Air Pollution Aspects of Emission Sources:
PETROLEUM REFINERIES-
A Bibliography with Abstracts
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PETROLEUM REFINERIES -
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Aii Pio.nrums
Research Tnanale Palk, Xoitli Carolina
July 1972
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The AP series of reports is published by the Technical Publications Branch of the Informa-
tional Services Division of the Office of Administration for the Office of Air Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, to report the results of scientific and engineering studies,
and information of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this
series includes coverage of intramural activities and of cooperative studies conducted in
conjunction with state and local agencies, research institutes, and industrial organizations.
Copies of AP reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27711 or for the cost indicated on the title page from the Superintendent of
Documents.
Publication Number AP-110
11
For sale by the Superintendent ol Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20102
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Emission Sources 1
B. Control Methods 13
C. Measurement Methods 20
D. Air Quality Measurements 23
E. Atmospheric Interaction 28
F. Basic Science and Technology 29
G. Effects - Human Health 30
H. Effects Plants and Livestock 34
I. Effects Materials 36
J. Effects Economic 39
K. Standards and Criteria 42
L. Legal and Administrative 43
M. Social Aspects 50
N. General 5Z
AUTHOR INDEX 55
SUBJECT INDEX 57
111
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AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS
OF EMISSION SOURCES:
PETROLEUM REFINERIES -
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
INTRODUCTION
Petroleum refineries contribute significantly to the overall air pollution level in the
United States. To aid efforts to improve air quality, the Air Pollution Technical Information
Center (APTIC) has compiled this bibliography relevant to the problem and its solution.
The abstracts included have been selectively screened from the contents of APTIC's
information storage and retrieval system to cover the 14 categories set forth in the table of
contents. The compilation is intended to be representative of available literature, and no
claim is made to all-inclusive ness.
Subject and author indexes refer to the abstracts by category letter and APTIC accession
number. Generally, higher accession numbers, representing the latest acquisitions, cover
the most recent material.
All documents abstracted herein are currently on file at the Air Pollution Technical
Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711. Readers outside the Environmental Protection Agency may seek duplicates
of documents directly from libraries, publishers, or authors.
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
01838
T. D. Nevens and F. A. Rohnnan
GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM SHALE
OIL OPERATIONS. Preprint. (Presented at the American
Chemical Society Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1966.)
World-wide and domestic demands for hydrocarbons tend to
seek the most economical and convenient sources for potential
exploitation. It has been said that the oil shale deposits of the
world constitute many times the total of the world's reserves
of liquid petroleum. The vast shale oil industry is nearly upon
us as the problems of finding new economical sources of
liquid petroleum are becoming more acute. The next 5 or 10
years could see the emergence of shale oil industry producing
a million or more barrels a day in this small area of the Rocky
Mountains. Any ripples of unfavorable prices on imported
crude or finished products could cause abrupt waves of deci-
sion as to the tim e of arrival of this industry. It is hoped that
all operations involving a future shale oil industry will take
cognizance of the potential air pollution problem. To disregard
air pollution at the early stages of development may require
later intensive and extensive engineering at a much higher
cost.
03154
N. E. Flynn and W. R. Grouse
REPORT ON NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE BAY AREA Affi
POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT. Preprint 1964.
Total oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in the Bay Area Air
Pollution Control District for 1963 are estimated at 515
tons/day. A summation of emissions of oxides of nitrogen by
general source categories is presented. Transportation at 323
tons/day is the major source category of nitrogen oxides emis-
sions and accounts for 63% of all oxides of nitrogen emissions
for the Bay Area. Combustion operations at 150 tons/day are
the second largest source category and contribute 29% of the
nitrogen oxides emissions. Emissions from small, medium, and
large stationary sources with incinerations, agriculture, and
transpotation sources grouped separately, are presented.
(Author summary modified) 1
03420
A. H. Rose, Jr., H. H. Black, R.C. Wanta
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION STUDHCS RELATED TO
PROPOSED PETROLEUM REFINERY FOR SAND ISLAND -
OAHU, TERRITORY OF HAWAII (KREPORT TO BOARD
OF HEALTH, TERRITORY OF HAW AH). Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, Div. of Air Pollution. Dec. 1955. 60 pp.
HEW
The objective of the atmospheric pollution phase of this study
was na evaluation of the possible effect on the atmosphere of
the City of Honolulu which may result from the operation of a
24,000-barrel-per-day modern fluid catalytic cracking refinery.
Two factors were investigated, first the extent and causes of
the current atmospheric pollution level, and second the poten-
tial impact on the pollution level which may result from the
refinery operation. Process design for the proposed refinery
was tentative in that only process flow and major process
units were fixed; interflow of components between process
units and their elements had not been finalized. Data covering
the operation of and atmospheric contaminant discharge from
existing industrial operations were relatively meager. Data on
the concentrations of specific contaminants in the Honolulu at-
mosphere were not available. Only published climatological
data were available . The quantity of specific atmospheric con-
taminants from both existing sources and the proposed
refinery are presented as determined from the best available
data.
03871
L. B. Hitchcock
Am POLLUTION AND THE OIL INDUSTRY. Proc. Am.
Petrol. Inst., Sect. IV. 35, 150-4, 1955. (Presented at the spring
meeting, Pacific Coast District, American Petroleum Inst.
Division of Production, Los Angeles, Calif., Apr. 28, 1955.)
While most of Los Angeles' air pollution is traceable to
petroleum products, by far the largest share arises from the
use to which these products are put. Motor-vehicle exhaust ac-
counts for the largest single source of pollution. Fuel oil and
gas also contribute. Incineration of refuse and metallurgical
and miscellaneous industrial emissions account for most of the
balance. The public, through its motor vehicles and rubbish
burning, contributes more than half the total pollution. The oil
industry, indispensable to the community's growth, has done
more than all the rest of the area in developing and adopting
corrective measures, and has reduced its emissions very sub-
stantially. Petroleum production in Los Angeles County con-
tributes a very minor part to air pollution. Hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides in combination produce smog effects, although
neither alone, at concentrations found, is known to be deleteri-
ous. Cleaner air costs money, but less than smog. Intevsive
application of science and engineering to the overall problem
is the only road to success. (Author abstract)
040261
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control. Jan. 1967. 21 pp.
SURVEY OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES IN SIXTY-NINE
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS WITH
EMPHASIS ON SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS .
This survey presents estimates of a number of parameters that
contribute to an area's air pollution problems. The Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) was selected as the unit
of study. The parameters presented here are consumption of
fuels, sales of gasoline, and production of steel, petroleum,
and cement. The method used to estimate the various parame-
ters is an abbreviated form of the Ozolins-Smith technique.
Further investigation is planned with a view toward reliably
predicting sulfur pollution problems from emission estimates
based on community parameters.
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PETROLEUM REFINERIES
04345
D. D. Wangerin
WASTE-HEAT BOILERS - PRINCIPLES AND APPLICA-
TIONS. Proc. Am. Power Conf. (Presented at the 26th Annual
Meeting, American Power Conference, Chicago, HI., Apr. 14-
16, 1964.) 26, 682-91, Apr. 1964.
The special problems which the waste-heat boiler designer en-
counters are reviewed. Some of the more recent improvements
in the utilization of waste by-products for steam generation are
illustrated. The types of waste-heat boilers available are
discussed. The discussion is limited to the utilization of the
principal waste products available in three major industries -
pulp and paper, steel, and petroleum. All of the waste fuels
considered have characteristics that require special equipment-
design considerations. Waste fuels are extremely poor when
compared with the usual prime fuels. Many byproduct fuel or
waste gases contain sufficient heat energy to make it economi-
cally feasible to generate steam for power and process use.
Each waste fuel has a different characteristic, requiring a
boiler of special design. But, all have very low heating values
when compared with the usual prime fuels. In many cases,
multiple-fuel-fired boilers can be designed to dispose of the
waste product while minimizing the burning of the prime fuels.
So, with cost of prime fuels steadily rising over the years,
waste products are more and more harnessed to provide part
of industry's steam demands.
04785
D. A. Kendall and A. J. Neilson
ODOR PROFILE STUDIES OF EFFLUENT WASTE WATERS
FROM SEVEN REFINERIES. Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst 44, (Sec.
3) 62-7, 1964. (Presented before a Session on Controlling
Refinery Wastes, 29th Midyear Meeting, American Petroleum
Inst Division of Refining, St. Louis, Mo., May 11,1964.)
Currently odor measurement must rely on human sensory
analysis as there are no instruments which have a comparable
response or sensitivity. In many instances, chemical analyses
and instrumental techniques can provide supporting informa-
tion which is helpful in expanding, confirming, and interpret-
ing subjective odor data. The human nose is an extremely con-
venient and useful instrument in providing both qualitative and
quantitative information about odor, if, as is done by the odor
profile method, adequate controls are exercised in presenting
samples and in carrying out the analyses, and appropriate ex-
ternal reference standards are used. In profiling effluent
wastes from a variety of refineries operating on various types
of crude oil and with various treating facilities, in general, the
effluents from the API gravity separator are quite similar in
odor components, and in strength of odor generally fall within
a range of a factor of 10 in threshold odor number. Each
refinery appears to have specific odor characteristics by which
it can be identified, as well as minor variations in the odor
character from day to day or even hour to hour.
05005
R. P. Hangebrauck, D. J. von Lehmden, and I. E. Meeker
SOURCES OF POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control. (PHS PubL No. 999-
AP-33.) 1967. 48 pp.
Rates of emissions of polynuclear hydrocarbons were mea-
sured at several sources considered likely to produce such
emissions. The sources included heat generation by com-
bustion of coal, oil, and gas; refuse burning; industrial
processes; and motor vehicles. The annual emissions of
benzo(a)pyrene in the United States were estimated for each
of the sources surveyed, to provide a rough gauge of the im-
portance of each source. Small, inefficient residential coal-
fired furnaces appear to be a prime source of polynuclear
hydrocarbons; other sources may be of local importance.
Production of polynuclear hydrocarbons was generally as-
sociated with conditions of incomplete combustion. (Author
abstract)
07623
Larson, Gordon P., John C. Chipman, and Erwin K. Kauper
DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE EX-
HAUST GASES IN LOS ANGELES. In: Vehicle Emissions,
SAE Tech. Progress Series, Vol. 6, Society of Automotive En-
gineers, New York, 1964. p. 7-16. 12 refs. (Presented at the
Annual Meeting, Society of Automotive Engineers, Jan. 1955)
Hydrocarbons or gasoline vapors are known to be an impor-
tant factor in producing several of the deleterious effects of
smog, however, one question to be answered is whether or not
the removal of hydrocarbons from all other sources in the
community would relieve the burden on the air sufficiently to
avoid any control measures on auto exhaust. The measure-
ments of the quantity of hydrocarbons emitted by internal
combustion engines another source of hydrocarbons contribut-
ing to the buildup were explored. The areas of exhaust gas
concentration buildup were determined by a study of Los An-
geles traffic. Studies now clearly show that removal of all
other sources of hydrocarbons from refineries and from the
distribution of gasoline will not lower the concentration of
hydrocarbons in downtown Los Angeles area and the north-
central section of the County sufficiently to relieve the eye ir-
ritation, crop damage effects, and high ozone content of the
air in those areas. The Air Pollution Control District recom-
mends that engineering studies seeking to remove hydrocarbon
vapors from exhaust gases. should strive for a 90% overall
removal under conditions of operation experienced in heavy
traffic.
07963
Rohrman, F. A., B. J. Steigerwald, and J. H. Ludwig
POWER PLANT AND OTHER SULFUR DIOXIDE EMIS-
SIONS; 1940-2000. Preprint, Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution, ((13))p., ((1965)). 21 refs.
Major sources, potential sources, estimated annual emissions
and the effects of probable control efforts of Sulfur Dioxide to
the year 2000 are discussed. The major sources include power
plant operation (coal and oil); other combustion of coal; com-
bustion of petroleum products (excluding power plant oil;
wmelting of ores; petroleum refinery operation; coke
processing; sulfuric acid plants; coal refuse banks; and refuse
incineration). Annual emission of Sulfur Dioxide is 76.0 million
tons. To indicate a range of estimated future sulfur dioxide
emissions, two control schedules were selected for application
to the major sources of SO2 from the current year to the year
2000. Maximum S02 emissions will probably occur between
1975 and 1985 for the range of control schemes postulated].
08393
John M. Ryan
UTILIZATION OF PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS. Am. Chem. Soc., Pittsburg, Pa., Div. Fuel
Chem., Preprints, 9(2):223-230, 1965. 6 refs. (Presented at the
149th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Division
of Fuel Chemistry, Symposium on Fuel and Energy
Economics, Detroit, Mich., April 4-9,1965.)
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
In discussing utilization of petroleum, the existing or potential
technology of oil consumption must be considered, also the ef-
fects of potential changes in supply and of new competitive
forces. The demand for petroleum products in the U. S. will
probably grow at a rate of 2 or 3 per cent a year. Abroad the
annual growth rate will be perhaps twice as great as the rate in
the U. S. 50% of all the oil consumed in the U. S. is used in
the transportation sector. The growth rate will be limited by
the growth of the market. General industry and power plant
use constitute a second market, accounting for 7% of steam
and electric power plant fuel, and 13% of the manufacturers'
heat and power market. Another major market is residential
and commercial consumption in which oil supplies about one
third of the total energy consumed. Resources will not be a
limiting factor either in the U. S. or the free world and there
should be no significant shift in relative fuel prices in the
foreseeable future. It is unlikely that oil demand will be in-
creased appreciably in the U. S. through research in utiliza-
tion. Research on improved exploratory and productive
techniques will probably have a greater influence on domestic
oil demand than will research on oil utilization. The changes in
oil utilization which appear most probable will not alter the
growth rate of oil demand in the Y.S. so much as its composi-
tion. Finally, some research is being conducted today on the
supposition that crude oil is in limited supply and hence that
refined product prices are likely to rise in the near future rela-
tive to prices of competing fuels.
08524
Kapkaer, E. A., L. V. Trofimova, N. A. Evikeeva, and A. K.
Monkevich
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF SOME PETROCHEMICAL IN-
DISTREES. ((Gigienicheskaya otsenka nekotorykh neftek-
himiches- kykh proizvodstv.)) Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya (Moscow), 10(ll):22-28, Nov. 1966. 10 refs.
Deficiencies in planning and actual operation of petrochemical
plants are responsible for the discharge of acetylene,
polyethylene, phenol, acetone, methylstyrene, isoprene, divi-
nyl and other toxic complexes which are products of decom-
position, oxidation, and hydrolysis. Desorption of toxic sub-
stances from construction materials (concrete brick) plays an
important part. The authors recommend methods for improv-
ing working .conditions in petrochemical production facilities.
(Authors summary, modified)
08701 j
GIANT STACK WILL VENT SULFUR OXIDES ABOVE
SMOG CEILING. Chem. Eng., 74(17):104, Aug. 14, 1967.
A 800 ft. smoke stack at a pertoleum refinery in The Nether-
lands that will discharge sulfur-bearing flue gases is described.
The structure will conduct the sulfurous flue gases to above
the meteorological inversion layers that often form and act as
a ceiling for the atmospheric layer below.
09298
Holland, H. R.
A REVIEW OF PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN THE CON-
TROL OF POLLUTION IN THE OIL REFINING INDUSTRY
IN CANADA. In: Pollution and Our Environment: Conference
Background Papers, Vol. 2, Montreal, Canadian Council of
Resource Ministers, Paper B18-5, p. 1-18, Jan. 1967. 6 refs.
(Presented at the National Conference, Canadian Council of
Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct. 31-Nov. 4,1966.)
The available techniques for controlling potential pollution in
the production, refining, and distribution of petroleum
products are outlined. Generally, these are adequate to meet
present and immediately predictable objectives of environmen-
tal cleanliness. Development of better and cheaper processes
will be required to meet future requirements efficiently. Con-
trol processes which have proved satisfactory in practice are
listed but there is no attempt to specify the optimum combina-
tion or sequence of treatment for any specific situation.
Methods are outlined for the following pollutants: sulphur ox-
ides, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans; carbon monoxide;
other fuel odours; light hydrocarbons; nitrogen oxides; particu-
late matter; and volatile acids.
09686
R. L. Duprey
COMPILATION OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION FAC-
TORS. Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Publication No. 999-AP-42,
67p., 1968.126 refs.
Detailed emission factors are given for the following processes
and industries: fuel combustion, refuse incineration, chemi-
cals, food and agriculture, metallurgical refining, minerals,
petroleum, pulp and paper solvent evaporation and gasoline
marketing, and transportation (vehicle emissions).
09737
Ozolins, G. and C. Behmann
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY OF
NORTHWEST INDIANA. (A PRELIM- INARY SURVEY,
1966.) Public Health Service, Durham, N. C., National Center
for Air Pollution Control, APTD-&4, 36p., April 1968.
Sources of air pollutant emissions were surveyed to quantify
the total pollution load emitted to the air over the Northwest
Indiana communities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and
Whiting. The emissions are reported on an annual basis and
subdivided into the five major pollutants: particulates, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide.
The four major source catagories that were utilized in report-
ing emissions from area and point sources are: fuel com-
bustion in stationary sources, fuel combustion in mobile
sources, combustion of refuse, and industrial process losses.
The results of this survey are reported by city and illustrated
on the grid system established by the Northwest Indiana Air
Resource Management Program. (Authors' abstract)
09785
Dickinson, Janet, Robert L. Chass, and W. J. Hamming
AIR CONTAMINANTS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 11-21, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
The parameters of an air pollution problem, particularly the
problem in Los Angeles County; the measures taken to
eliminate the problem; and control measures still needed are
described. The air contaminants include: organic gases
(hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives); inorganic gases
(NOx, SOx, CO); miscellaneous inorganic gases (NH3, H2S,
C12, F2); particulates (carbon or soot particles, metallic oxides
and salts, oily or tarry droplets, acid droplets, metallic fumes).
Each is discussed indicating the sources and significance in the
air pollution problem.
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PETROLEUM REFINERIES
12299
Samoilovich, L. N. and Yu. R. Red'Kin
AIR POLLUTION WITH 3,4-BENZPYRENE BY
PETROCHEMICAL ENTERPRISES. (Zagiyaznenie atmosfer-
nogo vozdukha 3,4-benzpirenom predpriyatiyami neftek-
himicheskoi promyshlennosti). Hyg. Sanit, 33(7-9):320-325,
July-Sept. 1968. 7 refs.
Air quality measurements were made in the vicinity of an oil-
chemical industrial complex to determine 3,4-benzpyrene con-
centrations, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Over a
three-year period, 210 analyses were performed. A 3,4-benz-
pyrene pollution of 0.15 - 2.2 mkg/100 cu m was found within
a 2-km radius of the plants. The heaviest pollution came from
the coking and pyrolysis shops. The experimental data are ap-
plicable to the determination of required width of the sanitary-
protective zone around petroleum processing plants.
13699
MacDonald, H. E.
FLUORIDE AS AIR POLLUTANT. Fluoride Quarterly, J. In-
tern. Soc. Fluoride Res., 2(1):4-12, Jan. 1969. 31 refs.
Fluoride compounds reach the air from two sources: volcanic
action and man's industrial activities. The two greatest acute
air pollution episodes occurred in Belgium's Meuse Valley and
in Donora, Pa. In both disasters, there was evidence of acute
fluoride poisoning. The sources of industrial fluoride pollution
are coal, clay, cryolite, fluorspar, hydrogen fluoride, and
phosphate rock. About half the bituminous coal consumption
in the United States for 1963 was utilized by electric power
utilities. Vegetation in several counties in California has been
adversely affected by fluoride emissions from brick, tile, and
pottery factories. Cryolite, used in the production of alu-
minum, has been traced as a source of damage to vegetation,
livestock, and human health. Fluorspar and hydrogen fluoride
are used in steel production, and the latter is also used in the
production of high-octane gasoline. Many cases of eye irrita-
tion were recorded shortly after a Los Angeles refinery began
using hydrogen fluoride. Fluoride emissions from the produc-
tion of phosphate fertilizer, phosphoric acid, and phosphorus
have been responsible for damage to vegetation and livestock,
and respiratory ailments in people. Control of fluoride emis-
sion may be achieved by a variety of scrubbers and electro-
static precipitators.
17199
Oshio, Toshiki
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN JAPAN (I). (Wagakuni ni
okeru taiki osen to sono mondaiten (I)). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 4(4): 197-208, April 15,
1968.
It is known that air pollution grows more serious where vari-
ous types of industries are concentrated in one area. The
coastal industrial area in Japan is typical in this respect: the
recent tendency of plants to locate on, or adjacent to the
coastline is particularly reflected in locations of petroleum
refineries and petrochemical plants associated with iron and
steel refineries or with thermal power plants for whom coastal
areas provide shipping advantages. The difficulty of shoreline
air pollution control lies in the diversity of industries involved.
Factors associated with different pollutants generated by in-
dividual plants must be investigated to determine the collective
effect of combined pollutants. For example, where heavy oil is
burned, the determination of the air-pollution load in the im-
mediate area is based on multiple density, which is the product
of the total quantity of exhaust gas emission and respective
density of each pollutant. In addition, several major types of
effects of the concentration of air pollutants after they leave
emission sources should be taken into consideration. Disper-
sion of pollutants depend on the effective emission height of
the chimney, efflux velocity, wind speed, and other geographi-
cal conditions which complicate the behavior of atmospheric
pollutants in coastline areas. The major sources of sulfurous
gases are the thermal power plants, iron-steel refineries,
petroleum refineries and petro chemical plants, but there are
additional pollutants which make the pollution density thicker.
Since sulfurous gas alone may be less important in qualitative
and quantitative respects, other combustion products, such as
metal sulfides or sulfates generated in iron-steel plants, need
to be considered in shoreline pollution abatement programs.
17603
Miner, Sydney
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF HYDROGEN
SULFIDE. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems, Inc.,
Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Contract PH
22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 69-37, 91p., Oct. 1969. 148 refs.
CFSTI: PB 188068
The literature on effects, sources, abatement, economics, and
methods of analysis of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide is
reviewed, with an appendix of tabular material from selected
references. Hydrogen sulfide gas is very toxic to humans and
at concentrations over 1,000,000 micrograms/cu m, quickly
causes death by paralysis of the respiratory tract. At lower
concentrations, it has an obnoxious odor and causes conjunc-
tivitis with reddening and lachrymal secretion, respiratory tract
irritation, pulmonary edema, damage to heart muscle, psychic
changes, disturbed equilibrium, nerve paralysis, spasms, un-
consciousness, and circulatory collapse. It also tarnishes silver
and copper and combines with heavy metals in paints to
discolor or darken the paint surface. The primary natural
sources of H2S is biological decay of protein material in stag-
nant water. Among the many industrial sources are kraft paper
mills, oil refineries, natural gas plants, and chemical plants, as
well as sewage and sewage disposal plants. Average concentra-
tions of H2S in urban atmospheres range from 1-92 micro-
grams/cu m. Emissions can be controlled by black liquor ox-
idation systems, scrubbers, and incineration devices.
Hydrogen sulfide corrosion of silver has required substitution
of gold contacts in electrical appliances at an estimated in-
creased cost of $14.8 million during 1963. Abatement of air
pollution from the pulp and paper industry, in which H2S is a
major factor, has cost approximately $10 million per year and
is predicted to increase. Major expenditures have been made
by refineries and natural gas plants to remove H2S from sour
gases and to recover sulfur as a valuable byproduct Analytical
techniques based on the methylene blue and molybdenum blue
methods are available for laboratory analysis of H2S. The spot
method, based on tiles or paper impregnated with lead acetate,
is also widely used. (Author abstrac modified)
17604
Stabi, Quade R.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF SELENIUM
AND ITS COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton
Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems
Div., Contract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTD 6*47, 76p.,
OcL 1969. 135 refs. CFSTI: PB 188077
The literature' on the human and animal effects, sources,
abatement, economics, and methods of analysis of selenium
and its compounds as air pollutants is reviewed, with an ap-
pendix of tabular material from selected references. Selenium
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A. EMISSION SOURCES
compounds in the atmosphere are known to cause irritation of
the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract in humans, and,
under conditions of prolonged exposure, gastrointestinal disor-
ders. In animals, there are indications that selenium ingestion
may cause cancer of the liver, and it is known to produce
pneumonia and degeneration of liver and kidneys. Although no
studies were found on the effects of atmospheric selenium on
plants, species which are classed as primary indicators or
secondary selenium absorbers are discussed. Sources of at-
mospheric selenium include combustion of industrial and re-
sidential fuels, refinery waste gases and fumes, and incinera-
tion of wastes including paper products which contains as
much as 6 ppm selenium. Little data is available on concentra-
tions of selenium in the air; one report indicated an average
value of 0.001 microgram/cu m in the vicinity of Boston,
Mass. Electrostatic precipitators and water scrubbers are ef-
fective in controlling emissions of selenium hi industrial opera-
tions. No information has been found on the economic costs
of selenium air pollution, or on the costs of its abatement.
Methods are available for the analysis of selenium in the at-
mosphere, including neutron activation analysis and
colorimetry. (Author abstract modified)
20553
Sullivan, Ralph I.
PRELIMINARY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY OF ODOROUS
COMPOUNDS. A LITERATURE REVIEW. Litton Systems,
Inc., Silver Spring, Md., Environmental Systems Div., Con-
tract PH 22-68-25, NAPCA Pub. APTP 66-42, 244p., Oct. 1969.
443 refs. CFSTI: PB 188089
Odors may cause mental and physiological effects in humans,
such as nausea, headache, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, im-
paired breathing, and in some cases allergic reactions. Commu-
nity and personal pride and status may be adversely affected.
No information on the effect of odorous air pollutants on the
health or behavior of domestic, commercial, or experimental
animals was found in the literature. The petroleum industry,
petrochemical plant complexes, chemical industry, pulp and
paper mills, coke ovens, coal, iron-steel industry and foun-
dries, food processing, meat industry (including livestock
slaughtering, inedible rendering of animal matter, fish
processing, tanneries, etc), combustion processes (including
diesel engines), and sewage are listed as sources of odors. The
literature contains no quantitative data on the odor concentra-
tion in ambient air. Surveys have been made, but they show
only the detective disagreeable odors and not their intensity.
Abatement methods fall into several categories: combustion,
absorption, adsorption, odor masking, odor removal, chemical
control, biological control, and containment Combustion is
generally accepted as the best way to deodorize malodorous
gases. Oxidation at 1,200 F or above usually gives satisfactory
results. Economically, odor pollution depresses property
values. The human nose is the only reliable detector, and
several laboratory and field methods (organoleptic methods,
such as the vapor dilution technique and the syringe dilution
technique) and instrumental methods (such as gas chromatog-
raphy) have been deveolped to quantify human observations.
23745
Devorkin, Howard and Bernard J. Steigerwald
EMISSIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANTS FROM BOILERS
AND PROCESS HEATERS. Los Angeles County Air Pollution
Control District, Calif., California Dept of Public Health,
Berkeley, Public Health Services Washington, D. C., Commu-
nity Air Pollution Program, Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los
Angeles, Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Kept. 7,
29p., June 1958. 9 refs.
Combustion of fuel oil and gas is a source of emissions to the
atmosphere. The techniques and results of a stack sampling
study to determine the extent of these emissions from com-
bustion in oil refinery boilers and heaters in Los Angeles
County are presented. A total of 21 stacks were sampled,
using standard sampling procedures and methods. The results
were evaluated in the form of total emissions and average
emission factors. The average emission factors per unit of fuel
used were calculated for each contaminant for combustion of
both oil and gas. The contaminants measured include
hydrocarbons, as hexane; sulfur dioxide; oxides of nitrogen,
as nitrogen dioxide; particulate matter; sulfur trioxide; am-
monia; aldehydes; and organic acids, as ascetic acid. Emis-
sions of sulfur oxides are a direct function of the composition
of the fuel, while the emission of the other contaminants are
primarily influenced by combustion temperature, heater
design, or air-fuel ratio rather than fuel composition. Com-
parison of the analysis of stack gases for SO3 with the mea-
sured SO2 emissions from these units gave an average ratio of
SO3 to total sulfur as SO2 of 0.03. Of the 20 tests made for
CO 14 were negative, five showed a trace less than 0.001%,
and one showed a concentration of 0.003%; the emission of
CO from boilers and process heaters was negligible.
23865
Mammarella, Luigj
EVALUATION OF POLLUTION EMISSIONS IN ITALY.
(Valutazione delle effluenze inquinanti in Italia). Text in
Italian. In: L'inquinamento atmosferico in Italia. Kept. 27, p.
70-95, 1970.110 refs.
An attempt is made to estimate the development of the pollu-
tion problem in the near future on the basis of current
statistics. Figures are given on the responsibility of the main
sources of pollution for the various types of pollutants found
in the atmosphere. The emission of materials related to air pol-
lution is given for six of the main industrial sources and for 4
types of fuel used. Meteorological conditions are summarized
for 7 important areas of Italy: Turin, Milan, Venice, Bologna,
Rome, Naples and Taranto. This is correlated with the con-
sumption of fuel oil and gasoline, and a hypothesis is worked
out for predicting possible pollution levels up to the year 1980.
It is estimated that in the period 1970-1980, one could expect
an average annual increase for all types of pollutants of 6.7%.
23881
Mammarella, Luigj
PRINCIPLE SOURCES OF POLLUTION. (Le principali fonti
di inquinamento). Text in Italian. In: L'inquinamento at-
mosferico i Italia. Rept. 27, p. 7-145,1970.110 refs.
Air pollution sources are summarized under the headings of
home heating, industrial sources (cement industry, thermoelec-
tric plants, petroleum industry, metallurgical plants, chemical
industries), and motor traffic. Due to the frequent occurrence
of inversions in the Milan area, the sulfur dioxide concentra-
tion in the lower layers of the atmosphere itensify as one
reaches the center of the city, where the average monthly
figures reach 0.4 ppm, with occasional values above 1.5 ppm.,
which is experienced with more frequency than in Paris or
London. At Turin, the values range between 0.2 and 0.4 ppm
in the winter, while the summer value is 0.01. The concentra-
tions at Padua are in the range of 0.4 - 0.2 ppm. Concentra-
tions at Rome during the winter are in the range 0.07-0.1 ppm,
while at Salano there is practically no SO2 in the air at any
time of the year. Italy has 120 cement plants, with a heavy
concentration in the Po Valley. There are 347 thermoelectric
plants, ranging in output from 1 MW to 600 MW. Figures for
1967 give 38 petroleum refineries with a total capacity of more
-------
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
than 140 million tons. An estimate based on parallel statistics
from the USA gives a figure of 86 million tons of pollution
created by automotive traffic in the year 1966, which would
constitute about 60% of total emissions.
24370
Stuewe, A. Howard
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE: WHERE IT GOES, HOW IT'S
MADE, WHY IT'S GROWING. Chem. Eng. News., vol.
36:34-38, 57, Dec. 22,1958.
Consumption of hydrogen fluoride is expected to reach
215,000 tons in 1963. Grouped under four major categories, the
principal market for HF are primary aluminum production,
fluorocarbons (refrigerants aerosols), uranium production, and
petroleum alkylation (in the production of high octane blending
components for gasoline). All HF production is dependent on
the reaction of sulfuric acid with fluorspar, domestic reserves
of which could become exhausted by the end of the century.
Fractional distillation is employed to remove high-boiling im-
purities (sulfuric acid and water) and lower-boiling impurities
(silicon tetrafluoride, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) from
HF.
24524
Palmer, R. K. and B. I. Steigerwald
WASTE WATER SEPARATORS AND PROCESS DRAINS.
In: Emissions to the Atmosphere from Eight Miscellaneous
Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles County Air Pollution
Control District, Calif., California Dept. of Public Health,
Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Public Health Service,
Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution Program, and
Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los Angeles, Calif., Air Pollu-
tion Control Committee, Rept. 8, Section 5, p. 32-38, 50-51,
June 1958. 9 refs.
As a result of various refinery operations, hydrocarbons and
hydrocarbon-contaminated water may reach the drains and
waste water separators; as the mixture flows through the
system, hydrocarbons are evaporated from the surface and
may escape to the atmosphere through vents. A complete field
testing program was not conducted because of the small mag-
nitude of the emissions from this source. However, the total
emissions of hydrocarbons from the separators an drains is
estimated at about three tons per day, compiled from Los An-
geles Air Pollution Control District survey figures; this figure
is in agreement with information gained during inspection trips
made of the systems in county refineries for the present pro-
ject. Of the component sub-systems, the collection systems
frequently appear to afford a greater opportunity for the
escape of hydrocarbons than either the interceptor systems or
the oil-water separators. In other areas, where oil-water
separators are not covered, the greatest hydrocarbon emis-
sions might occur from the separators.
24525
Bonamassa, F.
EXHAUSTS OF GAS COMPRESSOR INTERNAL COM-
BUSTION ENGINES. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere from
Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California Dept.
of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept 8, Section 6, p.
39-42, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
Atmospheric emissions were determined from the internal
combustion engines used to drive gas compressors in refinery
operations; the engine is usually a four-cycle gas engine fueled
by natural gas. Operating data were obtained from the six
major companies operating 95% of the gas compressor engines
in Los Angeles County refineries. Hydrocarbons were mea-
sured in exhaust gases by mass spectrometry, infrared spec-
trophotometry, or gas chromatography. Oxides of nitrogen
were determined by the phenoldisulfonic acid method, am-
monia by the Kjeldahl method, and aldehydes by a modified
sodium bisulfite method. The hydrocarbons, generally over
95% methane and ethane, amount to 6.5 tons per day. Total
oxides of nitrogen, as NO2, account for 4.5 tons per day.
Small amounts of ammonia, and aldehydes are also emitted.
24526
Sussman, V. H.
WASTE GAS FLARES. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere
from Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los An-
geles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California
Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation,
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air
Pollution Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los An-
geles, Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept. 8, Sec-
tion 7, p. 43-46, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
Two types of waste gas flares, both of the smokeless type, are
used in refineries located in Los Angeles County for the
disposal of excess gas production and hydrocarbon vapors
from certain refinery operations: the air-inspirating venturi
flare is used by most of the smaller independent plants, while
the steam-injected flare is used by all major refineries.
Although actual field testing of flares was not feasible, it is
concluded on the basis of the smokeless operation and certain
data available from a flare test in another county that essen-
tially complete combustion occurs in the flares, and that emis-
sions of organic vapors and particulate matter from this source
are negligible. Depending on the composition of the waste gas
and the temperatures in the combustion zone, oxides of sulfur
and oxides of nitrogen may be released as a result of the
operation of these flares.
24527
Lunche, R. G.
VACUUM JETS. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere from Eight
Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept. 8, Section 8, p.
47-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
A steam-driven vacuum ejector or jet, consisting of several
ejector stages in series with interstage condensers, is the com-
mon method for producing and maintaining a vacuum in
refinery process equipment. Malodorous hydrocarbon emis-
sions were vented to the atmosphere as non-condensable gases
from the last stage of the vacuum jet system. These emissions
decreased progressively from 17 tons in 1951 in Los Angeles
County to zero in 1957 as a result of control installations,
which condense as much of the vacuum jet effluent as is prac-
tical and recover the remaining gases and vapors, which are
then vented to a fume incinerator or firebox. The liquid con-
densate can be separated into water and hydrocarbon. No test-
ing program was conducted, since all known refinery jets are
under control.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
24601
Bonamassa, F.
LOADING FACILITIES. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere
from Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los An-
geles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California
Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation,
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air
Pollution Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los An-
geles, Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept. 8, Sec-
tion 3, p. 19-24, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
Calculations were made to determine hydrocarbon vapor emis-
sions to the atmosphere from final product filling of vessels
(railroad tank cars, tank trucks and trailers, or drums) at
refineries in Los Angeles County; emissions from loading at
bulk stations or marine terminals located outside the refineries
are not included. Questionnaires were completed by the refine-
ries on the average daily amounts of products shipped, divided
into four categories by Reid vapor pressure. Vapor recovery
systems on loading facilities are in widespread use; all of the
liquefied petroleum gas, almost all the motor and aviation
gasolines, and about 30% of the other distillates (vapor pres-
sure 1-4 Ibs) are loaded under vapor recovery. The total emis-
sions of hydrocarbons from loading operations in county
refineries amounted to 1800 Ibs/day. If vapor recovery were
not used, an additional 22,700 Ibs/day would be emitted.
24602
Palmer, R. K. and B. J. Steigerwald
TURNAROUNDS, EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE, AND
SLOWDOWN SYSTEMS. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere
from Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los An-
geles County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California
Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation,
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air
Pollution Program, and Western Oil and Gas Assoc., Los An-
geles, Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept. 8, Sec-
tion 4, p. 25- 31, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs.
Estimates were made of hydrocarbon emissions from start-up
and shut-down refinery unit procedures ('turnaround') and
equipment and storage tank maintenance at oil refineries in
Los Angeles County. Calculations were made on the basis of
field surveys and a questionnaire to the refineries. The max-
imum atmospheric emissions from turnarounds are calculated
as 254 tons per year, an average of 0.7 ton per day; however,
since 60% of all shutdowns occur on Sunday and Monday, the
weekend (Sun. and Mon.) emissions are 152 tons per year, or
an average of 3 tons per weekend. Maximum emissions from
tank cleaning average 1.3 tons per day of hydrocarbo vapors,
with tank cleaning operations spread more or less uniformly
throughout the week.
24721
Palmer, R. K.
BLIND CHANGING. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere from
Eight Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles
County Air Pollution Control District, Calif., Calif. Dept of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program, and Western Oil and Gas Association, Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept 8, Section 2, p.
14-18, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs. (Joint District, Federal and
State Project for the Evaluation of Refinery Emissions.)
Blind changing, or the closing off of unused feeder lines in
single refinery pipes that carry several different products,
results in spillage of hydrocarbons. A questionnaire was
prepared sent to the 13 Los Angeles refineries that change
blinds requesting that they keep an accurate 2-month record
on all changes on lines carrying products with volatilities as
high or higher than kerosine along with sufficient data to per-
mit a reasonably accurate evaluation of hydrocarbon emissions
to the atmosphere. The resulting data are presented. Assuming
an average specific gravity of 0.75, the emission to the at-
mosphere of 2000 gallons of hydrocarbons for a 61-day period
indicates emissions of 200 Ibs/day
24723
Sussman, V. H.
AIR BLOWING. In: Emissions to the Atmosphere from Eight
Miscellaneous Sources in Oil Refineries. Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, Calif., California State Dept. of
Public Health, Berkeley, Bureau of Air Sanitation, Public
Health Service, Washington, D. C., Community Air Pollution
Program, and Western Oil and Gas Association, Los Angeles,
Calif., Air Pollution Control Committee, Rept 8, Section 1, p.
6-13, 50-51, June 1958. 9 refs. (Joint District, Federal and State
Project for the Evaluation of Refinery Emissions.)
Atmospheric emissions from air blowing, a minor operation in
which air is blown through petroleum fractions for removal of
turbidity due to moisture and for agitation during treating,
were measured in the three Los Angeles County refineries
which employ the process The effluent from the operation
contains hydrocarbon vapors and aerosols. The total emissions
from air blowing in the County are relatively small compared
to the total of all hydrocarbon emissions from refinery opera-
tions. The units tested, location of sampling points, sampling
and analytical methods, and calculations are described. The
concentration of hydrocarbons in the mine sampling tube as
determined by an infrared spectrophotometer 10-30 ppm (as
hexane) for all units tested. Total emission rate was 35 Ibs/day
for five of the seven units tested; the rate for the sixth was 2
Ib/day, and for the seventh, scheduled for discontinuation,
was 905 Ib/day.
25197
Hidy, G. M. and S. K. Friedlander
THE NATURE OF THE LOS ANGELES AEROSOL. Preprint,
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations,
42p., 1970. 43 refs. (Presented at the International Clean Air
Congress, 2nd, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11, 1970, Paper CP-
13C.)
Two classes of mechanisms for the introduction of aerosols
into an urban atmosphere are identified, one primary and the
other secondary in nature. Primary production implies genera-
tion at the source, while the secondary mechanism involves
chemical reactions of pollutant gases within the atmosphere.
Taking Los Angeles as an example, the significance of aerosol
production by chemical means in highly reactive urban at-
mospheres is documented based on limited available evidence.
Several characteristic features of the Los Angeles aerosol are
considered in the light of the changing nature of sources in the
past few years, as well as the local background material, and
meteorology. Evidence suggests that the bulk of the
anthropogenic aerosol produced in Los Angeles is below a few
micron in diameter. This material represents at least twice the
mass of the natural background from the Pacific maritme at-
mosphere. Based on a preliminary inventory, it appears that
atmospheric chemical reactions may account for one-third of
the anthropogenic aerosol observed in the Los Angeles area.
The effect of these aerosols on visibility is discussed. For
development of predictive models of aerosol dynamics in pol-
luted atmospheres, both the local meteorology and the chemi-
cal kinetics have to be known with better certainty than is
presently available. (Author abstract'modified)
-------
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
25213
ffidy, G. M. and J. R. Brock
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE GLOBAL SOURCES OF TROPO-
SPHERIC AEROSOLS. Preprint, International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Associations, 41p., 1970. 30 refs.
(Presented at the International Clean Air Congress, 2nd,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6-11,1970, Paper ME-26A.)
Based on current knowledge of the sources and production
mechanisms of tropospheric aerosols, an assessment is made
of the relative contribution of material from natural and
anthropogenic origins. The survey indicates that more than
half of the aerosol presently in the lower atmosphere comes
from 'secondary* processes such as chemical reactions in the
gas phase. The principal known or suspected participants in
such reactions are volatile hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, am-
monia, and sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and
sulfur dioxide. The man-made contribution at this time
amounts to about 6% of the total production rate, which is set
at approximately 10 to the seventh power tons/day. A projec-
tion of the expected production rate assuming middle 1960
control methods suggests that the anthropogenic portion will
increase the total aerosol concentration in the troposphere by
about 11% through the year 2000. This increase will reduce the
visibility by a corresponding amount, and it may reduce the
amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface about
2% in the middle latitudes. (Author abstract modified)
27070
Dickey, S. W. and C. W. Phillips
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FEATURES OF A MODERN
REFINERY. American Chemical Society, Div. of Petroleum
Chemistry Inc. and American Chemical Society, Pittsburgh,
Pa., Div. of Water, Air, and Waste Chemistry, American
Chemical and Society Joint Symposium on Experience with
Pollution Control Equipment, Chicago, m,, 1967, p. A41-A42.
(Sept 11-15.)
Of the rules and regulations established by the Los Angeles
Air Pollution Control District, more than a dozen now directly
affect oil refining in the area. The 12 most important rules are
listed and briefly described. Included are rules limiting the
discharge of smoke of No. 2 Ringelmann or above to three
minutes in any one hr; the sulfur content of gaseous fuel to 50
grains per 100 cu ft, calculated as hydrogen sulfide; and the
discharge of sulfur compounds to 0.2% volume, calculated as
SO2. Other rules pertain to permits for equipment, storage of
petroleum products, mandatory vapor control systems on oil-
effluent water separators, emission of dust and fumes,
gasoline loading into trucks and trailers, and the control of sol-
vents.
27082
Marier, Jean and N. Letourneau
TWENTY ONE % O2 PLUS 79% N2 EQUALS BREATHABLE
Am... MAY rr STILL REMAIN IN MONTREAL. (21% 02
plus 79% N2 equal air respirable... s'il en reste encore a Mon-
treal). Text in French. Ingenieur (Montreal), 54(227):14-20,
Feb. 1968.
Like all large cities favored by the abundance and proximity
of industry, Montreal is plagued by air pollution. Most large
American cities spend an average of .10 per capita in their bat-
tle against pollution. If Montreal set a mean of .20 per capita,
it would have to devote approximately $400,000 per year. It is
absolutely impossible for Montreal to limit its atmospheric pol-
lution control to a local plan. It is necessary for the Montreal
region to obtain with the help of the Ministry of Health of
Quebec the jurisdical and administrative tools for control on a
metropolitan area scale. The amount of hydrocarbons, sulfur
oxides, nitrogen vapors, aldehydes, acids, and solids are tabu-
lated for automobiles, electric power production, incineration,
and refineries are tabulated.
27293
Winthrop, S. O:
AN OVERVIEW ON AIR POLLUTION. Chem. in Can.,
23(2):21-25, Feb. 1971.
In 1966, the five air pollutants accounting for 98% of all emis-
sions in the U. S. were carbon monoxide (52%), sulfur oxides
(18%), hydrocarbons (12%), particulates (10%), and nitrogen
oxides (6%). By far the greatest source of the pollutants is the
combustion of fossil fuels. Other important sources are indus-
trial activities such as iron and steel manufacturing, metal
smelting, oil refining, pulp and paper, chemical, and
petrochemical operations. The adverse health effects as-
sociated with air pollutants are noted, as are their effects on
vegetation and their possible effects on climate and global
ecology. The ultimate control of air pollution will require the
application of science and a greatly increased research and
development effort by governments, universities, and nidus-
tries.
28976
Bajusz, Alex J.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE. Pollut. Eng., 3(1):17, Jan.-Feb. 1971.
Hydrogen sulfide is present in most petroleum and natural gas
deposits; it is a by-product of petroleum refinery operations;
coal-coking operations; and the manufacture of carbon disul-
fide, viscose rayon, and kraft pulp. The gas is extremely
hazardous because of its toxicity and explosive nature; the
maximum safe toxic concentration is about 10 ppm while the
explosive range of hydrogen sulfide in air is 4.3-45% at an igni-
tion temperature of 250 C. Hydrogen sulfide can be measured
continuously with an electrolytic titrator and removed by ab-
sorption into an alkaline solution or by wet and dry oxidation
methods. The first type of process is used for gas streams con-
taining large amounts of H2S with little or no carbon dioxide.
The second group of processes treat gas streams with small
amounts of H2S and a high proportion of CO2.
29599
Okuno, Toshihide, Masahiko Tsuji, and Kokei Takada
PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC NUISANCE CAUSED BY BAD
ODORS IN HYOGO PREFECTURE. (Hyogo kenka ni okem
akushu kogai no mondaiten). T in Japanese. Hyogo Prefecture,
Kobe (Japan), Environmental Science Inst., Rept. 2, p. 18-24,
Feb. 1971.
Hyogo factories which generated bad odors included fish bone
and waste treatment plants, oil and fat manufacturing, petrole-
um refineries, nitrogenous superphosphate of lime manufactur-
ing plants synthetic resin processing plants,, and sewage treat-
ment plants. The odorants were amine ammonia, low fatty
acids, sulfur compounds, including mercaptan and hydrogen
sulfide, olefin, paraffin hydrocarbons, 'and polycyclic aro-
matics. In a nitrogenous superphosphate of lime fertilizer
manufacturing plant, most odors were produced during the
processing stages where the nitrogenous superphosphate of
lime completely matured in the reactor, was taken out, was
carried over to the dryer by a belt conveyor, and was dried.
The odorants of the matured superphosphate of lime in the
stock room were aldehyde (0.04-0.63 ppm) and amine (0.004-
0.252 ppm). The quantity of the aldehyde and amine varies
with the amount of ammonium sulfate added and with the
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
heating temperature. When measured under weather conditions
of 15 C and wind velocity of 1-2 m/sec, the density of the al-
dehyde was 50-200 ppb at a spot 500 m away and 240-460 ppb
100 m away, while the amin was 100-150 ppb and 150-210 ppb
respectively. The lowest odor producing density was 0.066
ppm for acetaldehyde and 0.7-0.4 ppm and 1.0-0.8 ppm for n-
butylamine. Thus, the odor can be smelled as far away as 1400
m, depending on weather conditions. A fish bone and waste
processing plant and a synthetic resin processing plant were
similarly studied. Since the odor-producing substances are
discharged at various stages of the production process, it is
difficult to lead all the odorants into an odor treatment device.
It is also economically impractical to seal or encase the entire
building and then treat all the air hi the building. The lowest
odor producing density of the odorants is very low, indicating
the technical difficulty of the deodorization. Also, it is doubt-
ful that the problem can be solved by increasing chimney
height. A possible solution is a sealed plant equipped with both
a continuous scrubber to wash the exhaust gas and chemical
treatment or a Cottrell system.
29786
Becker, Karl H.
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROBLEMS OF AIR POLLUTION.
(Physikalisch- chemische probleme der Luftverunreinigung).
Text in German. Chem. Unserer Zeit, 5(1):9-18, Feb. 1971. 46
refs.
Principal air pollutants are reviewed. Carbon monoxide is
generated by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, for in-
stance in an automobile engine which emits 0.5 to one ton of
carbon monoxide per automobile per year. Since CO is con-
verted to the harmless carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures
only, it can stay in the atmosphere for two to three years. Sul-
fur dioxide is produced when heavy fuel oils and coal, con-
taining sulfur in various concentrations are burned. When in
the air, sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfur trioxide, which can
combine with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and can cause
the formation of smog which disappears from the atmosphere
with rain. Hydrocarbons are emitted by petrochemical industri-
al plants and are also components of automobile exhausts. Au-
tomobile exhausts also emit nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
Halides as pollutants usually occur in small concentrations, ex-
cept in some areas of steel and aluminum producing plants
where greater concentrations of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric
acids may occur. The incineration of scrap synthetic materials,
such as polyvinyl chloride and teflon also cause pollution from
the chlorine and fluorine compounds. Other pollutants men-
tioned are carcinogens such as benzpyrene and other poly-
cyclic hydrocarbons contained in the soot emitted by diesel
engines and lead compounds present in automobile exhaust
gases, if gasoline containing tetraethyl lead as antiknock agent
is used.
30513
Kobaysshi, Yosbitaka
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES
IN FACTORY. (Kojo ni okeni kogai boshi taisaku). Text in
Japanese. Preprint, Safety Engineering Assoc., Tokyo (Japan),
22p., 1970. (Presented at the Association of Safety Engineering
Seminar, 19th, Yokohama, Japan, Nov. 26-27,1970.)
Various forms of environmental pollution for which industrial
activities are primarily responsible are discussed, including the
results of a survey of measures taken by 2512 plants to com-
bat industrial pollution. With regard to air pollution, several
major cities in the U. S. are compared with Tokyo in terms of
sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbon, oxidant, carbon monoxide, and
nitric oxide. Sources of industrial pollution are tabulated to in-
dicate types of air pollutants discharged from particular
branches of industry; for instance, SO2 from power genera-
tion, iron and steel manufacturing, oil refining and petrochemi-
cal operations. Of the 2512 plants surveyed in February 1970,
only 1089 attempted to check industrial pollution. AntipoUution
measures being taken by representative firms are also listed by
individual firms. The effects of sulfur oxides on human health
is shown by a graphic representation of the case of Yokkaichi
asthma; according to the graph, significant health effects are
seen when man is exposed to air with an SO2 density of even
less than 0.02 ppm for about a year, or to air with 1.0 and 2.0
ppm SO2 for a few minutes. The atmospheric density of CO
(ppm) and rate of carboxyhemoglobin in blood (%) are
discussed in relation to human health. A table of chemical sub-
stances with their critical density for offensive odors is given
as well as a diagram indicating lead density by month in rela-
tion to rainfall and wind velocity. Another diagram indicates
photochemical process in an experimental case and still
another shows the relationship between lead density and cad-
mium density in the atmosphere.
31880
Steigerwald, Bernard J. and A. H. Rose
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM PETROLEUM REFINE-
RIES. A GUIDE FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio Div. of Air Pollution,
PHS Pub.-763, 56p., 1960. 11 refs. NTIS: PB 198096
The process of petroleum refining and atmospheric emissions
from oil refineries were discussed. General information on the
processes and equipment used in oil refineries to manufacture
petroleum products was given. Crude oil distillation, conver-
sion by cracking, catalytic reforming, polymerization, alkyla-
tion, isomerization, treatment with hydrogen and chemicals,
and blending were also briefly described. Sources of emission
from oil refineries include storage tanks, catalyst regeneration
units, pipeline valves and flanges, pressure relief valves,
pumps and compressors, compressor engines, cooling towers,
loading facilities, waste water separators, blowdown systems,
boilers, process heaters, vacuum jets, sampling, air blowing,
and acid treating. The main emissions are sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
malodorous materials. Lesser emissions include particulates,
aldehydes, ammonia, and organic acids. The most important
factors affecting refinery emissions are crude oQ capacity, air
pollution control measures, general level of maintenance and
good housekeeping in the refinery, and the processing scheme
employed. The estimation of atmospheric emissions from oil
refineries was demonstrated.
31882
Blokker, P. C.
AIR POLLUTION BY THE OIL INDUSTRY. (Luchtbezoedel-
ing door de olie-industrie). Text in Flemish. Meded. Vlaam.
Chem. Ver., 32(6):203-212, Nov./Dec. 1970.14 refs.
The main potential sources of air pollution from the petroleum
industry, excluding the petrochemical industry, are given. The
emissions are compared with those from power stations,
domestic fuel, and motor traffic. Emissions of nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulates from the
petroleum industry are low in comparison with those arising
from other sources. The industry s most important pollutants
are sulfur dioxide and odorous gases. Dispersion from high
stacks is often an effective means of solving local pollution by
sulfur dioxide. For odor abatement, prevention is the best
method; examples are given. The problem of abatement cost
-------
10
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
and norms are briefly discussed. Where health is not impaired,
the aim should be a low cost/benefit ratio. The industry is not
averse to reasonable norms provided that the level and main-
tenace are similar in different countries. (Author abstract
modified)
31883
Sherwood, R. J.
TRENDS IN THE REFINERY ENVIRONMENT. Med. Bull.
Standard Oil, New Jersey, 31(2):142-156, July 1971. (Also:
Petrol. Rev., Feb. 1971.)
The universal requirement for planning authorization ensures
that environmental factors are considered in the location,
planning, and operation of new refineries. In almost all en-
vironmental matters, the principle criterion is amenity, not
health. .Sometimes it may concern economy (for example,
damage to growing crops or fisheries), and a simple economic
criterion can then be developed. Where the basis for environ-
mental control is clearly that of human health, this will trans-
cend economic considerations and considerable attention must
be given to effective evaluation and control. Amenity aspects
are more difficult to assess and are likely to become more
stringent with rising living standards; they are particularly in-
fluenced by the situation of any particular refinery. Potential
problem areas in the external and internal environment of a
refinery are identified. Among the former are air pollution,
neighborhood noise, flares, water and ground pollution, and
accidental discharge of hazardous substances. Internal
problems include exposure of the isolated worker to toxic sub-
stances and noise, lighting, and thermal conditions.
32351
Lemke, Eric E., George Thomas, and Wayne E. Zwiacher
PROFILE OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN LOS AN-
GELES COUNTY. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, Calif., 66p., Jan. 1969.
A profile of air pollution sources, the effectiveness of the con-
trol program, and a projection for the future in Los Angeles
are presented. The Federal Clean Air Act of 1967 figures
prominently in the future projections, because it is assumed
that California will set motor vehicle emission standards more
stringently than the Federal standards. About 13,500 tons of
air contaminants are still being emitted daily, primarily
because of automobile emissions which comprise approximate-
ly 90% of the uncontrolled emissions. Major sources are listed
with data on type and amounts of particulates emitted, and the
amounts prevented. Motor vehicle sources include exhaust,
blowby, and evaporation in gasoline-powered engines and
diesel-powered engines; the prevention methods for motor
vehicle emissions include crankcase and exhaust control.
Other sources include organic solvents (surface coating, dry
cleaning, and degreasing), chemicals (sulfur and sulfuric acid
plants), incineration, non-ferrous metal production, cupolas,
electric steel furnaces, open hearths, mineral production (in-
cluding asphalt), and petroleum (refining, marketing, and
production). Rule 62 prevents contamination from power
plants and other fuel combustion processes. Jet and piston
driven aircraft, ships, and railroads are also sources. Contami-
nants include nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, hydrocarbons, and particulates. The distribution of chemi-
cal processing equipment, boilers, heaters, paint bake ovens,
incinerators, metal melting equipment, concrete batch plants,
petroleum processing equipment, rendering equipment, and
power plant boilers are shown. Daily emissions from fuel oil,
natural gas, and refinery make gas are shown. Also, steam and
electric power plants are discussed. When motor vehicle ex-
haust reacts with the air, photochemical smog can be formed
which causes eye irritation; the California Pure Air Act has set
standards which should eliminate this. Stationary and mobile
sources, air monitoring stations, seasonal changes, ozone con-
centrations, wind effects, daily concentration levels, oxidant
levels, and alerts are also discussed.
32465
Gondim, Pedro M.
CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO AIR POLLUTION.
(Contribuicao da industria para a poluicao do ar). Text in
Spanish. Rev. Service Especial Saude Pub., 16(1):69-91, 1971.
13 refs.
Petroleum refineries, metallurgical processing, and the produc-
tion of cement are examples of industrial sources of air pollu-
tion. These are stationary sources. Mobile sources of air pollu-
tion, in particular, the automobile, are becoming an increasing
source of problems in urban areas. Automobiles are a product
of industry, and industry should be responsible for the control
of their emissions. Crankcase and fuel evaporation emissions
are under control in the United States, but thermal and cata-
lytic afterburners do not yet satisfactorily control exhaust
emissions. In developing countries, such as Brazil, industry is
needed, but there are good reasons for also starting an air pol-
lution control program. Pollutants such as sulfur oxides,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, aldehydes, am-
monia, odors, and carbon monoxides are emitted by industry.
(Author summary modified)
32475
Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Tokyo
REPORT OF SURVEY OF THE SPECIFIED POISONOUS
SUBSTANCES AND THE PREVENTION OF OFFENSIVE
ODOR. REPORT 4. (Tokutei.yugaibusshitsu narabini akushu
boshi ni kansuru chosa kenkyu hokokusho (Dai 4 po)). Text in
Japanese. 67p., Aug. 1969. 14 refs.
The kraft pulp and petro-chemical industries were examined as
sources of offensive odors and the actual cotdition of the of-
fensive odor was analyzed. The present state of odorous emis-
sions from these industries, problems, and countermeasures
are discussed. The offensive odors produced in the digester
process of a kraft pulp industry in Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefec-
ture were measured by a sense organ method, obtained by
modifying the odorless chamber. The odors were analyzed by
the salt-balanced method, the glass beads tube (selective ad-
sorption of offensive odors), and the low temperature adsorp-
tion method (concentration of the odor by liquid oxygen). The
volumes of dimethyl-disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan,
and dimethyl sulfide in the odor were great. Odors analyzed
from the recovery boiler hi the kraft pulp factories in Miyagi
Prefecture contained 1-4 ppm methyl mercaptan, 20-300 ppm
hydrogen sulfide, and approximately 1 ppm dimethyl sulfide.
The volume of gas emitted at that time was 290,000 cu m.
About 1% of methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide was de-
tected from the turpentine tank. Odors from petro-chemical
factories in Yamaguchi Prefecture were measured by gas chro-
matography. The odors were composed of vinyl chloride, 1,3-
butadiene, propylene oxide, acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, and
ethylene dichloride.
33207
Elkin, Harold F.
PETROLEUM REFINERY EMISSIONS. In: Air Pollution.
Arthur C. Stern (ed.), Vol. 3, 2nd ed., New York, Academic
Press, 1968, Chapt. 34, p. 97-121. 23 refs.
-------
A. EMISSION SOURCES
11
The common air pollutants emitted during the petroleum refin-
ing process are discussed. Oil refining technology is explained
and flow diagrams of typical refineries are included. Individual
refineries vary greatly in the character and quantity of emis-
sions. Controlling factors include crude oil capacity, type of
crude processes, type and complexity of the processing, air
pollution control measures in use, and the degree of main-
tenance and good housekeeping procedures in force. Refining
emissions may be classified as smoke and particulate matter,
hydrocarbons, and other gaseous compounds, principally sul-
fur and nitrogen oxides. In crude separation, the use of
barometric condensers can release noncondensable hydrocar-
bons to the atmosphere. Regeneration of catalyst in cracking
by controlled combustion can release unburned hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, ammonia, and sulfur oxides. Smokes and
particulate matter are controlled by cyclones and electrostatic
precipitators. Most of the gaseous emissions can be controlled
by scrubbing and efficient combustion operations. The blend-
ing and hydrodesulfurization of petroleum products are also
described.
33883
Rayzacher, B.
THE OIL INDUSTRY AND THE ENVDXONMENT. Stichting
Concawe, The Hague (Netherlands), RepL 8/70, 17p., April
1970.15 refs.
The initial step in oil production, recovery of the crude oil
from its natural deposits, does not have any appreciable ad-
verse environmental effects. Transport by ocean tanker,
pipeline, and road and river tankers does often cause pollution
of the soil, land and surface, and of ground and surface
waters. Malodorous emissions during the refining process are
complicated by the numerous points, some a considerable
distance from the ground, where leakages may occur, and by
the human olfactory sense which can detect the presence of
some compounds at extremely low concentrations. Good main-
tenance and constant equipment control are required. Sulfur
emissions in the refining process stem from the frequent use
of high-sulfur fuels for various plant operations and from flare
burn-off. Control methods in the former case include desul-
furization and dispersion by tall stacks. Water pollution and
noise problems from refining are also discussed. Wrong or
negligent use of petroleum products contribute to air and
water pollution, but here correction rests to a large degree
with the individual user. For example, by correct adjustment
of the carburetor and ignition, automotive exhaust emissions
can be reduced by up to 50%. The costs of producing unleaded
no-knock gasolines, of desulfurizing fuel oils, and of using
naturally low-sulfur fuels are discussed. ,
33931
Amero, R. C.
FUELS FOR TRANSPORTATION. Preprint, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, Fuels Div.; Inst
of Fuel, London (England); Inst of Combustion and Fuel
Technology of Canada, Ottawa (Ontario), 8.1-8.28, 1970. 38
refs. (Presented at the North American Fuel Technology Con-
ference, Ottawa, Ontario, May 31- June 3,1970, Paper ASME-
NAFTC-3.)
Liquid hydrocarbon fuels supply energy for almost all of the
world s transportation. The principal exception is natural gas
used to power compressor stations on pipelines, if gas trans-
mission is considered a sector of transportation. For 50 years,
refinery development has meant increased yield and octane
rating of gasoline. Demand for distillate (jet, diesel, and
marine gas turbine fuel), though smaller, is now growing
faster. Refiners have great technical versatility for converting
widely different crudes into specification fuels. The technolo-
gy has been extended to produce the same kinds of fuels from
tar sands. Technology now being developed should be availa-
ble when needed to convert shale oil and coal into conven-
tional fuels. Air pollution controls and new engines may alter
the distribution of products from the petroleum barrel, but
electric automobiles, nuclear ships and other non-hydrocarbon
systems are not expected to supply a large share of transporta-
tion in the foreseeable future. Fuel consumption is discussed
for trucks, buses, automobiles, trains, aircraft, and ships.
(Author abstract).
34023
Brief, Richard S., Jack W. Blanchard, Robert A. Scala, and
Jerome H. Blacker
METAL CARBONYLS IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY.
Arch. Environ. Health, 23(5):373-384, Nov. 1971. 29 refs.
Metal carbonyl formation through reaction of carbon monox-
ide with free materials under certain conditions of temperature
and pressure in the petroleum industry is reviewed with
respect to operating conditions, toxicity and hazard of metal
carbonyls, exposure limits, personnel protection, and recom-
mended analytical methods for the determination of metal car-
bonyls. Utilizing the chemical reaction thermodynamics of
metal carbonyls, nomographs were constructed for the
equilibrium formation of nickel, cobalt, and iron carbonyls.
Acute exposures to low concentrations of metal carbonyls
produced acute pulmonary distress as a characteristic
response; chronic exposures to nickel carbonyl were as-
sociated with carcinogenic activity. For evaluation of potential
exposure to Ni(CO)4, urinary monitoring was effective. Wet
chemical methods (colorimetry and spectrophotometry) were
recommended for the analysis of Ni(CO)4. Colorimetric
methods were also used for the determination of cobalt
hydrocarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl.
34165
Reed, Robert D.
STACK PLUMING FACTORS. Preprint, National Petroleum
Refiners Association, Washington, D. C., 4p., 1970. (Presented
at the National Petroleum Refiners Association, Western Re-
gional Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 22-23, 1970, Paper
WR-70-63.)
Many petroleum refinery stack plumes are not innocent water
vapor but rather are potential air polluters. The vent-stack of
cat-crackers is typical; the constituents of the plume may be
hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oils, synthesized
organic compounds, sulfur compounds, water vapor, and
catalyst fines. The solution to controlling plume material lies in
the application of a specific burner design and utilization im-
mediately at the point where the cat-cracker gases are
discharged to the atmosphere. Sulfur trioxide plumes can be
controlled by direct firing of fuel into the stack for tempera-
ture elevation high enough to allow an adequate state of diffu-
sion into the atmosphere prior to dew-point temperature.
34177
Struth, Bert W.
THE IMPACT OF NEW GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS ON
REFINERIES OF THE FUTURE. Preprint, American Inst of
Chemical Engineers, New York, 26p., 1971. (Presented at the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, National Meeting,
68th, Houston, Tex., Feb. 28-March 4,1971.)
-------
12 PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Normal growth, a changing natural resources picture, ob- balance. Future trends are cited. Isopentane separation from
solescence, and pollution control will result in refinery expan- the light straight run, followed by isomerization of the nor-
sion of over 10 billion dollars over the next decade. The majS) appears to be the first step in upgrading the low-octane
refinery processing resulting from anticipated changes in naphthas. j^ carbon_6 to carbon_9 aromatics are by far the
gasoline specifications due to pollution control regulations is t ... .. .. , . . __ - . ,
discussed. The major question facing the industry is how to most economically available hydrocarbons. The feed for cata-
replace the leaded octane numbers. Advantages and disad- l?tic reformers will change drastically. Next to aromatics, al-
vantages connected with catalytic cracking, alkylation, kylate made of isobutane and C2 to C5 olefins offers the
hydrocrackling, residuum upgrading processes, and catalytic refiner the next highest research octane value component. The
reforming are considered, as well as the supply/demand effect of lead removal is discussed.
-------
13
B. CONTROL METHODS
00107
S. S. Griswold
CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES (TECHNICAL
PROGRESS REPT. VOLUME 1). Los Angeles County Air
Pollution Control District, Calif. Apr. 1960. 191 pp.
As a result of the intensive source control measures ad-
ministered in Los Angeles County, Virtually all industrial
operations have been brought within the scope of the air pollu-
tion control program. From the melting of metal to the paint-
ing of manufactured goods, specific industrial processes and
equipment have been subject to air pollution control measures.
This volume provides individual discussion of control
techniques applied to the most significant stationary sources of
air contamination. Certain source emission problems, such as
those traceable to the operation of railroad locomotives and
ships, are not discussed in this volume in view of the current
unimportance of the source. The material reported in this
volume generally contains only those developments occurring
subsequent to the publication of the Second Technical and Ad-
ministrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los Angeles
County, 1950-51. (Author)
00975
M. I. Weisburd, (Compiler and Ed.)
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FIELD OPERATIONS
MANUAL (A GUIDE FOR INSPECTION AND ENFORCE-
MENT). Public Health Service, Washing- ton, D. C., Div. of
Air Pollution, 1962. 291p.
Author discusses sources, control methods, training techniques
and related aspects of air pollution. Document is an excellent
source for specific information on equipment being used in air
pollution control. Pictures, diagrams, schematics and charts
are given.
01134
H. Juntgen
PROCEDURE FOR THE DRY SEPARATION OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE FROM WASTE GASES. Verfahren zur Trockenen
Abscheidung von Schwefeldioxid aux Abgasen. Chem. Ing.
Tech. (Weinheim) 38(7):734-736, My 1966.
In the dry processes for separating sulphur dioxide from waste
gases, the SO2 is bound by adsorption onto carbon-containing
substances, or chemically by reacting with metallic oxides or
carbonates in the presence of oxygen to form sulphates. The
regeneration of the sulphates involves a considerable outlay
and usually proceeds via various intermediate stages, whereas
the SO2 can be removed relatively simply from the carbon-
containing absorbents either by washing out with water or by
applying heat (Author summary)
01537
ELIMINATING SMELL FROM A REFINERY. Petroleum
(London) 29(4):148-150, Aug. 1966.
The methods used for eliminating smell from a refinery are
described. Even after use of an elaborate water purification
system, schematically presented in this article, odor remained.
The odor was traced to the waste water collection pit. It was
found that a triple layer of Allplas polypropylene 45 mm
diameter balls spread over the surface of the water in the col-
lecting pit eliminated the odors. A single layer of balls reduced
the amount of fuel needed to maintain a given solution tem-
perature by 70%, and reduced evaporation by 88%.
02017
M.A. Termeulen
AHt POLLUTION CONTROL BY OIL REFINERD2S. Proc.
(Part I) Intern. Clean Air Cong., London, 1966 (Paper IV/5).
pp. 92-5.
Stichting CONCAWE has been established by the Oil Compa-
nies' International Study Group for Clean Air and Water Con-
servation (Western Europe). Its Working Group on At-
mospheric Dispersion is active in the field of abatement and
control of air pollution originating from both domestic and in-
dustrial complexes. Major air-borne contaminations, from oil
refining operation but not petrochemical operations, such a
hydrocarbons, mercaptans, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sul-
phide and sulphur oxides other than from refinery flue gas, are
discussed. Most common sources of the above contaminants
are discussed, together with the general refinery practices for
preventing or reducing emission of these contaminants. The ef-
fectiveness of modem refinery processes in reducing air pollu-
tion is reviewed and examples of local conditions and the way
they affect the setting of practical limits of emissions are
discussed. In conclusion, the general oil industries views with
respect to the air pollution problem are summarized. (Author
abstract modified)
03128
C. Padovani
METHODS OF REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY
SPECD7IC INDUSTRIES (CHAPTER V. OH, INDUSTRY).
European Conf. on Air Pollution, Strasbourg. 1964. pp 323-36.
One general observation that can be made concerning the na-
tional reports received is that the information they contain is
not full enough or specific enough particularly as regards pol-
lution statistics, the cost of anti-pollution equipment and the
results obtained. Furthermore, as regards sources of pollution
and methods of control, the reports mention nothing which
cannot be found in technical literature. Recent years have seen
enormous refinery development in Europe owing to a steady
increase in consumption and the transfer of processing plants
from the areas where the crude oil is obtained to those where
petroleum products are consumed. There are also signs of a
tendency to concentrate production in increasingly large
refineries and of a continuous increase in secondary or vertical
refining processes as compared with primary or horizontal
refining processes. The pollution problem has naturally been
aggravated by the tendency to bring refineries closer to con-
sumption areas. By their very appearance, the enormous size
of the storage tanks, the tall distillation towers, the flares for
burning the surplus gases, petrol refineries make a strong im-
pression on the public at large and give rise to suggestions out
-------
14
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
of all proportion to the actual threat presented to public
health. It should further be pointed out that the European oil
industry was almost completely reconstructed after the second
world war and that, even in the field of pollution control, it is
in the van of progress. However, the oil industry still needs to
improve on the measures it has adopted.
04599
R. L. Chass
THE STATUS OF ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE FOR THE
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. Proc. Natl. Conf. Air Pol-
lution, Washington, D. C., 1962. pp. 272-80. 1963.
Control programs are discussed and particular the control pro-
gram of Los Angeles County, also its demography, urban
growth which is paralelled by increase in automobiles. Los An-
geles, in spite of stringent air pollution regulations, has con-
tinued to increase its industries and to expand existing indus-
tries. In spite of the growth pattern, the engineering and en-
forcement functions of the District have resulted in preventing
4,500 tons of air contaminants from stationary sources, from
entering the Los Angeles atmosphere each day. As it is
pointed out in this paper, the air pollution problems can be
solved, using sound technical and engineering approaches cou-
pled with enlightened administrative and legislative action.
06006
Chass, R. L., C. V. Kanter, and J. H. Elliott
CONTRIBUTION OF SOLVENTS TO Am POLLUTION AND
METHODS FOR CONTROLLING THEIR EMISSIONS. J. Air
Pollution Control Assoc., 13(2):64-72, 96, Feb. 1963.
(Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Chicago, DL, May 20-24, 1962.)
A breakdown of the emissions of organic solvent vapors by
category of industry in Los Angeles County shows that air-
craft manufacturing, dry cleaning, automobile assembling,
rubber production, toto-gravure printing, and furniture manu-
facturing are the major categories of industry responsible for
approximately 30% of the total. No one industry contributes
more than 8% of the total. Solvent usage contributes about
17% of all aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon vapors and
about 70% of other emissions of origin. Application of oil-
based surface coatings in all industrial, commercial and
domestic activities accounts for about 55% of the total emis-
sions from organic solvent usage. This paper summarizes the
total organic emissions from solvent uses entering the Los An-
geles County atmosphere each day and presents the results of
an engineering development program conducted by the Los
Angeles County APCD to determine the engineering and
economic feasibility of controlling solvent emissions from pro-
tective coatings operations. Uncontrolled operations involve
95% of the solvent usage in the Los Angeles County. The con-
trol of solvent emissions can theoretically be accomplished by
one or more of the following processes: condensation by cool-
ing or compression, absorption, chemical modification includ-
ing incineration, and adsorption. Control or recovery of or-
ganic vapors by adsorption appeared to be the most feasible
approach for the low concentrations involved and was there-
fore selected for the experimental work. Activated carbon
proved to be effective and economically feasible for the con-
trol of solvent vapors from spray finishing operations. The
operational costs, including maintenance expense, and in-
stalled costs for each of the systems were estimated.
07242
THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1964 OF THE SUPERVISING
OFFICES FOR TRADE AND INDUSTRY. Aus dem Jahresbe-
richt 1964 der Gewerbeaufsicht. Reinhaltung der Luft in
Nordrhein-Westfalen. (2), 19-38 (1965) Ger.
In 1964, the supervising offices for trade and industry (Gewer-
beaufsichtsamter) in North-Rhine-Westfalia dealt with 10,262
cases where air pollution problems were involved. Tables
present some statistics as to the actions taken in each case.
Although the capacity of steam boiler plants had doubled in 10
years, the dust emission dropped by 34%. Many small waste
burners had to be shut down since they could not meet stan-
dard emission limits. The output of cement kilns rose 250%
from 1950 to 1964. In the same time dust emission dropped to
28% of its original value. Both dry and wet electrofliters are
mostly used. Photographs of chimneys in operation document
the favorable results. Dust emission from brick works was
greatly reduced by replacement of tunnel furnaces with ring
furnaces. Similar results are true for earthenware factories.
Measures for reducing the brown smoke of steel converters
are reported. Dust emission control for cupola furnaces is still
in its beginning stage. Costs of various methods of dust
removal are estimated; some preliminary results are reported.
Electroplating plants remove acid fumes by spraying with
neutralizing solutions. Methods of air pollution control in the
chemical industry, nonferrous metal industry, petroleum indus-
try, paint factories, and some other selected industries are also
briefly mentioned. Comments on current air pollution legisla-
tion conclude this report.
07925
Beighton, J.
THE SPECIAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Roy. Soc. Health
J. (London). 87(4):215-218, July-Aug. 1967. 2 refs. (London)
The air pollution problems of a group of industries which
produce: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, petroleum and petrochemi-
cals, iron and steel, copper, aluminum, gas, ceramics and elec-
tric power are reviewed. The basic technical approach is to
avoid the formation of the emission by design of the process,
then to require the treatment of any unavoidable emission, and
finally to require adequate dispersal of any residual amount
which has to be discharged. The legislation is designed to com-
promise between safeguarding of public health and amenities
and providing for a realistic acceptance with adequate control
of special processes. Although the loss of gases in the manu-
facture of sulfuric acid is limited to 2% of the sulfur burned,
the loss from a contact acid plant with a 500-ton-per-day
capacity may be considerable so that chimney heights as high
as 450 ft may be required. Acid mist from contact plants burn-
ing sulfur is a special problem as it is difficult to control and
its occurrence is unpredictable. There are two nitric acid
plants in Britain equipped with catalytic tail-gas reduction
units which should solve the problem of brown nitrous fume
emission to the air. The use of special flares is required to
control H2S and mercaptans emitted by oil refineries. In the
steel industry the development of the Fuel-Oxygen-Scrap
process is regarded as an alternative to the electric arc fur-
nace. It is claimed that melting and refining can be carried out
without exceeding a fume level of 0.05 grains per cu ft.
08071
Gammelgard, P. N.
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS ~
REFINERY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Preprint, 13p.,
((1966)). (Presented at the National Conference on Air Pollu-
tion, Washington, D. C., Dec. 13,1966.)
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
15
The oil industry has been engaged in air conservation research
and practice for almost two decades, both through the efforts
of individual companies and through programs of its trade as-
sociation, the American Petroleum Institute. The present
status and prospective methods for controlling smoke,
hydrocarbons, oxides of sulfur, particulates, and carbon
monoxide in the petroleum industry are discussed briefly.
08711
Jensen, D. A., and I. R. Scanlin
METHODS OF REDUCING POLLUTION CAUSED BY IN-
TERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (MOTOR VEHICLES).
Bull. D'Infonnation due C.I.D.I.T.V.A., Aspects Techniques
de la Securite Routiers, ((No. 4.), 29p., (Presented at the Eu-
ropean Conference on Air Pollution, Strasbourg, France, June
1964, by Dr. John T. Middleton, Director Air Pollution
Research Center, Univ. of Calif.)
A brief status report of the methods of reducing pollution
caused by internal combustion engines is given. Photochemical
reaction in the atmosphere is discussed. Crankcase emission
control de- vices, exhaust controls, diesel control, oxides of
nitrogen con- trol and evaporative losses are considered. The
solution to the automobile air pollution problem will evolve
and be based on the following three points; (1) The problem
will be solved through a step by step approach. (2) There is
every reason for optimism, based on the well proven
technological record of American indus- try in resolving motor
vehicle engineering problems over the last 60 years, and (3)
The reason for optimism rests most importantly with the peo-
ple of the State of California themselves. The
09784
Danielson, John A. (comp. and ed.)
AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING MANUAL. (AIR POLLU-
TION CONTROL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES.)
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, National Center for Air Pollu-
tion Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, 999-AP-40, 892p., 1967.
((314)) refs. GPO: 806-614-30
The control of air pollution at individual sources peculiar to
the Los Angeles area is considered. The practical engineering
problems of design and operation for many sources of air pol-
lution are emphasized. There are 11 chapters, each by dif-
ferent authors, and 4 appendixes. The chapter titles are: (1) In-
troduction; (2) Contaminants; (3) Design of Local Exhaust
Systems; (4) Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particulate
Matter; (5) Control Equipment for Gases and Vapors; (6)
Metallurgical Equipment; (7) Control Equipment; (8) Incinera-
tion; (9) Combustion Equipment; (10) Petroleum Equipment;
and (11) Chemical Processing Equipment. The introduction
discusses the Los Angeles Basin, rules and regulations in Los
Angeles County, and the use of the manual. The appendixes'
titles are: (A) Rules and Regulations; (B) Odor-Testing
Techniques; (C) Hypothetical Available Heats from Natural
Gas; and (D) Miscellaneous Data.
09833
Walsh, Robert T.
BOILERS, HEATERS, AND STEAM GENERATORS. In: Air
Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control Dis- trict,
County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.),
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Cen- ter for
Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 525- 558, 1967.
GPO: 806-614-40
Boilers, heaters, and steam plants which burn fossil fuels (oil
or gas) produce large quantities of particulates oxides of sulfur
and nitrogen, and acid mist due to hydrolysis of SO3. Particu-
late emission during normal operation and tube cleaning is
discussed. The formation, reactions, kinetics, and equilibria
for NOx and SOx are presented which form the basis for
recommendation on firebox temperatures, combustion oxygen
concentrations, and burner design for optimum performance.
Pollution control equipment, such as cyclones, filters, electri-
cal precipitators, alkaline additives, metal oxide and carbon
filled adsorbers, afterburners, and various scrubbers are
described and evaluated. Experimental data is given for
several methods of control. Lowering excess air, catalytic
decomposition of NOx, reducing flame temperatures, and
eliminating air preheat are also discussed. Consideration is
given to the economics of emission control, especially SOx,
and to thermal efficiency.
09835
Walters, Donald F.
WASTE-GAS DISPOSAL SYSTEMS. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 565-606, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Petroleum refineries must dispose of large quantities of
hydrocarbon vent, waste, blowdown, and emergency pressure
release gases. Types, design, instrumentation, and operating
practices for gas disposal flares are presented. These include
elevated and ground level flares, burner design, steam injec-
tion, ignition and pilot light systems, flare sizes and capacities,
removal of entrained mists, and provision for emergency over-
loads. Pressure relief systems are also thoroughly discussed.
Commonly used terms dealing with relief systems are defined.
Design methods and operating procedures for safety valves
(standard and balanced), rupture discs, vent lines, vent
headers, and vent gas scrubbers are discussed and illustrated.
09836
Murray, Robert C.
STORAGE VESSELS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Ageles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 606-629,1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Various types of storage vessels for liquid and gaseous
petroleum products are described and discussed in light of
vapor emission problems (evaporation and breathing), pressure
(advantages and tank design limitations), solar heating, and
design of vessels and vapor seals. The types of vessels con-
sidered are: pressure; fixed, floating, and vapor seal roof;
open top; reservoirs, pits, and ponds; and floating microsphere
foam roof tanks. Specific emissions are vapors, mists, and
odors. These are due to evaporation from wet vessel walls
during draining operations, entrainment of material by winds,
evaporation from the bulk caused by solar heating, and tank
breathing due to diurnal temperature changes. Quantitative
methods for determining the extent of these emissions are
presented and illustrated. Emission control devices and
methods included are vapor seals for floating-roof vessels,
vent scrubbers, floating plastic blankets, vapor recovery
systems, vapor conservation vessels, and vapor balance
systems where various tank vents are connected. Graphs of in-
stalled cost for various types and sizes of vessels are
presented.
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16
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
09838
Cuffe, Stanley T.
CATALYST REGENERATION. In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 642-652,1967. GPO: 806-614-30
The regeneration of catalysts employed in petroleum refining
processes, such as fluid and Thennofor catalytic cracking, is
accomplished by burning coke and sulfur deposits from the
catalyst surface. Combustion gases from regeneration include
the pollutants CO, SOx, NOx, NH3, hydrocarbons, and par-
ticulate matter. Tables of data collected in 1956 are presented
which specify pro- cess flow rates, catalyst circulation rates,
regenerator air rates, coke bum-off rates, flue gas tempera-
tures, paniculate losses, hydrocarbon emission and analysis,
and stack gas composition and volumes. Pollution control
methods presented and discussed are: wet and dry cyclones,
carbon monoxide waste heat boilers, and elec- trical precipita-
tors. The economy of a CO boiler depends on the catalyst
regenerator flue gas volume, temperature, fuel value, and
CO2/CO ratio. An analysis of flue gases from CO waste heat
boilers is presented for cases where ammonia has and has not
been injected into the gas stream before the electrostatic
precipitator.
09839
Kinsey, Robert H.
OIL-WATER EFFLUENT SYSTEMS. In: Air Pollution Con-
trol Dis- trict, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
(comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Cen- ter for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40,
p. 652-659 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
Oil-water effluent systems found in the petroleum industry
collect and separate wastes recover valuable oils, and remove
undesirable contaminants before discharge of the water to
ocean, rivers, or channels. The type of liquid wastes may be
classified as waste water with: Oil present as free oil, emul-
sified oil, or as ofl coating on suspended matter; and chemicals
include acids, alkalies, phenols, sulfur compounds, clay, and
others. The oil-water separator design must provide for effi-
cient inlet construction, sediment collection mechanisms, and
oil skimmers. Clarification of final-effluent water streams is
accomplished by filtration, chemical flocculation, and biologi-
cal treatment. The most objectionable Contaminants emitted
from liquid waste streams are hydrocarbons, sulfur com-
pounds, and other malodorous materials. The method
presented may be used to estimate the hydrocarbon loss from
oil-water separators. The most effective means of control of
hydrocarbon emissions from oil-water separators has been the
covering of forebays or primary separator sections with fixed
roofs or floating roofs. Isolation of certain odor-and chemical-
bearing liquid wastes at their source for treatment before
discharge of the water to the refinery waste-water gathering
system is an effective and economical means of minimizing
odor and chemicals problems. Principal streams that are
treated separately are oil-in-water emulsions, sulfur-bearing
waters, acid sludge, and spent caustic wastes. Gravity-type oil-
water separators are ineffective in breaking the oil-in-water
emulsions. Meth ods of separation include direct application of
heat, distillation, centrifuging, filtration, use of an electric
field coagulating chemicals, air flotation systems, and biologi-
cal treatment. Sulfide -and mercaptan bearing water may be
steam stripped, or the sulfides may be oxidized to form ac-
ceptable thiosulfates, will produce H. S. Acid sludge is
dumped, burned, or processed to recover acid or to produce
byproduct. Spent caustic wastes are generally dumped, or can
be used in the neutralization of acid wastes.
09840
Kinsey, R. H.
PUMPS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual. (Air Pollution
Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson
(comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Na-
tional Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p.
659-665,1967. GPO: 836-614-30
Pumps are used in every phase of the petroleum industry and
are available in wide variety of models, sizes, capacities and
materials used for construction. All the common machinable
metals and alloys, as well as plastics, rubber, and ceramics,
are used. Pumps may be classified under two general headings,
positive displacement and centrifugal. Positive-displacement
pumps have as their principle of operation the displacement of
the liquid from the pump case by reciprocating action of a
piston or diaphragm, or rotating action of a gear, cam, vane,
or screw. Centrifugal pumps operated by the principle of con-
verting velocity pressure generated by centrifugal force to
static pressure. Velocity is imparted to the fluid by an impeller
that is rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters at the center of
the impeller that is rotated at high speeds. The fluid enters of
the impeller and is discharged from its periphery. Power for
driving the various types of pumps is usually derived from
electric motors, internal combustion engines, or steam drives.
Any leak in the pumping equipment causes emission of
hydrocarbon vapors and malodorous sulfur compounds.
Several means have been devised for sealing the annular
clearance between pump shafts and fluid casings to retard
leakage. For most refinery applications, packed seals and
mechanical seals are widely used. Typical packed seal
generally consist of a stuffing box filled with sealing material
that encases the moving shaft. Lubrication of the contact sur-
faces of the packing and shaft is effected by a controlled
amount of product leakage to the atmosphere. The second
commonly used means of sealing is the mechanical seal. This
type of seal can be used only in pump that have a rotary shaft
motion. A simple mechanical seal consists of two rings with
wearing surfaces at right angles to the shaft. One ring is sta-
tionary while the other is attached to the shaft and rotates
with it. A spring and the action of fluid pressure keep the two
faces in contact. Lubrication of the wearing faces is effected
by a thin film of the material being pumped. The wearing faces
are precisely finished to ensure perfectly flat surfaces. For
cases not feasible to control with mechanical seals, specialized
types of pumps, such as canned, diaphragm, or electromag-
netic, are required. A pressure-seal-type application can
reduce packing gland leakage. A liquid, less volatile or gan-
gerous than the product being pumped, is introduced between
two sets of packing at a higher pressure than the product.
Volatile vapors that leak past a main seal may be vented to
vapor recovery by using dual
09841
Kinsey, Robert T.
VALVES. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual (Air Pol- lu-
tion Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John A. Daniel-
son (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-Pub- 999-AP-
40, p. 669-672,1967. GPO: 806-614-30
The petroleum industry employs numerous valves in its opera-
tions. Many of these valves leak causing emission of hydrocar-
bon vapors averaging 12 per cent of the total process emission.
Data on valve leakages in Los Angeles County refineries is
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
17
presented (1958). The proposed emission control method for
flow control valves is frequent inspection and maintenance.
Rupture discs can be used to eliminate pressure relief and
safety valve leaks.
09842
Murray, Robert C.
COOLING TOWERS. In: Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
(Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles.) John
A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Service, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control, PHS-
Pub-999-AP-40, p. 672-675, 1967. GPO: 806-614030
Cooling towers are major items of heat-transfer equipment in
the petroleum and petrochemical industries. They are designed
to cool, by air, the water used to cool industrial processes.
Cooling of the water by air involves evaporation of a portion
of the water into the air so that the remaining water is cooled
by furnishing heat for this evaporation process. This cooled
water is used, in turn, in heat-exchange equipment to cool
other liquids and gases. The tower is packed with an open
checker work of wood or metal. Hot water splashes down
over the packing into a pool at the bottom. Air, by either natu-
ral, forced, or induced draft, contacts the water counter cur-
rently. Performance of the tower is at a maximum at water
rates of 2 to 3 gallons per minute per square foot of ground
area. General aspects of tower design are discussed. Cooling
towers used in conjunction with equipment processing
hydrocarbons and their derivatives are potential sources of air
pollution because of possible contamination of water. A sur-
vey of the oil refineries operating in Los Angeles County in-
dicated hydrocarbon concentrations of approximately 20 per-
cent in the cooling water of the cooling towers. Individually
the emissions varied from 4 to 1,500 pounds per cooling tower
per day. The amount of hydrocarbon present in the water de-
pends upon the state of maintenance of the process equip-
ment, particularly the heat- exchange equipment, condensers,
and coolers through which the water is circulated. The control
of hydrocarbon discharges or of release of odoriferous com-
pounds at the cooling tower is not practical. Instead, the con-
trol must be at the point where the contaminant enters the
cooling water. Hence, systems of detection of contamination
in water, proper maintenance, speedy repair of leakage from
process equipment and piping, and good housekeeping pro-
grams in general are necessary to minimize the air pollution
occurring at the cooling tower. Greater use of fin-fan coolers
can also control the emissions indirectly by reducing or
eliminating the volume of cooling water to be aerated in a
cooling tower.
09843
Kinsey, Robert H.
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES. In: Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of Los An-
geles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Con-
trol, PHS-Pub-999-AP-40, p. 675-678, 1967. GPO: 806-614-30
A number of relatively minor sources of air pollution con-
tribute approximately 10 percent of the total hydrocarbon
emissions to the atmosphere from refineries. Six of these
sources, not discussed elsewhere in this manual, include air-
blowing, blind changing, equipment turnaround, tank cleaning,
use of vacuum jets, and compressor engine exhausts. In cer-
tain refining operations, air is blown through heavier petrole-
um fractions for the purpose of removing moisture or agitating
the product. The exhaust air is saturated with hydrocarbon
vapors or aerosols. Emissions from airblowing for removal of
moisture, or for agitation of products may be minimized by
replacing the airblowing equipment with mechan- ical agitators
and incinerating the exhasut vapors. Refinery op- erations
frequently require that a pipeline be used for more than one
product. To prevent leakage and contamination of a particular
product, other product-connecting and product-feeding lines
are customarily 'blinded off by inserting of a flat, solid plate
between two ranges of a pipe connection. In opening, or
breaking, the flanged connection to insert the blind, spillage of
product in that portion of the pipeline can occur. Emissions to
the atmosphere from the changing of blinds can be minimized
by pumping out the pipeline and then flushing the line with
water before breaking the flange. Spillage resulting from blind
changing can also be minimized by use of 'line' blinds in place
of the common 'slip* blinds. Line blinds do not require a
complete break of the flange connection during the changing
operation. Data indicate that slip blinds spill an average of 5
gallons per change compared with line blind valves, which spill
an average of 2 gallons per change. A major phase of a main-
tenance program is the shutting down and starting up of the
various units, usually called a turnaround. Vapors removed
from equipment prior to maintenance or cleaning should be
condensed, recovered, or burned. Vacuum jet exhausts must
also be treated if hydrocarbon vapors are present.
09857
D'lmperio, Joseph
OIL AND SOLVENT RE-REFINING. In: Air Pollution En-
gineering Manual. (Air Pollution Control District, County of
Los Angeles.) John A. Danielson (comp. and ed.), Public
Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for Air Pol-
lution Control, PHS- Pub-999-AP-40, p. 799-801, 1967. GPO:
806-614-30
Used lubricants, hydraulic fluids, and solvents are purified to
produce usable products by re-refining techniques. Because
the profit margin is small there is very little effort or money
spent on pollution control in re-refining plants. Odors and
hydrocarbon vapors are frequently released without control. A
simple control technique is to enclose all emission sources and
incinerate the exhaust gasses in boiler fireboxes.
09922
Bumhouse, W. A.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND MERCAPTANS AS AIR POLLU-
TANTS. American Petroleum Institute, Detroit, Mich., Com-
mittee for Air and Water Conservation, ((16))p., 1966. 8 refs.
(Presented at the American Petroleum Institute, American In-
stitute of Chemical Engineers National Meeting, Detroit,
Mich., Dec. 8, 1966.)
The emissions of hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans from
petroleum operations and methods for control are given a
general discussion. The specific sources of both compounds in
refining operations are discussed. The control processes used
for hydrogen sulfide include; scrubbing processes, heat
regenerative methods, and absorption with various solutions.
Several of these methods currently being used are discussed.
There are many processes for removing mercaptans from
petroleum products for which a very brief discussion is given.
The recovery of sulfur as a control process is described. The
cost of sulfur control to the petroleum industry is discussed.
11740
Schaefer, Manfred
NEW REFINERY IN THE SAAR. ((Die Saarland-Raifinerie.))
Text in German. Erdoel Kohle (Hamburg), 21(6):331-334, June
1968.
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18
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Prevention of water and air pollution is one of the subjects
discussed briefly in a detailed description of the new refinery
erected in 1967 near Saarbrucken, German. The refinert is a
top-distillation plant with a capacity of 1 million tons per year,
producing straight-run gasoline, light and heavy fuel oils,
diesel oil, and refinery gas. In order to protect the neighbor-
hood, the smoke from the tubular still (which has a capacity of
30 million kcal./hr.) is voided through a 90-meter stack, the
height being calculated on the basis of the use of fuel oil with
a sulfur content of 2.5%; in actual practice, the fuel oil used
contains less sulfur, and gas from the stabilizing column is
also used as fuel for the furnace. Escape of hydrocarbons is
prevented by connecting the safety valves of the still to the
discharge or torch system of the furnace. The more volatile
products are stored in tanks with floating roofs. The waste
water is also treated to remove volatile compounds, which are
burned in the furnace, and is then led to a closed API separat-
ing tank
17943
Belov, K. A. and L. N. Petrova
REDUCING BENZOLE HYDROCARBON LOSSES TO AT-
MOSPHERE. Coke Chem. (USSR) (English translation from
Russian of: Koks i khim.), no. 9:32-36, 1968.
The saturated vapor pressures and volality of crude benzoles
and rectification products at two coke and chemical works
were experimentally determined. The saturated vapor pres-
sures were determined at temperatures between -15 and +30
C. A three-neck flask was used which was controlled by a
thermostat to maintain a constant temperature. When the
required temperature was reached, 10 ml of the test substance
injected into the flask and the pressure change recorded. The
relationship between saturated vapor pressure and temperature
was described by the equation IgP equals A - B/T, where P is
the pressure of the saturated vapor in mm Hg, T the tempera-
ture in degrees Kelvin, and A and B are constants which were
found experimentally. Benzene hydrocarbon losses through the
breather valves in storage tanks are largely governed by the
rate at which the latter are charged and the speed at which the
air space in the tanks becomes impregnated with hydrocarbon
vapors. To determine the quantity of these losses, 250 ml of
benzene was poured into a vessel, the proper temperature was
adjusted, and atmospheric air was allowed to enter. The escap-
ing hydrocarbon vapors were caught by activated charcoal.
The increase of weight of the activated carbon divided by the
volume of air expelled by the vapors from the vessel yields
the amount of hydrocarbons lost from the container. The error
of this method did not exceed 0.5%.
26506
Tan, Soen H.
FLARE SYSTEM DESIGN SIMPLIFIED. Hydrocarbon
Process., 46(1): 172-174, Jan. 1967.
A flare facility, particularly the flare burner, must have a sta-
ble flame capable of burning hydrocarbon vapors released dur-
ing a major operational failure. In addition, the vapors must be
sufficiently freed from liquid droplets before entering the
stack, the smoke minimized by injection of steam into the
flame, and the stack located at a safe distance from personnel
and equipment. Finally, the flare system must be purged with
inert gas to prevent flash flashback. Equations are given for
computing flare stack and knockout drum size, flame radia-
tion, and steam rate and purge gas rate. Nomograms are in-
cluded to speed these design calculations.
27719
Hopper, W. C. and B. Rayzacher
THE IMPACT OF THE OIL INDUSTRY ON THE ENVTRON-
MENT, 2ND EDITION. Stichting Concawe, The Hague
(Netherlands), Rept. 4/70, 19p., March 1970. 12 refs.
The environmental impact of refining operations and oil
products is assessed. While super tankers represent a very
great potential for pollution, the industry is generally careful
to minimize oil losses during transportation-both at sea and
overland. The problem of odors can be reduced by good main-
tenance and should gradually diminish with the introduction of
modern refining techniques and engineering innovation. Many
refineries are reducing sulfur dioxide emissions by recovering
sulfur from hydrogen-sulfide gas streams. The sulfur-free gas
is used to recover butane or for reforming to domestic gas or
for the production of liquefied petroleum gas. The problems of
refinery water effluent and refinery noise are complex, the
former sometimes calling for biological oxidation or cooling-
water recycle systems and air cooling. Noise is difficult to
mask since most refinery equipment, for safety reasons, is
operated in the open air. New engineering solutions must be
found. With respect to petroleum products, there is already a
steady downward trend in the sulfur content of fuel oils. This
is due to the increasing availability of low-sulfur crudes and
gradual changes in the refining pattern in response to changing
demands for products.
28501
Shalamberidze, 0. P. and S. E. Partskhalava
SANITIZING THE Am IN THE GEORGIAN SSR. Gigjena i
Sanit, no 4:96-98, 1970. Translated from Russian. Joint Publi-
cations Research Service, Washington, D. C., 5p., June 11,
1970. NTIS: JPRS 50713
The rapid industrial growth of the Georgian Republic has
created serious air pollution problems. Air quality measure-
ments initiated in the early 1950's showed excessive emissions
of various pollutants from, for example, a metallurgical plant
complex a chemical complex producing nitrogen fertilizer and
caprolactum, a ferroalloy plant, and an oil refinery. Nitrogen
dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations as far as 2000 m
from the chemical plant were higher than single and average
daily maximum permissible levels. There was evidence that
emissions from all these plants were having adversive effects
on the health of children living nearby, and steps were taken
to reduce the pollution with varying degrees of effectiveness.
Air quality studies in the capital city of Tbilisi showed that
control measures (e.g., removal of some industrial plants to
sites outside the city, conversions to natural gas, tree planting)
did succeed in reducing the sulfur dioxide, dust, and soot in
the city 2- to 2.5-fold. The occurrence and effects of 3,4-benz-
pyrene in settling dust were studied, and maximum permissible
concentrations for various compounds were established. The
present air pollution control program includes systematic
monitoring, preventive inspection, enforcement checks, con-
version of heating and power units to natura gas, and installa-
tion of control equipment in industrial and public buildings.
Nevertheless, numerous shortcoming and omissions in the pro-
gram remain to be corrected for more effective control. [
28874
THE TREND TOWARD HIGH CHIMNEYS RELIES ON THE
TECHNIQUE OF INSULATIO TO ENSURE EFFECTIVENESS
AND SAFETY. (La tendence au cheminees hautes compte sur
les techniques d'isolation pour assurer 1'efficacite et la secu-
rite). Text in French. Chalevr et Climats, (Waterloo),
34(406):125-128, Oct. 1969.
-------
B. CONTROL METHODS
19
A 150 m tall chimney was built for a refinery which turns out
petroleum products at the rate of over 750,000 barrels per day.
Th chimney takes care of the waste gases emanating from the
refinery, the sulfur plant, the hydrogen unit, and the steam
generating system. The waste gases contain carbohydrates,
sulfur dioxide, and water vapor. They enter the bottom of the
chimney through three inlet ducts. The throughput of waste
gases is about 1,350,000 cu m per hour at an entrance tempera-
ture at the bottom of the chimney of 375 C, with a tempera-
ture drop of 16 C between bottom and top. The insulating
material must be incombustible and resistant to the wast gases,
to ensure that no cracks occur which would allow corrosive
gases to pass through to the outer chimney concrete structure.
A cellular glass was selected as insulating material. The chim-
ney wall, proceeding radially from outside to inside, is com-
posed of reinforced concrete, hydrasphalte, glass insulation,
an empty space of 1 cm, and an internal lining of refractory
bricks. The construction provides for 11 expansion joints for
lateral heat expansion. The total weight of the chimney ex-
ceeds 6000 tons, 5000 tons of which are in the outer concrete
construction.
29628
LAW-MAKERS SAY: CLEAN UP OR SHUT DOWN. Can.
Chem. Process., 55(4):47-50, April 1971.
The major push by the Canadian government to control air
pollution will surely come once Parliament approves Bill C-
224, the Clean Air Act. Under the Act, air polluters may be
fined up to $200,000 per instance of violating one or more of
the emission standards to be set by the Federal government.
Also, the Act will empower federal authorities to fine any pol-
lution source regardless of location; this is a major departure
from current federal/provincial division of powers. Controlling
the fumes from coking is mentioned, as well as regulations
pertaining to the emissions from petroleum refineries, lead-in
gasoline, automotive emissions, and aircraft exhaust smoke.
Processes for the removal of sulfur dioxide are listed tabu-
larly. The British Columbia government has offered a prize of
$250,000 for the first individual or company to come up with a
device to eliminate air pollution and odor of pulpmills.
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20
C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
02980
L. Grupinski
THE APPLICATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO THE DETERMINATION
OF AIR POLLUTANTS. Staub (English TRANSL.) 25, (11)
41-4, NOV. 1965. CFSTITT66-51040/11
The application of gas chromatography and infrared spec-
troscopy is described with practical examples of analysis of
emissions from a pipestill chimney of a mineral oil refinery.
The emissions were concentrated by a modern method. Quan-
titative determinations can be carried out successfully with the
help of a thermal conductivity detector. Infrared spectroscopy
is particularly suitable for identifying mixtures. Because of
good results obtained in practice it is proposed to increase the
application of gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy
to the analysis of air pollutants. (Author summary)
04324
EMISSIONS OF OXIDES OF NITROGEN FROM STATIONA-
RY SOURCES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY (REPORT NO. 1)
(A JOINT DISTRICT, FEDERAL, STATE AND INDUSTRY
PROJECT). Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control Dis-
trict, Calif. Feb. 1960. 55 pp.
This is the first of a series of joint project reports of work and
findings on the oxides of nitrogen. The need and the recog-
nized importance of the role of oxides of nitrogen in smog for-
mation led to a survey of available data on the emissions of
NO from stationary sources. One of the objectives of this pro-
ject was to determine the rate of discharge of oxides of
nitrogen from each type of equipment under varying operating
conditions. Various analytical procedures for the determination
of oxides of nitrogen were reviewed. Sampling and analytical
procedures are discussed. The phenoldisulfonic acid method
was selected because of its reliability, reproducibility, and its
suitability for field test- ing. Forms used for recording field
data, analytical results and calculations are contained in the
appendix.
04514
G. Burkert
THE MEASUREMENT OF ADX QUALITY STANDARDS.
Instr. Pract. (London) 19, (9) 831-4, Sept. 1965.
Our knowledge of air pollution is based on the experience of
other countries and while it may be expected that these results
could be applied to any area.the climate and geographical
situation are prin cipal factors thus necessitating individual
measuring standards. This paper is concerned with measure-
ments from California and Western Germany and also
describes air pollution equipment for some components of in-
terest The relationship between air quality and control stan-
dards is compared. (Author abstract)
04889
J. M. Lepper
PORTABLE INFRARED REMOTE S02 SENSOR (THIRD
QUARTERLY S02 REPT.) Dahno Victor Co., Washington, D.
C. Apr. 10,1967 9 pp.
This is a report of work concerning the present state of SO2
Sensor system, demonstrated capability, and problems. The
SO2 Sensor has been operational for the past month and a
half. During the month of January the internal computer was
checked out and found to meet the requirements described in
the Second Quarterly Report. The IR filters are all within
specification and behave as predicted. The test tank was
completed and the sensor system coefficient determination
was started. Coefficient calculations were made for 2, 3, or 4-
vector problems; i.e., spectral situations where 2, 3, or 4 com-
ponents are in the field of view. The 2-vector situation is real-
ized in practice when looking at plumes from natural gas burn-
ing power plants where the spectrum is dominated by C02 and
H2O with only 150 PPM of SO2 present. An example of the 3-
vector problem in the field would be a fuel oil burning system
with moderate amounts of SO2 being present. The 4-vector
problem occurs when viewing coal burning sources with the
fourth spectral component due to flyash. Field tests were
begun in early March with a 2-vector calculation being done
on the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's natural gas burning
power plant. Further two-vector work was done at several oil
refineries, primarily for signal-to-noise measurements. At this
writing the equipment is disassembled for primarily optical
alignment. This optical alignment consists of precision machin-
ing of the optical chassis. Although the IR optics involves only
2 mirrors and the detector, accurate alignment is necessary to
insure on-axis operation. Also, alignment of the sighting
telescope to the IR telescope is necessary.
09208
National Council for Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,
N. Y.
A LABORATORY STUDY OF A LEAD-ACETATE-TILE
METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF
LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN SULFEDE. At-
mospheric Pollution Tech. Bull. 15, 47p., Aug. 1962.
A simple, qualitative method for hydrogen sulfide utilizing
lead acetate on the surface of a ceramic tile was evaluated on
a quantitative basis in an apparatus in which low concentra-
tions of hydrogen sulfide were maintained. The effects of
hydrogen sulfide exposure, air turbulence, relative humidity
dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methyl mercaptan and
several possible interferences upon the rate of formation of
colored lead sulfide on the tile surface, were investigated.
Slightly exposed tiles can show a measurable response to a
hydrogen sulfide concentration of 0.1 over a 6 minute time in-
terval. The accuracy of the lead-acetate-tile method has been
found to depend upon at least three factors: (a) the position of
the average absorbance of the tile surfaces on the darkening
curve, (b) the degree of air movement under which the
hydrogen sulfide exposure is carried out, and (c) the fading of
the lead sulfide color. To establish whether or not a tile sur-
face has been overexposed, the difference between whether or
not a tile surface has been overexposed, the difference
between the reflectance spectrums on the curve, may be util-
ized. An increase in turbulence in the laboratory detention
chamber has been found to increase significantly the rate of
darkening. Under outdoor conditions the turbulence level in
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C. MEASUREMENT METHODS
21
the exposure chamber must be either standardized by an air
mover or reduced to a minimum by louvering. Outdoor fading
tests performed in a louvered, light-protected chamber indicate
that in an 8-hour exposure period the maximum loss of Expo-
sure Units would be in the order of 20 percent. A similar loss
in Exposure Units under conditions unprotected from direct
sunlight and wind would require approximately 10 minutes.
The extremely high fading rate of darkening tiles exposed to
direct sunlight and wind shows that hydrogen-sulfide-exposed
tiles must be protected after removal from the exposure
chamber as well as during exposure. The sources, effects, at-
mospheric concentrations and the methylene blue and A.I.S.I.
sampler methods for the determination of H2S are also
reviewed.
11745
INSTRUMENT SURVEY. Brit. Chem. Eng. SuppL, 13(5): 13,
15-17, 19-23, May 1968.
On-stream process control depends on the rapid measurement
and adjustment of process variables. A survey of instruments
used in process control is presented. The analytical areas ex-
amined include: viscometry, x-ray spectrography, paramag-
netic oxygen analysis, cloud and pour point analysis, gas chro-
matography, infra-red gas analysis, thermal conductivity,
vapor pressure measurement, electrolytic conductivity, elec-
trolytic hygrometry, liquid density measurement, pH measure-
ment and control, ultra- violet analysis, smoke density mea-
surement, and boiling point measurement. For the instruments
applicable to each area the information presented is: variable
measured, principle of measuring instrument, features of an
on-line control instrument, and application examples.
16016
Marsh, K. J.
THE MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTATION AROUND
OIL REFINERIES. British Petroleum Co., Middlesex, En-
gland, Rept. of the Working Group 'Stack Height and At-
mospheric Dispersion', Concawe, The Hague, Netherlands,
15p., Jan. 1968.13 refs.
Principles of air pollution measurements are summarized to
guide oil refineries in planning emission measurements and
analyzing emission data. Pollutants considered are sulfur diox-
ide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, smoke, solids such as grit
and acid smuts, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and
other oxidants. The advantages of using new commercial in-
struments for continous or consecutive measurements at fixed
sites are contrasted with discontinuous methods using discrete
samples. To determine the long-term pollution pattern around
a refinery, data must be accumulated for a number of years
and cumulative frequency curves derived for various concen-
trations of a pollutant at each measuring point. Such a curve
can be used to determine the 'dosage' at each point and the
damage caused by pollution. The effect of wind direction on
pollution measurements must also be determined. To do this,
measurements at each- point are grouped according to the prin-
ciple wind directions, a cumulative frequency curve is derived
for each group, and concentrations obtained from the curve
are plotted on vector diagrams similar to wind roses. These
vector diagrams will tell whether changes in frequency dis-
tribution of pollutants are due to refinery operations or varia-
tions in weather.
17468
SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC SULFUR DIOXIDES AND
MEASUREMENT METHODS. (Taikichu no iousankabutsu no
hasseigen to sokuteihoho). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
(Ind. Public Nuisance), 5(10):612-620, Oct. 25, 1969. 62 refs.
Atmospheric sulfur dioxide exists in various chemical and
physical forms; under normal conditions, it is in a gaseous
state containing some volatile sulfuric mist and sulfate. If
gaseous sulfur dioxide were the only atmospheric pollutant, its
measurement would not be so difficult. The existence of sul-
furic mist and sulfate and other interfering substances in the
atmosphere make analytical procedures intricate. Some dif-
ficulties in analytical assessment of atmospheric S02 are also
correlated with the limits involved in technical methods, some
of which, like the West-Gaeke or electroconductivity methods,
are subject to error due to the existence of atmaospheric inter-
fering elements at variance with the substantial characteristics
of SO2. Therefore, in evaluating measurements obtained from
applied methods and laboratory techniques, allowance must be
made for sequential and accidental errors. Atmospheric values
obtained with the different methods are apt to vary. The wide-
ly used analytical procedure for SO2 determination involves
separating mist from sulfuric mist and measuring the sulfur in
the sulfate contained in the air sample. The quantity of SO2 is
determined simultaneously with the measurement of
suspended sulfate is an aerosol state or contained in dust fall.
In 1965, the amount of sulfurous acid gas emitted to the at-
mosphere was 23,400,000 t. In 1966, the amount was
28,600,000 t of which 58.2% came from coal combustion in
thermal power plants; 19.6%, from oil combustion; 5.5%, from
petroleum refinery processes; 12.2%, from mine refinery
processes; 1.9%, from sulfuric acid production; and the rest,
0.4%, from waste incineration. Various types of SO2
analyzers, including currently improved U. S. models, are
presented.
20460
Yamamoto, Tadashi, Shozo Matsuda, Toshihide Okuno,
Hideki Tanaka, and Masahiko Tsuji
OFFENSIVE ODORS. 5. ANALYSIS OF THE CON-
STITUENTS OF OFFENSIVE ODORS EMITTED FROM
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan
Soc. Aii Pollution), 2(l):48-59,1967. Translated from Japanese.
3p-
An analysis of the offensive odors emitted by petroleum
refineries is discussed. The samples which were analyzed in-
cluded liquid fractions of petroleum collected and separated
from an ejector drain of a reduced pressure distillation device;
contact tower drainings from the sulfuric acid washing
process; and odor constituents collected by active carbon ad-
sorption. Gas chromatography was used for the analyses. The
first two samples were heated to 40 C, and a definite quantity
of the gas in the container was directly introduced into the gas
chromatograph for qualitative analysis. More than 30
hydrocarbons were identified. For the confirmation of these
components, the elimination process with H2S04 and other
chemicals was conducted at the same time. A comparative
analysis of the gas volumes evolved at different temperatures
of the sample was conducted by varying the heating tempera-
ture. The third sample was also analyzed by gas chromatog-
raphy, and when compared with the other constituents, a cor-
relation was found between the detected constituents. The
low-boiling hydrocarbons showed qualitative agreement, but
the high-boiling ones gave inconclusive results.
21859
Okita, T., R. Sugai, and I. Kifune
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS BY FDLTER METHOD OF
MALODOROUS GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. (Akooshu
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22
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
no sokootei V Loshishiki sampler ni yoloo yuM ioh kagohboot-
soo no hoshu boonsekihon no kentoh narabini ryukasooiso
oyobi aldehyde rooi sokootei eno ohyoh). Text in Japanese.
Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 4(1):118,
1%9. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollution An-
nual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
To determine malodors in the environment, filter type sampler
for sampling organic sulfur compounds using mercury com-
pounds was earlier introduced. Since then, the following items
on sampling and analysis, by means of gas chromatography, of
ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide were
examined. In the process of the analysis (sampling, separation,
and concentration), moisture should be removed before con-
centrating the sample with potassium carbonate and soda lime.
The velocity in concentrating the sample with liquid oxygen is
0.2 1/min. The retention time of each sample gas can be re-
markably reduced if the column temperature is 47 C, the
flowrate of a carrier gas (N2) 30 1/min, and the column length
2.25 m. The reproducibility of this method is approximately
6% in terms of variation coefficients. Filters compared
(Tohyoh No. 6 filter, AAWP millipore filter, and glass fiber A
filter) show the collection efficiency from 44% to 100%, de-
pending on the gases. This method is applied for gases in the
water and the air polluted by waste from pulp and petroleum
refining industries to show 6.0-7.8 ppb of methyl mercaptan,
2.9-3.7 ppb ethyl mercaptan, and 5.1-7.2 ppb of dimethyl sul-
fide in river water and 4.0-5.2 ppb of methyl mercaptan and
2.3-3 ppb dimethyl sulfide in the air.
22108
Seidman, Edwin B.
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR OXIDES IN STACK GASES.
Anal. Chem., 30(10): 1680-1682, Oct. 1958. 9 refs.
One existing method of determining the sulfur dioxide and sul-
fur trioxide content of combustion gases requires absorption
of the gas sample in a known amount of industrial base. After
absorption, excess base is titrated and total sulfur oxides are
obtained by the difference. The sulfur trioxide is then
precipitated as benzidine sulfate, redissolved, and titrated. Sul-
fur dioxide is determined by the difference. Ammonia and
nitrogen oxides present in catalytic cracking gases interfere
with the sensitivity of the method. Even when no interfering
substances are present, the method is difficult to apply to
refinery stack gases since the colorimetric filiation end point is
frequently obscured by dark-colored oxidation products from
inhibitors present in the absorber solution. Also the solubility
of benzidine sulfate in water severely curtails washing of the
precipitate. In an improved method, sulfur trioxide in stack
gases as low as 0.001% gas volume can be determined in as
much as 0.3% gas volume sulfur dioxide. Ammonia and/or
nitrogen oxides do not interfere. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed
quantitatively in an 80% isopropyl alcohol solution, which in-
hibits oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The sulfate is titrated with
0.01 N barium chloride in a solution of 80% isopropyl
alchohol, with Thorin used as the indicator. The end point is
sharp and reproducible, and the titration is rapid. A modifica-
tion of this procedure is suitable for the determination of total
sulfur oxide.
22958
Wohlers, Henry C.
ODOR INTENSITY AND ODOR TRAVEL FROM INDUSTRI-
AL SOURCES. Intern. J. Air Water Pollution (London), vol.
7:71-78,1963. 4 refs.
Odor surveys were completed of stack effluents and in the
vicinity of a petroleum coking plant, a kraft-paper mill, an
onion and garlic dehydrating plant, and a retrogravure printing
plant. Gas samples were taken by the evacuated bulb
technique or by passing sufficient stack gas through a bottle to
replace the original air in the bottle. Threshold measurements
were made with an osmoscope consisting of two telescoping
metal tubes complexly arranged for odor dilution with clean
air. The odor intensity in the environs of the industrial plant
was determined subjectively while driving in a car at constant
speed (30-35 mph) with the wind-wing of the driver's window
open so that the oncoming air was directed at the face of the
observer. When the extent of the odor travel from these plants
was compared with the calculated threshold dilution of the
stack gases according to Sutton's equation, the odor measure-
ments at the stacks did not agree in all cases with the calcu-
lated dilutions at the distances in the field where the odors
were noted. Unless the diffusion coefficients are experimen-
tally determined, the Sutton equation should not be used for
distances greater than 2 miles; at distances greater than 1 or 2
miles under unstable conditions, the stack height, the exit
velocity, and the temperature of the exhaust gases no longer
seriously affect the plume axis concentrations. The
osmoscope, which assumes the validity of the Weber-Fechner
law, had an error of no larger than about 25%. The con-
sequence of the logarithmic relation of this law is that a 10-
fold reduction in odor concentration makes a scarcely per-
ceptible alteration in the strength of the odor. This relation
must be considered in making field odor surveys. It is sug-
gested that these results are another example of only partially
diluted stack gases moving as discrete eddies through the at-
mosphere. (Author abstract modified)
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23
D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
03170
VISIBILITY AT MUNICIPAL AND FAIRFAX AIRPORTS
(KANSAS CITY, KANSAS - KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI AIR
POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITY). Public Health Ser-
vice, Washington, D.C., National Center for Air Pollution
Control. Jan. 1967. 78 pp.
An investigation of air pollution and its effects upon visibility
in the vicinity of Kansas City Municipal and Fairfax airports
was conducted in Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City,
Kansas during the summer of 1966. The survey area includes
those portions of Platte, Clay and Jackson Counties in Missou-
ri, and of Wyandotte County in Kansas which lie within about
3 miles from the airports. The air quality survey of this in-
vestigation include measurement of the concentrations of
suspended particulates and soiling index at four locations in
the vicinity of the two airports. The average concentration of
suspended particulates was about 100 micrograms per cubic
meter and the average soiling index was about 0.6 COH unit
per 1000 feet. Earlier investigations reported by others have
shown the average annual concentrations of particulates hi the
Kansas City metropolitan area to be greater than the concen-
trations observed in the summer season. Records of observa-
tions made at the two airports show occurrences of smoke and
of reduced visibility in which smoke is a factor. Records of
meteorologic conditions show winds from all directions and
the movement of polluted air from either state to the other. An
inventory of emissions of particulate pollutants in the survey
area surrounding the airports was made. From this inventory it
is estimated that more than 55,000,000 pounds of particulate
pollutants are emitted each year from sources in the survey
area. Approximately four-fifths of this total is emitted from
sources in Kansas and one-fifth from sources in Missouri.
Twenty-one point sources account for almost 85 percent of the
total particulate emissions from all sources in the survey area.
Mathematical application of diffusion and transmittance theory
to data on source emissions and meteorologic parameters yield
results consistent with observed visibility reductions and show
the relative impact of individual sources. (Author summary)
03404 '
D. S. Mathews J.J. Schueneman
MANAGEMENT OF DADE COUNTY'S AIR RESOURCES.
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollu-
tion. (In cooperation with Florida State Board of Health and
Dade County Dept. of Public Health, Fla.) Oct. 1962. 43 pp.
HEW
Metropolitan Dade County has a long history of being a
desirable area in which to live, work, and play. A great sub-
tropical agricultural industry abounds. Tourism is one of the
largest income producing industries in this area. Population
and urban development are increasing rapidly. In general,
these trends have to reduce agricultural income. Due to the
dominance of tourism and agriculture, economic return has
been somewhat uncertain ahd has not been balanced equally
throughout the year. To compensate for this situation, a sig-
nificant effort is being put forth to bring new kinds of income
producing activities into Dade County. A specific proposal has
been made to construct and operate a petroleum refinery near
Homsestead as part of an extensive industrial development.
The Dade County Manager and the Dade County Department
of Public Health requested technical assistance from Florida
State Board of Health and the United States Public Health
Service in reviewing the refinery proposal, evaluating it spossi-
ble environmental effects and in planning a long range air
resource management program. Air pollution aspects are con-
sidered and presented herein. (Author introduction modified)
03451
BI-STATE STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE CHICAGO
METROPOLITAN AREA. Indiana State Board of Health, Il-
linois Dept. of Public Health, Springfield and Purdue Univ.
Lafayette, Ind. 1959.151 pp.
The population of the Chicago area, as a whole, has evidently
not yet experienced great inconvenience because of air pollu-
tion. However, with the increased growth of the area both
population-wise and industrially it is important that knowledge
of the present conditions be obtained to protect the public
well-being and to prevent future conditions that may have an
adverse effect upon the citizens of the area. Some of the con-
clusions resulting from the Bi-State Study of Air Pollution in
the Chicago Metropolitan Area are: (1) The Chicago Area is an
extensive heterogeneous area consisting of a complexity of
domestic, commercial, and industrial activities which emit a
variety of foreign materials to the atmosphere; (2) Air pollu-
tion problems may transcend local boundaires and require in-
tercommunity cooperation for then- solution; (3) Prior studies
show an early awareness of the presence of foreign materials
in the atmosphere in concentrations varying with local and
meteorological conditions; (4) The probable major contributors
of material to the air in the Chicago Metropolitan Area and
their probable major emissions are: (a) Poor community
housekeeping - wind-generated particulate matter; (b) Burning
of refuse in open dumps and backyard incinerators-products
from incomplete combustion of organic and inorganic matter;
(c) Residential and small commercial and industrial heating
plants - products from incomplete combustion of coal; (d) Au-
tomobile exhaust - products from combustion of gasoline; (e)
Electric utilities - combustion products; (f) Domestic and in-
dustrial combustion of fuel oil - combustion products; (g) Pri-
mary metals industry - particulate matter; and (h) Petroleum
refineries and gasoline handling faculties - hydrocarbons.
03454
W. C. Cope, Chairman.
SMOKE AND AIR POLLUTION - NEW YORK - NEW JER-
SEY. Interstate Sanitation Commission, New York City. Feb.
1958, 95 pp.
Pollution in the metropolitan area was studied by: aerial recon-
naissances and photography; and surveys in the communities.
Significant information was collected on: relationships of
meteorology, visibility and pollution; interstate movement of
pollution as indicated by releasing tracer dust in one state and
collecting in the other; amount of vehicle exhaust fumes and
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24
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
other organic materials in the air; sulfur dioxide concentration
on Stolen Island, and ozone on Staten Island and in Carteret,
N.J.; effects of the polluted atmosphere on health, vegetation,
materials and transportation; and a study and evaluation was
made of existing laws in the State of New York, New Jersey
and Connecticut, and other jurisdictions. Air pollution originat-
ing in regions of New York and New Jersey within the New
York Metropolitan Area is interstate in character, affects
public health and comfort adversely, and damages property.
While the control and abatement of air pollution at its sources
is the primary obligation of the states, counties or municipali-
ties in which it originates, the problems of interstate air pollu-
tion cannot be solved wholly by governmental agencies inde-
pendently of one another. The abatement of existing interstate
air pollution and the control of future interstate air pollution is
of prime importance to the persons living and industry located
in the area affected thereby, and can best be accomplished
through the cooperation of the states involved, by and through
a common agency or instrumentality. An interstate instrumen-
tality, employing the administrative practices followed by the
Interstate Sanitation Commission in the abatement of in-
terstate water pollution, should be created to deal with the
problems of interstate air pollution. Drafts of proposed legisla-
tion to meet the situation described in this report should
reflect fully the opinions and needs of many agencies, local
governing bodies, members of the Legislatures, representa-
tives of industry, and of the public. There has been insuffi-
cient time between the completion of the study and the sub-
mission of this report to afford opportunity to interested agen-
cies to express their views on the form which legislation to
abate interstate air pollution should take.
03505
M. D. Homedo and J. H. Tillman
AIR POLLUTION IN THE EL PASO, TEXAS AREA. El Paso
City - County Health Unit, Texas. 1959. 104 pp.
The primary purpose of this study was to obtain basic scien-
tific air pollution data concerning the type, extent, source, and
effect of the waste from industry and other air pollution in the
El Paso area. Another purpose was to determine the need and
nature of a permanent air pollution control program. The
scope of the program was limited by two factors; the gathering
of those samples which were within our means to analyze and
the collection of pollutants commonly found in any city.
07830
Popov, V. A.
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF
CERTAIN TOWNS IN THE U.S.S.R. ((Prisultstvie oksidantov
v atmosfernom vozdukhe nekotorykh gorodov SSSR.)) Text in
Russian. Engl. transl. Hyg. Sanit, 31(1-3): 3-8, Jan.-March
1966.
Oxidants in the air of certain towns of the Soviet Union were
measured by the phenolphthalein method. The standard color
scale was a mixture of an alcoholic-aqueous solution (3:2) of
phenolphthalein and 1% borax solution. The maximum concen-
tration of oxidants on the highways of Moscow and Baku on
sunny days was as high as 0.1 mg/cu m, and on cloudy days
did not exceed 0.03 mg/cu m. A study of this type of pollu-
tants in Baku revealed their presence in the area of oil refine-
ries at concentrations within 0.15 mg/cu m. On the other hand,
the maximum value of oxidants in the vicinity of Batumi oil
refinery was considerably lower (0.04 mg/cu m).
08198
Stankevich, B. E. and M. I. Isaeva
SELECTION OF AIR INTAKE POINTS FOR VENTILATION
OF PREMISES IN PETROLEUM PROCESSING PLANTS. Gi-
giena i Sanit, No. 8:27-34, 1954. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Dis- eases, Vol. 4, p. 202-208, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Previous investigators had concluded that even under most un-
favorable conditions of refinery building location with regard
to hydrogen sulfide accumulation, the air intakes located 18 -
20 m above the ground could supply air sufficiently pure for
practical ventilation. In an effort to disprove this conclusion,
studies were made at two petroleum refineries. Air samples
taken simultaneously at 5, 10 and 15 m above the ground were
analyzed for the content of hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. It was found that the in-
stallation of air intakes at 15 - 20 m fails to improve the quali-
ty of ventilation air, and in many cases might worsen it. In
view of the complexity and specific conditions which may
exist in some modern oil refineries, the choice of necessary
sanitary measures can be made only on an individual basis by
taking into consideration actually existing conditions.
09591
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center for
Air Pollution Control
NEW YORK - NEW JERSEY AIR POLLUTION ABATE-
MENT ACTIVITY: PARTICULATE MATTER. PHASE H.
PRE-CONFERENCE INVESTIGATIONS. 206 p. Dec. 1967.
((15)) refs.
An investigation of paniculate matter air pollution conducted
in the New York - New Jersey metropolitan area in 2966 and
1967 is reported. The report includes these topics: History of
Abatement Action; Description of Study Area; Climatology;
Project Design; Air Quality Data; Particulate Emission Inven-
tory; Meteorological Representativeness; Impact of Particulate
Pollution on Study Area; Summary of Particulate Air Pollution
Standards, Criteria, and Objectives; Comparison of Current
Levels with Standards or Objectives; Anticipated Reductions
in Particulate Emissions; Conclusions and Recommendations
of Interstate Air Pollution New York New Jersey
Metropolitan Area, January 1967; Aerometry Operations and
Techniques; Emissions Inventory Procedure; and Pollutant
Measurement Data.
10128
G. Swanson
MICROSCOPICAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED PARTICU-
LATES IN DENVER AIR POLLUTION. In: Further Studies
of Denver Air Pollution. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins,
Colo., Dept. of Atmos- pheric Science, AS-105, p. 109-145,
Dec. 1966. 14 refs.
Results of microscopical analysis of suspended particulates in
the Denver air are discussed. The study was a preliminary on
in to evaluate the feasibility of identification of suspended par-
ticulates in situ. The major sampling site was located close to
the center of the city of Denver. The greatest density of po-
tential sources lies in a northerly and northeasterly direction
from the sampling site. Located in the area are pulverized-fuel
users, refinery operations, ceramic tile manufacturers, feed
pro- cessing operations, fertilizer plants, paint manufacturers,
oil combusters, and paper processing plants. Suspended at-
mospheric particulates were collected on a 47 mm (960 mm2
effective area, Millipore ADM-30, 1966) membrane filter, pore
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
25
size 0.45 micron. The filter was retained in a stainless steel
'open-type' filter holder containing a 10 liter per minute limit-
ing orifice. The analysis relied on morphological identification
and simple chemical microscopical techniques. It was found
that wind changes and inversion conditions affect the composi-
tion of sample as well as the size distribution.
10306
P. Sutton
AIR POLLUTION IN PETROLEUM REFINING. (PART 3.)
Chem. Process Eng., 49(4):103-106, April 1968.10 refs.
A method for calculating ground level concentration from
stack emissions is discussed in detail. Graphs are presented to
aid in the calculation, and factors such as emission rate, wind
speed, stack height, plume rise, stack gas temperature, and
distance from emission point are considered. Apparatus for
measuring S02 in the air are described including lead candle,
multi-port, and continuous analyzers.
10517
Robinson, E. and R. C. Robbins
SOURCES, ABUNDANCE, AND FATE OF GASEOUS AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS (FINAL REPORT.)Stanford
Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., SRI-P 6755, 123p., Feb.
1968.120 refs.
An analysis of the sources, abundance, and fate of gaseous at-
mospheric pollutants is presented, considering three families
of compounds: sulfurous, nitrogenous, and organic; and two
inorganic carbon compounds: carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide. With the exception of CO2, similar patterns of
analyses of these materials a followed and rather detailed
analyses are produced. The presentati of C02 is only a brief
review of the current state of thinking Included are estimates
of annual world-wide emissions of pollutants SO2, H2S, CO,
NO2, NH3, and organics. The magnitudes of the nature
emanations of a variety of materials have also been con-
sidered, although the means of estimating these emissions are
very crude because so little study has been made of emissions
from other than urban air pollution sources. Sulfur com-
pounds, in the form of S02, are currently the most topical of
the numerous air pollutants. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as
air pollutants in the form of SO2, H2S, H2SO4, and particu-
late sulfates; and as natural emanations in the form of H2S
and sulfates. Among the various sources of CO, automobile
exhaust accounts for more than 805 of the estimated worl wide
CO emission. The major sources for the gaseous nitrogen com-
pounds are biological action and organic decomposition in the
so and perhaps in the ocean. Aerosols containing NH4 ions
and NO3 ion are formed by atmospheric reactions involving
the various gases. Major contributions of hydrocarbons in-
clude natural CH4 emissions from flooded paddy areas, ter-
pene-class organics evolved by vegetation, and pollutant emis-
sions. A brief review of present understanding of CO2 in the
atmosphere indicates a clear example of situation where pollu-
tant emissions are significant enough to cause measurable
changes in the ambient concentrations.
17096
Selegean, Elena, M. Cucu, C. Anghelescu, I. Ardeleanu, C.
Botezatu, M. Dargenta, A. Lucinescu, Olimpia Popa, Zamfira
Stanescu, and N. Manea
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE OXIDIZING POTENTIAL OF
THE AIR IN 4 TOWNS IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF
RUMANIA. (Cercetari cu privire la potentialul oxidant al
aerului din 4 orase din Republica Socialists Romania). Text in
Romanian. Igjena (Bucharest), 15(9):533-539, 1966. 16 refs.
The oxidizing potential of the air in 4 towns in Rumania was
investigated over a period of 3 years. In 2 towns with large oil
refineries, high 03 concentrations were found, particularly on
sunny, summer days. This was probably due to the
photochemical oxidation of the pollution emitted into the at-
mosphere. (Author summary modified)
17285
DENSITY OF SULFUR OXIDES IN ATMOSPHERE. (lou san-
kabutsu no taiki chu nodo). Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai
and. Public Nuisance), 5(ll):670-679, Nov. 25, 1969. 32 refs.
Sulfur dioxide measurements near the point sources in steam
power plants, petroleum refineries, and blast furnaces are
described. The effect of sulfur oxides on the acidity of rain-
water and granular substances in the atmosphere are also
discussed. The density of sulfur dioxide in air was continu-
ously measured in 8 cities in America. The sulfur dioxide con-
centration in Los Angeles and San Francisco was lower than
in the East. The data were arranged by time intervals into
mean values for five time periods: 1 hour, 8 hours, 1 day, 1
month, and 1 year. The data were also arranged into several
terms, which included maximum value in a year, geometric
average, standard geometric deviation, maximum and
minimum value, and efficient data percentage. The measuring
period was from 1962 to 1967. Air pollution was strongest in
cities in the following order: Chicago, Philadelphia, Washing-
ton, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, Denver, and San
Francisco. The plants emitting large quantities of sulfur diox-
ide were described as the point sources. The density changes
were determined according to the change in wind, production
quantity, and temperature. The relationship between sulfur
dioxide density and sulfur trioxide density was also described.
Sulfur trioxide density became high on a foggy day.
19508
Omicbi, S. and M. Ito
THE MEASUREMENT OF HYDRO-CARBON IN AT-
MOSPHERE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPH. (Gas chromato-
graph ni yoloo taikichu no tanka sooiso no sokootei-Sekiyo com-
binahto chitai ni okeloo tanka sooiso (Dai 1 poh). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyn (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
4(1):42, 1969. (Proceedings of The Japan Society of Air Pollution
Annual Meeting, 10th, 1969.)
Hydrocarbon measurements were performed at a point near a
petroleum refinery, a point on a highway, and a point in a
commercial and residential area in the Ichihara sea-side indus-
trial area located along the east of Tokyo Bay, to know the
present pattern of its distribution. By means of gas chromatog-
raphy, 17 lower boiling hydrocarbons were separated from the
C3 to C5 hydrocarbons (propane, propylene, isobutane, n-bu-
tane, cis-2-butene, n-pentane, 3-methyl-l-butene, 1.3-bu-
tadiene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-l-butene, trans-2-pentene, cis-2-
pentene, 2-methyl pentene, and n-hexane.) No significant dif-
ferences in a distribution pattern of hydrocarbons at these
three points were found. Only 8 hydrocarbons were found in
the commercial and residential area in the night; these showed
low concentrations.
21192
Yoshida, Katsumi, Yoshikazu Takatsuka, Hidehiko Oshima,
and Masayuki Imai
EVALUATION AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN
SPECIAL AREA. ON THE CASE OF PETROLEUM-COM-
BENATE. (Tokushu chiiki ni okeru taiki osen busshitsu no
hyoka to eikyo. Sekiyu kogai no baai). Text in Japanese. Taiki
Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution), 2(2):138-140, Aug.
31,1968. 7 refs.
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26
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
A survey of air pollution in Yokkaichi indicated that the total
volume of falling dust particles in the area was not always
large compared to that of other industrial areas and that the
percentage of soluble components in the total volume had in-
creased. The increase is due mainly to the sharp rise of SO4
values in the air. Since 1961 pH values in deposited rainwater
in Yokkaichi have continued to decrease. High SO2 emissions
from various industries, including a petroleum combine, are
responsible for the strong acidification of the air and con-
tribute to chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. The analy-
sis of atmospheric sulfur oxide by the glass fiber filter method
showed that 64% of SO2 in the air was gathered by filter; al-
most all of this was recovered as SO4(-2). Sulfur trioxide is
present in the air mainly as an isolated sulfuric acid mist
Chronic bronchitis was in parallel relationship with dust fall in
a limited area, while bronchial asthma was parallel with the
SO2 level. Yokkaichi asthma differs from asthma in other
areas in its allergic properties. There were also many cases of
chronic bronchitis without asthmatic symptoms in Yokkaichi.
The frequency of high-density SO2 and by the correlation
between sulfuric acid mist and air pollution are phenomena
peculiar to Yokkaichi. Other pollutants observed included
vanadium, nitrogen dioxide, and pentachlorophenal.
26563
Hamamura, Norikatsu, Ayamichi Sigeta, Yoicbi Takaya,
Motoichi Kondo, Hirokatsu Okada, and Sadako Komatsubara
STUDIES ON AIR POLLUTION OF NEW DEVELOPING IN-
DUSTRIAL CITY MIZUSHIMA, OKAYAMA PREFECTURE.
(Okayama-ken minami shinsangyotos Mizushima chiiki ni
okeru taiki osen). Text in Japanese. Okayama-Ken Eisei Ken-
kyusho Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Hyg. Lab. Okayama Prefect.), no.
15:123-145, March 1968.
Mizushima area in Okayama Prefecture is a newly developed
industria city with a petroleum chemistry and iron and steel
factory area on the side of the sea; the south-south-western
wind blows often. The direction of the wind of 6 m/sec is
mostly from the sea. This area is under such bad conditions
that the wind blows in limited direction for several hours con-
tinuously. A survey was made on the amount of falling soot
and dust (British standard deposit gauge was used) and con-
centration of sulfur dioxide (by lead dioxide method) from
1965 through 1967. Falling soot and dust is abundant from
spring to summer; its average was 5.8 t/sq km/month. Concen-
tration of SO2 was high from spring through summer and
generally it was low in autumn. It is increasing year after year:
0.38 SO3 mg/day/100 sq cm in 1965; 0.48 SO3 mg/day/100 sq
cm in 1966; and 0.51 SOS mg/day/100 sq cm in 1967.
27673
Hiroshima Prefectural Government (Japan), Dept. of Hygiene
AIR POLLUTION IN HIROSHIMA PREFECTURE. 1ST RE-
PORT. (Hiroshima- ken ni okeru taikiosen. Dai 1 po). Text in
Japanese. 374p., Feb. 1970.
Air pollution caused by soot and dust has become a social
problem in Hiroshima Prefecture, both in Otake city (where
the main industries are paper manufacturing and petrochemi-
cals) and in Kure city (with iron and steel and shipbuilding in-
dustries). Environmental investigations were carried out by the
municipal authorities concerned, and fundamental investiga-
tions by the prefecture! authorities, in order to designate the
polluted areas as defined under the anti-pollution law. Based
on the results of these investigations, Otake city was
designated as suffering from air pollution from March 1968,
and Kure city from March 1969. The extent of air pollution
has subsequently been kept under continuous surveillance.
This report describes the results of the fundamental survey of
the designated areas carried out by the prefectural authorities,
and the basic survey of air pollution carried out by the mu-
nicipal authorities, divided into regional groupings of 8 dis-
tricts in Hiroshima Prefecture (Otake, Kure, Fukuyama,
Mihara, Hiroshima, Onomichi, Takehara, and Fuchu city). The
results of controls established under the anti- pollution law and
a survey of specific harmful substances are also given.
28325
Murata, Motohiko, Hiroshisa Shima, T. Matsui, Hiroshi
Hirobe, Tsuyoshi Kanamaru, and Kuniaki Naka
AHt POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI CITY. PART ffl. ON SUL-
FUR OXIDES IN SUSPENDED DUSTS. (Yokkaichi no taiki
osen. Dai-3-po. Fuyufunjinchu no iosankabutsu nitsuite). Text
in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1): 199, 1970. 2 refs. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
Sulfur oxides in suspended dusts were measured in the
Shiohama district of Yokkaichi where petrochemical industries
are a source of air pollution. Air was sampled by a high-
volume air sampler for 24 hours, collected on glass-fiber fil-
ters, and analyzed. The amount of sulfuric acid in the sulfate
ion was measured by the Commins method. In addition, sulfur
oxides were collected in a special saltwater solution, and 24-
hour average concentrations of sulfur dioxide and the sulfate
ion were calculated by Watanabe's method. Except for one lo-
cation, sulfuric acid in the sulfate ion was about 30%. The sul-
furic acid-sulfate ion ratio was in percentage multiplied to the
sulfate ion value obtained from the saltwater collection, and
correlated with the sulfate ion value. A correlation at 1% sig-
nificance level as found for two locations.
28326
Murata, Motohide, Hiroshisa Shima, T. Matsui, Hiroshi
Hirobe, Tsuyoshi Kanamaru, and Kuniaki Naka
AER POLLUTION IN YOKKAICHI CITY. PART H. RESULT
OF INVESTIGATION OF SUSPENDED DUSTS. (Yokkaichi
no taiki osen. Dai-2-ho. Fufyufunjin no chosakekka ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollu-
tion), 5(1): 198, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air
Pollution, Annual Meeting, 10th, 1970.)
Suspended dusts in Yokkaichi were analyzed for metallic ele-
ments and their general distribution. Items studied were
average, maximum, and minimum values (micrograms/cu m) of
total suspended dust, the sulfate ion, the nitrate ion, iron,
manganese, lead, copper, titanium, vanadium, and phosphorus.
The nitrate ion was not found in sufficient quantity to be of
concern. The nitrate ion was not found in sufficient quantity
to be of concern. Lead averaged 0.4 micrograms/cu m in the
area of heaviest traffic volume. Phosphorus had only one
emission source and was convenient for observing distribution.
In general, concentration decreased with distance from the
source. The sulfate ion and vanadium had a similar distribu-
tion, and both were relatively high in one location, the vicinity
of a petrochemical complex.
28835
Yamaguchi Prefecture Research Inst of Health (Japan)
ON THE ADJ POLLUTION IN WAKI, KUGA COUNTY.
PART IV. (Kuga-gun Waki-mura no taiki osen ni tsuite. Dai-4-
po). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi-Ken Eisei Kenkyusho
Nenpo (Ann. Rept Yamaguchi Prefect. Res. Inst of Health),
no. 11:4*49, Aug. 1968.
Air quality data obtained in Waki, Japan, from January to
December 1968 are presented. The maximum value of sulfur
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D. AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
27
dioxide was 1.31 mg SOS/day/100 sq cm lead peroxide, ob-
tained in April at Waki Junior High School. The annual
average sulfur dioxide concentration was 0.78 mg. Settling
dusts, on the other hand, were at the maximum, 8.9 tons/sq
km/month, in July at Waki Junior High School, and the annual
average was a relatively low 5.3. It is concluded that air pollu-
tion in Waki is mainly of the petrochemical industry type, and
is very similar to that in the neighboring city of Iwakuni.
30860
Murphy, R. P.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
Preprint, Dept. f Public Health, Sydney (Australia), Air Pollu-
tion Control Branch, 20p., 1970 (?).
All Australian state governments, with the exception of
Tasmania, have passed air pollution legislation. The federal
Clean Air Act established an Advisory Committee, fees, ad-
ministration, regulations setting up emission standards, and
licenses. An Air Pollution Control Branch was established with
10 engineers, four chemists, two technical officers, seven field
assistants, and one laboratory attendant to implement the Act,
monitor pollution, and research the problem. Stacks were sam-
pled and analyzed by chemistry, spectroscopy, chromatog-
raphy, and other means. New monitors have been developed
including a sulfur dioxide colorimeter and a portable gas
calibration apparatus. Three Clean Air Conferences have taken
place, and a Clean Air Society was formed. Air pollution was
monitored in Sydney and nearby cities. Dust fall improved
over the years, while smoke density and sulfur dioxide con-
centrations have varied. Insoluble solids ranged from four
tons/sq mi/month at purely residential sites to up to 60 tons sq
mi/month at industrial sites. Average daily values of S02 and
smoke density were determined by hydrogen peroxide and
paper tape clamps, respectively, at a series of monitoring sta-
tions. Also, continuous SO2 monitors were installed operating
on the conductivity principle, but these were unsatisfactory
for low concentration measurements. Hourly smoke haze
results between 1960 and 1967 showed a reduction in the
frequency of smoggy days and in the maximum hourly and
daily values. Automobile exhaust was monitored close to Syd-
ney traffic lanes; carbon monoxide ranged from .2% to 10%
and could be lowered by adjusting the idling speed; aldehydes
(formaldehyde), nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, hydrocar-
bons (as methane), and other particulates were also measured.
The cost of air pollution control in New South Wales was
determined by a survey of various industries. The total expen-
diture for five years (1963-1968) was 39,910,000. Iron and steel
companies spent 34.2% of the total and electric power sup-
pliers spent 28.2%. The cost per person per year was $1.89.
Other industries included boilers, cement, metallurgical,
milling, chemical, oil refining, and gas. Various factors in-
fluencing pollution dispersion were studied including inver-
sions, seasons, topographical interactions, and so on. The ef-
fect of weather conditions on smoke in die Sydney area was
studied; air pollutants emitted to the west of Sydney during in-
versions increased the maximum values recorded at Sydney or
extended the period during which high values occurred. Vari-
ous analytical instruments are listed.
30970
Oita Prefectural Government (Japan), Public Nuisance Section
MEASUREMENT OF AIR POLLUTION. (Taikiosen no soku-
tei). Text in Japanese. In: The Outline of Policy Against En-
vironmental Pollution in Oita City. 1969 Fiscal year. (Oita-shi
kogai gyosei no gaiyo. Showa 44 nen). Oita, Japan, March
1970, Chapt. 5, p. 42-89.
Measurements of the concentration of sulfur dioxide and the
amount of dust fall in 1969 are reported. The monthly mean
concentration of sulfur dioxide at six measuring points ranged
from 0.02 ppm to 0.03 ppm by the conductometric method. Ac-
cording to the monthly changes, a high concentration was
shown in summer, especially in July. When the concentration
was over 0.2 ppm, the wind direction was from the sea, almost
northerly, and was relatively slow at 1.5 3.7 m/sec; con-
sequently, gentle wind pollution occurred. A monocyclic pat-
tern with a peak in the day and stable through the night was
observed. The mean concentration of sulfur dioxide at 15 mea-
suring points was 0.34 mg/day by the lead peroxide method.
The concentration of sulfur dioxide increased compared with
the previous year due to the operation of a petroleum combine
(industrial groups) and power plant. The mean dust fall at eight
measuring points ranged from 4.15 t/sq km to 9.05 t/sq km by
the deposit gauge method. Dust fall was most frequent from
spring to early summer. The mean dust fall was 6.20 t/sq km in
1967; however, it was 7.60 t/sq km in 1968 and 7.0 t/sq km in
1969 and is still increasing. The effects of soot and smoke
from many factories in the littoral district are mainly affected
by the direction and speed of the wind; in the case of Oita
city, they are strongly affected by a sea wind from the north.
However, the measurement revealed that a land wind from the
south was frequent throughout the year in Oita city.
31275
Miyahara, Atsuo, Hiroshi Matsumura, K. Yamamoto, and
Kiyoshi Nishimura
RESULTS OF AIR POLLUTION INVESTIGATION IN
TOKUYAMA AND NANYO AREAS: SULFUR DIOXIDE GAS
AND SUSPENDED DUSTS. (Tokuyama. Nanyo chiku okeru
taiki osen chosa seiseki ni tsuite. Aryusan gasu to fuyu baijin).
Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi-ken Eisei Kenkyusho Nenpo
(Ann. Rept Yamaguchi Prefect. Res. Inst. Health), no. 11:51-
53, Aug. 1968.
To prevent future air pollution problems, air quality tests were
conducted in the Tokuyama and Nanyo districts of Yamaguchi
Prefecture, each of which is designated a special industrial
area. Sulfur dioxide was measured by the pararosaniline
method and dusts were collected by a high-volume air sampler.
In the Tokuyama area, stations in the neighborhood of the ofl
refinery in the central-eastern part of the city and a station
near the soda-cement factory in the western part had the
highest average concentration of sulfur dioxide (about 0.04
ppm). A similar concentration was recorded in the neighbor-
hood of a soda factory in the eastern part of Nanyo. Measure-
ments of suspended dusts did not show any daily variations
identical to that of sulfur dioxide. The highest concentration of
dusts in Tokuyama was at point near the soda- cement factory
in the western part of the city.
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28
E. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
03875
D. E. Loudon
REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFE DISCHARGE OF HYDROCAR-
BONS TO ATMOSPHERE. Proc. Am. Petrol Inst., Sect. m.
43, 418-33, 1963. (Presented at the 28th Midyear Meeting,
American Petroleum Inst. Division of Refining, Philadelphia,
Pa., May 15,1963.)
Current knowledge, opinion, and service experience relative to
the disposal of released hydrocarbons, is assembled with
emphasis on atmospheric discharge. Potential hazards to per-
sonnel and equipment associated with the release of hydrocar-
bon vapor to the atmosphere include: 1, ignition of outflow,
either immediate or delayed; 2, explosive release of energy
from delayed ignition; 3, flame radiation; 4, condensation of
vapor; 5, noise; and, 6, pollution. The present state of
knowledge relative to these hazards is discussed. This leads
directly to an appreciation of aspects where general
knowledge, experience data, or fundamentals are inadequate
or totally lacking. The individual subjects requiring attention
are summarized. (Author abstract modified)
16846
Mosher, J. C., W. G. MacBeth, M. J. Leonard, T. P. Mullins,
and M. F. Brunelle
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONTAMINANTS IN THE LOS
ANGELES BASIN RESULTING FROM ATMOSPHERIC
REACTIONS AND TRANSPORT. J. Air Pollution Control As-
soc., 20(l):35-42, Jan. 1970.11 refs.
Different techniques of data analysis have been successfully
applied to Los Angeles County air monitoring data to delineate
major source areas for carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and ozone; to develop contaminant transport
patterns; and to demonstrate the progress of photochemical
reactions in the Los Angeles atmosphere. The heavily industri-
alized South Coastal, Southwest Coastal, and East San Fer-
nando Valley areas are most affected by contaminants derived
from fuel combustion at stationary sources. Emissions from
mobile sources are heavily concentrated in some of the above
source areas and also in the Central area. Seasonal variations
hi weather affect the total contaminant emissions as well as
the distribution, transport, and ultimate fate of the individual
contaminants. More frequent surface inversions in winter,
combined with greater quantities of emitted contaminants,
result in whiter time atmospheric concentrations of primary
contaminants (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide,
and participates) more than twice as high as comparable
summer time concentrations. Stronger on-shore breezes of
longer duration transport contaminated air parcels farther
across the County during summer. Longer, more effective ir-
radiation and low persistent inversions result in higher ozone
concentrations in summer. Air monitoring data confirm the
photochemical formation of ozone during transport of air par-
cels along the most common 'pathways' of transport—the
prevailing wind flows from coast to inland areas. (Author's
Abstract)
24492
Davies, Richard W.
LARGE-SCALE DIFFUSION FROM AN OIL FERE. Advan.
Geophys., vol. 6:413-415, 1959.
Observations relating to the diffusion of oil smoke from a
refinery fire on a day when atmospheric conditions were
unusually favorable are reported. A side view of the smoke
plume gave the impression that it was shaped like a cone. It
seemed reasonable to assume that the turbulence was approxi-
mately isotropic. However, the smoke tended to diffuse
laterally rather than vertically. The smoke was confined
mainly to altitudes ranging from 2500 ft to 11,500 ft over a 120
mile length. The wind velocities were very light up to 3000 ft.
The vertical rise of the smoke shows that there was no low-
level wind at all. From 4000 ft, the velocity increased almost
linearly with altitude up to 12,000 ft where the magnitude was
about 50 kts. The temperature gradient in this altitude range
was approximately two-thirds the adiabatic lapse rate. The set-
tling pattern of oil-smoke and droplets indicated that the ener-
gy in small-scale vertical velocity fluctuations was appreciable.
Weather reports and interviews provided the information to
trace the smoke for 120 miles. The plume widths were deter-
mined to within 5% over the first 20 miles. However, the
meteorological data and the altitude measurements are less ac-
curate, so that the diffusion coefficients are only accurate to
within 20%.
32371
Council of Ministers (USSR), Voeykov Main Administration
and Inst. for Industrial Buildings and Construction (USSR)
Central Scientific Research and Experimental Project
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CALCULATION OF
DISPERSION IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF NOXIOUS
AGENTS (DUST AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE), CONTAINED IN
THE EFFLUENTS FROM INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS.
Gidrometeorolog. IzdaL, 1967. Translated from Russian. Na-
tional Lending Library for Science and Technology (England),
49p.
A procedure for calculating dispersion in the atmosphere of
dust and sulfur dioxide discharged by industrial installations
and boiler plants is presented. Meteorological coefficients,
ground level emissions, maximum allowable concentrations,
the gas-air mixture in the flue gases, and topographic charac-
teristics are examined. Single sources and groups of emission
sources are considered and recommendations are given for cal-
culating the background pollution of the air basin of a re-
sidential area and determining the boundaries of the health
protection zone. Proposals for basic measures for protecting
the air basin from pollution with the operation of industrial in-
stallations and boiler plants are presented. (Author abstract
modified)
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29
F. BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
10759
Kirsch, F. W., J. D. Potts, and D. S. Barmby
A NEW ROUTE TO OLEFTNS ALKYLATION. Oil Gas J.,
66(29):120-124,127, July 15, 1968.
Alkylation of isobutane and C3-C5 olefins into a high-octane
motor-fuel component has conventionally made use of sulfuric
acid and hydrogen fluoride catalysts. Based on research
discussed in this paper, it appears that cation-exchanged
zeolite, or crystalline aluminosilicate, catalysts also can be
used to effect this reaction. The products are similar but not
identical to those obtained by the conventional route. Among
the notable differences with the solid catalysts are a lack of
acid-sludge formation, desirably low 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
content of normal butane alky late, and some ability to alky late
normal butane.
23255
Setser, D. W. and D. H. Stedman
CHEMICAL APPLICATION OF METASTABLE ARGON
ATOMS. IV. EXCITATION AND RELAXATION OF TRIPLET
STATES OF NITROGEN. Preprint, Kansas State Univ., Man-
hattan, Dept. of Chemistry, 42p., 1969. 44 refs.
An argon flow system containing about 0.01% of metastable
argon atoms in the absence of other energy carriers is
described and characterized. The reaction of these metastable
atoms with nitrogen gives a range of nitrogen radiative transi-
tions. Absolute intensity measurements, high resolution spec-
tra, and pressure dependence data show that the direct
production of two excited states of nitrogen takes place. The
mechanism for the anomalous rotational intensity alternation
in one of the excited states is discussed, and rotational relaxa-
tion is shown to take place at a rate, with slower electronic
quenching. Similar results are presented for a second excited
state. (Author abstract modified)
32491
Romankov, P. G.
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
(Tendentsii razvitiya khimicheskoy tekhniki). Text in Russian.
Vestn. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 40(4):22-30, 1971. 9 refs.
The development trends in chemical engineering hi the
U.S.S.R. are discussed. The enlarged scale of chemical indus-
try, crude oil processing, and related industries brought about
the need to build apparatuses of higher production capacity
and, at the same time, to build machines for mechanical,
hydromechanical, heat-and mass-exchange processes of much
larger dimensions. One of the main trends of modern chemical
industry is intensification of individual technological
processes, e.g., increased rate of flow of gases and liquids in
absorption and rectification columns, which requires new con-
structional designs. Application of new technology (for exam-
ple, low-temperature plasma) in chemical production calls for
development of new equipment. The development of new con-
tinuous vacuum driers for paste-like materials will help with
the recovery of volatile solvents. A nitric acid production plant
is mentioned which uses catalytic disintegration of nitrogen
oxides to prevent air pollution. Production tends to be or-
ganized in closed cycles to minimize waste.
33863
Miles, F. W.
URBAN NUCLEAR ENERGY CENTER STUDY: ESTIMATES
OF PROCESS STEAM CONSUMPTION BY MANUFACTUR-
ING INDUSTRIES IN THE UNITED STATES FOR THE
YEAR 1980. Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., Chemical
Technology Div. and Oak Ridge National Lab., Tenn., Reactor
Div., Dept. of Housing and Urban Development Contract W-
7405-eng-26,19p., Jan. 1970. 15 refs. NTIS: ORNL-HUD-2
Estimates were made of the consumption of process steam by
manufacturing industries in the Unites States for the year 1980
as part of a program for evaluating the usefulness of urban
nuclear energy centers. Perazich-type assumptions were made
with respect to the use of steam by the selected industries,
which included the food operations industry, paper manufac-
turing, chemicals industry, petroleum refining, rubber and
miscellaneous plastic products, and their related fields. Steam
consumption in 1962 was estimated by several methods from
fuel consumption data in the Census of Manufacturers. The
values were projected to 1980 by using energy consumption
projections. The estimates of steam consumption varied from
67.6 times 10 to the 14th power Btu to 95.4 times 10 to the
14th power Btu, depending on the methods and assumptions
employed. This estimated consumption of steam by manufac-
turing industries is approximately equal to the 92 times 10 to
the 14th power Btu of electrical energy estimated to be
required in 1980. Therefore, a significant amount of thermal
energy from an urban nuclear energy center would be con-
sumed by manufacturing industries if the area served by the
center had a fraction of the country s steam-using industries
equal to its fraction of the country s population. (Author ab-
stract modified)
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30
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
05379
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Heating, Piping,
Air Conditioning 39 (3), 179-94 (Mar. 1967).
This report reflects present thinking and progress in industrial
air pollution control, beginning with the problems, especially
those stemming from sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and fly
ash emissions and ending with how these problems are faced
in various industries today. A comprehensive list of industrial
pollutants with corresponding manufacturing sources, typical
industries in which they occur, and damaging effects they
cause to humans, animals, plants, and property is presented.
Control of particulates, equipment selection considerations,
and general problems concerning air quality criteria and stan-
dards are reviewed. A table depicting participate emissions be-
fore collection from three major sources (utilities, industry,
and residential) for the years 1940, 1960, 1980, and 2000 and
the amount of emissions from the four types of firing (pul-
verized coal, stoker coal, cyclone coal, and oil) expressed in
millions is included.
11828
D. R. Lamb, R. D. Shriner
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGIONAL
CONFERENCE ON AK POLLUTION (NOVEMBER 15-17,
1967.) Wyoming Univ., Laramie, CoD. of Commerce and Indus-
try,110p.,1967. ((140)) refs.
The purpose of the Conference was to bring together represen-
tatives of government, industry, and research for a meaningful
discussion of air pollution and its causes, effects, and cures.
The following topics were discussed: Industrial Gases, Particu-
lates, Industrial Solid Waste Management, The Internal Com-
bustion Engine and Smog, Banquet Session, Air Pollution Ef-
fects on Meteorology and Visibility, Air Pollution Effects on
Humans, Air Pollution Effects on Animals, Air Pollution Ef-
fects Plants, Air Pollution Effects on Materials, Economics of
Air Pollution, Air Pollution Control by Feed Lots, Air Pollu-
tion Control by Petroleum Plants, Air Pollution Control by
Power Plants, Air Pollution Control by Wood Products Plants,
and Air Pollution Control by Mineral Processing Plants.
11833
L.L. Braginskaya, V. A. Polyanskii
THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND
PHYSICAL STRESS ON THE PERFORMANCE CAPACITY
AND ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE MUSCLES AND
LIVER OF ALBINO MICE. ((O kombinirovannom deistvii
toksicheskikh veshchestv i fizicheskoi nagruzki na
rabotosposobnost' i energeticheskiye protsessy v myshtsakh i
pecheni belykh myshei.)) Text in Russian. Gigiena Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya, 12(8):46-50, Aug. 1968.16 refs.
In experiments on male albino mice subjected to physical
stress (forced to run in rotating cages, 10 minutes on and 10
minutes off, for 1-3 hours daily), simultaneous exposure to
low concentrations of craching (0.07 mg/liter of saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons plus 0.01 mg/liter of H2S) for 6
hours daily over the course of 9 months resulted in a marked
decrease in muscular strength, performance and endurance.
Chemical analysis of the muscles and liver revealed an in-
crease in lactic acid and decreases in glycogen, ATP and
creatine phosphate as a result of chronic poisoning. These
results indicate that further automation of the refining industry
is advisable.
19512
Yoshida, K., H. Oshima, and M. Imai
Affi POLLUTION BY SULFUR ACID GAS (I). ON YOK-
KAICHI TYPE OF Am POLLUTION. (Aryusangasu niyoru
taitiosen (I). Yokkaichi-gata no osen). Text in Japanese. San-
gyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu (Report Inst. Ind. Med.),
no. 3:56-64, June 1, 1969. 18 refs.
Some characteristics of Yokkaichi type of air pollution, which
is a distinctive type caused predominantly by sulfur dioxide
from petrochemical plants, and three problems in evaluating
the air pollution are discussed with regard to respiratory dis-
ease. The first problem is whether respiratory disease is in-
fluenced more by SO2 average density or peak density. The
second problem relates to the lack of discussion about at-
mospheric SO3, while SO3 constitutes only 3-5% fo the sulfur
oxides generated by oil combustion, the H2SO4-mist produced
by the absorption of SO3 in atmospheric water is 20 times as
noxious as SO2, and has a more severe effect. Finally, the ef-
fect of sulfur oxides on respiratory organs varies according to
its state, (aerosol, gas, or mist) and to the type of physical
reaction with coexisting atmospheric substances. Some
findings on the relationship between SO2 pollution and chronic
bronchitis in Yokkaichi city are outlined.
19514
Fujino, T., K, Yoshida, K. Miyachi, M. Yoshii, H. Oshima,
and M. Imai
STUDY OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF RESPIRATORY
DISEASES FROM AIR POLLUTION. (Taikiosen niyoru
kokyuki shikkan no kanrihoshiki ni kansuru kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu (Report Inst.
Ind. Med.), no. 3:1-47, June 1, 1969.
The results of a 2-yr medical survey which was conducted to
study the relationship between air pollution and respiratory
disease in three polluted areas of Yokkaichi City are presented
in the form of tables and graphs. The data demonstrate the ef-
fect of air pollution on humans, especially with respect to
respiratory diseases. The contents are divided into two catego-
ries: one concerned with epidemiological aspects of the Yok-
kaichi type of air pollution, of which the major constituent is
sulfur dioxide, and one concerned with clinical hematological
studies. Significant findings are that the highest death rate
from respiratory disease occurred in the most heavily polluted
area of Yokkaichi and that the death rate has tended to in-
crease since the advent of a petrochemical plant. It is con-
cluded that most cases of chronic nonspecific bronchitis are
related to bronchus asthma, and that cases of lung emphysema
have developed from bronchus asthma rather than chronic
bronchitis.
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G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
31
20521
Mamedov, A. M.
THE VITAMIN C AND Bl LEVELS IN THE BODIES OF
ADOLESCENTS EXPOSED TO THE ACTION OF
HYDROCARBONS. (Sostoyanie C i Bl vitaminnoi
obespechennosti organizma podrostkov, podver-
gayushchikhsya vozdeistviyu uglevodorodov). Hyg. Sanit.,
29(3):46-51, March 1964.15 refs.
Studies were conducted on a group of adolescents undergoing
occupational training in an oil-refinery installation to determine
the influence of low hydrocarbon concentrations on the
vitamin C and Bl levels of the body. Quantitative vitamin
analysis was accomplished by testing the urinary excretion on
a fasting stomach an hour after the first urination. Thiamin
content was determined by the Jansen thiochrome method,
and ascorbic acid content was determined by the Jezler-
Niederberger method utilizing the Levinson and Ratner modifi-
cation. Adolescents exposed to hydrocarbons excreted less
vitamin C and Bl in urine than a control group; seasonal fluc-
tuations were noted, with excretion of these vitamins lower in
spring than in winter. Accumulated data from these studies
revealed that the effects of low hydrocarbon concentrations on
the vitamin C and Bl levels of the body are reversible. Thus it
is possible to reduce the toxic effects of the hydrocarbons by
the additon of vitamin supplements to the students' diets. This
supplement increases the body's resistance to the unfavorable
effects of the hydrocarbons.
21414
Miyachi, Kazuma and Hideo Kashiwagi
AIR POLLUTION AND RESPERATORY DISEASE OF YAK-
KAICHI DISTRICT: THE TYPE OF YOKKAICffl ASTHMA.
(Yokkaichi chiiki ni okeru taikiosen to kokyuki shikkan:
iwayuru Yokkaichizensoku no byokei ni tsuite). Text in
Japanese. Sangyo Igaku Kenkyusho Gyosekishu (Report Last.
Ind. Med.), no. 3:69-80, June 1,1969. 25 refs.
The relationship between the Yokkaichi type of asthma and
Yokkaichi air pollution, of which the major constituent is sul-
fur dioxide from petrochemical plants, are discussed, together
with characteristics of the pollution and its effects on respira-
tory organs. It has been widely accepted that lung emphysema
develops primarily from simple chronic bronchitis. This theory
is contradicted by a Yokkaichi study which grouped patients
with respiratory disease into those (group A) who had the dis-
ease before the construction of the petrochemical plants and
those (group B) who did not develop it until after the plants
were in operation. Group A had a higher incidence of lung
emphysema than group B, which tended more toward non
specific bronchial asthma. The findings are accounted to the
difference in the length of exposure to polluted environment
by sulfurous acid gas from the plants, namely, non specific
bronchial asthma in group A developed into lung emphysema
after more than eight years of exposure. The fact that more
bronchial asthma was found in group B underlines the high
probability of the group passing through the same process as
group A. This type of process is construed to be distinctively
representative of the effect of Yokkaichi air pollution. It is
concluded that chronic bronchitis is not predominantly respon-
sible for lung emphysema where Yokkachi type air pollution
exists.
26053
Yokaichi, Ishikai
STUDIES ON RESPHtATORY TRACT DISEASES CAUSED
BY Affi POLLUTION -SURVEY OF PUBLIC NUISANCES
GRANT BY THE HEALTH AND WELFARE MINISTRY, IN
1967. (Taiki osen ni yoru kokyuki shikan ni kansuru kenkyu-
Showa 42 nendo Koseisyo kogai chosa kenkyu itaku). Text in
Japanese. Nippon Ishikai Zasshi (J. Japan. Med. Assoc.),
61(7):805-835, April 1969.
Results of a survey on respiratory tract diseases affected by
air pollution in oil combine in Yokkaichi City, Mie Prefecture
consisted of the following two points: (1) statistical survey of
some obstructive respiratory tract disease by regional group
and month (bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary
emphysema, and asthma-like bronchitis) which were diagnosed
by members of the Medical Association in Yokkaichi City; and
(2) actual conditions of the disease which were recognized as
caused by air pollution by medical centers of Yokkaichi City
and the Medical Association. Survey included the following
seven points, conducted in January, May, and August in 1967:
(1) number of medical institutions where the survey was con-
ducted; (2) the survey of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-
eases; (3) occurrence rate of patients by clinics; (4) distribu-
tion of patients by residence; (5) classification of patients by
regional groups; (6) age distribution, and (7) ratio of men and
women who were older than 55 years of age and younger than
10. Results were described in figures and tables; in this report,
data are interpreted but not analyzed. Survey (2) reported the
number of patients who were recognized by medical centers of
Yokkaichi City Medical Association the number of patients
who consulted at medical centers, and the number of patients
who underwent physical examination for respiratory tract dis-
eases in a period from June 1967 to March 1968 at the Medical
Center of Yokkaichi City. These results were shown in tables
classified by residential areas, age, and sex. Analysis is
presented of 65 cases of patients who were older than 16 with
special reference to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a
case of Yokkaichi asthma (male, 64 years) is presented.
27920
Mie Prefecture (Japan), Public Nuisance Control Bureau
THE SPECIAL INVESTIGATION REPORT ON AHt POLLU-
TION IN YOKKAICHI AREA. THE REPORT OF THE SUB-
COMMITTEE FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION.
PUBLIC NUISANCE MATERIAL NO. 14. (Yokkaichi chiku
taiki osen tokubetsu chosa ekigaku chosa shoiinkai
hokokusho). Text in Japanese. 44p., March 1964.
The effects of air pollution in Yokkaichi were investigated and
the results were tabulated in diagrammatical and tabular form.
Perception of school children concerning air pollution showed
that complaints against bad odor were overwhelmingly nu-
merous. Questionnairs presented to the residents in polluted
and control areas showed distinct differences in conscious
sympotoms. In order to see the effects of air pollution on
healthy persons, pulmonary function tests were conducted by
means of Wright-peak- flow meter on school children, and
peak-flow values were compared for different areas. In the
polluted area, the peak-flow values were distinctly lower for
boys. In a similar test conducted on the elderly, for both men
and women, the values were lower in the polluted area. Other
items included the morbidity of the residents, as well as the
mortality, and the effects of air pollution on specially
designated pollution victim patients. Of the 31 persons whose
asthmatic symptoms had become worse, most of the symp-
toms had started to appear around five years previously, right
after the petrochemical complex had moved into the area.
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32
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
30640
Committee of Mie Prefectural Medical Insurance on Public
Nuisance (Japan)
CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF RESPIRATORY
DISEASES PATIENTS DUE TO AIR POLLUTION.
(Taikioseni ni yoru kokyukishikkan no rinsho- byotaigakuteki
kenkyu). Text in Japanese. 10p., March 1%8.
Examinations were performed on 126 patients of Yokkaichi
City, and their clinical picture was observed. The observation
was made by dividing the patients into two groups: A group of
27 who became ill before 1959, before the oil complex began
operation, and B group of 97 who became ill after 1960. In B
group, 64 persons had bronchial asthma, 23 had chronic
bronchitis, 10 had emphysema, and six of the 10 who had
emphysema also had bronchial asthma. Emphysema is derived
from bronchial asthma in Yokkaichi City. Bronchial asthma
occurred mainly in those between the ages of 20 and 40 in A
group, and in B group, mainly in those over 50. It was ob-
served that pulmonary function in A group patients was worse
than that in B group patients. This is probably due to the fact
that those in A group had a longer history of illness. The posi-
tive rates of CRP were markedly higher in the pulmonary
emphysema patients of the A group being 50%, and in the
bronchial asthma patients of the B group, being 30%, respec-
tively. The chronic bronchitis patients of groups A and B, and
the emphysema patients of group A had a somewhat higher
level of the alpha 2 fraction. In all illness types and patterns,
17-OHCS was decreased during seisure. A significant decrease
of serum cholinesterase occurred in bronchial asthma patients.
In bronchial asthma patients, plasma histamine increased to
twice the normal amount when not in seizure, and even more
during seizure.
31311
Ueki, Kamezo and Massahi Tanaka
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVHIONMENETAL POLLLU-
TION AND DISEASES - AIR POLLUTION IN OTAKE CITY.
(Kogai to shippei tono kankei. Otake-s no taikiosen ni tsuite).
Text in Japanese. Koshu Eisei Joho (Public Health Inform.),
1(1):23, April 1971.
The air pollution conditions and the pulmonary function values
of school children were measured in the Otake district in
Hiroshima Prefecture, a petroleum refining area. The subjects
were the school children of the Kuba district, where air pollu-
tion has not advanced, and those of highly polluted Otake and
Ogata districts. The mean of dust fall was 7.35 in Otake and
5.81 in Ogata; the mean of the level of sulfur dioxide was 0.90
in Otake, 0.91 in Ogata, and 0.38 in Kuba. In a previous study,
the value obtained by multiplying vital capacity by height was
significantly higher in one half of the grades of the schools in
the Kuba district than in the other schools. Completely dif-
ferent results were obtained in the present study. To examine
the reason for this, the two were compared by Rohrer s and
Kaup s indices, which indicate the level of physical substan-
tiality. No difference was observed, suggesting that pulmonary
function has no effect on the level of physical substantiality.
The correlation coefficient of vital capacity/height with age
was 0.657 for males and 0.587 for females in Otake, 0.721 for
males and 0.727 for females in Ogata, and 0.698 for males and
0.703 for females in Kuba, showing highly significant correla-
tions. No fixed tendency was observed among the three
schools for mean expiratory flow rates. The regression equa-
tions of vital capacity in the three schools are shown accord-
ing to sex.
31664
Yoshizaki, Kazuko
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE CITIZEN IN
PETROLEUM CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CITIES AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PART 1. ECOLOGICAL AND
GENERAL STUDY ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVING EN-
VIRONMENT OF THE INHABITANTS IN TOKUYAMA
HEALTH CENTER DISTRICT FROM A VIEWPOINT OF
MORTALITY BY MAJOR CAUSES. (Sekiyukagakukogyo
toshimin no hokendoko to kankyoosen. Dai 1 pen. Shuyoshiin-
betsu shiboritsu kara mita Tokuyama hokensho kannai jumin
no hokendoko to seikatsu kankyo to no kankei ni tsuiteno
seitaigakuteki gaikanteki kosatsu). Text in Japanese.
Yamaguchi Sangyo Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Soc. Yamaguchi
Ind. Health), no. 17:48-61, Dec. 1970. 72 refs. The following
matters were considered: deaths by major causes of about
220,000 inhabitants in three cities and three towns within the
jurisdiction of Tokuyama Health Center during 1958-1965; the
relation between death rates for major diseases, soil, and air
pollution; and the relation between the growth of school chil-
dren from six to 17-years-old as of 1965 with local environ-
mental conditions, mainly of soil. Regions studied were di-
vided into petrochemical industrial cities, steel and iron indus-
trial cities, and agricultural-mountainous villages. Major causes
of death were divided into two categories, that is, ectogene-
ous, infectious diseases (tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchitis,
diarrhea, and enteritis) and endogeneous, constitutional dis-
eases (cerebral hemorrhage and cancer). Regional alteration in
the death rate for each category was investigated for an earlier
period (1958-1961) and a later one (1962-1965). Consequently,
regional differences in death rates for both categories did not
alter too much annually, and regional accumulation was ob-
served in death rates. A marked degree of regional accumula-
tion was noted in the category of endogeneous, constitutional
diseases. Distribution of deaths from endogeneous, constitu-
tional diseases was close connected with soil reactions. Com-
parison of alteration in regional death rates during the earlier
and the later periods indicated decrease in deaths from both
disease categories in the petrochemical industrial cities, where
air pollution has rapidly decreased since 1964, and in agricul-
tural-mountainous villages, where air has not been polluted.
Formerly, both regions had high mortality rates. In the steel
and iron industrial cities, where air pollution has increased
recently, a yearly alteration different from any other regions
was observed for every disease. For example, the death rate
by pneumonia increased in Kudamatsu City and Hikari City,
and the death rate by bronchitis increased in Kudamatsu City.
31665
Yoshizaki, Kazuko
TREND OF COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE CITIZEN IN
PETROLEUM CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CITIES AND EN-
VIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PART 2. ECOLOGICAL
STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TREND OF
COMMUNITY HEALTH AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF
INHABITANT TOKUYAMA CITY FROM A VIEWPOINT OF
MORTALITY BY MAJOR CAUSES. (Sekiyukagakuko-
gyotoshimin no hokendoko to kankyoosen. Dai 2 hen.
Shuyoshiinbestu shiboritsu kara mita Tokuyamasimin no
hokendoko to seikatsukankyo tono kankei ni tsuiteno
seitaigakuteki kosatsu). Text in Japanese. Yamaguchi Sangyo
Igaku Nenpo (Ann. Rept. Soc. Yamaguchi Ind. Health), no.
17:62-78, Dec. 1970.19 refs.
Death records for 70,000 residents of Tokuyama City were
analyzed to determine death rates for two categories of dis-
-------
G. EFFECTS-HUMAN HEALTH
33
eases: endogeneous, constitutional diseases (cerebral
hemorrhage, cancer, and heart disease) and ectogeneous, in-
fectious diseases (pneumonia and bronchitis). Further, the
death rate for each category was compared with national death
rates for the periods 1958-1969 and 1962-1965. The relationship
between death rates and quality of soil, water, and air was
considered. In Tokuyama City and throughout Japan, deaths
attributable to ectogeneous, infectious diseases are declining
while those due to endogenous, constitutional diseases are in-
creasing. The tendency is especially noticeable in Tokuyama
City. In all years, decrease in air pollution was associated with
decreased mortality from pneumonia and bronchitis in two
sensitive groups: infants and children up to four years of age
and adults over 40 years. With respect to their influence on
death rates, dust fall and sulfur dioxide are in direct propor-
tion to each other.
34194
Miyaji, K., S. Yamazaki, H. Kashiwagj, S. Takahashi, and A.
Watanabe
ASTHMATIC DISEASES IN YOKKAICffl AREA - CLINICAL
STUDIES. (Yokkaichi chiku ni okeru zensokuyo shikkan
rinshozo o chushin to shite). Text in Japanese. Naika,
21(5):850-858, May 1968. 6 refs.
Air quality measurements correlated with respiratory diseases
were studied for the Yokkaichi area. Atmospheric concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mer-
captans, hydrocarbons, and settling particulates increased. The
SO2 content fluctuated sporadically and drastically between
zero and high peaks of 0.5-1.0 ppm. Based on reports of
government health insurance cases, the values for pharyngitis
and bronchial asthma increased annually since April 1961, with
twice as many cases in the polluted areas as in the non-pol-
luted areas. Bronchial asthma cases were especially prevalent
among patients under five and over 50 years old. Influenza
and bronchitis increased in the polluted areas, and cases of
lung cancer rose suddenly between April 1964 and March 1965.
The number of chronic bronchitis cases increased from 1.63%
in 1959 to 8.0% in 1967, correlated with an oil industry com-
plex which started operation in 1962; bronchial asthma cases
increased from 3.14% in 1962 to 7.4% in 1961. Most of the
cases attending the clinic after 1962 were ambulatory, but 60%
of all the cases were bronchial asthma patients.
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34
H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
01640
M. Katz
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NA-
TURE OF AHt POLLUTION. World Health Organization
Monograph Ser. (Air Pollution). No. 46 1961. pp. 97-158.
This chapter of the WHO Monograph reviews works on air
pollution accomplished within the last ten to IS years. The
subject of the physical and chemical nature of air pollution is
so broad and covers many fields of physics, chemistry and
medicine that only the most important works have been
highlighted. Discussed among others were the following
problems: The development of improved methods and
techniques for the measurement, separation and identification
of air contaminants, the standardization of methods of sam-
pling and analysis of common air pollutants, the application of
meteorological concepts and diffusion theory to the study of
the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, the formation
of smog and the prediction of pollution levels, the develop-
ment of improved analytical techniques, instrumentation and
studies of motor vehicle exhaust gas composition under vari-
ous operating conditions and the development of catalytic and
other exhaust gas system control devices, the study of the ac-
tion of sunlight on motor vehicle and traffic gas and of
photochemical atmospheric reaction in general, the determina-
tion of the health and other effects of irradiated gaseous and
vapour pollutants, the continued study of carcinogenic and
other toxic substances presented in the urban environment and
the evaluation of their effects on health, and the study of
radioactive pollutants and their effects in connection with the
development of industrial uses of nuclear energy for power
and transportation.
01930
E. Brennan, I. A. Leone, and R. H. Dairies
INVESTIGATION OF SO2 EFFECTS ON RUBBER TREES AS
A MEANS OF FORESTALLING INJURY TO MALAYAN
PLANTATIONS FROM REFINERY EMISSIONS. J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Assoc. 14, (6) 229-33, June 1966.
A study of the effects of SO2 concentrations on rubber trees,
subjected to short- and long-term fumigations at increasing
SO2 concentrations in a test fumigation chamber was made.
Results of the tests led to the following conclusions: Four-
hour fumigations of dry rubber trees under conditions simulat-
ing the climate of Malaya did not produce injury until the con-
centration of 0.78 SO2 ppm was reached. Fifteen-minute expo-
sures of the trees failed to cause injury until the concentration
of 75 to 100 ppm SO2 was reached. When rubber plants having
wet leaves were fumigated for a four-hour period, slight injury
was produced at 0.40 ppm SO2. Total sulfur determinations of
composite dry leaves showed no significant increase over that
in untreated checks until the concentration of 0.70 ppm SO2
was reached. Trees which were fumigated wet showed a sig-
nificant increase in total sulfur content over dry check trees
even at the lowest SO2 concentration of 0.13 ppm. Old leaves
consistently had a higher total sulfur content than did younger
leaves. In young leaves a considerable part of the absorbed
sulfur (up to 30%) could be washed off the surface, whereas
old leaves or composite samples failed to show any decrease
in sulfur content on washing. This might be used as a criterion
for exposure of foliage to atmospheric SO2. A total sulfur con-
tent of the foliage sufficient to cause injury when accumulated
at a rapid rate failed to injure when accumulated over a three
week period. Respiration studies failed to indicate the possi-
bility of hidden injury occurring during this prolonged fumiga-
tion. Rubber trees respond similarly to other woody species to
the presence of SO2, being injured at much higher concentra-
tions than were most of the herbaceous species tested.
06967
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE STATE OF
NORTH RHINE- WESTPHALIA. Ministry of Labour and So-
cial Welfare, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)). (Report to
the Congrss on the 'Prevention of Air Pollution', Duesseldorf,
Germany, Apr. 5-7, 1965.) 78p. Translated from German.
A survey of the activities in North Rhine-Westphalia for the
prevention of air pollution is reported and the results are sum-
marized. The report included: (1) history, legal basis, adminis-
trative organization, smogwaming network, and economic
problems; (II) Report of the Factory Inspection Dept. (Enter-
prises subject to approval and other enterprises and working
places); and (HI) report of the State Institute for Air Pollution
Control and Land Utilization (monitoring of air pollution,
techniques for measuring immissions, relationship between
emission and immission, technical steps for the restriction of
emissions, and the effect of air pollution on soil, vegetation
and animals
22491
Kucherov, E. V. and B. E. Fedorako
EFFECT OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS ON THE
VEGETATION OF BASHKIR A.S.S.R. In: American Institute
of Crop Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Ef-
fects and Symptoms of Air Pollutes on Vegetation; Resistance
and Susceptibility of Different Plant Species in Various
Habitats, In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and
as Biological Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), vol. 2, Silver
Spring, Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1969, p. 19-
23. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR Ural. Filial. Ural. Gos. Univ. im
A. M. Gor'kogo Okhrana prirody na Urale. (Sverdlovsk),
4:163-168, 1964.)
Most plants, particularly conifers, are very sensitive to gas
pollution which causes arrested growth and changes in the
color of leaves and foliage. At small gas concentrations, the
edges of leaves curl and foliage yellows, while at higher con-
centrations burns appear; leaves turn brown and wilt. This
causes premature, partial, and complete defoliation. In 1950,
various species of trees and shrubs were planted on the
grounds of a Russian refinery. Red ash showed a high gas re-
sistance; although its leaves curl, it gives an annual height in-
crement. The leaves of little leaf linden yellow and curl, and
those of the European white birch yellow prematurely. Balsam
poplar leaves yellow, turn brown, and drop prematurely.
Under conditions of prolonged gas pollution of low concentra-
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H. EFFECTS-PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
35
tion, all deciduous trees are more resistant than conifers. It is
recommended that protective plantings be established near in-
dustrial enterprises, in open areas between them, and directly
on their grounds. These plantings should consist of thick,
multi-stage trees and shrubs, such as poplar, linden, apple,
hedgerow rose, Siberian pea shrub, Tartar honeysuckle, rasp-
berry, and black currant. Such plantings will change the gas
composition of the air for the better.
22585
Kulagin, Yu. Z.
SMOKE RESISTANCE OF WOODY PLANTS AS AN
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM. In: American Institute of Crop
Ecology Survey of USSR Air Pollution Literature. Effects and
Symptoms of Air Pollutes on Vegetation; Resistance and
Susceptibility of Different Plant Species in Various Habitats,
In Relation to Plant Utilization for Shelter Belts and as Biolog-
ical Indicators. M. Y. Nuttonson (ed.), vol. 2, Silver Spring,
Md., American Institute of Crop Ecology, 1569, p. 32-34. 2
refs. (Also: Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ural. Filial. Komis. po Ok-
hrane Prirody. Rastitel' nost' i promyshlennye zagryazneniya.
Okhrana prirody na Urale. V (Sverdlovsk, 1966), p. 25-27.)
The ecological factor of smoke resistance in woody plants was
the basis of investigations in areas surrounding metallurgical
and petroleum refineries. Conditions of smoke pollution should
be distinguished by considering the physico-chemical proper-
ties of the toxic components of the smoke, the intensity of gas
and dust effects, the frequency of their occurrence during the
growing period, and their annual recurrence. This ecological
concept requires a recognition of the critical periods when the
sensitivity to toxic components is greatest. The critical periods
are connected with weak morphological defense of tender
shoots; inability to regenerate leaves; and injury followed by
unfavorable weather conditions. The critical period for
conifers dusted with magnesium oxide is early summer, when
the needles are being formed. A sulfur dioxide attack in early
or midsummer is lethal for pine, spruce, lilac, and other spe-
cies with a weak leaf regeneration capacity. A late summer ex-
posure to SO2 is not injurious. Smoke from industrial plants
should be considered as an ecological factor The degree of
toxicity of industrial gases depends greatly on the surrounding
atmospheric conditions. The survival and regeneration of tree
is determined by the maturity of the shoots and their re-
sistance to the subsequent weather conditions.
23257
Skye, Erik and Ingemar Hallberg
CHANGES IN THE LICHEN FLORA FOLLOWING AIR
POLLUTION. Oikos, 20(2):547-552, 1969. 8 refs.
Lichen flora on tree trunks around a shale oil works were
analyzed with regard to composition and distribution in
1951/1953 and in 1967/1969. Changes in lichen distribution
were observed and attributed to increased levels of atmospher-
ic sulfur dioxide that persisted until production at the shale oil
works was terminated in 1966. Between 1953 and 1967, lichen
species normally connected with acid barks increased mar-
kedly. Their appearance on trees that normally have only
moderately acid bark indicates that the substrate is obviously
being acidified within the investigation area. Bark originally of
relatively high pH needs a longer time or more intensive expo-
sure to acid chemicals to reach a pH level within the tolerance
of lichens normally found on acid bark. Probably direct
poisoning of the lichens also plays a part in these changes. By
the summer of 1967, some signs of recovery were observed in
certain lichen species, in particular strong lobe growth in
lichen thallus.
23583
SchoU, G.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE RECOGNITION PROBLEM OF
PLANT DAMAGE INDUCED BY EMMISSIONS. (Bin Beitrag
zum Problem der Erkennung von immissionsbedingten Pfan-
zenschadigungen). Schriftenreihe Landesanstalt Immissions-
und Bodennutzungsschutz Lands Nordrhein- Westfalen (Es-
sen), 1969:73-79. Translated from German. Belov and As-
sociates, Denver, Colo., 15p., July 1, 1970.
Turnips, barley, and trees growing on farms bordering a fertil-
izer manufacturing plant and a refinery exhibited disturbed
growth, partial defoliation, and leaf discoloration. When sulfur
dioxide emissions in the area were determined to be of a mag-
nitude sufficient to cause plant damage, the question of emis-
sion effect on the fertility of soil was clarified in correspond-
ing soil investigations. Soil analyses revealed a 30-50%
decrease in 'root soluble' nutrients, significantly lower pH
values, and a decreased base activity that correlated with an
abnormally high sulfate content in the soil as well as in spring
water and rivers. These results show that the acidifying action
of sulfur dioxide can have an adverse influence on the alkaline
balance of light soil.
30637
Chiba Prefecture (Japan)
AIR POLLUTION AND PLANT DAMAGE WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THE DAMAGES OF PEAR TREES IN
ICmHARA DISTRICT, CHIBA PREFECTURE. (Taikiosen to
shokubutsu higai -Chiba-ken Ichihara chiku no nashi no higai o
chushin toshite). Text in Japanese. 158p., March 1968.
The causes of plant damage between 1965 and 1966 in Ichihara
City, Chiba Prefecture were investigated and countermeasures
were examined. Damage was seen in pear orchards, street
trees, and shrubs located near an oil-refinery, petroleum
chemical factories, and a steam-power plant, which mainly use
heavy oil. Damage to peaches was frequent at the time of
flowering and expansive growth, when the resistance to sulfur
dioxide was greatest. The time that the damage occurred
agreed with the time when the concentration of SO2 was high
Therefore, damage was mainly due to S02. Damage to pear
trees sprayed with the coal Bordeaux mixture was also ob-
served. However, damage by agricultural chemicals had never
been seen, so the relationship between such phenomena was
investigated. Decidious broad-leaved trees are easily affected,
and evergreen broad-leaved trees are relatively resistant. A
correlation was observed between the damage and the
direction of flying contaminated substances. The damage was
heavy in the cases of a north wind, rainy weather, smog, stag-
nant air current, and successive fine weather. The relationship
between damage and these elements was investigated. The oc-
currence of damage in 1965 and 1966, possible causes, coun-
termeasures, and results were discussed.
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36
I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
07553
Yocom, John E.
THE DETERIORATION OF MATERIALS IN POLLUTED AT-
MOSPHERES. J. Air Pollution Control Assoc., 8(3):203-208,
Nov. 1958. 34 refs. (Presented at the 14th Annual Conference
and 1958 Exhibition, National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers,
San Francisco, Calif., March 20, 1958.)
A group of spcific air pollutants known to produce deteriora-
tion of materials, the principal sources of these pollutants, and
the most likely mechanisms by which deterioration of a variety
of materials can occur are discussed. Specifically, the pollu-
tants are carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, ozone and solid particu-
lates.
20820
COMMUNITY AIR QUALITY GUIDES: SULFUR COM-
POUNDS. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 31(2):253-260, March-
April 1970. 26 refs.
The major sulfur compounds detected in the atmosphere are
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid, sulfates, and
hydrogen sulfide. The chief effects of SO2 are eye and
respiratory tract irritation, and increased pulmonary resistance.
At concentrations of 87 mg/cu m for 2.75 hours, SO3 proved
fatal to guinea pigs. Hydrogen sulfide is a respiratory and eye
irritant at low concentrations, and at high concentrations can
cause respiratory paralysis. It is believed that sulfur com-
pounds produce a more severe effect when they are adsorbed
on a particle small enough to penetrate the lung. Sulfur oxides
and hydrogen sulfide can also damage vegetation. Materials
such as metals, paper, leather, textiles, paint, and ceramics are
also damaged by sulfur compounds. It is suggested that the
sulfur oxide concentration in the air kept as low as possible to
prevent damage to vegetation, deterioration of materials, and
to avoid the presumed adverse health effects. Methods for
sampling sulfur compounds and their physical and chemical
properties are also included.
33597
Naruse, Gen
EROSION SPLIT OF STEAM STRIPPER OH LINE. (Steam
Stripper OH line no fushoku ware ni tsuite). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Petroleum Institute, Tokyo, p. 75-77, 1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desulfurization Ap-
paratus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,1971, Paper lOb.)
Cracks discovered on the UOP Isomax at an oil refinery one
week initial operation were investigated. Three cracks on bead
of welded connections and one on an elbow of the stream
stripper overhead line were determined. Operating conditions
of temperature, pressure, material construction, liquid com-
position, flow speed, and volume of hydrogen sulfide was ex-
amined. The elbow was not heat-treated by the manufacturer.
Microscopic sulfur print tests of the cracks revealed sulfur
particles. A high concentration of hydrogen sulfide, high
residual stress, such as vibration due to an earthquake, and
imperfect welding were determined as the causes of the
damage. The carbon steel was repaired and since then the cor-
rosion rate has been extremely low (0.35 mm/year).
33598
Irie, Masao
EROSION OF HIGH PRESSURE SEPARATOR EMERGENCY
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE. (Koatsu separeeta kinkyuyo
atsuryoku kontororu barubu no fushoku). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Petroleum Institute, Tokyo, p. 79, 1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desulfurization Ap-
paratus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22,23, 1971, Paper lOc.)
Corrosion in a high pressure separator of an oil refinery was
investigated. An emergency pressure control valve damaged
three month after start of operations. Localized damage 0.2
mm deep was determined on the plug, the curved line under
the seat, and the seat ring. The entrance and exit pressures
wore 91 and 0 kg/sq cm, and the temperature was 60 C.
Severe and drastic damage was caused by the slight leakage of
corrosive gas between the plug and the seat ring, intensified
by the angular shape of the valve, and due to its usually
closed state. Severe corrosion due to sulfur dioxide was deter-
mined in the reducer around the pressure control valve in the
low-pressure seperator. Corrosion treatment included careful
selection of material and anti-corrosion treatments when desig-
ning the apparatus.
33599
Niwa, Kiyoshi
HEAVY OIL DESULFURIZATION PLANT REACTION
TOWER EFFLUENT AIR COOLER. (Juyu datsuryu puranto
hannoto efumento kuki reikyakuki no fushoku to mondaiten).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum Institute, Tokyo,
p. 61-63, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar Heavy Oil Desul-
furization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23, 1971, Paper
9c.)
Corrosion of carbon steel effluent condenser pipes of reactor
in the desulfurization system of an oil refinery was in-
vestigated. Maximum corrosion of 0.7-0.9 mm/month was
determined on condenser u-bend tubes. Straight pipes showed
normal wear, with some localized corrosion as high as 2.8
mm/year. When the u-bends were replaced by T-shape bends,
corrosion of 0.5-0.7 mm/month still occurred. Almost all corro-
sion occurred in the bends of lower tubes (condensed area),
but the locations of eroded tubes in relation to the tube bun-
dles were irregular, and the ratio of corroded tubes to the total
number of tubes was small A high speed flow (more than 20
ft/sec) was determined as the cause of corrosion, affected by
flow irregularity. Change of flow direction at the bend and
solution of welding bead caused localized corrosion. An inhibi-
tor was effective in reducing corrosion to 0-0.2 mm/month.
Corrosion treatment and reduction included decreasing flow
speed, even flow distribution, pipes made of high corrosion-re-
sistant material ferrite-type steel, and monitoring of chlorine
content.
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I. EFFECTS-MATERIALS
37
33600
Naito, MasayuM, Tetsunosuke Hashimoto, and Tatehiko
Kihara
STRESS CORROSION CRACKS OF SOFT STEEL OF GAS
REFINING APPARATUS. (Gasu seisei-soshi (dattansan) ni
okeru nanko no oryoku fushoku ware). Text in Japanese.
Preprint, Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo, p. 47-51, 1971.
(Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desulfurization Ap-
paratus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,1971, Paper 8.)
Stress corrosion cracks which developed on soft steel instru-
ments of the decarburization system of gas refining apparatus
were investigated. The process consisted of arsenic oxidized
material added to the refining solution and heat-activated
potassium carbonate. Cracks by transgranular corrosion ap-
peared on the regenerator, solution heat exchanger, and the
surrounding pipe system. Tests performed to reconstruct
similar cracks caused by residual stress confirmed the corro-
sion and the effectiveness of stress elimination heat treat-
ments. Pitting seemed to contribute to the appearance of
cracks, which were deterred by contact with different metals.
33602
Ikkai, Shunkei, Yasuo Ishimaru, and Kenichi Takanashi
HEATING-TIME RELATIONSHIP IN PADDING AND WELD-
ING PART TRANSFORMATION. (Nikumori yosetsubu no
aknetsu jiko henka). Tex in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petrole-
um Inst., Tokyo, p. 43-46, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on
Heavy Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March
22-23, 1971, Paper 7.)
The influence of time and temperature on the decarburized
layer of foreign material in a desulfurization plant reactor was
examined. In order to eliminate stress, decarburization and ce-
mentation occur in the padded welding section after the heat
treatment. The welded part further deteriorates under the in-
fluence of extended heating and in the environment of sulf uric
material ultimately developing cracks. Decarburization and ce-
mentation decreased in proportion to the amount of chromium
in the molybdenum steel. Stretch, shock, and bend were
tested. Stress concentration was 1.6. The reduction of absor-
bent energy with the increase of heat treatment was extreme.
Stretch in relation to heating time was determined. The bend-
ing test determined micro-cracks in the side-bend for heat
treatments of 650 C for more than 10 hours.
33611
Jida, Wataru '
PROBLEMS IN REACTION TOWER EFFLUENT AIR
COOLER. (Hannoto efurento kuki reikyakuki no mondaiten).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo, p.
55-57, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desul-
furization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23, 1971, Paper
9a.)
Corrosion of heavy oil desulfurization apparatus in an oil
refinery was investigated. Leakage on the pipe system of the
reactor condenser, corrosion at the welded sections of tubes,
and the principles of the flow process are examined. Corro-
sion, localized inside the elbow, occurred without scale form-
ing. The constant exposure to highly concentrated hydrogen
sulfide and ammonia solution was determined as the cause.
The damages due to corrosion were treated by slowing down
the flow rate, using corrosion-resistant ferrules, applying anti-
corrosion resin lining, and covering vulnerable materials with
stainless steel.
33612
Mizuno, Kazuhiko, Tatsuo Iwamizu, and Hiroji Takeuchi
PROBLEMS IN WET H2S CLASS MACHINES AND PIPE IN-
STALLATION. (Shitsu-H2S kei kiki, haikan no mondaiten).
Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo, p.
71-73, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Heavy Oil Desul-
furization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23, 1971, Paper
lOa.)
Corrosion of the heat converter, cooler, and separators of the
desulfurization apparatus of an oil refinery was investigated.
Localized corrosion, as deep as 9.0 m/m, on the valve near the
exit nozzle and the shell of the effluent after-cooler was re-
lated with a whirlpool of liquid in the vicinity. Corrosion on
the surface of the separator overhead condenser tube occurred
as a hole caused by metal loss in the direction of the flow.
Similar corrosion was determined in the separator. The
damages were correlated with the stopping of the liquid flow.
The corrosion inhibitor failed to form a coating inside the
tubes.
33643
lida, Wataru
SPLIT IN REACTOR ENTRANCE ELBOW FOREIGN
MATERIAL WELDING. (Hannoto iriguchi erubo izai yosetsu-
bu no ware). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum
InsL, Tokyo, p. 103-105, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on
Heavy Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo Japan, March 22-
23, 1971, Paper 12b.)
Cracks discovered on the reactor entrance elbow after eight
months operation of desulfurization equipment were in-
vestigated. The thickness and construction were examined for
differences between the welded part and the reactor material.
Corrosion due to hydrogen sulfide solution and stress caused
locally by the elbow shape and welding residue were deter-
mined. Heat-resistant coating was applied as temporary treat-
ment. The entire elbow was later reconstructed of chromium-
molybdenum (2 1/4-1) and welded with the same material.
33651
Irie, Masao
CORROSION AND TREATMENT OF DECOMPRESSION
LIGHT OIL DESULFURIZING SYSTEM. (Genatsu keiyu dat-
suryu sochi no fushoku to taisaku). Text in Japanese. Preprint,
Japan Petroleum Inst., Tokyo, p. 59-60, 1971. (Presented at the
Seminar on Heavy Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo,
Japan, March 22-23, 1971, Paper 9b.)
Corrosion of tubes and pipes in the apparatus of an ofl
refinery was investigated. The conditions under which
hydrogen sulfide corrosion occurred are examined with respect
to desulfurized solution, temperature, pressure, and hydrogen
and hydrogen sulfide content.
33674
Iwanaga, Tatsuo, Kazuhiko Mizuno, and Hiroji Takeuchi
PROBLEMS OF CORROSION IN HYDROGEN MANUFAC-
TURING SYSTEM. (Suiso seizo sochi no fushoku ni yoru
mondaiten). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum Inst,
Tokyo, p. 115-119, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Heavy
Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,
1971, Paper 13b.)
Corrosion in the hydrogen manufacturing system of an ofl
refinery was investigated. Pressure differences on valves were
determined as the cause of leakage. The difference of pres-
su -es at the globe valve was 20 kg/sq cm. An additional valve
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38
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
was added and the pressure was distributed. The size and type
of a control valve was changed. Anti-corrosive additive used
in the system was effective where the corrosion rate was less
than 0.2 mm/year. The corrosion resistant coating could not
form where flush occurred due to pressure change. Corrosion
of parts of the pipe system and on a stainless steel heat
exchanger was due to carbon dioxide.
35034
Kitahama, Kunio
EROSION OF DESULFURIZESG SYSTEM H2S STRIPPER
CONDENSER TUBE. (Datsuryu sochi H2S Stripper condenser
tube no fushoku). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum
Inst, Tokyo, p. 85-87, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar Heavy
Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,
1971.)
A condenser tube of the hydrogen sulfide stripper of Mono
ethanol amine scrubber at the Mizushima Refinery was
damaged by corrosion. But, in this case, the corrosion was not
caused by H2S. Fuel gas and MEA hydrogen sulfide absorbent
are sent to the H2S stripper. The vapor is cooled and the H2S
is separated in the overhead accumulator. The duplex tube s
outer diameter is 19 mm, the material for the outer layer is
STB 30, 1.25 t, the inner layer is BSTF 2, 1.25 t. A cross sec-
tion of the tube showed that the inner BSTF 2 was locally cor-
roded by sea water around the H2S gas inlet nozzle, and the
outer material STB 30 was exposed to seawater and the STB
layer received galvanic corrosion. The corrosion had evidently
started from the inside in the grain boundary because of local-
ized high temperature in the tube. For treatment, the outer
layer was replaced with SUS 28 which has ajrigh H2S re-
sistance rate and the inner layer was exchanged with CNTF 1
for its resistance against seawater and against hot spot corro-
sion.
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39
J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
01546
J.J. Hanks H.D. Kube
INDUSTRY ACTION TO COMBAT POLLUTION. Harvard
Bus. Rev., 44(5):49-62, Oct. 1966.
The responsibilities of individual corporations in air pollution
abatement are emphasized. Sources of pollution discussed in-
clude the paper, steel, electric power, transportation and
petroleum industries. Principal equipment for removal of
aerosols and particulates is described. It is concluded that
although air pollution equipment increases costs in certain in-
dustries, recovery of pollutant, such as fly ash, may help to
offset the costs. Government activities in air pollution pro-
grams are summarized.
09313
THE RISING COSTS. Mach. Des., 39(17):23-24, July 20, 1967.
Damage from air pollution both direct and indirect has been
estimated at 65 dollars per person per year, or 11 billion dol-
lars annually. Agricultural losses are estimated at 325 million
dollars annually. A single day of smog in California a few
years ago reportedly mined an entire lettuce crop. On the east-
ern seaboard, pollution is said to destroy 18 million dollars of
crops each year. Atmospheric corrosion from sulfuric-acid
mist has been reported to do about 6 million dollars damage
per year in New York City alone. The costs of control,
although a small per- centate of the 11 billion dollars total, are
also significant. The petroleum industry is reported to spend
18 million dollars annually on air pollution control out of a
total capital outlay of 350 million dollars. The major steel
manufacturers in the Chicago area entered into a 8-yr agree-
ment with the local re- gulatory agency to prevent some 88,000
tons of dust annually from entering the atmosphere. The esti-
mated total cost of the program is 50 million dollars. Research
efforts into better detection and control seem pitifully small in
comparison to the total damage estimate. Federal Government
research allocations will approach 18 million dollars in 1968.
The anticipated expenditures at the Federal level to achieve
goals in reduction of pollutant levels and in establishing air
quality criteria are estimated at 130 million dollars over the
next several years.
20536
McClanahan, Roger B.
MORE MONEY FOR POLLUTION CONTROL. Conf. Board
Record, 5(9):26-29, Sept. 1968. 3 refs.
Two-hundred and one companies in 16 industries were sur-
veyed and found to have increased their capital expenditures
for pollution control from $397 million in 1967 to $547 million
in 1968. In addition, the companies will spend over $31 million
for antipollution research and engineering in 1968 as against
$30 million in 1967. Textile mills reported the largest increase
(up to 400%) in control expenditures. Rises exceeding 250%
are indicated for wood products, scientific and controlling in-
struments, and electrical machinery. Producers of fabricated
metal products, rubber, and plastics are more than doubling
their outlays. Only aircraft and parts and food products show
decreased expenditure. Almost two-thirds of the total 1968
budget is allocated to water pollution. Industries that have ear-
marked considerably more for water pollution include
fabricated metals, scientific and controlling equipment, food
products, and nonelectrical machinery. For firms engaged in
primary iron and steel, chemicals, and petroleum refining, ex-
penditures are more evenly divided between air and water con-
trol. Companies making stone, clay, and glass products, elec-
trical machinery, and aircraft and parts will devote the major
part of their abatement expenses to air pollution.
21241
Fogel, M. E., D. R. Johnston, R. L. Collins, D. A. LeSourd,
R. W. Gerstle, and E. L. Hill
COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC COST STUDY OF AIR POL-
LUTION CONTROL COSTS FOR SELECTED INDUSTRIES
AND SELECTED REGIONS. (FINAL REPORT). Research
Triangle Inst., Durham, N. C., Operations Research and
Economics Div., NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-79, RT1 Proj.
OIM55, 414p., Feb. 1970. 360 refs. CFSTI: PB 191054
Costs are estimated for controlling emissions of particulates,
sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxides from
twenty-two sources within 100 metropolitan areas, through the
Fiscal period 1970-1975; data defining relevant processes and
air pollution control engineering characteristics required to
support the analyses are presented. Sources for which control
cost estimates were made are solid waste disposal, steam-elec-
tric generating plants, industrial boilers, commercial and in-
stitutional heating plants, residential heating plants, and the
following industrial categories: kraft pulp, iron and steel, gray
iron foundry, primary and secondary nonferrous metallurgy,
sulfuric acid, phosphate fertilizer, petroleum refining, cement,
lime, coal cleaning, petroleum products and storage, grain
milling and handling, varnish, and rubber tires. The total in-
vestment cost includes $221 million, $1.29 billion, and $1.13
billion to control emissions from solid waste disposal, stationa-
ry combustion, and industrial process sources, respectively,
while the metropolitan areas for which cost estimates are the
highest include the very large, highly industrialized, more
northern cities of Chicago, New York, Pittsburgh, Philadel-
phia, Cleveland, Detroit, and St. Louis. Assuming the 1967
emissions as a baseline, calculations are performed to deter-
mine the pollutant removal efficiencies required to bring the
emissions into compliance with the standards assumed.
(Author abstract modified)
24309
Mammarella, Luigi
26326
Japan Industrial Machine Engineering Assoc.
ACTUAL PRODUCTION OF INSTRUMENTS PREVENTING
INDUSTRIAL PUBLIC NUISANCE IN 1969. (Showa 44 nendo
sangyo kogai boshi sochi seisa jisseki). Text in Japanese.
Kogai to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 6(11):916-917, Nov.
1970.
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40
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Based on answers received from 98 out of 110 companies sur-
veyed, a table is compiled of the amount invested by industry
and government in 1969 in each of six categories of air pollu-
tion control equipment. The categories are dust collectors,
heavy oil desulfurization equipment, exhaust gas desulfurizers,
other exhaust gas purifying devices, high stacks (above 70 m),
and connection instruments (?). Statistics are also presented
for export sales in each category. The following types of in-
dustries are represented: food, pottery, paper-pulp, petroleum
refining, chemical and petro-chemical, synthetic fiber, non-
iron refineries, sulfuric acid, fertilizer, electric power, and
construction.
27506
Graef, A. F., L. E. Gressingh, and F. E. Miller
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW AND/OR IMPROVED AQUE-
OUS PROCESSES FOR REMOVING SO2 FROM FLUE
GASES, FINAL REPORT, VOL IL Aerojet- General Corp., El
Monte, Calif., Air Pollution Control Dept., Contract PH 86-68-
77, 173p., Oct. 1970. NTIS: PB 196781
Results are presented of laboratory studies on the ability of
zinc oxide and magnesium oxide to remove sulfur dioxide
from gas streams in fluidized bed systems. Special attention is
given to the conditions required for minimizing the oxidation
of SO2, preventing the formation of sulfate, and effecting the
decomposition of zinc sulfite and magnesium sulfite. Also
discussed are inhibitors and complexing agents for preventing
inadvertent sorbent oxidation. Capital and operating costs are
presented for an optimized fluidized zinc oxide process as ap-
plied to a new 1400 MW power plant installation. Capital costs
are estimated for a magnesium-base slurry scrubbing system
for a 1400 MW plant.
30329
CONFERENCE ON THE PUBLIC ACTION AGAINST POL-
LUTION. (Convegno sul tema L intervento pubblico control 1
inquinamento). Text in Italian. Riv. Combust., 24{10):453-454,
Oct. 1970.
A brief summary is given of a meeting held June 18-19, 1970 hi
Rome, sponsored by two corporations, on the responsibility of
the public in pollution control. A 175-page report was
presented to the public, and the meeting was thrown open to
discussion. The thrust of the presentation indicated that the
two corporations expect the public to shoulder most of the
financial burden for pollution control, since it is the public
which primarily benefits from the preservation of the environ-
ment. Estimates of the cost of eliminating the principle forms
of air and water pollution in Italy called for an investment cost
of 609 billion lire (about one billion dollars) in 1970, decreasing
to 243.7 billion hie (389 million dollars) in 1980. The operating
and maintenance costs are 47.6 billion lire (76 million dollars)
for 1970, increasing to a projected 714.3 billion lire
($1,143,000,000) or 888.8 billion lire ($1,422,000,000) by 1985,
according to two differing estimates. One criticism of these
figures is that they assume the immediate implementation of
certain measures that the industries involved do not consider
feasible at present. For instance, the plan calls for the use of
catalytic afterburners and lead-free gasoline hi the automotive
and petroleum industries, both of which consider these im-
provements unattainable at the moment The study assumes an
investment for catalytic exhaust manifolds and the additional
annual cost of lead-free gasoline. Investment costs are also
given for the metallurgical industries, nonmetallurgical indus-
tries related to mining, chemical industries, thermoelectric
plants, and domestic heating. The figures for domestic heating
assume that the heating plants are already adequately equipped
with pollution controls in accordance with the Italian anti-
smog law (No. 615).
30951
Japan Development Bank
TREND IN INVESTMENT ON PUBLIC NUISANCE CON-
TROL FACILITIES. (Kogai kankei setsubi toshi no doko).
Text in Japanese. Sangyo Kogai (Ind. Public Nuisance),
7(5):261-262, May 1971.
Questionnaires were sent to 893 industries with a working
capital of more than $280,000 concerning their spending plans
for 1970 and 1971 for installation of pollution control facilities.
The 844 which replied comprised 94.5%. The total spending
plan for 1970 was $479,640,000, a 58% increase from 1969 and
$767,480,000 for 1971, a 60% increase. A classification break-
down shows that the steel, electric, chemical, petroleum refin-
ing, non-steel metals, and paper-pulp industries share 80% of
the total spending for both 1970 and 1971. For production of
anti- pollution products (improvement of products),
$30,240,000 was spent in 1970 and $64,120,000 in 1971 of
which the major portion was shared by automobile manufac-
turers and petroleum refining companies. The ratio of spending
for pollution control in relation to working capital for 1971 is
6.3% as compared to 4.7% hi 1970 and 4.6% in 1969. Industries
with high-ratio investments for pollution control devices in
1971 are petroleumm refining (15%), paper-pulp (11%), non-
steel metal (10%), steel (7%), and chemical (7%). The break-
down of spending by classification of pollution types (except
for spending for improvement of products) for both 1970 and
1971 is air pollution, 65-66%; water, 27-28%; and others, 7-8%.
A geographical breakdown shows that the Tokyo-Yokohama-
Chiba coastal area shares 23% of the total spending for 1971;
the Nagoya-Yokkaichi-Hamamatsu coastal area, 18%; and the
Osaka-Kobe area, 19%. Thus, the three major industrial areas
of Japan share 60% of the total industrial anti-pollution spend-
ing of Japan (58% in 1970).
31814
Anderson, H. S., R. E. Paddock, R. O. Lyday, M. E. Fogel, E.
L. Hill, and F. A. Ayer
USER S MANUAL AUTOMATED PROCEDURES FOR ESTI-
MATING CONTROL COSTS AND EMISSION REDUCTIONS
FOR SPECIFIED AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. (FINAL RE-
PORT). Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N.
C., Operations Research and Economics Div., APCO Contract
CPA 70-60, RTI Proj. OU-534, Rept. FR-OU-534, APTD-0665,
352p., Dec. 1970. NTIS: PB 198779
A user s manual is presented enabling other researchers to use
and modify the computer programs developed within this
research project for estimating the costs and emissions of
specified industrial air pollution sources. The output from each
source program consists of emission estimates, both before
and after control, as well as required control costs on a plant
by plant basis. The manual describes the input requirements,
operational characteristics, and output characteristics for each
program. A master report generating program was also
developed. This program uses as input the output from one,
all, or any combination of source programs; it generates sum-
mary data in the form of a single industry or multiple industry,
and sums within a range of desired geographical areas. The
area may be a single or combinations of Air Quality Control
Regions or states. Again the manual describes the input
requirements, operational characteristics, and output charac-
teristics of the report generating program so that the user has
maximum flexibility in the use of the present system and, in
addition, has the ability to redesign the system to his specific
needs. Computer programs are presented for petroleum refin-
ing, phosphate fertilizer, kraft pulping, foundry operations,
sulfuric acid, primary nonferrous metallurgy, steam-electric
power plants, and other industries. (Author abstract modified)
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J. EFFECTS-ECONOMIC
41
33642
Utsu, Motoo
PROBLEMS IN SECURITY OF EFFLUENT HEAT
EXCHANGER. (Efuruento netsuko no hozenjo no mon-
daiten). Text in Japanese. Preprint, Japan Petroleum Inst.,
Tokyo, p. 107-109, 1971. (Presented at the Seminar on Heavy
Oil Desulfurization Apparatus, Tokyo, Japan, March 22-23,
1971, Paper 12c.)
Over-size refinery apparatus, especially heavy oil desulfuriza-
tion equipemnt, is reviewed for cost of maintenance, opera-
tion, and protection from corrosion. An overhaul of a heat
exchanger can cost as much as $8000. The operation of over-
hauling consumes many man-hours, due to the bolt sizes. The
unit cost of a bolt can reach $560. Since most apparatus is
made of austenite steel, it is susceptible to corrosion from
polythionic acid. One protection against corrosion may be
cleaning with 5% soda ash solution.
34370
PERSPECTIVE. Chem. Age (New York), 103(2725):11-12, 20,
Oct. 8, 1971.
The removal of lead from gasoline should have little long-term
effect on the European chemical industry, although ethylene
and aromatics prices may fluctuate between 1975-1980. How-
ever, the flexibility of European refineries and improvements
in reforming technology could allow increased aromatics
production at present costs. Demand for naptha as feed for
catalytic reformers may result in a slight tightening of supply.
For the petrochemicals industry, this will be offset by the
reduced value of low octane light naptha likely to be offered
to the industry. Reduction in lead levels will create a $50 mil-
lion/yr market for catalytic exhaust afterburners and also
major opportunities for processes and catalysts to produce al-
ternate octane boosting components. Legislation is being en-
forced or is impending to control or reduce the amount of lead
in gasoline in Sweden, West Germany, France, and the USSR.
There are still no lead-free fuels on sale in Europe and only a
few reduced leaded fuels, as higher-octane and higher-priced
products have been the main priority of oil companies.
34828
Culberson, S. Frank, T. E. Ware, Jr., and John R. Dosher
PRODUCTION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE. Pace Co. Con-
sultants and Engineers, Houston, Tex., 121p., July 8, 1970. 2
refs. NTIS: COM-71-00566
Increased costs of producing reduced-lead or unleaded
gasoline were derived for seven combinations of reduced lead
and/or octanes for each of three refining situations: a 200,000
barrels-per-stream-day Gulf Coast refinery; a 15,000 B/SD
mid-continent refinery; and an 80,000 B/SD west coast
refinery. Economics were also developed for two new refine-
ries producing high yields of present specification gasoline
(with lead) and 90 research octane number unleaded gasoline,
respectively, in order to determine the cost of producing extra
volumes of gasoline that would be needed for certain exhaust
emission control strategies, e.g., thermal converters and lower-
octane gasoline. In general, the costs of reduced-lead gasoline
are lower for the 80,000 B/SD refinery, most expensive in the
15,000 B/SD refinery, and intermediate for the 200,000 B/SD
refinery. The amount of aromatics and the motor octane
number of unleaded gasoline are important factors affecting
cost changes. The high production costs in a small refinery
would put small refiners at a severe competitive disadvantage
and possibly force some closings.
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42
K. STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
06861
K. Yoshida, H. Oshima and M. Imai
Am POLLUTION AND ASTHMA IN YOKKAICHI. Arch.
Environ. Health 13 (12), 763-8 (Dec. 1966).
In Yokkaichi (in the central part of Japan along the Pacific
coast) where electric power stations, oil refineries, and
petrochemical plants exist, growing numbers of bronchial
asthma patients have been observed since the plants were put
in operation. At Isozu district, where air pollution is the most
severe, the prevalence of bronchial asthma involved 2.3% of
the total population and 7.1% of inhabitants over 40. Studies
covering the whole of Yokkaichi reveal that the average value
of sulfur dioxide by the lead-peroxide method in 13 districts
was directly proportional to the prevalence of bronchial
asthma. The results of skin tests (house dust) showed positive
reactions for only 6.4% of the asthmatic patients in contrast to
classical asthma, in which positivity is 50%-90% in Japan.
These results suggest that Yokkaichi asthma differs from clas-
sical asthma. As for chronic bronchitis, increasing numbers of
cases were found by mass screening techniques in polluted
districts. There were two to six times as many as in nonpol-
luted districts. The number of cases of obstructive impairment
among the inhabitants was also increased two to six times.
07491
Takaoka, Y.
STANDARD FOR STACK GAS EMISSION. Text in Japanese.
J. Jap. Petrol. Inst (Tokyo), 7(2):100-102, Feb. 1964.
The regulations for air pollution established in 1962 are studied
from the point of view of the petroleum industry. The regula-
tion calls for a maximum allowable concentration of dust from
heating furnaces of 0.7 g/cu. m. and from catalytic regenera-
tive furnaces of 1.0 g/cu. m., both using a cyclone for dust col-
lection. The regulated concentration of SO2 or S03 gases is
0.28%. The relation between SO2 production and the quantity
of excess air required to bum liquid fuel is graphed. Data for
gaseous fuels are given indicating that for crude petroleum gas
and for the gas given off by apparatus designed for improving
the quality of gases, an air pollution problem does not exist,
but the gas emitted from contact decomposition equipment or
H2S-producing equipment causes problems. The diffusion
theory is explained briefly with a graph showing the relation
between wind velocity and concentration and includes a table
showing the relation between velocity, temperature, and effec-
tive chimney height for an actual height of 45.7 m.
08038
GUIDEPOSTS ON AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR SULFUR
OXIDES. Air Eng., 9(6:24-27, June 1967.
Guide-posts issued by the Department of Health, Education
and Welfare to determine the levels of sulfur oxides concen-
tration that will prevent harm to health are reviewed. The data
show that if sulfur oxides concentrations are reduced to levels
that will protect health, the effects on vegetation will be
eliminated, visibility will be appreciably improved, and damage
to materials will be markedly reduced.
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43
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
05571
F. N. Frenkiel
AIR POLLUTION IN THE GROWING COMMUNITY. Proc.
Symp. Cleaner Air Urban Areas, Philadelphia, Pa. pp. 1-15
(1956).
Like any living being, a living community breathes. Its au-
tomobiles, railroads, home heaters, rubbish disposals, indus-
try, power plants....all inhale air and exhale polluted air into
the atmosphere. Here, Dr. Frenkiel discusses methods for stu-
dying the relative contributions of various pollution sources to
a community's pollution problem, the increase of pollution in a
growing community, and the effectiveness of certain methods
for reducing pollution. He explains how a mathematical treat-
ment can clarify the interplay among the many features of a
community that contribute to its general air pollution problem
- the location and density of pollution sources, meteorological
conditions, community geography, and control measures. The
main object of these mathematical studies, he points out, is to
determine the probable patterns that pollution will take, and
the contribution of each source to the pollutant concentration
at any given location. He cites a study of this sort made using
as an example of Los Angeles County. This mathematical
treatment, or 'model', then helps determine what measures
must be taken when atmospheric pollution threatens to reach
emergency levels, how effective various pollution control
plans might be, what effect a new source might have on the
pattern of concentration, forecasts of patterns that would
result from contemplated urban expansion, and the effect of
urban planning on predicated pollution levels.
07235
R. Langmann
CLEAN AIR MABSTENANCE-A TASK FOR THE OFFICE OF
PUBLIC HEALTH. Die Reinhaltung der Luft als Aufgabe des
Gesundheitsamtes. Oeffentl. Gesundheitswesen (Stuttgart) 29
(3), 126-34 (Mar. 1967). Ger.
Government regulations request that the office of public; health
pays attention to the maintenance of clean air. More specifi-
cally, it must screen projected industrial enterprises as to the
degree of their expected air polluting emissions and the even-
tual impact on the health of the employees and the neighboring
inhabitants. In cases where the office of public health through
its investigations finds evidence of health hazards, it must
recommend various ways of avoiding or eliminating the pollu-
tion of air. A large number of pollutants are discussed, such as
dust, toxic gas- es, and obnoxious vapors and odors. Their
sources and methods for their elimination are discussed in
detail and represented by examples. Particular emphasis is
placed on proper city planning, zoning, and a more stringent
application of regulations concerning the construction of new
plants, especially their chimneys. Further investigations into
possibilities of remote heating and of substituting gas and elec-
tricity for coal are recommended. Finally, the importance of
educating the public on the consequences of air pollution is
stressed.
08299
Aral, Kenya
TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION IN THE
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. Text in Japanese. Nenryo
Kyokaishi (Tokyo), 46(485):669-679, Sept. 1967.
The problem of air pollution has become very troublesome.
Plant operators, engineers, smoke-control officers, executives
and others, are doing their best to abate and control air pollu-
tion. Air pollution control in petroleum refineries is described.
The law for air pollution control and administrative guidelines
for investigations dealing with the control of industrial public
nuisances are stated. The main sources of air pollution from
petroleum refining as well as sulphur balance at these refine-
ries are described. Desulfurization and sulphur recovery are
discussed.
08686
Harris, D. N.
REDUCING SULFUR EMISSIONS. Combustion, 39(5):36-38,
Nov. 1967.
The status is presented of the following programs carried out
by APIs Subcommittee on Sulfur: stack removal of SO2; reac-
tions of sulfur oxides in stack plumes, ambient air monitoring
and data analysis; engineering study of New York City air
quality situation; and desulfurization costs - residual fuel oil.
The conclusions reached from each program are summarized.
08888
Katz, M.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES-AIR. In: Pollution and Our Environ-
ment: Conference Background Papers. VoL 3, Montreal,
Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Paper D23-2, p. 1-34,
1967. 26 rets. (Presented at the National Conference, Canadian
Council of Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct 31-Nov. 4, 1966.)
Available from the Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, 620
Dorchester Boulevard West, Montreal, Canada, $10.00 per
volume.
Advances that have taken place in a number of European
countries, U.S.S.R. and the United States in research on
methods of sampling and analysis of air pollutants, in the
isolation and identification of complex chemical substances
from the polluted urban environment, in engineering control
procedures and in the accumulation of knowledge on the ef-
fects of pollutants on materials, vegetation, animals and hu-
mans are reviewed. Standards for sources of emission and for
ambient air quality are being established in an increasing
number of countries on the basis of criteria concerning the
harmful effects of pollutants at various concentration levels
and conditions of exposure. However, re- search in the vari-
ous environmental sciences that are encompassed within the
broad field of air pollution and its control is being conducted
in Canada on a very limited and inadequate basis. Recommen-
dations for the role of the federal government and urgent
problems that require investigation are presented with the
hope that constructive action to remedy the situation wfll
develop.
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44
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
09289
Williams, N.
AIR POLLUTION UNDER GOVERNMENT OF
SASKATCHEVAN. In: Pollution and Our Environment: Con-
ference Background Papers. Vol. 2, Montreal, Canadian Coun-
cil of Resource Ministers, Paper B8-2, p. 1-7, Jan. 1967.
(Presented at the National Conference, Canadian Council of
Resource Ministers, Montreal, Oct. 31-Nov. 4,1966.)
The Air Pollution Control Act, 1965, essentially divides
responsibility for air pollution control between the provincial
and municipal authorities. Municipalities are given responsibili-
ty for the control of the simpler sources of air pollution - fuel
burning equipment, incinerators, and open fires - while the
province has responsibility for the control of industrial sources
of air pollution. If a municipality fails to meet its obligations,
the province can enforce its regulations. The Act was drafted
in such a manner that the various parameters of air pollution
would be defined in the form of regulations. The Act also per-
mits regulations to be made concerning submission of plans,
and the control of air pollution from motor vehicles. The Oc-
cupational Health Branch, is the agency at the provincial level
made responsible for air pollution control. At the time of writ-
ing there are no organized programs in operation other than
dustfall studies in Regjna and Saskatoon. The full air pollution
control program will be started as soon as the necessary staff
has been obtained. Most of the laboratory and field equipment
necessary to implement the approved air pollution control pro-
gram has been obtained.
09294
Katz, Morris
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. In: Pollution and
Our En- vironment: Conference Background Papers. Vol. 2,
Montreal, Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Paper B-
17-2-2, p. 1- 18, Jan. 1967. 6 refs. (Presented at the National
Conference Canadian Council of Resource Ministers, Mon-
treal, Oct. 31- Nov. 4,1966.)
Canadian experience with the control of major air pollution
prob- lems has been based on regional rather than local con-
siderations. Although there is a growing awareness in Canada
of the import- ance of air pollution control research on criteria
and standards of air quality is sadly lacking. Presently the best
that can be done is to use as guides the standards adopted by
other countries. Such practice has serious deficiencies as stan-
dards developed in other countries may not be applicable to
Canadian problems.
09351
Watson, John H.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT.
Conf. Board Re- cord, 4(9):27-30, Sept 1967. (1) ref.
Capital expenditures of 392 companies show that, in the ag-
gregate, they invested 171 million dollars in pollution abate-
ment equipment in 1966, and expect to invest about 291 mil-
lion dollars in 1967. Expenitures for air pollution control was
49.6 percent of the total expenditure for air and qater pollution
control in 1966. In the durable goods industries, substantially
higher commitments were made for air control in 1966 by com-
panies in these groups: primary nonferrous metals, machinery
(except electrical), motor vehicles and equipment, transport
(excluding motor vehicles), stone clay and glass, instruments
and photographic equipment.
09687
P. Sutton
AIR POLLUTION IN PETROLEUM REFINING. Chem.
Process Eng., 49(0:36-38, Jan. 1968. 9 refs.
The statute law relatint to air pollution is wide in coverage but
not too onerous in its requirements. The author discusses com-
mon law as it affects the pollution of air, and considers in
detail the two statutes applicable in petroleum refining-the Al-
kali and the Clean Air Acts.
09702
Indianapolis Common Council, Indiana
GENERAL ORDINANCE NO. 109, 1967: AIR POLLUTION.
(AN ORDINANCE FOR THE CONTROL OF THE AT-
MOSPHERE IN THE INDIANAPOLIS AREA.) 48p., Dec. 15,
1967.
Permitting or causing the emission into the outdoor at-
mosphere of air contaminants in such quantities and of such
duration as to be injurious to humans, plant or animal life, or
to property, or which unreasonably interfere with the com-
fortable enjoyment of life and property is prohibited. Scope
and definitions, administrative procedures, legislative
procedures, equipment, fees, emergency procedures, rule-
regulations, standards and penalties are stipulated.
10689
Mckee, Herbert C.
PREFERENTIAL TAX TREATMENT FOR POLLUTION
CONTROL EXPENDITURES: ENGINEERING CONSIDERA-
TIONS. J. Air Pollution Assoc., 18(9):596-599, Sept. 1968.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association, St Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968, Paper
68-101.)
Preferential tax treatment has been advocated as a means of
reducing the cost to industries for installation of air and water
pollution control equipment, and several states have already
adopted such tax rates. Decisions of this nature should be mat-
ters of public policy, to be decided by the appropriate legisla-
tive bodies at state and federal levels. However, several en-
gineering considerations should enter into a determination of
such policies. Preferential tax rates are usually proposed
because many industries are now faced with large expendi-
tures for pollution control which possibly should have been
made gradually over the past several years. This policy can be
justified on a short-term basis to decrease the immediate cost
to the industries involved. In addition, the long-term effects of
such a policy should also be considered. Most of the present
or proposed laws apply only to filters, scrubbers, precipita-
tors, and other supplementary devices for pollution control,
but do not apply to process modifications which prevent pollu-
tion problems and make such supplementary devices unneces-
sary. Therefore, the long-term effect of preferential tax rates
may be to increase the total cost of producing various manu-
factured items. Such rates may also act to subsidize 'process
changes which enhance a company competitive position in the
industry. Such rates may also be undesirable from the stand-
point of conserving natural resources. Specific examples are
given to illustrate these considerations. (Author's abstract)
11074
Chass, R. L., Krenz, W. B., and Dickinson, J. E.
AN APPRAISAL OF RULE 66 OF THE LOS ANGELES
COUNTY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT. Preprint,
Los Angeles County Air Pollu- tion Control District, 22p.,
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
45
1968. (Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Air Pollu-
tion Control Association, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968,
Paper 68-46.)
Emissions of organic solvents to the atmosphere of Los An-
geles County Air Pollution Control District (APCD) are cur-
rently estimated at 600 tons per day. In order to reduce these
emissions Rule 66 was enacted on July 28, 1966, after more
than a year of joint effort by industry and the APCD. The
provisions of rules 66, 66.1, and 66.2 are explained as well as
how their enforcement will affect industry and the entire com-
munity, and discusses the methods being utilized by industry
to bring its various operations into compliance. (Authors' ab-
stract, modified)
11242
M. C. Manderson
SULFUR OUTLOOK INTO THE EARLY 1970'S. Preprint,
Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., ((28))p., 1968.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting, American Institute of
Chemical Engineers, Symposium on Sulfur, Sulfuric Acid and
the Future, Part I, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 1-5, 1968, Paper
5-A.)
In 1967, the United States consumed 9.3 million long tons of
sulfur equivalent. Ninety percent of the total amount of sulfur
consumed was in the form sulfuric acid. The major end uses
of sulfuric acid were used in producing nitrogenous and
phosphatic fertilizers. The Free World increase in sulfur con-
sumption has been higher than that of the United States since
1950, 51% per year compared with 3.6% per year. Over the
next seven years Free World consumption is expected to grow
at 5% per year, from the 1967 level to 36 million long tons to
39 million long tons. About 5.5 million long tons of new sulfur
capacity will emerge outside the United Sates over the next 2
1/2 years. Sulfur production in U. S. will grow from the 1967
level of 9.3 million long tons to 14.1 million long tons by 1970
and to 15.8 million long tons by 1975. The amounts of sulfur
from lower cost sources will be adequate to meet U.S. needs
by 1970, including net exports of one million tons per year. It
is believed that sulfur prices will seek lower levels which are
more in line with mimimum return requirements.
11352
Public Health Service, Arlington, Va., National Air Pollution
Control Administration
REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE METROPOLITAN
LOS ANGELES AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION. 79p.,
Nov. 1968. 45 refs.
A report on a study of the Metropolitan Los Angeles urban
area is presented. Data on topographic features and meteorolo-
gy are given. Studies on the locations of emission sources and
the kinds and quantities of pollutants emitted are reported. In-
formation on current industrial, commercial, and residential
land use, transportation systems, and population density is
presented. An evaluation of estimated patterns of future trends
in land use and population density is made.
14144
Amero, R. C. and R. P. Foster
IMPACT OF THE FAST-GROWING GAS TURBINE MAR-
KET ON REFINERY FUTURES. Proc. Am. Petrol. InsL, Sect
m, vol. 49:281-308, 1969. 26 refs.
The purpose of the study is to alert the petroleum refiner to
the importance of including flexibility into future process
design so that not only gasoline but also the expanding turbine
fuel requirements can be satisfied. Gas turbines are the domi-
nant power plant in the expanding aircraft industry and are
also well accepted as prime movers for electrical generators,
pumps, and compressors. The experimental stage of marine
application is ending and commercial acceptance is starting.
Increased use of gas turbines for mobile equipment will fol-
low, starting first with large equipment such as commuter
trains, mining and logging equipment, and trucks. A 1980 mar-
ket for 500,000 barrels per day of distillate fuel for nonaircraft
gas turbines is likely. This number was predicted primarily
from utility peaking plants and marine use, but includes total
energy, transportation, pumping, and other industrial uses. In-
stallations using several hundred barrels per day will not be
unusual, where the turbines will be tailored to some degree to
burn heavier or more aromatic distillates or other fuels that
offer a price advantage. In the U. S., the large turbines using
natural gas, blast furnace gas, and other fuels will outnumber
those using distillate fuel. In sizes below 1000 hp, the 1980 gas
turbine count will still be less than 2% of the diesel and gas
engine population. Fortunately, the engines and turbines both
prefer clean-burning fuels of low aromatic content, and this is
also the direction that distillate fuel quality will take because
of air pollution controls.
14798
Liedmeier, G. P.
PREVENTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. (La prevention de la pollution
atmospherique dans les raffineries de petrole). Text in French.
Pollut. Atmos. (Paris), ll(Special):3-8, Feb. 1969.
A review of atmospheric pollution and problems in controlling
it in the refineries of Europe is presented. The author
discusses the founding of CONCAWE (Conservation of Clean
Air and Water— Western Europe), which is a group of oil com-
panies and societies representing 80% of the refining capacity
in Western Europe. Its functions are to process information
pertaining to pollution by refineries and the joint study of pol-
lution problems. It now has working groups in the following
areas: study of the height of chimneys and atmospheric disper-
sion; liquid effluents; petroleum pipelines; subterranean migra-
tion of petroleum; and noise abatement. The sources and ef-
fects of refinery pollution, particularly by sulfur oxides,
hydrocarbons, and malodorous gases are reviewed. Paniculate
matter and nitrogen oxides are considered of secondary im-
portance. A brief review of methods for combatting pollution
is also included.
17927
Thayer, J. M.
THE CONTROL OF GRIT, DUST, AND FUME EMISSIONS
FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. Conf. Filtration Soc.,
Dust Control Air Cleaning Exhibition, London, 1969, p. 10-15.
8 refs. (Sept 23-25.)
Atmospheric pollution from industrial sources in England and
Wales are controlled in part by the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968 and the Alkali Act of 1906. The 1956 Clean Air Act
prescribes standards for the emission of smoke from chimneys
and prohibits smoke darker than Ringelmann 2, except for cer-
tain specified periods. The 1968 Act adds to this by prohibiting
the emission of dark smoke from industrial and trade premises
as distinct from chimneys. The 1956 Act deals with dust and
soot only in general terms. The 1968 Act, covering emissions
of grit and dust from furnaces, applies to a wide range of fur-
naces burning solid, liquid, or gaseous matter, excluding small
domestic boilers. The recommended standards for furnaces
burning fuel equivalent to 100 to 50,000 Ib per hour of coal are
illustrated graphically. Recommendations are also offered for
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46
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
reducing grit and dust emissions from cold blast cupolas at
iron foundries. These involve minimizing emissions by suitable
arresters fitted at the top of the shaft or dispersing fumes
from chimneys not less than 120-ft high. The Alkali Act is a
measure to control emissions from virtually all the heavy
chemical industries, the fine chemical industry, petroleum
refining, and petro-chemicals, nonferrous metallurgy, iron and
steel production, power stations, coke and gas works, and cer-
tain ceramic and lime works. The Act provides for the
establishment of grit, dust, and fume emission standards and
requires suitable equipment for obtaining these standards. Ar-
restment to a specific standard by dispersal of waste gases at
inadequate height is given in some detail for cement works,
iron and steel works, lead works, and electricity works.
19336
Hockin, L. E.
PRESENT LEGISLATION AND POSSIBLE FUTURE TRENDS
IN ABR POLLUTION CONTROL. Preprint, Inst. of Mechani-
cal Engineers, London, (England), 7p., 1968. 4 refs. (Presented
at the Symposium of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
London, England, Oct 17-18, 1968.)
Air pollution legislation in England and Wales is reviewed with
special reference to the Alkali Acts, the first of which was
passed in 1868, to control the discharge of hydrochloric acid
from the Leblanc process for manufacturing sodium car-
bonate. Over the years, the act was extended to include more
processes and more noxious or offensive gases, the extensions
resulting in the Alkali & Works Regulation Act of 1906 and the
Alkali & Works Order of 1966. At the end of 1967, 1828 works
involving 3031 separate processes were registered under the
act. The essence of the act is that all scheduled works must
use the best practicable means to curb emissions; plants are
judged not by the measures they have taken but by the degree
of success they achieve in practice. Inspection of a registered
works is carried out continually and usually without notice.
The other main acts controlling air pollution are the Public
Health Act of 1936, which empowers local authorities to speci-
fy abatement procedures for a specific emission source, and
the Clean Air Act of 1956, which gives local authorities the
right to control emissions of smoke, dust, and grit from fuel
combustion, to control chimney height, and to set up smoke
control areas. A Clean Air Bill currently before Parliament
would bring a wider range of furnaces under the control of the
grit and dust provisions of the Clean Air Act and establish a
more comprehensive system of controlling chimney height
New Alkali & Works Orders will likely have specific provi-
sions for oil refineries and petrochemical processes, mineral
processing, odors from the processing of animal wastes, and
primary aluminum smelting.
23562
Damon, W. A.
THE TREATMENT OF WASTE GASES IN CHEMICAL IN-
DUSTRY. Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London), 31(l):26-35,
1953. 16 refs. (Presented at the Institute of Chemical En-
gineers, Midlands Branch Meeting, England, Ian. 31, 1953.)
Statutory control of the atmospheric pollution arising from
certain industrial processes is considered, and the possible
means of implementing the requirements of the Alkali Act are
discussed. Processes are described in which the control of pol-
lution is difficult, and the means adopted to mitigate their ef-
fects are explained. The rate at which a gas diffuses when
travelling downwind from its point of emission depends on the
turbulence of the atmosphere, and this in turn is affected by
the wind speed and the temperature gradient. Calculations of
Bosanquet and Sutton relating to maximum ground concentra-
tions and chimney discharges are cited. Cement manufacture,
pollution by sulfur gases, petroleum refining, requirements for
lead works, and various unregistered processes are discussed.
Great difficulty has been experienced in the case of a plant for
the recovery of magnesia from sea water, by reason of the
discharge of a very foggy emission from the kiln chimneys.
The discharge of fluorine compounds, coal combustion, pollu-
tion by coke ovens, and burning spoilbanks are also con-
sidered.
24949
Behle, Calvin A.
INDUSTRY-THE VIEWS OF THE REGULATED. Arizona
Law Rev., 10(1): 74-80, Summer 1968. 19 refs.
Scientific evidence is brining home the fact that perhaps one-
fifth or less of the principal atmospheric pollutants in the
United State is released from manufacturing plants, including
electric power generating complexes. However, industry has
shared the irresponsibility of the rest over the decades, and
the law books contain many interesting reports of the litigation
which hammered out the available legal remedies. In addition
to invocation of the law of nuisance, other remedies available
and effectively employed were actions sounding in trespass for
damage to real property, trespass on the case, and the newer
and somewhat more difficult but flexible action of negligence.
Among the principal considerations involved in the choice of
remedies would be the applicable statute of limitations in the
particular forum. Cases are cited which pertain to smelters, oil
refineries, aluminum interest, and many other lawsuits arising
out of mining and earth processing operations. The National
Association of Manufacturers feels that the federal role should
emphasize the necessary research and development to prevent
and control air pollution, making possible the establishment,
scientifically, of criteria to define which levels of pollutants
are harmful. Then, the executive branch of the government
should have the responsibility of 'leading' rathe than 'driving'
the states and communities to abate and control air pollution.
25305
Graaf, H. de and J. W. Tesch
AHt POLLUTION IN AN AREA OF RAPID INDUSTRIALIZA-
TION. World Health Organization, Copenhagen (Denmark),
Regional Office for Europe Proc. Public Health Aspects Air
Pollution Europe, Milan, Italy, 1957, p. 208-218. 3 refs. (Nov.
6-14.)
Complaints about air pollution hi Rotterdam led to the
establishmen of the Rotterdam Soil, Water and Air Committee
with special subgroups to investigate emissions from fluoride-
producing industries, incinerator plants, oil refineries, smoke-
producing installations, and small industries and restaurants.
Each group advises management about the possible hazards
posed by emissions and suggests appropriate control measures.
Other activities of the Committee include regular pollutant
measurements, rainwater analyses, twice weekly air sampling,
hourly smoke sampling, mortality studies, clinical studies of
patients with chronic bronchitis, and examinations of diseased
cattle and damaged vegetation. Despite measures of eliminate
fluorides from stack gases, their presence in even small con-
centrations is harmful to plants. Since rain-gauge samples near
two phosphate plants contained less fluorides than samples
collected in the center of Rotterdam, the presence of another
source of fluoride pollution is suspected. Investigations are
under way to determine if it is the coal used by power plants
and several industries.
-------
L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
47
27184
Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
POLLUTION PREVENTION CONTRACTS L (Kogai boshi
keiyaku dai 1 pen). Text in Japanese. Yokohama Center for
Public Nuisance Kept. no. 25:1-119, May 1970.
Since not much authority is given local autonomous bodies, all
they can do in preventing pollution is give administrative
guidance to the enterprises, without, however, binding force.
Yokohama city decided to sign a contract with the enterprises.
The important item common in these contracts is that the en-
terprises shall take sufficient measures in preventing pollution.
When pollution does occur, despite these measures, solutions
must be made on the responsibility of the enterprise. The city
can direct the enterprise on preventing pollution. When no
directive is given, th city will take measures on behalf of the
enterprise, and the expens shall be borne by the enterprise.
Since the start of this system, the citizens' movement has
quieted down. Correspondence between th mayor and the en-
terprises, numbering IS, including power generation oil
refinery, gas, chemical and industrial, and the agreements
signed between the mayor and the enterprises are included in
the pamphlet, as well as the sales contract of the reclaimed
land at Yokohama harbor, signed by more than 200 enterprises
concerned in order to prevent pollution such as noise, vibra-
tion, filthy water, effluent, smoke, dust, gas, and odor. The
exchange of correspondence indicates the proposal made by
the city and counterproposals, and pledges made by the enter-
prises. The first contract was with a thermal power generating
station, the construction of which started a citizens' campaign
against it. Yokohama city, since 1956, has measured dust fall
and sulfur dioxide, and dealt with complaints concerning pollu-
tion from May 1961, entrusted by the prefectural government.
In April 1964, the Pollutions Subsection became independent.
When the subsection proposed to change the site of the ther-
mal power station, arguments were stirred up. Since then, the
city requested the cooperation of scholars and the meteorolog-
ical station, and was fully armed with pertinent and scientific
data when proposals on contracts with enterprises came to be
made and agreed to.
27185
Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance (Japan)
ON FACTORY POLLUTION. (Kojo kogai o kangaeru). Text
in Japanese. Yokohama Center for Public Nuisance Kept., p.
1-13, June 1970.
In the Tokyo-Yokohama area, there are nearly 100,000 facto-
ries, including heavy industry, such as automobiles, metal
products, and iron and steel. In 1968, there were 520 cases of
pollution reported: 245 on noise; 92 bad odor; 71 sooty smoke;
47 poisonous gas; 28 vibration; 18 waste liquid; 9 dust; and 10
others. They were handled by the Pollution Center and Public
Health Clinic. The National government has authority over
power generating stations, city gas manufacturing, and almost
all authority over the oil refinery and petro-chemical industry;
local government has only limited authority for other types of
factories. Kanagawa prefectur is responsible for planning a
pollution prevention program for a special area in the prefec-
ture, and under the Air Pollution Prevention Law, under spe-
cial circumstances, it is responsible for supervising factories
which have smoke emitting facilities, as well as control over
high pressure gas. For certain waters, the prefecture is respon-
sible for maintaining water quality under the Water Quality
Control Law. The prefecture is responsible for maMn big fac-
tories take urgent measures on fuel control, but Yokohama
city is responsible for watching the situation of air pollution
constantly, controlling poison gas spreading on the ground,
noise, and boiler and exhaust gas from automobiles. Twenty
employees work at the City's Pollution Center. Yokohama city
became famous for first signing the agreement with factories
which may be sources of^pollution, as well as establishing the
constant checking system and centralized control system.
Citizens were invited to see some of the surveys being con-
ducted. Experience gained enabled the city to forecast pollu-
tion, so that the predicted air pollution by sulfur dioxide was
close to the actual one, under certain conditions. A few cases
of noise and waste liquid from a plating factory are cited. The
city, after being consulted by the citizens, acted as a inter-
mediary in the solution of these cases.
29420
Yoshida, Katsumi
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION IN YOKKAICffl: ON THE
PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISRUPTION AND ITS
CONTROL IN JAPAN. Mie Med. J., 20(1):1-20, 1970. 3 refs.
(Presented at the Training Program of Regional Development,
2nd, Chubu Centre, U. N. (Nagoya, Japan), Jan.-May 1970 and
to the Science Council, Committee on Environmental Disrup-
tion, Yokkaichi, Japan, March 1970.)
Kogai is the legal and popular word for public nuisance, refer-
ring to almost all the undesirable side-effects in the environ-
ment. The problem of public nuisance was brough out in 1962
with the problem of Yokkaichi asthma which was caused by
severe air pollution originating in the Yokkaichi petroleum
production and refining industry. Residual heavy oil was wide-
ly used instead of coal. Also, chimneys were not high enough
to attain satisfactory gas diffusion. Increases in bronchial
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema have occurred, as
well as water pollution. Several control acts and a relief act
for sufferers of obstructive lung diseases have been
established. Both local and federal governments have passed
regulations and ordinances. The relationship of various
petroleum combines to seasonal wind directions, districts, ob-
structive lung diseases, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, and
ground concentrations are discussed. Automatic monitoring
stations for SO2 have been set up using electroconductivity
estimations, and pollution alarms can be given. Air quality
criteria must consider ages and sicknesses. Also, the relief
measures from medical damage has become a social problem.
Laws, regulations, and standards are given for the ambient air
quality, emission controls, prevention, smokes, chimney
height, automobile exhaust, sulfur oxides, and water. Desul-
f urization of stack gas and heavy oil and the calculation of dif-
fusion are also mentioned.
30908
Vogel, Hans
MAN, fflS ENVIRONMENT AND THE TECHNOLOGY.
PARTS n AND HI. (Der Mensch, seine Umwelt und die
Technik). Text in German. Chem. Rundschau (Solothurn),
24(15):305, 307, April 14, 1971. and 24(16):322, 324-325, April
21, 1971.
In 1970, President Nixon created the three-member Commis-
sion for Environmental Protection and assigned^ the task of
working out legal and administrative measures fona better en-
vironment. By 1980 air polluting automobile exhausts will be
reduced by 93%. In August 1970, a Commission tor Com-
batting Air Pollution was created in Tokyo. NATO established
a council in 1969 to study the effects of technology on the en-
vironment and man. An international academy for the protec-
tion of life and the environment will be created in Luxemburg
later in 1971. In West Germany, a cabinet subcommittee for
environmental problems, under the chairmanship of the
Minister of the Interior^ was created. Presently, West Ger-
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48
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
many spends $1.5 million to combat air pollution. As of Janua-
ry 1, 1972, refineries in West Germany must reduce the lead
content of gasoline to 0.4 g/1. Postponement to 1975 is likely,
however, if reduction becomes too costly or too complicated
for the refineries. Environmental protection concerns not only
governments and industries, but requires the cooperation of
the public. The subject should be included n school curricula.
31059
Glazer, Norman
EMERGENCY SOURCE ABATEMENT PROCEDURES FOR
A HIGH POLLUTION PERIOD, CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.
Preprint, Air Pollution Control Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 18p.,
1971. 7 refs. (Presented at the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, Annual Meeting, 64th, Atlantic City, N. J., June 27-July
2, 1971, Paper 71-123.)
The city of Philadelphia is in the process of formalizing action
plans for various pollution sources designed to produce a swift
but orderly stabilization or reduction of the pollutant buildup.
Those sources of pollution for which action plans are being
formalized include the public utilities, major industries such as
oil refineries, chemical plants, and metal processors, municipal
operations, mobile sources, and residential and commercial
sources. Among the actions recommended are reduction of
electrical and heating demands, minimization of incineration,
minimization of vehicular traffic and, should the situation in-
crease in severity, shutting down all major industrial emission
sources. All safety requirements must be followed and indis-
criminate actions must be avoided so as not to jeopardize the
safety of either workers or equipment. Where possible, sub-
stitutions such as gaseous for liquid fuels or in the case of
electrical generation, maximized usage of hydroelectric or
combustion turbine power are emphasized. The Air Manage-
ment Program in Philadelphia is aimed at minimising daily
emissions to the atmosphere to the limit of current technology.
It is hoped that by accomplishing this, abatement procedures
for High Pollution Periods win never be needed. (Author ab-
stract modified)
327%
Wada, Masaru
ON ENACTMENT OF OFFENSIVE ODORS CONTROL LAW.
(Akushu boshiho no sentei ni tsuite). Text in Japanese. Kogai
to Taisaku (J. Pollution Control), 7(9):780-787, Sept. 1971.
The statistics of complaints made against bad odors in 1969 in-
dicate that 38.0% of the total was made against stockfarming,
animal offal treatment and fishmeal plants; 36.6% against oil
chemical factories and Kraft pulp mills; and 8.6% against
sewage treatment plants and waste disposal incinerators.
Detailed tables of statistics are included. The Odor Control
Law, issued on June 1, 1970, its purpose, odor producing
materials, definition of odor producing areas, and other items
in the law are reviewed. Currently available deodorizing
methods include the gas cleansing method, effective for water,
ammonia, low molecule amines, low molecule fatty acids,
acidic alkalines, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides and
high molecule amine fats, applicable to agriculture and
stockfarming, sea products manufacturing, and urban sanita-
tion facilities. The ozone oxidation method is effective for
nonsaturated organic chemicals, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans,
amines, aldehyde-sulfides and is applicable to sewage treat-
ment plants. The direct combustion method is effective for oil
refineries and oil and fat treatment factories. The catalytic ox-
idation method is effective for hydrocarbons and applicable to
paint-varnish solution mixing, oil-fat processing, pharmaceuti-
cals, resin manufacturing, animal cadaver incinerators, and
sewage treatment plants. The adsorption method is effective
for alcohols, fats, acids, benzene, mercaptans, and oil, ap-
plicable to fishmeal plants, fertilizer plants, pharmaceutical
plants, propane gas filling plants, and vacuum cars. The air ox-
idation method is good for hydrogen sulfide and is used at oil
refineries. The soil oxidation method is good for ammonia and
amines, and is applicable to poultry farms. The ion exchange
resin method is effective for sewage treatment plants.
32893
Hattori, Taira
OFFENSIVE ODOR CONTROL ADMINISTRATION TODAY
AND TOMORROW. (Akushu kogai gyosei no genjo to tenbo).
Text in Japanese. Yosui To Haisui (J. Water Waste), 13(8):957-
961, Aug. 1971.
The provisions of the Offensive Odors Prevention Law in
Japan, enacted June 1, 1971, and the controversies surround-
ing it are reviewed. The law designated criteria to control
respective substances contributing to offensive odors but not
the odors themselves, since unpleasant odors are generally a
complex combination of two or more odorous components.
The sources of the offensive odors (oil industry, paper pulp in-
dustry, stock raising) are easily specified, and the representa-
tive odor generating substances are also easily determined;
control of these substances, e.g., methyl mercaptan or am-
monia, effects a control of the odors. Controls of specific
components rather than general odors are more effective with
respect to legal factors. Evaluation of an offensive odor by a
human panel is not irrefutable evidence in a law suit, but in-
strumental analysis of a known odor-causing substance is ac-
cepted.
33786
Stephenson, R. J.
THE FIGHT AGAINST AIR POLLUTION IN GREAT
BRITAIN. (La lotta control 1 inquinamento atmosferico in
Gran Bretagna). Text in Italian. Ingegnere (Milan), 45(4):346-
349, April, 1971.
The administrative, social, and technical aspects of the air pol-
lution fight in Great Britain are reviewed. The public aware-
ness in the city of London after the smog alerts from the early
1950s contributed to the fact that this metropolis could be
referred to as the smoke-free city in 1955. The Clean Air Act
approved in 1956 allowed the creation of sections of smoke
emission control throughout the country. This act was ex-
tended in 1968 when sale of bituminous combustibles became
prohibited and the height of smoke emission from chimneys
came under contol. None of the two laws, however, provided
action against sulfur dioxide, except that the increased bight of
the funnels decreased its noxious effects. Monitoring of air
pollution is being performed in more than 1200 locations in
Great Britain; the information is then coordinated by the War-
ren Spring Laboratory and the data on smoke and sulfur diox-
ide is summarized and published monthly. As opposed' to the
Clean Air Acts, the activity dictated by the Alkali Acts' is car-
ried out by inspectors which are designed by the Construction
Ministry. Three main groups of industrial plants, the chemical,
metallurgical and fuel industries are under direct control of the
Alkali Act. The contribution of automotive traffic exhausts to
air pollution through sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides is negligible. Their control is
provided by standards in terms of admitted smoke limits im-
posed upon the automotive exhaust Attempts in the design of
new engines for automotive vehicles are in course.
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L. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
49
34013
Verleger, Philip K.
THE ENGINEER VS. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIST: THE PLACE
OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN THE REGULATION OF
AIR POLLUTION. Environ. Affairs, l(2):360-366, June 1971.
19 refs.
From the beginning, both in its regulations and in the exercise
of the permit power, the Los Angeles District has aimed, basi-
cally, at getting the maximum of control available, within the
limits of available engineering skills, for any operation carried
on within the District. It did not attempt first to determine
what the level of emission was that caused the problem, and
then to adopt regulations directed at bringing emissions down
to a level below that. Nonetheless, it embarked on a vigorous
program of regulation, adopting rules restricting emission of
combustion contaminants, regulating the sulfur content of
fuels burned, and, with the development of the theory of
photochemical smog, restricting the escape of vapors from
refining and distribution of gasoline and the use of solvents.
With the discovery of that theory regulatory emphasis in
California gradually passed from the County to the State level,
and at that point, the concept of standards was first
developed. Paralleling this work at the regulatory level,
pathologists, lexicologists, and other medical researchers were
more or less continually attempting to find ways of detecting
effects of various gases at lower and lower levels. It will be
necessary to depart from the idea of using any effect as
criterion and that some appraisal of the significance of the ef-
fect will be needed.
34033
Bermingham, P. E.
CURRENT EMISSION STANDARDS AND THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY. American Petroleum Inst., New York, Div. of
Refining, Proc. Am. Petrol. Inst. Div. Refining, vol. 51:587-
610, 1971. 86 refs. (Presented at the Midyear Meeting, 36th,
San Francisco, Calif., May 12-14, 1971.)
Environmental laws and regulations applicable to petroleum
refining are discussed from a legal point of view. Effluent
discharges as affected by the Water Pollution Control Act and
its amendments are discussed, as well as oil spills affected by
the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 and impediments
to navigation affected by the Refuse Act of 1889. Pending 1971
water pollution amendments are indicated. Refinery emissions
into the ambient air as affected by the Clean Air Act and its
amendments are considered. National standards are cited for
major pollutants and new stationary sources. Fuel composition
including lead in gasoline is discussed. Citizens suits, noise,
odors, flares and glares, and thermal pollution are mentioned.
(Author abstract modified)
34688
California State Dept. of Public Health, San Francisco, Calif.,
Air Pollution Study Project
CLEAN AHt FOR CALD7ORNIA. (INITIAL REPORT). 60p.,
March 1955.128 refs.
Based on its initial review of the body of knowledge presently
available about the growing problem of polluted air, the
California State Department of Public Health recommends that
a measurement and control program be developed to remedy
the problem of air pollution, with its health aspects paramount.
The history of air pollution in California is reviewed, with par-
ticular reference to the characteristic effects of smog in Los
Angeles. Motor vehicles, oil refineries, fuel oil and gas,
gasoline marketing and distribution, refuse incineration and
disposal, chemical processing, and other sources of pollution
are cited. Dust storms and other rural air pollution problems
are also listed. Meteorological and topographical factors are
considered for various areas of California. Mortality data,
hospital admissions, industrial absenteeism, and mortality
statistics are presented. Critical thresholds are cited. Toxic
substances and their physiological effects are discussed. Zon-
ing, substitution of materials and methods, improving ventila-
tion, neutralizing the pollutants, and other control methods are
listed. Measurement methods are also indicated.
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50
M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
00336
G. Ozolins and R. Smith
A RAPID SURVEY TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING COM-
MUNITY AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS. Public Health Ser-
vice, Cincinnati, Ohio, Division of Air Pollution. Oct. 1966. 83
pp. (Presented at the 59th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Assoc., San Francisco, Calif., June 20-24, 1966, Paper
No. 66-11.)
A technique has been developed for surveying pollutant emis-
sions within a community or metropolitan area in 3 to 6 man-
weeks. The methods for conducting such a survey are
described in this paper. An important feature of this technique
is the concept of reporting zones. The quantities of pollutants
released can be assessed not only for the total community but
also for different subdivisions of the area. The results are
emission maps of a community depicting emission of pollu-
tants in quantities per unit area. Seasonal variations in pollu-
tant concentrations are considered, and emission rates of pol-
lutants can be calculated for specified times of the year. The
four major source categories considered are combustion of
fuels in stationary and in mobile sources, combustion of refuse
material, and industrial process losses. Each category is con-
sidered in detail relative to sources of information, seasonal
variation in emissions, methods for estimating pollutant emis-
sions by areas, and use of emission factors. Results obtained
by application of this technique in two metropolitan areas are
summarized. (Author)
14491
Ohira, M., H. Maruya, and T. Nagjra
A STUDY OF AWARENESS AND OPINION OF THE RE-
SIDENTS ABOUT PUBLIC NUISANCES IN MIZUSHIMA
(NEWLY DEVELOPED INDUSTRIAL AREA). (Mizushima
chiku jumin no kogai ni tsuite no ishiki jokyono chosa). Text
in Japanese. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japan J. Hyg.),
24(1):99, April 1969.
Air pollution has been intensified in Mizushima, due to the in-
troduction of the steel and oil industries. A survey of subjec-
tive symptoms and opinion on air pollution was conducted
among 182 households in the area regarded as most polluted
(called area A) and 88 households in apartments owned by one
of companies regarded as a polluter in this area (area B). Com-
plaints such as eye irritation, frequent coughing and expectora-
tion, and malodorous air were heard more frequently at A than
at B. People from area A, who once welcomed the introduc-
tion of industry, are much more displeased with it than people
from area B, who belong to the industry. However, the former
are becoming reconciled to this pollution. They do not believe
that the local government or industry will control air pollution.
Furthermore, they have little confidence in the ability of a
civic association to eliminate public nuisances and would
rather move out of the area than oppose pollution. On the
other hand, people working in the offending industry pay little
attention to nuisances. It is concluded that the opposition of
residents to public nuisances should be supported by physi-
cians, scientists, and other actively concerned persons.
15760
Lindvall, Thomas
THE NUISANCE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS. (Luft-
foeroreningars olaegenhetseffekter). Text in Swedish. Nord.
Hyg. Tidskr. (Stockholm), no. 3:99-115, March 1969. 11 refs.
Annoyance reactions from odorous and particulate air pollu-
tants were regarded as medico-hygienic problems in Sweden.
Legislation in Sweden permits intervention based solely upon
subjective annoyance reaction to some extent. Nuisances from
industrial plants are usually caused by odors and particulate
matter. Complaints were reported in 78% of urban and 27% of
rural communities. The medico-hygienic evaluation of nuisance
from air pollution includes studies of the dose-response rela-
tionship between the pollutant in the ambient air and the ex-
tent and strength of the annoyance reaction. The description
of the dose is often complicated by the fact that many odorous
substances are hard to detect while they still have odor. There-
fore, the concentration in the ambient air is often based upon
analysis at the source combined with meteorological spreading
calculations. From a statistical point of view, there is often a
satisfying correlation between predicted and actual concentra-
tions in the ambient air. The organoleptic principle of analysis
of odorous emission was used more frequently during the last
few years. Odor threshold determinations were successfully
used in testing odor abatement equipment and in dose descrip-
tion around pulp mills. The frequency is calculated by which a
certain concentration is exceeded at different distances from
the source. The description of the dose was satisfactorily
worked out by the use of standardized, sociological inquiries
with special attention to certain effects of interaction, such as
disquising of or differences in attitude. Response studies were
undertaken in Sweden around pulp mills and oil refineries.
(Author summary modified)
30896
Miyoshi, H., A. Fukuda, and T. Mizuki
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CASE STUDY ON COMPLAINTS OF
ODOR. (Akushu kujo jirei no ekigakuteki kenkyu). Text in
Japanese. Taiki Osen Kenkyu (J. Japan Soc. Air Pollution),
5(1): 143, 1970. (Proceedings of the Japan Society of Air Pollu-
tion, Annual Meeting, llth, Tokyo, Japan, 1970.)
Questionnaires were sent out to the citizens of Tokuyama
City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in July 1967 and November 1969
as a result of an average of 150 complaints a year against the
odor created by the city s petroleum chemical industrial1 com-
plex. Investigations by monitors and reports on complaints
were studied in detail. A total of 42 complaints were reported
in January to June in 1969; 112, from July to December 1969;
and 63, from January to June in 1970. In each case, time, geo-
graphical conditions, descriptions of odor and physical effects,
wind velocity, and the emission sources were investigated.
Studies were sent to the management of the industry. Requests
were made to avoid repetitious offenses, maintenance of
repairs, and prevention of gas leakage, and for a better un-
derstanding and recognition of air pollution among the factory
workers. The city of Tokuyama is offering the results of these
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M. SOCIAL ASPECTS
51
investigations as basic data for industrial complex administra-
tion and for gas analyses in the future.
33904
Perrine, R. L.
OIL AND ECOLOGY - THE NEED FOR A NEW OUTLOOK.
Preprint, American Inst. of Mining, Metallurgical, and
Petroleum Engineers, Inc., Dallas, Tex., Society of Petroleum
Engineers, 12p., 1970. 39 refs. (Presented at the American In-
stitute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers,
Society of Petroleum Engineers, Annual Fall Meeting 45th,
Houston, Tex., Oct. 4-7, 1970, Paper SPE 2952.)
The nature of the air pollution problem as it pertains to the
petroleum industry is considered, and a new educational
framework which may make the solution of future problems
easier is described. Photochemical air pollution in Los Angeles
and the effect of automobile emissions are cited. Automotive
emission reduction, the removal of lead from gasoline, and
cost estimates for lead removal are considered. The need for a
new breed of problem-solver is seen. A Doctor of Environ-
mental Science and Engineering is suggested, which would
combine physical, earth, and biological sciences with engineer-
ing. There must be an extensive internship program, with work
under guidance on important problems in the real, industrial
world.
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52
N. GENERAL
04052
R. Haddad and J. I. Bloomfield
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN LATIN AMERICA. Bol.
Ofic. Sanit. Panam. 58, 241-9, Sept. 1964. Sp. (Tr.) (Presented
at the Inter-Regional Symposium on Criteria for Air Quality
and Methods of Measurement, Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6-
12,1963.)
Latin America is an area which is experiencing a very rapid
population and industrial expansion. Although this growth is
very irregular, the cities which exceed a million inhabitants
and the industrial concentration in them is growing yearly.
This phenomenon has resulted in serious problems of air pollu-
tion in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile, Mexico City, Mex-
ico, which are in need of further investigation and control as
quickly as possible. There are potential problems in Buenos
Aires, Argentina, and in all those large metropolitan centres
which are growing and industrializing rapidly. The situation
created in Lima, Peru, because of the fishmeal industry,
seems to be fairly well controlled. The greatest necessity is to
train personnel capable of conducting studies in measuring air
quality and controlling the contamination of the air. There is
also a necessity to create a consciousness of the seriousness
of the problem among government authorities and the public in
general. It is hoped that the future development of the In-
stitute of Occupational Health and Air Pollution Research in
Santiago, Chile, will contribute effectively to achieve these ob-
jectives.
04649
Blifford, I. H., Jr. and G. O. Meeker
A FACTOR ANALYSIS MODEL OF LARGE SCALE POLLU-
TION. Atmos. Environ. 1(2):147-157, March 1961.
Based on data obtained from the U.S. Public Health Service
National Air Sampling Network for the years 1957-1%1, factor
analysis techniques were used to produce a pollution model
for 30 U.S. cities. Orthogonal models obtained from Varimax
and Quartimax solutions and an oblique solution (Oblimax)
were similar. The first four principal factors were tentatively
assigned to pollution from heavy industry, automobiles, fuel
burning, and petroleum refining on the basis of their chemical
composition. These four factors account for about 70 percent
of the variance while another 20 per cent appears to be due to
widespread use of plating materials. Regression of the derived
factors (factor scores) on the 30 sampling locations indicates
general agreement with the known character of the sites and
with other studies of individual pollution components.
(Authors' abstract)
06744
T.Suzuki
AIR POLLUTION IN JAPAN. Kuki Seijo (Dean Air - J.
Japan. Air Cleaning Assoc., Tokyo) 2, (2) 1-4,1964. Jap.
The nature of air pollution in Japan has been changing. Pollu-
tion from the chemical industry, petroleum processing, and au-
tomobiles has become more prevalent than dust and soot from
coal and heavy fuel oil. At present, the degree of air pollution
is indicated primarily by the amount of dust and soot fall and
concentration of SO2 and floating dust, and secondarily by the
concentration of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and
hydrocarbons. Use of heavy oil and coal of very low grade
makes the situation worse. General considerations of the ef-
fects of pollutants on the human body are given. Studies made
by the Yamaguchi Medical School on floating dust and SO2 in-
dicate a correlation between concnetration and death rate.
Mention is made of the now familiar 'Yokohama Asthma'. It
was found that in Yokkaichi city, air pollution is especially
heavy when the wind velocity is greater than 5 m/sec and S02
is highly concentrated. The death rate from lung cancer in
Hokkaido for 1950 to 1960 was 1.6 times as great as the mean
value for the rest of Japan. Maximum allowable concentrations
of various pollutants are tabulated for the United States,
Soviet Union, and West Germany.
09310
Kalika, Peter W.
THE GROWING PROBLEM. Mach. Des., 39(17):19-21, July
20, 1967.
The facts, figures, and concern about the national problem of
air pollution are covered. Past air pollution episodes, sources
and types of pollutants released in the atmosphere, and the
mechanisms and characteristics of temperature inversions are
reviewed.
150%
Bassetti, P.
AIR, WATER, AND SOIL POLLUTION AFFECTING THE
CITY AND PROVINCE OF MILAN. (L'inquinamento dell-
'aria, dell'acqua e del suolo, nei riguardi di Milano e del suo
Territorio). Text in Italian. Ing. Sanit, 16(2):88-101, Jan. - Feb.
1968. 7 refs.
Air pollution derives from three principle sources: oil refining
and petrochemistry (20%), home heating (60%), and motor
traffic (20%). In Milan and Turin, smog in the atmosphere has
reduced the lifetime of automobile finishes by 50%. Italy has
only recently confronted the air pollution problem, and few
Italians realize the high cost of its prevention. A company in
the city of Comigliano has spent 1.5 billion dollars for equip-
ment to combat air pollution. Proper adjustment of home heat-
ing equipment would diminish smog by 40% and would give a
20-25% saving on fuel oil. The Italian law of July 13, 1966 di-
vides the entire nation into two control zones: (1) communities
in north central Italy with 70-300 thousand inhabitants or spe-
cial air pollution problems, and insular Italian communes with
populations ranging from 300,000 to one million; (2) communi-
ties of north central Italy of 300,000 or more and of southern
Italy with one million or more. Factories and plants are sub-
ject to regulation when their power output is more than 30,000
kcal/hr. No limitations are made on combustible liquids and
gases; petroleum distillates such as kerosene and gasoline with
10% or less sulfur; coke with 2% or less of volatile materials
and 1% or less sulfur; or coal with 13% or less volatile materi-
als and 2% or less sulfur. Wood and charcoal are prohibited.
-------
N. GENERAL
53
Limitations are placed on combustible fluids with more than 5
Engler degrees of viscosity at 50 C and 3% or less sulfur con-
tent. Plants must conform to these regulations by December
31, 1969. More than 75% of this article is concerned exclusive-
ly with water pollution and the establishment of a 'Po Valley
Authority' to deal with water and soil pollution problems of
that geographical area.
20548
Dreisbach, Robert H.
AIR POLLUTION. In: Handbook of the San Francisco Re-
gion. Palo Alto, Calif., Environment Studies, 1969, p. 284-309.
29 refs.
The major types of air pollutants in the San Francisco Bay
area, and their sources and effects, are discussed. Such
respiratory diseases as bronchitis, emphysema, influenza,
pneumonia, and tuberculosis have a close relationship with the
level of air pollution. A strong correlation of lung cancer exists
in men who smoke, and the incidence of lung cancer in
California has increased from 15/100,000 in 1950 to
26.7/100,000 in 1967. Automobiles are the largest source of
carbon monoxide. The presence of CO in the blood reduces
the availability of oxygen to the tissues in two ways: by direct
combination with hemoglobin to reduce the amount of
hemoglobin available to carry oxygen, and by preventing the
release of some of the oxygen at the low oxygen partial pres-
sure present in body tissues. It is believed that long-term expo-
sure to CO may contribute to chronic disease. Missile fuels,
explosives, cigarettes, and agricultural wastes liberate nitrogen
oxides. Long exposure to 50 ppm nitrogen dioxide has caused
inflammatory changes in the lungs, and higher concentrations
have been fatal. Sulfur oxides come from fuel oil combustion,
petroleum refining, and from the chemical and metallurgical
industries. Hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial action on
sewage effluents containing large amounts of sulfur com-
pounds, and it can cause eye irritation and sensory loss. The
constituents present in particulate matter include lead, berylli-
um, carbon, other metals, and organic particulates. Their
sources and effects on human health are also discussed.
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
55
AMERO R C 'A-33931, *L-14144
ANDERSON H S M-31814
ANGHELESCU C D-17096
ARAI, K *L-08299
ARDELEANU I D-17096
AVER F A J-31814
B
BAJUSZ A J 'A-28976
BARMBY, D S F-10759
BASSETTIP *N-15096
BECKER K H 'A-29786
BEHLE C A 'L-24949
BEIGHTON, J *B-07925
BELOV K A 'B-17943
BERMINGHAM P E *L-34033
BLACK, H H A-03420
BLACKER J H A-34023
BLANCHARD J W A-34023
BLIFFORD, I H JR *N-04649
BLOKKER P C 'A-31882
BLOOMFIELD, J J N-04052
BONAMASSA F *A-24525, *A-24601
BOTEZATU C D-17096
BRAGINSKAYA, L L *G-11833
BRENNAN, E *H-01930
BRIEF R S *A-34023
BROCK J R A-25213
BRUNELLE M F E-16846
BURKERT, G *C-04514
BURNHOUSE, W A *B-09922
CHASS, R L A-09785, *B-04599,
*B-06006, L-11074
CHIPMAN, J C A-07623
COLLINS R L J-21241
COPE, W C 'D-03454
CROUSE, W R A-03154
CUCU M D-17096
CUFFE, S T «B-09838
CULBERSON S F *J-34828
D'IMPERIO, J
DAINES, R H
DAMON W A
DANIELSON, J
DARGENTA M
DAVIES R W
DEVORKIN H
DICKEY S W
DICKINSON, J
DICKINSON, J
DOSHER JR
DREISBACH R
DUPREY, R L
D
•B-09857
H-01930
•L-23562
A 'B-09784
D-170%
•E-24492
•A-23745
•A-27070
•A-09785
E L-11074
J-34828
H 'N-20548
•A-09686
ELKIN H F 'A-33207
ELLIOTT, J H B-06006
EVIKEEVA, N A A-08524
FEDORAKO B E H-22491
FLYNN, N E «A-03154
FOGEL M E 'J-21241, J-31814
FOSTER R P L-14144
FRENKIEL, F N *L-05571
FRIEDLANDER S K A-25197
FUJINO T 'G-19514
FUKUDA A M-30896
GAMMELGARD, P N 'B-08071
GERSTLE R W J-21241
GLAZER N »L-31059
GONDIM P M 'A-32465
GRAAF H D *L-25305
GRAEF A F »J-27506
GRESSINGH L E J-27S06
GRISWOLD, S S 'B-00107
GRUPINSKI, L *C-02980
H
HADDAD, R 'N-04052
HALLBERG I H-23257
HAMAMURA N «D-26563
HAMMING, W J A-09785
HANGEBRAUCK, R P 'A-05005
HANKS, J J 'J-01546
HARRIS, D N *L-08686
HASHIMOTO T 1-33600
HATTORIT 'L-32893
HIDY G M 'A-25197, *A-25213
HILL E L J-21241, J-31814
HIROBE H D-28325, D-28326
HITCHCOCK, L B *A-03871
HOCKIN L E 'L-I9336
HOLLAND H R *A-09298
HOPPER W C 'B-27719
HORNEDO, M D *D-03505
I
UDA W *I-33611, *I-33643
KKAIS '1-33602
IMAI M D-21192, G-19512, G-19514
IMAI, M K-06861
IRIE M *I-33598, *I-33651
ISAEVA, M I D-08198
ITO M D-19508
IWAMIZU T 1-33612
IWANAGA T '1-33674
JENSEN, D A 'B-08711
JOHNSTON D R J-21241
JUNTGEN, H 'B-01134
K
KALIKA, P W
KANAMARU T
RANTER, C V
KAPKAEV, E A
KASHIWAGI H
•N-09310
D-28325, D-28326
B-06006
•A-08524
G-21414, G-34194
KATZ, M 'H-01640, 'L-08888, 'L-09294
KAUPER, E K A-07623
KENDALL, D A 'A-04785
KIFUNE I C-21859
KIHARA T 1-33600
KINSEY, R H *B-09839, 'B-09840,
•B-09841, *B-09843
KIRSCH, F W 'F-10759
KITAHAMA K '1-35034
KOBAYSSHI Y *A-30513
KOMATSUBARA S D-26563
KONDO M D-26563
KRENZ, W B 'L-11074
KUBE, H D J-01546
KUCHEROV E V 'H-22491
KULAGIN YU Z 'H-22585
LAMB, D R 'G-U828
LANGMANN, R 'L-07235
LARSON, G P 'A-07623
LEMKE E E 'A-32351
LEONARD M J E-16846
LEONE, I A H-01930
LEPPER, J M 'C-04889
LESOURD D A J-21241
LETOURNEAU N A-27082
LIEDMEIER G P 'L-14798
LINDVALL T 'M-15760
LOUDON,D E
LUCINESCU A
LUDWIG, J H
LUNCHE R G
LYDAY R O
•E-03875
D-170%
A-07963
'A-24527
J-31814
M
MACBETH W G E-16846
MACDONALD H E 'A-13699
MAMEDOV A M 'G-20521
MAMMARELLA L 'A-23865, 'A-23881,
•J-24309
MANDERSON, M C 'L-11242
MANEA N D-17096
MARIER J 'A-27082
MARSH K J 'C-16016
MARUYA H M-14491
MATHEWS, D S 'D-03404
MATSUDA S C-20460
MATSUI T D-28325, D-28326
MATSUMURA H D-31275
-------
56
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
MCCLANANHAN R B 'J-20536
MCKEE, H C »L-10689
MEEKER, G 0 N-04649
MEEKER, J E A-05005
MILES F W 'F-33863
MILLER F E J-27506
MINER S »A-17603
MIYACHI K G-19514, »G-21414
MIYAHARA A 'D-31275
MIYAJI K 'G-34194
MIYOSHI H 'M-30896
MIZUKIT M-30896
MIZUNO K *I-33612, 1-33674
MONKEVICH, A K A-08524
MOSHER J C «E-I6846
MULLINS T P E-16846
MURATA M 'D-28325, *D-28326
MURPHY R P »D-30860
MURRAY, R C 'B-09836, «B-09842
N
NAGIRA T M-14491
NAITO M '1-33600
NAKA K D-28325, D-28326
NARUSE G *I-33597
NEILSON, A J A-04785
NEVENS, T D *A-01838
NISHIMURA K D-31275
NIWA K «l-33599
o
OHIRA M 'M-14491
OKADA H D-26563
OKITA T 'C-21859
OKUNO T 'A-29599, C-20460
OMICHI S 'D-19508
OSHIMA H D-21192, G-19512, G-19514
OSHIMA, H K-06861
OSHIO T 'A-17199
OZOLINS, G 'A-09737, 'M-00336
PADDOCK R E J-31814
PADOVANI, C 'B-03128
PALMER R K 'A-24524, 'A-24602,
'A-24721
PARTSKHALAVA S E B-28501
PERRINE R L 'M-33904
PETROVA L N B-17943
PHILLIPS C W A-27070
POLYANSKH, VA G-11833
POPA O D-17096
POPOV, V A 'D-07830
POTTS, J D F-10759
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
R
•D-09591
RAYZACHER B 'A-33883, B-27719
RED KIN Y R A-12299
REED R D 'A-34165
REHMANN, C A-09737
ROBBINS, R C D-10517
ROBINSON, E 'D-10517
ROHRMAN, F A A-01838, 'A-07963
ROMANKOV P G 'F-32491
ROSE A H A-31880
ROSE, A H JR 'A-03420
RYAN, J M 'A-08393
S
SAMOILOVICH L N 'A-12299
SCALA R A A-34023
SCANLIN, J R B-08711
SCHAEFER, M 'B-11740
SCHOLL G 'H-23583
SCHUENEMAN, J J D-03404
SEIDMAN E B 'C-22108
SELEGEAN E 'D-17096
SETSER D W 'F-23255
SHALAMBERIDZE O P »B-28501
SHERWOOD R J 'A-31883
SfflMA H D-28325, D-28326
SHRINER, RD G-11828
SIGETA A D-26563
SKYE E 'H-23257
SMITH, R M-00336
STAHL Q R 'A-17604
STANESCU Z D-17096
STANKEVICH, B E 'D-08198
STEDMAN D H F-23255
STEIGERWALD B J A-23745, A-24524,
A-24602, 'A-31880
STEIGERWALD, B J A-07963
STEPHENSON R J 'L-33786
STRUTH B W 'A-34177
STUEWE A H 'A-24370
SUGAI R C-21859
SULLIVAN R J 'A-20553
SUSSMAN V H 'A-24526, 'A-24723
SUTTON, P 'D-10306, 'L-09687
SUZUKI, T 'N-06744
SWANSON, G 'D-10128
TAKADA K A-29599
TAKAHASHI S G-34194
TAKANASHI K 1-33602
TAKAOKA, Y 'K-07491
TAKATSUKA Y D-21192
TAKAYA Y D-26563
TAKEUCHI H 1-33612, 1-33674
TAN S H 'B-26506
TANAKA H C-20460
TANAKA M G-31311
TERMEULEN, M A 'B-02017
TESCH J W L-25305
THAYER J M 'L-17927
THOMAS G A-32351
TELLMAN, J H D-03505
TROFIMOVA, L V A-08524
TSUJI M A-29599, C-20460
u
UEKIK
UTSU M
•G-31311
•J-33642
VERLEGER P K 'L-34013
VOGEL H 'L-30908
VON LEHMDEN, D J A-05005
W
WADA M 'L-32796
WALSH, R T 'B-09833
WALTERS, D F 'B-09835
WANGERIN, D D 'A-04345
WANTA, R C A-03420
WARE T E JR J-34828
WATANABE A G-34194
WATSON, J H 'L-09351
WEISBURD, M I 'B-00975
WILLIAMS, N 'L-09289
WINTHROP S 0 'A-27293
WOHLERS H C 'C-22958
YAISHIMARU Y 1-33602
YAMAMOTO K D-31275
YAMAMOTO T 'C-20460
YAMAZAKI S G-34194
YOCOM, J E '1-07553
YOKAICHII 'G-26053
YOSHIDA K 'D-21192, 'G-19512,
G-19514, 'L-29420
YOSHIDA, K 'K-06861
YOSHD M G-19514
YOSHIZAKI K 'G-31664, 'G-31665
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
57
ABATEMENT A-20S53, A-27082, A-31882,
A-31883, A-32351, A-32465, B-28501,
D-09591, D-30860, J-09313, J-20536,
J-30329, J-30951, L-05571, L-08299,
L-09351, L-09687, L-11352, L-24949,
L-2S305, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
L-30908, L-31059, L-32796, L-32893,
L-33786, L-34013, L-34033, L-34688
ABSENTEEISM L-34688
ABSORPTION A-20553, A-28976, B-06006,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09836, B-09922,
C-04324, C-16016, D-10517, F-32491,
L-08888
ABSORPTION (GENERAL) B-01I34,
B-09833
ACETALDEHYDE A-32475
ACETIC ACID A-23745, A-32475
ACETONE A-08524
ACETYLENES A-08524, B-07925
ACID SMUTS C-16016
ACIDS A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
A-09785, A-23745, A-23865, A-24370,
A-27082, A-29599, A-29786, A-31880,
A-32351, A-32475, B-00975, B-07925,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09839, C-20460,
D-09591, D-10517, D-21192, D-28325,
F-10759, F-32491, G-19512, H-06967,
1-07553, 1-20820, J-09313, J-33642,
K-08038, L-09687, L-11242, L-29420,
N-04052, N-20548
ACUTE A-34023, 1-20820
ADMINISTRATION A-04026, A-07963,
A-09737, A-09785, A-25197, A-31883,
A-32351, A-32465, B-00975, B-04599,
B-08071, B-28501, C-04324, C-04514,
D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-09591, D-30860, D-3I275,
G-05379, G-19514, H-06967, J-01546,
J-09313, J-30329, J-30951, K-08038,
L-07235, L-08299, L-08686, L-08888,
L-09289, L-09294, L-09351, L-09702,
L-11352, L-24949, L-25305, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-31059,
L-33786, L-34688, M-00336, M-30896,
M-33904, N-04052, N-04649, N-09310,
N-15096
ADSORPTION A-20553, B-01134, B-06006,
B-09784, B-09833, C-20460, L-08888,
L-32796
ADULTS G-31665
ADVISORY SERVICES D-30860, L-30908
AEROSOL GENERATORS B-09833
AEROSOLS A-07623, A-09785, A-23865,
A-24723, A-25197, A-25213, B-00107,
B-00975, B-04599, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09842,
B-09843, C-17468, D-10517, H-01640,
J-01546, J-24309
AFRICA L-11242
AFTERBURNERS A-17603, A-24526,
A-32465, B-07925, B-08711, B-09784,
B-09838, B-26506, J-01546, J-21241,
J-30329, J-34370, L-11074
AGE G-26053, G-27920, G-30640, G-31311,
G-31664, G-31665, G-34194, L-29420
AIR POLLUTION EPISODES A-32351,
B-09922, L-29420, L-31059, L-33786,
N-09310
AIR POLLUTION FORECASTING
A-23865, H-06967, L-27185
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA D-09591,
K-08038, L-08686, L-11352, L-29420
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT
PROGRAMS A-04026, A-09737,
A-25197, A-32351, B-28501, C-04324,
D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-09591, D-30860, D-31275,
G-19514, K-08038, L-07235, L-08686,
L-09289, L-27184, L-29420, L-33786,
L-34688, M-00336, N-04052, N-04649,
N-09310
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
A-03154, A-04026, A-05005, A-07623,
A-09737, A-09785, A-12299, A-23745,
A-23881, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
A-27082, A-29599, A-30513, B-00975,
B-04599, B-06006, B-09784, B-09833,
B-28501, C-04324, C-04514, C-04889,
C-09208, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
D-09591, D-10306, D-10517, D-17096,
D-17285, D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
D-27673, D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
D-30860, D-30970, D-31275, G-11828,
G-31311, G-34194, H-01640, H-01930,
K-06861, K-08038, L-07235, L-08888,
L-09294, L-27184, L-29420, L-32893,
L-33786, L-34688, N-04649, N-06744
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS A-28976,
A-32351, B-00975, B-04599, B-09833,
B-09922, B-28501, C-04514, D-09591,
E-32371, H-01640, L-11352, L-34013,
N-06744
AIR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
L-23562, L-31059, L-34688
AIR-FUEL RATIO A-23745
AIRCRAFT A-03154, A-09785, A-25197,
A-32351, A-33931, B-29628, D-03451,
D-03454, D-09591
AIRPORTS ' D-03170, D-03404
ALASKA D-10517
ALCOHOLS A-08524, A-09298, A-09785,
L-32796
ALDEHYDES A-09686, A-09785, A-23745,
A-23865, A-24525, A-27082, A-29599,
A-31880, A-32465, A-32475, B-00975,
B-02017, D-03505, D-30860, G-05379,
H-01640, L-32796
ALERTS A-32351, L-29420, L-31059,
L-33786
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS A-03420,
A-08524, A-09298, A-09785, A-23745,
A-24723, A-29599, A-32475, A-34177,
B-07925. B-08711, B-09835, B-11740,
C-11745, D-03505, D-30860, F-10759,
G-11833, H-01640, J-34370, L-11074
ALKALINE ADDITIVES A-09298,
B-09833, L-23562
ALKALIZED ALUMINA (ADSORPTION)
G-05379, L-08686
ALLERGIES A-20553
ALTITUDE A-25213, E-24492, E-32371,
L-23562, L-29420
ALUMINUM A-09686, A-24370, B-00107,
B-07925, B-09784, L-24949
ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-07925, F-10759
ALUMINUM OXIDES B-09833
ALUMINUM SILICATES F-10759
AMINES A-29599, L-32796
AMMONIA A-09686, A-09785, A-23745,
A-23865, A-24525, A-25213, A-29599,
A-31880, A-32465, A-33207, B-09833,
B-09838, C-11745, D-10306, G-05379,
1-33611, L-32796, L-32893
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS A-09686,
A-09785, A-23745, A-23865, A-24525,
A-25213, A-29599, A-31880, A-32465,
A-33207, B-09833, B-09838, C-11745,
D-10306, G-05379, H-06967, 1-33611,
L-32796, L-32893
ANALYTICAL METHODS A-05005,
A-07623, A-17603, A-17604, A-24525,
A-24723, A-32475, A-34023, B-00975,
C-02980, C-04324, C-04514, C-09208,
C-11745, C-16016, C-17468, C-20460,
C-21859, C-22108, D-07830, D-10128,
D-10306, D-19508, D-30860, D-30970,
D-31275, F-23255, 1-07553, 1-20820,
K-08038, L-08686, L-08888, L-33786
ANIMALS A-13699, G-11828, G-11833,
H-06%7, 1-20820
ANNUAL A-09737, A-24602, D-28835,
D-30860, D-30970, F-33863, G-31664,
G-31665, G-34194, L-11352
ANTHRACENES A-05005
ANTIBODIES K-06861
ANTICYCLONES D-09591, E-03875
ANTIGENS K-06861
AREA EMISSION ALLOCATIONS
L-07235
AREA SURVEYS A-04026, A-09737,
A-25197, A-32351, B-28501. D-03170,
D-03404, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
D-09591, D-30860, D-31275, G-19514,
L-33786, M-00336, N-04052
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS A-08524,
A-09785, A-29599, A-34177, B-07925.
B-09839, B-17943, H-01640, J-34370,
J-34828, L-11074, L-32796
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS B-00975,
B-09833, G-05379, 1-33600
ARSINE B-00975, G-05379
ASHES A-04345, B-07925, B-09833
ASIA A-17199, A-29599, A-30513.
A-32475, C-17468, C-20460, C-21859,
D-17285, D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
D-27673, D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
D-30970, D-31275, G-19512, G-19514,
G-21414, G-26053, G-27920, G-30640,
G-31311, G-31664, G-31665, G-34194,
H-01930, H-30637, 1-33597, 1-33598,
1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
1-35034, J-26326, J-30951, J-33642,
K-06861, K-07491, L-08299, L-0
-------
58
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
L-11242, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
L-30908, L-32796, L-32893, M-14491,
M-30896, N-06744
ASPHALT A-05005, A-09686, A-09785,
A-32351, B-00107, B-09784. B-09836,
B-28874, D-09591
ASTHMA A-30513, D-03454, D-21192,
G-19S14, G-26053, G-27920, G-30640,
G-34194, K-06861, L-29420, N-06744
ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS A-01838,
A-03420, A-09785, A-29599, A-30513,
A-32351, B-00975, B-09836, C-16016,
D-03I70, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-09591, D-10128, D-10306.
D-26563, D-30970, E-03875, E-16846,
E-24492, E-32371, H-30637, K-07491,
L-07235, L-08686, L-23562, L-29420,
N-06744
AUSTRALIA D-30860
AUTOMATIC METHODS B-00975,
C-09208, D-30860,' L-08686, L-08888,
L-29420
AUTOMOBILES A-05005, A-07623,
A-09686, A-09785, A-23865, A-23881,
A-27082, A-29786, A-31882, A-32351,
A-32465, A-33931, B-00975, B-08711,
C-04514, D-07830, D-30860, H-01640,
J-01546, J-30329, L-09294, L-27185,
L-29420, L-30908, M-00336, M-33904,
N-04649, N-06744, N-20548
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL
A-23745, A-32351, B-08711, C-04514,
G-11828, J-34828, M-33904
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS A-03420.
A-05005, A-07623, A-09686, A-09785,
A-24525, A-29786, A-32351, A-32465,
B-00975, B-04599, B-08071, B-08711,
B-28501, B-29628, C-04514, D-03404,
D-03451, D-03454, D-07830, D-10517,
D-28326, D-30860, E-16846, G-11828,
J-01546, L-05571, L-07235, L-08888,
L-09702, L-29420, L-30908, M-00336,
M-33904, N-06744, N-09310, N-15096,
N-20548
6
BACTERIA A-04785
BAFFLES B-09835
BAG FILTERS B-00107, B-07925,
B-09833, L-23562
BARIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES A-04345,
A-09686, A-09737, B-07925, J-01546
BATTERY MANUFACTURING A-09785,
C-09208
BELGIUM B-28874, N-09310
BENZENE-SOLUBLE ORGANIC MATTER
A-0500S, D-03505, D-19508, N-04649
BENZENES B-07925, B-17943, L-32796
BENZO(3-4)PYRENE A-05005, A-12299,
B-28501, N-04052
BENZOPYRENES A-05005, A-12299,
A-29786, B-28501, N-04052
BERYLLIOSIS A-03154, B-00975,
C-02980, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, H-01640, H-01930
BERYLLIUM D-09591
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS D-09591,
N-20548
BESSEMER CONVERTERS A-09686
BIOCLIMATOLOGY L-34688
BIOMEDICAL TECHNIQUES AND
MEASUREMENT G-11833,
K-06861, K-08038, N-04052, N-06744
BISMUTH D-09591
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS D-09591
BLACK LIQUOR OXIDATION A-04345,
A-17603
BLAST FURNACES A-04345, A-09686,
A-09737, D-17285, E-32371, H-01640
BLENDING A-33207
BLOOD CHEMISTRY G-30640
BLOWBY A-32351, B-08711, N-20548
BODY CONSTITUENTS AND PARTS
C-09208, G-11833, K-08038
BODY PROCESSES AND FUNCTIONS
A-04785, A-08524, B-09922, C-09208,
D-10128, D-10517, G-11833
BOILERS A-03154, A-04345, A-05005,
A-08701, A-23745, A-32351, A-32475,
B-00107, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
C-04324, D-30860, E-32371, J-21241
BREATHING G-31311
BRICKS A-08524, 1-07553
BROMIDES A-09785, A-29786
BROMINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-29786, B-00975
BRONCHI G-34194
BRONCHITIS D-21192, G-19512, G-19514,
G-21414, G-26053, G-30640, G-31664,
G-31665, G-34194, K-06861, L-29420,
N-04052, N-20548
BUBBLE TOWERS B-07925
BUDGETS B-08071, J-01546, J-09313,
J-30951, L-09351
BUILD-UP RATES A-07623
BUILDINGS B-09784, D-03454, J-24309
BUSES A-33931, B-00975, M-00336
BUTADIENES A-08524, A-32475
BUTANES A-34177, B-09835
BUTENES F-10759
BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY A-03420,
A-09298, A-17603, B-08071, B-09833,
B-09922, B-27719, F-32491, J-01546,
L-08299, L-08888, L-10689, L-11242
CADMIUM D-09591
CADMIUM COMPOUNDS A-30513,
D-09591
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-09833, D-10128
CALCIUM SULFATES B-09833, D-10128
CALIBRATION METHODS C-04324
CALIFORNIA A-03154, A-03871, A-07623,
A-09785, A-24524, A-24525, A-24526,
A-24527, A-24601, A-24602, A-24721,
A-24723, A-25197, A-27070, A-32351,
B-00107, B-00975, B-04599, B-06006,
B-08711, B-09784, B-09833, B-09838,
B-09841, B-09842, B-09843, C-04324,
C-04514, E-16846, H-01640, J-09313,
L-05571, L-08888, L-11074, L-11352,
L-34013, L-34688, M-33904, N-20548
CANADA A-03154, A-09298, A-27082,
A-27293, B-00975, B-29628, C-09208,
D-03454, E-03875, H-01930, L-08888,
L-09289, L-09294, L-11242
CANCER A-17604, G-31664, G-31665,
G-34194, N-06744, N-20548
CARBON BLACK A-05005, 1-33597,
1-33599
CARBON DIOXIDE A-23865, A-24370,
A-28976, A-29786, B-00975, C-04324,
C-04514, C-04889, 1-07553, 1-33674,
L-08888, N-04052
CARBON DISULFIDE B-07925, C-09208,
H-06967, L-23562
CARBON MONOXIDE A-03420, A-09298,
A-09686, A-09737, A-09785, A-27293,
A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-31882,
A-32351, A-32465, A-33207, A-34023,
B-00107, B-00975, B-02017, B-04599,
B-08071, B-08711, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09835, B-09838, B-28501, C-04324,
C-04514, D-03404, D-03505, D-08198,
D-09591, D-30860, E-16846, G-11828,
H-01640, H-06967, J-01546, J-09313,
J-21241, L-07235, L-08888, L-11352,
L-33786, M-00336, N-04052, N-06744,
N-09310, N-20548
CARBONATES B-09833, 1-07553, 1-33600,
L-09687
CARBONYLS A-34023
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN A-30513,
N-20548
CARBURETOR EVAPORATION LOSSES
B-08711, D-03404, L-08888, N-20548
CARCINOGENS A-34023, B-00975,
D-03170, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
H-01640, H-01930
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES G-31664,
G-31665, K-08038, L-07235, N-20548
CASCADE SAMPLERS B-00975
CATALYSIS A-05005, A-34165, A-34177,
B-09833, B-09838, D-10128, F-10759,
F-32491
CATALYSTS A-34177, B-09833, B-09838,
D-10128, F-10759
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY A-34165,
B-09833, B-09838
CATALYTIC AFTERBURNERS A-32465,
B-07925, B-08711, J-30329, J-34370,
L-11074
CATALYTIC OXIDATION A-04345,
A-17603, A-28976, B-08711, L-08686,
L-32796
CATTLE A-13699
CELL GROWTH G-31311, G-31664
CEMENTS A-04026, A-09737, A-23865,
A-23881, A-25213, A-32465, B-09784,
B-09833, C-04514, D-10128, D-30860,
D-31275, J-24309, L-17927, L-23562
CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATORS A-05005,
A-09686, B-08071, B-09833, B-09838,
J-21241, K-07491, L-23562
CERAMICS A-09686, B-00107, B-07925,
B-09840, C-09208
CHAMBER PROCESSING B-07925
CHARCOAL B-06006, L-33786
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION A-05005,
A-07623, A-23745, A-24723, B-06006,
C-04514, D-03454, D-03505, D-19508,
L-32893, L-33786, N-04649
CHEMICAL METHODS A-17603,
C-09208, C-16016, D-07830, D-10128,
D-10306, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
K-08038
CHEMICAL PROCESSING A-01838,
A-03154, A-03420, A-03871, A-04026,
A-04345, A-04785, A-05005, A-07623,
A-07963, A-08393, A-08524, A-08701,
A-09298, A-09686, A-09737, A-09785,
A-12299, A-13699, A-I7199, A-47603,
A-17604, A-20553, A-23745, A-23865,
A-23881, A-24370, A-24524, A-24525,
A-24526, A-24527, A-24601, A-24602,
A-24721, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
A-27070, A-27082, A-27293, A-28976,
A-29599, A-29786, A-30513, A-31880,
A-31882, A-31883, A-32351, A-32465,
A-32475, A-33207, A-33883, A-33931,
A-34023, A-34165, A-34177, B-00107,
B-00975, B-01134, B-01537, B-02017,
B-03128, B-04599, B-06006, B-07242,
B-07925, B-08071, B-09784, B-09833,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
59
B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-17943,
B-26506, B-27719, B-28501, B-28874,
B-29628, C-02980, C-04324, C-04514,
C-04889, C-09208, C-11745, C-16016,
C-17468, C-20460, C-21859, C-22108,
C-22958, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
D-09591, D-10128, D-10306, D-10517,
D-17096, D-17285, D-19508, D-21192,
D-26563, D-27673, D-28325, D-28326,
D-28835, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
E-03875, E-16846, E-24492, E-32371,
F-10759, F-32491, F-33863, G-05379,
G-11828, G-11833, G-19512, G-19S14,
G-20521, G-21414, G-26053, G-27920,
G-30640, G-31311, G-31664, G-31665,
G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06967,
H-22491, H-22585, H-23257, H-23583,
H-30637, 1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597,
1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,
1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651,
1-33674, 1-35034, J-01546, J-09313,
J-20536, J-21241, J-24309, J-26326,
J-30329, J-30951, J-31814, J-33642,
J-34370, J-34828, K-%861, K-07491,
K-08038, L-05571, L-07235, L-08299,
L-08686, L-08888, L-09289, L-09294,
L-09351, L-09687, L-09702, L-10689,
L-11074, L-11242, L-11352, L-14144,
L-14798, L-17927, L-19336, L-23562,
L-24949, L-25305, L-27184, L-27185,
L-29420, L-30908, L-31059, L-32796,
L-32893, L-33786, L-34013, L-34033,
L-34688, M-00336, M-14491, M-15760,
M-30896, M-33904, N-04052, N-04649,
N-06744, N-09310, N-15096, N-20548
CHEMICAL REACTIONS A-07623,
A-08524, A-09785, A-25197, A-25213,
A-29786, A-30513, A-32351, B-04599,
B-08711, B-09833, B-09836, B-09839,
D-03454, D-17096, F-10759, H-01640,
1-33600, K-08038, L-05571, L-11074,
L-32796, L-34013, M-33904, N-09310
CHEMISTS D-03404, D-30860
CHICAGO D-03451, J-09313
CHILDREN B-28501, G-27920, G-31311,
G-31664, G-31665
CHLORIDES A-09785, A-29786, A-32475.
B-09833, B-09838, B-09839, G-05379,
N-04052
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
A-09785, A-32475
CHLORINE A-09686, A-09785, B-09839
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-29786, A-32475, B-00975, B-09833,
B-09838, B-09839, G-05379,1-33599,
N-04052
CHROMATOGRAPHY A-05005, A-24525,
A-32475, C-02980, C-04514, C-11745,
C-16016, C-20460, C-21859, D-19508,
D-30860, 1-07553, L-08888
CHROMIUM D-09591, 1-33602, 1-33643,
N-04649
CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
D-09591, 1-07553, N-04649
CHRONIC A-34023, G-11833, G-260S3,
G-30640, 1-20820, L-29420, N-20548
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A-17603
CITIZENS GROUPS B-00975, D-30860,
L-27184
CITY GOVERNMENTS D-27673, L-09289,
L-09294, L-09702, L-25305, L-27184,
L-27185
CLEAN AIR ACT B-07925, L-09687,
L-34033
CLOUDS C-11745, D-10517
COAL A-04026, A-05005, A-07963,
A-09686, A-09737, A-25213, A-29786,
A-33931, B-07925, B-09833, C-04889,
C-17468, D-03451, D-09591, D-10128,
D-10517, G-05379, 1-07553, 1-20820,
K-08038, L-07235, L-08686, L-09294,
L-09351, L-33786, M-00336, N-06744
COAL CHARACTERISTICS A-09737
COAL PREPARATION B-09839, L-10689
COBALT COMPOUNDS A-34023
CODES H-06967, L-08299, L-09702
COFFEE-MAKING A-09686, N-04052
COKE A-04026, A-05005, A-09737,
B-07925, B-09838, B-29628, D-03451
COLLECTORS A-05005, A-09298,
A-09686, A-24524, B-08071, B-09784,
B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
H-01640, J-01546, J-21241, J-26326,
K-07491, L-08888, L-23562
COLORADO A-01838, D-10128
COLORIMETRY A-17604, A-34023,
C-04324, C-09208, C-16016, C-17468,
C-22108, D-07830, D-30860, 1-20820,
K-08038, L-08686
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY A-05005
COMBUSTION A-05005, A-09298,
A-20553, A-23745, B-09833, B-09835,
B-09838, D-03404, D-03451, D-10128,
E-03875, H-01640, L-08686, L-11352
COMBUSTION AIR A-04345, B-09833,
B-09835, K-07491
COMBUSTION GASES A-03420, A-05005,
A-07963, A-08701, A-09298, A-09686,
A-09737, A-09785, A-23745, A-3246S,
A-33883, A-33931, A-34165, B-00107,
B-01134, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09835, B-09838, B-11740, B-26506,
B-29628, C-02980, C-04324, C-04889,
C-22108, C-22958, D-10306, D-10517,
D-30860, E-32371, H-06967, H-22491,
1-07553, 1-20820, J-01546, J-26326,
J-27506, K-07491, K-08038, L-07235,
L-08686, L-09294, L-14798, L-17927,
L-23562, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
L-34013
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS A-03420,
A-04345, A-05005, A-07963, A-08524,
A-08701, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
A-09785, A-17604, A-23745, A-3246S,
A-33883, A-33931, A-34165, B-00107,
B-00975, B-01134, B-07925, B-09784,
B-09833, B-09835, B-09838, B-11740,
B-2650,6, B-29628, C-02980, C-04324,
C-04889, C-22108, C-22958, D-09591,
D-10128, D-10306, D-10517, D-30860,
E-32371, G-05379, G-11828, H-06967,
H-22491, 1-07553, 1-20820, J-01546.
J-21241, J-26326, J-27506, K-07491,
K-08038, L-07235, L-08686, L-08888,
L-09294, L-14798, L-17927, L-23562,
L-27184. L-27185, L-29420, L-33786,
L-34013, N-09310
COMMERCIAL AREAS A-08393,
D-09591, D-19508, D-30860, L-07235,
L-11352, M-00336
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT B-00107,
B-00975, B-09835, B-09840, B-09843,
J-01546
COMMERCIAL FIRMS B-11740, J-30329,
J-30951, L-09351, L-29420
COMPLAINTS B-00975, G-27920,
L-09289, L-27184, L-27185, L-32796,
M-15760, M-30896
COMPRESSED GASES A-24601, B-09836,
B-27719
COMPRESSION B-09836
COMPUTER PROGRAMS J-31814,
N-04649
CONCRETE A-08524, A-08701, A-09686,
A-32351, B-00107, B-09784, B-09836,
B-28874
CONDENSATION A-24527, B-09833,
B-09836, E-03875
CONDENSATION (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-11745, D-10517, H-01640
CONNECTICUT D-03454
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A-04026,
A-05005, A-08524, A-08701, A-09686,
A-09737, A-09785, A-23865, A-23881,
A-25213, A-32351, A-32465, B-00107,
B-00975, B-09784, B-09833, B-09836,
B-09840, B-28874, C-04514, D-09591,
D-10128, D-30860, D-31275, 1-07553,
1-35034, J-24309, L-17927, L-23562
CONTACT PROCESSING B-07925,
E-32371, J-31814, L-23562
CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORING
PROGRAM (CAMP) K-08038
CONTINUOUS MONITORING A-05005,
A-28976, A-29599, B-07925, C-04889,
C-09208, C-17468, D-10306, D-27673,
D-30860, D-30970, K-08038, L-07235,
L-08686, L-08888, L-29420, L-33786
CONTRACTING L-27184
CONTROL AGENCIES B-28501, D-03454,
D-30860, L-09289, L-09702, L-31059,
M-00336
CONTROL EQUIPMENT A-03420,
A-04345, A-04785, A-05005, A-09298,
A-09686, A-17603, A-17604, A-24524,
A-24526, A-24527, A-24601, A-29599,
A-31880, A-32465, A-33207, B-00107,
B-00975, B-01537, B-03128, B-04599,
B-06006, B-07925, B-08071, B-08711,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09836,
B-09838, B-09839, B-09840, B-09842,
B-09843, B-09922, B-11740, B-26506,
B-28501, C-16016, C-21859, D-03170,
D-10128, D-10306, E-03875, G-05379,
H-01640, H-06967, 1-07553, J-01546,
J-21241, J-26326, J-27506,J-30329,
J-34370, K-07491, L-07235, L-08888,
L-10689, L-11074, L-23562
CONTROL METHODS A-03420, A-04345,
A-04785, A-09298, A-09686, A-17603,
A-20553, A-23745, A-24370, A-24527,
A-24602, A-28976, A-29599, A-29786,
A-31880, A-31882, A-32351, A-33207,
A-33883, A-33931, A-34165, A-34177,
B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-01537,
B-02017, B-03128, B-06006, B-07242,
B-07925, B-08071, B-08711, B-09784,
B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09841, B-09842. B-09843,
B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-27719,
B-28501, B-29628, C-04324, C-04514,
C-16016, C-20460, D-03170, D-08198,
D-09591, D-10517, F-32491, G-05379,
G-11828, H-01640, H-06967, H-30637,
1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
1-35034, J-01546, J-26326, J-27506,
J-30329, J-31814, J-33642, J-34828,
K-07491, L-07235, L-08299, L-08686,
L-08888, L-10689, L-11074, L-11242,
L-23562, L-29420, L-30908, L-32796,
L-33786, L-34013, L-34688, M-30896,
M-33904
CONTROL PROGRAMS A-07963,
A-09785, A-31883, A-32465, B-00975,
B-04599, B-08071, B-28501, D-03451,
D-30860, G-05379. H-06967. J-01546,
J-09313, J-30329, L-08299, L-08686.
-------
60
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
L-08888, L-09289, L-09294, L-27184,
L-27185, L-31059, L-34688, M-00336,
M-33904, N-15096
CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES C-09208
CONVECTION B-09833
COOLING B-09833, B-09842
COPPER A-09686, B-00107, B-07925,
D-09591, D-10517, 1-07553, N-04649
COPPER ALLOYS B-00107
COPPER COMPOUNDS A-09785, B-07925,
B-09839, D-09591, D-28326, N-04649
CORE OVENS B-00107, B-09784, 1-07553
CORROSION B-09833, B-09841, 1-07553,
1-20820, 1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600,
1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33651,1-33674,
1-35034, J-33642
COSTS A-08393, A-08701, A-17603,
A-27082, A-31882, A-33883, B-03128,
B-04599, B-06006, B-07242, B-09833,
B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09922,
D-03505, D-30860, G-11828, H-06967,
J-01546, J-09313, J-20536, J-21241,
J-26326, J-27506, J-30329, J-31814,
J-33642, J-34370, J-34828, L-08686,
L-09351. L-10689, L-30908, M-33904
COTTONS 1-07553
COUGH M-14491
COUNTY GOVERNMENTS B-00107,
B-09784, L-34013
CRACKING A-17603, C-09208, 1-07553,
1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33600, 1-33602,
1-33643
CRANKCASE EMISSIONS A-32351,
A-32465, B-08711, L-08888, N-20548
CRITERIA D-09591, K-08038, L-08686,
L-11352, L-24949, L-29420
CROPS J-09313
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE D-10128
CUMULATIVE METHODS C-09208,
C-16016, D-10306, D-28835, D-30970
CUPOLAS A-09737, A-32351, B-00107,
B-07242, B-07925, L-17927, L-23562
CYANIDES A-09298, G-05379
CZECHOSLOVAKIA B-00975, C-02980,
C-09208, D-03170, D-03454, N-04649
D
DATA ANALYSIS E-16846, N-04649
DATA HANDLING SYSTEMS B-00975,
E-16846, J-31814, N-04649
DECOMPOSITION A-08524, B-09833,
B-09839
DECREASING A-09785, A-32351,
B-04599, B-06006, B-09784, L-09294,
L-11074
DENSITY A-29599, A-30513, C-1I745,
D-17285
DEPOSITION D-10128, D-10517
DESIGN CRITERIA B-07925, B-09784,
B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
B-09840, B-09842, B-26506, B-28874,
J-31814
DESULFURIZATION OF FUELS
A-09298, A-33207, A-33883, A-34177,
B-03128, B-08071, B-09839. 1-33599,
1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611, 1-33612,
1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034,
J-01546, J-26326, J-33642, L-07235,
L-08299, L-08686, L-10689, L-29420,
L-34013
DETERGENT MANUFACTURING
B-09784, D-10128
DETROIT H-01640, L-09294
DIESEL ENGINES A-03154, A-05005,
A-08393, A-09686, A-20553, A-29786,
A-32351, A-33931, B-08711, D-09591,
N-04052
DIFFUSION A-33883, C-22958, D-03170,
D-10306, E-03875, E-16846, E-24492,
E-32371, K-07491, L-23562, L-29420
DIFFUSION MODELS D-10306, E-32371
DIGESTERS A-32475, B-09839
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A-17604, G-11833
DIOLEFINS A-08524, A-32475, B-07925,
C-11745
DISCOLORATION A-17603, C-09208,
1-07553, 1-20820
DISPERSION A-17199, A-29599, A-33883,
A-34165, B-00975. C-22958, D-03170,
D-09591, D-10128, D-10306, D-17285,
D-30860, E-03875, E-16846, E-24492,
E-32371, H-01930, K-07491, L-05571,
L-08686, L-14798, L-23562, L-29420
DISPERSIONS B-09839
DISSOCIATION A-08524
DISTILLATE OILS A-08393, A-09737,
B-09836, D-09591, H-23257, L-08686,
L-14144, M-00336
DIURNAL A-01838, A-24602, A-32351,
B-04599, B-09836, D-09591, D-26563,
D-28325, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
E-16846, L-11352, L-31059
DOMESTIC HEATING A-03871, A-05005,
A-08393, A-09737, A-09785, A-17604,
A-23881, B-09833, C-04324, D-03454,
D-09591, D-10517, G-11828, J-01546,
J-21241, J-30329, L-07235, L-33786,
M-00336, N-04052, N-09310, N-15096
DONORA N-09310
DROPLETS A-09785, B-09833, B-09836,
B-26506, E-24492, 1-07553
DRY CLEANING A-09785, A-32351,
B-04599, B-06006, B-09784, D-03451,
L-07235
DRY CLEANING SOLVENTS B-06006,
L-07235, L-09294
DRYING A-29599, B-09836, F-32491
DUMPS A-01838, A-09737, D-03451
DUST FALL B-00975, D-03170, D-03451,
D-03505, D-09591, D-21192, D-26563,
D-27673, D-30860, D-30970, G-31311,
H-01640, K-06861, L-07235, L-08888,
L-27184, N-06744
DUSTS A-01838, A-03420, A-04345,
A-05005, A-09785, A-25213, A-33207,
B-07242, B-07925, B-09784, B-09838,
B-28501, C-04514, C-17468, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
D-28325, D-28326, D-30860, D-31275,
E-32371, G-31665, H-06967, H-22491,
H-22585, J-01546, J-26326, K-06861.
K-07491, L-07235, L-09294, L-09702,
L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-27184,
L-27185, L-34688, N-04052, N-06744,
N-09310
DYE MANUFACTURING C-09208
ECONOMIC LOSSES A-17603, B-00975,
D-03454, H-06967, J-09313, J-24309
EDUCATION M-33904
ELECTRIC FURNACES A-09686,
A-32351. B-00107, B-07925, C-04324,
E-32371
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
A-01838, A-05005, A-07963, A-08393,
A-09737, A-09785, A-13699, A-17199,
A-23881, A-25213, A-27082, A-27293,
A-30513, A-31882, A-32351, B-00107,
B-00975, B-04599, B-07242, B-07925,
B-09784, B-09833, B-28501, C-04324,
C-04514, C-04889, C-17468, D-03454,
D-09591, D-10517, D-17285, D-30860.
D-30970, G-05379, G-11828, H-01640,
H-06967, H-30637, J-01546, J-21241,
J-26326, J-27506, J-30329, J-30951,
J-31814, K-06861, K-08038, L-11242,
L-11352, L-17927, L-23562, L-25305,
L-27184, L-27185, L-31059, N-04052,
N-09310
ELECTRIC PROPULSION A-08393
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES C-11745,
F-23255
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE C-11745
ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS
C-16016, D-30970
ELECTROCONDUCnVITY ANALYZERS
C-17468, D-10306, D-30860, D-30970,
L-29420
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
A-03420, A-05005, A-09298, A-09686,
A-17604, A-33207, B-00107, B-07925,
B-08071, B-09784, B-09833, B-09838,
G-05379, H-06967, J-01546, J-21241,
L-08888, L-10689, L-23562
EMISSION INVENTORIES A-03154,
A-04026, A-09737, A-25213, A-27082,
A-29599, A-30513, B-00975, B-04599,
B-06006, C-04324, D-03170, D-09591,
D-10517
EMISSION STANDARDS A-32351,
L-09702, L-10689, L-17927, L-29420,
L-32893, L-33786, L-34013, L-34033
EMPHYSEMA G-19514, G-21414,
G-26053, G-30640, J-09313, L-29420.
N-20548
EMULSIONS B-09839
ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURES B-00975,
B-28501, B-29628, L-09702, L-27184,
L-31059
ENGINE EXHAUSTS A-03420, A-05005,
A-07623, A-09686, A-24525, A-32351,
A-32465, B-08711, D-03451, D-03454,
D-07830, D-10517, D-28326, D-30860,
E-16846, G-11828, J-01546, L-08888,
L-29420, L-30908, M-33904, N-20548
ENGINE OPERATING CYCLES D-30860
ENGINE OPERATION MODIFICATION
A-23745
ENGINEERS D-03404, D-30860, L-34013
ENZYMES G-30640
EPIDEMIOLOGY G-19514, G-21414,
G-27920, K-06861, L-34013
EQUIPMENT STANDARDS C-04514
ESTERS A-32475
ETHYLENE B-07925, C-11745, F-10759,
J-34370
EUROPE A-01838, A-0434S. A-08524,
A-08701, A-12299, A-23865, A-23881,
A-29786, A-31882, A-33883, B-00975,
B-01537, B-03128, B-07242, B-07925,
B-11740, B-17943, B-27719, B-28501,
B-28874, C-02980, C-04514, C-09208,
C-16016, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03454; D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
D-17096, E-03875, E-32371, F-32491,
G-11833, G-20521, H-01640, H-01930,
H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, H-23257,
H-23583, J-24309, J-30329, J-34370,
L-07235, L-08888, L-09687, L-11242,
L-14798, L-17927, L-19336, L-23562,
L-25305, L-30908, L-33786, M-15760,
N-04649, N-09310, N-15096
EXCESS AIR B-09833, K-07491
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
61
EXHAUST SYSTEMS A-04345, B-09784,
B-09842, B-09843
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT A-04785
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS A-04785
EXPLOSIONS A-28976, E-03875
EXPOSURE CHAMBERS C-09208,
G-11833, H-01930
EXPOSURE METHODS G-11833
EYE IRRITATION A-07623, A-13699,
A-17603, A-17604, A-32351, C-04514,
C-09208, 1-20820, M-14491, N-20548
EYES C-09208, 1-20820, N-20548
FADING C-09208
FALLOUT D-03505
FANS (BLOWERS) B-09784, B-09842
FARMS G-31664
FEASIBILITY STUDIES B-06006, J-27506
FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS B-07925,
B-29628, J-09313, K-08038, L-08888,
L-10689, L-17927, L-24949, L-27185,
L-29420, L-30908, L-32893
FEES D-30860
FEMALES G-26053, G-27920, G-31311
FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING
A-13699, A-29599, B-28501, H-23583,
J-21241, J-24309, J-26326, J-31814,
L-25305, L-32796
FERTILIZING D-10128, L-11242
FIELD TESTS B-00975, B-09833, B-09840,
B-09841
FILTER FABRICS A-05005, A-09686,
B-00107, B-09784, B-09833, D-03170,
D-10128, 1-07553, L-07235
FILTERS A-04785, A-05005, A-09686,
B-00107, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09839, C-16016, C-21859, D-03170,
D-10128, H-06967, 1-07553, J-01546,
J-21241, L-07235, L-08888, L-10689,
L-23562
FIRING METHODS A-04345, A-34165,
B-07925, B-09833, B-09835, K-07491,
L-07235
FLAME AFTERBURNERS A-32465,
B-07925, B-08711, B-09838, B-26506
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
C-04514, L-08888
FLARES A-03420, B-03128, B-07925,
B-09835, B-09836, B-09840, B-09843,
B-11740, D-10306, E-03875
FLORIDA D-03404
FLOW RATES A-04345, A-08701,
B-09833, B-09841, B-09842, B-26506,
C-09208, F-32491, 1-33597, 1-33599
FLOWERS A-03420, H-06967
FLUID FLOW A-04345, A-08701, B-09833,
B-09841, B-09842, B-26506, C-09208,
F-32491, 1-33597, 1-33599, 1-33611,
1-33612
FLUORANTHENES A-05005
FLUORESCENCE A-12299
FLUORIDES A-09785, A-13699, A-29786,
H-01640, 1-07553, L-25305
FLUORINE H-06967
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-13699, A-23865, A-29786, B-07925,
H-01640, H-06967, 1-07553, L-07235,
L-23562, L-25305
FLY ASH A-01838, A-03871, A-04345,
A-09686, B-00107, B-02017, B-07925,
B-09833, C-04889, D-10128, G-05379,
J-01546, L-07235, L-09702
FOG D-10517
FOOD AND FEED OPERATIONS
A-09686, A-20553, A-25213, B-09784,
C-22958, D-03170, D-03451, D-10128,
F-33863, G-11828, H-06%7, J-26326,
L-08888, L-09289, L-09351, L-32796,
L-32893, N-04052
FORESTS D-10517
FORMALDEHYDES D-30860
FRACTIONATION A-24370, A-34165
FRANCE B-03128
FROTH FLOATATION B-09839
FRUITS D-03404, H-06967, H-30637
FUEL ADDITIVES A-29786, A-34177,
J-30329, J-34828, L-30908
FUEL CELLS A-08393
FUEL CHARGING B-09835
FUEL EVAPORATION A-32351, A-32465,
B-08071, B-08711, D-03404, L-08888,
N-20548
FUEL GASES A-05005, A-09737, A-09785,
A-17603, A-23745, A-24525, A-24601,
A-25213, A-28976, A-32351, A-33931,
B-00107, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09922, B-27719, B-28501, C-04889,
C-09208, C-17468, D-03404, D-03451,
D-09591, D-10517, K-07491, L-05571,
L-07235, L-09294, L-14144, L-34688
FUEL OIL PREPARATION A-09298,
A-33207, A-33883, B-03128, 1-33674,
1-35034, L-08686
FUEL OILS A-01838, A-05005, A-07963,
A-08393, A-09737, A-09785, A-23745,
A-25213, A-29786, A-32351, A-33883,
A-33931, B-00107, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09836, B-11740,
B-27719, C-04889, D-03404, D-03451,
D-09591, D-10128, D-10517, E-24492,
H-23257, H-30637, 1-07553, 1-33602,
1-33611, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
1-35034, J-33642, K-07491, K-08038,
L-05571, L-07235, L-08686, L-09294,
L-10689, L-14144, L-29420, L-34688,
M-00336, N-06744, N-20548
FUEL STANDARDS A-34177, L-33786
FUEL TANK EVAPORATION B-08071,
B-08711, L-08888, N-20548
FUELS A-01838, A-04026, A-04345,
A-05005, A-07623, A-07963, A-08393,
A-09686, A-09737, A-09785, A-17603,
A-23745, A-23865, A-24525, A-24601,
A-25213, A-27293, A-28976, A-29786,
A-31880, A-31882, A-32351, A-33883,
A-33931, A-34177, B-00107, B-00975,
B-07925, B-08071, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09836, B-09838, B-09922, B-11740,
B-27719, B-28501, B-29628, C-04889,
C-09208, C-17468, D-03404, D-03451,
D-09591, D-10128, D-10517, E-24492,
F-33863, G-05379, H-23257, H-30637,
1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33602, 1-33611,
1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034,
J-30329, J-33642, J-34370, J-34828,
K-07491, K-08038, L-05571, L-07235,
L-08686, L-09289, L-09294, L-09351,
L-09702, L-10689, L-11352, L-14144,
L-23562, L-29420, L-30908, L-33786,
L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, M-00336,
M-33904,. N-04052, N-04649, N-06744,
N-20548
FUMES A-04345, A-09785, A-17604,
B-00107, B-01537, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09784, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09842,
B-09843, B-09857, D-09591, J-01546,
L-09687, L-09702, L-17927, N-06744,
N-09310
FUMIGATION H-01930
FUNGI H-23257, 1-07553
FURNACES A-03154, A-04345, A-05005,
A-08701, A-09686, A-09737, A-32351,
A-34165, B-00107, B-00975, B-04599,
B-07242, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
B-11740, C-04324, D-17285, E-32371,
G-05379, H-01640, H-06967, J-01546,
K-07491, L-07235, L-09702, L-17927,
L-19336, L-23562
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY A-24525,
A-32475, C-02980, C-04514, C-11745,
C-16016, C-20460, C-21859, D-19508,
L-08888
GAS SAMPLING A-04785, A-05005,
B-09784, C-04324, C-20460, D-07830,
L-08888
GAS TURBINES A-33931, L-14144
GASES A-01838, A-24527, A-24601,
B-00975, B-09833, B-09836, B-09838,
B-09841, B-09843, B-27719, F-32491,
1-07553, 1-33598
GASOLINES A-05005, A-07623, A-09737,
A-09785, A-24601, A-25213, A-33883,
A-33931, A-34177, B-08071, B-09836,
B-29628, D-09591, D-10517, J-30329,
J-34370, J-34828, L-08686, L-09294,
L-09702, L-30908, L-34033, L-34688,
M-33904, N-04052
GERMANY A-29786, B-01537, B-07242,
B-11740, C-02980, C-04514, H-06967,
H-23583, L-07235, L-30908
GLASS FABRICS A-05005, A-09686,
B-00107, B-09784, D-03170, D-10128,
1-07553
GLUE MANUFACTURING C-09208
GOVERNMENTS B-00107, B-00975,
B-04599, B-07925, B-09784, B-29628,
D-03404, D-27673, D-30860, J-09313,
K-08038, L-07235, L-08888, L-09289,
L-09294, L-09702, L-10689, L-11352,
L-17927, L-24949, L-25305, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-32893,
L-34013, L-34688
GRAIN PROCESSING B-09784
GRAPHITE B-09840
GRAVITY SETTLING A-09686, B-09839,
L-08888
GREAT BRITAIN B-07925, C-16016,
H-01640, L-0%87, L-17927, L-19336,
L-23562, L-33786, N-09310
GROUND LEVEL E-32371, L-23562,
L-29420
GUINEA PIGS 1-20820
H
HALOGEN GASES A-09686, A-09785,
B-09833, B-09839, H-06967
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
A-09785, A-32475
HAWAII A-03420
HAZE H-01640
HEADACHE A-20553
HEALTH IMPAIRMENT A-13699,
A-20553, B-00975, B-28501, D-03454,
G-05379, J-09313, J-24309, K-08038,
L-07235
HEALTH STATISTICS G-34194, L-34688
HEAT CAPACITY 1-33602, 1-33643
HEAT TRANSFER B-09833, B-09842,
E-03875, F-32491
HEIGHT FINDING D-10306
HEMATOLOGY A-30513, G-19514,
G-30640, N-20548
-------
62
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
HEMEON AUTOMATIC SMOKE
SAMPLERS B-00975, C-09208
HEMOGLOBIN INTERACTIONS N-20548
HEXANES A-23745, A-24723
HI-VOL SAMPLERS A-05005, D-09591,
D-31275
HIGHWAYS D-07830, D-19508
HISTAMINES G-30640
HOT SOAK L-08888
HOURLY D-03451, D-30860, D-30970,
L-OSS71
HUMANS A-09785, A-13699, A-30513,
A-31883, A-34023, B-28501, C-09208,
G-11828, G-11833, G-20521, G-26053,
G-27920, G-30640, G-31311, G-31664,
G-31665, G-34194, 1-20820, K-06861,
K-08038, L-07235, L-29420, L-34688
HUMIDITY A-01838, C-09208,1-07553
HYDROCARBONS A-01838, A-03420,
A-03871, A-04785, A-05005, A-07623,
A-08393, A-08524, A-09298, A-0%86,
A-09737, A-09785, A-12299, A-23745,
A-24524, A-24525, A-24526, A-24527,
A-24601, A-24602, A-24721, A-24723,
A-25213, A-27082, A-27293, A-29599,
A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-32351,
A-32465, A-32475, A-33207, A-33931,
A-34177, B-00107, B-00975, B-02017,
B-03128, B-04599, B-07925, B-08071,
B-08711, B-09784, B-09833, B-09835,
B-09836, B-09838, B-09839, B-09840,
B-09841, B-09842, B-09843, B-09857,
B-11740, B-17943, B-26506, B-28501,
C-04324, C-04514, C-11745, C-16016,
C-20460, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-07830, D-08198, D-19508,
D-30860, E-03875, E-16846, F-10759,
G-11828, G-11833, G-20521, G-34194,
H-01640, J-01546, J-21241, J-24309,
J-34370, J-34828, L-05571, L-07235,
L-08888, L-11074, L-11352, L-14798,
L-32796, M-00336, N-04052, N-06744,
N-09310, N-20548
HYDROCHLORIC ACID A-09298,
A-29786, L-09687
HYDRODESULFURIZATION A-09298,
A-33207, 1-33674, 1-35034
HYDROFLUORIC ACID A-09298,
A-24370, A-29786, F-10759, N-04052
HYDROGEN B-09833, D-30860, 1-33651
HYDROGEN SULFIDE A-03420, A-09298,
A-09785, A-17603, A-23865, A-25213,
A-28976, A-29599, A-32475, A-33207,
B-00975, B-02017, B-07925, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09922, C-09208, C-16016,
D-03505, D-08198, D-09591, G-05379,
G-11833, G-34194, H-06967,1-07553,
1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33611, 1-33643,
1-33651, 1-35034, L-07235, L-09289,
L-10689, L-23562, L-32796, N-04052,
N-20548
HYDROLYSIS A-08524, B-09839
HYDROXIDES B-09833
HYGROSCOPIOTY B-09833
I
ILLINOIS D-03451, J-09313
IMMUNOLOGY K-06861
IMPINGERS B-00975, C-04324
INCINERATION A-03154, A-03420,
A-05005, A-07963, A-09298, A-0%86,
A-09737, A-09785, A-17604, A-23865,
A-25213, A-27082, A-29786, A-32351,
B-00107, B-00975, B-04599, B-06006,
B-08071, B-09784, B-09835, B-09836,
B-09838, B-09839, B-09843, B-09857,
B-09922, B-11740, C-17468, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
D-10517, K-08038, L-05571, L-07235,
L-08888, L-09289, L-09294, L-09702,
L-25305, L-31059, L-327%, L-34688,
M-00336, N-04052
INDIANA A-09737, D-03451, L-09702
INDUSTRIAL AREAS A-17199, B-09838,
B-28501, D-07830, D-09591, D-19508,
D-21192, D-26563, D-27673, D-28325,
D-28326, D-30860, D-31275, G-26053,
G-31664, H-30637, J-21241, J-30951,
L-07235, L-09702, L-11352, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
M-14491
INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-01838, A-03154, A-03420, A-03871,
A-04026, A-04345, A-04785, A-05005,
A-07623, A-07963, A-08393, A-08524,
A-08701, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
A-09785, A-12299, A-13699, A-17199,
A-17603, A-17604, A-20553, A-23745,
A-23865, A-23881, A-24370, A-24524,
A-24525, A-24526, A-24527, A-24601,
A-24602, A-24721, A-24723, A-25197,
A-25213, A-27070, A-27082, A-27293,
A-28976, A-29599, A-29786, A-30513,
A-31880, A-31882, A-31883, A-32351,
A-32465, A-32475, A-33207, A-33883,
A-33931, A-34023, A-34165, A-34177,
B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-01537,
B-02017, B-03128, B-04599, B-06006,
B-07242, B-07925, B-08071, B-09784,
B-09833, B-09835, B-09836, B-09838,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09842,
B-09843, B-09857, B-09922, B-11740,
B-17943, B-26506, B-27719, B-28501,
B-28874, B-29628, C-02980, C-04324,
C-04514, C-04889, C-09208, C-11745,
C-16016, C-17468, C-20460, C-21859,
C-22108, C-22958, D-03170, D-03404,
D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-07830,
D-08198, D-09591, D-10128, D-10306,
D-10517, D-17096, D-17285, D-19508,
D-21192, D-26563, D-27673, D-28325,
D-28326, D-28835, D-30860, D-30970,
D-31275, E-03875, E-16846, E-24492,
E-32371, F-10759, F-32491, F-33863,
G-05379, G-11828, G-11833, G-19512,
G-19514, G-20521, G-21414, G-26053,
G-27920, G-30640, G-31311, G-31664,
G-31665, G-34194, H-01640, H-01930,
H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, H-23257,
H-23583, H-30637,1-07553, 1-20820,
1-33597, 1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600,
1-33602, 1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33643,
1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034, J-01546,
J-09313, J-20536, J-21241, J-24309,
J-26326, J-27506, J-30329, J-30951,
J-31814, J-33642, J-34370, J-34828,
K-06861, K-07491, K-08038, L-05571,
L-07235, L-08299, L-08686, L-08888,
L-09289, L-09294, L-09351, L-09687,
L-09702, L-10689, L-11074, L-11242,
L-11352, L-14144, L-14798, L-17927,
L-19336, L-23562, L-24949, L-25305,
L-27184, L-27185, L-29420, L-30908,
L-31059, L-327%, L-32893, L-33786,
L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, M-00336,
M-14491, M-15760, M-30896, M-33904,
N-04052, N-04649, N-06744, N-09310,
N-15096, N-20548
INERTIAL SEPARATION L-08888
INFANTS G-31665
INFECTIOUS DISEASES G-31664,
G-31665
INFLUENZA G-34194, N-20548
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY C-02980,
C-04324, C-04514, C-04889, C-11745,
L-08888
INORGANIC ACIDS A-09298, A-09686,
A-09737, A-09785, A-23865, A-24370,
A-29786, A-32351, B-00975, B-07925,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09839, C-20460,
D-09591, D-10517, D-21192, D-28325,
F-10759, F-32491, G-19512, 1-07553,
1-20820, J-09313, K-08038, L-09687,
L-11242, L-29420, N-04052, N-20548
INSPECTION B-09841, B-28501, H-06967,
L-33786
INSPECTORS B-00975, D-03404
INSTRUCTORS B-00975
INSTRUMENTATION B-00975, C-04324,
C-04514, C-04889, C-11745, L-08888
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
A-03154, A-05005, A-07623, A-08393,
A-09686, A-20553, A-24525, A-29786,
A-32351, A-33931, B-08711, B-09843,
D-07830, D-09591, G-11828, N-04052,
N-20548
INTERNATIONAL A-31882, L-08888,
L-09294
INVERSION A-01838, A-09785, A-23881,
B-00975, B-02017, D-03404, D-03505,
D-10128, D-30860, E-03875, E-16846,
E-32371, H-01640, 1-07553, J-01546,
L-07235, L-08686, L-11352, N-09310
IODIDES A-29786
IODIMETRIC METHODS A-17603,
C-09208, C-16016, K-08038
IODINE COMPOUNDS A-29786
IONS D-28325, D-28326
IRON A-04026, A-04345, A-05005,
A-09686, A-09737, A-17199, A-32351,
B-07925, B-09784, B-09833, B-09836,
C-04514, D-09591, D-26563, D-27673,
D-30860, G-31664, 1-07553, 1-33597,
1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
1-33643, 1-33674, J-09313, J-30951,
J-33642, L-09294, L-17927, N-04649
IRON COMPOUNDS A-09785, A-34023,
B-07925, D-09591, D-10128, D-28326,
N-04649
IRON OXIDES B-07925, B-09833, 1-07553,
J-01546
ISOBUTANES A-34177
ITALY A-23865, A-23881, J-24309,
J-30329, N-15096
JAPAN A-17199, A-29599, A-30513,
A-32475, C-17468, C-20460, C-21859,
D-17285, D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
D-27673, D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
D-30970, D-31275, G-19512, G-19514,
G-21414, G-26053, G-27920, G-30640,
G-31311, G-31664, G-31665, G-34194,
H-30637, 1-33597, 1-33598, 1-33599,
1-33600, 1-33602, I-3361I, 1-33612,
1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674, 1-35034,
J-26326, J-30951, J-33642, K-06861,
K-07491, L-08299, L-08888, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-32796,
L-32893, M-14491, M-30896, N-06744
JET AIRCRAFT A-32351, A-33931
K
KANSAS D-03170
-------
KEROSENE A-25213, D-10517
KETONES A-08524, A-09785
KILNS A-03154, A-29599, B-07242,
B-07925, L-07235, L-23562
KRAFT PULPING A-04345, A-09686,
A-17603, A-2S2I3, A-28976, A-32475,
B-29628, C-09208, C-21859, C-22958,
G-05379, G-11828, J-21241, J-31814,
L-32796, L-32893, N-09310
LABORATORY ANIMALS G-11833,
1-20820
LABORATORY FACILITIES L-09289
LACHRYMATION A-17603
LACQUERS L-11074
LAKES L-09294
LANDFILLS A-09737, D-03451. D-09591
LAPSE CONDITION E-24492
LAUNDRIES B-09833, L-31059
LEAD A-09686, B-OOI07, D-09591,
D-10517, L-17927, L-23562, N-04649
LEAD COMPOUNDS A-09785, A-29786,
A-30513, A-34177, B-29628, D-09591,
D-28326, D-30860, J-30329, J-34370,
J-34828, L-07235, L-08888, L-30908,
L-34033, M-33904, N-04052, N-04649,
N-20548
LEAD PEROXIDE CANDLE C-16016,
D-10306, D-28835, D-30970
LEATHER B-09840, 1-07553
LEAVES H-01930, H-22491, H-22585
LEGAL ASPECTS A-27070, A-31883,
A-32351, A-34177, B-00107, B-00975,
B-07242, B-07925, B-09784, B-29628,
D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-27673,
D-30860, E-32371, H-06967, J-34370,
L-05571, L-07235, L-08299, L-08888,
L-09289, L-09294, L-09687, L-09702,
L-10689, L-11074, L-17927, L-19336,
L-23562, L-24949, L-27184, L-27185,
L-29420, L-32796, L-32893, L-33786,
L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, N-04052,
N-15096
LEGISLATION A-32351, B-00975,
B-07242, B-07925, B-29628, D-03454,
D-03505, D-27673, D-30860, H-06967,
J-34370, L-08299, L-09289, L-09687,
L-09702, L-10689, L-17927, L-19336,
L-23562, L-27185, L-29420, L-32796,
L-32893, L-33786, L-34033, L-34688
LIGHT RADIATION A-25213, B-09836,
C-09208, D-07830, F-23255, N-09310
LIME A-29599, L-07235
LIMESTONE B-09833, D-10128, 1-07553
LINE SOURCES E-32371
LIQUIDS A-33931, B-09833, B-09836,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09842,
B-09843, C-11745, F-32491, 1-07553,
1-35034
LITIGATION L-09687, L-24949, L-27185,
L-34033
LIVER G-11833
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS B-00975,
D-03404, L-27185, L-29420
LONDON L-33786, N-09310
LOS ANGELES A-03871, A-07623,
A-09785, A-24524, A-24525, A-24526,
A-24527, A-24601, A-24602, A-24721,
A-24723, A-2S197, A-27070, B-00107,
B-00975, B-04599, B-06006, B-08711,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09838, B-09841,
B-09842, B-09843, C-04324, C-04514,
E-16846, H-01640, L-05571, L-08888,
L-11074, L-11352, L-34013, L-34688,
M-33904
SUBJECT INDEX
LOWER ATMOSPHERE A-25213, E-24492
LUBRICANTS B-09857
LUNG CANCER G-34194, N-06744,
N-20548
LUNGS N-20548
M
MAGNESIUM B-00107
MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-09833, D-10128, H-22585, J-27506,
L-08888
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD)
A-32351
MAINTENANCE A-24602, A-31880,
A-33883, B-08071, B-09833, B-09840,
B-09841, B-09842, B-09843, J-30329,
J-33642, M-30896
MALES G-11833, G-26053, G-27920,
G-31311
MANGANESE D-09591, N-04649
MANGANESE COMPOUNDS A-09785,
D-09591, D-28326, N-04649
MAPPING D-10517
MASS SPECTROMETRY A-24525,
D-03454
MATERIALS DETERIORATION A-17603,
B-00975, B-09833, B-09841, C-09208,
1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33598,
1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602, 1-33611,
1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651, 1-33674,
1-35034, J-24309, J-33642
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSES B-26506,
C-22958, D-03I70, D-10306, G-31311,
L-05571, N-04649
MATHEMATICAL MODELING D-10306,
L-05571, N-04649
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATION A-28976,
B-00975, B-04599, B-09833, B-09922,
B-28501, E-32371, H-01640, N-06744
MEASUREMENT METHODS A-04785,
A-05005, A-20553, A-28976, A-29599,
A-32475, B-00975, B-07925, B-09784,
B-28501, C-04324, C-04889, C-09208,
C-11745, C-16016, C-17468, C-22958,
D-07830, D-09591, D-10306, D-27673,
D-28835, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
H-06967, K-08038, L-07235, L-08686,
L-08888, L-29420, L-33786, L-34688,
M-30896
MEDICAL PERSONNEL L-07235
MEETINGS J-30329, L-05571
MEMBRANE! FILTERS 0-10128
MEMBRANES K-08038
MERCAPTANS A-03420, A-09298,
A-29599, A-32475, B-020I7, B-07925,
B-09922, C-09208, C-16016, C-21859,
D-09591, G-34194, L-32796, L-32893
METABOLISM G-11833, G-20521
METAL COMPOUNDS A-09686, A-09785,
A-29786, A-30513, A-34023, A-34177,
B-07925, B-09784, B-09833, B-09839,
B-29628, D-09591, D-10128, D-28326,
D-30860, F-10759, H-06967, H-22585,
1-07553, 1-33600, J-27506, J-30329,
J-33642, J-34370, J-34828, L-07235,
L-08888, L-30908, L-34033, M-33904,
N-04052, N-04649, N-20548
METAL FABRICATING AND FINISHING
A-03154, A-09737, A-17199, A-20553,
A-27293, A-32351, A-32465, B-00975,
B-06006, B-07242, B-07925, B-09784,
B-28501, C-17468, D-03170, D-03451,
H-01640, J-20536, J-21241, J-26326,
63
J-31814, L-07235. L-09294, L-09351,
L-09702, L-11352, L-27185, L-31059
METALS A-04026, A-04345, A-05005,
A-09686, A-09737, A-17199, A-24370,
A-32351, B-00107, B-07925, B-09784,
B-09833, B-09836, B-09840, C-04514,
D-09591, D-10517, D-26563, D-27673,
D-30860, G-31664, 1-07553, 1-33597,
1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,1-33611,
1-33643, 1-33674, J-09313, J-30951,
J-33642, L-09294, L-17927, L-23562,
L-24949, N-04649
METEOROLOGY A-01838, A-03420,
A-09785, A-25197, A-27293, A-29599,
A-30513, A-32351, B-00975, B-02017,
B-09836, C-09208, C-11745, C-16016,
D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-09591, D-10128, D-10306,
D-10517, D-17285, D-21192, D-26563,
D-30860, D-30970, E-03875, E-16846,
E-24492, E-32371, G-11828, H-01640,
H-06967, H-30637, 1-07553, K-07491,
L-05571, L-07235, L-08686, L-23562,
L-29420, L-34688, N-04052, N-06744,
N-09310
METHANES A-29599, D-30860
MEUSE VALLEY N-09310
MICE G-11833, 1-20820
MICHIGAN H-01640, L-09294
MICROORGANISMS A-04785, H-23257,
1-07553
MICROSCOPY D-10128
MINERAL PROCESSING A-01838,
A-09737, A-23865, A-23881, A-25213,
A-32351, A-32465, B-00107, B-00975,
B-07925, C-04514, C-09208, D-03170,
D-03451, D-03505, D-30860, D-31275,
G-11828, J-20536, J-21241, J-24309,
J-26326, J-30329, L-08888, L-09702,
L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-24949
MINERAL PRODUCTS A-09785, A-13699,
A-24370, B-00975, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09840, D-09591, D-10128, 1-07553
MINING A-01838, C-09208, J-30329
MISSILES AND ROCKETS N-20548
MISSOURI A-01838, D-03170, E-03875
MISTS B-07925, B-09833, B-09835,
B-09836, B-09838, B-09840, B-09841,
B-09842, D-09591, J-09313, L-09702,
L-29420, N-09310
MOBILE A-32351, A-32465, C-04514,
L-08686
MOLYBDENUM D-09591, 1-33602,
1-33643
MOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
D-09591
MONITORING A-05005, A-28976,
A-29599, B-07925, B-28501, C-04889,
C-09208, C-17468, D-10306, D-27673,
D-30860, D-30970, H-06967, K-08038,
L-07235, L-08686, L-08888, L-29420,
L-33786
MONTHLY A-23881, A-30513, D-09591,
D-26563, D-30860, D-30970, G-26053,
L-11352
MORBIDITY G-260S3, G-27920, K-08038
MORTALITY G-19514, G-27920, G-31664,
G-31665, 1-20820, K-08038, L-34688,
N-04052, N-06744, N-20548
MOUNTAINS G-31664, L-09294
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-05005, B-09784, M-00336
-------
64
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
N
NATIONAL AIR SAMPLING NETWORK
(NASN) D-034S1, D-03505, D-09591,
N-04649, N-09310
NATURAL GAS A-09737, A-09785,
A-17603, A-23745, A-24525, A-25213,
A-28976, A-32351, A-33931, B-00107,
B-09922, B-28501, C-09208, D-03404,
D-09591, D-10517
NAUSEA A-20553
NERVOUS SYSTEM A-17603
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
A-17604
NEW JERSEY D-03454, D-09591
NEW YORK CITY D-03454, D-09591,
J-09313, L-08686, N-09310
NEW YORK STATE C-09208, D-03454,
D-09591, J-09313, L-08686, N-09310
NICKEL D-09591, N-04649
NICKEL COMPOUNDS A-09785,
A-34023, B-09833, D-09591, N-04649
NITRATES D-28326, N-04649
NITRIC ACID A-09686, A-23865, B-07925,
F-32491, L-11242
NITRIC OXIDE (NO) A-09785, A-29786,
A-30513, B-00107, B-00975, B-09833,
D-30860, E-16846, H-06967
NITROGEN A-01838, A-29599, C-09208,
F-23255
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) A-03420,
A-0%86, A-09785, A-23745, A-23865,
A-24525, A-29786, A-30513, B-00107,
B-00975, B-09833, B-28501, D-30860,
E-16846, H-01640, H-06967, L-05571,
M-00336
NITROGEN OXIDES A-03154, A-03420,
A-03871, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
A-09785, A-23745, A-23865, A-24525,
A-24526, A-25213, A-27082, A-27293,
A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-31882,
A-32351, A-32465, A-33207, B-00107,
B-00975, B-02017, B-04599, B-07925,
B-08711, B-09784, B-09833, B-09835,
B-09838. B-09843, B-28501, C-04324,
C-04514, C-16016, D-03404, D-03454,
D-03505, D-07830, D-30860, E-16846,
F-32491, G-05379, G-11828, H-01640,
H-06967, J-01546, J-24309, L-05571,
L-08888, L-11352, M-00336, N-04052,
N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
NON-INDUSTRIAL EMISSION SOURCES
A-01838, A-03154, A-03420, A-03871,
A-04785, A-05005, A-07623, A-08393,
A-0%86, A-09737, A-09785, A-17603,
A-17604, A-20553, A-23881, A-24524,
A-29599, A-31883, A-33883, B-00975,
B-04599, B-09784, B-09833, B-09839,
B-09842, B-09922, B-27719, C-04324,
C-09208, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
D-10517, E-16846, E-24492, G-11828,
H-06967, 1-07553, J-01546, J-20536,
J-21241, J-30329, J-30951, K-08038,
L-05571, L-07235, L-09289, L-09294,
L-09702, L-11242, L-11352, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-32796, L-33786,
L-34033, L-34688, M-00336, N-04052,
N-09310, N-15096, N-20548
NON-URBAN AREAS D-10517, G-31664,
L-34688, M-15760
NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES F-33863
NYLON 1-07553
o
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A-31883,
A-34023, G-11833
OCEANS D-10517
ODOR COUNTERACTION A-04785,
A-09298, A-17603, A-20553, A-24527,
A-29599, A-31882, A-33883, B-01537,
B-02017, B-09836, B-27719, L-32796,
M-30896
ODORIMETRY A-04785, A-20553,
A-32475, C-22958, M-30896
ODORS A-04785, A-09785, A-17603,
A-20553, A-24527, A-29599, A-30513,
A-31880, A-31882, A-32465, A-32475,
B-00975, B-01537, B-02017, B-08071,
B-09784, B-09835, B-09836, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-27719,
B-29628, C-04514, C-09208, C-20460,
C-21859, C-22958, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03505, D-09591, G-05379, G-11828,
G-27920, K-08038, L-07235, L-09289,
L-09294, L-09702, L-14798, L-19336,
L-27184, L-27185, L-32796, L-32893,
L-34033, M-14491, M-15760, M-30896,
N-04052, N-09310
OIL BURNERS A-34165, B-09833,
B-11740
OIL RESOURCES A-08393, A-09737,
H-30637
OLEFINS A-03420, A-08524, A-09298,
A-09785, A-29599, A-32475, A-34177,
B-07925, B-08711, C-11745, D-03505,
F-10759, G-11833, H-01640, J-34370,
L-11074
OPEN BURNING A-05005, A-09686,
A-09737, B-09784, D-03170, D-03451,
D-03454, D-09591, D-10517, E-24492,
L-09289, L-09702, M-00336
OPEN HEARTH FURNACES A-04345,
A-0%86, A-09737, A-32351, B-00107,
B-04599, E-32371, J-01546
OPERATING VARIABLES A-34023,
B-09833, B-09835, 1-33597, 1-33598,
1-33599, J-31814
OPINION SURVEYS M-14491, M-30896
ORCHARDS H-30637
ORGANIC ACIDS A-09298, A-0%86,
A-09785, A-23745, A-29599, A-31880,
A-32475, B-00975
ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
A-29599, B-09836, L-32796
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS
B-00975
ORGANIC SULFUR COMPOUNDS
A-03420, A-04785, A-09298, A-29599,
A-32475, B-00975, B-02017, B-07925,
B-09922, C-09208, C-16016, C-21859,
D-09591, G-34194, L-32796, L-32893
ORSAT ANALYSIS C-04324
OXIDANT PRECURSORS B-00975
OXIDANTS A-09785, A-30513, A-32351,
B-00975, C-04514, C-16016, D-03505,
D-07830, D-170%, H-01640, L-08888,
N-20548
OXIDATION A-07623, A-08524, B-09833,
B-09836, B-09839, 1-33600, K-08038,
L-32796
OXIDES A-03154, A-03420, A-03871,
A-04026, A-07963, A-08701, A-09298,
A-09686, A-09737, A-09785, A-17199,
A-23745, A-23865, A-23881, A-24370,
A-24525, A-24526, A-25213, A-27082,
A-27293, A-28976, A-29786, A-30513,
A-31880, A-31882, A-32351, A-32465,
A-32475, A-33207, A-33883, A-34023,
A-34165, B-00107, B-00975, B-01134,
B-02017, B-03128, B-04599, B-07925,
B-08071, B-08711, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09835, B-09838, B-09843, B-11740,
B-27719, B-28501, C-04324, C-04514,
C-04889, C-09208, C-16016, C-17468,
C-22108, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-07830, D-08198, D-09S91,
D-10128, D-10306, D-17285, D-21192,
D-26563, D-28325, D-28835, D-30860,
D-30970, D-31275, E-16846, E-32371,
F-32491, G-05379, G-11828, G-19512,
G-19514, G-21414, G-31311, G-31665,
G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06967,
H-22585, H-23257, H-23583, H-30637,
1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33598, 1-33674,
J-01546, J-09313, J-21241, J-24309,
J-27506, K-06861, K-07491, K-08038,
L-05571, L-07235, L-08686, L-08888,
L-09294, L-11352, L-14798, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
N-04052, N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
OXYGEN A-01838, B-09833, C-04324,
C-09208, C-11745, 1-07553
OXYGEN LANCING A-0%86
OZONE A-07623, A-09785, A-32351,
B-00975, C-04514, C-16016, D-03454,
D-07830, D-17096, E-16846, H-01640,
1-07553, L-05571. L-32796, N-20548
PACKED TOWERS B-09833, B-09838,
J-21241
PAINT MANUFACTURING A-09686,
A-32351, B-07242, C-09208
PAINT REMOVERS B-06006
PAINTS B-06006, B-09833, C-09208,
D-03454, D-10128, 1-07553, J-24309,
L-11074
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY 1-07553
PAPER MANUFACTURING A-04345,
A-09686, A-17603, A-20553, A-27293,
C-09208, D-03451, D-27673, F-33863,
G-11828, J-01546, J-26326, J-30951,
L-09351, M-15760
PARIS B-03128
PARTICLE SHAPE D-10128
PARTICLE SIZE A-25197, B-09833,
D-09591, D-10128, D-10517, G-05379,
H-01640
PARTICULATE CLASSIFIERS A-25197,
B-09833, D-09591, D-10128, D-10517,
G-05379, H-01640
PARTICULATE SAMPLING D-09591,
L-08888
PARTICULATES A-01838, A-03420,
A-03871, A-04345, A-05005, A-07623,
A-08701, A-09298, A-09686, A-09737,
A-09785, A-17604, A-23745, A-23865,
A-24526, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
A-27082, A-27293, A-29786, A-31880,
A-31882, A-32351, A-32465, A-33207,
B-00107, B-00975, B-01537, B-02017,
B-04599, B-07242, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09836,
B-09838, B-09839, B-09840, B-09841,
B-09842, B-09843, B-09857, B-26506,
B-28501, C-04514, C-04889, C-16016,
C-17468, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, D-09591, D-10128,
D-10517, D-28325, D-28326, D-30860,
D-30970, D-31275, E-03875, E-16846,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
65
E-24492, E-32371, G-05379, G-11828,
G-31665, G-34194, H-01640, H-06967,
H-22491, H-22585, H-30637, 1-07553,
IV20820, 1-35034, J-01546, J-09313,
J-21241, J-24309, J-26326, K-06861.
K-0^491, L-07235, L-08888, L-09289,
L-09294, L-09687, L-09702, L-11352,
L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, L-34013,
L-34688, M-15760, M-33904, N-04052,
N-04649, N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
PENELEC (CONTACT PROCESS)
B-09839, L-08686
PENNSYLVANIA C-09208, L-31059,
N-09310
PENTANES F-10759
PERMITS B-09784, L-09702
PEROXIDES D-10306, D-30860
PERSONNEL B-00975, D-03404, D-30860,
G-31311, L-07235, L-08888, L-09289,
L-34013, M-33904
PESTICIDES B-09784
PETER SPENCE PROCESS (CLAUS)
L-23562
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION A-08393,
A-32351, A-33883, B-03128, B-09784,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09843,
L-34013, L-34033, L-34688, M-33904
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION A-04785,
A-07623, A-08524, A-09737, A-17199,
A-29599, A-30513, A-32351, B-00107,
B-03128, B-04599, B-07925, B-09836,
B-09839, B-09840, B-09841, B-09843,
B-09922, C-02980, C-17468, J-34828,
L-08299, L-29420, L-33786, L-34013,
L-34033, L-34688, M-00336, M-33904,
N-04649, N-06744
PETROLEUM REFINING A-01838,
A-03154, A-03420, A-03871, A-04026,
A-04345, A-04785, A-05005, A-07623,
A-07963, A-08393, A-08524, A-08701,
A-09298, A-09686, A-09737, A-09785,
A-12299, A-13699, A-17199, A-17603,
A-17604, A-20553, A-23745, A-23865,
A-23881. A-24370, A-24524, A-24525,
A-24526, A-24527, A-24601, A-24602,
A-24721, A-24723, A-25197, A-25213,
A-27070, A-27082, A-27293, A-28976,
A-29599, A-29786, A-30513, A-31880,
A-31882, A-31883, A-32351, A-32465,
A-32475, A-33207, A-33883, A-33931,
A-34023, A-34165, A-34177, B-00107,
B-00975, B-01134, B-01537, B-02017,
B-03128, B-04599, B-06006, B-07242,
B-07925, B-08071, B-09784, B-09833,
B-09835, B-09836, B-09838, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
B-09857, B-09922, B-11740, B-17943,
B-26506, B-27719, B-2850I, B-28874,
B-29628, C-02980, C-04324, C-04514,
C-04889, C-09208, C-11745, C-16016,
C-17468, C-20460, C-21859, C-22108,
C-22958, D-03170, D-03404, D-03451,
D-03454, D-03505, D-07830, D-08198,
D-09591, D-10128, D-10306, D-10517,
D-17096, D-17285, D-19508, D-21192,
D-26563, D-27673, D-28325, D-28326,
D-28835, D-30860, D-30970, D-31275,
E-03875, E-16846, E-24492, E-32371,
F-10759, F-32491, F-33863, G-05379,
G-11828, G-11833, G-19512, G-19514,
G-20521, G-21414, G-26053, G-27920,
G-30640, G-31311, G-31664, G-31665,
G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06967,
H-22491, H-22585, H-23257, H-23583,
H-30637, 1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597,
1-33598, 1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,
1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651,
1-33674, 1-35034, J-01546, J-09313,
J-20536, J-21241, J-24309, J-26326,
J-30329, J-30951, J-318I4, J-33642,
J-34370, J-34828, K-06861, K-07491,
K-08038, L-05571, L-07235, L-08299,
L-08686, L-08888, L-09289, L-09294,
L-09351, L-09687, L-09702, L-10689,
L-11074, L-11242, L-11352, L-14144,
L-14798, L-17927, L-19336, L-23562,
L-24949, L-25305, L-27184, L-27185,
L-29420, L-30908, L-31059, L-32796,
L-32893, L-33786, L-34013, L-34033,
L-34688, M-00336, M-14491, M-15760,
M-30896, M-33904, N-04052, N-04649,
N-06744, N-09310, N-15096, N-20548
PH C-11745, D-17285, H-23257, H-23583,
K-06861
PHENOLS A-08524, A-09298
PHENYL COMPOUNDS A-08524, B-09839
PHENYLS A-08524
PHILADELPHIA L-31059
PHOSPHATES A-29599, L-11242
PHOSPHORIC ACID A-09686, B-09784
PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS A-29599,
D-28326, L-11242
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
A-09785, A-25197, A-25213, A-29786,
A-30513, A-32351, B-04599, B-08711,
D-03454, D-17096, L-05571, L-11074,
L-34013, M-33904, N-09310
PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS D-03454
PHOTOOXIDATION A-29786, B-08711,
D-17096, L-05571
PHYSICAL STATES A-01838, A-24527,
A-24601, A-24602, A-33931, B-00975,
B-09833, B-09836, B-09838, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09841, B-09842, B-09843,
B-26506, B-27719, C-11745, C-16016,
F-32491, F-33863, 1-07553, 1-33598,
1-35034, L-09702
PLANNING AND ZONING A-31883,
D-27673, E-32371, L-05571, L-07235,
L-08888, L-34688
PLANS AND PROGRAMS A-04020,
A-07963, A-09737, A-09785, A-25197,
A-31883, A-32351, A-32465, B-00975,
B-04599, B-08071, B-28501, C-04324,
D-03170, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-09591, D-30860, D-31275,
G-05379, G-19514, H-06967, J-01546,
J-09313, J-30329, K-08038, L-07235,
L-08299, L-08686, L-08888, L-09289,
L-09294, L-24949, L-25305, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-30908, L-31059,
L-33786, L-34688, M-00336, M-33904,
N-04052, N-04649, N-09310, N-15096
PLANT DAMAGE A-03420, A-07623,
A-13699, A-27293, B-00975, C-09208,
H-01930, H-06967, H-22491, H-22585,
H-23257, H-23583, H-30637, 1-20820,
J-09313, J-24309, K-08038
PLANT GROWTH H-22491, H-23257,
H-23583, H-30637
PLANT INDICATORS A-17604
PLANTS (BOTANY) A-03420, A-07623,
A-09785, B-00975, D-03404, D-10517,
H-01930, H-06967, H-22491, H-22585,
H-23257, H-30637, J-09313, J-24309,
K-08038, L-08888
PLASTICS B-01537, B-09836, B-09840,
B-28874, F-33863
PLATING A-09785, B-09784, L-27185
PLUME BEHAVIOR A-34165, B-00975,
C-22958, D-10128, D-10306, E-03875,
E-24492, E-32371, H-01930, K-07491,
L-08686
PNEUMONIA A-17604, G-31664, G-31665,
K-08038, N-20548
POINT SOURCES D-09591, D-17285,
E-16846, E-32371, L-05571
POLLENS D-03505
POLLUTION PRECURSORS B-00975
POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS A-05005,
A-09298, A-12299, A-29599, A-29786,
B-28501, H-01640, N-04052
PORTABLE C-04324, C-04889, D-30860
POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS 1-33600
POWER SOURCES A-03154, A-05005,
A-07623, A-08393, A-09686, A-20553,
A-24525, A-29786, A-32351, A-33931,
B-08711, B-09843, D-07830, D-09591,
D-10517, F-33863, G-11828, L-14144,
N-04052, N-20548
PRECIPITATION A-01838, A-30513,
D-03451, D-09591, D-10517, D-17285,
D-21192, H-30637
PRESSURE B-09833, B-09836, C-11745,
E-03875, 1-33597, 1-33598,1-33651,
1-33674
PRESSURE (ATMOSPHERIC) B-09836
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL
PROCESSING A-04345, A-05005,
A-07963, A-0%86, A-09737, A-09785,
A-13699, A-17199, A-20553, A-23881,
A-24370, A-25213, A-27293, A-29786,
A-30513. A-32351, B-00107, B-00975,
B-04599, B-07925, B-09784, B-09833,
B-28501, C-04514, D-03451, D-09591,
D-10517, D-26563, D-27673, D-30860,
E-32371, G-05379, G-31664, H-06967,
H-22585, 1-07553, 1-20820, J-09313,
J-20536, J-30951, J-31814, K-08038,
L-07235, L-08888, L-09294, L-09351,
L-11242, L-11352, L-17927, L-19336,
L-23562, L-24949, L-27185, L-33786,
M-14491, N-09310, N-20548
PRINTING B-06006, C-22958, D-03451,
L-11074
PROCESS MODIFICATION A-04345,
A-33883, A-34165, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09833, B-09835, K-07491, L-07235,
L-10689
PROFANES F-10759
PROPELLER AIRCRAFT A-32351
PROPENES A-32475, F-10759
PROPOSALS C-04514, D-03451, L-11352
PROTEINS G-30640
PUBLIC AFFAIRS B-00975, D-30860,
G-27920, L-07235, L-09289, L-09687,
L-27184, L-27185, L-32796, M-00336,
M-14491, M-15760, M-30896
PUBLIC INFORMATION L-07235
PULMONARY FUNCTION G-27920,
G-30640, G-31311, 1-20820, N-20548
PULMONARY RESISTANCE 1-20820
PULVERIZED FUELS D-10128
PYRENES A-05005, A-12299, A-29786,
B-28501, N-04052
QUARTZ D-10128
QUENCHING F-23255
QUESTIONNAIRES H-06967
R
RABBITS 1-20820
-------
66
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
RADIOACTIVE RADIATION C-11745,
D-0350S, L-09702
RAIN A-30513, D-10517, D-17285,
D-21192, H-30637
REACTION KINETICS A-25197, B-09833
REACTION MECHANISMS A-25197,
A-34023, B-09833, F-10759
RECORDING METHODS D-03454
REDUCTION A-08524
REFRACTORIES B-09833
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS B-29628,
D-27673, L-09294, L-11352, L-27185
REGULATIONS A-27070, A-34177,
B-00107, B-00975, B-09784, D-03451,
D-30860, L-07235, L-08299, L-09289,
L-09294, L-09687, L-09702, L-11074,
L-27184, L-29420, L-34013, L-34033,
N-04052, N-150%
REINLUFT PROCESS (ADSORPTION)
B-03128, B-09833, G-05379, L-08686
RENDERING A-09785, A-20553, A-29599,
A-32351, B-09784, D-03404
RESEARCH INSTITUTES L-08686
RESEARCH PROGRAMS B-08071,
D-03451, D-30860, J-09313, L-08686,
L-08888, L-09294, L-34688
RESIDENTIAL AREAS A-08393, B-28501,
D-09591, D-19508, D-30860, G-31311,
L-07235, L-09702, L-11352, L-33786,
M-00336
RESIDUAL OILS A-09737, A-29786,
B-09833, B-09836, D-03451, D-09591,
D-10517, 1-33602, 1-33611, 1-33643,
1-33674,1-35034, J-33642, K-08038,
L-08686, L-29420
RESPIRATORY DISEASES A-17603,
A-17604, A-30513, A-34023, D-03454,
D-21192, G-19512, G-19514, G-21414,
G-26053, G-27920, G-30640, G-31664,
G-31665, G-34194, J-09313, K-06861,
K-08038, L-29420, M-14491, N-04052,
N-06744, N-20548
RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS D-10128,
D-10517, G-27920, G-30640, G-31311,
1-20820, N-20548
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A-17604,
G-34194, 1-20820, N-20548
RINGELMANN CHART B-00975,
B-09784, B-09833, D-03451, L-09294
RUBBER B-09784, B-09840, C-09208,
D-10128, 1-07553
RUBBER MANUFACTURING D-10128,
F-33863, J-21241, L-09351
SAFETY EQUIPMENT B-09835, E-03875
SAMPLERS A-05005, B-00975, C-04324,
C-09208, C-20460, D-03170, D-09591,
D-10128, D-31275
SAMPLING METHODS A-04785, A-05005,
A-07623, A-23745, A-24723, B-00975,
B-09784, C-04324, C-09208, C-20460,
D-03170, D-07830, D-09591, D-10128,
D-31275, L-08888
SAN FRANCISCO A-03154, N-20548
SANITARIANS L-34013, M-33904
SCRUBBERS A-05005, A-09298, A-09686,
A-17603, A-17604, A-29599, A-33207,
B-00107, B-00975, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09838,
B-09922, H-06967, J-01546, J-21241,
J-27506, L-08888, L-10689, L-23562
SEA BREEZE D-03404, D-26563, D-30970
SEA SALTS 1-35034
SEALING COMPOUNDS B-09840,
D-10128
SEALS B-09836, B-09840, B-09841
SEASONAL A-23881, A-32351, D-03404,
D-09591, D-26563, D-30860, D-30970,
E-16846, G-20521, H-22585, L-11352,
L-29420, M-00336
SECONDARY AIR B-09833
SEDIMENTATION A-09686, B-09784,
B-09839, L-08888
SETTLING CHAMBERS B-09835
SETTLING PARTICLES A-01838,
A-03420, A-04345, A-05005, A-09785,
A-25213, A-29786, A-33207, B-00107,
B-00975, B-07242, B-07925, B-09784,
B-09833, B-09835, B-09838, B-28501,
C-04514, C-17468, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-09591, D-10128, D-10517,
D-28325, D-28326, D-30860, D-30970,
D-31275, E-32371, G-31665, G-34194,
H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, 1-35034,
J-01546, J-26326, K-06861, K-07491,
L-07235, L-08888, L-09294, L-09702,
L-17927, L-19336, L-23562, L-27184,
L-27185, L-33786, L-34688, N-04052,
N-06744, N-09310
SEWAGE A-04785, A-17603, A-20553,
A-24524, A-29599, B-09839, B-09922,
C-09208, D-10517, 1-07553, L-32796,
N-20548
SEWAGE TREATMENT A-04785,
A-29599, B-09839, C-09208, D-10517,
1-07553, L-32796
SEWERS A-24524, C-09208
SHIPS A-09785, A-32351, A-33931,
D-03451, D-09591, H-01640, L-09294
SILICATES A-09785, B-09784, D-10128
SILICON COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-09784, D-10128
SILVER COMPOUNDS A-09785
SINGLE CHAMBER INCINERATORS
A-05005
SINTERING A-09737
SLAUGHTERHOUSES H-06967, L-32893
SLUDGE A-04785
SMOG A-07623, A-09785, A-29786,
A-32351, B-00107, B-00975, D-30860,
G-11828, H-01640, H-30637, 1-07553,
1-20820, J-09313, L-33786, L-34013,
L-34688, M-33904, N-09310
SMOKE SHADE B-00975, B-09784,
B-09833, D-03451, D-30860, L-09294,
L-33786
SMOKEMETERS C-11745
SMOKES A-05005, A-08701, A-09785,
A-24526, A-33207, B-00107, B-00975,
B-04599, B-07242, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09833, B-09835, B-26506, C-16016,
D-03170, D-03404, D-03454, D-09591,
D-30860, D-30970, E-24492, H-01640,
H-06967, H-22491, H-22585, J-01546,
L-07235, L-09289, L-09294, L-09702,
L-19336, L-27184, L-27185, L-29420,
L-33786, N-20548
SNOW D-10517
SOAP MANUFACTURING B-09784,
D-10128
SOCIAL ATTITUDES J-01546, L-33786,
M-14491
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS A-20553,
A-31883, J-30329, J-34370, M-33904
SODIUM CARBONATE J-33642
SODIUM COMPOUNDS B-09833,
B-09839, J-33642
SODIUM HYDROXIDE B-09839
SODIUM SULFJTE B-09833
SOILING 1-07553, 1-20820
SOILING INDEX B-00975, D-03170,
D-09591
SOILS A-33883, D-10517, G-31664,
H-23583
SOLAR RADIATION A-25213, B-09836,
C-09208, D-07830, N-09310
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL A-01838,
A-05005, A-09737, A-09785, A-17604,
B-00975, B-04599, B-09784, D-03170,
D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-09591,
D-10517, G-11828, H-06967, J-01546,
J-21241, L-09294, L-11352, L-34688,
M-00336, N-04052, N-09310
SOLIDS B-09833, B-09838, C-16016,
1-07553
SOLVENTS A-09785, A-25197, A-32351,
B-00107, B-06006, B-09784, B-09857,
F-32491, L-07235, L-09294, L-11074,
L-34013, N-04052
SOOT A-04345, A-29786, B-09833,
B-09835, B-28501, D-10128, D-30970,
H-06967, H-22491, L-07235, L-09702,
L-17927, L-27185, L-33786, N-04052,
N-06744
SOOT FALL B-09833, D-03454, D-26563,
D-27673, N-06744
SOURCE SAMPLING A-23745, B-00975,
C-04324
SO2 REMOVAL (COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS) A-09298, B-01134,
B-03128, B-09833, B-09839, B-29628,
G-05379, J-01546, J-26326, J-27506,
L-07235, L-08686, L-10689, L-23562,
L-29420
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES A-05005,
A-07623, A-08393, A-09686, B-08711,
D-07830, D-09591
SPECTROMETRY A-05005, A-12299,
A-24525, C-02980, C-04324, C-04514,
C-04889, C-09208, C-11745, D-03454,
D-30860, F-23255, L-08888
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY A-24525,
. A-24723, A-34023, C-09208, F-23255
SPOT TESTS A-17603, L-33786
SPRAY TOWERS A-05005
SPRAYS D-10517
ST LOUIS A-01838, E-03875
STABILITY (ATMOSPHERIC) A-01838,
A-09785, A-23881, B-00975, B-02017,
D-03170, D-03404, D-03505, D-09591,
D-10128, D-30860, E-03875, E-16846,
E-24492, E-32371, H-01640, H-30637,
1-07553, J-01546, L-07235, L-08686,
L-11352, L-23562, N-09310
STACK GASES A-03420, A-08701,
A-09298, A-09686, A-23745, A-32465,
A-33883, A-34165, B-01134, B-07925,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09838, B-11740,
B-26506, B-29628, C-02980, C-04324,
C-04889, C-22108, C-22958, D-10306,
D-30860, E-32371, H-22491, J-01546,
J-26326, J-27506, K-07491, L-07235,
L-08686, L-09294, L-14798, L-17927,
L-27184, L-29420
STACK SAMPLING A-23745, B-00975,
C-04324
STACKS A-08701, A-09298, A-23745,
A-29599, A-31882, B-07925, B-09833,
B-09838, B-11740, B-26506, B-28874.
C-02980, C-04324, C-22958, D-10306,
J-01546, J-26326, K-07491, L-07235,
L-09702, L-17927, L-19336, L-29420,
L-33786
STAGNATION D-03404, D-09591
STANDARDS A-28976, A-32351, A-34177,
B-00975, B-04599, B-09833, B-09922,
B-28501, C-04514, D-09591, E-32371,
H-01640, L-09702, L-10689, L-11352,
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
67
L-17927, L-29420, L-32893, L-33786,
L-34013. L-34033, N-06744
STATE GOVERNMENTS B-00975,
B-04599, D-03404, D-30860. L-09289,
L-09294, L-10689, L-34013. L-34688
STATISTICAL ANALYSES A-23865,
C-09208, C-16016, E-16846. G-26053,
G-31664. G-31665, K-08038
STEAM B-09833, F-33863
STEAM PLANTS A-07%3, A-08393,
A-09737, A-09785, A-23881. A-25213,
A-32351, B-07242, B-07925, B-09784,
B-09833, B-28501, D-09591. D-17285.
H-06967, H-30637, J-21241, J-31814
STEEL A-04026, A-04345, A-05005,
A-0%86, A-09737, A-17199, A-32351,
B-0792S, B-09836, C-04514, D-26563,
D-27673, D-30860, G-31664, 1-07553,
1-33597, 1-33599. 1-33600, 1-33602.
1-33611, 1-33643, 1-33674. J-09313,
J-30951, J-33642, L-09294, L-17927
STONE A-09686, 1-07553
STREETS A-07623, D-07830
STUDENTS G-31311
STYRENES A-08524
SULFATES A-09785, B-09833, B-09839,
D-09591, D-28325, D-28326. 1-20820,
K-08038, L-09687, N-04649
SULFIDES A-03420, A-09298, A-09785,
A-17603, A-23865, A-25213, A-28976,
A-29599, A-32475, A-33207, B-00975,
B-02017, B-07925, B-09839, B-09840,
B-09922, C-09208. C-16016. C-21859,
D-03505, D-08198, D-09591, G-05379,
G-11833, G-34194, H-06%7, 1-07553,
1-20820, 1-33597, 1-33611, 1-33643,
1-33651, 1-35034, L-07235, L-09289,
L-10689, L-23562, L-32796, N-04052,
N-20548
SULFITES B-09833
SULFUR COMPOUNDS A-01838,
A-03420, A-04785, A-09298, A-09785,
A-17603, A-23865, A-25213, A-28976,
A-29599, A-32351, A-32475, A-33207,
A-33883, A-34165, B-00975, B-02017,
B-07925, B-09833, B-09836, B-09839,
B-09840, B-09922, B-11740, B-27719,
C-09208, C-16016, C-21859, D-03451,
D-03505, D-08198, D-09591, D-28325,
D-28326, G-05379, G-11833, G-34194,
H-06967, 1-07553, 1-20820, 1-33597,
1-33611, 1-33643, 1-33651,1-35034,
J-33642, K-08038, L-07235, L-08299,
L-08686, L-09289, L-09687, L-10689,
L-11242, L-23562, L-32796, N-04052,
N-04649, N-20548
SULFUR DIOXIDE A-03420. A-03871,
A-04026. A-07963, A-08701, A-09298,
A-0%86, A-09785, A-17199, A-23745,
A-23865, A-23881, A-24370, A-25213.
A-29786, A-30513, A-31882, A-32351,
B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-02017,
B-03128, B-07925, B-08071, B-09833,
B-09835, B-09838, B-11740, B-27719,
B-28501, C-04514, C-04889, C-16016.
C-17468, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454,
D-03505, D-08198, D-10306, D-17285,
D-21192, D-26563, D-28835, D-30860,
D-30970, D-31275, E-16846, E-32371,
G-05379, G-19512, G-19514, G-21414,
G-31311. G-31665, G-34194, H-01640,
H-01930, H-06%7, H-22585, H-23257,
H-23583, H-30637, 1-07553, 1-20820,
1-33598, J-01546, J-09313. K-0686I,
K-08038, L-07235, L-09294, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
N-04052, N-06744, N-20548
SULFUR OXIDES A-03420, A-03871,
A-04026, A-07963, A-08701, A-09298,
A-0%86, A-097}7, A-09785, A-17199,
A-23745, A-23865, A-23881, A-24370,
A-24526. A-25213, A-27082, A-27293,
A-29786, A-30513, A-31880, A-31882,
A-32351, A-32465, A-33883, A-34165,
B-00107, B-00975, B-01134, B-02017,
B-03128, B-04599, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09838,
B-11740. B-27719, B-28501, C-04514,
C-04889, C-16016, C-17468, C-22108,
D-03404, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
D-08198, D-09591, D-10306, D-17285,
D-21192, D-26563, D-28325, D-28835,
D-30860, D-30970, D-31275, E-16846,
E-32371, G-05379, G-11828, G-19512,
G-19514, G-21414, G-31311, G-31665,
G-34194, H-01640, H-01930, H-06%7,
H-22585, H-23257, H-23583, H-30637,
1-07553, 1-20820, I-33S98, J-01546,
J-09313, J-21241, J-24309, K-06861,
K-07491, K-08038, L-07235, L-08686,
L-09294, L-11352, L-14798, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-33786, M-00336,
N-04052, N-06744, N-09310, N-20548
SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL A-09298,
A-33207, A-33883, A-34177, B-00107,
B-01134, B-03128, B-08071, B-09833,
B-09839, B-11740, B-29628, G-05379,
H-01640, 1-33599, 1-33600, 1-33602,
1-33611, 1-33612, 1-33643, 1-33651,
1-33674, 1-35034. J-01546, J-26326,
J-27506, J-33642, L-07235, L-08299,
L-08686, L-10689, L-23562, L-29420,
L-34013
SULFUR TRIOXIDE A-09298, A-09686,
A-09785, A-23745, A-29786, A-34165,
B-00107, B-01134, B-09833, D-17285,
D-21192, G-34194, H-06967, 1-07553,
1-20820, K-08038, N-20548
SULFURIC ACID A-0%86, A-09737,
A-23865. A-24370, A-29786, A-32351,
B-07925, B-09784, B-09833, B-09839,
C-20460, D-09591. D-10517, D-21192,
D-28325, F-10759, G-19512, 1-07553,
1-20820, J-09313, K-08038, L-11242,
L-29420, N-20548
SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
A-0%86, A-09785, B-06006, B-09784,
C-04324, H-01640, L-07235, L-09294,
L-11074
SURFACE COATINGS A-0%86, A-32351,
B-06006, B-09833, C-09208, D-03454,
D-10128, 1-07553, J-24309, L-11074
SURFACE PROPERTIES 1-33597, 1-33600,
1-33602, 1-33643
SURVEY METHODS M-00336
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES A-01838,
A-03871, A-04345, A-05005, A-07623,
A-08701, A-0%86, A-09785, A-17604,
A-24526, A-29786. A-32351. A-33207,
B-00107, B-00975, B-01537, B-02017,
B-04599, B-07242, B-07925, B-08071,
B-09784, B-09833, B-09835, B-09836,
B-09838, B-09839, B-09840, B-09841,
B-09842, B-09843, B-09857, B-26506,
C-04889, C-16016, D-03170, D-03404,
D-03454, D-03505. D-09591, D-10128,
D-28325, D-28326, D-30860, D-30970,
E-24492, G-05379. G-11828, H-01640,
H-06%7, H-22491. H-22585. H-30637,
1-07553, 1-20820. J-01546. J-09313.
L-07235. L-08888, L-09289. L-09294.
L-0%87. L-09702, L-17927, L-19336,
L-27184, L-27185, L-29420, L-33786,
L-34013, L-34688, M-33904, N-04052,
N-04649, N-06744. N-09310, N-20548
SWEDEN A-01838, A-04345, B-00975,
D-03404, D-03451, D-03454, D-03505,
E-03875, H-01640. H-01930, H-23257,
M-15760
SYNTHETIC FIBERS A-29599, C-09208.
D-10128, 1-07553
SYNTHETIC RUBBER 1-07553
TAR A-08393, B-09836
TAXATION L-10689
TEMPERATURE A-08701, A-09298,
A-23745, A-29599, B-09833. B-09836,
C-20460, E-03875, E-32371. F-10759,
F-32491, 1-33597, 1-33598, 1-33602,
1-33651
TEMPERATURE (ATMOSPHERIC)
A-01838, A-09785, A-29599, B-09836,
D-03451, D-09591, D-10517, E-32371.
K-07491, N-09310
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT E-24492,
E-32371, L-23562, N-09310
TESTING FACILITIES A-07623, C-09208,
G-11833, H-01930, L-09289
TETRAETHYL LEAD A-29786, J-30329,
J-34370, J-34828
TEXAS D-03505
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING A-0%86,
C-09208, D-03451, J-20536, L-09351
TEXTILES A-29599, B-09836, C-09208,
D-03454, D-10128, 1-07553, J-24309
THERMAL RADIATION B-09833,
L-34033
THERMODYNAMICS A-34023
THRESHOLDS A-04785, C-09208,
C-22958, 1-20820, L-34688. M-15760
TIN D-09591, N-04649
TIN COMPOUNDS D-09591, N-04649
TIP BURN H-22491
TISSUES G-11833
TITANIUM D-09591, N-04649
TITANIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
D-09591, D-28326, N-04649
TOKYO A-30513, L-27185
TOLUENES B-07925
TOPOGRAPHIC INTERACTIONS
A-01838, A-09785, B-02017, D-03404,
D-03451, D-30860, E-03875, E-32371,
H-01640, 1-07553, L-34688, N-09310
TOXIC TOLERANCES A-34023, H-22491.
H-22585
TOXICITY A-08524, A-17603, A-17604,
A-27293, A-28976, A-30513, A-34023,
B-09922, G-11833, H-22585, 1-20820,
L-34688
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS B-08071,
L-08888, L-09294, L-14798
TRAINS A-03154, A-09785, A-24601,
A-32351. A-33931. B-00975, D-03451
TRANSMISSOMETERS C-11745
TRANSPORT C-22958, E-16846
TRANSPORTATION A-03154, A-03871,
A-05005, A-07623, A-08393, A-09686,
A-09737, A-09785, A-20553, A-23865.
A-23881. A-24525. A-74601, A-25197,
A-27082, A-29786, A-31882, A-32351,
A-32465, A-33931, B-00975. B-04599,
B-08711. B-09843. B-27719, B-2%28.
C-04514, D-03404, D-03451, D-03454.
D-07830. D-09591, D-10517, D-M326.
D-30860. E-16846, F-33863, G-11828,
H-01640, J-01546, J-30329, L-05571,
L-07235. L-09294, L-09351, L-11352.
L-14144. L-27185, L-29420, L-30908.
L-31059, L-33786, L-34688, M-00336,
'tt U. 9. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1978 748783/4I1B
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68
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
M-33904, N-04052, N-04649, N-06744,
N-09310, N-20548
TRAPPING (SAMPLING) A-04785,
A-0500S
TREES H-01930, H-22491, H-22585,
H-232S7, H-30637
TRUCKS A-05005, A-08393, A-24601,
A-33931, B-00975, M-00336
TUBERCULOSIS G-31664, N-20548
TUNNELS L-33786
TURBULENCE (ATMOSPHERIC)
C-09208, C-22958, D-09591, D-10306,
E-24492, E-32371, L-23562
TVA C-09208
U
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETRY
A-05005, C-09208, C-11745
UNITED STATES A-04026, F-33863,
L-08888, L-09294, L-30908, N-04649
UNIVERSITIES L-0557I, M-33904
URBAN AREAS A-03420, A-08393,
A-09737, A-09785, A-17199, A-23865,
A-23881, A-25197, A-27082, A-30513,
A-32351, A-32465, B-09838, B-28501,
C-09208, D-03170, D-03451, D-03454,
D-07830, D-09591, D-10517, D-17096,
D-17285, D-19508, D-21192, D-26563,
D-27673, D-28325, D-28326, D-28835,
D-30860, D-30970, D-31275, E-16846,
F-33863, G-19512, G-19514, G-21414,
G-26053, G-27920, G-31311, G-31664,
G-31665, G-34194, H-30637, J-21241,
J-30951, L-05571, L-07235, L-08686,
L-09294, L-09702, L-11352, L-25305,
L-27184, L-27185, L-29420, L-31059,
L-33786, L-34013, L-34688, M-00336,
M-14491, M-15760, M-30896, N-04649,
N-15096
URINALYSIS A-03420, A-34023, B-00975,
D-03404, D-03454, G-20521, G-30640,
H-01930
USSR A-08524, A-12299, B-17943,
B-28501, D-07830, D-08198, E-32371,
F-32491, G-11833, G-20521, H-22491,
H-22585, L-08888
UTAH A-01838
VALLEYS B-00975, 1-07553, L-09294
VANADIUM D-09591
VANADIUM COMPOUNDS A-09785,
B-09833, D-09591, D-28326
VAPOR PRESSURE B-09833, B-09836,
B-17943, C-11745
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEMS A-24601,
B-09835, B-09836, B-09840, B-09843,
B-11740, J-01546
VAPORS A-24527, A-24602, B-09833,
B-09836, B-09843, B-26506, C-11745,
F-33863, L-09702
VARNISHES B-06006, L-I1074
VEGETABLES A-07623, D-03404,
H-06967, J-09313, L-08888
VEHICLES A-03154, A-03871, A-05005,
A-07623, A-08393, A-09686, A-09737,
A-09785, A-23865, A-23881, A-24601,
A-25197, A-27082, A-29786, A-31882,
A-32351, A-32465, A-33931, B-00975,
B-08711, C-04514, D-03451, D-03454,
D-07830, D-09591, D-28326, D-30860,
H-01640, J-01546, J-30329, L-05571,
L-07235, L-09294, L-09351, L-27185,
L-29420, L-30908, L-31059, L-33786,
L-34688, M-00336, M-33904, N-04052,
N-04649, N-06744, N-20548
VENTILATION B-09857, D-08198,
L-07235, L-34688
VENTURI SCRUBBERS J-01546, J-21241
VISIBILITY A-09785, A-25197, A-25213,
B-00975, B-09833, C-04514, D-03170,
D-03454, D-03505, G-11828, K-08038,'
L-08888
VOLATILITY B-09836, B-09840, B-09842,
B-17943
VOLCANOES A-25213, D-10517
w
WASHINGTON (STATE) L-09294
WASHOUT D-10S17
WATER B-09833, B-09839, B-09842,
1-35034
WATER POLLUTION A-03420, A-31883,
A-33883, B-09839, B-09842, B-27719,
J-01546, J-20536, J-30951, L-27184,
L-27185, L-29420, L-34033, N-15096
WEATHER MODIFICATION A-27293
WEST AND GAEKE METHOD C-16016,
C-17468, 1-20820, K-08038, L-08686
WET CYCLONES B-09838, J-01546
WETTING B-09836, H-01930
WIND ROSE C-16016, D-03451, D-03454,
K-0749I
WINDS A-01838, A-03420, A-09785,
A-29599, A-30513, A-32351, B-00975,
B-09836, C-16016, D-03170, D-03404,
D-03451, D-03454, D-03505, D-09591,
D-10128, D-10306, D-26563, D-30970,
E-24492, E-32371, H-30637, K-07491,
L-07235, L-08686, L-23562, L-29420,
N-06744
WOOD B-09784, B-09836, B-09840
WOOLS 1-07553
WYOMING A-01838
X-RAYS C-11745
XYLENES B-07925
YOKOHAMA L-27184, L-27185
ZINC A-09686, B-00107, B-09784,
D-09591, D-10517, N-04649
ZINC COMPOUNDS A-09785, B-09833,
B-09839, D-09591, H-06967,
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