIMETRY   A-04785, A-20553,
      A-32475, C-22958, M-30896
ODORS   A-04785, A-09785, A-17603,
      A-20553, A-24527, A-29599, A-30513,
      A-31880, A-31882, A-32465, A-32475,
      B-00975, B-01537, B-02017, B-08071,
      B-09784, B-09835, B-09836, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
      B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-27719,
      B-29628, C-04514, C-09208, C-20460,
      C-21859, C-22958, D-03404, D-03451,
      D-03505, D-09591, G-05379, G-11828,
      G-27920, K-08038, L-07235, L-09289,
      L-09294, L-09702, L-14798, L-19336,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-32796, L-32893,
      L-34033, M-14491, M-15760, M-30896,
      N-04052, N-09310
OIL BURNERS  A-34165, B-09833,
      B-11740
OIL RESOURCES   A-08393, A-09737,
      H-30637
OLEFINS   A-03420, A-08524, A-09298,
      A-09785, A-29599, A-32475, A-34177,
      B-07925, B-08711, C-11745, D-03505,
      F-10759, G-11833, H-01640, J-34370,
      L-11074
OPEN BURNING   A-05005, A-09686,
      A-09737, B-09784, D-03170, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-09591, D-10517, E-24492,
      L-09289, L-09702, M-00336
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES   A-04345,
      A-0%86, A-09737, A-32351, B-00107,
      B-04599, E-32371, J-01546
OPERATING VARIABLES  A-34023,
      B-09833, B-09835, 1-33597, 1-33598,
      1-33599, J-31814
OPINION SURVEYS  M-14491, M-30896
ORCHARDS   H-30637
ORGANIC ACIDS   A-09298, A-0%86,
      A-09785, A-23745, A-29599, A-31880,
      A-32475, B-00975
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
      A-29599, B-09836, L-32796
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
      B-00975
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
      A-03420, A-04785, A-09298, A-29599,
      A-32475, B-00975, B-02017, B-07925,
      B-09922, C-09208, C-16016, C-21859,
      D-09591, G-34194, L-32796, L-32893
ORSAT ANALYSIS   C-04324
OXIDANT PRECURSORS  B-00975
OXIDANTS   A-09785, A-30513, A-32351,
      B-00975, C-04514, C-16016, D-03505,
      D-07830, D-170%, H-01640, L-08888,
      N-20548
OXIDATION   A-07623, A-08524, B-09833,
      B-09836, B-09839, 1-33600, K-08038,
      L-32796
OXIDES   A-03154, A-03420, A-03871,
      A-04026, A-07963, A-08701, A-09298,
      A-09686, A-09737, A-09785, A-17199,
     A-23745, A-23865, A-23881, A-24370,
      A-24525, A-24526, A-25213, A-27082,
      A-27293, A-28976, A-29786, A-30513,
      A-31880, A-31882, A-32351, A-32465,
      A-32475, A-33207, A-33883, A-34023,
      A-34165, B-00107, B-00975, B-01134,
      B-02017, B-03128, B-04599, B-07925,
      B-08071, B-08711, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-09835, B-09838, B-09843, B-11740,
      B-27719, B-28501, C-04324, C-04514,
      C-04889, C-09208, C-16016, C-17468,
      C-22108, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-07830, D-08198, D-09S91,
      D-10128, D-10306, D-17285, D-21192,
      D-26563, D-28325, D-28835, D-30860,
      D-30970, D-31275, E-16846, E-32371,
      F-32491, G-05379, G-11828, G-19512,
      G-19514, G-21414, G-31311, G-31665,
      G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06967,
      H-22585, H-23257, H-23583, H-30637,
      1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33598, 1-33674,
      J-01546, J-09313, J-21241, J-24309,
      J-27506, K-06861, K-07491, K-08038,
      L-05571, L-07235, L-08686, L-08888,
      L-09294, L-11352, L-14798, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
      N-04052, N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
OXYGEN  A-01838, B-09833, C-04324,
      C-09208, C-11745, 1-07553
OXYGEN LANCING   A-0%86
OZONE  A-07623, A-09785, A-32351,
      B-00975, C-04514, C-16016, D-03454,
      D-07830, D-17096, E-16846, H-01640,
      1-07553, L-05571. L-32796,  N-20548
PACKED TOWERS   B-09833, B-09838,
      J-21241
PAINT MANUFACTURING  A-09686,
      A-32351, B-07242, C-09208
PAINT REMOVERS  B-06006
PAINTS   B-06006, B-09833, C-09208,
      D-03454, D-10128, 1-07553, J-24309,
      L-11074
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY   1-07553
PAPER MANUFACTURING  A-04345,
      A-09686, A-17603, A-20553, A-27293,
      C-09208, D-03451, D-27673, F-33863,
      G-11828, J-01546, J-26326, J-30951,
      L-09351, M-15760
PARIS  B-03128
PARTICLE SHAPE   D-10128
PARTICLE SIZE   A-25197, B-09833,
      D-09591, D-10128, D-10517, G-05379,
      H-01640
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS   A-25197,
      B-09833, D-09591, D-10128, D-10517,
      G-05379, H-01640
PARTICULATE SAMPLING  D-09591,
      L-08888
PARTICULATES   A-01838, A-03420,
      A-03871, A-04345, A-05005, A-07623,
      A-08701, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
      A-09785, A-17604, A-23745, A-23865,
      A-24526, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
      A-27082, A-27293, A-29786, A-31880,
      A-31882, A-32351, A-32465, A-33207,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-01537, B-02017,
      B-04599, B-07242, B-07925, B-08071,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09836,
      B-09838, B-09839, B-09840, B-09841,
      B-09842, B-09843, B-09857, B-26506,
      B-28501, C-04514, C-04889, C-16016,
      C-17468, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
      D-10517, D-28325, D-28326, D-30860,
      D-30970, D-31275, E-03875, E-16846,

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                65
      E-24492, E-32371, G-05379, G-11828,
      G-31665, G-34194, H-01640, H-06967,
      H-22491, H-22585, H-30637, 1-07553,
      IV20820, 1-35034, J-01546, J-09313,
      J-21241, J-24309, J-26326, K-06861.
      K-0^491, L-07235, L-08888, L-09289,
      L-09294, L-09687, L-09702, L-11352,
      L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, L-34013,
      L-34688, M-15760, M-33904, N-04052,
      N-04649, N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
      B-09839, L-08686
PENNSYLVANIA   C-09208, L-31059,
      N-09310
PENTANES  F-10759
PERMITS  B-09784, L-09702
PEROXIDES   D-10306, D-30860
PERSONNEL   B-00975, D-03404, D-30860,
      G-31311, L-07235, L-08888, L-09289,
      L-34013, M-33904
PESTICIDES   B-09784
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
      L-23562
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION  A-08393,
      A-32351, A-33883, B-03128, B-09784,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09843,
      L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, M-33904
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION   A-04785,
      A-07623, A-08524, A-09737, A-17199,
      A-29599, A-30513, A-32351, B-00107,
      B-03128, B-04599, B-07925, B-09836,
      B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09843,
      B-09922, C-02980, C-17468, J-34828,
      L-08299, L-29420, L-33786, L-34013,
      L-34033, L-34688, M-00336, M-33904,
      N-04649, N-06744
PETROLEUM REFINING   A-01838,
      A-03154, A-03420, A-03871, A-04026,
      A-04345, A-04785, A-05005, A-07623,
      A-07963, A-08393, A-08524, A-08701,
      A-09298, A-09686, A-09737, A-09785,
      A-12299, A-13699, A-17199, A-17603,
      A-17604, A-20553, A-23745, A-23865,
      A-23881. A-24370, A-24524, A-24525,
      A-24526, A-24527, A-24601, A-24602,
      A-24721, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
      A-27070, A-27082, A-27293, A-28976,
      A-29599, A-29786, A-30513, A-31880,
      A-31882, A-31883, A-32351, A-32465,
      A-32475, A-33207, A-33883, A-33931,
      A-34023, A-34165, A-34177, B-00107,
      B-00975, B-01134, B-01537, B-02017,
      B-03128, B-04599, B-06006, B-07242,
      B-07925, B-08071, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
      B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-17943,
      B-26506, B-27719, B-2850I, B-28874,
      B-29628, C-02980, C-04324, C-04514,
      C-04889, C-09208, C-11745, C-16016,
      C-17468, C-20460, C-21859, C-22108,
      C-22958, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
      D-03454, D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
      D-09591, D-10128, D-10306, D-10517,
      D-17096, D-17285, D-19508, D-21192,
      D-26563, D-27673, D-28325, D-28326,
      D-28835, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
      E-03875, E-16846, E-24492, E-32371,
      F-10759,  F-32491, F-33863, G-05379,
      G-11828, G-11833, G-19512, G-19514,
      G-20521, G-21414, G-26053, G-27920,
      G-30640, G-31311, G-31664, G-31665,
      G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06967,
      H-22491, H-22585, H-23257, H-23583,
      H-30637, 1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597,
      1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,
      1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651,
      1-33674, 1-35034, J-01546, J-09313,
      J-20536, J-21241, J-24309, J-26326,
      J-30329, J-30951, J-318I4, J-33642,
      J-34370, J-34828, K-06861, K-07491,
      K-08038, L-05571, L-07235, L-08299,
      L-08686, L-08888, L-09289, L-09294,
      L-09351, L-09687, L-09702, L-10689,
      L-11074, L-11242, L-11352, L-14144,
      L-14798, L-17927, L-19336, L-23562,
      L-24949, L-25305, L-27184, L-27185,
      L-29420, L-30908, L-31059, L-32796,
      L-32893, L-33786, L-34013, L-34033,
      L-34688, M-00336, M-14491, M-15760,
      M-30896, M-33904, N-04052, N-04649,
      N-06744, N-09310, N-15096, N-20548
PH   C-11745, D-17285, H-23257, H-23583,
      K-06861
PHENOLS  A-08524, A-09298
PHENYL COMPOUNDS   A-08524, B-09839

PHENYLS  A-08524
PHILADELPHIA   L-31059
PHOSPHATES   A-29599, L-11242
PHOSPHORIC ACID   A-09686, B-09784
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS   A-29599,
      D-28326, L-11242
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
      A-09785, A-25197, A-25213, A-29786,
      A-30513, A-32351, B-04599, B-08711,
      D-03454, D-17096, L-05571, L-11074,
      L-34013, M-33904, N-09310
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS   D-03454
PHOTOOXIDATION   A-29786, B-08711,
      D-17096, L-05571
PHYSICAL STATES   A-01838, A-24527,
      A-24601, A-24602, A-33931, B-00975,
      B-09833, B-09836, B-09838, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
      B-26506, B-27719, C-11745, C-16016,
      F-32491, F-33863, 1-07553, 1-33598,
      1-35034, L-09702
PLANNING AND ZONING  A-31883,
      D-27673, E-32371, L-05571, L-07235,
      L-08888, L-34688
PLANS AND PROGRAMS   A-04020,
      A-07963, A-09737, A-09785, A-25197,
      A-31883, A-32351, A-32465, B-00975,
      B-04599, B-08071, B-28501, C-04324,
      D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-09591, D-30860, D-31275,
      G-05379, G-19514, H-06967, J-01546,
      J-09313, J-30329, K-08038, L-07235,
      L-08299, L-08686, L-08888, L-09289,
      L-09294, L-24949, L-25305, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-31059,
      L-33786, L-34688, M-00336, M-33904,
      N-04052, N-04649, N-09310, N-15096
PLANT DAMAGE   A-03420, A-07623,
      A-13699, A-27293, B-00975, C-09208,
      H-01930, H-06967, H-22491, H-22585,
      H-23257, H-23583, H-30637, 1-20820,
      J-09313, J-24309, K-08038
PLANT GROWTH   H-22491, H-23257,
      H-23583, H-30637
PLANT INDICATORS  A-17604
PLANTS (BOTANY)   A-03420, A-07623,
      A-09785, B-00975, D-03404, D-10517,
      H-01930, H-06967, H-22491, H-22585,
      H-23257, H-30637, J-09313, J-24309,
      K-08038, L-08888
PLASTICS   B-01537, B-09836, B-09840,
      B-28874, F-33863
PLATING   A-09785, B-09784, L-27185
PLUME BEHAVIOR  A-34165, B-00975,
      C-22958, D-10128, D-10306, E-03875,
      E-24492, E-32371, H-01930, K-07491,
      L-08686
PNEUMONIA  A-17604,  G-31664, G-31665,
      K-08038, N-20548
POINT SOURCES   D-09591, D-17285,
      E-16846, E-32371, L-05571
POLLENS   D-03505
POLLUTION PRECURSORS   B-00975
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS   A-05005,
      A-09298, A-12299, A-29599, A-29786,
      B-28501, H-01640, N-04052
PORTABLE  C-04324, C-04889, D-30860
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS   1-33600
POWER SOURCES   A-03154,  A-05005,
      A-07623, A-08393, A-09686, A-20553,
      A-24525, A-29786, A-32351, A-33931,
      B-08711, B-09843, D-07830, D-09591,
      D-10517, F-33863, G-11828, L-14144,
      N-04052, N-20548
PRECIPITATION   A-01838, A-30513,
      D-03451, D-09591, D-10517, D-17285,
      D-21192, H-30637
PRESSURE  B-09833, B-09836, C-11745,
      E-03875, 1-33597, 1-33598,1-33651,
      1-33674
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC)   B-09836
PRIMARY  METALLURGICAL
      PROCESSING   A-04345, A-05005,
      A-07963, A-0%86, A-09737, A-09785,
      A-13699, A-17199, A-20553, A-23881,
      A-24370, A-25213, A-27293, A-29786,
      A-30513. A-32351, B-00107, B-00975,
      B-04599, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
      B-28501, C-04514, D-03451, D-09591,
      D-10517, D-26563, D-27673, D-30860,
      E-32371, G-05379, G-31664, H-06967,
      H-22585, 1-07553, 1-20820, J-09313,
      J-20536, J-30951, J-31814, K-08038,
      L-07235, L-08888, L-09294, L-09351,
      L-11242, L-11352, L-17927, L-19336,
      L-23562, L-24949, L-27185, L-33786,
      M-14491, N-09310, N-20548
PRINTING   B-06006, C-22958, D-03451,
      L-11074
PROCESS MODIFICATION  A-04345,
      A-33883, A-34165, B-07925, B-08071,
      B-09833, B-09835, K-07491, L-07235,
      L-10689
PROFANES  F-10759
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT   A-32351
PROPENES  A-32475, F-10759
PROPOSALS  C-04514, D-03451, L-11352
PROTEINS   G-30640
PUBLIC AFFAIRS    B-00975,  D-30860,
      G-27920, L-07235, L-09289, L-09687,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-32796, M-00336,
      M-14491, M-15760, M-30896
PUBLIC INFORMATION   L-07235
PULMONARY FUNCTION   G-27920,
      G-30640, G-31311, 1-20820, N-20548
PULMONARY RESISTANCE   1-20820
PULVERIZED FUELS  D-10128
PYRENES   A-05005, A-12299, A-29786,
      B-28501, N-04052
QUARTZ   D-10128
QUENCHING   F-23255
QUESTIONNAIRES  H-06967
                   R
RABBITS   1-20820

-------
66
 PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION   C-11745,
      D-0350S, L-09702
RAIN   A-30513, D-10517, D-17285,
      D-21192, H-30637
REACTION KINETICS   A-25197, B-09833
REACTION MECHANISMS   A-25197,
      A-34023, B-09833, F-10759
RECORDING METHODS   D-03454
REDUCTION   A-08524
REFRACTORIES   B-09833
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS   B-29628,
      D-27673, L-09294, L-11352, L-27185
REGULATIONS  A-27070, A-34177,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-09784, D-03451,
      D-30860, L-07235, L-08299, L-09289,
      L-09294, L-09687, L-09702, L-11074,
      L-27184, L-29420, L-34013, L-34033,
      N-04052, N-150%
REINLUFT PROCESS (ADSORPTION)
      B-03128, B-09833, G-05379, L-08686
RENDERING   A-09785, A-20553, A-29599,
      A-32351, B-09784, D-03404
RESEARCH INSTITUTES  L-08686
RESEARCH PROGRAMS   B-08071,
      D-03451, D-30860, J-09313,  L-08686,
      L-08888, L-09294, L-34688
RESIDENTIAL AREAS   A-08393, B-28501,
      D-09591, D-19508, D-30860, G-31311,
      L-07235, L-09702, L-11352, L-33786,
      M-00336
RESIDUAL OILS   A-09737, A-29786,
      B-09833, B-09836, D-03451, D-09591,
      D-10517, 1-33602, 1-33611, 1-33643,
      1-33674,1-35034, J-33642, K-08038,
      L-08686, L-29420
RESPIRATORY DISEASES  A-17603,
      A-17604, A-30513, A-34023, D-03454,
      D-21192, G-19512, G-19514, G-21414,
      G-26053, G-27920, G-30640, G-31664,
      G-31665, G-34194, J-09313,  K-06861,
      K-08038, L-29420, M-14491, N-04052,
      N-06744, N-20548
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS  D-10128,
      D-10517, G-27920, G-30640, G-31311,
      1-20820, N-20548
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM   A-17604,
      G-34194, 1-20820, N-20548
RINGELMANN CHART   B-00975,
      B-09784, B-09833, D-03451, L-09294
RUBBER   B-09784, B-09840, C-09208,
      D-10128, 1-07553
RUBBER MANUFACTURING    D-10128,
      F-33863, J-21241, L-09351
SAFETY EQUIPMENT   B-09835, E-03875
SAMPLERS   A-05005, B-00975, C-04324,
      C-09208, C-20460, D-03170, D-09591,
      D-10128, D-31275
SAMPLING METHODS   A-04785, A-05005,
      A-07623, A-23745, A-24723, B-00975,
      B-09784, C-04324, C-09208, C-20460,
      D-03170, D-07830, D-09591, D-10128,
      D-31275, L-08888
SAN FRANCISCO   A-03154, N-20548
SANITARIANS  L-34013, M-33904
SCRUBBERS  A-05005, A-09298, A-09686,
      A-17603, A-17604, A-29599, A-33207,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-07925, B-08071,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09838,
      B-09922, H-06967, J-01546, J-21241,
      J-27506, L-08888, L-10689, L-23562
SEA BREEZE   D-03404, D-26563, D-30970
SEA SALTS   1-35034
SEALING COMPOUNDS   B-09840,
      D-10128
SEALS   B-09836, B-09840, B-09841
SEASONAL   A-23881, A-32351, D-03404,
     D-09591, D-26563, D-30860, D-30970,
     E-16846, G-20521, H-22585, L-11352,
     L-29420, M-00336
SECONDARY AIR   B-09833
SEDIMENTATION   A-09686, B-09784,
     B-09839, L-08888
SETTLING CHAMBERS   B-09835
SETTLING PARTICLES   A-01838,
     A-03420, A-04345, A-05005, A-09785,
     A-25213, A-29786, A-33207, B-00107,
     B-00975, B-07242, B-07925, B-09784,
     B-09833, B-09835, B-09838, B-28501,
     C-04514, C-17468, D-03451, D-03454,
     D-03505, D-09591, D-10128, D-10517,
     D-28325, D-28326, D-30860, D-30970,
     D-31275, E-32371, G-31665, G-34194,
     H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, 1-35034,
     J-01546, J-26326, K-06861, K-07491,
     L-07235, L-08888, L-09294, L-09702,
     L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-27184,
     L-27185, L-33786, L-34688, N-04052,
     N-06744, N-09310
SEWAGE   A-04785, A-17603, A-20553,
     A-24524, A-29599, B-09839, B-09922,
     C-09208, D-10517, 1-07553, L-32796,
     N-20548
SEWAGE TREATMENT   A-04785,
     A-29599, B-09839, C-09208, D-10517,
     1-07553, L-32796
SEWERS  A-24524, C-09208
SHIPS   A-09785, A-32351, A-33931,
     D-03451, D-09591, H-01640, L-09294
SILICATES   A-09785, B-09784, D-10128
SILICON COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
     B-09784, D-10128
SILVER COMPOUNDS  A-09785
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
     A-05005
SINTERING    A-09737
SLAUGHTERHOUSES   H-06967, L-32893
SLUDGE  A-04785
SMOG   A-07623, A-09785, A-29786,
     A-32351, B-00107, B-00975, D-30860,
     G-11828, H-01640, H-30637, 1-07553,
     1-20820, J-09313, L-33786, L-34013,
     L-34688, M-33904, N-09310
SMOKE SHADE  B-00975,  B-09784,
     B-09833, D-03451, D-30860, L-09294,
     L-33786
SMOKEMETERS   C-11745
SMOKES  A-05005, A-08701, A-09785,
     A-24526, A-33207, B-00107, B-00975,
     B-04599, B-07242, B-07925, B-08071,
     B-09833, B-09835, B-26506, C-16016,
     D-03170, D-03404, D-03454, D-09591,
     D-30860, D-30970, E-24492, H-01640,
     H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, J-01546,
     L-07235, L-09289, L-09294, L-09702,
     L-19336, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
     L-33786, N-20548
SNOW   D-10517
SOAP MANUFACTURING   B-09784,
     D-10128
SOCIAL ATTITUDES   J-01546, L-33786,
     M-14491
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS  A-20553,
     A-31883, J-30329, J-34370, M-33904
SODIUM CARBONATE   J-33642
SODIUM COMPOUNDS   B-09833,
     B-09839, J-33642
SODIUM HYDROXIDE   B-09839
SODIUM SULFJTE   B-09833
SOILING  1-07553, 1-20820
SOILING INDEX  B-00975, D-03170,
     D-09591
SOILS  A-33883, D-10517, G-31664,
      H-23583
SOLAR RADIATION   A-25213, B-09836,
      C-09208, D-07830, N-09310
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL   A-01838,
      A-05005, A-09737, A-09785, A-17604,
      B-00975, B-04599, B-09784, D-03170,
      D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-09591,
      D-10517, G-11828, H-06967, J-01546,
      J-21241, L-09294, L-11352, L-34688,
      M-00336, N-04052, N-09310
SOLIDS   B-09833, B-09838, C-16016,
      1-07553
SOLVENTS   A-09785, A-25197, A-32351,
      B-00107, B-06006, B-09784, B-09857,
      F-32491, L-07235, L-09294, L-11074,
      L-34013, N-04052
SOOT   A-04345, A-29786, B-09833,
      B-09835, B-28501, D-10128, D-30970,
      H-06967, H-22491, L-07235, L-09702,
      L-17927, L-27185, L-33786, N-04052,
      N-06744
SOOT FALL   B-09833, D-03454, D-26563,
      D-27673, N-06744
SOURCE SAMPLING  A-23745, B-00975,
      C-04324
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
      PRODUCTS)  A-09298, B-01134,
      B-03128, B-09833, B-09839, B-29628,
      G-05379, J-01546, J-26326, J-27506,
      L-07235, L-08686, L-10689, L-23562,
      L-29420
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES  A-05005,
      A-07623, A-08393, A-09686, B-08711,
      D-07830, D-09591
SPECTROMETRY  A-05005, A-12299,
      A-24525, C-02980, C-04324, C-04514,
      C-04889, C-09208, C-11745, D-03454,
      D-30860, F-23255, L-08888
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY   A-24525,
  .    A-24723, A-34023, C-09208, F-23255
SPOT TESTS  A-17603, L-33786
SPRAY TOWERS   A-05005
SPRAYS   D-10517
ST LOUIS   A-01838, E-03875
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC)  A-01838,
      A-09785, A-23881, B-00975, B-02017,
      D-03170, D-03404, D-03505, D-09591,
      D-10128, D-30860, E-03875, E-16846,
      E-24492, E-32371, H-01640, H-30637,
      1-07553, J-01546, L-07235, L-08686,
      L-11352, L-23562, N-09310
STACK GASES   A-03420, A-08701,
      A-09298, A-09686, A-23745, A-32465,
      A-33883, A-34165, B-01134, B-07925,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09838, B-11740,
      B-26506, B-29628, C-02980, C-04324,
      C-04889, C-22108, C-22958, D-10306,
      D-30860, E-32371, H-22491, J-01546,
      J-26326, J-27506, K-07491, L-07235,
      L-08686, L-09294, L-14798, L-17927,
      L-27184, L-29420
STACK SAMPLING  A-23745, B-00975,
      C-04324
STACKS  A-08701, A-09298, A-23745,
      A-29599, A-31882, B-07925, B-09833,
      B-09838, B-11740, B-26506, B-28874.
      C-02980, C-04324, C-22958, D-10306,
      J-01546, J-26326, K-07491, L-07235,
      L-09702, L-17927, L-19336, L-29420,
      L-33786
STAGNATION   D-03404, D-09591
STANDARDS   A-28976, A-32351, A-34177,
      B-00975, B-04599, B-09833, B-09922,
      B-28501, C-04514, D-09591, E-32371,
      H-01640, L-09702, L-10689, L-11352,

-------
                                                   SUBJECT INDEX
                                                                                                                            67
      L-17927, L-29420, L-32893, L-33786,
      L-34013. L-34033, N-06744
STATE GOVERNMENTS   B-00975,
      B-04599, D-03404, D-30860. L-09289,
      L-09294, L-10689, L-34013. L-34688
STATISTICAL ANALYSES   A-23865,
      C-09208, C-16016, E-16846. G-26053,
      G-31664. G-31665,  K-08038
STEAM   B-09833, F-33863
STEAM PLANTS  A-07%3, A-08393,
      A-09737, A-09785,  A-23881. A-25213,
      A-32351, B-07242,  B-07925, B-09784,
      B-09833, B-28501, D-09591. D-17285.
      H-06967, H-30637, J-21241, J-31814
STEEL   A-04026, A-04345, A-05005,
      A-0%86, A-09737,  A-17199, A-32351,
      B-0792S, B-09836, C-04514, D-26563,
      D-27673, D-30860, G-31664, 1-07553,
      1-33597, 1-33599. 1-33600, 1-33602.
      1-33611, 1-33643, 1-33674. J-09313,
      J-30951, J-33642, L-09294, L-17927
STONE   A-09686, 1-07553
STREETS   A-07623, D-07830
STUDENTS  G-31311
STYRENES  A-08524
SULFATES  A-09785, B-09833, B-09839,
      D-09591, D-28325,  D-28326. 1-20820,
      K-08038, L-09687,  N-04649
SULFIDES   A-03420, A-09298, A-09785,
      A-17603, A-23865,  A-25213, A-28976,
      A-29599, A-32475,  A-33207, B-00975,
      B-02017, B-07925, B-09839, B-09840,
      B-09922, C-09208. C-16016. C-21859,
      D-03505, D-08198,  D-09591, G-05379,
      G-11833, G-34194,  H-06%7, 1-07553,
      1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33611, 1-33643,
      1-33651, 1-35034, L-07235, L-09289,
      L-10689, L-23562, L-32796, N-04052,
      N-20548
SULFITES   B-09833
SULFUR COMPOUNDS    A-01838,
      A-03420, A-04785,  A-09298, A-09785,
      A-17603, A-23865,  A-25213, A-28976,
      A-29599, A-32351,  A-32475, A-33207,
      A-33883, A-34165,  B-00975, B-02017,
      B-07925, B-09833, B-09836, B-09839,
      B-09840, B-09922, B-11740, B-27719,
      C-09208, C-16016, C-21859, D-03451,
      D-03505, D-08198,  D-09591, D-28325,
      D-28326, G-05379,  G-11833, G-34194,
      H-06967, 1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597,
      1-33611, 1-33643, 1-33651,1-35034,
      J-33642, K-08038, L-07235, L-08299,
      L-08686, L-09289, L-09687, L-10689,
      L-11242, L-23562, L-32796, N-04052,
      N-04649, N-20548
SULFUR DIOXIDE  A-03420. A-03871,
      A-04026. A-07963,  A-08701, A-09298,
      A-0%86, A-09785,  A-17199, A-23745,
      A-23865, A-23881,  A-24370, A-25213.
      A-29786, A-30513,  A-31882, A-32351,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-02017,
      B-03128, B-07925, B-08071, B-09833,
      B-09835, B-09838, B-11740, B-27719,
      B-28501, C-04514, C-04889, C-16016.
      C-17468, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
      D-03505, D-08198, D-10306, D-17285,
      D-21192, D-26563,  D-28835, D-30860,
      D-30970, D-31275, E-16846, E-32371,
      G-05379, G-19512, G-19514, G-21414,
      G-31311. G-31665, G-34194, H-01640,
      H-01930, H-06%7,  H-22585, H-23257,
      H-23583, H-30637,  1-07553, 1-20820,
      1-33598, J-01546, J-09313. K-0686I,
      K-08038, L-07235, L-09294, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
      N-04052, N-06744,  N-20548
SULFUR OXIDES   A-03420, A-03871,
      A-04026, A-07963, A-08701, A-09298,
      A-0%86, A-097}7, A-09785, A-17199,
      A-23745, A-23865, A-23881, A-24370,
      A-24526. A-25213, A-27082, A-27293,
      A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-31882,
      A-32351, A-32465, A-33883, A-34165,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-02017,
      B-03128, B-04599, B-07925, B-08071,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09838,
      B-11740. B-27719, B-28501, C-04514,
      C-04889, C-16016, C-17468, C-22108,
      D-03404, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
      D-08198, D-09591, D-10306, D-17285,
      D-21192, D-26563, D-28325, D-28835,
      D-30860, D-30970, D-31275, E-16846,
      E-32371, G-05379, G-11828, G-19512,
      G-19514, G-21414, G-31311, G-31665,
      G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06%7,
      H-22585, H-23257, H-23583, H-30637,
      1-07553, 1-20820,  I-33S98, J-01546,
      J-09313, J-21241,  J-24309, K-06861,
      K-07491, K-08038, L-07235, L-08686,
      L-09294, L-11352, L-14798, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
      N-04052, N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL   A-09298,
      A-33207, A-33883, A-34177, B-00107,
      B-01134, B-03128, B-08071, B-09833,
      B-09839, B-11740, B-29628, G-05379,
      H-01640, 1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,
      1-33611, 1-33612,  1-33643, 1-33651,
      1-33674, 1-35034.  J-01546, J-26326,
      J-27506, J-33642,  L-07235, L-08299,
      L-08686, L-10689, L-23562, L-29420,
      L-34013
SULFUR TRIOXIDE   A-09298, A-09686,
      A-09785, A-23745, A-29786, A-34165,
      B-00107, B-01134, B-09833, D-17285,
      D-21192, G-34194, H-06967, 1-07553,
      1-20820, K-08038, N-20548
SULFURIC ACID   A-0%86, A-09737,
      A-23865. A-24370, A-29786, A-32351,
      B-07925, B-09784, B-09833, B-09839,
      C-20460, D-09591. D-10517, D-21192,
      D-28325, F-10759, G-19512, 1-07553,
      1-20820, J-09313,  K-08038, L-11242,
      L-29420, N-20548
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
      A-0%86, A-09785, B-06006, B-09784,
      C-04324, H-01640, L-07235, L-09294,
      L-11074
SURFACE COATINGS   A-0%86, A-32351,
      B-06006, B-09833, C-09208, D-03454,
      D-10128, 1-07553, J-24309, L-11074
SURFACE PROPERTIES  1-33597, 1-33600,
      1-33602, 1-33643
SURVEY METHODS   M-00336
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES   A-01838,
      A-03871, A-04345, A-05005, A-07623,
      A-08701, A-0%86, A-09785, A-17604,
      A-24526, A-29786. A-32351. A-33207,
      B-00107, B-00975, B-01537, B-02017,
      B-04599, B-07242, B-07925, B-08071,
      B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09836,
      B-09838, B-09839, B-09840, B-09841,
      B-09842, B-09843, B-09857, B-26506,
      C-04889, C-16016, D-03170, D-03404,
      D-03454, D-03505. D-09591, D-10128,
      D-28325, D-28326, D-30860, D-30970,
      E-24492, G-05379. G-11828, H-01640,
      H-06%7, H-22491. H-22585. H-30637,
      1-07553, 1-20820. J-01546. J-09313.
      L-07235. L-08888, L-09289. L-09294.
      L-0%87. L-09702, L-17927, L-19336,
      L-27184, L-27185, L-29420, L-33786,
      L-34013, L-34688, M-33904, N-04052,
      N-04649, N-06744. N-09310, N-20548
SWEDEN   A-01838, A-04345, B-00975,
      D-03404, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
      E-03875, H-01640. H-01930, H-23257,
      M-15760
SYNTHETIC FIBERS   A-29599, C-09208.
      D-10128, 1-07553
SYNTHETIC RUBBER    1-07553
TAR   A-08393, B-09836
TAXATION  L-10689
TEMPERATURE   A-08701, A-09298,
      A-23745, A-29599, B-09833. B-09836,
      C-20460, E-03875, E-32371. F-10759,
      F-32491, 1-33597, 1-33598,  1-33602,
      1-33651
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      A-01838, A-09785, A-29599, B-09836,
      D-03451, D-09591, D-10517, E-32371.
      K-07491, N-09310
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT    E-24492,
      E-32371, L-23562, N-09310
TESTING FACILITIES   A-07623, C-09208,
      G-11833, H-01930, L-09289
TETRAETHYL LEAD   A-29786, J-30329,
      J-34370, J-34828
TEXAS   D-03505
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING  A-0%86,
      C-09208, D-03451, J-20536, L-09351
TEXTILES   A-29599, B-09836,  C-09208,
      D-03454, D-10128, 1-07553, J-24309
THERMAL RADIATION   B-09833,
      L-34033
THERMODYNAMICS   A-34023
THRESHOLDS   A-04785, C-09208,
      C-22958, 1-20820, L-34688. M-15760
TIN   D-09591, N-04649
TIN COMPOUNDS   D-09591, N-04649
TIP BURN   H-22491
TISSUES   G-11833
TITANIUM   D-09591,  N-04649
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS  A-09785,
      D-09591, D-28326, N-04649
TOKYO   A-30513, L-27185
TOLUENES  B-07925
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
      A-01838, A-09785, B-02017, D-03404,
      D-03451, D-30860, E-03875, E-32371,
      H-01640, 1-07553, L-34688, N-09310
TOXIC TOLERANCES    A-34023,  H-22491.
      H-22585
TOXICITY   A-08524, A-17603,  A-17604,
      A-27293, A-28976, A-30513, A-34023,
      B-09922, G-11833, H-22585, 1-20820,
      L-34688
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS   B-08071,
      L-08888, L-09294, L-14798
TRAINS   A-03154, A-09785, A-24601,
      A-32351. A-33931. B-00975, D-03451
TRANSMISSOMETERS   C-11745
TRANSPORT  C-22958, E-16846
TRANSPORTATION   A-03154,  A-03871,
      A-05005, A-07623, A-08393, A-09686,
      A-09737, A-09785, A-20553, A-23865.
      A-23881. A-24525. A-74601, A-25197,
      A-27082, A-29786, A-31882, A-32351,
      A-32465, A-33931, B-00975. B-04599,
      B-08711. B-09843. B-27719, B-2%28.
      C-04514, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454.
      D-07830. D-09591, D-10517, D-M326.
      D-30860. E-16846, F-33863, G-11828,
      H-01640, J-01546, J-30329,  L-05571,
      L-07235. L-09294, L-09351, L-11352.
      L-14144. L-27185, L-29420, L-30908.
      L-31059, L-33786, L-34688, M-00336,
 'tt U. 9. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1978	748783/4I1B

-------
68
 PETROLEUM  REFINERIES
      M-33904, N-04052, N-04649, N-06744,
      N-09310, N-20548
TRAPPING (SAMPLING)   A-04785,
      A-0500S
TREES   H-01930, H-22491, H-22585,
      H-232S7, H-30637
TRUCKS   A-05005, A-08393, A-24601,
      A-33931, B-00975, M-00336
TUBERCULOSIS   G-31664, N-20548
TUNNELS  L-33786
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
      C-09208, C-22958, D-09591, D-10306,
      E-24492, E-32371, L-23562
TVA  C-09208
                  U
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
     A-05005, C-09208, C-11745
UNITED STATES  A-04026, F-33863,
     L-08888, L-09294, L-30908, N-04649
UNIVERSITIES  L-0557I, M-33904
URBAN AREAS   A-03420, A-08393,
     A-09737, A-09785, A-17199, A-23865,
     A-23881, A-25197, A-27082, A-30513,
     A-32351, A-32465, B-09838, B-28501,
     C-09208, D-03170, D-03451, D-03454,
     D-07830, D-09591, D-10517, D-17096,
     D-17285, D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
     D-27673, D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
     D-30860, D-30970, D-31275, E-16846,
     F-33863, G-19512, G-19514, G-21414,
     G-26053, G-27920, G-31311, G-31664,
     G-31665, G-34194, H-30637, J-21241,
     J-30951, L-05571, L-07235, L-08686,
     L-09294, L-09702, L-11352, L-25305,
     L-27184, L-27185, L-29420, L-31059,
     L-33786, L-34013, L-34688, M-00336,
     M-14491, M-15760, M-30896, N-04649,
     N-15096
URINALYSIS   A-03420, A-34023, B-00975,
     D-03404, D-03454, G-20521, G-30640,
     H-01930
USSR   A-08524, A-12299, B-17943,
     B-28501, D-07830, D-08198, E-32371,
     F-32491, G-11833, G-20521, H-22491,
     H-22585, L-08888
UTAH   A-01838
VALLEYS   B-00975, 1-07553, L-09294
VANADIUM   D-09591
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS   A-09785,
     B-09833, D-09591, D-28326
VAPOR PRESSURE   B-09833, B-09836,
     B-17943, C-11745
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS  A-24601,
     B-09835, B-09836, B-09840, B-09843,
     B-11740, J-01546
VAPORS   A-24527, A-24602, B-09833,
     B-09836, B-09843, B-26506, C-11745,
     F-33863, L-09702
VARNISHES   B-06006, L-I1074
VEGETABLES   A-07623, D-03404,
     H-06967, J-09313, L-08888
VEHICLES   A-03154, A-03871, A-05005,
     A-07623, A-08393, A-09686, A-09737,
     A-09785, A-23865, A-23881, A-24601,
     A-25197, A-27082, A-29786, A-31882,
     A-32351, A-32465, A-33931, B-00975,
     B-08711, C-04514, D-03451, D-03454,
     D-07830, D-09591, D-28326, D-30860,
     H-01640, J-01546, J-30329, L-05571,
     L-07235, L-09294, L-09351, L-27185,
     L-29420, L-30908, L-31059, L-33786,
     L-34688, M-00336, M-33904, N-04052,
     N-04649, N-06744, N-20548
VENTILATION  B-09857, D-08198,
     L-07235, L-34688
VENTURI SCRUBBERS   J-01546, J-21241
VISIBILITY   A-09785, A-25197, A-25213,
     B-00975, B-09833, C-04514, D-03170,
     D-03454, D-03505, G-11828, K-08038,'
     L-08888
VOLATILITY   B-09836, B-09840, B-09842,
     B-17943
VOLCANOES   A-25213, D-10517


                  w
WASHINGTON (STATE)   L-09294
WASHOUT   D-10S17
WATER   B-09833, B-09839, B-09842,
      1-35034
WATER POLLUTION  A-03420, A-31883,
      A-33883, B-09839, B-09842, B-27719,
      J-01546, J-20536, J-30951, L-27184,
      L-27185, L-29420, L-34033, N-15096
WEATHER MODIFICATION   A-27293
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD   C-16016,
      C-17468, 1-20820, K-08038, L-08686
WET CYCLONES  B-09838, J-01546
WETTING   B-09836, H-01930
WIND ROSE   C-16016, D-03451, D-03454,
      K-0749I
WINDS   A-01838, A-03420, A-09785,
      A-29599, A-30513, A-32351, B-00975,
      B-09836, C-16016, D-03170, D-03404,
      D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-09591,
      D-10128, D-10306, D-26563, D-30970,
      E-24492, E-32371, H-30637, K-07491,
      L-07235, L-08686, L-23562, L-29420,
      N-06744
WOOD   B-09784, B-09836, B-09840
WOOLS   1-07553
WYOMING   A-01838
X-RAYS   C-11745
XYLENES   B-07925
YOKOHAMA  L-27184, L-27185
ZINC  A-09686, B-00107, B-09784,
      D-09591, D-10517, N-04649
ZINC COMPOUNDS   A-09785, B-09833,
      B-09839, D-09591, H-06967,

-------